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-664059489552513618	Geography of the United States	Geography of the United States - wikipedia Geography of the United States Geography of The United States Continent North America Coordinates 38 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 00 ′ 00 '' W / 38.000 ° N 97.000 ° W / 38.000 ; - 97.000 Area Ranked 4th Total 9,826,675 km ( 3,794,100 sq mi ) Land 93.24 % Water 6.76 % Coastline 19,920 km ( 12,380 mi ) Borders Canada : 8,864 km ( 5,508 mi ) Mexico : 3,327 km ( 2,067 mi ) Highest point Denali / Mount McKinley 6,190.5 m ( 20,310 ft ) Lowest point Badwater Basin , − 85 m ( − 279 ft ) Longest river Missouri River , 3,767 km ( 2,341 mi ) Largest lake Lake Superior 58,000 km ( 22,394 sq mi ) Climate Diverse : Ranges from Temperate in the North to Tropical in the far south . West : mostly semi-arid to desert , Mountains : alpine , Northeast : humid continental , Southeast : humid subtropical , Coast of California : Mediterranean , Pacific Northwest : cool temperate oceanic , Alaska : mostly subarctic , Hawaii , South Florida , and the territories : tropical Terrain Vast central plain , Interior Highlands and low mountains in Midwest , mountains and valleys in the mid-south , coastal flatland near the Gulf and Atlantic coasts , complete with mangrove forests and temperate , subtropical , and tropical laurel forest and jungle , canyons , basins , plateus , and mountains in west , hills and low mountains in east ; intermittent hilly and mountainous regions in Great Plains , with occasional badland topography ; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska ; rugged , volcanic topography in Hawaii and the territories Natural Resources coal , copper , lead , molybdenum , phosphates , rare earth elements , uranium , bauxite , gold , iron , mercury , nickel , potash , silver , tungsten , zinc , petroleum , natural gas , timber , arable land Natural Hazards tsunamis ; volcanoes ; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin ; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts ; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast ; mud slides in California ; forest fires in the west ; flooding ; permafrost in northern Alaska Environmental Issues severe water shortages , air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada The term `` United States '' , when used in the geographical sense , is the contiguous United States , the state of Alaska , the island state of Hawaii , the five insular territories of Puerto Rico , Northern Mariana Islands , U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and American Samoa , and minor outlying possessions . The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime borders with Russia , Cuba , and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico . The United States 's northern border with Canada is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Contents 1 Area 2 General characteristics 3 Physiographic divisions 3.1 Physiographic regions 4 Climate 4.1 Extremes 5 Natural disasters 5.1 Tornadoes and hurricanes 5.2 Flooding 5.3 Geologic 5.4 Other natural disasters 6 Public lands 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Area ( edit ) From 1989 through 1996 , the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km ( 3,618,780 sq mi ) ( land + inland water only ) . The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) in 1997 ( Great Lakes area and coastal waters added ) , to 9,631,418 km ( 3,718,711 sq mi ) in 2004 , to 9,631,420 km ( 3,718,710 sq mi ) in 2006 , and to 9,826,630 km ( 3,794,080 sq mi ) in 2007 ( territorial waters added ) . Currently , the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km ( 3,794,100 sq mi ) , the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) , and the Encyclopædia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km ( 3,676,486 sq mi ) ( Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters ) . These sources consider only the 50 states and the Federal District , and exclude overseas territories . By total area ( water as well as land ) , the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People 's Republic of China , making it the world 's third or fourth largest country . China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area , but are larger than Brazil . By land area only ( exclusive of waters ) , the United States is the world 's third largest country , after Russia and China , with Canada in fourth . Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors : ( 1 ) The validity of China 's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans - Karakoram Tract . Both these territories are also claimed by India , so are not counted ; and ( 2 ) How US calculates its own surface area . Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook , the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times . General characteristics ( edit ) A satellite composite image of the contiguous United States . Deciduous vegetation and grasslands prevail in the east , transitioning to prairies , boreal forests , and the Rockies in the west , and deserts in the southwest . In the northeast , the coasts of the Great Lakes and Atlantic seaboard host much of the country 's population . The United States shares land borders with Canada ( to the north ) and Mexico ( to the south ) , and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest , and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba , and Florida and the Bahamas . The contiguous forty - eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west , the Atlantic Ocean on the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest , the Bering Strait to the west , and the Arctic Ocean to the north , while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean . Forty - eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico ; this group is referred to , with varying precision and formality , as the continental or contiguous United States , and as the Lower 48 . Alaska , which is not included in the term contiguous United States , is at the northwestern end of North America , separated from the Lower 48 by Canada . The capital city , Washington , District of Columbia , is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland . ( Virginia had also donated land , but it was returned in 1849 . ) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization : in the Caribbean the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and in the Pacific the inhabited territories of Guam , American Samoa , and the Northern Mariana Islands , along with a number of uninhabited island territories . Physiographic divisions ( edit ) Main article : United States physiographic region Denali , Alaska , the highest point in North America at 20,310 ft ( 6,190.5 m ) . The eastern United States has a varied topography . A broad , flat coastal plain lines the Atlantic and Gulf shores from the Texas - Mexico border to New York City , and includes the Florida peninsula . Areas further inland feature rolling hills , mountains , and a diverse collection of temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests . The Appalachian Mountains form a line of low mountains separating the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin . The five Great Lakes are located in the north - central portion of the country , four of them forming part of the border with Canada , only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States . The southeast United States , generally stretching from the Ohio River on south , includes a variety of warm temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests , as well as warm temperate and subtropical dry forests nearer the Great Plains in the west of the region . West of the Appalachians lies the lush Mississippi River basin and two large eastern tributaries , the Ohio River and the Tennessee River . The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills , interior highlands and small mountains , jungly marsh and swampland near the Ohio River , and productive farmland , stretching south to the Gulf Coast . The Midwest also has a vast amount of cave systems . The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains . A large portion of the country 's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains . Before their general conversion to farmland , the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands , from tallgrass prairie in the eastern plains to shortgrass steppe in the western High Plains . Elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi River to more than a mile high in the High Plains . The generally low relief of the plains is broken in several places , most notably in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains , which form the U.S. Interior Highlands , the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains . The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the Rocky Mountains . The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U.S. , entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico . The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation . The Rocky Mountains generally contain fairly mild slopes and wider peaks compared to some of the other great mountain ranges , with a few exceptions ( such as the Teton Mountains in Wyoming and the Sawatch Range in Colorado ) . The highest peaks of the Rockies are found in Colorado , the tallest peak being Mount Elbert at 14,440 ft ( 4,400 m ) . The Rocky Mountains contain some of the most spectacular , and well known scenery in the world . In addition , instead of being one generally continuous and solid mountain range , it is broken up into a number of smaller , intermittent mountain ranges , forming a large series of basins and valleys . West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus ( also known as the Intermountain West ) , a large , arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges . The large southern portion , known as the Great Basin , consists of salt flats , drainage basins , and many small north - south mountain ranges . The Southwest is predominantly a low - lying desert region . A portion known as the Colorado Plateau , centered around the Four Corners region , is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world . It is accentuated in such national parks as Grand Canyon , Arches , Mesa Verde National Park and Bryce Canyon , among others . Other smaller Intermontane areas include the Columbia Plateau covering eastern Washington , western Idaho and northeast Oregon and the Snake River Plain in Southern Idaho . The Grand Canyon from Moran Point . The Grand Canyon is among the most famous locations in the country . The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada . The Cascades consist of largely intermittent , volcanic mountains , many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape . The Sierra Nevada , further south , is a high , rugged , and dense mountain range . It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states , Mount Whitney ( 14,505 ft or 4,421 m ) . It is located at the boundary between California 's Inyo and Tulare counties , just 84.6 mi or 136.2 km west - northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level . These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well , as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier . West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys , such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon . Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges . Much of the Pacific Northwest coast is inhabited by some of the densest vegetation outside of the Tropics , and also the tallest trees in the world ( the Redwoods ) . Alaska contains some of the most dramatic and untapped scenery in the country . Tall , prominent mountain ranges rise up sharply from broad , flat tundra plains . On the islands off the south and southwest coast are many volcanoes . Hawaii , far to the south of Alaska in the Pacific Ocean , is a chain of tropical , volcanic islands , popular as a tourist destination for many from East Asia and the mainland United States . The territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands encompass a number of tropical isles in the northeastern Caribbean Sea . In the Pacific Ocean the territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands occupy the limestone and volcanic isles of the Mariana archipelago , and American Samoa ( the only populated US territory in the southern hemisphere ) encompasses volcanic peaks and coral atolls in the eastern part of the Samoan Islands chain . Physiographic regions ( edit ) A physiographical map of the contiguous 48 states of the U.S. The map indicates the age of the exposed surface as well as the type of terrain . The geography of the United States varies across their immense area . Within the continental U.S. , eight distinct physiographic divisions exist , though each is composed of several smaller physiographic subdivisions . These major divisions are : Laurentian Upland - part of the Canadian Shield that extends into the northern United States Great Lakes area . Atlantic Plain - the coastal regions of the eastern and southern parts includes the continental shelf , the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast . Appalachian Highlands - lying on the eastern side of the United States , it includes the Appalachian Mountains , the Watchung Mountains , the Adirondacks and New England province originally containing the Great Eastern Forest , a stretch of mixed temperature and subtropical montane forests , some of which are rainforests . Interior Plains - part of the interior continental United States , it includes the Great Plains , as well as a number of highland and mountainous regions , like the Black Hills , dense cave systems , painted hills and badland features . Interior Highlands - also part of the interior continental United States , this division includes the Ozark Plateau , the Ouachita Mountains , and other smaller mountain systems . This region is located largely in the warm temperate / subtropical moist and dry forest biomes . Rocky Mountain System - one branch of the Cordilleran system lying far inland in the western states . Intermontane Plateaus - also divided into the Columbia Plateau , the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Province , it is a system of plateaus , basins , ranges and gorges between the Rocky and Pacific Mountain Systems . It is the setting for the Grand Canyon , the Great Basin and Death Valley . Pacific Mountain System - the coastal mountain ranges and features in the west coast of the United States . Much of the central United States is covered by relatively flat , arable land . This aerial photo was taken over northern Ohio . The Atlantic coast of the United States is low , with minor exceptions . The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast - southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system . This system had its climax of deformation so long ago ( probably in Permian time ) that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low relief . It owes its present - day altitude either to renewed elevations along the earlier lines or to the survival of the most resistant rocks as residual mountains . The oblique trend of this coast would be even more pronounced but for a comparatively modern crustal movement , causing a depression in the northeast resulting in an encroachment of the sea upon the land . Additionally , the southeastern section has undergone an elevation resulting in the advance of the land upon the sea . While the Atlantic coast is relatively low , the Pacific coast is , with few exceptions , hilly or mountainous . This coast has been defined chiefly by geologically recent crustal deformations , and hence still preserves a greater relief than that of the Atlantic . The low Atlantic coast and the hilly or mountainous Pacific coast foreshadow the leading features in the distribution of mountains within the United States . The east coast Appalachian system , originally forest covered , is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain . The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty , broad and complicated having two branches , the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System . In between these mountain systems lie the Intermontaine Plateaus . Both the Columbia River and Colorado River rise far inland near the easternmost members of the Cordilleran system , and flow through plateaus and intermontaine basins to the ocean . Heavy forests cover the northwest coast , but elsewhere trees are found only on the higher ranges below the Alpine region . The intermontane valleys , plateaus and basins range from treeless to desert with the most arid region being in the southwest . The Laurentian Highlands , the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward , far beyond the national boundary , to the Arctic Ocean . The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion . It is from the United States side , that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico . The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region , with trees originally only along the watercourses . The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area , while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty , and in the south it is practically barren . Elevation extremes : Lowest point : Death Valley , Inyo County , California − 280 ft ( − 85.3 m ) Highest point : Denali , Denali Borough , Alaska 20,310 ft ( 6,190.5 m ) Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of the United States Köppen climate types of the US A map of average precipitation across the contiguous US . Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features , the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate . The climate is subtropical in the Southern United States , tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida , polar in Alaska , semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian , Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin and the Southwest . Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate contributed ( in part ) to the country 's rise as a world power , with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions , a general lack of widespread flooding , and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation . The main influence on U.S. weather is the polar jet stream which migrates northward into Canada in the summer months , and then southward into the USA in the winter months . The jet stream brings in large low pressure systems from the northern Pacific Ocean that enter the US mainland over the Pacific Northwest . The Cascade Range , Sierra Nevada , and Rocky Mountains pick up most of the moisture from these systems as they move eastward . Greatly diminished by the time they reach the High Plains , much of the moisture has been sapped by the orographic effect as it is forced over several mountain ranges . Once it moves over the Great Plains , uninterrupted flat land allows it to reorganize and can lead to major clashes of air masses . In addition , moisture from the Gulf of Mexico is often drawn northward . When combined with a powerful jet stream , this can lead to violent thunderstorms , especially during spring and summer . Sometimes during winter these storms can combine with another low pressure system as they move up the East Coast and into the Atlantic Ocean , where they intensify rapidly . These storms are known as Nor'easters and often bring widespread , heavy rain , wind , and snowfall to New England . The uninterrupted grasslands of the Great Plains also lead to some of the most extreme climate swings in the world . Temperatures can rise or drop rapidly and winds can be extreme , and the flow of heat waves or Arctic air masses often advance uninterrupted through the plains . The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau ( the Intermontane Plateaus ) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada . Precipitation averages less than 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . The Southwest is a hot desert , with temperatures exceeding 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) for several weeks at a time in summer . The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September , which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region . Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate , with sometimes excessive rainfall from October -- April and nearly no rain the rest of the year . In the Pacific Northwest rain falls year - round , but is much heavier during winter and spring . The mountains of the west receive abundant precipitation and very heavy snowfall . The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world , with some places averaging over 600 inches ( 1,524 cm ) of snow annually , but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow . Florida has a subtropical climate in the northern part of the state and a tropical climate in the southern part of the state . Summers are wet and winters are dry in Florida . Annually much of Florida , as well as the deep southern states , are frost - free . The mild winters of Florida allow a massive tropical fruit industry to thrive in the central part of the state , making the US second to only Brazil in citrus production in the world . Another significant ( but localized ) weather effect is lake - effect snow that falls south and east of the Great Lakes , especially in the hilly portions of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and on the Tug Hill Plateau in New York . The lake effect dumped well over 5 feet ( 1.52 m ) of snow in the area of Buffalo , New York throughout the 2006 - 2007 winter . The Wasatch Front and Wasatch Range in Utah can also receive significant lake effect accumulations from the Great Salt Lake . Extremes ( edit ) See also : U.S. state temperature extremes In northern Alaska , tundra and arctic conditions predominate , where the temperature has fallen as low as − 80 ° F ( − 62.2 ° C ) . On the other end of the spectrum , Death Valley , California once reached 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) , the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth . On average , the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth . The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington , at 692 inches ( 1,758 cm ) ; the record there was 1,122 inches ( 2,850 cm ) in the winter of 1971 -- 72 . This record was broken by the Mt . Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported 1,140 inches ( 2,896 cm ) of snowfall for the 1998 - 99 snowfall season . Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the Wasatch Mountains , near the Great Salt Lake , the San Juan Mountains in Colorado , and the Sierra Nevada , near Lake Tahoe . In the east , the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most snowfall , although such snowfall levels do not near snowfall levels in the western United States . Along the northwestern Pacific coast , rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S. , with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches ( 348 cm ) . Hawaii receives even more , with 460 inches ( 1,168 cm ) measured annually on Mount Waialeale , in Kauai . The Mojave Desert , in the southwest , is home to the driest locale in the U.S. Yuma , Arizona , has an average of 2.63 inches ( 6.7 cm ) of precipitation each year . In central portions of the U.S. , tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer . Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico . The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods , though virtually no area in the U.S. is immune to flooding . The Southwest has the worst droughts ; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt Ancestral Pueblo peoples . The West is affected by large wildfires each year . Natural disasters ( edit ) The United States is affected by a variety of natural disasters yearly . Although drought is rare , it has occasionally caused major disruption , such as during the Dust Bowl ( 1931 -- 1942 ) . Farmland failed throughout the Plains , entire regions were virtually depopulated , and dust storms ravaged the land . A powerful tornado near Dimmitt , Texas on June 2 , 1995 . Tornadoes and hurricanes ( edit ) The Great Plains and Midwest , due to the contrasting air masses , see frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during spring and summer with around 1,000 tornadoes occurring each year . The strip of land from north Texas north to Kansas and Nebraska and east into Tennessee is known as Tornado Alley , where many houses have tornado shelters and many towns have tornado sirens due to the very frequent tornado formations in the region . Hurricanes are another natural disaster found in the US , which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coast or the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . Particularly at risk are the central and southern Texas coasts , the area from southeastern Louisiana east to the Florida Panhandle , peninsular Florida , and the Outer Banks of North Carolina , although any portion of the coast could be struck . Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30 , with a peak from mid-August through early October . Some of the more devastating hurricanes have included the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . Hurricanes ( known as cyclones in the Pacific Ocean ) fail to landfall on the Pacific Coast of the United States due to water temperatures being too cool to sustain them . However , the remnants of tropical cyclones from the Eastern Pacific occasionally impact the western United States , bringing moderate to heavy rainfall . Total devastation in Gulfport , Mississippi caused by storm surge from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . Flooding ( edit ) Occasional severe flooding is experienced . There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Great Flood of 1993 , and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982 -- 83 El Niño event in the western United States . Localized flooding can , however , occur anywhere , and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems in any mountainous area , particularly the Southwest . Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spread of wildfires . The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to sometimes devastating flash floods as well , while nor'easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast ( although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere ) . Geologic ( edit ) The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska ( including the Aleutian Islands , the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast ) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90 % of the world 's earthquakes . The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States , in Washington , Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains . There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii , including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983 , but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands . There has not been a major life - threatening eruption on the Hawaiian islands since the 17th century . Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating , such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington . The Ring of Fire makes California and southern Alaska particularly vulnerable to earthquakes . Earthquakes can cause extensive damage , such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Good Friday earthquake near Anchorage , Alaska . California is well known for seismic activity , and requires large structures to be earthquake resistant to minimize loss of life and property . Outside of devastating earthquakes , California experiences minor earthquakes on a regular basis . There have been about 100 significant earthquakes annually from 2010 to 2012 . Past averages were 21 a year . This is believed to be due to the deep disposal of wastewater from fracking . None has exceeded a magnitude of 5.6 , and no one has been killed . Other natural disasters ( edit ) Other natural disasters include : tsunamis around Pacific Basin , mud slides in California , and forest fires in the western half of the contiguous U.S. Although drought is relatively rare , it has occasionally caused major economic and social disruption , such as during the Dust Bowl ( 1931 -- 1942 ) , which resulted in widespread crop failures and duststorms , beginning in the southern Great Plains and reaching to the Atlantic Ocean . Public lands ( edit ) Exclusive economic zones of the United States , including insular areas The United States holds many areas for the use and enjoyment of the public . These include National Parks , National Monuments , National Forests , Wilderness areas , and other areas . For lists of areas , see the following articles : List of National Parks of the United States List of National Natural Landmarks List of U.S. National Forests List of U.S. Wilderness Areas See also ( edit ) Geography portal United States portal County ( United States ) Geographic centers of the United States Geography of Puerto Rico Geography 's impact on colonial America List of extreme points of the United States List of fjords of the United States List of islands of the United States List of North American deserts List of U.S. government designations for places Lists of landforms of the United States Public Land Survey System Territorial evolution of the United States Regions : East Coast of the United States Historic regions of the United States List of regions of the United States West Coast of the United States Mountains : List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountains of the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80 ; Homeland Security Public Law 107 - 296 Sec. 2. ( 16 ) ( A ) ; Presidential Proclamation of national jurisdiction ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` United States '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 2009 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Population by Sex , Rate of Population Increase , Surface Area and Density '' ( PDF ) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Countries of the World : 21 Years of World Facts , geographic.org , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Managing Upland Forests of the Midsouth '' . United States Forestry Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Tapestry of Time and Terrain : The Union of Two Maps - Geology and Topography '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` USGS National Elevation Dataset ( NED ) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program ( 3DEP ) - National Geospatial Data Asset ( NGDA ) National Elevation Data Set ( NED ) '' . United States Geological Survey . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic Regions '' . United States Geological Survey . 2003 - 04 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack Each state 's low temperature record , USA today , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Weather and Climate '' ( PDF ) . Official website for Death Valley National Park . National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior . January 2002 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved October 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Press release No. 956 '' . World Meteorological Organization . September 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Atlas , Average Annual Precipitation , 1961 - 1990 Archived 2006 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , URL accessed 15 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Hereford , Richard , et al. , Precipitation History of the Mojave Desert Region , 1893 -- 2001 , U.S. Geological Survey , Fact Sheet 117 - 03 , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ NOVA , Tornado Heaven , Hunt for the Supertwister , URL accessed 15 June 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Jim E. and John E. Costa , Large Floods in the United States : Where Thley Happen and Why , U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1245 , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ NSSL : Severe Weather 101 . Nssl.noaa.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/publications/saferstructures/ Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Study : Earthquake increase tied to energy boom '' . The Burlington Free Press . Burlington , Vermont . pp. 10A . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Ralph Hall , Historical Geography of the United States , New York : Harcourt , Brace , 1948 Stein , Mark , How the States Got Their Shapes , New York : Smithsonian Books / Collins , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143138 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of the United States . 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97.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_United_States&oldid=854136866 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 06 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the united states located on earth	[ "Geography of The United States\nContinent\nNorth AmericaCoordinates\n38°00′00″N 97°00′00″W / 38.000°N 97.000°W / 38.000; -97.000Area\nRanked 4th • Total\n9,826,675 km2 (3,794,100 sq mi) • Land\n93.24% • Water\n6.76%Coastline\n19,920 km (12,380 mi)Borders\nCanada: 8,864 km (5,508 mi)Mexico: 3,327 km (2,067 mi)Highest point\nDenali/Mount McKinley6,190.5 m (20,310 ft)Lowest point\nBadwater Basin,−85 m (−279 ft)Longest river\nMissouri River,3,767 km (2,341 mi)Largest lake\nLake Superior58,000 km2 (22,394 sq mi)Climate\nDiverse: Ranges from Temperate in the North to Tropical in the far south. West: mostly semi-arid to desert, Mountains: alpine, Northeast: humid continental, Southeast: humid subtropical, Coast of California: Mediterranean, Pacific Northwest: cool temperate oceanic, Alaska: mostly subarctic, Hawaii, South Florida, and the territories: tropicalTerrain\nVast central plain, Interior Highlands and low mountains in Midwest, mountains and valleys in the mid-south, coastal flatland near the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, complete with mangrove forests and temperate, subtropical, and tropical laurel forest and jungle, canyons, basins, plateus, and mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; intermittent hilly and mountainous regions in Great Plains, with occasional badland topography; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii and the territoriesNatural Resources\ncoal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber, arable landNatural Hazards\ntsunamis; volcanoes; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern AlaskaEnvironmental Issues\nsevere water shortages, air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada" ]	[ "38°00′00″N 97°00′00″W / 38.000°N 97.000°W" ]
6783525478514227021	The Scientist (song)	The Scientist ( song ) - wikipedia The Scientist ( song ) `` The Scientist '' Single by Coldplay from the album A Rush of Blood to the Head B - side `` 1.36 '' `` I Ran Away '' Released November 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 04 ) Format CD single DVD single 7 '' Recorded Length 5 : 09 ( album version ) 4 : 26 ( radio edit ) Label Parlophone ( UK ) Capitol ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Chris Martin Jonny Buckland Guy Berryman Will Champion Producer ( s ) Ken Nelson Coldplay Coldplay singles chronology `` In My Place '' ( 2002 ) `` The Scientist '' ( 2002 ) `` Clocks '' ( 2003 ) Music video `` The Scientist '' on YouTube `` The Scientist '' is the second UK single from the British rock band Coldplay 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) . The song was written collaboratively by all the band members for the album . It is built around a piano ballad , with its lyrics telling the story about a man 's desire to love and an apology . The song was released in the United Kingdom as the second single from A Rush of Blood to the Head and reached number 10 in the UK Charts . It was released in the United States as the third single and reached number 18 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 34 on the Adult Top 40 chart . Critics were highly positive towards `` The Scientist '' and praised the song 's piano ballad and falsetto . Several remixes of the track exist , and its riff has been widely sampled . The single 's music video won three MTV Music Video Awards , for the video 's use of reverse narrative . The song was also featured on the band 's 2003 live album Live 2003 and has been a permanent fixture in the band 's live set lists since 2002 . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release 4 Reception 5 Other versions 6 Personnel 7 Music video 8 Track listing 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Certifications 10 See also 11 References 12 Notes 13 External links Background ( edit ) Lead singer Chris Martin wrote `` The Scientist '' after listening to George Harrison 's All Things Must Pass . In an interview with Rolling Stone Magazine , Martin revealed that while working on the band 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head , he knew that the album was missing something . One night , during a stay in Liverpool , Martin found an old piano that was out of tune . He wanted to work on Harrison 's song , `` Is n't It a Pity '' , but he could not manage to do so . When the song came to Martin , he asked that the recorder be turned on . He concluded by saying that he came across this chord sequence and noted that the chord was `` lovely '' . Martin recorded the vocals and piano takes in a studio in Liverpool . When asked about the development of the song , during a track - by - track reveal , Martin said : `` That 's just about girls . It 's weird that whatever else is on your mind , whether it 's the downfall of global economics or terrible environmental troubles , the thing that always gets you most is when you fancy someone . '' The liner notes from A Rush of Blood to the Head , on the other hand , states that `` The Scientist is Dan . '' , with Dan referring to Dan Keeling , the A&R man who signed the band to Parlophone . Composition ( edit ) `` The Scientist '' excerpt From the album A Rush of Blood to the Head . This sample includes a portion of chorus , as well as an allusion to the title . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` The Scientist '' is a melancholic , piano - driven ballad . It begins with the main four - chord piano melody created by lead singer Chris Martin , transitioning to him singing the first verses . He is then joined by the rest of the band after the first chorus . In addition to the main piano melody , the music of the song is created by a string arrangement , harmony , acoustic guitar , with its rhythm being slow tempo drums and bass guitar riffs . Towards the end of the song , electric guitar riffs can be heard as lead guitarist Jonny Buckland switches from acoustic to lead guitar . The lyrics to the song allude to a man 's powerlessness in the face of love . The song is written in the key of F major Release ( edit ) Chris Martin playing `` The Scientist '' on his piano during the band 's 2005 Twisted Logic Tour Coldplay released `` The Scientist '' in Europe on 4 November 2002 as the album 's second single . The single was pressed with two B - sides : `` 1.36 '' and `` I Ran Away . '' While preparing for the song as the album 's second release , the band 's US label felt the song failed to `` provide enough of a blood rush for American listeners '' ; instead , they released `` Clocks '' as the second single in the US . The song was released on 15 April 2003 in the US . `` The Scientist '' appeared on Australia Singles Chart at number 40 on 1 November 2003 . It appeared on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks at number 18 . The song peaked at number sixteen at Canada Singles Chart . The song peaked at number 10 in UK Top 75 on 17 November 2002 . The single 's cover , created by Sølve Sundsbø , as with the album 's other singles , features a band member , which in this case is drummer Will Champion . Reception ( edit ) `` The Scientist '' received widespread critical acclaim . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone Magazine , in his review of the album , wrote : `` The fantastic piano ballad ' The Scientist ' ... ( has ) a cataclysmic falsetto finale that could raise every hair on the back of your neck . '' Nick Southall of Stylus magazine wrote : `` The piano that chimes through ' The Scientist ' is captured perfectly , the warm depression of each individual key caught rather than a shrill ringing as is so often the case . '' Ian Watson of NME wrote : `` ' The Scientist ' is a song inexorably linked with the endless night sky and the secret hopes and regrets of a hundred thousand strangers . '' In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 37 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . In 2009 , Rolling Stone ranked it number 54 on its `` 100 Best Songs of the Decade '' list . Other versions ( edit ) In 2003 , `` The Scientist '' was featured on Coldplay 's live album Live 2003 . The song was covered live by Aimee Mann and released on a special edition of her album Lost in Space . Natasha Bedingfield , Alex Band , Eamon , and Avril Lavigne covered the song on Jo Whiley 's Live Lounge radio show . Also , Belinda Carlisle did a live rendition on the ITV1 reality show Hit Me Baby One More Time . The British female quartet All Angels did a choral arrangement of the song on their album Into Paradise which was released in 2007 . The chords to this song are replicated by Sum 41 in their song `` Pieces . '' In addition , the American television show MADtv did a parody of the video , called `` The Narcissist . '' Coldplay 's original version plus a cover of the track performed by Johnette Napolitano and Danny Lohner were featured in the 2004 film Wicker Park . Allison Iraheta and Kris Allen performed an acoustic duet of the song at Oprah Winfrey 's `` No Phone Zone '' rally in Los Angeles . In 2011 , Willie Nelson covered the song for a Chipotle Mexican Grill - sponsored short film titled Back to the Start , highlighting the problems of concentrated animal feeding operations . It also appears as the final track on his 2012 album Heroes . Nelson 's version plays during the closing credits of the 2014 film The Judge . The song was used on the May 23 , 2011 episode of WWE Raw in a tribute video to wrestler `` Macho Man '' Randy Savage who had died three days earlier . The song was performed in the Glee episode `` The Break Up '' on October 4 , 2012 by Cory Monteith , Darren Criss , Naya Rivera , Matthew Morrison , Lea Michele , Chris Colfer , Heather Morris and Jayma Mays . In 2014 , Miley Cyrus covered the song at selected stops of her Bangerz Tour . Corinne Bailey Rae covered `` The Scientist '' for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker . Conor Maynard covers a few verses of the song in his Acoustic rendition of Kris Kross Amsterdam & Conor Maynard - Are You Sure ? ft . Ty Dolla $ ign . Personnel ( edit ) Chris Martin -- lead vocals , piano Jonny Buckland -- acoustic and electric guitar Guy Berryman -- bass guitar Will Champion -- drums , backing vocals Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` The Scientist '' was notable for its distinctive reverse narrative , which employed reverse video . The same concept had been previously used for Spike Jonze 's 1995 music video for The Pharcyde 's `` Drop . '' The reverse video style had first been seen in 1989 for the video for the song `` The Second Summer of Love '' by Scottish band Danny Wilson . In order for Martin to appear to be singing the lyrics in the reversed footage , he had to learn to sing the song backwards , which took him a month . The video was filmed at various locations , including London and at Bourne Woods in Surrey , before the first leg of the A Rush of Blood to the Head tour . It was directed by Jamie Thraves . The video was shot between 30 September -- 3 October 2002 , premiering on 14 October . The video opens , looking down on Martin who is singing , as he lies on his back on a mattress . As the camera shot pulls back , the mattress is revealed to be outside . A cyclist cycles past in reverse and Martin leaps up from the mattress . He walks in reverse through a city , out into the suburbs and eventually crossing a railway line and into woods , picking up his suit jacket as he goes . Upon arriving at his car , a black BMW , he gets in and briefly passes out . A woman , at first shown lying unresponsive on the ground in front of the car , is shown flying back in through the shattered windscreen . The car rolls back up a hill in the woods and through a broken fence , which joins back together as the car passes through it . As the video closes , the couple is shown driving back up the road . It is revealed that Martin 's passenger had removed her seat belt , in order to put her jacket on , just before the car accident , causing her death . Irish actress Elaine Cassidy portrays the female passenger . In 2003 , `` The Scientist '' won multiple MTV Video Music Awards for Best Group Video , Best Direction , and Breakthrough Video . It was also nominated at the 2004 Grammy Awards for Best Short Form Music Video but lost to Johnny Cash 's video for `` Hurt '' . By August 2018 the video had received over 550 million views on YouTube . Track listing ( edit ) CD No . Title Length 1 . `` The Scientist '' 5 : 11 2 . `` 1.36 '' 2 : 05 3 . `` I Ran Away '' 4 : 26 `` 1.36 '' features Tim Wheeler of Ash on guitar . DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` The Scientist '' ( Edit ) 2 . `` The Scientist '' ( video running backwards ) 3 . `` Lips Like Sugar '' ( Live , Echo & the Bunnymen -- Cover ) 4 . `` Interview with band members '' Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 40 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 10 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 96 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 26 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 18 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Italy ( FIMI ) 23 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 Poland ( OLiS ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 0 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 373,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Book : A Rush of Blood to the Head References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Going Out of My Head '' . VH1. 2002 - 08 - 13 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Scaggs , Austin ( 2005 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Q&A : Chris Martin '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oldham , James ( July 2002 ) . `` Coldplay Yellow Fever '' . Auckland , New Zealand Newspaper . Jump up ^ `` ShakenStir Interview about A Rush of Blood to the Head ( September 2002 ) '' . ShakenStir . Archived from the original ( Internet Archive ) on 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- The Scientist '' . BBC Music . BBC . 2002 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay E-Zine : Issue 6 '' ( PDF ) . Coldplay.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Parker , Nigel ( 2002 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Coldplay 's Rush is near - flawless '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Denning , Adrian . `` Coldplay album reviews '' . Adrian Denning.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( 2002 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Phases and Stages -- Record Review '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Coldplay '' . Q. August 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Scientist by Coldplay ; sheet music '' . Musicnotes.com. 2002 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Scientist B - Sides '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon ( 2002 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Coldplay Singer Questions Whether He 's The Devil '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- The Scientist at Top40 - Charts '' . Top 40 - Charts . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History -- Coldplay '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 2008 - 03 - 12 ) . `` The 20 biggest selling albums of the 21st century '' . Music Week . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Official UK Top 75 : 17 / 11 / 02 '' . Vibe Waves. 2002 - 11 - 17 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sølve Sundsbø 's best shot '' . The Guardian . 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 2002 - 08 - 26 ) . `` A Rush Of Blood To The Head '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Southall , Nick ( 1 September 2002 ) . `` Coldplay -- A Rush Of Blood To The Head Review '' . Stylus . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Watson , Ian ( 2002 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Coldplay : The Scientist '' . NME . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ NME.COM. `` 150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years '' . NME.COM . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 2000s '' . Rolling Stone . 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Magill , Jeff ( 2003 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Review : Mighty rush from world 's best band '' . Europe Intelligence Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Blender : The 500 greatest songs since you were born '' . Blender . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Natasha Bedingfield `` The Scientist '' `` . Imeem . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Run For Cover ( s ) : Letters A to E '' . Feedshow. 2 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne `` The Scientist '' -- Coldplay Cover `` . Mixtape Maestro. 2007 - 07 - 09 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Living Legends Music : Belinda Carlisle '' . Living Legends . Archived from the original on 10 January 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Semioli , Tom ( 2007 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Johnette Napolitano -- Running Scarred '' . Amplifier Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jewers , Jack ( 2007 - 11 - 21 ) . `` All Angels , Into Paradise '' . BBC Music . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay vs. Sum 41 ANTI-plug '' . Newmoanyeah. 2005 - 01 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MADtv ( season 9 ) '' . Mad TV . Season 9 . Episode 905 . 2003 - 11 - 01 . 60 minutes in . Fox . Jump up ^ Wicker Park ( DVD ) . Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Scientist by Coldplay '' . Song Facts . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kris Allen & Allison Iraheta Do n't Phone It In On ' Oprah ' Duet '' . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Covers Coldplay 's ' The Scientist ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Judge ' Ends With A Willie Nelson Coldplay Cover '' . The Huffington Post . 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDvXVP2iSNs Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) Cory Monteith + Glee cast perform Coldplay 's ' The Scientist ' '' . 103.5 KTU . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Soundtrack Features Halsey , Tove Lo & Nicki Minaj '' . Idolator . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Conor Maynard ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) , Kris Kross Amsterdam & Conor Maynard - Are You Sure ? ft . Ty Dolla $ ign ( Acoustic ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( 2006 - 08 - 01 ) . `` The Story Behind Coldplay 's ' The Scientist ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- The Scientist '' . Mvdbase.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Though it was filmed in England , the car driven in the music video features a Wyoming license plate which had a design that was in use from 1983 to 1988 ( although the car itself is right - hand drive ) . The vehicle in the video was a BMW E28 5 Series , manufactured from 1982 to 1988 . Jump up ^ `` The Scientist '' at wikicoldplay.com Jump up ^ `` Old and new battle for MTV awards '' . BBC News . BBC . 2003 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sal Cinquemani and Eric Henderson . `` Forecast : 46th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Slant . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Template : Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RB-RcX5DS5A Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Awards ( Billboard Singles ) '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 46 , 2002 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World - Italy '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 7 December 2002 . p. 78 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Singles Chart `` . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ifpi.dk '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter The Scientist in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 6 February 2016 ) . `` Coldplay 's Official Top 20 biggest selling songs revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Coldplay -- The Scientist '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Notes ( edit ) Roach , Martin ( 2003 ) . Coldplay : Nobody Said It Was Easy . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9810 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Scientist on YouTube Coldplay songs Parachutes `` Do n't Panic '' `` Shiver '' `` Yellow '' `` Trouble '' A Rush of Blood to the Head `` In My Place '' `` God Put a Smile upon Your Face '' `` The Scientist '' `` Clocks '' Coldplay Live 2003 `` Moses '' X&Y `` White Shadows '' `` Fix You '' `` Talk '' `` Speed of Sound '' `` The Hardest Part '' Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends `` Life in Technicolor '' `` Cemeteries of London '' `` Lost ! '' `` 42 '' `` Lovers in Japan '' `` Yes '' `` Viva la Vida '' `` Violet Hill '' `` Strawberry Swing '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Prospekt 's March `` Life in Technicolor II '' `` Glass of Water '' `` Prospekt 's March / Poppyfields '' Mylo Xyloto `` Hurts Like Heaven '' `` Paradise '' `` Charlie Brown '' `` Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall '' `` Major Minus '' `` U.F.O. '' `` Princess of China '' `` Up in Flames '' `` Up with the Birds '' Ghost Stories `` Always in My Head '' `` Magic '' `` Ink '' `` True Love '' `` Midnight '' `` Another 's Arms '' `` Oceans '' `` A Sky Full of Stars '' `` O '' `` Ghost Story '' `` O ( Reprise ) '' A Head Full of Dreams `` A Head Full of Dreams '' `` Birds '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` Everglow '' `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' `` Fun '' `` Up & Up '' Kaleidoscope EP `` All I Can Think About Is You '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' `` Aliens '' `` Something Just like This '' `` Hypnotised '' Other songs `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` Gravity '' `` Lhuna '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Moving to Mars '' `` Atlas '' `` Miracles '' Book Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place for Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Scientist_(song)&oldid=855391370 '' Categories : 2002 singles 2001 songs Coldplay songs Parlophone singles 2000s ballads Rock ballads Willie Nelson songs Song recordings produced by Ken Nelson ( British record producer ) Songs written by Guy Berryman Songs written by Jonny Buckland Songs written by Will Champion Songs written by Chris Martin MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from 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-7752373565132037980	History of timekeeping devices	History of timekeeping devices - wikipedia History of timekeeping devices Jump to : navigation , search An hourglass keeping track of elapsed time . The hourglass was one of the earlier timekeeping devices and has become a symbol of the concept of time . For thousands of years , devices have been used to measure and keep track of time . The current sexagesimal system of time measurement dates to approximately 2000 BC from the Sumerians . The Egyptians divided the day into two 12 - hour periods , and used large obelisks to track the movement of the sun . They also developed water clocks , which were probably first used in the Precinct of Amun - Re , and later outside Egypt as well ; they were employed frequently by the Ancient Greeks , who called them clepsydrae . The Zhou dynasty is believed to have used the outflow water clock around the same time , devices which were introduced from Mesopotamia as early as 2000 BC . Other ancient timekeeping devices include the candle clock , used in ancient China , ancient Japan , England and Mesopotamia ; the timestick , widely used in India and Tibet , as well as some parts of Europe ; and the hourglass , which functioned similarly to a water clock . The sundial , another early clock , relies on shadows to provide a good estimate of the hour on a sunny day . It is not so useful in cloudy weather or at night and requires recalibration as the seasons change ( if the gnomon was not aligned with the Earth 's axis ) . The earliest known clock with a water - powered escapement mechanism , which transferred rotational energy into intermittent motions , dates back to 3rd century BC in ancient Greece ; Chinese engineers later invented clocks incorporating mercury - powered escapement mechanisms in the 10th century , followed by Iranian engineers inventing water clocks driven by gears and weights in the 11th century . The first mechanical clocks , employing the verge escapement mechanism with a foliot or balance wheel timekeeper , were invented in Europe at around the start of the 14th century , and became the standard timekeeping device until the pendulum clock was invented in 1656 . The invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century allowed portable clocks to be built , evolving into the first pocketwatches by the 17th century , but these were not very accurate until the balance spring was added to the balance wheel in the mid 17th century . The pendulum clock remained the most accurate timekeeper until the 1930s , when quartz oscillators were invented , followed by atomic clocks after World War 2 . Although initially limited to laboratories , the development of microelectronics in the 1960s made quartz clocks both compact and cheap to produce , and by the 1980s they became the world 's dominant timekeeping technology in both clocks and wristwatches . Atomic clocks are far more accurate than any previous timekeeping device , and are used to calibrate other clocks and to calculate the International Atomic Time ; a standardized civil system , Coordinated Universal Time , is based on atomic time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timekeeping devices of early civilizations 1.1 Ancient Egypt 1.2 Ancient Greece and Rome 1.3 Ancient and medieval Persia 1.4 Ancient and medieval China 2 Timekeeping innovations in medieval and pre-modern periods 2.1 Candle clocks 2.2 Incense clocks 2.3 Sundials 2.4 Hourglass 2.5 Clocks with gears and escapements 2.6 Clock towers 2.7 Astronomical clocks 2.8 Early mechanical clocks and watches 2.8. 1 Wristwatch 2.8. 2 Equation clock 3 Era of precision timekeeping 3.1 Pendulum clock 3.2 Spiral - hairspring watch 3.3 Pocket watch 3.4 Marine chronometer 3.5 Electric clock 3.6 Quartz clock and watch 3.7 Atomic clock 4 Clock and watch - making industry 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Timekeeping devices of early civilizations ( edit ) See also : Water clock ( clepsydra ) and Water clock The sun rising over Stonehenge on the June solstice Many ancient civilizations observed astronomical bodies , often the Sun and Moon , to determine times , dates , and seasons . The first calendars may have been created during the last glacial period , by hunter - gatherers who employed tools such as sticks and bones to track the phases of the moon or the seasons . Stone circles , such as England 's Stonehenge , were built in various parts of the world , especially in Prehistoric Europe , and are thought to have been used to time and predict seasonal and annual events such as equinoxes or solstices . As those megalithic civilizations left no recorded history , little is known of their calendars or timekeeping methods . Methods of sexagesimal timekeeping , now common in both Western and Eastern societies , are first attested nearly 4,000 years ago in Mesopotamia and Egypt . Mesoamericans similarly modified their usual vigesimal counting system when dealing with calendars to produce a 360 - day year . Ancient Egypt ( edit ) See also : History of timekeeping devices in Egypt Ancient Egyptian sundial ( c. 1500 BC ) from the Valley of the Kings . Daytime divided into 12 parts . The oldest known sundial is from Egypt ; it dates back to around 1500 BC ( 19th Dynasty ) , and was discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 2013 . Sundials have their origin in shadow clocks , which were the first devices used for measuring the parts of a day . Ancient Egyptian obelisks , constructed about 3500 BC , are also among the earliest shadow clocks . The Luxor Obelisk in Place de la Concorde , Paris , France Egyptian shadow clocks divided daytime into 12 parts with each part further divided into more precise parts . One type of shadow clock consisted of a long stem with five variable marks and an elevated crossbar which cast a shadow over those marks . It was positioned eastward in the morning , and was turned west at noon . Obelisks functioned in much the same manner : the shadow cast on the markers around it allowed the Egyptians to calculate the time . The obelisk also indicated whether it was morning or afternoon , as well as the summer and winter solstices . A third shadow clock , developed c. 1500 BC , was similar in shape to a bent T - square . It measured the passage of time by the shadow cast by its crossbar on a non-linear rule . The T was oriented eastward in the mornings , and turned around at noon , so that it could cast its shadow in the opposite direction . Although accurate , shadow clocks relied on the sun , and so were useless at night and in cloudy weather . The Egyptians therefore developed a number of alternative timekeeping instruments , including water clocks , and a system for tracking star movements . The oldest description of a water clock is from the tomb inscription of the 16th - century BC Egyptian court official Amenemhet , identifying him as its inventor . There were several types of water clocks , some more elaborate than others . One type consisted of a bowl with small holes in its bottom , which was floated on water and allowed to fill at a near - constant rate ; markings on the side of the bowl indicated elapsed time , as the surface of the water reached them . The oldest - known waterclock was found in the tomb of pharaoh Amenhotep I ( 1525 -- 1504 BC ) , suggesting that they were first used in ancient Egypt . Another Egyptian method of determining the time during the night was using plumb - lines called merkhets . In use since at least 600 BC , two of these instruments were aligned with Polaris , the north pole star , to create a north -- south meridian . The time was accurately measured by observing certain stars as they crossed the line created with the merkhets . Ancient Greece and Rome ( edit ) See also : Clock tower , Ancient Greek technology , and Roman timekeeping Ctesibius 's clepsydra from the 3rd century BC . Clepsydra , literally water thief , is the Greek word for water clock . Water clocks , or clepsydrae , were commonly used in Ancient Greece following their introduction by Plato , who also invented a water - based alarm clock . One account of Plato 's alarm clock describes it as depending on the nightly overflow of a vessel containing lead balls , which floated in a columnar vat . The vat held a steadily increasing amount of water , supplied by a cistern . By morning , the vessel would have floated high enough to tip over , causing the lead balls to cascade onto a copper platter . The resultant clangor would then awaken Plato 's students at the Academy . Another possibility is that it comprised two jars , connected by a siphon . Water emptied until it reached the siphon , which transported the water to the other jar . There , the rising water would force air through a whistle , sounding an alarm . The Greeks and Chaldeans regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations . Greek astronomer , Andronicus of Cyrrhus , supervised the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Athens in the 1st century BC . The Tower of the Winds in Athens , Greece , a 1st - century - BC clocktower from the period of Roman Greece In Greek tradition , clepsydrae were used in court ; later , the Romans adopted this practice , as well . There are several mentions of this in historical records and literature of the era ; for example , in Theaetetus , Plato says that `` Those men , on the other hand , always speak in haste , for the flowing water urges them on '' . Another mention occurs in Lucius Apuleius ' The Golden Ass : `` The Clerk of the Court began bawling again , this time summoning the chief witness for the prosecution to appear . Up stepped an old man , whom I did not know . He was invited to speak for as long as there was water in the clock ; this was a hollow globe into which water was poured through a funnel in the neck , and from which it gradually escaped through fine perforations at the base '' . The clock in Apuleius 's account was one of several types of water clock used . Another consisted of a bowl with a hole in its centre , which was floated on water . Time was kept by observing how long the bowl took to fill with water . Although clepsydrae were more useful than sundials -- they could be used indoors , during the night , and also when the sky was cloudy -- they were not as accurate ; the Greeks , therefore , sought a way to improve their water clocks . Although still not as accurate as sundials , Greek water clocks became more accurate around 325 BC , and they were adapted to have a face with an hour hand , making the reading of the clock more precise and convenient . One of the more common problems in most types of clepsydrae was caused by water pressure : when the container holding the water was full , the increased pressure caused the water to flow more rapidly . This problem was addressed by Greek and Roman horologists beginning in 100 BC , and improvements continued to be made in the following centuries . To counteract the increased water flow , the clock 's water containers -- usually bowls or jugs -- were given a conical shape ; positioned with the wide end up , a greater amount of water had to flow out in order to drop the same distance as when the water was lower in the cone . Along with this improvement , clocks were constructed more elegantly in this period , with hours marked by gongs , doors opening to miniature figurines , bells , or moving mechanisms . There were some remaining problems , however , which were never solved , such as the effect of temperature . Water flows more slowly when cold , or may even freeze . Between 270 BC and AD 500 , Hellenistic ( Ctesibius , Hero of Alexandria , Archimedes ) and Roman horologists and astronomers began developing more elaborate mechanized water clocks . The added complexity was aimed at regulating the flow and at providing fancier displays of the passage of time . For example , some water clocks rang bells and gongs , while others opened doors and windows to show figurines of people , or moved pointers , and dials . Some even displayed astrological models of the universe . Although the Greeks and Romans did much to advance water clock technology , they still continued to use shadow clocks . The mathematician and astronomer Theodosius of Bithynia , for example , is said to have invented a universal sundial that was accurate anywhere on Earth , though little is known about it . Others wrote of the sundial in the mathematics and literature of the period . Marcus Vitruvius Pollio , the Roman author of De Architectura , wrote on the mathematics of gnomons , or sundial blades . During the reign of Emperor Augustus , the Romans constructed the largest sundial ever built , the Solarium Augusti . Its gnomon was an obelisk from Heliopolis . Similarly , the obelisk from Campus Martius was used as the gnomon for Augustus 's zodiacal sundial . Pliny the Elder records that the first sundial in Rome arrived in 264 BC , looted from Catania , Sicily ; according to him , it gave the incorrect time until the markings and angle appropriate for Rome 's latitude were used -- a century later . Ancient and medieval Persia ( edit ) See also : History of science and technology in Persia Ancient Persian clock . Ancient Persian clock Reconstruction of the scene of a water clock manager ( MirAab ) , Iran According to Callisthenes , the Persians were using water clocks in 328 BC to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation . The use of water clocks in Iran , especially in Zeebad , dates back to 500 BC . Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre-Islamic religions , such as the Nowruz , Chelah , or Yaldā -- the shortest , longest , and equal - length days and nights of the years . The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar . Water clocks , or Fenjaan , in Persia reached a level of accuracy comparable to today 's standards of timekeeping . The fenjaan was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a qanat or well for irrigation of the farms , until it was replaced by more accurate current clock . Persian water clocks were a practical and useful tool for the qanat 's shareholders to calculate the length of time they could divert water to their farm . The qanat was the only water source for agriculture and irrigation so a just and fair water distribution was very important . Therefore , a very fair and clever old person was elected to be the manager of the water clock , and at least two full - time managers were needed to control and observe the number of fenjaans and announce the exact time during the days and nights . The fenjaan was a big pot full of water and a bowl with small hole in the center . When the bowl become full of water , it would sink into the pot , and the manager would empty the bowl and again put it on the top of the water in the pot . He would record the number of times the bowl sank by putting small stones into a jar . The place where the clock was situated , and its managers , were collectively known as khaneh fenjaan . Usually this would be the top floor of a public - house , with west - and east - facing windows to show the time of sunset and sunrise . There was also another time - keeping tool named a staryab or astrolabe , but it was mostly used for superstitious beliefs and was not practical for use as a farmers ' calendar . The Zeebad Gonabad water clock was in use until 1965 when it was substituted by modern clocks . Ancient and medieval China ( edit ) See also : History of science and technology in China and Su Song Joseph Needham speculated that the introduction of the outflow clepsydra to China , perhaps from Mesopotamia , occurred as far back as the 2nd millennium BC , during the Shang Dynasty , and at the latest by the 1st millennium BC . By the beginning of the Han Dynasty , in 202 BC , the outflow clepsydra was gradually replaced by the inflow clepsydra , which featured an indicator rod on a float . To compensate for the falling pressure head in the reservoir , which slowed timekeeping as the vessel filled , Zhang Heng added an extra tank between the reservoir and the inflow vessel . Around 550 AD , Yin Gui was the first in China to write of the overflow or constant - level tank added to the series , which was later described in detail by the inventor Shen Kuo . Around 610 , this design was trumped by two Sui Dynasty inventors , Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai , who were the first to create the balance clepsydra , with standard positions for the steelyard balance . Joseph Needham states that : ... ( the balance clepsydra ) permitted the seasonal adjustment of the pressure head in the compensating tank by having standard positions for the counterweight graduated on the beam , and hence it could control the rate of flow for different lengths of day and night . With this arrangement no overflow tank was required , and the two attendants were warned when the clepsydra needed refilling . Timekeeping innovations in medieval and pre-modern periods ( edit ) The term ' clock ' encompasses a wide spectrum of devices , ranging from wristwatches to the Clock of the Long Now . The English word clock is said to derive from the Middle English clokke , Old North French cloque , or Middle Dutch clocke , all of which mean bell , and are derived from the Medieval Latin clocca , also meaning bell . Indeed , bells were used to mark the passage of time ; they marked the passage of the hours at sea and in abbeys . Throughout history , clocks have had a variety of power sources , including gravity , springs , and electricity . Mechanical clocks became widespread in the 14th century , when they were used in medieval monasteries to keep the regulated schedule of prayers . The clock continued to be improved , with the first pendulum clock being designed and built in the 17th century . Candle clocks ( edit ) Main article : Candle clock A candle clock The earliest mention of candle clocks comes from a Chinese poem , written in AD 520 by You Jianfu . According to the poem , the graduated candle was a means of determining time at night . Similar candles were used in Japan until the early 10th century . The candle clock most commonly mentioned and written of is attributed to King Alfred the Great . It consisted of six candles made from 72 pennyweights of wax , each 12 inches ( 30 cm ) high , and of uniform thickness , marked every inch ( 2.54 cm ) . As these candles burned for about four hours , each mark represented 20 minutes . Once lit , the candles were placed in wooden framed glass boxes , to prevent the flame from extinguishing . The most sophisticated candle clocks of their time were those of Al - Jazari in 1206 . One of his candle clocks included a dial to display the time and , for the first time , employed a bayonet fitting , a fastening mechanism still used in modern times . Donald Routledge Hill described Al - Jazari 's candle clocks as follows : The candle , whose rate of burning was known , bore against the underside of the cap , and its wick passed through the hole . Wax collected in the indentation and could be removed periodically so that it did not interfere with steady burning . The bottom of the candle rested in a shallow dish that had a ring on its side connected through pulleys to a counterweight . As the candle burned away , the weight pushed it upward at a constant speed . The automata were operated from the dish at the bottom of the candle . No other candle clocks of this sophistication are known . An oil - lamp clock A variation on this theme were oil - lamp clocks . These early timekeeping devices consisted of a graduated glass reservoir to hold oil -- usually whale oil , which burned cleanly and evenly -- supplying the fuel for a built - in lamp . As the level in the reservoir dropped , it provided a rough measure of the passage of time . Incense clocks ( edit ) Main article : Incense clock In addition to water , mechanical , and candle clocks , incense clocks were used in the Far East , and were fashioned in several different forms . Incense clocks were first used in China around the 6th century ; in Japan , one still exists in the Shōsōin , although its characters are not Chinese , but Devanagari . Due to their frequent use of Devanagari characters , suggestive of their use in Buddhist ceremonies , Edward H. Schafer speculated that incense clocks were invented in India . Although similar to the candle clock , incense clocks burned evenly and without a flame ; therefore , they were more accurate and safer for indoor use . Several types of incense clock have been found , the most common forms include the incense stick and incense seal . An incense stick clock was an incense stick with calibrations ; most were elaborate , sometimes having threads , with weights attached , at even intervals . The weights would drop onto a platter or gong below , signifying that a certain amount of time had elapsed . Some incense clocks were held in elegant trays ; open - bottomed trays were also used , to allow the weights to be used together with the decorative tray . Sticks of incense with different scents were also used , so that the hours were marked by a change in fragrance . The incense sticks could be straight or spiraled ; the spiraled ones were longer , and were therefore intended for long periods of use , and often hung from the roofs of homes and temples . In Japan , a geisha was paid for the number of senkodokei ( incense sticks ) that had been consumed while she was present , a practice which continued until 1924 . Incense seal clocks were used for similar occasions and events as the stick clock ; while religious purposes were of primary importance , these clocks were also popular at social gatherings , and were used by Chinese scholars and intellectuals . The seal was a wooden or stone disk with one or more grooves etched in it into which incense was placed . These clocks were common in China , but were produced in fewer numbers in Japan . To signal the passage of a specific amount of time , small pieces of fragrant woods , resins , or different scented incenses could be placed on the incense powder trails . Different powdered incense clocks used different formulations of incense , depending on how the clock was laid out . The length of the trail of incense , directly related to the size of the seal , was the primary factor in determining how long the clock would last ; all burned for long periods of time , ranging between 12 hours and a month . While early incense seals were made of wood or stone , the Chinese gradually introduced disks made of metal , most likely beginning during the Song dynasty . This allowed craftsmen to more easily create both large and small seals , as well as design and decorate them more aesthetically . Another advantage was the ability to vary the paths of the grooves , to allow for the changing length of the days in the year . As smaller seals became more readily available , the clocks grew in popularity among the Chinese , and were often given as gifts . Incense seal clocks are often sought by modern - day clock collectors ; however , few remain that have not already been purchased or been placed on display at museums or temples . Sundials ( edit ) Main article : Sundial A 20th - century sundial in Seville , Andalusia , Spain Sundials had been used for timekeeping since Ancient Egypt . Ancient dials were nodus - based with straight hour - lines that indicated unequal hours -- also called temporary hours -- that varied with the seasons . Every day was divided into 12 equal segments regardless of the time of year ; thus , hours were shorter in winter and longer in summer . The sundial was further developed by Muslim astronomers . The idea of using hours of equal length throughout the year was the innovation of Abu'l - Hasan Ibn al - Shatir in 1371 , based on earlier developments in trigonometry by Muhammad ibn Jābir al - Harrānī al - Battānī ( Albategni ) . Ibn al - Shatir was aware that `` using a gnomon that is parallel to the Earth 's axis will produce sundials whose hour lines indicate equal hours on any day of the year '' . His sundial is the oldest polar - axis sundial still in existence . The concept appeared in Western sundials starting in 1446 . Following the acceptance of heliocentrism and equal hours , as well as advances in trigonometry , sundials appeared in their present form during the Renaissance , when they were built in large numbers . In 1524 , the French astronomer Oronce Finé constructed an ivory sundial , which still exists ; later , in 1570 , the Italian astronomer Giovanni Padovani published a treatise including instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural ( vertical ) and horizontal sundials . Similarly , Giuseppe Biancani 's Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria ( c. 1620 ) discusses how to construct sundials . Hourglass ( edit ) Main article : Hourglass Since the hourglass was one of the few reliable methods of measuring time at sea , it is speculated that it was used on board ships as far back as the 11th century , when it would have complemented the magnetic compass as an aid to navigation . However , the earliest unambiguous evidence of their use appears in the painting Allegory of Good Government , by Ambrogio Lorenzetti , from 1338 . From the 15th century onwards , hourglasses were used in a wide range of applications at sea , in churches , in industry , and in cooking ; they were the first dependable , reusable , reasonably accurate , and easily constructed time - measurement devices . The hourglass also took on symbolic meanings , such as that of death , temperance , opportunity , and Father Time , usually represented as a bearded , old man . Though also used in China , the hourglass 's history there is unknown . The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan used 18 hourglasses on each ship during his circumnavigation of the globe in 1522 . Clocks with gears and escapements ( edit ) The earliest instance of a liquid - driven escapement was described by the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium ( fl . 3rd century BC ) in his technical treatise Pneumatics ( chapter 31 ) where he likens the escapement mechanism of a washstand automaton with those as employed in ( water ) clocks . Another early clock to use escapements was built during the 7th century in Chang'an , by Tantric monk and mathematician , Yi Xing , and government official Liang Lingzan . An astronomical instrument that served as a clock , it was discussed in a contemporary text as follows : ( It ) was made in the image of the round heavens and on it were shown the lunar mansions in their order , the equator and the degrees of the heavenly circumference . Water , flowing into scoops , turned a wheel automatically , rotating it one complete revolution in one day and night . Besides this , there were two rings fitted around the celestial sphere outside , having the sun and moon threaded on them , and these were made to move in circling orbit ... And they made a wooden casing the surface of which represented the horizon , since the instrument was half sunk in it . It permitted the exact determinations of the time of dawns and dusks , full and new moons , tarrying and hurrying . Moreover , there were two wooden jacks standing on the horizon surface , having one a bell and the other a drum in front of it , the bell being struck automatically to indicate the hours , and the drum being beaten automatically to indicate the quarters . All these motions were brought about by machinery within the casing , each depending on wheels and shafts , hooks , pins and interlocking rods , stopping devices and locks checking mutually . The original diagram of Su Song 's book showing the inner workings of his clock tower Since Yi Xing 's clock was a water clock , it was affected by temperature variations . That problem was solved in 976 by Zhang Sixun by replacing the water with mercury , which remains liquid down to − 39 ° C ( − 38 ° F ) . Zhang implemented the changes into his clock tower , which was about 10 metres ( 33 ft ) tall , with escapements to keep the clock turning and bells to signal every quarter - hour . Another noteworthy clock , the elaborate Cosmic Engine , was built by Su Song , in 1088 . It was about the size of Zhang 's tower , but had an automatically rotating armillary sphere -- also called a celestial globe -- from which the positions of the stars could be observed . It also featured five panels with mannequins ringing gongs or bells , and tablets showing the time of day , or other special times . Furthermore , it featured the first known endless power - transmitting chain drive in horology . Originally built in the capital of Kaifeng , it was dismantled by the Jin army and sent to the capital of Yanjing ( now Beijing ) , where they were unable to put it back together . As a result , Su Song 's son Su Xie was ordered to build a replica . Drawing of the Jayrun Water Clock in Damascus from the treatise On the Construction of Clocks and their Use ( 1203 ) The clock towers built by Zhang Sixun and Su Song , in the 10th and 11th centuries , respectively , also incorporated a striking clock mechanism , the use of clock jacks to sound the hours . A striking clock outside of China was the Jayrun Water Clock , at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus , Syria , which struck once every hour . It was constructed by Muhammad al - Sa'ati in the 12th century , and later described by his son Ridwan ibn al - Sa'ati , in his On the Construction of Clocks and their Use ( 1203 ) , when repairing the clock . In 1235 , an early monumental water - powered alarm clock that `` announced the appointed hours of prayer and the time both by day and by night '' was completed in the entrance hall of the Mustansiriya Madrasah in Baghdad . The first geared clock was invented in the 11th century by the Arab engineer Ibn Khalaf al - Muradi in Islamic Iberia ; it was a water clock that employed a complex gear train mechanism , including both segmental and epicyclic gearing , capable of transmitting high torque . The clock was unrivalled in its use of sophisticated complex gearing , until the mechanical clocks of the mid-14th century . Al - Muradi 's clock also employed the use of mercury in its hydraulic linkages , which could function mechanical automata . Al - Muradi 's work was known to scholars working under Alfonso X of Castile , hence the mechanism may have played a role in the development of the European mechanical clocks . Other monumental water clocks constructed by medieval Muslim engineers also employed complex gear trains and arrays of automata . Like the earlier Greeks and Chinese , Arab engineers at the time also developed a liquid - driven escapement mechanism which they employed in some of their water clocks . Heavy floats were used as weights and a constant - head system was used as an escapement mechanism , which was present in the hydraulic controls they used to make heavy floats descend at a slow and steady rate . A mercury clock , described in the Libros del saber de Astronomia , a Spanish work from 1277 consisting of translations and paraphrases of Arabic works , is sometimes quoted as evidence for Muslim knowledge of a mechanical clock . However , the device was actually a compartmented cylindrical water clock , which the Jewish author of the relevant section , Rabbi Isaac , constructed using principles described by a philosopher named `` Iran '' , identified with Heron of Alexandria ( fl . 1st century AD ) , on how heavy objects may be lifted . Clock towers ( edit ) Main article : Clock tower See also : Turret clock and Striking clock Clock towers in Western Europe in the Middle Ages were also sometimes striking clocks . The most famous original still standing is possibly St Mark 's Clock on the top of St Mark 's Clocktower in St Mark 's Square in Venice , assembled in 1493 by the clockmaker Gian Carlo Rainieri from Reggio Emilia . In 1497 , Simone Campanato moulded the great bell on which every definite time - lapse is beaten by two mechanical bronze statues ( h. 2 , 60 m . ) called Due Mori ( Two Moors ) , handling a hammer . Possibly earlier ( 1490 ) is the Prague Astronomical Clock by clockmaster Jan Růže ( also called Hanuš ) -- according to another source this device was assembled as early as 1410 by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and mathematician Jan Šindel . The allegorical parade of animated sculptures rings on the hour every day . Astronomical clocks ( edit ) Main article : Astronomical clock Astrolabes were used as astronomical clocks by Muslim astronomers at mosques and observatories . During the 11th century in the Song Dynasty , the Chinese astronomer , horologist and mechanical engineer Su Song created a water - driven astronomical clock for his clock tower of Kaifeng City . It incorporated an escapement mechanism as well as the earliest known endless power - transmitting chain drive , which drove the armillary sphere . Contemporary Muslim astronomers also constructed a variety of highly accurate astronomical clocks for use in their mosques and observatories , such as the water - powered astronomical clock by Al - Jazari in 1206 , and the astrolabic clock by Ibn al - Shatir in the early 14th century . The most sophisticated timekeeping astrolabes were the geared astrolabe mechanisms designed by Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the 11th century and by Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr in the 13th century . These devices functioned as timekeeping devices and also as calendars . Castle clock by Al - Jazari , 14th century copy A sophisticated water - powered astronomical clock was built by Al - Jazari in 1206 . This castle clock was a complex device that was about 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) high , and had multiple functions alongside timekeeping . It included a display of the zodiac and the solar and lunar paths , and a pointer in the shape of the crescent moon which travelled across the top of a gateway , moved by a hidden cart and causing doors to open , each revealing a mannequin , every hour . It was possible to reset the length of day and night in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year . This clock also featured a number of automata including falcons and musicians who automatically played music when moved by levers operated by a hidden camshaft attached to a water wheel . Early mechanical clocks and watches ( edit ) Main articles : Mechanical clock and Mechanical watch See also : Alarm clock The astronomical clock of St Albans Abbey , built by its abbot , Richard of Wallingford The earliest medieval European clockmakers were Christian monks . Medieval religious institutions required clocks because they regulated daily prayer - and work - schedules strictly , using various types of time - telling and recording devices , such as water clocks , sundials and marked candles , probably in combination . When mechanical clocks came into use , they were often wound at least twice a day to ensure accuracy . Monasteries broadcast important times and durations with bells , rung either by hand or by a mechanical device , such as by a falling weight or by rotating beater . Although the mortuary inscription of Pacificus , archdeacon of Verona , records that he constructed a night clock ( horologium nocturnum ) as early as 850 , his clock has been identified as being an observation tube used to locate stars with an accompanying book of astronomical observations , rather than a mechanical or water clock , an interpretation supported by illustrations from medieval manuscripts . The religious necessities and technical skill of the medieval monks were crucial factors in the development of clocks , as the historian Thomas Woods writes : The monks also counted skillful clock - makers among them . The first recorded clock was built by the future Pope Sylvester II for the German town of Magdeburg , around the year 996 . Much more sophisticated clocks were built by later monks . Peter Lightfoot , a 14th - century monk of Glastonbury , built one of the oldest clocks still in existence , which now sits in excellent condition in London 's Science Museum . The appearance of clocks in writings of the 11th century implies that they were well known in Europe in that period . In the early 14th - century , the Florentine poet Dante Alighieri referred to a clock in his Paradiso ; the first known literary reference to a clock that struck the hours . Giovanni da Dondi , Professor of Astronomy at Padua , presented the earliest detailed description of clockwork in his 1364 treatise Il Tractatus Astrarii . This has inspired several modern replicas , including some in London 's Science Museum and the Smithsonian Institution . Other notable examples from this period were built in Milan ( 1335 ) , Strasbourg ( 1354 ) , Lund ( 1380 ) , Rouen ( 1389 ) , and Prague ( 1462 ) . Salisbury cathedral clock , dating from about 1386 , is one of the oldest working clocks in the world , and may be the oldest . It still has most of its original parts , although its original verge and foliot timekeeping mechanism is lost , having been converted to a pendulum , which was replaced by a replica verge in 1956 . It has no dial , as its purpose was to strike a bell at precise times . The wheels and gears are mounted in an open , box - like iron frame , measuring about 1.2 metres ( 3.9 ft ) square . The framework is held together with metal dowels and pegs . Two large stones , hanging from pulleys , supply the power . As the weights fall , ropes unwind from the wooden barrels . One barrel drives the main wheel , which is regulated by the escapement , and the other drives the striking mechanism and the air brake . Note also Peter Lightfoot 's Wells Cathedral clock , constructed c. 1390 . The dial represents a geocentric view of the universe , with the Sun and Moon revolving around a central fixed Earth . It is unique in having its original medieval face , showing a philosophical model of the pre-Copernican universe . Above the clock is a set of figures , which hit the bells , and a set of jousting knights who revolve around a track every 15 minutes . The clock was converted to pendulum - and - anchor escapement in the 17th century , and was installed in London 's Science Museum in 1884 , where it continues to operate . Similar astronomical clocks , or horologes , survive at Exeter , Ottery St Mary , and Wimborne Minster . The face of the Prague Astronomical Clock ( 1462 ) One clock that has not survived is that of the Abbey of St Albans , built by the 14th - century abbot Richard of Wallingford . It may have been destroyed during Henry VIII 's Dissolution of the Monasteries , but the abbot 's notes on its design have allowed a full - scale reconstruction . As well as keeping time , the astronomical clock could accurately predict lunar eclipses , and may have shown the Sun , Moon ( age , phase , and node ) , stars and planets , as well as a wheel of fortune , and an indicator of the state of the tide at London Bridge . According to Thomas Woods , `` a clock that equaled it in technological sophistication did not appear for at least two centuries '' . Giovanni de Dondi was another early mechanical clockmaker whose clock did not survive , but his work has been replicated based on the designs . De Dondi 's clock was a seven - faced construction with 107 moving parts , showing the positions of the Sun , Moon , and five planets , as well as religious feast days . Around this period , mechanical clocks were introduced into abbeys and monasteries to mark important events and times , gradually replacing water clocks which had served the same purpose . During the Middle Ages , clocks primarily served religious purposes ; the first employed for secular timekeeping emerged around the 15th century . In Dublin , the official measurement of time became a local custom , and by 1466 a public clock stood on top of the Tholsel ( the city court and council chamber ) . It was the first of its kind to be clearly recorded in Ireland , and would only have had an hour hand . The increasing lavishness of castles led to the introduction of turret clocks . A 1435 example survives from Leeds castle ; its face is decorated with the images of the Crucifixion of Jesus , Mary and St George . Early clock dials showed hours : the display of minutes and seconds evolved later . A clock with a minutes dial is mentioned in a 1475 manuscript , and clocks indicating minutes and seconds existed in Germany in the 15th century . Timepieces which indicated minutes and seconds were occasionally made from this time on , but this was not common until the increase in accuracy made possible by the pendulum clock and , in watches , by the spiral balance spring . The 16th - century astronomer Tycho Brahe used clocks with minutes and seconds to observe stellar positions . The Ottoman engineer Taqi al - Din described a weight - driven clock with a verge - and - foliot escapement , a striking train of gears , an alarm , and a representation of the moon 's phases in his book The Brightest Stars for the Construction of Mechanical Clocks ( Al - Kawākib al - durriyya fī wadh ' al - bankāmat al - dawriyya ) , written around 1556 . Wristwatch ( edit ) Main articles : Wristwatch and history of watches One of the earliest references to a wristwatch -- an ' arm watch ' given to Queen Elizabeth I by her favourite Robert Dudley . The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century . Elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch from Robert Dudley in 1571 , described as an arm watch . From the beginning , wrist watches were almost exclusively worn by women , while men used pocket - watches up until the early 20th century . This was not just a matter of fashion or prejudice ; watches of the time were notoriously prone to fouling from exposure to the elements , and could only reliably be kept safe from harm if carried securely in the pocket . When the waistcoat was introduced as a manly fashion at the court of Charles II in the 17th century , the pocket watch was tucked into its pocket . Prince Albert , the consort to Queen Victoria , introduced the ' Albert chain ' accessory , designed to secure the pocket watch to the man 's outergarment by way of a clip . By the mid nineteenth century , most watchmakers produced a range of wristwatches , often marketed as bracelets , for women . Wristwatches were first worn by military men towards the end of the nineteenth century , when the importance of synchronizing manoeuvres during war without potentially revealing the plan to the enemy through signalling was increasingly recognized . It was clear that using pocket watches while in the heat of battle or while mounted on a horse was impractical , so officers began to strap the watches to their wrist . The Garstin Company of London patented a ' Watch Wristlet ' design in 1893 , although they were probably producing similar designs from the 1880s . Clearly , a market for men 's wristwatches was coming into being at the time . Officers in the British Army began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s , such as during the Anglo - Burma War of 1885 . During the Boer War , the importance of coordinating troop movements and synchronizing attacks against the highly mobile Boer insurgents was paramount , and the use of wristwatches subsequently became widespread among the officer class . The company Mappin & Webb began production of their successful ' campaign watch ' for soldiers during the campaign at the Sudan in 1898 and ramped up production for the Boer War a few years later . Planning map for an Allied creeping barrage at Passchendaele -- a tactic that required precise synchronisation between the artillery and infantry . These early models were essentially standard pocket - watches fitted to a leather strap , but by the early 20th century , manufacturers began producing purpose - built wristwatches . The Swiss company , Dimier Frères & Cie patented a wristwatch design with the now standard wire lugs in 1903 . In 1904 , Alberto Santos - Dumont , an early aviator , asked his friend , a French watchmaker called Louis Cartier , to design a watch that could be useful during his flights . Hans Wilsdorf moved to London in 1905 and set up his own business with his brother - in - law Alfred Davis , Wilsdorf & Davis , providing quality timepieces at affordable prices -- the company later became Rolex . Wilsdorf was an early convert to the wristwatch , and contracted the Swiss firm Aegler to produce a line of wristwatches . His Rolex wristwatch of 1910 became the first such watch to receive certification as a chronometer in Switzerland and it went on to win an award in 1914 from Kew Observatory in Greenwich . The impact of the First World War dramatically shifted public perceptions on the propriety of the man 's wristwatch , and opened up a mass market in the post-war era . The creeping barrage artillery tactic , developed during the War , required precise synchronization between the artillery gunners and the infantry advancing behind the barrage . Service watches produced during the War were specially designed for the rigours of trench warfare , with luminous dials and unbreakable glass . Wristwatches were also found to be needed in the air as much as on the ground : military pilots found them more convenient than pocket watches for the same reasons as Santos - Dumont had . The British War Department began issuing wristwatches to combatants from 1917 . A Cortébert wristwatch from the 1920s . The company H. Williamson Ltd. , based in Coventry , was one of the first to capitalize on this opportunity . During the company 's 1916 AGM it was noted that `` ... the public is buying the practical things of life . Nobody can truthfully contend that the watch is a luxury . It is said that one soldier in every four wears a wristlet watch , and the other three mean to get one as soon as they can . '' By the end of the War , almost all enlisted men wore a wristwatch , and after they were demobilized , the fashion soon caught on -- the British Horological Journal wrote in 1917 that `` ... the wristlet watch was little used by the sterner sex before the war , but now is seen on the wrist of nearly every man in uniform and of many men in civilian attire . '' Within a decade , sales of wristwatches had outstripped those of pocket watches . Equation clock ( edit ) Main article : Equation clock In the late 17th and 18th Centuries , equation clocks were made , which allowed the user to see or calculate apparent solar time , as would be shown by a sundial . Before the invention of the pendulum clock , sundials were the only accurate timepieces . When good clocks became available , they appeared inaccurate to people who were used to trusting sundials . The annual variation of the equation of time made a clock up to about 15 minutes fast or slow , relative to a sundial , depending on the time of year . Equation clocks satisfied the demand for clocks that always agreed with sundials . Several types of equation clock mechanism were devised. which can be seen in surviving examples , mostly in museums . Era of precision timekeeping ( edit ) The Dutch polymath and horologist Christiaan Huygens , the originator of the era of precision timekeeping , was `` the most ingenious watchmaker of all time '' ( in Arnold Sommerfeld 's own words ) . Pendulum clock ( edit ) Main article : Pendulum clock See also : Pendulum The first pendulum clock , invented by Christiaan Huygens in 1656 . Until the 1930s , the pendulum clock was the world 's most precise timekeeper , accounting for its widespread use . Innovations to the mechanical clock continued , with miniaturization leading to domestic clocks in the 15th century , and personal watches in the 16th . In the 1580s , the Italian polymath Galileo Galilei investigated the regular swing of the pendulum , and discovered that it could be used to regulate a clock . Although Galileo studied the pendulum as early as 1582 , he never actually constructed a clock based on that design . The first pendulum clock was designed and built by Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens , in 1656 . Early versions erred by less than one minute per day , and later ones only by 10 seconds , very accurate for their time . In England , the manufacturing of pendulum clocks was soon taken up . The longcase clock ( also known as the grandfather clock ) was first created to house the pendulum and works by the English clockmaker William Clement in 1670 or 1671 ; this became feasible after Clement invented the anchor escapement mechanism in about 1670 . Before then , pendulum clocks used the older verge escapement mechanism , which required very wide pendulum swings of about 100 ° . To avoid the need for a very large case , most clocks using the verge escapement had a short pendulum . The anchor mechanism , however , reduced the pendulum 's necessary swing to between 4 ° to 6 ° , allowing clockmakers to use longer pendulums with consequently slower beats . These required less power to move , caused less friction and wear , and were more accurate than their shorter predecessors . Most longcase clocks use a pendulum about a metre ( 39 inches ) long to the center of the bob , with each swing taking one second . This requirement for height , along with the need for a long drop space for the weights that power the clock , gave rise to the tall , narrow case . Clement also introduced the pendulum suspension spring in 1671 . The concentric minute hand was added to the clock by Daniel Quare , a London clock - maker , and the Second Hand was introduced . The Jesuits were another major contributor to the development of pendulum clocks in the 17th and 18th centuries , having had an `` unusually keen appreciation of the importance of precision '' . In measuring an accurate one - second pendulum , for example , the Italian astronomer Father Giovanni Battista Riccioli persuaded nine fellow Jesuits `` to count nearly 87,000 oscillations in a single day '' . They served a crucial role in spreading and testing the scientific ideas of the period , and collaborated with contemporary scientists , such as Huygens . Spiral - hairspring watch ( edit ) Main article : Balance spring See also : Balance wheel and Mechanical watch Drawing of one of his first balance springs , attached to a balance wheel , by Christiaan Huygens , published in his letter in the Journal des Sçavants of 25 February 1675 . The application of the spiral balance spring ( spiral hairspring ) for watches ushered in a new era of accuracy for portable timekeepers , similar to that which the pendulum had introduced for clocks . A mechanical watch movement . From its invention in 1675 by Huygens , the spiral hairspring ( balance spring ) system for portable timekeepers , is still used in mechanical watchmaking industry today . Like pendulum clocks , spiral - hairspring watches were early precision timekeeping devices . The invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century allowed portable clocks to be built , evolving into the first pocketwatches by the 17th century , but these were not very accurate until the balance spring was added to the balance wheel in the mid 17th century . Some dispute remains as to whether British scientist Robert Hooke ( his was a straight spring ) or Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens was the actual inventor of the balance spring . Huygens was clearly the first to use a spiral balance spring , the form used in virtually all watches to the present day . The addition of the balance spring made the balance wheel a harmonic oscillator like the pendulum in a pendulum clock , which oscillated at a fixed resonant frequency and resisted oscillating at other rates . This innovation increased watches ' accuracy enormously , reducing error from perhaps several hours per day to perhaps 10 minutes per day , resulting in the addition of the minute hand to the watch face around 1680 in Britain and 1700 in France . Like the invention of pendulum clock , Huygens ' spiral hairspring ( balance spring ) system of portable timekeepers , helped lay the foundations for the modern watchmaking industry . The application of the spiral balance spring for watches ushered in a new era of accuracy for portable timekeepers , similar to that which the pendulum had introduced for clocks . From its invention in 1675 by Christiaan Huygens , the spiral hairspring ( balance spring ) system for portable timekeepers , still used in mechanical watchmaking industry today . Pocket watch ( edit ) Main article : Pocket watch See also : Automatic watch ( self - winding watch ) and Diving watch In 1675 , Huygens and Robert Hooke invented the spiral balance , or the hairspring , designed to control the oscillating speed of the balance wheel . This crucial advance finally made accurate pocket watches possible . This resulted in a great advance in accuracy of pocket watches , from perhaps several hours per day to 10 minutes per day , similar to the effect of the pendulum upon mechanical clocks . The great English clockmaker , Thomas Tompion , was one of the first to use this mechanism successfully in his pocket watches , and he adopted the minute hand which , after a variety of designs were trialled , eventually stabilised into the modern - day configuration . The Rev. Edward Barlow invented the rack and snail striking mechanism for striking clocks , which was a great improvement over the previous mechanism . The repeating clock , that chimes the number of hours ( or even minutes ) was invented by either Quare or Barlow in 1676 . George Graham invented the deadbeat escapement for clocks in 1720 . Marine chronometer ( edit ) Main article : Marine chronometer Drawings of Harrison 's H4 chronometer of 1761 , published in The principles of Mr Harrison 's time - keeper , 1767 . Marine chronometers are clocks used at sea as time standards , to determine longitude by celestial navigation . A major stimulus to improving the accuracy and reliability of clocks was the importance of precise time - keeping for navigation . The position of a ship at sea could be determined with reasonable accuracy if a navigator could refer to a clock that lost or gained less than about 10 seconds per day . The marine chronometer would have to keep the time of a fixed location -- usually Greenwich Mean Time -- allowing seafarers to determine longitude by comparing the local high noon to the clock . This clock could not contain a pendulum , which would be virtually useless on a rocking ship . A twin - barrel box chronometer . After the Scilly naval disaster of 1707 where four ships ran aground due to navigational mistakes , the British government offered a large prize of £ 20,000 , equivalent to millions of pounds today , for anyone who could determine longitude accurately . The reward was eventually claimed in 1761 by Yorkshire carpenter John Harrison , who dedicated his life to improving the accuracy of his clocks . In 1735 Harrison built his first chronometer , which he steadily improved on over the next thirty years before submitting it for examination . The clock had many innovations , including the use of bearings to reduce friction , weighted balances to compensate for the ship 's pitch and roll in the sea and the use of two different metals to reduce the problem of expansion from heat . The chronometer was trialled in 1761 by Harrison 's son and by the end of 10 weeks the clock was in error by less than 5 seconds . Electric clock ( edit ) Main article : Electric clock See also : Electric watch , Automatic clock , Radio clock , Digital clock , and Digital watch One of Alexander Bain 's early electromagnetic clocks , from the 1840s In 1815 , Sir Francis Ronalds ( 1788 - 1873 ) of London published the forerunner of the electric clock , the electrostatic clock . It was powered with dry pile s , a high voltage battery with extremely long life but the disadvantage of its electrical properties varying with the weather . He trialled various means of regulating the electricity and these models proved to be reliable across a range of meteorological conditions . Alexander Bain , a Scottish clock and instrument maker , was the first to invent and patent the electric clock in 1840 . On January 11 , 1841 , Alexander Bain along with John Barwise , a chronometer maker , took out another important patent describing a clock in which an electromagnetic pendulum and an electric current is employed to keep the clock going instead of springs or weights . Later patents expanded on his original ideas . Quartz clock and watch ( edit ) Main articles : Quartz clock and Quartz watch See also : Quartz crisis ( quartz revolution ) Internal construction of a modern high performance HC - 49 package quartz crystal . The piezoelectric properties of crystalline quartz were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880 . The first quartz crystal oscillator was built by Walter G. Cady in 1921 , and in 1927 the first quartz clock was built by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Canada . The following decades saw the development of quartz clocks as precision time measurement devices in laboratory settings -- the bulky and delicate counting electronics , built with vacuum tubes , limited their practical use elsewhere . In 1932 , a quartz clock able to measure small weekly variations in the rotation rate of the Earth was developed . The National Bureau of Standards ( now NIST ) based the time standard of the United States on quartz clocks from late 1929 until the 1960s , when it changed to atomic clocks . In 1969 , Seiko produced the world 's first quartz wristwatch , the Astron . Their inherent accuracy and low cost of production has resulted in the subsequent proliferation of quartz clocks and watches . Atomic clock ( edit ) Main article : Atomic clock Atomic clocks are the most accurate timekeeping devices in practical use today . Accurate to within a few seconds over many thousands of years , they are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments . The idea of using atomic transitions to measure time was first suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1879 , although it was only in the 1930s with the development of Magnetic resonance that there was a practical method for doing this . A prototype ammonia maser device was built in 1949 at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards ( NBS , now NIST ) . Although it was less accurate than existing quartz clocks , it served to demonstrate the concept . The first accurate atomic clock , a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium - 133 atom , was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK . Calibration of the caesium standard atomic clock was carried out by the use of the astronomical time scale ephemeris time ( ET ) . The International System of Units standardized its unit of time , the second , on the properties of cesium in 1967 . SI defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation which corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the Cs atom . The cesium atomic clock , maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology , is accurate to 30 billionths of a second per year . Atomic clocks have employed other elements , such as hydrogen and rubidium vapor , offering greater stability -- in the case of hydrogen clocks -- and smaller size , lower power consumption , and thus lower cost ( in the case of rubidium clocks ) . Clock and watch - Making industry ( edit ) Main articles : Clockmaking and Watchmaking A pocket watch The first professional clockmakers came from the guilds of locksmiths and jewellers . Clockmaking developed from a specialized craft into a mass production industry over many years . Paris and Blois were the early centers of clockmaking in France . French clockmakers such as Julien Le Roy , clockmaker of Versailles , were leaders in case design and ornamental clocks . Le Roy belonged to the fifth generation of a family of clockmakers , and was described by his contemporaries as `` the most skillful clockmaker in France , possibly in Europe '' . He invented a special repeating mechanism which improved the precision of clocks and watches , a face that could be opened to view the inside clockwork , and made or supervised over 3,500 watches . The competition and scientific rivalry resulting from his discoveries further encouraged researchers to seek new methods of measuring time more accurately . Between 1794 and 1795 , in the aftermath of the French Revolution , the French government briefly mandated decimal clocks , with a day divided into 10 hours of 100 minutes each . The astronomer and mathematician Pierre - Simon Laplace , among other individuals , modified the dial of his pocket watch to decimal time . A clock in the Palais des Tuileries kept decimal time as late as 1801 , but the cost of replacing all the nation 's clocks prevented decimal clocks from becoming widespread . Because decimalized clocks only helped astronomers rather than ordinary citizens , it was one of the most unpopular changes associated with the metric system , and it was abandoned . In Germany , Nuremberg and Augsburg were the early clockmaking centers , and the Black Forest came to specialize in wooden cuckoo clocks . An antique pocket watch movement , from an 1891 encyclopedia . The English became the predominant clockmakers of the 17th and 18th centuries . The main centres of the British industry were in the City of London , the West End of London , Soho where many skilled French Huguenots settled and later in Clerkenwell . The Worshipful Company of Clockmakers was established in 1631 as one of the Livery Companies of the City of London . Thomas Tompion was the first English clockmaker with an international reputation and many of his pupils went on to become great horologists in their own right , such as George Graham who invented the deadbeat escapement , orrery and mercury pendulum , and his pupil Thomas Mudge who created the first lever escapement . Famous clockmakers of this period included Joseph Windmills , Simon de Charmes who established the De Charmes clockmaker firm and Christopher Pinchbeck who used the Pinchbeck alloy . Later famous horologists included John Arnold who made the first practical and accurate modern watch by refining Harrison 's chronometer , Thomas Earnshaw who was the first to make these available to the public , Daniel Quare , who invented a repeating watch movement , a portable barometer and introduced the concentric minute hand . Quality control and standards were imposed on clockmakers by the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers , a guild which licensed clockmakers for doing business . By the rise of consumerism in the late 18th century , clocks , especially pocket watches , became regarded as fashion accessories and were made in increasingly decorative styles . By 1796 , the industry reached a high point with almost 200,000 clocks being produced annually in London , however by the mid-19th century the industry had gone into steep decline from Swiss competition . Switzerland established itself as a clockmaking center following the influx of Huguenot craftsmen , and in the 19th century , the Swiss industry `` gained worldwide supremacy in high - quality machine - made watches '' . The leading firm of the day was Patek Philippe , founded by Antoni Patek of Warsaw and Adrien Philippe of Bern . See also ( edit ) Time portal History of watches Timeline of time measurement technology Clockmaker ( Clockmaking ) Watchmaker ( Watchmaking ) Book of hours ( horologion or horologium , from which the modern French word horloge for clock stems ) Canonical hours Clock synchronization Timepiece Analog clock Digital clock Radio clock Alarm clock Time standard Horology Hour ( hora ) Global Positioning System ( GPS ) Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Landes : `` Revolution in Time : Clocks and the Making of the Modern World '' , rev. and enlarged edition , Harvard University Press , Cambridge 2000 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 00282 - 2 , p. 18f . ^ Jump up to : Lewis 2000 , pp. 343 -- 369 ( 356f . ) ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . `` Science and Civilization in China '' . Physics and Physical Technology , Part 2 : Mechanical Engineering . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd. 4 : 411 . ^ Jump up to : Hassan , Ahmad Y , Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West , Part II : Transmission Of Islamic Engineering , History of Science and Technology in Islam ^ Jump up to : Chobotov , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Bruton , Eric ( 1979 ) . The History of Clocks and Watches . New York : Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 37744 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Calendars '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , p. 55 Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 102 Jump up ^ Aveni , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : One of world 's oldest sundials dug up in Kings ' Valley , Upper Egypt Jump up ^ Major , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Sundial '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Bruton , Eric ( 1979 ) . The History of Clocks and Watches ( 1982 ed . ) . New York : Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 37744 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earliest Clocks '' . A Walk Through Time . NIST Physics Laboratory . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` How does an hourglass measure time ? '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Berlev , p. 118 Jump up ^ Philbin , p. 128 Jump up ^ Cotterell , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Whitrow , p. 28 Jump up ^ Levy , Joel ( 2002 ) . Really Useful : The Origin of Everyday Things . Firefly Books . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 55297 - 622 - X . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. `` Plato biography '' . School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St. Andrews . Retrieved 29 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hellemans , Alexander ; Bunch , Bryan H. ( 2004 ) . The History of Science and Technology : A Browser 's Guide to the Great Discoveries , Inventions , and the People Who Made Them , From the Dawn of Time to Today . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 22123 - 9 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 28 Jump up ^ Humphrey , John William ( 1998 ) . Greek and Roman Technology : A Sourcebook . Routledge . pp. 518 -- 519 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06136 - 9 . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Lucius ( 1951 ) . The Transformations of Lucius , Otherwise Known as The Golden Ass . Translated by Robert Graves . New York , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 50532 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rees , Abraham ( 1970 ) . Rees 's clocks , watches , and chronometers ( 1819 -- 20 ) ; a selection from the Cyclopaedia , or Universal dictionary of arts , sciences , and literature . Rutland , Vt : C.E. Tuttle Co . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 0901 - 1 . Jump up ^ Aveni , Anthony F. ( 2000 ) . Empires of Time : Calendars , Clocks , and Cultures . Tauris Parke Paperbacks . p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 602 - 6 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Collier , James Lincoln ( 2003 ) . Clocks . Tarrytown , NY : Benchmark Books . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 1538 - 6 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. `` Theodosius biography '' . School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St. Andrews . Retrieved 1 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Vitruvius Pollio : de Architectura , Book IX '' . The Latin text is that of the Teubner edition of 1899 by Valentin Rose , transcribed by Bill Thayer . 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Buchner , Edmund ( 1976 ) . `` Solarium Augusti und Ara Pacis '' . Römische Mitteilungen ( in German ) . Berlin . 83 ( 2 ) : 319 -- 375 . Jump up ^ National Maritime Museum ; Lippincott , Kristen ; Eco , Umberto ; Gombrich , E.H. ( 1999 ) . The Story of Time . London : Merrell Holberton in association with National Maritime Museum . ISBN 1 - 85894 - 072 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Conference of Qanat in Iran -- water clock in Persia 1383 , in Persian ^ Jump up to : سايه‌ي شهرداري نجف‌آباد بر كهن‌ترين `` ساعت آبي '' ‌ شهر Archived April 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Amordad News ( in Persian ) ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . `` Science and Civilization in China '' . Physics and Physical Technology , Part 2 : Mechanical Engineering . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd. 4 : 479 -- 480 . Jump up ^ `` Clock Etymology '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Online : Clock '' . Webster 's Dictionary . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ executive editor , Joseph P. Pickett ( 1992 ) . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 82517 - 2 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mechanical Timekeeping '' . St. Edmundsbury Borough Council . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Revolution in Timekeeping '' . NIST . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Flamer , Keith ( 2006 ) . `` History of Time '' . International Watch Magazine . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Clockworks : Candle clock '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ancient Discoveries , Episode 12 : Machines of the East . History Channel . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Routledge Hill , Donald , `` Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East '' , Scientific American , May 1991 , pp. 64 -- 9 ( cf . Donald Routledge Hill , Mechanical Engineering ) Archived March 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Richards , p. 52 Jump up ^ Pagani , Catherine ( 2001 ) . Eastern Magnificence and European Ingenuity : Clocks of Late Imperial China . University of Michigan Press . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11208 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Schafer , Edward ( 1963 ) . The Golden Peaches of Samarkand : A Study of T'ang Exotics . University of California Press . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chang , Edward ; Lu , Yung - Hsiang ( December 1996 ) . `` Visualizing Video Streams using Sand Glass Metaphor '' . Stanford University . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Julius ( 1990 ) . Of Time , Passion , and Knowledge : Reflections on the Strategy of Existence . Princeton University Press . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02437 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Activity : Incense Clock '' . Chicago : Museum of Science and Industry . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Levy , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Asian Gallery -- Incense Clock '' . National Watch and Clock Museum . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , p. 130 Jump up ^ Rossotti , Hazel ( 2002 ) . Fire : Servant , Scourge , and Enigma . Dover Publications . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42261 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1994 ) . The Trail of Time : Shih - chien Ti Tsu - chi : Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia . Cambridge University Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37482 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Bedini , pp. 103 -- 104 Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Bedini , p. 187 Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio A. ( 1963 ) . `` The Scent of Time . A Study of the Use of Fire and Incense for Time Measurement in Oriental Countries '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : American Philosophical Society . 53 ( 5 ) : 1 -- 51 . JSTOR 1005923 . doi : 10.2307 / 1005923 . Jump up ^ Bedini , p. 105 Jump up ^ Fraser , J.A. ( 1987 ) . Time , The Familiar Stranger . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 576 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 56 Jump up ^ Bedini , pp. 104 -- 106 Jump up ^ `` History of the sundial '' . National Maritime Museum . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lawrence ( December 2005 ) . `` The Sundial And Geometry '' . North American Sundial Society . 12 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Mayall , Margaret W. ; Mayall , R. Newton ( 2002 ) . Sundials : Their Construction and Use . New York : Dover Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41146 - X . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. `` Fine biography '' . School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St. Andrews . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Aked , Charles K. ; Severino , Nicola ( 1997 ) . `` Bibliografia della Gnomonica '' ( PDF ) ( in Latin ) . British Sundial Society . p. 119 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Frugoni p. 83 Jump up ^ Macey , Samuel L. ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of Time . New York : Garland Pub . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0615 - 6 . Jump up ^ Blaut , James Morris ( 2000 ) . Eight Eurocentric Historians . Guildford Press . p. 186 . ISBN 1 - 57230 - 591 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( 2003 ) . Over the Edge of the World : Magellan 's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe . New York : Morrow . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 621173 - 5 . Jump up ^ American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( 2002 ) . Proceedings of the 2002 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences . American Society of Mechanical Engineers . ISBN 0 - 7918 - 3624 - X . Jump up ^ Schafer , Edward H. ( 1967 ) . Great Ages of Man : Ancient China . New York : Time - Life Books . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 900658 - 10 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The mechanical clock '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO Courier . October 1988 . pp. 26 -- 27 . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Tomczak , Matthias . `` The Water Clock of 1088 '' . Flinders University ( es.flinders.edu.au ) . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Donald Routledge Hill ( 1991 ) . `` Arabic Mechanical Engineering : Survey of the Historical Sources '' . Arabic Sciences and Philosophy : A Historical Journal . Cambridge University Press . 1 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 186 ( 174 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S0957423900001478 . Jump up ^ Donald Routledge Hill ( 1991 ) . `` Arabic Mechanical Engineering : Survey of the Historical Sources '' . Arabic Sciences and Philosophy : A Historical Journal . Cambridge University Press . 1 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 186 ( 180 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S0957423900001478 . ^ Jump up to : Donald Routledge Hill ( 1996 ) . A history of engineering in classical and medieval times . Routledge . pp. 203 , 223 , 242 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15291 - 7 . Jump up ^ Donald Routledge Hill ( 1991 ) . `` Arabic Mechanical Engineering : Survey of the Historical sources '' . Arabic Sciences and Philosophy : A Historical Journal . Cambridge University Press . 1 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 186 ( 173 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S0957423900001478 . ^ Jump up to : Mario Taddei . `` The Book of Secrets is coming to the world after a thousand years : Automata existed already in the eleventh century ! '' ( PDF ) . Leonardo3 . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Juan Vernet ; Julio Samso . `` Development of Arabic Science in Andalusia '' . In Roshdi Rashed ; Régis Morelon . Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science . 1 . Routledge . pp. 243 -- 275 ( 260 -- 1 ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12410 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Donald Routledge Hill ( 1996 ) , `` Engineering '' , p. 794 , in Rashed & Morelon ( 1996 ) pp. 751 -- 95 Jump up ^ Silvio A. Bedini ( 1962 ) , `` The Compartmented Cylindrical Clepsydra '' , Technology and Culture , Vol. 3 , No. 2 , pp. 115 -- 141 ( 116 -- 118 ) Jump up ^ Mills , A.A. ( 1988 ) . `` The mercury clock of the Libros del Saber '' . Annals of Science . 45 ( 4 ) : 329 -- 344 ( 332 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 00033798800200271 . Jump up ^ Ajram , K. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix B '' . Miracle of Islamic Science . Knowledge House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 911119 - 43 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hill , Donald R. ( May 1991 ) . `` Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East '' . Scientific American : 64 -- 69 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 1983 ) . `` The Astronomy of the Mamluks '' . Isis. 74 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 555 ( 545 -- 546 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 353360 . Jump up ^ Howard R. Turner ( 1997 ) , Science in Medieval Islam : An Illustrated Introduction , p. 184 . University of Texas Press , ISBN 0 - 292 - 78149 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ancient Discoveries , Episode 11 : Ancient Robots . History Channel . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Kleinschmidt , Harald ( 2000 ) . Understanding the Middle Ages . Boydell & Brewer . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 770 - X . Jump up ^ Payson Usher , Abbot ( 1988 ) . A History of Mechanical Inventions . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25593 - X . Jump up ^ Usher , p. 194 Jump up ^ `` A history of mechanical inventions '' , Abbott Payson Usher ( 1929 ) , p. 192 ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Gerhard Dohrn - van Rossum , History of the Hour : Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders , ( University of Chicago Press , 1996 ) , p 54 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ St. Gallen , Stiftsbibliothek , Cod . Sang. 18 : Composite manuscript , astronomical clock of Pacificus of Verona ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Woods , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Reid , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Then , as a horologe that calleth us / What time the Bride of God is rising up '' . `` Paradiso -- Canto X -- Divine Comedy -- Dante Alighieri -- La Divina Commedia '' . About.com . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Norman ; p. 434 ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest Working Clock , Frequently Asked Questions , Salisbury Cathedral '' . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wells Cathedral Clock -- BBC '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . 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Antiquarian Horological Society . 11 ( 6 ) : 372 -- 384 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , p. 60 ^ Jump up to : Bottomley , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : p. 529 , `` Time and timekeeping instruments '' , History of astronomy : an encyclopedia , John Lankford , Taylor & Francis , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0322 - X . Jump up ^ p. 209 , A history of mechanical inventions , Abbott Payson Usher , Courier Dover Publications , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 25593 - X . Jump up ^ Ahmad Y al - Hassan & Donald R. Hill ( 1986 ) , `` Islamic Technology '' , Cambridge , ISBN 0 - 521 - 42239 - 6 , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : `` THe Evolution of the Wristwatch '' . Jump up ^ Prochnow , Dave ( 2006 ) . Lego Mindstorms NXT Hacker 's Guide . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148147 - 8 . Jump up ^ Silva de Mattos , Bento . `` Alberto Santos - Dumont '' . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Rolex Jubilee Vade Mecum published by the Rolex Watch Company in 1946 . Jump up ^ John E. Brozek . `` The History and Evolution of the Wristwatch . '' . International Watch Magazine . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Paul ( 2004 ) . Wings of Madness : Alberto Santos - Dumont and the Invention of Flight . Hyperion Press . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8571 - 8 . Jump up ^ Macey , Samuel L. ( ed . ) : Encyclopedia of Time . ( NYC : Garland Publishing , 1994 , ISBN 0815306156 ) ; in Clocks and Watches : The Leap to Precision by William J.H. Andrewes , p. 123 -- 127 Jump up ^ Andrewes , William J.H. ( 1 February 2006 ) . `` A Chronicle of Timekeeping : Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . As William J.H. Andrewes ( 2006 ) notes : `` In the 16th century Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe and his contemporaries tried to use clocks for scientific purposes , yet even the best ones were still too unreliable . Astronomers in particular needed a better tool for timing the transit of stars and thereby creating more accurate maps of the heavens . The pendulum proved to be the key to boosting the accuracy and dependability of timekeepers . Galileo Galilei , the Italian physicist and astronomer , and others before him experimented with pendulums , but a young Dutch astronomer and mathematician named Christiaan Huygens devised the first pendulum clock on Christmas Day in 1656 . ( ... ) Pendulum clocks were about 100 times as accurate as their predecessors , reducing a typical gain or loss of 15 minutes a day to about a minute a week . News of the invention spread rapidly , and by 1660 English and French artisans were developing their own versions of this new timekeeper . In 1675 Huygens devised his next major improvement , the spiral balance spring . ( ... ) The spiral balance spring revolutionized the accuracy of watches , enabling them to keep time to within a minute a day . This advance sparked an almost immediate rise in the market for watches , which were now no longer typically worn on a chain around the neck but were carried in a pocket , a wholly new fashion in clothing . '' Jump up ^ Gindikin , Simon ; Shuchat , Alan ( 2007 ) . Tales of Mathematicians and Physicists , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Davies , Eryl ( 1995 ) . Pockets : Inventions . London : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7513 - 5184 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` HISTORY OF CLOCKS '' . Jump up ^ `` The History of Mechanical Pendulum Clocks and Quartz Clocks '' . about.com. 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Derry , T.K. ( 1993 ) . A Short History of Technology : From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 . Courier Dover Publications . p. 293 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 27472 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brain , Marshall . `` How Pendulum Clocks Work '' . HowStuffWorks . 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Jump up ^ Marchildon , Jérôme . `` Science News -- The Marine Chronometer '' . Manitoba Museum . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chronometers , precision watches , and timekeepers '' . Greenwich : National Maritime Museum . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gould , Rupert T. ( 1923 ) . The Marine Chronometer . Its History and Development . London : J.D. Potter . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 907462 - 05 - 7 . Jump up ^ Aked , C.K. ( 1973 ) . `` The First Electric Clock '' . Antiquarian Horology . Jump up ^ Ronalds , B.F. ( 2016 ) . Sir Francis Ronalds : Father of the Electric Telegraph . London : Imperial College Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78326 - 917 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ronalds , B.F. ( Jun 2015 ) . `` Remembering the First Battery - Operated Clock '' . Antiquarian Horology . Retrieved 8 Apr 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre Curie '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . 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Jefferts ( 2007 ) . `` NIST Primary Frequency Standards and the Realization of the SI Second '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Measurement Science . 2 ( 4 ) : 74 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , D.B. ( 2001 ) . Time and frequency measurement at NIST : The first 100 years ( PDF ) . 2001 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium . NIST . pp. 4 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` Time and Frequency Division '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved 1 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The `` Atomic Age '' of Time Standards `` . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Essen , L. ; Parry , J.V.L. ( 1955 ) . `` An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time Interval : A Cæsium Resonator '' . Nature . 176 ( 4476 ) : 280 . Bibcode : 1955Natur. 176 ... 280E . doi : 10.1038 / 176280a0 . Jump up ^ W. Markowitz ; R.G. Hall ; L. Essen ; J.V.L. Parry ( 1958 ) . `` Frequency of cesium in terms of ephemeris time '' . Physical Review Letters. 1 : 105 -- 107 . Bibcode : 1958PhRvL ... 1 ... 105M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 1.105 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Cesium Atomic Clock ? '' . National Research Council Canada . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Norman ; p. 435 Jump up ^ `` Julien Le Roy '' . Getty Center . Retrieved 5 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Alder , pp. 149 -- 150 ^ Jump up to : Alder , pp. 150 -- 162 Jump up ^ Shull , Thelma ( 1963 ) . Victorian Antiques . C.E. Tuttle Co. p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` CLOCK AND WATCH - MAKING '' . British History Online . Jump up ^ `` England : Where watchmaking all began '' . References ( edit ) Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of All Things : The Seven - Year Odyssey and Hidden Error that Transformed the World . London : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 1676 - 8 . OCLC 53324804 . Aveni , Anthony ( 2001 ) . Skywatchers : A Revised and Updated Version of Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70502 - 6 . OCLC 45195586 . Barnett , Jo Ellen ( 1998 ) . Time 's Pendulum : From Sundials to Atomic Clocks , the Fascinating History of Timekeeping and How Our Discoveries Changed the World ( 1st ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Harcourt Trade Publishers . ISBN 0 - 15 - 600649 - 9 . OCLC 40255897 . R.M. Ghias Abadi ( 2004 ) Achaemenid Inscriptions , 2nd edition , publisher Shiraz Navid ISBN 964 - 358 - 015 - 6 Berlev , Oleg ( 1997 ) . `` Bureaucrats '' . In Donadoni , Sergio . The Egyptians . Trans . Bianchi , Robert et al. Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 15555 - 2 . OCLC 35808323 . Bottomley , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Castle Explorer 's Guide . New York , NY : Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 517 - 42172 - 0 . OCLC 9762252 . Clarke , Howard B. ; Dent , Sarah ; Johnson , Ruth ( 2002 ) . Dublinia : The Story of Medieval Dublin . Dublin , Ireland : O'Brien . ISBN 0 - 86278 - 785 - 8 . OCLC 50528116 . Chobotov , Vladimir ( 2002 ) . Orbital Mechanics ( 3rd ed . ) . Reston , VA : AIAA . ISBN 1 - 56347 - 537 - 5 . OCLC 49923275 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Cotterell , Brian ; Kamminga , Johan ( 1990 ) . Mechanics of Pre-Industrial Technology : An Introduction to the Mechanics of Ancient and Traditional Material Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42871 - 8 . OCLC 18520966 . Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 . OCLC 35593922 . Frugoni , Chiara ( 1988 ) . Pietro et Ambrogio Lorenzetti . New York , NY : Scala Books . ISBN 0 - 935748 - 80 - 6 . OCLC 18827370 . Lewis , Michael ( 2000 ) . `` Theoretical Hydraulics , Automata , and Water Clocks '' . In Wikander , Örjan . Handbook of Ancient Water Technology . Technology and Change in History . 2 . Leiden : Brill . pp. 343 -- 369 ( 356f . ) . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11123 - 9 . Major , Fouad G. ( 1998 ) . The Quantum Beat : The Physical Principles of Atomic Clocks . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98301 - 5 . OCLC 37315254 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Marrison , Warren A. ( 1948 ) . `` The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock '' . Bell System Technical Journal . New York , NY : AT&T . 27 : 510 -- 88 . OCLC 10999639 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 7305.1948. tb01343. x . Philbin , Tom ( 2005 ) . The 100 Greatest Inventions of All Time : A Ranking Past to Present . New York , NY : Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2404 - 9 . OCLC 57166331 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Reid , Thomas ( 1832 ) . Treatise on Clock and Watch Making : Theoretical and Practical . Carey and Lea . OCLC 17454059 . Richards , E.G. ( 1998 ) . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850413 - 6 . OCLC 185547970 . Whitrow , Gerald J. ( 1989 ) . Time in History : Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285211 - 6 . OCLC 21182984 . Woods , Thomas ( 2005 ) . How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization . Washington D.C. , United States : Regnery Publ . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 038 - 7 . OCLC 58720707 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , William J.H. ( 1996 ) . The Quest for Longitude . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9644329 - 0 - 1 . OCLC 59617314 . Audoin , Claude ; Guinot , Bernard ( 2001 ) . The Measurement of Time : Time , Frequency , and the Atomic Clock . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00397 - 0 . Bartky , Ian R. ( January 1989 ) . `` The Adoption of Standard Time '' . Technology and Culture . 30 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 56 . JSTOR 3105430 . doi : 10.2307 / 3105430 . Breasted , James H. , `` The Beginnings of Time Measurement and the Origins of Our Calendar '' , in Time and its Mysteries , a series of lectures presented by the James Arthur Foundation , New York University , New York : New York University Press , 1936 , pp. 59 -- 96 . Cowan , Harrison J. ( 1958 ) . Time and Its Measurements . Cleveland : World Publishing Company . Dohrn - Van Rossum , Gerhard ( 1996 ) . History of the Hour : Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 15510 - 2 . Frye , Richard N. ( 1974 ) . `` Persepolis Again '' . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 33 ( 4 ) : 383 -- 386 . doi : 10.1086 / 372376 . Garver , Thomas H. ( Fall 1992 ) . `` Keeping Time '' . American Heritage of Invention & Technology . 8 ( 2 ) : 8 -- 17 . Goudsmit , Samuel A. ; Claiborne , Robert ; Millikan , Robert A. ( 1996 ) . Time . New York : Time Inc . Hawkins , Gerald S. ( 1965 ) . Stonehenge Decoded . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 04127 - 0 . Hellwig , Helmut ; Evenson , Kenneth M. ; Wineland , David J. ( December 1978 ) . `` Time , Frequency and Physical Measurement '' . Physics Today . 23 ( 12 ) : 23 -- 30 . Bibcode : 1978PhT ... 31l ... 23H . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2994867 . Hood , Peter ( 1955 ) . How Time Is Measured . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 836615 - 9 . Howse , Derek ( 1980 ) . Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude . Philip Wilson Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 215948 - 9 . Humphrey , Henry ; O'Meara - Humphrey , Deirdre ( 1980 ) . When is Now ? : Experiments with Time and Timekeeping Devices . Doubleday Publishing . ISBN 0 - 385 - 13215 - 8 . Itano , Wayne M. ; Ramsey , Norman F. ( July 1993 ) . `` Accurate Measurement of Time '' . Scientific American . 269 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 65 . Bibcode : 1993SciAm. 269 ... 56I . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0793 - 56 . Jespersen , James ; Hanson , D. Wayne ( July 1991 ) . `` Special Issue on Time and Frequency '' . Proceedings of the IEEE. 79 ( 7 ) . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Jespersen , James ; Fitz - Randolph , Jane ( 2000 ) . From Sundials to Atomic Clocks : Understanding Time and Frequency 2nd ( revised ) edition . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 40913 - 9 . Jones , Tony ( 2000 ) . Splitting the Second : The Story of Atomic Timekeeping . Bristol , UK : Institute of Physics Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 0640 - 9 . Landes , Davis S ( 2000 ) . A Revolution in Time : Clocks and the Making of the Modern World . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 76800 - 0 . Lombardi , Michael A. , NIST Time and Frequency Services , NIST Special Publication 432 * , revised 2002 . Mayr , Otto ( October 1970 ) . `` The Origins of Feedback Control '' . Scientific American . 223 ( 10 ) : 110 -- 118 . Bibcode : 1970SciAm. 223d. 110M . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1070 - 110 . Merriam , John C. , `` Time and Change in History '' , Time and Its Mysteries , ( see Breasted above ) , pp. 23 -- 38 . Millikan , Robert A. , `` Time '' , Time and Its Mysteries , ( see Breasted above ) pp. 3 -- 22 . Morris , Richard ( 1985 ) . Time 's Arrows : Scientific Attitudes Toward Time . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 61766 - 0 . Needham , Joseph ; Ling , Wang ; deSolla Price , Derek J. ( 1986 ) . Heavenly Clockwork : The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32276 - 8 . Parker , Richard Anthony ( 1950 ) . The Calendars of Ancient Egypt . University of Chicago . OCLC 2077978 . Priestley , John Boynton ( 1964 ) . Man and Time . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth , ed. , Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , Sausalito , Calif. : University Science Books , 1992 . Shallies , Michael ( 1983 ) . On Time : An Investigation into Scientific Knowledge and Human Experience . New York : Schocken Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8052 - 3853 - 2 . Snyder , Wilbert F. and Charles A. Bragaw , `` In the Domains of Time and Frequency '' ( Chapter 8 ) , Achievement in Radio , NIST Special Publication 555 * , 1986 . Sobel , Dava ( 2005 ) . Longitude . London , England : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 721422 - 8 . OCLC 60795122 . Thompson , David , The History of Watches , New York : Abbeville Press , 2008 . Waugh , Alexander ( 1998 ) . Time : Its Origin , Its Enigma , Its History . Carroll & Graf Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0767 - 4 . External links ( edit ) www.germanclocks.org -- for a comprehensive timeline of horology Measuring time in ancient Egypt A basic Overview Relativity Science Calculator -- Philosophic Question : are clocks and time separable ? Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum marine sundial sundial markup schema watch water - based Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Chronicle Deep time Human timeline Life timeline Nature timeline Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion Mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Immortality Philosophy of time A-series and B - series B - theory of time Causality Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Perdurantism Presentism Static interpretation of time Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Human experience and use of time Accounting period Chronemics Fiscal year Generation time Mental chronometry Music Procrastination Punctuality Temporal database Term Time discipline Time management Time perception Specious present Time - tracking software Time - use research Time - based currency ( time banking ) Time value of money Time clock Timesheet Yesterday -- Today -- Tomorrow Time in Geology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute time and space Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Imaginary time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Rate Spacetime Theory of relativity Time dilation gravitational Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry other subject areas Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Dating methodologies in archaeology Time geography Related topics Carpe diem Clock position Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time complexity Time signature Time travel Time portal Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Units of time Century Day Decade Fortnight Hour Jiffy Lustrum Millennium Minute Moment Month Paksha Saeculum Second Shake Week Year Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Christiaan Huygens Books Systema Saturnium ( 1659 ) De Vi Centrifiga ( 1659 ) Horologium Oscillatorium ( 1673 ) Traité de la Lumiére ( 1692 ) Cosmotheoros ( 1698 ) In science and natural philosophy Centripetal acceleration Coupled oscillation Conception of the standardization of the temperature scale Early history of classical mechanics Early history of calculus Huygens ' law Huygens ' lemniscate Huygens ' principle ( Huygens -- Fresnel principle ) Huygens ' construction Huygens ' tritone Huygens ' wavelet Huygens ' wave theory Huygens -- Steiner theorem Hypothesis of intelligent extraterrestrial life Isochrone curve ( tautochrone curve ) Foundations of differential geometry of curves ( mathematical notions of the evolute and involute of the curve ) Scientific foundations of horology Mathematical and physical investigations of properties of the pendulum Modern conception of centrifugal and centripetal forces Music theory of microtones ( 31 equal temperament ) Polarization of light ( Iceland spar ) Rings of Saturn Titan ( moon ) Theoretical foundations of wave optics ( wave theory of light ) In technology Inventions by Huygens Aerial telescope Cycloidal pendulum Huygens ' engine Huygens ' eyepiece Magic lantern Spiral balance spring Precision timekeeping ( pendulum clock and spiral - hairspring watch ) Recognitions List of things named after Christiaan Huygens 2801 Huygens Cassini -- Huygens Huygens probe Mons Huygens Huygens ( crater ) Huygens - Fokker Foundation Huygens Gap Huygens Ringlet Horologium ( constellation ) Other topics Cosmos : A Personal Voyage - Episode 6 : `` Travellers ' Tales '' ( 1980 documentary TV series by Carl Sagan ) Clocks and Culture , 1300 -- 1700 ( 1967 history book by Carlo Cipolla ) Revolution in Time : Clocks and the Making of the Modern World ( 1983 history book by David Landes ) Scientific Revolution Golden Age of Dutch science and technology Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Académie des Sciences Related people Huygens family Galileo Galilei René Descartes Salomon Coster Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Isaac Newton Robert Hooke Denis Papin Augustin - Jean Fresnel Thomas Young A rudimentary prototype of internal combustion piston engine . An early practical type of image projector and a precursor to both the modern slide projector and the movie projector . Wikiquote Wikisource texts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_timekeeping_devices&oldid=804686393 '' Categories : History of technology Timekeeping Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Featured articles Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ 日本語 Norsk Română Русский Svenska தமிழ் اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 14 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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6899672624815037103	Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States	Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the United States and the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States , implemented in 1789 . This article is concerned with the process and procedures used by the modern court . For general discussion of the court 's jurisdiction and composition , see Supreme Court of the United States ; for discussion of the court 's present and historical accommodations , see United States Supreme Court building ; for discussion of the history of the court , see History of the Supreme Court of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terms and sittings 2 The Court 's authority to hear cases 2.1 Appellate jurisdiction 2.2 Original jurisdiction 3 Selection of cases 4 Hearing cases 4.1 Filing briefs 4.2 Oral arguments 5 Forming opinions 5.1 The conference : assignment of opinions 5.2 Circulating draft opinions and changing of views 5.2. 1 Tied votes and lack of quorum 5.3 Announcement of opinions 6 Reporting and citation of cases 7 See also 8 Footnotes and references 9 External links Terms and sittings ( edit ) A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of approximately two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . The Court 's authority to hear cases ( edit ) Appellate jurisdiction ( edit ) In nearly all of the cases heard by the Supreme Court , the Court exercises the appellate jurisdiction granted it by Article III of the Constitution . This authority permits the Court to review -- and affirm or overturn -- decisions made by lower courts and tribunals . Procedures for bringing cases before the Supreme Court have changed significantly over time . Today , cases are brought before the Supreme Court by one of several methods , of which the first two account for the overwhelming majority of cases decided : By petition for a writ of certiorari , filed by a party to a case that has been decided by one of the United States courts of appeals or by the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . By petition for writ of certiorari with respect to a decision of one of the territorial or state courts , after all state appeals have been exhausted , where an issue of federal constitutional or statutory law is in question . The writ is usually issued to a state supreme court ( including high courts of the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and American Samoa ) , but is occasionally issued to a state 's intermediate appellate court for cases where the state supreme court denied certiorari or review and thereby refused to hear the appeal . By petition for certiorari before judgment , which permits the Court to expedite a case pending before a United States court of appeals by accepting the case for review before the appellate court has decided it . However , Supreme Court Rule 11 provides that a case may be taken by the Court before judgment in a lower court `` only upon a showing that the case is of such imperative public importance as to justify deviation from normal appellate practice and to require immediate determination in this Court . '' By appeal from certain decisions of United States district courts in certain cases involving redistricting of congressional or state legislative districts , or when specifically authorized in a particular statute . By a certified question or proposition of law from one of the United States Courts of Appeals , meaning that the Court of Appeals requests the Supreme Court to instruct it on how to decide the case . This procedure was once common but is now rarely invoked ; the last certificate accepted for review was in 1981 . By petition for an `` extraordinary writ '' such as mandamus , prohibition , or habeas corpus . These writs are rarely granted by the Supreme Court though they are more frequently granted by lower courts . Original jurisdiction ( edit ) Certain cases that have not been considered by a lower court may be heard by the Supreme Court in the first instance under what is termed original jurisdiction . The Supreme Court 's authority in this respect is also derived from Article III of the Constitution , which states that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction `` in all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party . '' The original jurisdiction of the Court is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1251 . This statute provides further that , in the case of disputes between two or more states , the Supreme Court holds both original and exclusive jurisdiction and no lower court may hear such cases . The number of original jurisdiction cases heard by the court is small ; generally only one or two such cases are heard per term . Because the nine - member Supreme Court is not well - suited to conducting pretrial proceedings or trials , original jurisdiction cases accepted by the Court are typically referred to a well - qualified lawyer or lower - court judge to serve as special master , conduct the proceedings , and report recommendations to the Court . The Court then considers whether to accept the special master 's report or whether to sustain any exceptions filed to the report . Although jury trials are in theory possible in the Court 's original jurisdiction cases , there has not been one since Georgia v. Brailsford in 1794 . In 1950 , in the case United States v. Louisiana , the state of Louisiana moved for a jury trial , but the Court denied the motion , ruling that the suit was an equity action and not an action at law , and that therefore the Seventh Amendment guarantee of a jury trial did not apply . If a matter involving an action at law did come before the court , however , a jury would likely be empaneled and would hear the case alongside the justices of the Court . Selection of cases ( edit ) Since the Judiciary Act of 1925 ( `` The Certiorari Act '' in some texts ) , the majority of the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction has been discretionary . Each year , the court receives approximately 9,000 -- 10,000 petitions for certiorari , of which less than 1 % ( approximately 80 -- 100 ) , are granted plenary review with oral arguments , and an additional 50 to 60 are disposed of without plenary review . The Court strictly enforces its requirements for the preparation and timely filing of certiorari petitions , in order to manage such a massive caseload . This occasionally results in harsh consequences , as Justice Thomas acknowledged in a 2007 opinion : `` Just a few months ago , the Clerk , pursuant to this Court 's Rule 13.2 , refused to accept a petition for certiorari submitted by Ryan Heath Dickson because it had been filed one day late ... Dickson was executed on April 26 , 2007 , without any Member of this Court having even seen his petition for certiorari . The rejected certiorari petition was Dickson 's first in this Court , and one can only speculate as to whether denial of that petition would have been a foregone conclusion . '' In theory , each Justice 's clerks write a brief for the Justice outlining the questions presented , and offering a recommendation as to whether certiorari should be granted ; in practice , most Justices ( all of the current court , except Justices Alito and Gorsuch ) have their clerks participate in the cert pool . During the Justices ' regular conference , the Justices discuss the petitions , and grant certiorari in less than five percent of the cases filed . ( During the 1980s and 1990s , the number of cases accepted and decided each term approached 150 per year ; more recently , the number of cases granted has averaged well under 100 annually ) . Before each conference , the Chief Justice prepares a list of those petitions he believes have sufficient merit to warrant discussion . Any other Justice may also add a case to the `` discuss list '' ; cases not designated for discussion by any Justice are automatically denied review . The Court or a Justice may also decide that a case be `` re-listed '' for discussion at a later conference ; this occurs , for example , where the Court decides to request input from the Solicitor General of the United States on whether a petition should be granted . The votes of four Justices at Conference ( see Rule of four ) will suffice to grant certiorari and place the case on the court 's calendar . If the Supreme Court grants certiorari ( or the certified question or other extraordinary writ ) , then a briefing schedule is arranged for the parties to submit their briefs in favor of or against a particular form of relief . During this time , an individual or group having an interest in a case but not a party to the case may submit a motion to appear before the court as amicus curiae ( `` friend of the court '' ) . Except for certain specific categories ( such as lawyers for state and local governments ) or where all parties to the case consent , it is in the Court 's discretion whether such motions are granted . The grant or denial of certiorari petitions by the Court are usually issued as one - sentence orders without explanation . Cases that fall within the Court 's original jurisdiction are initiated by filing a complaint directly with the Supreme Court , and normally are assigned to a special master appointed by the Court for the taking of evidence and making recommendations , after which the Court may accept briefs and hear oral arguments as in an appellate case . Hearing cases ( edit ) Filing briefs ( edit ) Before oral arguments , the parties to a case file legal briefs outlining their arguments . An amicus curiae may also submit a brief in support of a particular outcome in the case if the Court grants it permission . Formal rules govern every aspect of these briefs ; Chief Justice William Rehnquist described the rules thus : The rules direct what information must be included in a brief , describe the size of paper and type of print , and limit the number of pages . Even the colors of the covers of the briefs are specified : the petitioner 's brief must have a blue cover and the respondent 's must have a red cover . The Court also often receives briefs from amici curiae ( friends of the Court ) in particular cases , and these must have a green cover . This color - coding comes in very handy when you have a stack of eight or ten briefs in a particular case and can locate the brief you want by its color without having to read the covers of each . Oral arguments ( edit ) Thereafter , if the Court chooses to hold a hearing , each side has thirty minutes to present its case orally . In exceptional and controversial cases , however , the time limit may be extended . In the Court 's early years , attorneys might argue a single case for hours or even days ; but as the judicial workload increased , the time available for argument has been restricted . The late Chief Justice Rehnquist was noted for his especially strict enforcement of the argument time limits . To file pleadings or to argue a case , an attorney must be a member of the bar of the Court . ( The primary requirement for admission to the Bar is that the attorney must have been admitted to practice in the highest court of a state or territory for at least the past three years . ) Justices are allowed to interrupt the attorney speaking in order to ask him or her questions , and particularly since the arrival of Justice Antonin Scalia in 1986 , do so often . The Court began recording Oral Arguments in October 1955 . Beginning in October 2010 , the Supreme Court began the practice of posting recordings and transcripts of the oral arguments made during the preceding week on Fridays on the Court 's website . In an interview for C - SPAN , former Justice Scalia , speaking for himself , noted that by the time the Justices hear oral arguments , having read the submissions by the parties and amici , it is `` very rare , though not unheard of '' , for the discussion during the oral arguments to change his view of a case in which he has already made up his mind based on the submissions and his research about the case . However , he also made the point that it is `` quite common '' for him to go into Oral Arguments with his mind not made up yet , as the cases are usually very hard and difficult , and that in those situations a persuasive attorney can make the difference for him . Forming opinions ( edit ) The conference : assignment of opinions ( edit ) At the end of a week in which the Court has heard oral arguments , the Justices hold a conference to discuss the cases and vote on any new petitions of certiorari . The Justices discuss the points of law at issue in the cases . No clerks are permitted to be present , which would make it exceedingly difficult for a justice without a firm grasp of the matters at hand to participate . At this conference , each justice -- in order from most to least senior -- states the basis on which he or she would decide the case , and a preliminary vote is taken . Former Justice Scalia professed frustration that there is little substantive discussion , while former Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote that this makes the conference more efficient . The votes are tallied , and the responsibility for writing the opinion in the case is assigned to one of the justices ; the most senior Justice voting in the majority ( but always the Chief Justice if he is in the majority ) makes the assignment , and can assign the responsibility to him - or herself . Circulating draft opinions and changing of views ( edit ) The justice writing the opinion for the court will produce and circulate a draft opinion to the other justices . Each justice 's law clerks may be involved in this phase . In modern Supreme Court history only a few justices , such as former Justice Antonin Scalia , have regularly written their own first drafts . Once the draft opinion has been reviewed , the remaining Justices may recommend changes to the opinion . Whether these changes are accommodated depends on the legal philosophy of the drafters as well as on how strong a majority the opinion garnered at conference . A justice may instead simply join the opinion at that point without comment . Votes at conference are preliminary ; while opinions are being circulated , it is not unheard of for a justice to change sides . A justice may be swayed by the persuasiveness ( or lack thereof ) of the opinion or dissent , or as a result of reflection and discussion on the points of law at issue . The evolution of the justices ' views during the circulation of draft opinions can change the outcome of the case ; an opinion that begins as a majority opinion can become a dissenting opinion , and vice versa . At the conference for Planned Parenthood v. Casey , Justice Kennedy is said to have initially voted with Chief Justice Rehnquist , but then changed his mind , feeling unable to join Rehnquist 's draft opinion . While working for the Justice Department , present - day Chief Justice John Roberts -- a former Rehnquist law clerk -- wrote an analysis of Wallace v. Jaffree in which he indicated his belief ( based on the length and structure ) that Rehnquist 's dissent had started out as an opinion for the court , but lost its majority ; similar speculation is often heard of Justice O'Connor 's dissent in Kelo v. New London . Justice Kennedy is known within the Court for changing his mind subsequent to the conference , and Justice Thomas is known for having the tendency to lose a majority . Justices may change sides at any time prior to the handing down of the Court 's opinion . Generally , the Court 's decision is the opinion which a majority ( five or more ) of justices have joined . In rare instances , the Court will issue a plurality opinion in which four or fewer Justices agree on one opinion , but the others are so fractured that they can not agree on a position . In this circumstance , in order to determine what the decision is lawyers and judges will analyze the opinions to determine on which points a majority agrees . An example of a case decided by a plurality opinion is Hamdi v. Rumsfeld . A justice voting with the majority may write a concurring opinion ; this is an opinion where the justice agrees with the majority holding itself , but where he or she wishes to express views on the legal elements of the case that are not encompassed in the majority opinion . Justices who do not agree with the decision made by the majority may also submit dissenting opinions , which may give alternative legal viewpoints . Dissenting opinions carry no legal weight or precedent , but they can set the argument for future cases . John Marshall Harlan 's dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson set down for the majority opinion later in Brown v. Board of Education . After granting a writ of certiorari and accepting a case for review , the justices may decide against further review of the case . For example , the Court may feel the case presented during oral arguments did not present the constitutional issues in a clear - cut way , and that adjudication of these issues is better deferred until a suitable case comes before the court . In this event the writ of certiorari is `` dismissed as improvidently granted '' ( DIG ) -- saying , in effect that the Court should not have accepted the case . As with the granting or denial of cert , this dismissal is customarily made using a simple per curiam decision without explanation . Customarily , justices who were not seated at the time oral arguments were heard by the Supreme Court do not participate in the formulation of an opinion . Likewise , a justice leaving the Court prior to the handing down of an opinion does not take part in the Court 's opinion . Should the composition of the Court materially affect the outcome of a pending case , the justices will likely elect to reschedule the case for rehearing . Tied votes and lack of quorum ( edit ) If not all of the nine justices vote on a case , or the Court has a vacancy , then a tied vote is possible . If this occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but the case is not considered to be binding precedent . The effect is a return to the status quo ante . No opinions ( or voting alignments ) are issued in such a case , only the one - sentence announcement that `` ( t ) he judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court . '' Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp. is an example of such a case . The court tries to avoid such rulings when possible : After the retirement of Justice O'Connor in 2006 three cases would have ended with a tie . All cases were reargued to allow the newly appointed Samuel Alito to cast a decisive vote . A quorum of justices to hear and decide a case is six . If , through recusals or vacancies , fewer than six justices can participate in a case , and a majority of qualified justices determines that the case can not be heard in the next term , then the decision of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been equally divided on the case . An exception exists when this situation arises in one of the now - rare cases brought directly to the Supreme Court on appeal from a United States District Court ; in this situation , the case is referred to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the corresponding circuit for a final decision there by either the Court of Appeals sitting en banc , or a panel consisting of the three most senior active circuit judges . Announcement of opinions ( edit ) Throughout the term , but mostly during the last months of the term -- May , June , and , if necessary , July -- the Court announces its opinions . The decision of the Court is subsequently published , first as a slip opinion , and subsequently in the United States Reports . In recent years , opinions have been available on the Supreme Court 's website and other legal websites on the morning they are announced . Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom , the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns . The opinion of the Court is usually signed by the author ; occasionally , the Supreme Court may issue an unsigned opinion per curiam . The practice of issuing a single opinion of the Court was initiated during the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall during the early 19th century . This custom replaced the previous practice under which each Justice , whether in the majority or the minority , issued a separate opinion . The older practice is still followed by appellate courts in many common law jurisdictions outside the United States . Reporting and citation of cases ( edit ) For more specific details on how cases are cited , see case citation . Supreme Court decisions are typically cited as in the following example : `` Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) . '' The court citation consists of the names of the opposing parties ; the volume number ; `` U.S. '' ( signifying United States Reports , the official reporter of Supreme Court decisions ) ; the page number on which the decision begins ; and the year in which the case was decided . The names of the opposing parties are listed in the format `` Petitioner v. Respondent '' or `` Appellant v. Appellee . '' The Reporter of Decisions is responsible for publication of the Court 's rulings . Two other widely used citation formats exist : the Supreme Court Reporter and the Lawyers ' Edition , corresponding to two privately published collections of decisions . Citations to cases in the Supreme Court Reporter would be structured as follows : Snowden v. Hughes , 64 S. Ct. 397 ( 1944 ) . Citations to cases in the Lawyers ' Edition would be as follows : Snowden v. Hughes , 88 L. Ed . 497 ( 1944 ) . Judicial opinions often use the citation from all three sources ( the United States Reports , Supreme Court Reporter , and Lawyers ' Edition ) , as seen here : Martin v. Texas , 200 U.S. 316 , 26 S. Ct. 338 , 50 L. Ed . 497 ( 1906 ) . Since the 1930s , prior to publication of the decisions in these reporters , they are available from the United States Law Week ( U.S.L.W. ) . In more recent years , opinions have been available electronically soon after they appeared on commercial sites such as Lexis or Westlaw , on Internet sites such as FindLaw and on the Court 's own website . The Reporter of Decisions is the court official responsible for the publication of the Court 's opinions and orders . The current Reporter of Decisions is Christine Luchok Fallon . Decisions of the Supreme Court are precedents that bind all lower courts , both federal and state . The Supreme Court generally respects its own precedents , but has in some cases overturned them . See also ( edit ) Supreme Court Case Selections Act Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Georgia v. Brailsford , Powell & Hopton , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Louisiana , 399 U.S. 699 ( 1950 ) . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin . `` Originalism : The Lesser Evil '' . University of Cincinnati Law Review . 57 : 849 , 850 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2006 ; Rehnquist , William H. ( September 27 , 2001 ) . Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ( Speech ) . Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato , Mexico . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Lazarus , Edward ( June 14 , 1998 ) . `` Closed Chambers '' . Booknotes ( Interview ) . Interview with Brian Lamb. C - SPAN . Jump up ^ `` The Justices ' Caseload '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States . Jump up ^ Bowles v. Russell , 551 U.S. 205 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Law.com . Regarding the picking of cases , see generally , Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . pp. 224 -- 238 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , David C. ; Wachtell , Melanie F. ( 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Certiorari Petition Procedures '' . George Mason University Law Review . 16 ( 2 ) : 237 , 241 . SSRN 1377522 . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( September 27 , 2001 ) . Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ( Speech ) . Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato , Mexico ; cf . `` Part VII . Practice and Procedure . Rule 33 . Document Preparation : Booklet Format ; 8 1 / 2 - by 11 - Inch Paper Format '' . Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States . Supreme Court of the United States . April 19 , 2013 -- via Legal Information Institute , Cornell University . Jump up ^ Talbot , Margaret ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Confidence : The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2005 -- via New America Foundation . In his early years on the Court , Scalia 's exuberant questioning was not well received by his colleagues ... In Scalia 's first oral argument he asked so many questions that Powell whispered , ' Do you think he knows that the rest of us are here ? ' The other Justices have since caught up with Scalia . Now all of them -- with the exception of Clarence Thomas -- are garrulous Linder , Doug . `` Justices Brennan & Scalia Debate Creation - Science '' . On a bench lined with solemn gray figures who often sat as silently as pigeons on a railing , Scalia stood out like a talking parrot . Jump up ^ `` About the Oyez Project '' . Oyez Project . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Justice Antonin Scalia '' ( PDF ) ( Interview ) . Interview with Susan Swain. C - SPAN . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . ( I ) t is probably quite rare , although not unheard of , that oral argument will change my mind . But it is quite common that I go in with my mind not made up . I mean a lot of these cases are very close , and you go in on the knife 's edge . Persuasive counsel can make the difference . There are things you can do with oral argument that can not be done in a brief . You can convey the relative importance of your various points . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . p. 253 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward ( 2005 ) . Closed Chambers . New York : Penguin . p. 285 . ISBN 9780143035275 . to call our discussion of a case a conference is really something of a misnomer . It 's much more a statement of the views of each of the nine justices . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . pp. 254 -- 58 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward ( 2005 ) . Closed Chambers . New York : Penguin . p. 271 . ISBN 9780143035275 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Zimmerman , Carol ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Blackmun 's Papers Reveal Near Overturn of Roe '' . Catholic Herald . Catholic News Service . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Roberts , memo to Fred F. Fielding , June 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Claeys , Eric ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Did O'Connor Lose the Majority ? '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2005 ) . A Court Divided : The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law . New York : Norton . ISBN 9780393058680 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( January 2002 ) . `` Adarand Did n't Add Up : Lawyers Now Wonder Which Affirmative Action Case Court Will Take '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . 88 : 26 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S.C. Title 28 , Section 1 ; U.S.C. Title 28 , Section 2109 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Court Rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2010 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2013 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2013 rule revisions from the U.S. Supreme Court website ( with `` clerk comments '' that clarify what 's changing for 2013 and why ) ( hide ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=794589610 '' Categories : United States procedural law Supreme Court of the United States United States appellate procedure Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 21 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the supreme court hand down decisions	[]	[]
2671229168997157902	The devil is in the detail	The devil is in the detail - wikipedia The devil is in the detail Jump to : navigation , search Look up devil is in the details in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` The devil is in the detail '' is an idiom that refers to a catch or mysterious element hidden in the details , meaning that something might seem simple at a first look but will take more time and effort to complete than expected and derives from the earlier phrase , `` God is in the detail '' expressing the idea that whatever one does should be done thoroughly ; i.e. details are important . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Variants 3 References 4 Sources Origin ( edit ) The idiom , `` God is in the detail '' has been attributed to a number of different individuals , most notably to German - born architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( 1886 -- 1969 ) by The New York Times in Mies 's 1969 obituary ; however , it is generally accepted not to have originated with him . The expression also appears to have been a favorite of German art historian Aby Warburg ( 1866 -- 1929 ) , though Warburg 's biographer , E.H. Gombrich , is likewise uncertain if it originated with Warburg . An earlier form , `` Le bon Dieu est dans le détail '' ( `` the good God is in the detail '' ) is generally attributed to Gustave Flaubert ( 1821 -- 1880 ) . Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations lists the saying 's author as anonymous . The phrase is attested in 1965 ; in 1969 , it is referred to as an existing proverb . Variants ( edit ) The phrase has several variants : ( The / A ) Devil ( is ) in the Detail ( s ) . The original expression as , `` God is in the detail '' most likely had the expression ending with `` detail '' ( without an `` s '' ) , colloquial usage often ends the idiom as `` details '' ; where the word `` detail '' without an `` s '' can be used as both a singular and collective noun . However , the singular word `` detail '' has evolved to mean other terms in some cultures , such as a military security detail as a duty assignment , or detailing a car as cleaning or polishing a vehicle ( `` to detail '' ) , and so the plural form , `` details '' has been used to more clearly indicate the finer points of a topic . More recently , the expressions `` Governing ( is ) in the Detail ( s ) '' and `` ( The ) Truth ( is ) in the Detail ( s ) '' have appeared . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Titelman , Gregory , Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings , Random House Reference , March 5 , 1996 Jump up ^ http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/the-devil-is-in-the-detail Jump up ^ Bartlett , John , Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations : A Collection of Passages , Phrases , and Proverbs Traced to Their Sources in Ancient and Modern Literature . 17th ed. , Little , Brown and Company . November 2002 . Jump up ^ Newsweek . Volume 65 , Part 1 . Newsweek Inc. 1965 . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Electrical Safety : Portable Tools and Mobile Appliances ; Proceedings of a Symposium , International Labour Office , 1969 , p. 102 Jump up ^ `` Detail Define Detail at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Sources ( edit ) Bartlett , John , Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations : A Collection of Passages , Phrases , and Proverbs Traced to Their Sources in Ancient and Modern Literature , 17th ed. , Little , Brown and Company , November 2002 Titelman , Gregory , Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings , Random House Reference , March 5 , 1996 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_devil_is_in_the_detail&oldid=812416480 '' Categories : English proverbs English - language idioms English phrases Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 19 : 21 . About Wikipedia	the devil is in the details meaning in tamil	[]	[]
-1095094922977237215	Automatic transmission	Automatic transmission - Wikipedia Automatic transmission This article is about the mechanical transmission type . For other uses of `` AT '' , see AT ( disambiguation ) . Transmission types Manual Sequential manual Non-synchronous Preselector Automatic Manumatic Semi-automatic Electrohydraulic Dual - clutch Continuously variable Bicycle gearing Derailleur gears Hub gears Cutaway showing the typical positioning of an automatic gearbox from the automobile 's interior An 8 - gear automatic transmission An automatic transmission , also called auto , self - shifting transmission , n - speed automatic ( where n is its number of forward gear ratios ) , or AT , is a type of motor vehicle transmission that can automatically change gear ratios as the vehicle moves , freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually . Like other transmission systems on vehicles , it allows an internal combustion engine , best suited to run at a relatively high rotational speed , to provide a range of speed and torque outputs necessary for vehicular travel . The number of forward gear ratios is often expressed for manual transmissions as well ( e.g. , 6 - speed manual ) . The most popular form found in automobiles is the hydraulic automatic transmission . Similar but larger devices are also used for heavy - duty commercial and industrial vehicles and equipment . This system uses a fluid coupling in place of a friction clutch , and accomplishes gear changes by hydraulically locking and unlocking a system of planetary gears . These systems have a defined set of gear ranges , often with a parking pawl that locks the output shaft of the transmission to keep the vehicle from rolling either forward or backward . Some machines with limited speed ranges or fixed engine speeds , such as some forklifts and lawn mowers , only use a torque converter to provide a variable gearing of the engine to the wheels . Besides the traditional hydraulic automatic transmissions , there are also other types of automated transmissions , such as a continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) and semi-automatic transmissions , that free the driver from having to shift gears manually , by using the transmission 's computer to change gear , if for example the driver were redlining the engine . Despite superficial similarity to other transmissions , traditional automatic transmissions differ significantly in internal operation and driver 's feel from semi-automatics and CVTs . In contrast to conventional automatic transmissions , a CVT uses a belt or other torque transmission scheme to allow an `` infinite '' number of gear ratios instead of a fixed number of gear ratios . A semi-automatic retains a clutch like a manual transmission , but controls the clutch through electrohydraulic means . The ability to shift gears manually , often via paddle shifters , can also be found on certain automated transmissions ( manumatics such as Tiptronic ) , semi-automatics ( BMW SMG , VW Group DSG ) , and CVTs ( such as Lineartronic ) . The obvious advantage of an automatic transmission to the driver is the lack of a clutch pedal and manual shift pattern in normal driving . This allows the driver to operate the car with as few as two limbs ( possibly using assist devices to position controls within reach of usable limbs ) , allowing individuals with disabilities to drive . The lack of manual shifting also reduces the attention and workload required inside the cabin , such as monitoring the tachometer and taking a hand off the wheel to move the shifter , allowing the driver to ideally keep both hands on the wheel at all times and to focus more on the road . Control of the car at low speeds is often easier with an automatic than a manual , due to a side effect of the clutchless fluid - coupling design called `` creep '' that causes the car to want to move while in a driving gear , even at idle . The primary disadvantage of the most popular hydraulic designs is reduced mechanical efficiency of the power transfer between engine and drivetrain , due to the fluid coupling connecting the engine to the gearbox . This can result in lower power / torque ratings for automatics compared to manuals with the same engine specs , as well as reduced fuel efficiency in city driving as the engine must maintain idle against the resistance of the fluid coupling . Advances in transmission and coupler design have narrowed this gap considerably , but clutch - based transmissions ( manual or semi-automatic ) are still preferred in sport - tuned trim levels of various production cars , as well as in many auto racing leagues . The automatic transmission was invented in 1921 by Alfred Horner Munro of Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada , and patented under Canadian patent CA 235757 in 1923 . ( Munro obtained UK patent GB215669 215,669 for his invention in 1924 and US patent 1,613,525 on 4 January 1927 ) . Being a steam engineer , Munro designed his device to use compressed air rather than hydraulic fluid , and so it lacked power and never found commercial application . The first automatic transmission using hydraulic fluid may have been developed in 1932 by two Brazilian engineers , José Braz Araripe and Fernando Lehly Lemos ; subsequently the prototype and plans were sold to General Motors who introduced it in the 1940 Oldsmobile as the `` Hydra - Matic '' transmission . They were incorporated into GM - built tanks during World War II and , after the war , GM marketed them as being `` battle - tested . '' However , a Wall Street Journal article credits ZF Friedrichshafen with the invention , occurring shortly after World War I. ZF 's origins were in manufacturing gears for airship engines beginning in 1915 ; the company was founded by Ferdinand von Zeppelin . Contents 1 History 2 Parts and operation 2.1 Hydraulic automatic transmissions 2.1. 1 Torque converter 2.1. 2 Planetary gears train 2.1. 3 Hydraulic controls 2.2 Continuously variable transmissions 2.2. 1 E-CVT 2.3 Dual - clutch transmissions 2.4 Automated Manual Transmission 3 Automatic transmission modes 3.1 Manual controls 3.2 Manufacturer - specific modes 4 Comparison with manual transmission 4.1 Effects on vehicle control 4.1. 1 Cornering 4.1. 2 Maintaining constant speed 4.1. 3 Controlling wheelspin 4.1. 4 Climbing steep slippery slopes 4.2 Energy efficiency 5 Automatic transmission models 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Modern automatic transmissions can trace their origins to an early `` horseless carriage '' gearbox that was developed in 1904 by the Sturtevant brothers of Boston , Massachusetts . This unit had two forward speeds , the ratio change being brought about by flyweights that were driven by the engine . At higher engine speeds , high gear was engaged . As the vehicle slowed down and engine RPM decreased , the gearbox would shift back to low . Unfortunately , the metallurgy of the time was n't up to the task , and owing to the abruptness of the gear change , the transmission would often fail without warning . One of the key developments in arriving at an automatic transmission was the use of planetary transmission in the vehicle 's gearbox . Probably the first use of which was in the Wilson - Pilcher made between 1900 and 1907 . The Wilson - Pilcher used two epicyclic gear trains allowing 4 forward gears to be selected by moving a single gear change lever . In this form of gearbox the planetary gears are in constant mesh , and all that is required is to use a mechanism to fix or release the rotation of the outer gear ring . The action of the gear change lever mechanically locked or freed the outer ring of each epicyclic gear by an internal brake / clutch . The vehicle also had a separate cone clutch operated by a foot pedal which could be latched in position to run the engine when stationary , e.g. for starting . Like more modern automatic transmissions the gears were helical to reduce noise , and were sealed inside an oil - filled gearbox . There are no reports of the manufacturer seeking to automate the changing of the gears , though the design eliminated the requirement for using the foot clutch except when starting or stopping . A better known car that also used planetary transmission was Henry Ford 's Model T of 1908 . The Model T , in addition to being cheap and reliable by the standards of the day , featured a simple , two speed plus reverse planetary transmission using straight cut gears whose operation was manually controlled by the driver using pedals . The pedals actuated the transmission 's friction elements ( bands and clutches ) to select the desired gear . In some respects , this type of transmission was less demanding of the driver 's skills than the contemporary , unsynchronized manual transmission , but still required that the driver know when to make a shift , as well as how to get the car off to a smooth start . The first automatic transmission using hydraulic fluid was developed in 1932 by two Brazilian engineers , José Braz Araripe and Fernando Lehly Lemos ; Later , the prototype and the project were sold to General Motors , who introduced the technology in the 1940 Oldsmobile model as a `` Hydra - Matic '' transmission . However , an article published by the Wall Street Journal credits the German auto parts company ZF Friedrichshafen for the invention , which would have occurred shortly after World War I . In 1934 , both REO and General Motors developed semi-automatic transmissions that were less difficult to operate than a fully manual unit . These designs , however , continued to use a clutch to engage the engine with the transmission . The General Motors unit , dubbed the `` Automatic Safety Transmission '' , was notable in that it employed a power - shifting planetary gearbox that was hydraulically controlled and was sensitive to road speed , anticipating future development . Parallel to the development in the 1930s of an automatically shifting gearbox was Chrysler 's work on adapting the fluid coupling to automotive use . Invented early in the 20th century , the fluid coupling was the answer to the question of how to avoid stalling the engine when the vehicle was stopped with the transmission in gear . Chrysler itself never used the fluid coupling with any of its automatic transmissions , but did use it in conjunction with a hybrid manual transmission called `` Fluid Drive '' ( the similar Hy - Drive used a torque converter ) . These developments in automatic gearbox and fluid coupling technology eventually culminated in the introduction in 1939 of the General Motors Hydra - Matic , the world 's first mass - produced automatic transmission . Available as an option on 1940 Oldsmobiles and later Cadillacs , the Hydra - Matic combined a fluid coupling with three hydraulically controlled planetary gearsets to produce four forward speeds plus reverse . The transmission was sensitive to engine throttle position and road speed , producing fully automatic up - and down - shifting that varied according to operating conditions . The Hydra - Matic was subsequently adopted by Cadillac and Pontiac , and was sold to various other automakers , including Bentley , Hudson , Kaiser , Nash , and Rolls - Royce . It also found use during World War II in some military vehicles . From 1950 to 1954 , Lincoln cars were also available with the Hydra - Matic . Mercedes - Benz subsequently devised a four - speed fluid coupling transmission that was similar in principle to the Hydra - Matic , but of a different design . The original Hydra - Matic incorporated two features which are widely emulated in today 's transmissions . The Hydra - Matic 's ratio spread through the four gears produced excellent `` step - off '' and acceleration in first , good spacing of intermediate gears , and the effect of an overdrive in fourth , by virtue of the low numerical rear axle ratio used in the vehicles of the time . In addition , in third and fourth gear , the fluid coupling only handled a portion of the engine 's torque , resulting in a high degree of efficiency . In this respect , the transmission 's behavior was similar to modern units incorporating a lock - up torque converter . In 1956 , GM introduced the `` Jetaway '' Hydra - Matic , which was different in design than the older model . Addressing the issue of shift quality , which was an ongoing problem with the original Hydra - Matic , the new transmission utilized two fluid couplings , the primary one that linked the transmission to the engine , and a secondary one that replaced the clutch assembly that controlled the forward gearset in the original . The result was much smoother shifting , especially from first to second gear , but with a loss in efficiency and an increase in complexity . Another innovation for this new style Hydra - Matic was the appearance of a Park position on the selector . The original Hydra - Matic , which continued in production until the mid-1960s , still used the reverse position for parking pawl engagement . The first torque converter automatic , Buick 's Dynaflow , was introduced for the 1948 model year . It was followed by Packard 's Ultramatic in mid-1949 and Chevrolet 's Powerglide for the 1950 model year . Each of these transmissions had only two forward speeds , relying on the converter for additional torque multiplication . In the early 1950s , BorgWarner developed a series of three - speed torque converter automatics for American Motors , Ford Motor Company , Studebaker , and several other manufacturers in the US and other countries . Chrysler was late in developing its own true automatic , introducing the two - speed torque converter PowerFlite in 1953 , and the three - speed TorqueFlite in 1956 . The latter was the first to utilize the Simpson compound planetary gearset . General Motors produced multiple - turbine torque converters from 1954 to 1961 . These included the Twin - Turbine Dynaflow and the triple - turbine Turboglide transmissions . The shifting took place in the torque converter , rather than through pressure valves and changes in planetary gear connections . Each turbine was connected to the drive shaft through a different gear train . These phased from one ratio to another according to demand , rather than shifting . The Turboglide actually had two speed ratios in reverse , with one of the turbines rotating backwards . By the late 1960s , most of the fluid - coupling four - speed and two - speed transmissions had disappeared in favor of three - speed units with torque converters . Also around this time , whale oil was removed from automatic transmission fluid . By the early 1980s , these were being supplemented and eventually replaced by overdrive - equipped transmissions providing four or more forward speeds . Many transmissions also adopted the lock - up torque converter ( a mechanical clutch locking the torque converter pump and turbine together to eliminate slip at cruising speed ) to improve fuel economy . As computerized engine control units ( ECUs ) became more capable , much of the logic built into the transmission 's valve body was offloaded to the ECU . Some manufacturers use a separate computer dedicated to the transmission called a transmission control unit ( TCU ) , also known as the transmission control module ( TCM ) , which shares information with the engine management computer . In this case , solenoids turned on and off by the computer control shift patterns and gear ratios , rather than the spring - loaded valves in the valve body . This allows for more precise control of shift points , shift quality , lower shift times , and ( on some newer cars ) semi-automatic control , where the driver tells the computer when to shift . The result is an impressive combination of efficiency and smoothness . Some computers even identify the driver 's style and adapt to best suit it . ZF Friedrichshafen and BMW were responsible for introducing the first six - speed ( the ZF 6HP26 in the 2002 BMW 7 Series ( E65 ) ) . Mercedes - Benz 's 7G - Tronic was the first seven - speed in 2003 , with Toyota introducing an eight - speed in 2007 on the Lexus LS 460 which was equivalent in size to a six - speed . Derived from the 7G - Tronic , Mercedes - Benz unveiled a semi-automatic transmission with the torque converter replaced with a wet multi clutch called the AMG SPEEDSHIFT MCT . The 2014 Jeep Cherokee has the world 's first nine - speed automatic transmission for a passenger vehicle to market . In 2017 Toyota unveiled the Lexus LC coupe with the world 's first ten - speed automatic transmission in a production car . General Motors and Ford followed soon after with their co-developed ten - speed automatic transmission for the Cadillac Escalade , Cadillac CT6 , Chevrolet Camaro , Chevrolet Tahoe models for GM and the Ford Mustang , Ford F - 150 , Lincoln Navigator , Ford Ranger ( T6 ) and Ford Everest models for Ford . Parts and operation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hydraulic automatic transmissions ( edit ) The predominant form of automatic transmission is hydraulically operated ; using a fluid coupling or torque converter , and a set of planetary gearsets to provide a range of gear ratios . A cutaway of an 8 - speed ZF 8HP showing the major stages of a hydraulic automatic transmission : the torque converter ( left ) , the planetary gearsets and clutch plates ( center ) , as well as hydraulic and electronic controls ( bottom ) . Hydraulic automatic transmissions consist of three major components : Torque converter ( edit ) A type of fluid coupling , hydraulically connecting the engine to the transmission . This takes the place of a friction clutch in a manual transmission . It transmits and decouples the engine power to the planetary gears , allowing the vehicle to come to stop with the engine still running without stalling . A torque converter differs from a fluid coupling , in that it provides a variable amount of torque multiplication at low engine speeds , increasing breakaway acceleration . A fluid coupling works well when both the impeller and turbine are rotating at similar speeds , but it is very inefficient at initial acceleration , where rotational speeds are very different . This torque multiplication is accomplished with a third member in the coupling assembly known as the stator , which acts to modify the fluid flow depending on the relative rotational speeds of the impeller and turbine . The stator itself does not rotate , but its vanes are so shaped that when the impeller ( which is driven by the engine ) is rotating at a high speed and the turbine ( which receives the transmitted power ) is spinning at a low speed , the fluid flow hits the vanes of the turbine in a way that multiplies the torque being applied . This causes the turbine to begin spinning faster as the vehicle accelerates ( ideally ) , and as the relative rotational speeds equalize , the torque multiplication diminishes . Once the impeller and turbine are rotating within 10 % of each other 's speed , the stator ceases to function and the torque converter acts as a simple fluid coupling . Planetary gears train ( edit ) Consisting of planetary gear sets as well as clutches and bands . These are the mechanical systems that provide the various gear ratios , altering the speed of rotation of the output shaft depending on which planetary gears are locked . To effect gear changes , one of two types of clutches or bands are used to hold a particular member of the planetary gearset motionless , while allowing another member to rotate , thereby transmitting torque and producing gear reductions or overdrive ratios . These clutches are actuated by the valve body ( see below ) , their sequence controlled by the transmission 's internal programming . Principally , a type of device known as a sprag or roller clutch is used for routine upshifts / downshifts . Operating much as a ratchet , it transmits torque only in one direction , free - wheeling or `` overrunning '' in the other . The advantage of this type of clutch is that it eliminates the sensitivity of timing a simultaneous clutch release / apply on two planetaries , simply `` taking up '' the drivetrain load when actuated , and releasing automatically when the next gear 's sprag clutch assumes the torque transfer . The bands come into play for manually selected gears , such as low range or reverse , and operate on the planetary drum 's circumference . Bands are not applied when drive / overdrive range is selected , the torque being transmitted by the sprag clutches instead . Bands are used for braking ; the GM Turbo - Hydramatics incorporated this. . Hydraulic controls ( edit ) Uses special transmission fluid sent under pressure by an oil pump to control various clutches and bands modifying the speed of the output depending on the vehicle 's running condition . Not to be confused with the impeller inside the torque converter , the pump is typically a gear pump mounted between the torque converter and the planetary gearset . It draws transmission fluid from a sump and pressurizes it , which is needed for transmission components to operate . The input for the pump is connected to the torque converter housing , which in turn is bolted to the engine 's flexplate , so the pump provides pressure whenever the engine is running and there is enough transmission fluid , but the disadvantage is that when the engine is not running , no oil pressure is available to operate the main components of the transmission , and is thus impossible to push - start a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission . Early automatic transmissions also had a rear pump for towing purposes , ensuring the lubrication of the rear - end components . The governor is connected to the output shaft and regulates the hydraulic pressure depending on the vehicle speed . Modern designs have replaced the mechanical governor with an electronic speed sensor and computer software . The engine load is monitored either by a throttle cable or a vacuum modulator . Modern designs have replaced these mechanical devices with an electronic signal transmitted via a CAN bus . The valve body is the hydraulic control center that receives pressurized fluid from the main pump operated by the fluid coupling / torque converter . The pressure coming from this pump is regulated and used to run a network of spring - loaded valves , check balls and servo pistons . The valves use the pump pressure and the pressure from a centrifugal governor on the output side ( as well as hydraulic signals from the range selector valves and the throttle valve or modulator ) to control which ratio is selected on the gearset ; as the vehicle and engine change speed , the difference between the pressures changes , causing different sets of valves to open and close . The hydraulic pressure controlled by these valves drives the various clutch and brake band actuators , thereby controlling the operation of the planetary gearset to select the optimum gear ratio for the current operating conditions . However , in many modern automatic transmissions , the valves are controlled by electro - mechanical servos which are controlled by the electronic ( engine control unit ) ( ECU ) or a separate transmission control unit ( TCU , also known as transmission control module ( TCM ) . The hydraulic & lubricating oil , called automatic transmission fluid ( ATF ) , provides lubrication , corrosion prevention , and a hydraulic medium to convey mechanical power ( for the operation of the transmission ) . Primarily made from refined petroleum , and processed to provide properties that promote smooth power transmission and increase service life , the ATF is one of the few parts of the automatic transmission that needs routine service as the vehicle ages . The multitude of parts , along with the complex design of the valve body , originally made hydraulic automatic transmissions much more complicated ( and expensive ) to build and repair than manual transmissions . In most cars ( except US family , luxury , sport - utility vehicle , and minivan models ) they have usually been extra-cost options for this reason . Mass manufacturing and decades of improvement have reduced this cost gap . In some modern cars , computers use sensors on the engine to detect throttle position , vehicle speed , engine speed , engine load , etc. to control the exact shift point . The computer transmits the information via solenoids that redirect the fluid the appropriate clutch or servo to control shifting . Continuously variable transmissions ( edit ) Main article : Continuously variable transmission A fundamentally different type of automatic transmission is the continuously variable transmission , or CVT , which can smoothly and steplessly alter its gear ratio by varying the diameter of a pair of belt or chain - linked pulleys , wheels or cones . Some continuously variable transmissions use a hydrostatic drive -- consisting of a variable displacement pump and a hydraulic motor -- to transmit power without gears . Some early forms , such as the Hall system ( which dates back to 1896 ) , used a fixed displacement pump and a variable displacement motor , and were designed to provide robust variable transmission for early commercial heavy motor vehicles . CVT designs are usually as fuel efficient as manual transmissions in city driving , but early designs lose efficiency as engine speed increases . A slightly different approach to CVT is the concept of toroidal CVT or infinitely variable transmission ( IVT ) . These concepts provide zero and reverse gear ratios . E-CVT ( edit ) Main article : Hybrid Synergy Drive Some hybrid vehicles , notably those of Toyota , Lexus and Ford Motor Company , have an electronically controlled CVT ( E-CVT ) . In this system , the transmission has fixed gears , but the ratio of wheel - speed to engine - speed can be continuously varied by controlling the speed of the third input to a differential using motor - generators . Dual - clutch transmissions ( edit ) Main article : Dual - clutch transmission A dual - clutch transmission , or DCT ( sometimes referred to as a twin - clutch transmission or double - clutch transmission ) , is a modern type of semi-automatic transmission and electrohydraulic manual transmission . It uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets . It can fundamentally be described as two separate manual transmissions ( with their respective clutches ) contained within one housing , and working as one unit . They are usually operated in a fully automatic mode , and many also have the ability to allow the driver to manually shift gears in semi-automatic mode , albeit still using the transmission 's electro - hydraulics . Automated manual transmission ( edit ) Also known as semi-automatic transmission ( SAT ) and several other names , this automatic transmission type utilizes a regular clutch and gear setup but automates the action by the use of sensors , actuators , processors , and pneumatics . The AMTs were born out of the need to make automatic cars affordable and fuel efficient . These are very simple and affordable . They 're also not very expensive to repair . Fuel efficiency is their top priority and it rivals that of manual transmissions . AMT is based on an electronic control unit and a hydraulic system that supervise the use of the clutch and the gear shifting , allowing the driver to change gear without using the clutch , either sequentially or fully automatically . Automatic transmission modes ( edit ) Conventionally , in order to select the transmission operating mode , the driver moves a selection lever located either on the steering column or on the floor ( as with a manual on the floor , except that automatic selectors on the floor do not move in the same type of pattern as manual levers do ) . In order to select modes , or to manually select specific gear ratios , the driver must push a button in ( called the shift - lock button ) or pull the handle ( only on column mounted shifters ) out . Some vehicles position selector buttons for each mode on the cockpit instead , freeing up space on the central console . Vehicles conforming to US Government standards must have the modes ordered P-R-N-D-L ( left to right , top to bottom , or clockwise ) . Previously , quadrant - selected automatic transmissions often used a P-N-D-L-R layout , or similar . Such a pattern led to a number of deaths and injuries owing to driver error causing unintentional gear selection , as well as the danger of having a selector ( when worn ) jump into reverse from low gear during engine braking maneuvers . A floor selection lever in a 1992 Ford Escort showing the P-R-N - ( D ) - D-L modes as well as the shift lock button on the top of the lever Depending on the model and make of the transmission , these controls can take several forms . However most include the following : Park ( P ) This selection mechanically locks the output shaft of transmission , restricting the vehicle from moving in any direction . A parking pawl prevents the transmission from rotating , and therefore the vehicle from moving . However , the vehicle 's non-driven wheels are still free to rotate , and the driven wheels may still rotate individually ( because of the differential ) . For this reason , it is recommended to use the hand brake ( parking brake ) because this actually locks ( in most cases ) the wheels and prevents them from moving . It is typical of front - wheel - drive vehicles for the parking brake to lock the rear ( non-driving ) wheels , so use of both the parking brake and the transmission park lock provides the greatest security against unintended movement on slopes . This also increases the life of the transmission and the park pin mechanism , because parking on an incline with the transmission in park without the parking brake engaged will cause undue stress on the parking pin , and may even prevent the pin from releasing . A hand brake should also prevent the car from moving if a worn selector accidentally drops into reverse gear while idling . A car should be allowed to come to a complete stop before setting the transmission into park to prevent damage . Usually , Park ( P ) is one of only two selections in which the car 's engine can be started , the other being Neutral ( N ) . This is typically achieved via a normally open inhibitor switch ( sometimes called a `` neutral safety switch '' ) wired in series with the starter motor engagement circuit , which is closed when P or N is selected , completing the circuit ( when the key is turned to the start position ) . In many modern cars and trucks , the driver must have the foot brake applied before the transmission can be taken out of park . The Park position is omitted on buses / coaches ( and some road tractors ) with automatic transmission ( on which a parking pawl is not practical ) , which must instead be placed in neutral with the air - operated parking brakes set . Reverse ( R ) This engages reverse gear within the transmission , permitting the vehicle to be driven backward , and operates a switch to turn on the white backup lights for improved visibility ( the switch may also activate a beeper on delivery trucks or other large vehicles to audibly warn other drivers and nearby pedestrians of the driver 's reverse movement ) . To select reverse in most transmissions , the driver must come to a complete stop , depress the shift - lock button ( or move the shift lever toward the driver in a column shifter , or move the shifter sideways along a notched channel in a console shifter ) and select reverse . The driver should avoid engaging reverse while the vehicle is moving forwards , and likewise avoid engaging any forward gear while travelling backwards . On transmissions with a torque converter , doing so at very low speed ( walking pace ) is not harmful , but causes unnecessary wear on clutches and bands , and a sudden deceleration that not only is uncomfortable , but also uncontrollable since the brakes and the throttle contribute in the same direction . This sudden acceleration , or jerk , can still be felt when engaging the gear at standstill , but the driver normally suppresses this by holding the brakes . Travelling slowly in the right direction while engaging the gear minimizes the jerk further , which is actually beneficial to the wearing parts of the transmission . Electronically controlled transmissions may behave differently , as engaging a gear at speed is essentially undefined behaviour . Some modern transmissions have a safety mechanism that will resist putting the car in reverse when the vehicle is moving forward ; such a mechanism may consist of a solenoid - controlled physical barrier on either side of the reverse position , electronically engaged by a switch on the brake pedal , so that the brake pedal needs to be depressed in order to allow the selection of reverse . Some electronic transmissions prevent or delay engagement of reverse gear altogether while the car is moving . Some shifters with a shift button allow the driver to freely move the shifter from R to N or D without actually depressing the button . However , the driver can not shift back to R without depressing the shift button , to prevent accidental shifting which could damage the transmission , especially at high speeds . Neutral / No gear ( N ) This disengages all gear trains within the transmission , effectively disconnecting the transmission from the driven wheels , allowing the vehicle to coast freely under its own weight and gain momentum without the motive force from the engine . Coasting in idle down long grades ( where law permits ) should be avoided , though , with many transmission designs as the transmission 's lubrication pump is commonly driven by the input ( engine ) side , which may not provide sufficient fluid flow at engine idle speed for high - speed travel . Similarly , emergency towing ( with the driven wheels of the disabled and non-running vehicle on the ground ) with an automatic transmission in neutral is not permitted by the manufacturer for many vehicles . Manufacturers understand emergency situations and list limitations of towing a vehicle in neutral ( usually not to exceed 55 mph and 50 miles ) . This is the only other selection in which the vehicle 's engine may be started . Drive ( D ) This position allows the transmission to engage the full range of available forward gear ratios , allowing the vehicle to move forward and accelerate through its range of gears . The number of gear ratios within the transmission depends on the model , but three was initially predominant . In the 1990s four and five speeds became common . Six - speed automatic transmissions were probably the most common offering in cars and trucks from about 2010 , and were still common ( especially in older or less expensive models of vehicles ) in 2017 . However , seven - speed automatics had become available in some high - performance production luxury cars ( found in Mercedes 7G gearbox , Infiniti ) , as are eight - speed autos in models from 2006 introduced by Aisin Seiki Co. in Lexus , ZF , Hyundai Motor Company and General Motors . From 2013 are available nine speeds transmissions produced by ZF and Mercedes 9G . In the 2017 model year Ford and General Motors introduced a 10 - speed transmission . Overdrive ( 'D ' , ' OD ' , or a boxed ( D ) or the absence of an illuminated ' O / D OFF ' ) This mode is used in some transmissions to allow early computer - controlled transmissions to engage the automatic overdrive . In these transmissions , Drive ( D ) locks the automatic overdrive off , but is identical otherwise . OD ( Overdrive ) in these cars is engaged under steady speeds or low acceleration at approximately 35 -- 45 mph ( 56 -- 72 km / h ) . Under hard acceleration or below 35 -- 45 mph ( 56 -- 72 km / h ) , the transmission will automatically downshift . Other vehicles with this selector ( for example light trucks ) will not only disable up - shift to the overdrive gear , but keep the remaining gears available for use of engine braking . Drivers should verify the behaviour of this switch and consider the benefits of reduced friction brake use when city driving where speeds typically do not necessitate the overdrive gear . Most automatic transmissions include some means of forcing a downshift ( Throttle kickdown ) into the lowest possible gear ratio if the throttle pedal is fully depressed . In many older designs , kickdown is accomplished by mechanically actuating a valve inside the transmission . Most modern designs use a solenoid - operated valve that is triggered by a switch on the throttle linkage or by the engine control unit ( ECU ) in response to an abrupt increase in engine power . Mode selection allows the driver to choose between preset shifting programs . For example , Economy mode saves fuel by upshifting at lower engine speeds , while Sport mode ( aka `` Power '' or `` Performance '' ) delays upshifting for maximum acceleration . Some transmission units also have Winter mode , where higher gear ratios are chosen to keep revs as low as possible while on slippery surfaces . The modes also change how the computer responds to throttle input . Conventionally , automatic transmissions have selector positions that allow the driver to limit the maximum ratio that the transmission may engage . On older transmissions , this was accomplished by a mechanical lockout in the transmission valve body preventing an upshift until the lockout was disengaged ; on computer - controlled transmissions , the same effect is accomplished by firmware . The transmission can still upshift and downshift automatically between the remaining ratios : for example , in the 3 range , a transmission could shift from first to second to third , but not into fourth or higher ratios . Some transmissions will still upshift automatically into the higher ratio if the engine reaches its maximum permissible speed in the selected range . Third ( 3 ) This mode limits the transmission to the first three gear ratios , or sometimes locks the transmission in third gear . This can be used to climb or going down hill . Some vehicles will automatically shift up out of third gear in this mode if a certain revolutions per minute ( RPM ) range is reached in order to prevent engine damage . This gear is also recommended while towing a trailer . Second ( 2 or S ) This mode limits the transmission to the first two gear ratios , or locks the transmission in second gear on Ford , Kia , and Honda models . This can be used to drive in adverse conditions such as snow and ice , as well as climbing or going down hills in winter . It is usually recommended to use second gear for starting on snow and ice , and use of this position enables this with an automatic transmission . Some vehicles will automatically shift up out of second gear in this mode if a certain RPM range is reached in order to prevent engine damage . Although traditionally considered second gear , there are other names used . Chrysler models with a three - speed automatic since the late 1980s have called this gear 3 while using the traditional names for Drive and Low . Oldsmobile has called second gear as the ' Super ' range -- which was first used on their 4 - speed Hydramatic transmissions , although the use of this term continued until the early 1980s when GM 's Turbo Hydramatic automatic transmissions were standardized by all of their divisions years after the 4 - speed Hydramatic was discontinued . Some automatics , particularly those fitted to larger capacity or high torque engines , either when `` 2 '' is manually selected , or by engaging a winter mode , will start off in second gear instead of first , and then not shift into a higher gear until returned to `` D . '' Also note that as with most American automatic transmissions , selecting `` 2 '' using the selection lever will not tell the transmission to be in only 2nd gear ; rather , it will simply limit the transmission to 2nd gear after prolonging the duration of 1st gear through higher speeds than normal operation . The 2000 -- 2002 Lincoln LS V8 ( the five - speed automatic without manumatic capabilities , as opposed to the optional sport package w / manu - matic 5 - speed ) started in 2nd gear during most starts both in winter and other seasons by selecting the `` D5 '' transmission selection notch in the shiftgate ( for fuel savings ) , whereas `` D4 '' would always start in 1st gear . This is done to reduce torque multiplication when proceeding forward from a standstill in conditions where traction was limited -- on snow - or ice - covered roads , for example . First ( 1 or L ( Low ) ) This mode locks the transmission in first gear only . In older vehicles , it will not change to any other gear range . Some vehicles will automatically shift up out of first gear in this mode if a certain RPM range is reached in order to prevent engine damage . This , like second , can be used during the winter season , for towing , or for downhill driving to increase the engine braking effect . The `` Austin Mini '' automatic transmission is different in this respect - This mode locks the transmission in first gear , but the gearbox has a freewheel on the overrun . Closing the throttle after acceleration results in the vehicle continuing at the same speed and only slowing down due to friction and wind resistance . During this time , the engine RPM will drop back to idle until the throttle is pressed again . What this means is that in `` First '' , engine braking is not available and `` 2 '' is the lowest gear that should be used whilst descending hills . The Mini 's ( and the 1100 / 1300 's ) 4 - speed Automatic transmission was unusual in that it allowed manual selection of all forward gears , enabling the driver to `` take off '' from a standstill in any of the four ratios . It also provided no `` Park '' position . One type of manumatic shifting system available on automatic transmissions are paddle shifters . The paddle depicted here is the upshift paddle in a 2013 Honda Accord , with the driver 's hand on it . Manumatics and paddle shifters may control any type of automatic transmission , including the continuously variable transmission in the Accord . Manual controls ( edit ) An electronic shift selector on a Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star bus equipped with an Allison automatic transmission Some transmissions have a mode in which the driver has full control of ratios change ( either by moving the selector , or through the use of buttons or paddles ) , completely overriding the automated function of the hydraulic controller . Such control is particularly useful in cornering , to avoid unwanted upshifts or downshifts that could compromise the vehicle 's balance or traction . `` Manumatic '' shifters , first popularized by Porsche in the 1990s under the trade name Tiptronic , have become a popular option on sports cars and other performance vehicles . With the near - universal prevalence of electronically controlled transmissions , they are comparatively simple and inexpensive , requiring only software changes , and the provision of the actual manual controls for the driver . The amount of true manual control provided is highly variable : some systems will override the driver 's selections under certain conditions , generally in the interest of preventing engine damage . Since these gearboxes also have a throttle kickdown switch , it is impossible to fully exploit the engine power at low to medium engine speeds . Manufacturer - specific modes ( edit ) As well as the above modes there are other modes , dependent on the manufacturer and model . Some examples include : D5 In Hondas and Acuras equipped with five - speed automatic transmissions , this mode is used commonly for highway use ( as stated in the manual ) , and uses all five forward gear ratios . D4 This mode is also found in Honda and Acura four or five - speed automatics , and only uses the first four gear ratios . According to the manual , it is used for stop - and - go traffic , such as city driving . D3 or 3 This mode is found in Honda , Acura , Volkswagen and Pontiac four - speed automatics and only uses the first three gear ratios . According to the manual , it is used for stop - and - go traffic , such as city driving . D2 and D1 These modes are found on older Ford transmissions ( C6 , etc . ) . In D1 , all three gears are used , whereas in D2 the car starts in second gear and upshifts to third . S or Sport This is commonly described as Sport mode . It operates in an identical manner as `` D '' mode , except that the upshifts change much higher up the engine 's rev range . This has the effect on maximising all the available engine output , and therefore enhances the performance of the vehicle , particularly during acceleration . This mode will also downchange much higher up the rev range compared to `` D '' mode , maximising the effects of engine braking . This mode will have a detrimental effect on fuel economy . Hyundai has a Norm / Power switch next to the gearshift for this purpose on the Tiburon . Some early GMs equipped with HYDRA - MATIC transmissions used ( S ) to indicate Second gear , being the same as the 2 position on a Chrysler , shifting between only first and second gears . This would have been recommended for use on steep grades , or slippery roads like dirt , or ice , and limited to speeds under 40 mph . ( L ) was used in some early GMs to indicate ( L ) ow gear , being the same as the 1 position on a Chrysler , locking the transmission into first gear . This would have been recommended for use on steep grades , or slippery roads like dirt , or ice , and limited to speeds under 15 mph . + − , and M This is for the Manual mode selection of gears in certain automatics , such as Porsche and Honda 's Tiptronic and BMW and Kia 's Steptronic . The M feature can also be found in vehicles such as the Dodge Magnum and Journey ; Pontiac G6 ; Mazda3 , Mazda6 , and CX - 7 ; Toyota Camry , Corolla , Fortuner , Previa and Innova ; Kia Forte ( K3 / Cerato ) , Optima ( K5 ) , Cadenza ( K7 ) and K9 ( Quoris ) . Mitsubishi montero sport / pajero sport and some Audi models ( Audi TT ) do not have the M , and instead have the + and - , which is separated from the rest of the shift modes ; the same is true for some Peugeot products like the Peugeot 206 . Meanwhile , the driver can shift up and down at will by toggling the ( console mounted ) shift lever similar to a semi-automatic transmission . This mode may be engaged either through a selector / position or by actually changing the gears ( e.g. , tipping the gear - down paddles mounted near the driver 's fingers on the steering wheel ) . Winter ( W ) In some Volvo , Mercedes - Benz , BMW and General Motors models , a winter mode can be engaged so that second gear is selected instead of first when pulling away from stationary , to reduce the likelihood of loss of traction due to wheel spin on snow or ice . On GM cars , this was D2 in the 1950s , Second Gear Start after 1990 , and Snow / Ice mode in the 2010s . On Ford , Kia , and Honda automatics , this feature can be accessed by moving the gear selector to 2 to start , then taking one 's foot off the accelerator while selecting D once the vehicle is moving . Brake ( B ) A mode selectable on some Toyota models , as well as electric cars from several manufacturers . It can be used to decelerate , or maintain speed going downhill , without using the conventional brakes . In non-hybrid cars , B mode selects a lower gear to increase engine braking . GM called this `` HR '' ( `` hill retarder '' ) and `` GR '' ( `` grade retarder '' ) in the 1950s . In hybrids such as the Toyota Prius , which have a fixed gear ratio , B mode slows the car in part by increasing engine air intake , which enhances engine braking . In electric cars such as the Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi i - MiEV , B mode increases the level of regenerative braking when the accelerator pedal is released . Some automatic transmissions modified or designed specifically for drag racing may also incorporate a transbrake as part of a manual valve body . Activated by electrical solenoid control , a transbrake simultaneously engages the first and reverse gears , locking the transmission and preventing the input shaft from turning . This allows the driver of the car to raise the engine RPM against the resistance of the torque converter , then launch the car by simply releasing the transbrake switch . Comparison with manual transmission ( edit ) Most cars sold in North America since the 1950s have been available with an automatic transmission , based on the fact that the three major American car manufacturers had started using automatics . Conversely , in Europe a manual gearbox is standard , with only 20 % of drivers opting for an automatic gearbox compared to the United States . In some Asian markets and in Australia , automatic transmissions have become very popular since the 1980s . Vehicles equipped with automatic transmissions are not as complex to drive . Consequently , in some jurisdictions , drivers who have passed their driving test in a vehicle with an automatic transmission will not be licensed to drive a manual transmission vehicle . Conversely , a manual license will allow the driver to drive vehicles with either an automatic or manual transmission . Countries in which such driving license restrictions are applied include some states in Australia , Austria , Botswana , Belgium , Belize , China , Croatia , Denmark , Dominican Republic , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Hong Kong , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Ireland , Israel , Japan , Latvia , Lebanon , Lithuania , Macau , Malaysia , Mauritius , the Netherlands , New Zealand ( restricted licence only ) , Norway , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Romania , Russia ( as of April 2014 ) , Saudi Arabia ( as of March 2012 ) , Singapore , Slovenia , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Trinidad and Tobago , Vietnam , United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom . A conventional manual transmission is frequently the base equipment in a car , with the option being an automated transmission such as a conventional automatic , semi-automatic , or CVT . Effects on vehicle control ( edit ) Cornering ( edit ) Unexpected gear changes can affect the attitude of a vehicle in marginal conditions . Maintaining constant speed ( edit ) Torque converters and CVT transmissions make changes in vehicle speed less apparent by the engine noise , as they decouple the engine speed from vehicle speed . Lockup torque converters that engage and disengage at certain speeds can make these speeds unstable -- the transmission wastes less power above the speed at which the torque converter locks up , usually causing more power to the wheels for the same throttle input . Controlling wheelspin ( edit ) Torque converters respond quickly to loss of traction ( torque ) by an increased speed of the driving wheels for the same engine speed . Thus , under most conditions , where the static friction is higher than the kinetic friction , the engine speed must be brought down to counteract wheelspin when it has occurred , requiring a stronger or quicker throttle reduction by the driver than with a manual transmission , making wheelspin harder to control . This is most apparent in driving conditions with much higher static friction than kinetic , such as packed hard snow ( that turns to ice by friction work ) , or snow on top of ice . Climbing steep slippery slopes ( edit ) In situations where a driver with a manual transmission ca n't afford to change gear , in fear of losing too much speed to reach a hilltop , automatic transmissions are at a great advantage -- whereas driving a manual car depends on finding a gear that is not too low to enter the bottom of the hill at the necessary speed , but not too high to stall the engine at the top of the hill , sometimes an impossible task , this is not an issue with automatic transmissions , not just because gearshifts are quick , but they typically maintain some power on the driving wheels during the gear change . Energy efficiency ( edit ) Earlier hydraulic automatic transmissions were almost always less energy efficient than manual transmissions due mainly to viscous and pumping losses ( parasitic losses ) , both in the torque converter and the hydraulic actuators. 21 % is the loss on a 3 - speed Chrysler Torqueflite compared to a modern GM 6L80 automatic . A relatively small amount of energy is required to pressurise the hydraulic control system , which uses fluid pressure to determine the correct shifting patterns and operate the various automatic clutch mechanisms . However , with technological developments some modern continuously variable transmissions are more fuel efficient than their manual counterparts and modern 8 - speed automatics are within 5 % as efficient as a manual gearbox . Manual transmissions use a mechanical clutch to transmit torque , rather than a torque converter , thus avoiding the primary source of loss in an automatic transmission . Manual transmissions also avoid the power requirement of the hydraulic control system , by relying on the human muscle power of the vehicle operator to disengage the clutch and actuate the gear levers , and the mental power of the operator to make appropriate gear ratio selections . Thus the manual transmission requires very little engine power to function , with the main power consumption due to drag from the gear train being immersed in the lubricating oil of the gearbox . The on - road acceleration of an automatic transmission can occasionally exceed that of an otherwise identical vehicle equipped with a manual transmission in turbocharged diesel applications . Turbo - boost is normally lost between gear changes in a manual whereas in an automatic the accelerator pedal can remain fully depressed . This however , is still largely dependent upon the number and optimal spacing of gear ratios for each unit , and whether or not the elimination of spooldown / accelerator lift off represent a significant enough gain to counter the slightly higher power consumption of the automatic transmission itself . Automatic transmission models ( edit ) Some of the best known automatic transmission families include : General Motors : Dynaflow , Powerglide , Turboglide , Hydra - Matic , Dual Range Hydra - Matic , Jetaway Hydra - Matic , Whirlaway Hydra - Matic , Roto Hydra Matic , `` Turbo - Hydramatic '' TH350 , TH400 and 700R4 , 4L60 - E , 4L80 - E. Holden : Powerglide , Trimatic . Ford : Ford - O - Matic , Cruise - O - Matic , C4 , CD4E , C6 , AOD / AODE , E4OD , ATX , AXOD / AX4S / AX4N. Mercury : Merc - O - Matic , Multi Drive Merc - O - Matic . Lincoln : Turbo Drive . Edsel : TeleTouch Drive , Mile - O - Matic . Packard : UltraMatic Drive , Twin UltraMatic Drive Studebaker : Automatic Drive Cummins : 68 RFE ( fitted to the Ram diesel segment ) Chrysler : PowerFlite , TorqueFlite LoadFlyte ( for Trucks ) , TorqueCommand ( when used in AMC cars starting in 1972 ) 727 and 904 , A500 , A518 , 45RFE , 545RFE BorgWarner : Flight - O - Matic , Flash - O - Matic , ( later Aisin AW ) ZF Friedrichshafen automatic transmissions Mercedes - Benz transmissions : The Automatic transmission name is G - Tronic with a number before the g meaning the number of gears the transmission has . Allison Transmission Voith Turbo Aisin AW : Aisin AW is a Japanese automotive parts supplier , known for its automatic transmissions and navigation systems Toyota : Toyota has two main transmission families . The A transmission family built by Aisin - Warner which consists of the Axx , A1xx , A2xx , A3xx , A4xx , A5xx , A6xx , A7xx , A8xx , A9xx , AAxx and ABxx , and the U transmission family which consists of the U1xx , U2xx , U3xx , U6xx , U7xx , U8xx and UAxx . Honda Nissan / Jatco Volkswagen Group : 01M Drivetrain Systems International ( DSI ) : M93 , M97 and M74 4 - speeds , M78 and M79 6 - speeds Hyundai Powertech : 4F12 , 4F16 , 4F23 4 - Speeds , 5F25 , 5F16 , 5F23 5 - Speeds , 6F17 , 6F26 , 6F40 6 - Speeds , 8R40 , 8R50 8 - Speeds , Mini Cooper -- Automatic or manual transmission , all models Automatic transmission families are usually based on Ravigneaux , Lepelletier , or Simpson planetary gearsets . Each uses some arrangement of one or two central sun gears , and a ring gear , with differing arrangements of planet gears that surround the sun and mesh with the ring . An exception to this is the Hondamatic line from Honda , which uses sliding gears on parallel axes like a manual transmission without any planetary gearsets . Although the Honda is quite different from all other automatics , it is also quite different from an automated manual transmission ( AMT ) . Many of the above AMTs exist in modified states , which were created by racing enthusiasts and their mechanics by systematically re-engineering the transmission to achieve higher levels of performance . These are known as `` performance transmissions '' . Example of manufacturers of high performance transmissions are General Motors and Ford . See also ( edit ) Adapted automobile AMC and Jeep transmissions Audi multitronic Automatic manual transmission Dual - clutch transmission Ford Cruise - O - Matic and FMX Hele - Shaw clutch Hydraulics Multimode manual transmission Park by wire Semi-automatic transmission Shift by wire Torque converter Variable force solenoid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warwick , Alan . `` Who Invented the Automatic Gearbox '' . North West Transmissions Ltd . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Co , Brent . `` Of fluids and automatic transmissions '' . Autoindustrya.com . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Boston , William , Merger creates auto - parts colossus , Wall Street Journal , September 16 , 2014 , p. B1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Wilson - Pilcher Petrol Cars '' . The Automotor Journal . 16 April 1904 . pp. 463 -- 468 , also pp. 492 - 496 , and pp. 519 - 521 . Jump up ^ Almost Burned Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tan , Paul . `` New 7 - speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT MCT debuts '' . Paultan.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` How does the AT work ? '' . AW North Carolina , Inc . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tracy , David . `` This is how an automatic transmission works '' . Jalopnik . Gawker Media . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ofria , Charles . `` A short course on automatic transmissions '' . CarParts.com . JC Whitney . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hydraulic Variable Transmission Mechanism , John Willam Hall , GB Patents , No 7479 ( 1896 ) , No 22406 ( 1901 ) , No 442 ( 1903 ) and No 4148 ( 1907 ) Jump up ^ `` The Hall Hydraulic Variable Speed - Gear - Part 1 '' , Automotor Journal , June 25th , 1904 , pp773 - 777 Jump up ^ `` CVT Speed and Efficiency Relation '' ( PDF ) . UC Davis . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Automatic Transmission Types Explained '' . Car From Japan . 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Types Of Automatic Transmission : What 's The Best ? - '' . Motoring Junction. 2016 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AMT ( Automated Manual Transmission ) '' . www.magnetimarelli.com . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ fmcsa.dot.gov Archived July 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . standards Jump up ^ `` PRNDL -- why mess with it ? '' . Toronto Star , Jim Kenzie Nov. 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ . `` Reverse Gear Definition of Reverse Gear by Merriam - Webster '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` B - mode made clearer '' . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Snyder , John Beltz ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) . `` 2015 Nissan Leaf gets B mode standard , new MorningSky Blue color '' . AutoBlog . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hall , Larry E. ( 2012 - 07 - 13 ) . `` 2012 Mitsubishi iMiEV Review '' . Hybrid Cars . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nearly 80 % Of Passenger Cars Are Sold With Manual Transmission In Europe '' . Prlog.org. 2006 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Transmission Technologies '' . fueleconomy.gov/ . U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan shows us its new and improved Continuously Variable Transmission - Finally , A CVT That Does n't Suck '' . autoblog.com/ . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Powertech '' . Web.archive.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Further reading ( edit ) Thomas W Birch ( 2012 ) . Automatic transmissions and transaxles . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Pearson Education . ISBN 9780132622271 . External links ( edit ) Munro 's original Canadian Patent How Automatic Transmissions Work on HowStuffWorks How To Drive a Car with Automatic Transmission The death of an automatic transmission US5370589 Lepelletier 's concept is shown on this patent `` What Makes Automatic Transmission Automatic . '' Popular Mechanics , February 1955 , pp. 169 -- 173 , the basics in simple terms with drawings . Powertrain Part of the Automobile series Automotive engine Diesel engine Electric Fuel cell Hybrid ( Plug - in hybrid ) Internal combustion engine Petrol engine Steam engine Transmission Automatic transmission Chain drive Clutch Constant - velocity joint Continuously variable transmission Coupling Differential Direct - shift gearbox Drive shaft Dual - clutch transmission Drive wheel Electrohydraulic manual transmission Electrorheological clutch Epicyclic gearing Fluid coupling Friction drive Gear stick Giubo Hotchkiss drive Limited - slip differential Locking differential Manual transmission Manumatic Parking pawl Park by wire Preselector gearbox Semi-automatic transmission Shift by wire Torque converter Transaxle Transmission control unit Universal joint Wheels and Tires Wheel hub assembly Wheel Rim Alloy wheel Hubcap Tire Tubeless Radial Rain Snow Racing slick Off - road Run - flat Spare Hybrid Electric motor Hybrid vehicle drivetrain Electric generator Alternator Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_transmission&oldid=862352921 '' Categories : Automotive transmission technologies Automobile transmissions Mechanical power control American inventions Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 21 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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-1309625403251019122	General Insurance Corporation of India	General insurance Corporation of India - Wikipedia General insurance Corporation of India Jump to : navigation , search General Insurance Corporation of India ( GIC Re ) `` To be a leading global reinsurance and risk solution provider '' Type Public - sector undertaking Traded as BSE : 540755 NSE : GICRE Industry Insurance Founded 22 November 1972 ( 1972 - 11 - 22 ) Headquarters Mumbai , India Number of locations Dubai , Kuala Lumpur , London , Moscow Area served Worldwide Key people Alice Vaidyan , Chairman cum Managing Director ( CMD ) Services Reinsurance Revenue ₹ 184.36 billion ( US $2.9 billion ) ( 2015 - 16 ) Net income ₹ 28.48 billion ( US $440 million ) ( 2015 - 16 ) AUM ₹ 795.54 billion ( US $12 billion ) ( 2015 - 16 ) Owner Government of India Subsidiaries GIC Re South Africa Ltd ( Wholly owned ) Website www.gicofindia.com GIC of India ( GIC Re ) was the sole reinsurance company in the Indian insurance market with over four decades of experience until the insurance market was open to foreign reinsurance players by late 2016 including companies from Germany , Switzerland and France . GIC Re has its registered office and headquarters in Mumbai . History ( edit ) The entire general insurance business in India was nationalized by the Government of India ( GOI ) through the General Insurance Business ( Nationalization ) Act ( GIBNA ) of 1972 . 55 Indian insurance companies and 52 other general insurance operations of other companies were nationalized . The General Insurance Corporation of India ( GIC ) was formed in pursuance of Section 9 ( 1 ) of GIBNA . It was incorporated on 22 November 1972 under the Companies Act , 1956 as a private company limited by shares . GIC was formed to control and operate the business of general insurance in India . The GOI transferred all the assets and operations of the nationalized general insurance companies to GIC and other public - sector insurance companies . After a process of mergers and consolidation , GIC was re-organized with four fully owned subsidiary companies : National Insurance Company Limited , New India Assurance Company Limited , Oriental Insurance Company Limited and United India Insurance Company . GIC and its subsidiaries had a monopoly on the general insurance business in India until the landmark Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act ( IRDA Act ) of 1999 came into effect on 19 April 2000 . This act also amended the GIBNA Act and Insurance Act of 1938 . The act along with the amendments ended the monopoly of GIC and its subsidiaries and liberalized the insurance business in India . In November 2000 , GIC was notified as India 's Re insurer , but its supervisory role over its subsidiaries was ended . This was followed by the General Insurance Business ( Nationalization ) Amendment Act of 2002 . Coming into effect from 21 March 2003 , this amendment ended GIC 's role as a holding company of its subsidiaries . The ownership of the subsidiaries was transferred to the Government of India . As a result of these reforms , GIC became the sole Re-Insurer in India , and is now called GIC Re . Indian insurance companies are required by law to cede 5 % of every policy value to GIC Re w.e.f. 1 April 2013 , subject to some limitations and exceptions . GIC Re has diversified its operations and is now emerging as an important Re-Insurer in SAARC countries , Southeast Asia , Middle East and Africa , Europe and America . As an Indian Reinsurer with global footprint GIC Re has expanded its international operations through branches in London , Moscow , Dubai and Kuala Lumpur and is further planning to establish offices in key regions . As of 2012 GIC Re ranked 14th largest Re insurer and 4th largest Aviation Re insurer in the world ( S&P Ratings ) . GIC Re has a rating of A - ( Excellent ) from A.M. Best for its financial strength . As of 2014 GIC Re has been assigned National Scale ' AAA ' Reliability Rating And Global Scale ' iA - ' Credit Rating by Russian National Rating Agency ( NRA ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://gicofindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=137&Itemid=352&lang=en Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . General Insurance Corporation of India . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.livemint.com/Companies/AFZtqzP1xWXq6fOYPLXYwI/GIC-Re-records-a-net-profit-of-Rs2848-crore.html Jump up ^ http://gicofindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=243:a-m-best-affirms-ratings-of-general-insurance-corporation-of-india-gic-re&catid=19&Itemid=471&lang=en External links ( edit ) General Insurance Corporation of India Ltd . Official Website Insurance in India Companies Agriculture Agriculture Insurance Company of India General Bajaj Allianz Cholamandalam MS General Insurance Corporation of India HDFC ERGO ICICI Lombard National Insurance New India Assurance Oriental Insurance Reliance TATA AIG United India Shriram General Insurance Co . LTd . Health Apollo Munich Employees ' State Insurance ( ESI ) Max Bupa Star Health Life Aviva India AEGON Religare Bajaj Allianz Birla Sun Life Exide Life Insurance ( Previously ING Vyas Life India ) HDFC Life ICICI Prudential Life Insurance IDBI Federal Life Insurance IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company LIC Max Life Peerless Group PNB Met Life Reliance SBI Life Sun Life Financial Shriram Life Insurance Co. Ltd . Reinsurance GIC - Re Insurance Repository CDSL NSDL Other Insurance Repository in India CISR Insurance Institute of India Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority ( IRDA ) Policybazaar India Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Insurance_Corporation_of_India&oldid=809543700 '' Categories : Financial services companies based in Mumbai General insurance companies of India Companies established in 1972 Government - owned insurance companies of India Companies nationalised by the Government of India Indian brands Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use Indian English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	functions of general insurance corporation of india (gic)	[]	[]
-7575902397783513884	Hickory Dickory Dock	Hickory dickory Dock - wikipedia Hickory dickory Dock For other uses , see Hickory Dickory Dock ( disambiguation ) . `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' Illustration by William Wallace Denslow , from a 1901 Mother Goose collection Nursery rhyme Published c. 1744 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' or `` Hickety Dickety Dock '' is a popular English nursery rhyme . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6489 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Origins and meaning 3 See also 4 Notes Lyrics ( edit ) Hickety Dickety Dock , illustrated by Denslow The most common modern version is : Hickory , dickory , dock . The mouse ran up the clock . The clock struck one , The mouse ran down , Hickory , dickory , dock . Other variants include `` down the mouse ran '' or `` down the mouse run '' or `` and down he ran '' or `` and down he run '' in place of `` the mouse ran down '' . Origins and meaning ( edit ) The earliest recorded version of the rhyme is in Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book , published in London in about 1744 , which uses the opening line : ' Hickere , Dickere Dock ' . The next recorded version in Mother Goose 's Melody ( c. 1765 ) , uses ' Dickery , Dickery Dock ' . The rhyme is thought by some commentators to have originated as a counting - out rhyme . Westmorland shepherds in the nineteenth century used the numbers Hevera ( 8 ) , Devera ( 9 ) and Dick ( 10 ) . The rhyme is thought to have been based on the astronomical clock at Exeter Cathedral . The clock has a small hole in the door below the face for the resident cat to hunt mice . See also ( edit ) Yan Tan Tethera Chiastic structure Notes ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hickory Dickory Dock ^ Jump up to : Opie , I. ; Opie , P. ( 1997 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ The American Mercury , Volume 77 , p. 105 Jump up ^ `` Mother Goose 's chimes , rhymes & melodies '' . H.B. Ashmead . c. 1861 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Cathedral Cats . Richard Surman . HarperCollins. 2004 hide Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hickory_Dickory_Dock&oldid=831961121 '' Categories : 1744 songs English books English children 's songs Songs about mice and rats Fictional mice and rats English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Songwriter unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 01 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	hickory dickory dock the snake ran up the clock who's wrong	[]	[]
6501968927738223960	German Empire	German Empire - wikipedia German Empire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the German nation - state existing from 1871 to 1918 . For other uses , see German Empire ( disambiguation ) . German Empire Deutsches Reich 1871 -- 1918 Flag Coat of arms Motto Gott mit uns `` God with us '' Anthem Heil dir im Siegerkranz ( official , imperial ) `` Hail to Thee in the Victor 's Crown '' Deutschlandlied ( unofficial , popular ) `` Song of the Germans '' Die Wacht am Rhein ( unofficial ) `` The Watch on the Rhine '' Germany on the eve of World War I States of the German Empire ( Kingdom of Prussia shown in blue ) Capital Berlin 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 24 ′ E / 52.517 ° N 13.400 ° E / 52.517 ; 13.400 Coordinates : 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 24 ′ E / 52.517 ° N 13.400 ° E / 52.517 ; 13.400 Languages Official : German Unofficial : Danish , French , Polish , Czech , Dutch , Sorbian , Low German , Frisian , Lithuanian Religion Whitaker 's data for 1890 Majority : 62.8 % Protestant ( Lutheran , Reformed , United ) Minorities : 35.8 % Roman Catholic , 1.1 % Jewish Government Federal semi-constitutional monarchy ( until August 1916 ) Federal semi-constitutional monarchy under a military dictatorship ( August 1916 to October 1918 ) Federal parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy under a military dictatorship ( October 1918 to November 1918 ) Emperor 1871 -- 1888 Wilhelm I 1888 Frederick III 1888 -- 1918 Wilhelm II Chancellor 1871 -- 1890 Otto von Bismarck ( first ) 1918 Max von Baden ( last ) Legislature Reichstag Federal Council Bundesrat Historical era New Imperialism / First World War Unification 1 January 1871 Constitution adopted 1 January 1871 ; 16 April 1871 First World War 28 July 1914 German Revolution 3 November 1918 Armistice declared 11 November 1918 Abdication of Wilhelm II 28 November 1918 Treaty of Versailles 28 June 1919 Area 1900 540,857.54 km ( 208,826.26 sq mi ) Population 1871 est . 40,050,792 1900 est . 52,279,915 Density 97 / km ( 250 / sq mi ) 1910 est . 64,925,993 Currency Vereinsthaler , South German gulden , Bremen thaler , Hamburg mark , French franc , ( until 1873 , together ) German gold mark , ( 1873 -- 1914 ) German Papiermark ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Preceded by Succeeded by North German Confederation Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Württemberg Grand Duchy of Baden Grand Duchy of Hesse Weimar Republic Second Polish Republic Saar Basin Free City of Danzig Republic of Lithuania First Czechoslovak Republic Today part of Germany Poland France Denmark Russia Belgium Lithuania Czech Republic Netherlands Area and population not including colonial possessions Area source : Population source : The German Empire ( German : Deutsches Kaiserreich , officially Deutsches Reich ) , also known as Imperial Germany , was the German nation state that existed from the Unification of Germany in 1871 until the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918 . It was founded in 1871 when the south German states joined the North German Confederation . On January 1 , 1871 , the new constitution came into force that changed the name of the federal state and introduced the title of emperor for Wilhelm I , King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty . Berlin remained its capital . Otto von Bismarck remained Chancellor , the head of government . As these events occurred , the Prussian - led North German Confederation and its southern German allies were still engaged in the Franco - Prussian War . Germany continued to exclude Austria , and as such , represented the so - called Lesser German solution ( Kleindeutsche Lösung ) . On 25 December 1870 it had resigned its remaining rights of the Peace of Prague about the situation in Southern Germany . The German Empire consisted of 26 states , most of them ruled by noble families . They included four kingdoms , six grand duchies , five duchies ( six before 1876 ) , seven principalities , three free Hanseatic cities , and one imperial territory . Although Prussia was one of several kingdoms in the realm , it contained about two thirds of Germany 's population and territory . Prussian dominance was also established constitutionally . After 1850 , the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized , with particular strengths in coal , iron ( and later steel ) , chemicals , and railways . In 1871 , Germany had a population of 41 million people ; by 1913 , this had increased to 68 million . A heavily rural collection of states in 1815 , the now united Germany became predominantly urban . During its 47 years of existence , the German Empire was an industrial , technological , and scientific giant , gaining more Nobel Prizes in science than any other country . By 1900 , Germany was the largest economy in Europe , surpassing the United Kingdom , as well as the second - largest in the world , behind only the United States . From 1867 to 1878 / 9 , Otto von Bismarck 's tenure as Chancellor was marked by relative liberalism , but it became more conservative afterwards . Broad reforms and the Kulturkampf marked his period in the office . Late in Bismarck 's chancellorship and in spite of his personal opposition , Germany became involved in colonialism . Claiming much of the leftover territory that was yet unclaimed in the Scramble for Africa , it managed to build the third - largest colonial empire after the British and the French ones . As a colonial state , it sometimes clashed with other European powers , especially the British Empire . Germany became a great power , boasting a rapidly developing rail network , the world 's strongest army , and a fast - growing industrial base . In less than a decade , its navy became second only to Britain 's Royal Navy . After the removal of Otto von Bismarck by Wilhelm II in 1890 , the Empire embarked on Weltpolitik -- a bellicose new course that ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In addition , Bismarck 's successors were incapable of maintaining their predecessor 's complex , shifting , and overlapping alliances which had kept Germany from being diplomatically isolated . This period was marked by various factors influencing the Emperor 's decisions , which were often perceived as contradictory or unpredictable by the public . In 1879 , the German Empire consolidated the Dual Alliance with Austria - Hungary , followed by the Triple Alliance with Italy in 1882 . It also retained strong diplomatic ties to the Ottoman Empire . When the great crisis of 1914 arrived , Italy left the alliance and the Ottoman Empire formally joined the alliance . In the First World War , German plans to capture Paris quickly in the autumn of 1914 failed . The war on the Western Front became a stalemate . The Allied naval blockade caused severe shortages of food . Germany was repeatedly forced to send troops to bolster Austria - Hungary and Turkey on other fronts . However , Germany had great success on the Eastern Front ; it occupied a large amount of territory to its east following the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . The German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 was designed to strangle the British , but it failed because of the use of a trans - Atlantic convoy system . However , the declaration , along with the Zimmermann Telegram , brought the United States into the war . Meanwhile , German civilians and soldiers had become war - weary and radicalised by the Russian Revolution . The high command under Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff increasingly controlled the country , as they gambled on one last offensive in spring 1918 before the Americans could arrive in force , using large numbers of troops , aeroplanes , and artillery withdrawn from the Eastern Front . This offensive failed , and by October , the German armies were in retreat , Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed , Bulgaria had surrendered , and the German people had lost faith in their political system . After at first attempting to retain control , causing massive uprisings , the Empire collapsed in the November 1918 Revolution with the abdications of the Emperor and all other ruling monarchs . This left a postwar federal republic that generated a devastated and unsatisfied populace , which later led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Foundation 3 Constituent states 3.1 Map and table 3.2 Other maps 4 Language 4.1 1900 census results 4.2 Linguistic maps 5 Religion 6 Bismarck era 6.1 Foreign policy 6.1. 1 Colonies 6.2 Economy 6.2. 1 Industrial power 6.2. 2 Railways 6.2. 3 Industry 6.3 Consolidation 6.4 Social issues 6.4. 1 Kulturkampf 6.4. 2 Social reform 6.4. 2.1 Germanisation 6.4. 3 Antisemitism 6.5 Law 6.6 Constitution 7 Year of three emperors 8 Wilhelmine era 8.1 Bismarck 's resignation 8.2 Domestic affairs 8.3 Foreign affairs 8.4 Middle East 8.5 Europe 9 World War I 9.1 Origins 9.2 Western Front 9.3 Eastern Front 9.4 Colonies 9.5 1918 9.6 Home front 9.7 Revolt and demise 10 Legacy 10.1 Sonderweg 11 Territorial legacy 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 Primary sources 15 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck , the visionary statesman who unified Germany with the help of his skillful political moves and the exploitation of encountered opportunities The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars , after being alluded to in Article 6 of the 1814 Treaty of Paris . German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848 , called Pan-Germanism , to Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck 's pragmatic Realpolitik . Bismarck sought to extend Hohenzollern hegemony throughout the German states ; to do so meant unification of the German states and the exclusion of Prussia 's main German rival , Austria , from the subsequent German empire . He envisioned a conservative , Prussian - dominated Germany . Three wars led to military successes and helped to persuade German people to do this : the Second War of Schleswig against Denmark in 1864 , the Austro - Prussian War in 1866 , and the Franco - Prussian War against France in 1870 -- 71 . The German Confederation ended as a result of the Austro - Prussian War of 1866 between the constituent Confederation entities of the Austrian Empire and its allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia and its allies on the other . The war resulted in the partial replacement of the Confederation in 1867 by a North German Confederation , comprising the 22 states north of the Main . The patriotic fervour generated by the Franco - Prussian War overwhelmed the remaining opposition to a unified Germany ( aside from Austria ) in the four states south of the Main and during November 1870 they joined the North German Confederation by treaty . Foundation ( edit ) Main article : Founding of the German Empire Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches by Anton von Werner ( 1877 ) , depicting the proclamation of Kaiser Wilhelm ( 18 January 1871 , Palace of Versailles ) . Left , on the podium ( in black ) : Crown Prince Frederick ( later Frederick III ) , his father Emperor Wilhelm I , and Frederick I of Baden , proposing a toast to the new emperor . Centre ( in white ) : Otto von Bismarck , first Chancellor of Germany , Helmuth von Moltke the Elder , Prussian Chief of Staff . On 10 December 1870 , the North German Confederation Reichstag renamed the Confederation the `` German Empire '' and gave the title of German Emperor to William I , the King of Prussia , as Bundespräsidium of the Confederation . The new constitution ( Constitution of the German Confederation ) and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871 . During the Siege of Paris on 18 January 1871 , William accepted to be proclaimed Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles . The second German Constitution , adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April , was substantially based upon Bismarck 's North German Constitution . The political system remained the same . The empire had a parliament called the Reichstag , which was elected by universal male suffrage . However , the original constituencies drawn in 1871 were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas . As a result , by the time of the great expansion of German cities in the 1890s and first decade of the 20th century , rural areas were grossly over-represented . Legislation also required the consent of the Bundesrat , the federal council of deputies from the 27 states . Executive power was vested in the emperor , or Kaiser , who was assisted by a chancellor responsible only to him . The emperor was given extensive powers by the constitution . He alone appointed and dismissed the chancellor ( so in practice the emperor ruled the empire through the chancellor ) , was supreme commander - in - chief of the armed forces , and final arbiter of all foreign affairs , and could also disband the Reichstag to call for new elections . Officially , the chancellor was a one - man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs ; in practice , the State Secretaries ( bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance , war , foreign affairs , etc . ) acted as unofficial portfolio ministers . The Reichstag had the power to pass , amend , or reject bills and to initiate legislation . However , as mentioned above , in practice the real power was vested in the emperor , who exercised it through his chancellor . Although nominally a federal empire and league of equals , in practice , the empire was dominated by the largest and most powerful state , Prussia . Prussia stretched across the northern two - thirds of the new Reich and contained three - fifths of its population . The imperial crown was hereditary in the ruling house of Prussia , the House of Hohenzollern . With the exception of 1872 -- 1873 and 1892 -- 1894 , the chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of Prussia . With 17 out of 58 votes in the Bundesrat , Berlin needed only a few votes from the smaller states to exercise effective control . The other states retained their own governments , but had only limited aspects of sovereignty . For example , both postage stamps and currency were issued for the empire as a whole . Coins through one mark were also minted in the name of the empire , while higher - valued pieces were issued by the states . However , these larger gold and silver issues were virtually commemorative coins and had limited circulation . While the states issued their own decorations and some had their own armies , the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control . Those of the larger states , such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony , were coordinated along Prussian principles and would in wartime be controlled by the federal government . The evolution of the German Empire is somewhat in line with parallel developments in Italy , which became a united nation - state a decade earlier . Some key elements of the German Empire 's authoritarian political structure were also the basis for conservative modernization in Imperial Japan under Meiji and the preservation of an authoritarian political structure under the tsars in the Russian Empire . One factor in the social anatomy of these governments was the retention of a very substantial share in political power by the landed elite , the Junkers , resulting from the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the peasants in combination with urban areas . Although authoritarian in many respects , the empire had some democratic features . Besides universal suffrage , it permitted the development of political parties . Bismarck 's intention was to create a constitutional façade which would mask the continuation of authoritarian policies . In the process , he created a system with a serious flaw . There was a significant disparity between the Prussian and German electoral systems . Prussia used a highly restrictive three - class voting system in which the richest third of the population could choose 85 % of the legislature , all but assuring a conservative majority . As mentioned above , the king and ( with two exceptions ) the prime minister of Prussia were also the emperor and chancellor of the empire -- meaning that the same rulers had to seek majorities from legislatures elected from completely different franchises . Universal suffrage was significantly diluted by gross over-representation of rural areas from the 1890s onward . By the turn of the century , the urban - rural population balance was completely reversed from 1871 ; more than two - thirds of the empire 's people lived in cities and towns . Constituent states ( edit ) Main article : List of states of the German Empire See also : List of historic states of Germany Coat of arms and flags of the constituent states in the year 1900 Before unification , German territory was made up of 27 constituent states . These states consisted of kingdoms , grand duchies , duchies , principalities , free Hanseatic cities and one imperial territory . The free cities had a republican form of government on the state level , even though the Empire at large was constituted as a monarchy , and so were most of the states . The Kingdom of Prussia was the largest of the constituent states , covering two - third of the empire 's territory . Several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , and had been de facto sovereign from the mid-1600s onward . Others were created as sovereign states after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . Territories were not necessarily contiguous -- many existed in several parts , as a result of historical acquisitions , or , in several cases , divisions of the ruling families . Some of the initially existing states , in particular Hanover , were abolished and annexed by Prussia as a result of the war of 1866 . Each component of the German Empire sent representatives to the Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) and , via single - member districts , the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . Relations between the Imperial centre and the Empire 's components were somewhat fluid and were developed on an ongoing basis . The extent to which the Emperor could , for example , intervene on occasions of disputed or unclear succession was much debated on occasion -- for example in the inheritance crisis of the Lippe - Detmold . Map and table ( edit ) State Capital Kingdoms ( Königreiche ) Prussia ( Preußen ) Berlin Bavaria ( Bayern ) Munich Saxony ( Sachsen ) Dresden Württemberg Stuttgart Grand Duchies ( Großherzogtümer ) Baden Karlsruhe Hesse ( Hessen ) Darmstadt Mecklenburg - Schwerin Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Neustrelitz Oldenburg Oldenburg Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach ( Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach ) Weimar Duchies ( Herzogtümer ) Anhalt Dessau Brunswick ( Braunschweig ) Braunschweig Saxe - Altenburg ( Sachsen - Altenburg ) Altenburg Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( Sachsen - Coburg und Gotha ) Coburg Saxe - Meiningen ( Sachsen - Meiningen ) Meiningen Principalities ( Fürstentümer ) Lippe Detmold Reuss - Gera ( Junior Line ) Gera Reuss - Greiz ( Elder Line ) Greiz Schaumburg - Lippe Bückeburg Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Sondershausen Waldeck and Pyrmont ( Waldeck und Pyrmont ) Arolsen Free and Hanseatic Cities ( Freie und Hansestädte ) Bremen Hamburg Lübeck Imperial Territories ( Reichsländer ) Alsace - Lorraine ( Elsass - Lothringen ) Straßburg Other maps ( edit ) Administrative map The Empire in 1900 Population density ( c. 1885 ) Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg Colonies in 1914 Imperial territory of Alsace and Lorraine Election constituencies for the Reichstag Reichstag election results , 1912 Fields of Law in the German Empire Different legal systems in Germany prior to 1900 Crime ; convicts in relation to the population 1882 -- 1886 Distribution of Protestants and Catholics in Imperial Germany Distribution of Protestants , Catholics and Jews in Imperial Germany ( Meyers Konversationslexikon ) Distribution of Jews in Imperial Germany Linguistic map of Central Europe , 1906 Detailed 1893 map with cities and larger towns German Army positions 1914 Language ( edit ) Percentage of linguistic minorities of the German Empire in 1900 by Kreis About 92 % of the population spoke German as their first language . The only minority language with a significant number of speakers ( 5.4 % ) was Polish ( a figure that rises to over 6 % when including the related Kashubian and Masurian languages ) . The non-German Germanic languages ( 0.5 % ) , like Danish , Dutch and Frisian , were located in the north and northwest of the empire , near the borders with Denmark , the Netherlands , Belgium , and Luxembourg . Low German was spoken throughout northern Germany and , though linguistically as distinct from High German ( Hochdeutsch ) as from Dutch and English , is considered `` German '' , hence also its name . Danish and Frisian were spoken predominantly in the north of the Prussian province of Schleswig - Holstein and Dutch in the western border areas of Prussia ( Hanover , Westphalia , and the Rhine Province ) . Polish and other Slavic languages ( 6.28 % ) were spoken chiefly in the east . A few ( 0.5 % ) spoke French , especially in the Reichsland Elsass - Lothringen , where French - speakers formed 11.6 % of the total population . 1900 census results ( edit ) Native languages of the citizens of the German Empire ( 1 December 1900 ) Language Count Percentage German 51,883,131 92.05 German and a foreign language 252,918 0.45 Polish 3,086,489 5.48 French 211,679 0.38 Masurian 142,049 0.25 Danish 141,061 0.25 Lithuanian 106,305 0.19 Kashubian 100,213 0.18 Wendish ( Sorbian ) 93,032 0.16 Dutch 80,361 0.14 Italian 65,930 0.12 Moravian ( Czech ) 64,382 0.11 Czech 43,016 0.08 Frisian 20,677 0.04 English 20,217 0.04 Russian 9,617 0.02 Swedish 8,998 0.02 Hungarian 8,158 0.01 Spanish 2,059 0.00 Portuguese 479 0.00 Other foreign languages 14,535 0.03 Imperial citizens on 1 December 1900 56,367,187 100 Linguistic maps ( edit ) Danish Dutch Frisian Polish Czech ( and Moravian ) Masurian Kashubian Sorbian French Walloon Italian Lithuanian non-German Religion ( edit ) Emperor Wilhelm II , who was the Supreme Governor of the Evangelical Church of Prussia 's older Provinces , and Empress Augusta Victoria after the inauguration of the Evangelical Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem ( Reformation Day , 31 October 1898 ) . Generally , religious demographics of the early modern period hardly changed . Still , there were almost entirely Catholic areas ( Lower and Upper Bavaria , northern Westphalia , Upper Silesia , etc . ) and almost entirely Protestant areas ( Schleswig - Holstein , Pomerania , Saxony , etc . ) . Confessional prejudices , especially towards mixed marriages , were still common . Bit by bit , through internal migration , religious blending was more and more common . In eastern territories , confession was almost uniquely perceived to be connected to one 's ethnicity and the equation `` Protestant = German , Catholic = Polish '' was held to be valid . In areas affected by immigration in the Ruhr area and Westphalia , as well as in some large cities , religious landscape changed substantially . This was especially true in largely Catholic areas of Westphalia , which changed through Protestant immigration from the eastern provinces . Politically , the confessional division of Germany had considerable consequences . In Catholic areas , the Centre Party had a big electorate . On the other hand , Social Democrats and Free Trade Unions usually received hardly any votes in the Catholic areas of the Ruhr . This began to change with the secularization arising in the last decades of the German Empire . Religious confessions in the German Empire 1880 Area Protestant Catholic Other Christian Jewish Other Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Prussia 17,633,279 64 , 64 9,206,283 33 , 75 52,225 0 , 19 363,790 1 , 33 23,534 0 , 09 Bavaria 1,477,952 27 , 97 3,748,253 70 , 93 5,017 0 , 09 53,526 1 , 01 30 0 , 00 Saxony 2,886,806 97 , 11 74,333 2 , 50 4,809 0 , 16 6,518 0 , 22 339 0 , 01 Württemberg 1,364,580 69 , 23 590,290 29 , 95 2,817 0 , 14 13,331 0 , 68 100 0 , 01 Baden 547,461 34 , 86 993,109 63 , 25 2,280 0 , 15 27,278 1 , 74 126 0 , 01 Alsace - Lotharingia 305,315 19 , 49 1,218,513 77 , 78 3,053 0 , 19 39,278 2 , 51 511 0 , 03 German Empire 28,331,152 62 , 63 16,232,651 35 , 89 78,031 0 , 17 561,612 1 , 24 30,615 0 , 07 Bismarck era ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Germany Early history ( show ) Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Medieval Germany ( show ) East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period ( show ) Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification ( show ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848 German Empire ( 1849 ) North German Confederation German Reich ( show ) German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Alsace - Lorraine Saar Danzig Memel Austria Sudetenland Nazi Germany Cold War era ( show ) Occupation Ostgebiete Expulsion of Germans West Germany East Germany Saar German reunification Contemporary ( show ) New federal states Reunified Germany By topic ( show ) Timeline Economic history Military history Territorial evolution Berlin Women 's history Names of Germany Germany portal Otto von Bismarck Bismarck 's domestic policies played an important role in forging the authoritarian political culture of the Kaiserreich . Less preoccupied by continental power politics following unification in 1871 , Germany 's semi-parliamentary government carried out a relatively smooth economic and political revolution from above that pushed them along the way towards becoming the world 's leading industrial power of the time . Bismarck 's `` revolutionary conservatism '' was a conservative state - building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans -- not just the Junker elite -- more loyal to throne and empire . According to Kees van Kersbergen and Barbara Vis , his strategy was : granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society , to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter , to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups , and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist forces of liberalism and socialism . He created the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1880s and enacted universal male suffrage in the new German Empire in 1871 . He became a great hero to German conservatives , who erected many monuments to his memory and tried to emulate his policies . Foreign policy ( edit ) Bismarck 's post-1871 foreign policy was conservative and sought to preserve the balance of power in Europe . British historian Eric Hobsbawm concludes that he `` remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871 , ( devoting ) himself exclusively , and successfully , to maintaining peace between the powers '' . His chief concern was that France would plot revenge after its defeat in the Franco - Prussian War . As the French lacked the strength to defeat Germany by themselves , they sought an alliance with Russia , which would trap Germany between the two in a war ( as would ultimately happen in 1914 ) . Bismarck wanted to prevent this at all costs and maintain friendly relations with the Russians , and thereby formed an alliance with them and Austria - Hungary ( which by the 1880s was being slowly reduced to a German satellite ) , the Dreikaiserbund ( League of Three Emperors ) . During this period , individuals within the German military were advocating a preemptive strike against Russia , but Bismarck knew that such ideas were foolhardy . He once wrote that `` the most brilliant victories would not avail against the Russian nation , because of its climate , its desert , and its frugality , and having but one frontier to defend '' , and because it would leave Germany with another bitter , resentful neighbour . Meanwhile , the chancellor remained wary of any foreign policy developments that looked even remotely warlike . In 1886 , he moved to stop an attempted sale of horses to France on the grounds that they might be used for cavalry and also ordered an investigation into large Russian purchases of medicine from a German chemical works . Bismarck stubbornly refused to listen to Georg Herbert zu Munster ( ambassador to France ) , who reported back that the French were not seeking a revanchist war , and in fact were desperate for peace at all costs . Bismarck and most of his contemporaries were conservative - minded and focused their foreign policy attention on Germany 's neighbouring states . In 1914 , 60 % of German foreign investment was in Europe , as opposed to just 5 % of British investment . Most of the money went to developing nations such as Russia that lacked the capital or technical knowledge to industrialize on their own . The construction of the Baghdad Railway , financed by German banks , was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Turkish Empire and the Persian Gulf , but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests . Colonies ( edit ) Main article : German colonial empire A postage stamp from the Carolines Bismarck secured a number of German colonial possessions during the 1880s in Africa and the Pacific , but he never considered an overseas colonial empire valuable ; Germany 's colonies remained badly undeveloped . However they excited the interest of the religious - minded , who supported an extensive network of missionaries . Germans had dreamed of colonial imperialism since 1848 . Bismarck began the process , and by 1884 had acquired German New Guinea . By the 1890s , German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( Kiauchau in China , Tientsin in China , the Marianas , the Caroline Islands , Samoa ) led to frictions with the UK , Russia , Japan , and the US . The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa , where the Herero Wars in what is now Namibia in 1906 -- 07 resulted in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide Economy ( edit ) Further information : Economic history of Germany See also : Urbanization in the German Empire By 1900 , Germany became the largest economy in Europe and the second largest in the world behind the United States . Previously , the United Kingdom held that spot . Germany 's main economic rivals were the United Kingdom and the United States . Throughout its existence , it experienced economic growth and modernization led by heavy industry . In 1871 , it had a largely rural population of 41 million , while by 1913 this had increased to a predominantly urban population of 68 million . Industrial power ( edit ) For 30 years , Germany struggled against Britain to be Europe 's leading industrial power . Representative of Germany 's industry was the steel giant Krupp , whose first factory was built in Essen . By 1902 , the factory alone became `` A great city with its own streets , its own police force , fire department and traffic laws . There are 150 kilometres of rail , 60 different factory buildings , 8,500 machine tools , seven electrical stations , 140 kilometres of underground cable and 46 overhead . '' Under Bismarck , Germany was a world innovator in building the welfare state . German workers enjoyed health , accident and maternity benefits , canteens , changing rooms and a national pension scheme . Railways ( edit ) Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and forged ahead of France . The total length of German railroad tracks expanded from 21,000 kilometers in 1871 to 63,000 kilometres by 1913 , establishing the largest rail network in the world after the United States , and effectively surpassing the 32,000 kilometers of rail that connected Britain in the same year . Krupp Works in Essen , 1890 Industry ( edit ) Industrialisation progressed dynamically in Germany and German manufacturers began to capture domestic markets from British imports , and also to compete with British industry abroad , particularly in the U.S. The German textile and metal industries had by 1870 surpassed those of Britain in organisation and technical efficiency and superseded British manufacturers in the domestic market . Germany became the dominant economic power on the continent and was the second largest exporting nation after Britain . Technological progress during German industrialisation occurred in four waves : the railway wave ( 1877 -- 1886 ) , the dye wave ( 1887 -- 1896 ) , the chemical wave ( 1897 -- 1902 ) , and the wave of electrical engineering ( 1903 -- 1918 ) . Since Germany industrialised later than Britain , it was able to model its factories after those of Britain , thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology . Germany invested more heavily than the British in research , especially in chemistry , motors and electricity . Germany 's dominance in physics and chemistry was such that one - third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers . The German cartel system ( known as Konzerne ) , being significantly concentrated , was able to make more efficient use of capital . Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense . Following Germany 's annexation of Alsace - Lorraine in 1871 , it absorbed parts of what had been France 's industrial base . By 1900 , the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes . The three major firms BASF , Bayer and Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes , along with the five smaller firms . In 1913 , these eight firms produced almost 90 % of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80 % of their production abroad . The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals , photographic film , agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals . Top - level decision - making was in the hands of professional salaried managers ; leading Chandler to call the German dye companies `` the world 's first truly managerial industrial enterprises '' . There were many spinoffs from research -- such as the pharmaceutical industry , which emerged from chemical research . By the start of World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , German industry switched to war production . The heaviest demands were on coal and steel for artillery and shell production , and on chemicals for the synthesis of materials that were subject to import restrictions and for chemical weapons and war supplies . Consolidation ( edit ) The creation of the Empire under Prussian leadership was a victory for the concept of Kleindeutschland ( Smaller Germany ) over the Großdeutschland concept . This meant that Austria - Hungary , a multi-ethnic Empire with a considerable German - speaking population , would remain outside of the German nation state . Bismarck 's policy was to pursue a solution diplomatically . The effective alliance between Germany and Austria played a major role in Germany 's decision to enter World War I in 1914 . Bismarck announced there would be no more territorial additions to Germany in Europe , and his diplomacy after 1871 was focused on stabilizing the European system and preventing any wars . He succeeded , and only after his ouster in 1890 did the diplomatic tensions start rising again . Social issues ( edit ) After achieving formal unification in 1871 , Bismarck devoted much of his attention to the cause of national unity . He opposed conservative Catholic activism and emancipation , especially the powers of the Vatican under Pope Pius IX , and working class radicalism , represented by the emerging Social Democratic Party . Kulturkampf ( edit ) Main article : Kulturkampf See also : Pope Pius IX and Germany Tensions between Germany and the Catholic Church hierarchy are depicted in a chess game between Bismarck and Pope Pius IX . Between Berlin and Rome , Kladderadatsch , 1875 . Prussia in 1871 included 16,000,000 Protestants , both Reformed and Lutheran , and 8,000,000 Catholics . Most people were generally segregated into their own religious worlds , living in rural districts or city neighbourhoods that were overwhelmingly of the same religion , and sending their children to separate public schools where their religion was taught . There was little interaction or intermarriage . On the whole , the Protestants had a higher social status , and the Catholics were more likely to be peasant farmers or unskilled or semiskilled industrial workers . In 1870 , the Catholics formed their own political party , the Centre Party , which generally supported unification and most of Bismarck 's policies . However , Bismarck distrusted parliamentary democracy in general and opposition parties in particular , especially when the Centre Party showed signs of gaining support among dissident elements such as the Polish Catholics in Silesia . A powerful intellectual force of the time was anti-Catholicism , led by the liberal intellectuals who formed a vital part of Bismarck 's coalition . They saw the Catholic Church as a powerful force of reaction and anti-modernity , especially after the proclamation of papal infallibility in 1870 , and the tightening control of the Vatican over the local bishops . The Kulturkampf launched by Bismarck 1871 -- 1880 affected Prussia ; although there were similar movements in Baden and Hesse , the rest of Germany was not affected . According to the new imperial constitution , the states were in charge of religious and educational affairs ; they funded the Protestant and Catholic schools . In July 1871 Bismarck abolished the Catholic section of the Prussian Ministry of ecclesiastical and educational affairs , depriving Catholics of their voice at the highest level . The system of strict government supervision of schools was applied only in Catholic areas ; the Protestant schools were left alone . Much more serious were the May laws of 1873 . One made the appointment of any priest dependent on his attendance at a German university , as opposed to the seminaries that the Catholics typically used . Furthermore , all candidates for the ministry had to pass an examination in German culture before a state board which weeded out intransigent Catholics . Another provision gave the government a veto power over most church activities . A second law abolished the jurisdiction of the Vatican over the Catholic Church in Prussia ; its authority was transferred to a government body controlled by Protestants . Nearly all German bishops , clergy , and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws , and were defiant in the face of heavier and heavier penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck 's government . By 1876 , all the Prussian bishops were imprisoned or in exile , and a third of the Catholic parishes were without a priest . In the face of systematic defiance , the Bismarck government increased the penalties and its attacks , and were challenged in 1875 when a papal encyclical declared the whole ecclesiastical legislation of Prussia was invalid , and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who obeyed . There was no violence , but the Catholics mobilized their support , set up numerous civic organizations , raised money to pay fines , and rallied behind their church and the Centre Party . The `` Old Catholic Church '' , which rejected the First Vatican Council , attracted only a few thousand members . Bismarck , a devout pietistic Protestant , realized his Kulturkampf was backfiring when secular and socialist elements used the opportunity to attack all religion . In the long run , the most significant result was the mobilization of the Catholic voters , and their insistence on protecting their religious identity . In the elections of 1874 , the Centre party doubled its popular vote , and became the second - largest party in the national parliament -- and remained a powerful force for the next 60 years , so that after Bismarck it became difficult to form a government without their support . Social reform ( edit ) Bismarck built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s . In the 1880s he introduced old - age pensions , accident insurance , medical care and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern European welfare state . He came to realize that this sort of policy was very appealing , since it bound workers to the state , and also fit in very well with his authoritarian nature . The social security systems installed by Bismarck ( health care in 1883 , accident insurance in 1884 , invalidity and old - age insurance in 1889 ) at the time were the largest in the world and , to a degree , still exist in Germany today . Bismarck 's paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America , where wages were higher but welfare did not exist . Bismarck further won the support of both industry and skilled workers by his high tariff policies , which protected profits and wages from American competition , although they alienated the liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade . Germanisation ( edit ) One of the effects of the unification policies was the gradually increasing tendency to eliminate the use of non-German languages in public life , schools and academic settings with the intent of pressuring the non-German population to abandon their national identity in what was called `` Germanisation '' . These policies often had the reverse effect of stimulating resistance , usually in the form of home schooling and tighter unity in the minority groups , especially the Poles . The Germanisation policies were targeted particularly against the significant Polish minority of the empire , gained by Prussia in the partitions of Poland . Poles were treated as an ethnic minority even where they made up the majority , as in the Province of Posen , where a series of anti-Polish measures was enforced . Numerous anti-Polish laws had no great effect especially in the province of Posen where the German - speaking population dropped from 42.8 % in 1871 to 38.1 % in 1905 , despite all efforts . Antisemitism ( edit ) Antisemitism was endemic in Germany during the period . Before Napoleon 's decrees ended the ghettos in Germany , it had been religiously motivated , but by the 19th century , it was a factor in German nationalism . The last legal barriers on Jews in Prussia were lifted by the 1860s , and within 20 years , they were over-represented in the white - collar professions and much of academia . In the popular mind Jews became a symbol of capitalism and wealth . On the other hand , the constitution and legal system protected the rights of Jews as German citizens . Antisemitic parties were formed but soon collapsed . Law ( edit ) Bismarck 's efforts also initiated the levelling of the enormous differences between the German states , which had been independent in their evolution for centuries , especially with legislation . The completely different legal histories and judicial systems posed enormous complications , especially for national trade . While a common trade code had already been introduced by the Confederation in 1861 ( which was adapted for the Empire and , with great modifications , is still in effect today ) , there was little similarity in laws otherwise . In 1871 , a common Criminal Code ( Reichsstrafgesetzbuch ) was introduced ; in 1877 , common court procedures were established in the court system ( Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz ) , civil procedures ( Zivilprozessordnung ) and criminal procedures ( Strafprozessordnung ) . In 1873 the constitution was amended to allow the Empire to replace the various and greatly differing Civil Codes of the states ( If they existed at all ; for example , parts of Germany formerly occupied by Napoleon 's France had adopted the French Civil Code , while in Prussia the Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht of 1794 was still in effect ) . In 1881 , a first commission was established to produce a common Civil Code for all of the Empire , an enormous effort that would produce the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ( BGB ) , possibly one of the most impressive legal works in the world ; it was eventually put into effect on 1 January 1900 . All of these codifications are , albeit with many amendments , still in effect today . Constitution ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the German Empire The Empire 's legisation was based on two organs , the Bundesrat and the Reichstag ( parliament ) . There was universal male suffrage for the Reichstag , however legislation would have to pass both houses . The Bundesrat contained representatives of the states . Year of three Emperors ( edit ) Frederick III , emperor for only 99 days ( 9 March -- 15 June 1888 ) . Main article : Year of Three Emperors On 9 March 1888 , Wilhelm I died shortly before his 91st birthday , leaving his son Frederick III as the new emperor . Frederick was a liberal and an admirer of the British constitution , while his links to Britain strengthened further with his marriage to Princess Victoria , eldest child of Queen Victoria . With his ascent to the throne , many hoped that Frederick 's reign would lead to a liberalisation of the Reich and an increase of parliament 's influence on the political process . The dismissal of Robert von Puttkamer , the highly - conservative Prussian interior minister , on 8 June was a sign of the expected direction and a blow to Bismarck 's administration . By the time of his accession , however , Frederick had developed incurable laryngeal cancer , which had been diagnosed in 1887 . He died on the 99th day of his rule , on 15 June 1888 . His son Wilhelm II became emperor . Wilhelmine era ( edit ) Bismarck 's resignation ( edit ) Wilhelm II , German Emperor . Oil painting by Max Koner , 1890 . Wilhelm II wanted to reassert his ruling prerogatives at a time when other monarchs in Europe were being transformed into constitutional figureheads . This decision led the ambitious Kaiser into conflict with Bismarck . The old chancellor had hoped to guide Wilhelm as he had guided his grandfather , but the emperor wanted to be the master in his own house and had many sycophants telling him that Frederick the Great would not have been great with a Bismarck at his side . A key difference between Wilhelm II and Bismarck was their approaches to handling political crises , especially in 1889 , when German coal miners went on strike in Upper Silesia . Bismarck demanded that the German Army be sent in to crush the strike , but Wilhelm II rejected this authoritarian measure , responding `` I do not wish to stain my reign with the blood of my subjects . '' Instead of condoning repression , Wilhelm had the government negotiate with a delegation from the coal miners , which brought the strike to an end without violence . The fractious relationship ended in March 1890 , after Wilhelm II and Bismarck quarrelled , and the chancellor resigned days later . Bismarck 's last few years had seen power slip from his hands as he grew older , more irritable , more authoritarian , and less focused . With Bismarck 's departure , Wilhelm II became the dominant ruler of Germany . Unlike his grandfather , Wilhelm I , who had been largely content to leave government affairs to the chancellor , Wilhelm II wanted to be fully informed and actively involved in running Germany , not an ornamental figurehead , although most Germans found his claims of divine right to rule amusing . Wilhelm allowed politician Walther Rathenau to tutor him in European economics and industrial and financial realities in Europe . As Hull ( 2004 ) notes , Bismarckian foreign policy `` was too sedate for the reckless Kaiser '' . Wilhelm became internationally notorious for his aggressive stance on foreign policy and his strategic blunders ( such as the Tangier Crisis ) , which pushed the German Empire into growing political isolation and eventually helped to cause World War I . Domestic affairs ( edit ) The Reichstag in the 1890s / early 1900s . Under Wilhelm II , Germany no longer had long - ruling strong chancellors like Bismarck . The new chancellors had difficulty in performing their roles , especially the additional role as Prime Minister of Prussia assigned to them in the German Constitution . The reforms of Chancellor Leo von Caprivi , which liberalized trade and so reduced unemployment , were supported by the Kaiser and most Germans except for Prussian landowners , who feared loss of land and power and launched several campaigns against the reforms . While Prussian aristocrats challenged the demands of a united German state , in the 1890s several organizations were set up to challenge the authoritarian conservative Prussian militarism which was being imposed on the country . Educators opposed to the German state - run schools , which emphasized military education , set up their own independent liberal schools , which encouraged individuality and freedom . However nearly all the schools in Imperial Germany had a very high standard and kept abreast with modern developments in knowledge . Artists began experimental art in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm 's support for traditional art , to which Wilhelm responded `` art which transgresses the laws and limits laid down by me can no longer be called art '' . It was largely thanks to Wilhelm 's influence that most printed material in Germany used blackletter instead of the Roman type used in the rest of Western Europe . At the same time , a new generation of cultural creators emerged . Berlin in the late 19th century From the 1890s onwards , the most effective opposition to the monarchy came from the newly formed Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , whose radicals advocated Marxism . The threat of the SPD to the German monarchy and industrialists caused the state both to crack down on the party 's supporters and to implement its own programme of social reform to soothe discontent . Germany 's large industries provided significant social welfare programmes and good care to their employees , as long as they were not identified as socialists or trade - union members . The larger industrial firms provided pensions , sickness benefits and even housing to their employees . Having learned from the failure of Bismarck 's Kulturkampf , Wilhelm II maintained good relations with the Roman Catholic Church and concentrated on opposing socialism . This policy failed when the Social Democrats won a third of the votes in the 1912 elections to the Reichstag , and became the largest political party in Germany . The government remained in the hands of a succession of conservative coalitions supported by right - wing liberals or Catholic clerics and heavily dependent on the Kaiser 's favour . The rising militarism under Wilhelm II caused many Germans to emigrate to the U.S. and the British colonies to escape mandatory military service . During World War I , the Kaiser increasingly devolved his powers to the leaders of the German High Command , particularly future President of Germany , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff . Hindenburg took over the role of commander -- in -- chief from the Kaiser , while Ludendorff became de facto general chief of staff . By 1916 , Germany was effectively a military dictatorship run by Hindenburg and Ludendorff , with the Kaiser reduced to a mere figurehead . Foreign affairs ( edit ) Main article : German colonial empire German colonial flag Bismarck at the Berlin Conference , 1884 Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have her `` place in the sun '' , like Britain , which he constantly wished to emulate or rival . With German traders and merchants already active worldwide , he encouraged colonial efforts in Africa and the Pacific ( `` new imperialism '' ) , causing the German Empire to vie with other European powers for remaining `` unclaimed '' territories . With the encouragement or at least the acquiescence of Britain , which at this stage saw Germany as a counterweight to her old rival France , Germany acquired German Southwest Africa ( today Namibia ) , German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) , Togoland and German East Africa ( Modern day Rwanda , Burundi , and the mainland part of current Tanzania ) . Islands were gained in the Pacific through purchase and treaties and also a 99 - year lease for the territory of Kiautschou in northeast China . But of these German colonies only Togoland and German Samoa ( after 1908 ) became self - sufficient and profitable ; all the others required subsidies from the Berlin treasury for building infrastructure , school systems , hospitals and other institutions . Bismarck had originally dismissed the agitation for colonies with contempt ; he favoured a Eurocentric foreign policy , as the treaty arrangements made during his tenure in office show . As a latecomer to colonization , Germany repeatedly came into conflict with the established colonial powers and also with the United States , which opposed German attempts at colonial expansion in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . Native insurrections in German territories received prominent coverage in other countries , especially in Britain ; the established powers had dealt with such uprisings decades earlier , often brutally , and had secured firm control of their colonies by then . The Boxer Rising in China , which the Chinese government eventually sponsored , began in the Shandong province , in part because Germany , as colonizer at Kiautschou , was an untested power and had only been active there for two years . Eight western nations , including the United States , mounted a joint relief force to rescue westerners caught up in the rebellion ; and during the departure ceremonies for the German contingent , Wilhelm II urged them to behave like the Hun invaders of continental Europe -- an unfortunate remark that would later be resurrected by British propagandists to paint Germans as barbarians during World War I and World War II . On two occasions , a French - German conflict over the fate of Morocco seemed inevitable . Hoisting the German flag at Mioko , German New Guinea in 1884 Upon acquiring Southwest Africa , German settlers were encouraged to cultivate land held by the Herero and Nama . Herero and Nama tribal lands were used for a variety of exploitative goals ( much as the British did before in Rhodesia ) , including farming , ranching , and mining for minerals and diamonds . In 1904 , the Herero and the Nama revolted against the colonists in Southwest Africa , killing farm families , their laborers and servants . In response to the attacks , troops were dispatched to quell the uprising which then resulted in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide . In total , some 65,000 Herero ( 80 % of the total Herero population ) , and 10,000 Nama ( 50 % of the total Nama population ) perished . The commander of the punitive expedition , General Lothar von Trotha , was eventually relieved and reprimanded for his usurpation of orders and the cruelties he inflicted . These occurrences were sometimes referred to as `` the first genocide of the 20th century '' and officially condemned by the United Nations in 1985 . In 2004 a formal apology by a government minister of the Federal Republic of Germany followed . Middle East ( edit ) Bismarck and Wilhelm II after him sought closer economic ties with the Ottoman Empire . Under Wilhelm II , with the financial backing of the Deutsche Bank , the Baghdad Railway was begun in 1900 , although by 1914 it was still 500 km ( 310 mi ) short of its destination in Baghdad . In an interview with Wilhelm in 1899 , Cecil Rhodes had tried `` to convince the Kaiser that the future of the German empire abroad lay in the Middle East '' and not in Africa ; with a grand Middle - Eastern empire , Germany could afford to allow Britain the unhindered completion of the Cape - to - Cairo railway that Rhodes favoured . Britain initially supported the Baghdad Railway ; but by 1911 British statesmen came to fear it might be extended to Basra on the Persian Gulf , threatening Britain 's naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean . Accordingly , they asked to have construction halted , to which Germany and the Ottoman Empire acquiesced . Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War I and Diplomatic history of World War I Wilhelm II and his advisers committed a fatal diplomatic error when they allowed the `` Reinsurance Treaty '' that Bismarck had negotiated with Tsarist Russia to lapse . Germany was left with no firm ally but Austria - Hungary , and her support for action in annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 further soured relations with Russia . Wilhelm missed the opportunity to secure an alliance with Britain in the 1890s when it was involved in colonial rivalries with France , and he alienated British statesmen further by openly supporting the Boers in the South African War and building a navy to rival Britain 's . By 1911 Wilhelm had completely picked apart the careful power balance established by Bismarck and Britain turned to France in the Entente Cordiale . Germany 's only other ally besides Austria was the Kingdom of Italy , but it remained an ally only pro forma . When war came , Italy saw more benefit in an alliance with Britain , France , and Russia , which , in the secret Treaty of London in 1915 promised it the frontier districts of Austria where Italians formed the majority of the population and also colonial concessions . Germany did acquire a second ally that same year when the Ottoman Empire entered the war on its side , but in the long run supporting the Ottoman war effort only drained away German resources from the main fronts . World war I ( edit ) See also : History of Germany during World War I Map of the world showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Entente 's side ( at one point or another ) are depicted in green , the Central Powers in orange , and neutral countries in grey . Origins ( edit ) Following the assassination of the Austro - Hungarian Archduke of Austria - Este , Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb , the Kaiser offered Emperor Franz Joseph full support for Austro - Hungarian plans to invade the Kingdom of Serbia , which Austria - Hungary blamed for the assassination . This unconditional support for Austria - Hungary was called a `` blank cheque '' by historians , including German Fritz Fischer . Subsequent interpretation -- for example at the Versailles Peace Conference -- was that this `` blank cheque '' licensed Austro - Hungarian aggression regardless of the diplomatic consequences , and thus Germany bore responsibility for starting the war , or at least provoking a wider conflict . Germany began the war by targeting its chief rival , France . Germany saw France as its principal danger on the European continent as it could mobilize much faster than Russia and bordered Germany 's industrial core in the Rhineland . Unlike Britain and Russia , the French entered the war mainly for revenge against Germany , in particular for France 's loss of Alsace - Lorraine to Germany in 1871 . The German high command knew that France would muster its forces to go into Alsace - Lorraine . Aside from the very unofficial Septemberprogramm , the Germans never stated a clear list of goals that they wanted out of the war . Western Front ( edit ) The mobilization in 1914 Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco - German border and instead adopted the Schlieffen Plan , a military strategy designed to cripple France by invading Belgium and Luxembourg , sweeping down around Paris and encircling and crushing both Paris and the French forces along the Franco - German border in a quick victory . After defeating France , Germany would turn to attack Russia . The plan required the violation of Belgium 's and Luxembourg 's official neutrality , which Britain had guaranteed by treaty . However , the Germans had calculated that Britain would enter the war regardless of whether they had formal justification to do so . At first the attack was successful : the German Army swept down from Belgium and Luxembourg and was nearly at Paris , at the nearby River Marne . However , the evolution of weapons over the last century heavily favored defense over offense , especially thanks to the machine gun , so that it took proportionally more offensive force to overcome a defensive position . This resulted in the German lines on the offense contracting to keep up the offensive time table while correspondingly the French lines were extending . In addition , some German units that were originally slotted for the German far right were transferred to the Eastern Front in reaction to Russia mobilizing far faster than anticipated . The combined affect had the German right flank sweeping down in front of Paris instead of behind it exposing the German Right flank to the extending French lines and attack from strategic French reserves stationed in Paris . Attacking the exposed German right flank , the French Army and the British Army put up a strong resistance to the defense of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne resulting in the German Army retreating . The aftermath of the First Battle of the Marne was a long - held stalemate between the German Army and the Allies in dug - in trench warfare . Further German attempts to break through deeper into France failed at the two battles of Ypres ( 1st / 2nd ) with huge casualties . German Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn decided to break away from the Schlieffen Plan and instead focus on a war of attrition against France . Falkenhayn targeted the ancient city of Verdun because it had been one of the last cities to hold out against the German Army in 1870 , and Falkenhayn knew that as a matter of national pride the French would do anything to ensure that it was not taken . He expected that with proper tactics , French losses would be greater than those of the Germans and that continued French commitment of troops to Verdun would `` bleed the French Army white '' and then allow the German army to take France easily . In 1916 , the Battle of Verdun began , with the French positions under constant shelling and poison gas attack and taking large casualties under the assault of overwhelmingly large German forces . However , Falkenhayn 's prediction of a greater ratio of French killed proved to be wrong . Falkenhayn was replaced by Erich Ludendorff , and with no success in sight , the German Army pulled out of Verdun in December 1916 and the battle ended . Eastern Front ( edit ) Front line at the time of cease - fire and at the time of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . While the Western Front was a stalemate for the German Army , the Eastern Front eventually proved to be a great success . Despite initial setbacks due to the unexpectedly rapid mobilisation of the Russian army , which resulted in a Russian invasion of East Prussia and Austrian Galicia , the badly organised and supplied Russian Army faltered and the German and Austro - Hungarian armies thereafter steadily advanced eastward . The Germans benefited from political instability in Russia and its population 's desire to end the war . In 1917 the German government allowed Russia 's communist Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin to travel through Germany from Switzerland into Russia . Germany believed that if Lenin could create further political unrest , Russia would no longer be able to continue its war with Germany , allowing the German Army to focus on the Western Front . In March 1917 , the Tsar was ousted from the Russian throne , and in November a Bolshevik government came to power under the leadership of Lenin . Facing political opposition to the Bolsheviks , he decided to end Russia 's campaign against Germany , Austria - Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria in order to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent . In 1918 , by the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Bolshevik government gave Germany and the Ottoman Empire enormous territorial and economic concessions in exchange for an end to war on the Eastern Front . All of the modern - day Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) were given over to the German occupation authority Ober Ost , along with Belarus and Ukraine . Thus Germany had at last achieved its long - wanted dominance of `` Mitteleuropa '' ( Central Europe ) and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on the Western Front . In practice , however , the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort . Colonies ( edit ) Germany quickly lost almost all its colonies . However , in German East Africa , an impressive guerrilla campaign was waged by the colonial army leader there , General Paul Emil von Lettow - Vorbeck . Using Germans and native Askaris , Lettow - Vorbeck launched multiple guerrilla raids against British forces in Kenya and Rhodesia . He also invaded Portuguese Mozambique to gain his forces supplies and to pick up more Askari recruits . His force was still active at war 's end . 1918 ( edit ) Defeating Russia in 1917 enabled Germany to transfer hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front , giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies . By retraining the soldiers in new stormtrooper tactics , the Germans expected to unfreeze the battlefield and win a decisive victory before the army of the United States , which had now entered the war on the side of Britain and France , arrived in strength . However , the repeated German offensives in the autumn of 1917 and the spring of 1918 all failed , as the Allies fell back and regrouped and the Germans lacked the reserves needed to consolidate their gains . Meanwhile , soldiers had become radicalised by the Russian Revolution and were less willing to continue fighting . The war effort sparked civil unrest in Germany , while the troops , who had been constantly in the field without relief , grew exhausted and lost all hope of victory . In the summer of 1918 , with the Americans arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day and the German reserves spent , it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offensives destroyed the German army . Home Front ( edit ) The concept of `` total war '' meant that supplies had to be redirected towards the armed forces and , with German commerce being stopped by the Allied naval blockade , German civilians were forced to live in increasingly meagre conditions . First food prices were controlled , then rationing was introduced . During the war about 750,000 German civilians died from malnutrition . A memorial to soldiers killed in World War I . Towards the end of the war conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front , with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas . The causes included the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military , combined with the overburdened railway system , shortages of coal , and the British blockade . The winter of 1916 -- 1917 was known as the `` turnip winter '' , because the people had to survive on a vegetable more commonly reserved for livestock , as a substitute for potatoes and meat , which were increasingly scarce . Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry , who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves . Even the army had to cut the soldiers ' rations . The morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink . Revolt and demise ( edit ) Many Germans wanted an end to the war and increasing numbers began to associate with the political left , such as the Social Democratic Party and the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party , which demanded an end to the war . The entry of the U.S. into the war in April 1917 changed the long - run balance of power in favour of the Allies . The end of October 1918 , in Kiel , in northern Germany , saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost , initiating the uprising . On 3 November , the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country , in many of which workers ' and soldiers ' councils were established . Meanwhile , Hindenburg and the senior generals lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government . Bulgaria signed the Armistice of Solun on 29 September 1918 . The Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918 . Between 24 October and 3 November 1918 , Italy defeated Austria - Hungary in the battle of Vittorio Veneto , which forced Austria - Hungary to sign the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918 . So , in November 1918 , with internal revolution , the Allies advancing toward Germany on the Western Front , Austria - Hungary falling apart from multiple ethnic tensions , its other allies out of the war and pressure from the German high command , the Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated . On 9 November , the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a republic . The new government led by the German Social Democrats called for and received an armistice on 11 November . It was succeeded by the Weimar Republic . Those opposed , including disaffected veterans , joined a diverse set of paramilitary and underground political groups such as the Freikorps , the Organisation Consul , and the Communists . Legacy ( edit ) The defeat and aftermath of the First World War and the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles shaped the positive memory of the Empire , especially among Germans who distrusted and despised the Weimar Republic . Conservatives , liberals , socialists , nationalists , Catholics and Protestants all had their own interpretations , which led to a fractious political and social climate in Germany in the aftermath of the empire 's collapse . War flag of the German Empire . In 1956 , the Iron Cross was re-introduced as the symbol of the Bundeswehr , the modern German armed forces . Under Bismarck , a united German state had finally been achieved , but it remained a Prussian - dominated state and did not include German Austria as Pan-German nationalists had desired . The influence of Prussian militarism , the Empire 's colonial efforts and its vigorous , competitive industrial prowess all gained it the dislike and envy of other nations . The German Empire enacted a number of progressive reforms , such as Europe 's first social welfare system and freedom of press . There was also a modern system for electing the federal parliament , the Reichstag , in which every adult man had one vote . This enabled the Socialists and the Catholic Centre Party to play considerable roles in the empire 's political life despite the continued hostility of Prussian aristocrats . The era of the German Empire is well remembered in Germany as one of great cultural and intellectual vigour . Thomas Mann published his novel Buddenbrooks in 1901 . Theodor Mommsen received the Nobel prize for literature a year later for his Roman history . Painters like the groups Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke made a significant contribution to modern art . The AEG turbine factory in Berlin by Peter Behrens from 1909 can be regarded as a milestone in classic modern architecture and an outstanding example of emerging functionalism . The social , economic , and scientific successes of this Gründerzeit , or founding epoch , have sometimes led the Wilhelmine era to be regarded as a golden age . In the field of economics , the `` Kaiserzeit '' laid the foundation of Germany 's status as one of the world 's leading economic powers . The iron and coal industries of the Ruhr , the Saar and Upper Silesia especially contributed to that process . The first motorcar was built by Karl Benz in 1886 . The enormous growth of industrial production and industrial potential also led to a rapid urbanisation of Germany , which turned the Germans into a nation of city dwellers . More than 5 million people left Germany for the United States during the 19th century . Sonderweg ( edit ) Main article : Sonderweg Many historians have emphasized the central importance of a German Sonderweg or `` special path '' ( or `` exceptionalism '' ) as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the 20th century . According to the historiography by Kocka ( 1988 ) , the process of nation - building from above had very grievous long - term implications . In terms of parliamentary democracy , Parliament was kept weak , the parties were fragmented , and there was a high level of mutual distrust . The Nazis built on the illiberal , anti-pluralist elements of Weimar 's political culture . The Junker elites ( the large landowners in the east ) and senior civil servants used their great power and influence well into the twentieth century to frustrate any movement toward democracy . They played an especially negative role in the crisis of 1930 -- 1933 . Bismarck 's emphasis on military force amplified the voice of the officer corps , which combined advanced modernisation of military technology with reactionary politics . The rising upper - middle class elites , in the business , financial and professional worlds , tended to accept the values of the old traditional elites . The German Empire was for Hans - Ulrich Wehler a strange mixture of highly successful capitalist industrialisation and socio - economic modernisation on the one hand , and of surviving pre-industrial institutions , power relations and traditional cultures on the other . Wehler argues that it produced a high degree of internal tension , which led on the one hand to the suppression of socialists , Catholics and reformers , and on the other hand to a highly aggressive foreign policy . For these reasons Fritz Fischer and his students emphasised Germany 's primary guilt for causing the First World War . Hans - Ulrich Wehler , a leader of the Bielefeld School of social history , places the origins of Germany 's path to disaster in the 1860s -- 1870s , when economic modernisation took place , but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army , diplomacy and the civil service . Traditional , aristocratic , premodern society battled an emerging capitalist , bourgeois , modernising society . Recognising the importance of modernising forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm , Wehler argues that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in Germany , as well as social mentalities and in class relations ( Klassenhabitus ) . The catastrophic German politics between 1914 and 1945 are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernisation of its political structures . At the core of Wehler 's interpretation is his treatment of `` the middle class '' and `` revolution '' , each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century . Wehler 's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of `` charismatic domination '' , which focuses heavily on Adolf Hitler . The historiographical concept of a German Sonderweg has had a turbulent history . 19th century scholars who emphasised a separate German path to modernity saw it as a positive factor that differentiated Germany from the `` western path '' typified by Great Britain . They stressed the strong bureaucratic state , reforms initiated by Bismarck and other strong leaders , the Prussian service ethos , the high culture of philosophy and music , and Germany 's pioneering of a social welfare state . In the 1950s , historians in West Germany argued that the Sonderweg led Germany to the disaster of 1933 -- 1945 . The special circumstances of German historical structures and experiences , were interpreted as preconditions that , while not directly causing National Socialism , did hamper the development of a liberal democracy and facilitate the rise of fascism . The Sonderweg paradigm has provided the impetus for at least three strands of research in German historiography : the `` long 19th century '' , the history of the bourgeoisie , and comparisons with the West . After 1990 , increased attention to cultural dimensions and to comparative and relational history moved German historiography to different topics , with much less attention paid to the Sonderweg . While some historians have abandoned the Sonderweg thesis , they have not provided a generally accepted alternative interpretation . Territorial legacy ( edit ) In addition to present - day Germany , large parts of what comprised the German Empire now belong to several other modern European countries . German territories lost in both World Wars are shown in black , present - day Germany is marked dark grey on this 1914 map . German name Country Region Elsaß - Lothringen France Départements of Bas - Rhin and Haut - Rhin ( both within Alsace region ) , and département of Moselle ( northeastern part of the Lorraine region ) Eupen - Malmedy Belgium Two towns of Eupen and Malmedy and the municipalities of Amel , Büllingen , Burg - Reuland , Bütgenbach , Kelmis , Lontzen , Raeren , Waimes and St. Vith ( all are parts of the province of Liège in Wallonia region on the Belgian - German border ) Duivelsberg / Wylerberg Netherlands Duivelsberg / Wylerberg , an uninhabited hill ( as well as some nearby slivers of land ) annexed by the Netherlands after WWII Nordschleswig Denmark South Jutland County ( excluding towns of Taps , Hejle and Vejstrup ) , and the towns of Hviding , Roager and Spandet Hultschiner Ländchen Czech Republic Hlučín Region , on the Czech - Polish border in Silesia , from which most Germans were deported following WWII Memelland Lithuania Klaipėda Region from which Germans were deported following WWII Schlesien , Ostbrandenburg , Ermland , Masuren , Westpreußen , Provinz Posen , southern Ostpreußen , central and eastern parts of Pommern Poland Northern and western parts of the country , including Pomerania , Silesia , Lubusz Land , Warmia and Masuria , from all of which Germans were deported following WWII Northern Ostpreußen Russia Kaliningrad Oblast exclave on the Baltic , from which Germans were deported following WWII Denotes territories lost in World War I Denotes territories lost in World War I and II Denotes territories lost in World War II See also ( edit ) German Empire portal Germany portal Economic history of Germany German Army ( German Empire ) German colonial empire House of Hohenzollern Imperial German Navy Kingdom of Germany List of German monarchs List of German monarchs in 1918 Wilhelminism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitaker 's Almanak , 1897 , by Joseph Whitaker ; p. 548 Jump up ^ Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II Jump up ^ `` German Empire : administrative subdivision and municipalities , 1900 to 1910 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Population statistics of the German Empire , 1871 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` German constitution of 1871 '' ( in German ) . German Wikisource. 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term `` Reich '' does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English - speaking people . The term `` Kaiserreich '' literally denotes an empire -- particularly a hereditary empire led by an emperor , although `` Reich '' has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it had a weak hereditary tradition . In the case of the German Empire , the official name was Deutsches Reich , which is properly translated as `` German Empire '' because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a `` presidency '' of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume `` the title of German Emperor '' as referring to the German people , but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state . -- `` The German Empire . '' Harper 's New Monthly Magazine . vol. 63 , issue 376 , pp. 591 -- 603 ; here p. 593 . Jump up ^ World Book , Inc . The World Book dictionary , Volume 1 . World Book , Inc. , 2003 . p. 572 . States that Deutsches Reich translates as `` German Realm '' and was a former official name of Germany . Jump up ^ Joseph Whitaker . Whitaker 's almanack , 1991 . J Whitaker & Sons , 1990 . Pp. 765 . Refers to the term Deutsches Reich being translated into English as `` German Realm '' , up to and including the Nazi period . Jump up ^ See , for example , Roger Chickering , Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 - 1918 . 3rd ed . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2014 ; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller , eds. , Imperial Germany Revisited : Continuing Debates & New Perspectives . Oxford : Berghahn , 2011 ; James Retallack , ed. , Imperial Germany 1871 - 1918 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2008 ; Isabel V. Hull , Absolute Destruction : Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany . Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2011 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Michael Kotulla : Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806 -- 1918 . Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen. 1 . Band : Gesamtdeutschland , Anhaltische Staaten und Baden . Springer , Berlin 2006 , pp. 231 , 246 Jump up ^ J.H. Clapham , The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prizes by Country -- Evolution of National Science Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century , by Citizenship ( Juergen Schmidhuber , 2010 ) '' . Idsia.ch . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Azar Gat ( 2008 ) . War in Human Civilization . Oxford University Press . p. 517 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923663 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee , von Matthias Heine `` Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers : Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Heeren , Arnold Hermann Ludwig ( 1873 ) . Talboys , David Alphonso , ed . A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies . London : H.G. Bohn . p. 480 Jump up ^ Case , Nelson ( 1902 ) . European Constitutional History . Cincinnati : Jennings & Pye . p. 139 . OCLC 608806061 . Jump up ^ Case 1902 , pp. 139 -- 140 ^ Jump up to : Case 1902 , p. 140 Jump up ^ The Slavic speakers included Polish , Masurian , Kashubian , Sorbian and Czech were located in the east ; Polish mainly in the Prussian provinces of Posen , West Prussia and Silesia ( Upper Silesia ) . Small islands also existed in Recklinghausen ( Westphalia ) with 13.8 % of the population and in the Kreis of Kalau ( Brandenburg ) ( 5.5 % ) and in parts of East Prussia and Pomerania . Czech was spoken predominantly in the south of the Silesia , Masurian in the south of East Prussia , Kashubian in the north of West Prussia and Sorbian in the Lusatian regions of Prussia ( Brandenburg and Silesia ) and the Kingdom of Saxony . Jump up ^ `` Fremdsprachige Minderheiten im Deutschen Reich '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kersbergen , Kees van ; Vis , Barbara ( 2013 ) . Comparative Welfare State Politics : Development , Opportunities , and Reform . Cambridge UP . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 65247 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moore , Robert Laurence ; Vaudagna , Maurizio ( 2003 ) . The American Century in Europe . Cornell University Press . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4075 - 0 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Frankel , `` From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power : The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right , 1898 -- 1945 , '' German Studies Review , Vol. 26 , No. 3 ( Oct. , 2003 ) , pp. 543 -- 560 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Eric Hobsbawm , The Age of Empire : 1875 -- 1914 ( 1987 ) , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Matthew ( 2007 ) . `` A Fall from Grace ? National Unity and the Search for Naval Power and Colonial Possessions 1848 -- 1884 '' . German History . 25 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 161 . doi : 10.1177 / 0266355406075719 . Jump up ^ Ciarlo , David ( 2008 ) . `` Globalizing German Colonialism '' . German History . 26 ( 2 ) : 285 -- 298 . doi : 10.1093 / gerhis / ghn007 . Jump up ^ L. Gann and Peter Duignan , The Rulers of German Africa , 1884 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) focuses on political and economic history ; Michael Perraudin and Jürgen Zimmerer , eds . German Colonialism and National Identity ( 2010 ) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany . Jump up ^ Dedering , Tilman ( 1993 ) . `` The German ‐ Herero war of 1904 : Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography ? '' . Journal of Southern African Studies . 19 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 03057079308708348 . Jump up ^ Edmond Taylor , The fossil monarchies : the collapse of the old order , 1905 -- 1922 ( 1967 ) p 206 ^ Jump up to : E.P. 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Merck , '' Business History Review . Volume : 83 . Issue : 3 . 2009 . pp 475 +. in ProQuest Jump up ^ J.A.S. Grenville , Europe reshaped , 1848 -- 1878 ( 2000 ) p. 342 Jump up ^ Marjorie Lamberti , `` Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia , 1866 -- 1914 '' , in Philip G. Dwyer , ed . Modern Prussian History : 1830 -- 1947 ( 2001 ) pp. 169 -- 187 Jump up ^ Lamberti , ( 2001 ) p 177 Jump up ^ Ronald J. Ross , The failure of Bismarck 's Kulturkampf : Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany , 1871 -- 1887 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Hajo Holborn , A History of Modern Germany : 1840 -- 1945 ( 1969 ) , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Christopher Clark , Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 ( 2006 ) pp. 568 -- 576 Jump up ^ Hermann Beck , Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia , 1815 -- 1870 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Elaine Glovka Spencer , `` Rules of the Ruhr : Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914 '' , Business History Review , Spring 1979 , Vol. 53 Issue 1 , pp. 40 -- 64 ; Ivo N. Lambi , `` The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry , 1873 -- 1879 '' , Journal of Economic History , March 1962 , Vol. 22 Issue 1 , pp. 59 -- 70 Jump up ^ Timothy Baycroft and Mark Hewitson , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) p 166 Jump up ^ John J. Kulczycki , School Strikes in Prussian Poland , 1901 -- 1907 : The Struggle over Bilingual Education ( Columbia University Press , 1981 ) Jump up ^ Martin Broszat : Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik . suhrkamp 1978 , p. 144 ; ISBN 3 - 518 - 36574 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard S. Levy , The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany ( Yale University Press , 1975 ) Jump up ^ Kitchen , Martin ( 2000 ) . Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany . Cambridge University Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79432 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) . The Second Reich : Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Germany . McGraw - Hill . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 035653 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stürmer , Michael ( 2000 ) . The German Empire : 1870 -- 1918 . New York : Random House . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64090 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 63 Jump up ^ Isabel V. Hull , The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II , 1888 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 67 ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 72 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch , eds . German Professions , 1800 -- 1950 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 76 Jump up ^ Matthew Jefferies , Imperial Culture in Germany , 1871 -- 1918 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 56 Jump up ^ Lamar Cecil , Wilhelm II : Emperor and Exile , 1900 -- 1941 ( 1996 ) ch 9 -- 13 Jump up ^ `` Wilhelm II ( 1859 -- 1941 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Stürmer , Michael ( 2000 ) 91 Jump up ^ Louis , Ruanda - Urundi 1884 -- 1919 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Austria 's Werner Abelshauser , German History and Global Enterprise : BASF : The History of a Company ( 2004 ) covers 1865 to 2000 ; Jump up ^ Truth or conjecture ? : German civilian war losses in the East , page 366 , Stanisław Schimitzek Zachodnia Agencia Prasowa , 1966 Jump up ^ To the Threshold of Power , 1922 / 33 : Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships , page 151 - 152 Jump up ^ Shatterzone of Empires : Coexistence and Violence in the German , Habsburg , Russian , and Ottoman Borderlands by Omer Bartov and Eric D. Weitz page 55 Indiana University Press 2013 Jump up ^ Immanuel Geiss `` Tzw . polski pas graniczny 1914 -- 1918 '' . Warszawa 1964 Jump up ^ The Red Prince : The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke , Timothy Snyder ; `` On the annexations and ethnic cleansing , see Geiss , Der Polnische Grenzstreifen '' Jump up ^ Absolute Destruction : Military Culture And The Practices Of War In Imperial Germany , Isabel V. Hull , page 233 , Cornell University Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Edwin Hoyt , Colonel von Lettow - Vorbeck and Germany 's East African Empire ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Holger H. Herwig , The First World War : Germany and Austria -- Hungary 1914 -- 1918 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Rod Paschall , The defeat of imperial Germany , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ German Historical Museum . `` 1914 -- 18 : Lebensmittelversorgung '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Roger Chickering , Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p. 141 -- 42 Jump up ^ A.J. Ryder , The German Revolution of 1918 : A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` A New Surge of Growth '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Jürgen Kocka , `` German History before Hitler : The Debate about the German ' Sonderweg ' '' . Journal of Contemporary History , Jan 1988 , Vol. 23 # 1 , pp 3 -- 16 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Wehler , Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte : Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der Beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914 -- 1949 ( 2003 ) is the fourth volume of his monumental history of German society . None of the series has yet been translated into English . A partial summary appears in Hans - Ulrich Wehler , The German Empire , 1871 -- 1918 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Helmut Walser Smith , `` When the Sonderweg Debate Left Us '' , German Studies Review , May 2008 , Vol. 31 # 2 pp 225 -- 240 Further reading ( edit ) Barker , J. Ellis . Modern Germany ; her political and economic problems , her foreign and domestic policy , her ambitions , and the causes of her success ( 1907 ) Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Modern Germany : society , economy , and politics in the twentieth century ( 1987 ) ACLS E-book Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Imperial Germany , 1871 -- 1914 : Economy , Society , Culture , and Politics ( 2nd ed. 2005 ) Blackbourn , David . The Long Nineteenth Century : A History of Germany , 1780 -- 1918 ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Blackbourn , David , and Geoff Eley . The Peculiarities of German History : Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth - Century Germany ( 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 873058 - 6 Blanke , Richard . Prussian Poland in the German Empire ( 1981 ) Brandenburg , Erich . From Bismarck to the World War : A History of German Foreign Policy 1870 -- 1914 ( 1927 ) online free . Carroll , E. Malcolm . Germany and the great powers , 1866 -- 1914 : A study in public opinion and foreign policy ( 1938 ) ; online at Questia also online review ; 862pp ; written for advanced students . Cecil , Lamar . Wilhelm II : Prince and Emperor , 1859 -- 1900 ( 1989 ) online edition ; vol2 : Wilhelm II : Emperor and Exile , 1900 -- 1941 ( 1996 ) online edition Chickering , Roger . Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) excerpt and text search Clark , Christopher . Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 ( 2006 ) , the standard scholarly survey Dawson , William Harbutt . The Evolution of Modern Germany ( 1908 ) , 503pp covers 1871 -- 1906 with focus on social and economic history & colonies Dawson , William Harbutt . Bismarck and state socialism ; an exposition of the social and economic legislation of Germany since 1870 ( 1890 ) 175 pp Dawson , William Harbutt . Municipal life and government in Germany ( 1914 ) ; 507pp describes the workings of local government and the famous bureaucracy Dawson , William Harbutt . Germany and the Germans ( 1894 ) 387pp ; politics and parties , Volume 2 Feuchtwanger , Ed ( 2002 ) . Imperial Germany 1850 -- 1918 . Routledge . ISBN 1 - 13462 - 072 - 1 . Eyck , Erich . Bismarck and the German Empire ( 1964 ) excerpt and text search Fischer , Fritz . From Kaiserreich to Third Reich : Elements of Continuity in German History , 1871 -- 1945 . ( 1986 ) . ISBN 0 - 04 - 943043 - 2 . Geiss , Imanuel . German Foreign Policy , 1871 -- 1914 ( 1979 ) excerpt Hayes , Carlton J.H. ( 1917 ) , `` The History of German Socialism Reconsidered '' , American Historical Review , 23 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 101 , JSTOR 1837686 Hewitson , Mark . `` Germany and France before the First World War : a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy . '' English Historical Review 115.462 ( 2000 ) : 570 -- 606 ; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority Holborn , Hajo . A History of Modern Germany : 1840 -- 1945 ( 1969 ) , pp 173 -- 532 Jefferies , Mattew . Imperial Culture in Germany , 1871 -- 1918 . ( Palgrave , 2003 ) ISBN 1 - 4039 - 0421 - 9 . Kennedy , Paul . The Rise of the Anglo - German Antagonism , 1860 -- 1914 ( 2nd ed. 1988 ) ISBN 1 - 57392 - 301 - X Kitchen , Martin ( 2011 ) . A History of Modern Germany : 1800 to the Present . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 1 - 44439 - 689 - 7 . Koch , Hannsjoachim W. A constitutional history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ( 1984 ) . Kurlander , Eric . The Price of Exclusion : Ethnicity , National Identity , and the Decline of German Liberalism , 1898 -- 1933 ( 2007 ) . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) pp 17 -- 70 Mommsen , Wolfgang . Imperial Germany 1867 -- 1918 : Politics , Culture , and Society in an Authoritarian State . ( 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 340 - 64534 - 2 . Nipperdey , Thomas . Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck ( 1996 ) dense coverage of chief topics Padfield , Peter . The Great Naval Race : Anglo - German Naval Rivalry 1900 -- 1914 ( 2005 ) Reagin , Nancy ( 2001 ) . `` The Imagined Hausfrau : National Identity , Domesticity , and Colonialism in Imperial Germany '' . Journal of Modern History . 72 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 86 . doi : 10.1086 / 319879 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 319879 . Retallack , James . Germany In The Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II , ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 16031 - 3 . Retallack , James . Imperial Germany 1871 -- 1918 ( 2008 ) Ritter , Gerhard . The Sword and the Scepter ; the Problem of Militarism in Germany . ( 4 vol University of Miami Press 1969 -- 73 ) Richie , Alexandra . Faust 's Metropolis : A History of Berlin ( 1998 ) , 1139pp by scholar ; pp 188 -- 233 Scheck , Raffael . `` Lecture Notes , Germany and Europe , 1871 -- 1945 '' ( 2008 ) , a brief textbook by a leading scholar Schollgen , Gregor . Escape into War ? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany . ( Berg , 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 85496 - 275 - 1 . Smith , Helmut Walser , ed . The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History ( 2011 ) , 862 pp ; 35 essays by specialists ; Germany since 1760 excerpt Smith , Woodruff D . The German Colonial Empire ( 1978 ) Stürmer , Michael . The German Empire , 1870 -- 1918 . ( Random House , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64090 - 8 . Stern , Fritz . Gold and Iron : Bismark , Bleichroder , and the Building of the German Empire ( 1979 ) Bismark worked closely with this leading banker and financier excerpt and text search Steinberg , Jonathan . Bismarck : A Life ( 2011 ) , a recent scholarly biography ; emphasis on Bismarck 's personality Taylor , A.J.P. Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman ( 1967 ) online edition Wehler , Hans - Ulrich . The German Empire , 1871 -- 1918 . ( Berg , 1985 ) . ISBN 0 - 907582 - 22 - 2 Wildenthal , Lora . German Women for Empire , 1884 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) Historiography ( edit ) Berghahn , Volker Rolf . `` Structure and Agency in Wilhelmine Germany : The history of the German Empire , Past , present and Future , '' in Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Deist , eds . The Kaiser : New Research on Wilhelm II 's Role in Imperial Germany ( 2003 ) pp 281 -- 93 , historiography Chickering , Roger , ed . Imperial Germany : A Historiographical Companion ( 1996 ) , 552pp ; 18 essays by specialists Dickinson , Edward Ross . `` The German Empire : an Empire ? '' History Workshop Journal Issue 66 , ( Autumn 2008 ) online in Project MUSE , with guide to recent scholarship Eley , Geoff ; Retallack , James ( 2004 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Eley , Geoff ; Retallack , James , Wilhelminism and Its Legacies : German Modernities , Imperialism , and the Meanings of Reform , 1890 -- 1930 , ASIN 1571816879 CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jefferies , Matthew . Contesting the German Empire 1871 -- 1918 ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Müller , Sven Oliver , and Cornelius Torp , ed . Imperial Germany Revisited : Continuing Debates and New Perspectives ( 2011 ) Reagin , Nancy R. `` Recent Work on German National Identity : Regional ? Imperial ? Gendered ? Imaginary ? '' Central European History ( 2004 ) v 37 , pp 273 -- 289 doi : 10.1163 / 156916104323121483 Primary sources ( edit ) Dawson , William Harbutt . Germany at Home ( 1908 ) 275 pp ; popular description of social life in villages and cities Vizetelly , Henry . Berlin Under the New Empire : Its Institutions , Inhabitants , Industry , Monuments , Museums , Social Life , Manners , and Amusements ( 2 vol . London , 1879 ) Volume 2 External links ( edit ) Look up German Empire in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ravenstein 's Atlas of the German Empire , Library.wis.edu Administrative subdivision and census results ( 1900 / 1910 ) , Gemeindeverzeichnis.de ( in German ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Empire . 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1484356091706865476	Earned value management	Earned value Management - wikipedia Earned value Management Jump to : navigation , search Business administration Management of a business Accounting ( show ) Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit Business entities ( show ) Cooperative Corporation Limited liability company Partnership Sole proprietorship State - owned enterprise Corporate governance ( show ) Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law ( show ) Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Economics ( show ) Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance ( show ) Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Working capital Venture capital Marketing ( show ) Marketing Marketing research Public relations Sales Types of management ( show ) Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Change innovation Commercial marketing Communications Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Integrated Knowledge Materials Network Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life - cycle Product Project Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology The Organization ( show ) Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade ( show ) Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics Business and economics portal Earned value management ( EVM ) , or Earned Value Project / Performance Management ( EVPM ) is a project management technique for measuring project performance and progress in an objective manner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Application example 2 History 3 Earned value management topics 3.1 Project tracking 3.2 Project tracking with EVM 3.3 Earned value ( EV ) 3.4 Scaling EVM from simple to advanced implementations 3.5 Simple implementations ( emphasizing only technical performance ) 3.6 Intermediate implementations ( integrating technical and schedule performance ) 3.7 Making earned value schedule metrics concordant with the CPM schedule 3.8 Advanced implementations ( integrating cost , schedule and technical performance ) 4 Agile EVM 4.1 Preparation 4.2 Practices 4.3 Calculations 4.4 Schedule Performance 5 Limitations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Earned value management is a project management technique for measuring project performance and progress . It has the ability to combine measurements of the project management triangle : Scope Time Costs In a single integrated system , Earned Value Management is able to provide accurate forecasts of project performance problems , which is an important contribution for project management . Early EVM research showed that the areas of planning and control are significantly impacted by its use ; and similarly , using the methodology improves both scope definition as well as the analysis of overall project performance . More recent research studies have shown that the principles of EVM are positive predictors of project success . Popularity of EVM has grown in recent years beyond government contracting , a sector in which its importance continues to rise ( e.g. , recent new DFARS rules ) , in part because EVM can also surface in and help substantiate contract disputes . Essential features of any EVM implementation include a project plan that identifies work to be accomplished , a valuation of planned work , called Planned Value ( PV ) or Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled ( BCWS ) , and pre-defined `` earning rules '' ( also called metrics ) to quantify the accomplishment of work , called Earned Value ( EV ) or Budgeted Cost of Work Performed ( BCWP ) . EVM implementations for large or complex projects include many more features , such as indicators and forecasts of cost performance ( over budget or under budget ) and schedule performance ( behind schedule or ahead of schedule ) . However , the most basic requirement of an EVM system is that it quantifies progress using PV and EV . Application example ( edit ) Project A has been approved for a duration of 1 year and with the budget of X . It was also planned that the project spends 50 % of the approved budget in the first 6 months . If now 6 months after the start of the project a Project Manager would report that he has spent 50 % of the budget , one can initially think , that the project is perfectly on plan . However , in reality the provided information is not sufficient to come to such a conclusion . The project can spend 50 % of the budget , whilst finishing only 25 % of the work , which would mean the project is not doing well ; or the project can spend 50 % of the budget , whilst completing 75 % of the work , which would mean that project is doing better than planned . EVM is meant to address such and similar issues . History ( edit ) EVM emerged as a financial analysis specialty in United States Government programs in the 1960s , but it has since become a significant branch of project management and cost engineering . Project management research investigating the contribution of EVM to project success suggests a moderately strong positive relationship . Implementations of EVM can be scaled to fit projects of all sizes and complexities . The genesis of EVM occurred in industrial manufacturing at the turn of the 20th century , based largely on the principle of `` earned time '' popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth , but the concept took root in the United States Department of Defense in the 1960s . The original concept was called PERT / COST , but it was considered overly burdensome ( not very adaptable ) by contractors who were mandated to use it , and many variations of it began to proliferate among various procurement programs . In 1967 , the DoD established a criterion - based approach , using a set of 35 criteria , called the Cost / Schedule Control Systems Criteria ( C / SCSC ) . In the 1970s and early 1980s , a subculture of C / SCSC analysis grew , but the technique was often ignored or even actively resisted by project managers in both government and industry . C / SCSC was often considered a financial control tool that could be delegated to analytical specialists . In 1979 , EVM was introduced to the architecture and engineering industry in a `` Public Works Magazine '' article by David Burstein , a project manager with a national engineering firm . This technique has been taught ever since as part of the project management training program presented by PSMJ Resources , an international training and consulting firm that specializes in the engineering and architecture industry . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , EVM emerged as a project management methodology to be understood and used by managers and executives , not just EVM specialists . In 1989 , EVM leadership was elevated to the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition , thus making EVM an element of program management and procurement . In 1991 , Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney canceled the Navy A-12 Avenger II Program because of performance problems detected by EVM . This demonstrated conclusively that EVM mattered to secretary - level leadership . In the 1990s , many U.S. Government regulations were eliminated or streamlined . However , EVM not only survived the acquisition reform movement , but became strongly associated with the acquisition reform movement itself . Most notably , from 1995 to 1998 , ownership of EVM criteria ( reduced to 32 ) was transferred to industry by adoption of ANSI EIA 748 - A standard . The use of EVM expanded beyond the U.S. Department of Defense . It was adopted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration , United States Department of Energy and other technology - related agencies . Many industrialized nations also began to utilize EVM in their own procurement programs . An overview of EVM was included in the Project Management Institute 's first PMBOK Guide in 1987 and was expanded in subsequent editions . In the most recent edition of the PMBOK guide , EVM is listed among the general tools and techniques for processes to control project costs . The construction industry was an early commercial adopter of EVM . Closer integration of EVM with the practice of project management accelerated in the 1990s . In 1999 , the Performance Management Association merged with the Project Management Institute ( PMI ) to become PMI 's first college , the College of Performance Management . The United States Office of Management and Budget began to mandate the use of EVM across all government agencies , and , for the first time , for certain internally managed projects ( not just for contractors ) . EVM also received greater attention by publicly traded companies in response to the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002 . In Australia EVM has been codified as standards AS 4817 - 2003 and AS 4817 - 2006 . Earned value Management topics ( edit ) Project tracking ( edit ) It is helpful to see an example of project tracking that does not include earned value performance management . Consider a project that has been planned in detail , including a time - phased spend plan for all elements of work . Figure 1 shows the cumulative budget ( cost ) for this project as a function of time ( the blue line , labeled PV ) . It also shows the cumulative actual cost of the project ( red line , labeled AC ) through week 8 . To those unfamiliar with EVM , it might appear that this project was over budget through week 4 and then under budget from week 6 through week 8 . However , what is missing from this chart is any understanding of how much work has been accomplished during the project . If the project was actually completed at week 8 , then the project would actually be well under budget and well ahead of schedule . If , on the other hand , the project is only 10 % complete at week 8 , the project is significantly over budget and behind schedule . A method is needed to measure technical performance objectively and quantitatively , and that is what EVM accomplishes . Project tracking with EVM ( edit ) Consider the same project , except this time the project plan includes pre-defined methods of quantifying the accomplishment of work . At the end of each week , the project manager identifies every detailed element of work that has been completed , and sums the EV for each of these completed elements . Earned value may be accumulated monthly , weekly , or as progress is made . Earned value ( EV ) ( edit ) E V = ∑ S t a r t C u r r e n t P V ( C o m p l e t e d ) o r E V = b u d g e t a t C o m p l e t i o n ( B A C ) × A c t u a l % C o m p l e t e ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathrm ( EV ) & = \ sum _ ( \ mathrm ( Start ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( Current ) ) \ mathrm ( PV ( Completed ) ) \ qquad \ mathrm ( or ) \ qquad \ mathrm ( EV ) = \ mathrm ( budget \ , at \ , Completion \ , ( BAC ) ) \ times \ mathrm ( Actual \ % \ , Complete ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Figure 2 shows the EV curve ( in green ) along with the PV curve from Figure 1 . The chart indicates that technical performance ( i.e. , progress ) started more rapidly than planned , but slowed significantly and fell behind schedule at week 7 and 8 . This chart illustrates the schedule performance aspect of EVM . It is complementary to critical path or critical chain schedule management . Figure 3 shows the same EV curve ( green ) with the actual cost data from Figure 1 ( in red ) . It can be seen that the project was actually under budget , relative to the amount of work accomplished , since the start of the project . This is a much better conclusion than might be derived from Figure 1 . Figure 4 shows all three curves together -- which is a typical EVM line chart . The best way to read these three - line charts is to identify the EV curve first , then compare it to PV ( for schedule performance ) and AC ( for cost performance ) . It can be seen from this illustration that a true understanding of cost performance and schedule performance relies first on measuring technical performance objectively . This is the foundational principle of EVM . Scaling EVM from simple to advanced implementations ( edit ) The foundational principle of EVM , mentioned above , does not depend on the size or complexity of the project . However , the implementations of EVM can vary significantly depending on the circumstances . In many cases , organizations establish an all - or - nothing threshold ; projects above the threshold require a full - featured ( complex ) EVM system and projects below the threshold are exempted . Another approach that is gaining favor is to scale EVM implementation according to the project at hand and skill level of the project team . Simple implementations ( emphasizing only technical performance ) ( edit ) There are many more small and simple projects than there are large and complex ones , yet historically only the largest and most complex have enjoyed the benefits of EVM . Still , lightweight implementations of EVM are achievable by any person who has basic spreadsheet skills . In fact , spreadsheet implementations are an excellent way to learn basic EVM skills . The first step is to define the work . This is typically done in a hierarchical arrangement called a work breakdown structure ( WBS ) although the simplest projects may use a simple list of tasks . In either case , it is important that the WBS or list be comprehensive . It is also important that the elements be mutually exclusive , so that work is easily categorized in one and only one element of work . The most detailed elements of a WBS hierarchy ( or the items in a list ) are called activities ( or tasks ) . The second step is to assign a value , called planned value ( PV ) , to each activity . For large projects , PV is almost always an allocation of the total project budget , and may be in units of currency ( e.g. , dollar , euro or naira ) or in labor hours , or both . However , in very simple projects , each activity may be assigned a weighted `` point value '' which might not be a budget number . Assigning weighted values and achieving consensus on all PV quantities yields an important benefit of EVM , because it exposes misunderstandings and miscommunications about the scope of the project , and resolving these differences should always occur as early as possible . Some terminal elements can not be known ( planned ) in great detail in advance , and that is expected , because they can be further refined at a later time . The third step is to define `` earning rules '' for each activity . The simplest method is to apply just one earning rule , such as the 0 / 100 rule , to all activities . Using the 0 / 100 rule , no credit is earned for an element of work until it is finished . A related rule is called the 50 / 50 rule , which means 50 % credit is earned when an element of work is started , and the remaining 50 % is earned upon completion . Other fixed earning rules such as a 25 / 75 rule or 20 / 80 rule are gaining favor , because they assign more weight to finishing work than for starting it , but they also motivate the project team to identify when an element of work is started , which can improve awareness of work - in - progress . These simple earning rules work well for small or simple projects because generally each activity tends to be fairly short in duration . These initial three steps define the minimal amount of planning for simplified EVM . The final step is to execute the project according to the plan and measure progress . When activities are started or finished , EV is accumulated according to the earning rule . This is typically done at regular intervals ( e.g. , weekly or monthly ) , but there is no reason why EV can not be accumulated in near real - time , when work elements are started / completed . In fact , waiting to update EV only once per month ( simply because that is when cost data are available ) only detracts from a primary benefit of using EVM , which is to create a technical performance scoreboard for the project team . In a lightweight implementation such as described here , the project manager has not accumulated cost nor defined a detailed project schedule network ( i.e. , using a critical path or critical chain methodology ) . While such omissions are inappropriate for managing large projects , they are a common and reasonable occurrence in many very small or simple projects . Any project can benefit from using EV alone as a real - time score of progress . One useful result of this very simple approach ( without schedule models and actual cost accumulation ) is to compare EV curves of similar projects , as illustrated in Figure 5 . In this example , the progress of three residential construction projects are compared by aligning the starting dates . If these three home construction projects were measured with the same PV valuations , the relative schedule performance of the projects can be easily compared . Intermediate implementations ( integrating technical and schedule performance ) ( edit ) In many projects , schedule performance ( completing the work on time ) is equal in importance to technical performance . For example , some new product development projects place a high premium on finishing quickly . It is not that cost is unimportant , but finishing the work later than a competitor may cost a great deal more in lost market share . It is likely that these kinds of projects will not use the lightweight version of EVM described in the previous section , because there is no planned timescale for measuring schedule performance . A second layer of EVM skill can be very helpful in managing the schedule performance of these `` intermediate '' projects . The project manager may employ a critical path or critical chain to build a project schedule model . As in the lightweight implementation , the project manager must define the work comprehensively , typically in a WBS hierarchy . He / she will construct a project schedule model that describes the precedence links between elements of work . This schedule model can then be used to develop the PV curve ( or baseline ) , as shown in Figure 2 . It should be noted that measuring schedule performance using EVM does not replace the need to understand schedule performance versus the project 's schedule model ( precedence network ) . However , EVM schedule performance , as illustrated in Figure 2 provides an additional indicator -- one that can be communicated in a single chart . Although it is theoretically possible that detailed schedule analysis will yield different conclusions than broad schedule analysis , in practice there tends to be a high correlation between the two . Although EVM schedule measurements are not necessarily conclusive , they provide useful diagnostic information . Although such intermediate implementations do not require units of currency ( e.g. , dollars ) , it is common practice to use budgeted dollars as the scale for PV and EV . It is also common practice to track labor hours in parallel with currency . The following EVM formulas are for schedule management , and do not require accumulation of actual cost ( AC ) . This is important because it is common in small and intermediate size projects for true costs to be unknown or unavailable . Schedule variance ( SV ) S V = E V − P V ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) SV = EV - PV \ end ( aligned ) ) ) SV greater than 0 is good ( ahead of schedule ) . The SV will be 0 at project completion because then all of the planned values will have been earned . However , Schedule Variance ( SV ) measured through EVM method is indicative only . To know whether a project is really behind or ahead of schedule ( on time completion ) , Project Manager has to perform critical path analysis based on precedence and inter-dependencies of the project activities . Schedule performance index ( SPI ) S P I = E V P V ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) SPI = ( EV \ over PV ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) SPI greater than 1 is good / favourable ( ahead of schedule ) . Making earned value schedule metrics concordant with the cpm schedule ( edit ) The actual critical path is ultimately the determining factor of every project 's duration . Because earned value schedule metrics take no account of critical path data , big budget activities that are not on the critical path have the potential to dwarf the impact of performing small budget critical path activities . This can lead to `` gaming '' the SV and SPI metrics by ignoring critical path activities in favor of big budget activities that may have lots of float . This can sometimes even lead to performing activities out - of - sequence just to improve the schedule tracking metrics , which can cause major problems with quality . A simple two - step process has been suggested to fix this : 1 . Create a second earned value baseline strictly for schedule , with the weighted activities / milestones on the as - late - as - possible dates of the backward pass of the critical path algorithm , where there is no float . 2 . Allow earned value credit for schedule metrics to be taken no earlier than the reporting period during which the activity is scheduled unless it is on the project 's current critical path . In this way , the distorting aspect of float would be eliminated . There would be no benefit to performing a non-critical activity with lots of float until it is due in proper sequence . Also , an activity would not generate a negative schedule variance until it had used up its float . Under this method , one way of gaming the schedule metrics would be eliminated . The only way of generating a positive schedule variance ( or SPI over 1.0 ) would be by completing work on the current critical path ahead of schedule , which is in fact the only way for a project to get ahead of schedule . See also earned schedule for a description of known limitations in SV and SPI formulas and an emerging practice for correcting these limitations . Advanced implementations ( integrating cost , schedule and technical performance ) ( edit ) In addition to managing technical and schedule performance , large and complex projects require that cost performance be monitored and reviewed at regular intervals . To measure cost performance , planned value ( or BCWS - Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled ) and earned value ( or BCWP - Budgeted Cost of Work Performed ) must be in units of currency ( the same units that actual costs are measured . ) In large implementations , the planned value curve is commonly called a Performance Measurement Baseline ( PMB ) and may be arranged in control accounts , summary - level planning packages , planning packages and work packages . In large projects , establishing control accounts is the primary method of delegating responsibility and authority to various parts of the performing organization . Control accounts are cells of a responsibility assignment ( RACI ) matrix , which is the intersection of the project WBS and the organizational breakdown structure ( OBS ) . Control accounts are assigned to Control Account Managers ( CAMs ) . Large projects require more elaborate processes for controlling baseline revisions , more thorough integration with subcontractor EVM systems , and more elaborate management of procured materials . In the United States , the primary standard for full - featured EVM systems is the ANSI / EIA - 748A standard , published in May 1998 and reaffirmed in August 2002 . The standard defines 32 criteria for full - featured EVM system compliance . As of the year 2007 , a draft of ANSI / EIA - 748B , a revision to the original is available from ANSI . Other countries have established similar standards . In addition to using BCWS and BCWP , prior to 1998 implementations often use the term Actual Cost of Work Performed ( ACWP ) instead of AC . Additional acronyms and formulas include : Budget at completion ( BAC ) : The total planned value ( PV or BCWS ) at the end of the project . If a project has a Management Reserve ( MR ) , it is typically not included in the BAC , and respectively , in the Performance Measurement Baseline . Cost variance ( CV ) C V = E V − A C ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) CV = EV - AC \ end ( aligned ) ) ) CV greater than 0 is good ( under budget ) . Cost Performance Index ( CPI ) C P I = E V A C ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) CPI = ( EV \ over AC ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) CPI greater than 1 is good / favourable ( under budget ) : < 1 means that the cost of completing the work is higher than planned ( bad ) ; = 1 means that the cost of completing the work is right on plan ( good ) ; > 1 means that the cost of completing the work is less than planned ( good or sometimes bad ) . Having a CPI that is very high ( in some cases , very high is only 1.2 ) may mean that the plan was too conservative , and thus a very high number may in fact not be good , as the CPI is being measured against a poor baseline . Management or the customer may be upset with the planners as an overly conservative baseline ties up available funds for other purposes , and the baseline is also used for manpower planning . Estimate at completion ( EAC ) EAC is the manager 's projection of total cost of the project at completion . E A C = A C + ( B A C − E V ) C P I = B A C C P I ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) EAC = AC+ ( ( BAC - EV ) \ over CPI ) = ( BAC \ over CPI ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This formula is based on the assumption , that the performance of the project ( or rather a deviation of the actual performance from a baseline ) to date gives a good indication of what a performance ( or rather deviation of a performance from a baseline ) will be in the future . In another words this formula is using statistics of the project to date to predict future results . Therefore it has to be used carefully , when the nature of the project in the future is likely to be different from the one to date ( e.g. performance of the project compare to baseline at the design phase may not be a good indication of what it will be during a construction phase ) . Estimate to complete ( ETC ) ETC is the estimate to complete the remaining work of the project . ETC must be based on objective measures of the outstanding work remaining , typically based on the measures or estimates used to create the original planned value ( PV ) profile , including any adjustments to predict performance based on historical performance , actions being taken to improve performance , or acknowledgement of degraded performance . While algebraically , ETC = EAC - AC is correct , ETC should NEVER be computed using either EAC or AC . In the following equation , E A C = A C + E T C ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) EAC = AC + ETC \ end ( aligned ) ) ) ETC is the independent variable , EAC is the dependent variable , and AC is fixed based on expenditures to date . ETC should always be reported truthfully to reflect the project team estimate to complete the outstanding work . If ETC pushes EAC to exceed BAC , then project management skills are employed to either recommend performance improvements or scope change , but never force ETC to give the `` correct '' answer so that EAC = BAC . Managing project activities to keep the project within budget is a human factors activity , not a mathematical function . To - complete performance index ( TCPI ) The TCPI provides a projection of the anticipated performance required to achieve either the BAC or the EAC . TCPI indicates the future required cost efficiency needed to achieve a target BAC ( Budget At Complete ) or EAC ( Estimate At Complete ) . Any significant difference between CPI , the cost performance to date , and the TCPI , the cost performance needed to meet the BAC or the EAC , should be accounted for by management in their forecast of the final cost . For the TCPI based on BAC ( describing the performance required to meet the original BAC budgeted total ) : T C P I B A C = B A C − E V B A C − A C ( \ displaystyle TCPI_ ( BAC ) = ( BAC - EV \ over BAC - AC ) ) or for the TCPI based on EAC ( describing the performance required to meet a new , revised budget total EAC ) : T C P I E A C = B A C − E V E A C − A C ( \ displaystyle TCPI_ ( EAC ) = ( BAC - EV \ over EAC - AC ) ) This implies , that if revised budget ( EAC ) is calculated using Earned Value methodology formula ( BAC / CPI ) , then at the moment , when TCPI based on EAC is first time calculated , it will always be equal to CPI of a project at that moment . This happens because when EAC is calculated using formula BAC / CPI it is assumed , that cost performance of the remaining part of the project will be the same as the cost performance of the project to date . Independent estimate at completion ( IEAC ) The IEAC is a metric to project total cost using the performance to date to project overall performance . This can be compared to the EAC , which is the manager 's projection . I E A C = ∑ A C + ( B A C − ∑ E V ) C P I ( \ displaystyle IEAC = \ sum AC+ ( \ left ( BAC - \ sum EV \ right ) \ over CPI ) ) Agile EVM ( edit ) In complex environments like software development , an iterative and incremental or Agile approach is often used to deliver complex products more successfully . Agile EVM is used as trend burndown / burnup graphs to make forecasts of progress towards a completion date transparent . However , EVM techniques are always used for the underlying calculations . Preparation ( edit ) Setting up Agile EVM is similar to a simple implementation of EVM with the following preparation steps : All project work is gathered as work items ( i.e. Stories or Requirements ) and managed in a single ordered list ( i.e. Prioritized Requirements List or Product Backlog ) ; Planned Value is determined by estimating the relative size of a work item compared to other items . Story Points are used as the unit of measurement for PV and EV ; The one , and only , earning rule is that when a work item is done then the corresponding Story Points for a work item are earned . To agree what `` done '' means , project teams establish and share a Definition of Done , listing all criteria a work item has to comply with before it 's considered done . To mitigate project risks , no partially done work items are ever considered . Practices ( edit ) Figure 6 : Release Burndown Chart for Agile EVM with scope increase using the Agile Compass . Agile EVM is now all about executing the project and tracking the accumulated EV according to the simple earning rule . Because Agile EVM has been evolving for many years the following practices are well - established : EV is accumulated at fixed time intervals ( i.e. Timebox , Iteration or Sprint ) of 1 -- 4 weeks ; PV and EV is graphically tracked & extrapolated as remaining value in a Release Burndown Chart as shown in figure 6 ; Rather than an S - shaped curve the PV in Agile EVM is a straight line because an Agile project has no distinct phases and corresponding variances in the rate of value delivery ; The EV in Story Points done in one fixed time interval is known as the Velocity of a team ; In Agile scope change is embraced and the amount of added ( removed ) scope in Story Points is added ( removed ) to the Velocity or Scope Floor . The latter is shown in Figure 6 where several scope increases have lowered the Scope Floor below the x-axis . The advantage of using a Scope Floor is that any scope changes can easily be separated from Velocity variances ; The intersection between the Remaining Value and Scope Floor lines indicates the expected release date and the corresponding Remaining Budget . Calculations ( edit ) Agile EVM is based on transparency and therefore graphically used in various trend charts . However , all EVM formulas ( CPI , SPI , EAC , etc . ) can still be used in Agile EVM by expressing the input variables like EV , PV and AC as : Percentages of the number of planned or earned Story Points of the total number of Story Points or ; Financials by distributing the project budget over the total number of Story Points . Agile embraces change and therefore scope is considered variable ( i.e. not fixed ) . Instead of using the INITIAL estimate in total number of Story Points , in Agile EVM calculations always the LATEST estimate in total number of Story Points is used to calculate CPI , SPI , EAC , etc . Schedule performance ( edit ) The use of SPI in EVM is rather limited in forecasting schedule performance problems because it is dependent on the completion of earned value on the Critical Time Path ( CTP ) . Because Agile EVM is used in a complex environment , any earned value is more likely to be on the CTP . The latest estimate for the number of fixed time intervals can be calculated in Agile EVM as : Initial Duration in number of fixed time intervals / SPI or ; Latest Estimate in total number of Story Points / Velocity . Limitations ( edit ) Proponents of EVM note a number of issues with implementing it , and further limitations may be inherent to the concept itself . Because EVM requires quantification of a project plan , it is often perceived to be inapplicable to discovery - driven or Agile software development projects . For example , it may be impossible to plan certain research projects far in advance , because research itself uncovers some opportunities ( research paths ) and actively eliminates others . However , another school of thought holds that all work can be planned , even if in weekly timeboxes or other short increments . Thus , the challenge is to create agile or discovery - driven implementations of the EVM principle , and not simply to reject the notion of measuring technical performance objectively . ( See the lightweight implementation for small projects , described above ) . Applying EVM in fast - changing work environments is , in fact , an area of project management research . Traditional EVM is not intended for non-discrete ( continuous ) effort . In traditional EVM standards , non-discrete effort is called `` level of effort '' ( LOE ) . If a project plan contains a significant portion of LOE , and the LOE is intermixed with discrete effort , EVM results will be contaminated . This is another area of EVM research . Traditional definitions of EVM typically assume that project accounting and project network schedule management are prerequisites to achieving any benefit from EVM . Many small projects do n't satisfy either of these prerequisites , but they too can benefit from EVM , as described for simple implementations , above . Other projects can be planned with a project network , but do not have access to true and timely actual cost data . The systems that feed the data required by earned value management are usually in silos rather than interfaced and integrated . In practice , the collection of true and timely actual cost data can be the most difficult aspect of EVM . Such projects can benefit from EVM , as described for intermediate implementations , above , and Earned Schedule . As a means of overcoming objections to EVM 's lack of connection to qualitative performance issues , the Naval Air Systems Command ( NAVAIR ) PEO ( A ) organization initiated a project in the late 1990s to integrate true technical achievement into EVM projections by utilizing risk profiles . These risk profiles anticipate opportunities that may be revealed and possibly be exploited as development and testing proceeds . The published research resulted in a Technical Performance Management ( TPM ) methodology and software application that is still used by many DoD agencies in informing EVM estimates with technical achievement . The research was peer - reviewed and was the recipient of the Defense Acquisition University Acquisition Research Symposium 1997 Acker Award for excellence in the exchange of information in the field of acquisition research . There is the difficulty inherent for any periodic monitoring of synchronizing data timing : actual deliveries , actual invoicing , and the date the EVM analysis is done are all independent , so that some items have arrived but their invoicing has not and by the time analysis is delivered the data will likely be weeks behind events . This may limit EVM to a less tactical or less definitive role where use is combined with other forms to explain why or add recent news and manage future expectations . There is a measurement limitation for how precisely EVM can be used , stemming from classic conflict between accuracy and precision , as the mathematics can calculate deceptively far beyond the precision of the measurements of data and the approximation that is the plan estimation . The limitation on estimation is commonly understood ( such as the ninety - ninety rule in software ) but is not visible in any margin of error . The limitations on measurement are largely a form of digitization error as EVM measurements ultimately can be no finer than by item , which may be the Work Breakdown Structure terminal element size , to the scale of reporting period , typically end summary of a month , and by the means of delivery measure . ( The delivery measure may be actual deliveries , may include estimates of partial work done at the end of month subject to estimation limits , and typically does not include QC check or risk offsets . ) See also ( edit ) List of project management topics Earned schedule Critical chain project management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marshall , Robert . The Contribution of Earned Value Management to Project Success of Contracted Efforts . Journal of Contract Management , 2007 , pp. 21 - 331 . Jump up ^ `` KM Systems Group Announces First Annual wInsight Industry Group Conference -- `` WIGCON '' : Earned Value Management ( EVM ) is an important tool for improving Department of Defense , Federal Agency , and Government Contractor Project Performance `` . Wall Street Journal - MarketWatch. 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New federal contracting rules can help or hurt , says former contracting officer '' . Huntsville Times . 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Penalizes Huntington Ingalls '' . Reuters. 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ See also : Defense Systems Management College ( 1997 ) . Earned Value Management Textbook , Chapter 2 . Defense Systems Management College , EVM Dept. , 9820 Belvoir Road , Fort Belvoir , VA 22060 - 5565 . Abba , Wayne ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) . `` How Earned Value Got to Prime Time : A Short Look Back and a Glance Ahead '' ( PDF ) . PMI College of Performance Management ( www.pmi-cpm.org ) . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 31 . Fleming , Quentin ; Joel Koppelman ( 2005 ) . Earned Value Project Management ( Third ed . ) . Project Management Institute . ISBN 1 - 930699 - 89 - 1 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Robert A. ( 2006 - 11 - 09 ) . `` The contribution of earned value management to project success on contracted efforts : A quantitative statistics approach within the population of experienced practitioners '' ( PDF ) . PMI ( www.pmi.org ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ANSI EIA - 748 Standard - Earned Value Management Systems '' ( June1998 ed . ) . Electronic Industries Alliance . 1998 . Jump up ^ A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge . Newtown Square , PA : Project Management Institute . 2013 . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Sumara , Jim ; John Goodpasture ( 1997 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Earned Value -- The Next Generation -- A Practical Application for Commercial Projects '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Goodpasture , John C. ( 2004 ) . Quantitative Methods in Project Management . J. Ross Publishing . pp. 173 -- 178 . ISBN 1 - 932159 - 15 - 0 . Jump up ^ Devaux , Stephen A. ( 2014 ) . Managing Projects as Investments : Earned Value to Business Value . CRC Press . pp. 160 -- 171 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4822 - 1270 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fortuin , Chris . `` Agile Compass '' . OrangeFortune . Jump up ^ Alleman , Glen ( 2012 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Herding Cats : Issues with Deploying Earned Value Management '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Schulze , E. ( 2010 - 06 - 21 ) . `` How Earned Value Management is Limited '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sulaiman , Tamara ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` AgileEVM -- Earned Value Management The Agile Way '' . Agile Journal . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide '' . Defense Contracting Management Agency . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pisano , Nicholas ( 1999 ) . `` Technical Performance Measurement , Earned Value , and Risk Management : An Integrated Diagnostic Tool for Program Management '' . Defense Acquisition University Acquisition Research Symposium . Further reading ( edit ) Humphreys , Gary ( 2001 ) . Project Management Using Earned Value . Humphreys and Associates . ISBN 0 - 9708614 - 0 - 0 Philipson , Erik and Sven Antvik ( 2009 ) . Earned Value Management - an introduction . Philipson Biz . ISBN 978 - 91 - 977394 - 5 - 0 Project Management Institute ( 2005 ) . Practice Standard for Earned Value Management . Project Management Institute . ISBN 1 - 930699 - 42 - 5 Solomon , Paul and Ralph Young ( 2006 ) . Performance - Based Earned Value . Wiley - IEEE Computer Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 72188 - 8 Stratton , Ray ( 2006 ) . The Earned Value Maturity Model . Management Concepts . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 180 - 9 U.S. Air Force Materiel Command ( 1994 ) . `` Guide to Analysis of Contractor Cost Data '' . AFMCPAM 65 - 501 Defense Contract Management Agency ( 2006 ) `` Earned Value Implementation Guide '' DAU link ISBN 978 - 1468178289 GAO ( 2009 ) `` GAO Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide '' GAO - 09 - SSP External links ( edit ) EVM at NASA `` DOE G 413.3 - 10 , Earned Value Management System ( EVMS ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy . 6 May 2008 . U.S. Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Earned Value Management website Measuring Integrated Progress on Agile Software Development Projects Monitoring Scrum Projects with AgileEVM and Earned Business Value ( EBV ) Metrics UK MoD on - line training using Flash player U.S. DoD DAU Acquisition Community Earned Value Management website U.S. Defense Contract Management Agency Guidebook EVM earned value management general definitions EVMS Surveillance Instruction , U.S. Defense Contract Management Agency What is Value Analysis ? AcqNotes Earned Value Management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earned_value_management&oldid=817256098 '' Categories : Project management Management Production and manufacturing Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 05 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the principles and practice of earned value management	[]	[]
5639821251354597969	F♯ A♯ ∞	F ♯ a ♯ ∞ - wikipedia F ♯ a ♯ ∞ This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Holiday56 ( talk contribs ) at 16 : 03 , 18 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 16 : 03 , 18 August 2017 by Holiday56 ( talk contribs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search F ♯ A ♯ ∞ One of the three different vinyl album covers . Studio album by Godspeed You ! Black Emperor Released 14 August 1997 Recorded May 1997 Studio Hotel2Tango in Montreal , Quebec , Canada Genre Post-rock experimental rock instrumental rock dark ambient Length 38 : 22 ( Vinyl record ) 63 : 27 ( Compact Disc ) Label Constellation , Kranky Producer Don Wilkie Ian Ilavsky Godspeed You ! Black Emperor Godspeed You ! Black Emperor chronology All Lights Fucked on the Hairy Amp Drooling ( 1994 ) All Lights Fucked on the Hairy Amp Drooling 1994 F ♯ A ♯ ∞ ( 1997 ) Slow Riot for New Zerø Kanada ( 1999 ) Slow Riot for New Zerø Kanada 1999 Compact Disc release F ♯ A ♯ ∞ ( pronounced `` F - sharp , A-sharp , Infinity '' ) is the debut album of the Canadian post-rock band Godspeed You ! Black Emperor . It was released twice , first in 1997 by Constellation Records and then again on 8 June 1998 , by Kranky as an expanded edition that ran for 63 : 27 . The album is devoid of traditional lyrics and mostly instrumental , featuring lengthy songs segmented into movements and wide dynamics . The album was recorded at the Hotel2Tango in the Mile End of Montreal . It was initially released in very limited quantities , and was mainly distributed through live performances and advertised by word of mouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Music 3 Packaging 4 Release and reception 5 Track listing 5.1 Vinyl edition 5.2 Compact Disc edition 5.3 Notes 5.3. 1 Vinyl 5.3. 2 CD 6 Personnel 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Recording In 1995 , Mauro Pezzente moved into a loft with his then - girlfriend in the Mile End of Montreal . Pezzente used the flat as a performance venue , dubbing it the Gallery Quiva . Around 1996 , fumes from the mechanic 's garage below the loft forced them to vacate it . Shortly after their departure , Efrim Menuck moved into the space and established Hotel2Tango , serving both as a recording studio and practice space . There , in 1997 , the original recording of F ♯ A ♯ ∞ took place . By this time , the band had reached an unwieldy 15 members . In preparation of the album , they trimmed their numbers to ten . The culmination of material spanning back to 1993 resulted in two lengthy songs , each about 20 minutes in length . After the record 's release , the band became interested in touring the United States . In order to make headway , they sent a copy of their album to the Chicago - based record label Kranky . Impressed by the recording , Kranky offered to republish the album on compact disc . The band quickly returned to the studio and re-recorded the album , which was released in June 1998 . Changes to the album included the addition , subtraction and reorganization of material , resulting in three tracks and slightly over an hour of music . Music All of the tracks feature a number of field recordings and sampled sounds , once referred to by David Keenan of The Wire as `` eschatological tape loops . '' Therefore , the overall theme of the album is often pinned as apocalyptic . Indeed , English director Danny Boyle was heavily inspired by the album during the making of 28 Days Later . During an interview with The Guardian , he explained , `` I always try to have a soundtrack in my mind ( when creating a film ) . Like when we did Trainspotting , it was Underworld . For me , the soundtrack to 28 Days Later was Godspeed . The whole film was cut to Godspeed in my head . '' Co-founder and bassist Mauro Pezzente performing with Godspeed You ! Black Emperor in London , England in November 2000 . The opening track , `` The Dead Flag Blues '' , begins with an ominous introduction which originates from an unfinished screenplay by guitarist Efrim Menuck . Backed by a string melody , the speaker describes a derelict city , where the government is corrupt and the inhabitants are drunks . The introduction is followed by the sounds of a train and high - volume suspended noise . This eventually develops into a Western - themed melody , and is capped off by an upbeat section which includes glockenspiel , violin , and slide guitar . The second track , `` East Hastings '' , is named after East Hastings Street in Vancouver 's blighted Downtown Eastside . It begins with bagpipes reprising the theme of `` The Dead Flag Blues '' and backing the shouts of a street preacher . The sermon slowly quiets , and is replaced with the movement `` The Sad Mafioso ... '' , an edited version of which appeared in the film 28 Days Later . The movement also contains a brief portion where the band quietly sings in a rare occurrence of vocals . The track concludes with a series of electronic noises and buzzing until throbbing bass takes over . The final track , `` Providence '' , is considerably longer than the first two , coming in around 30 minutes in length . James Oldham of NME described it as `` part The Good , the Bad and the Ugly and part Spiritualized drone freakout . '' The introduction features a vox pop interviewee who references `` A Country Boy Can Survive '' by Hank Williams , Jr . The speaker is quickly replaced with a cello piece accompanied by glockenspiel , violin , and horn . Percussion is added to the melody which peaks , and is continued by a distorted singing woman performing Hazel Dickens ' Gathering Storm . A quasi-military tune follows and is eventually taken over by the sung phrase `` Where are you going ? Where are you going ? '' The voice is sampled from the song `` By My Side , '' from the 1970 musical Godspell . A collage of sounds and drones then round off the track . After a period of silence , a brief coda named for the American musician John Lee Hooker is performed . Packaging The record and its many inserts laid out , including the crushed penny . The hand drawn picture by Efrim Menuck is visible between the handbill and envelope . Another of the three different variations of the album 's vinyl release . The last variation of the vinyl release . The title of the album is pronounced `` F - sharp , A-sharp , Infinity '' . This is a reference to the keys in which each side of the record begins and to the endless loop at the end . The compact disc version does not contain the loop . The original five - hundred records ' jackets were handmade by the band , their record label , and local Montreal artists . One of three original photographs -- depicting a watertower , train , or road sign -- was glued onto the cover . The sleeve and jacket made no mention of the track titles . They were instead scratched into the run - off groove of the record , accompanied by the catalog number and side indication . Inside of the jacket was an envelope filled with inserts . The contents included an old handbill , the album 's credit sheet , a picture drawn by guitarist Efrim Menuck , and a Canadian penny crushed by a train . A silk - screened image dedicated to the blues musician Reverend Gary Davis was also included in the jacket . Barb Stewart of Stylus Magazine and Mike Galloway of NOW called the packaging and inserts `` beautiful . '' After numerous repressings , the assembly process was streamlined . However , the record still ships , to this day , with virtually the same packaging elements as the originals . The compact disc version of the album is much simpler artistically . Guitarist David Bryant once referred to the packaging as a `` jewel - cased CD monstrosity , '' preferring the original handcrafted record . The photograph of a road sign was chosen as the cover image , and was enlarged and darkened significantly from the original . Inside of the case are liner notes and images , including the `` Faulty Schematics of a Ruined Machine , '' the hand drawn picture by Efrim Menuck present in the record . Release and reception Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Encyclopedia of Popular Music NME 8 / 10 Pitchfork 9.3 / 10 Sputnikmusic 5 / 5 Originally , the band had planned to self - release the album as a double 7 '' record set . The idea was scrapped after Don Wilkie and Ian Ilavsky , founders of the independent record label Constellation and co-producers of the album , offered to publish it as their third record . The album was released in August 1997 , and was initially limited to five - hundred hand - packaged and - numbered vinyl records . The first publication of F ♯ A ♯ ∞ was reviewed by a scant number of critics . Stylus Magazine wrote that the record was `` innovative and inventive '' and that it `` stakes out unique territory in a world overrun with hackneyed experimentation . '' Gordon Krieger of Exclaim ! described it as a `` slow soundtrack of regret and desire , equal parts morose and expectant . '' Montreal - based Hour magazine said the lengthy tracks `` could be really pretentious but the sounds ( the band ) make are way too cool to be merely coldly superior . '' Chart Attack magazine went on to rank the two - track record as # 46 on their list of the top 50 Canadian albums of all time . Reviews of the second publication were generally positive and more widespread . Marc Gilman of AllMusic said that `` the music on ( the ) album is unique and powerful '' and that someone `` would be hard - pressed to find any imitators of ( Godspeed 's ) revolutionary musical form . '' The Magnet commented that the three tracks can be `` served up as staggering psychedelia for a headphone or surround - sound context , '' voting it # 38 on their list of the best albums from 1993 to 2003 . The NME called it a `` genuine classic , '' noting the variety of sounds present in the album . Pitchfork founder and critic Ryan Schreiber remarked that , of the many experimental bands around , Godspeed You ! Black Emperor were `` one of the few that ( have n't ) left out beauty and emotion in their pieces . '' Pitchfork later ranked the album # 45 on their list of the top 100 albums of the 1990s . Track listing Vinyl edition Side 1 : Nervous , Sad , Poor ... No . Title Length 1 . `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Intro ) '' 6 : 09 2 . `` Slow Moving Trains '' 3 : 23 3 . `` The Cowboy ... '' 4 : 16 4 . `` Drugs in Tokyo '' 3 : 29 5 . `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Outro ) '' 1 : 52 6 . Untitled 1 : 34 Total length : 20 : 43 Side 2 : Bleak , Uncertain , Beautiful ... No . Title Length 1 . `` ... Nothing 's Alrite in Our Life ... '' / `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 00 2 . `` The Sad Mafioso ... '' 5 : 33 3 . `` Kicking Horse on Brokenhill '' 5 : 37 4 . `` String Loop Manufactured During Downpour ... '' 4 : 26 * Total length : 17 : 36 Technically , due to the locked groove at the end , this has an infinite running time . However , with the loop removed , this is the running time . The real ending is restored to the CD version . Compact Disc edition 1 : The Dead Flag Blues No . Title Length 1 . `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Intro ) '' 6 : 37 2 . `` Slow Moving Trains '' / `` The Cowboy ... '' 7 : 50 3 . `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Outro ) '' 2 : 00 Total length : 16 : 27 2 : East Hastings No . Title Length 1 . `` ... Nothing 's Alrite in Our Life ... '' / `` The Dead Flag Blues ( Reprise ) '' 1 : 35 2 . `` The Sad Mafioso ... '' 10 : 44 3 . `` Drugs in Tokyo '' / `` Black Helicopter '' 5 : 41 Total length : 18 : 00 3 : Providence No . Title Length 1 . `` Divorce & Fever ... '' 2 : 45 2 . `` Dead Metheny ... '' 8 : 07 3 . `` Kicking Horse on Brokenhill '' 5 : 53 4 . `` String Loop Manufactured During Downpour ... '' 4 : 37 5 . Untitled ( silence ) 3 : 30 6 . `` J.L.H. Outro ( hidden track ) '' 4 : 08 Total length : 29 : 02 Notes Vinyl Names of movements are not actually given anywhere in the vinyl release ; these are extrapolated from the CD release . The final movement on side one does not have a corresponding segment on the CD release . Time lengths given are approximations . Because of the locked groove of the final track , the vinyl edition technically has an infinite running time . CD `` J.L.H. Outro '' was named in honor of John Lee Hooker . On the CD edition it is a hidden track that begins after approximately 3 minutes and 30 seconds of silence after the end of `` Providence '' . Personnel Godspeed You ! Black Emperor Aidan Girt -- drums Bruce Cawdron -- percussion Christophe -- violin David Bryant -- guitar Efrim Menuck -- electric guitar Mauro Pezzente -- bass guitar Mike Moya -- guitar , banjo Norsola Johnson -- cello Thea Pratt -- French horn Thierry Amar -- bass guitar Guest musicians All guest musicians are credited in the liner notes of the album . No surnames or instruments played are given . Amanda Colin D . Dan O . Grayson Jesse Peter Shnaeberg Steph Sylvain Production and design Ian Ilavsky -- production , mixing Godspeed You ! Black Emperor -- production , mixing Arthur John Tinholt -- locomotive etching Don Wilkie -- production , mixing Notes The singing takes place during `` The Sad Mafioso ... '' movement , and spans from 8 : 20 to 8 : 50 . It is only included on the Compact Disc version . Live performances also contain the singing . Examples can be heard here and here at the 13 : 30 and 11 : 37 marks , respectively . The speaker closely quotes the first verse , with some small changes . Lyrics for the song `` A Country Boy Can Survive '' can be found here . References ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Lorraine ; Rahman , Ali ( 2000 ) . `` Experimental jet - set trash and new stars '' . Montreal Mirror . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Constellation Records . `` F ♯ A ♯ ∞ release information '' . Releases . Constellation Records . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : St - Jacques , Marie - Douche ( 1998 ) . `` Godspeed You ! Black Emperor interview with aMAZEzine ! '' . aMAZEzine . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kranky . `` Godspeed You Black Emperor ! '' . Kranky . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan , David ( 1998 ) . `` Godspeed You Black Emperor ! interview with The Wire '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Schreiber , Ryan . `` Godspeed You Black Emperor ! : F # A # oo '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Channing ( 2006 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Review : Godspeed You ! Black Emperor -- F # A# ( Infinity ) '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with The Scotsman '' . brainwashed.com. 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Empire , Kitty ( 2002 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Get used to the limelight '' . guardian.co.uk . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` monologues - dead flag blues ( intro ) '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Marc . `` F# A# ( Infinity ) -- Godspeed You ! Black Emperor '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rhoades , Lindsey ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing at BAM With Godspeed You ! Black Emperor '' . The Village Voice . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews of F ♯ A ♯ ∞ '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Constellation Records . `` F ♯ A ♯ ∞ packaging '' . Constellation Records . Archived from the original on 2001 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews of F ♯ A ♯ ∞ LP '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Oldham , James ( 1998 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Godspeed You ! Black Emperor -- f * a * ( infinity ) '' . NME . Archived from the original on 2000 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan , David ( 2000 ) . `` Godspeed You Black Emperor ! interview with The Wire '' . brainwashed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chart Staff ( 2000 ) . `` Top 50 Canadian Albums of All Time '' . Chart . Archived from the original on 2002 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Music : Magnet 's Top 60 Albums , 1993 -- 2003 '' . Acclaimed Music . Magnet . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pitchfork staff . `` Top 100 Albums of the 1990s '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . External links F ♯ A ♯ ∞ at MusicBrainz F ♯ A ♯ ∞ at Last.fm ( hide ) Godspeed You ! Black Emperor Thierry Amar David Bryant Bruce Cawdron Aidan Girt Tim Herzog Norsola Johnson Karl Lemieux Efrim Menuck Mike Moya Mauro Pezzente Sophie Trudeau Gregory Borys James Chau James Daytron John Littlefair Thea Pratt Roger Tellier - Craig Grayson Walker Albums F ♯ A ♯ ∞ Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven Yanqui U.X.O. ' Allelujah ! Do n't Bend ! Ascend ! Asunder , Sweet and Other Distress Luciferian Towers Other releases All Lights Fucked on the Hairy Amp Drooling aMAZEzine ! 7 '' Slow Riot for New Zero Kanada Related articles Discography Set Fire to Flames Thee Silver Mt . Zion Memorial Orchestra Constellation Records Kranky Music of Quebec Hotel2Tango Post-rock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F ♯ _A ♯ _ ∞ &oldid = 796117330 '' Categories : 1998 debut albums Constellation Records ( Canada ) albums Godspeed You ! Black Emperor albums Instrumental rock albums Kranky albums Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Track listings with input errors Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	godspeed you black emperor where are you going	[]	[]
8442630898648106111	Meuse-Argonne Offensive	Meuse - Argonne Offensive - Wikipedia Meuse - Argonne Offensive Meuse - Argonne Offensive Part of the Western Front of World War I The `` Hell Fighters '' from Harlem by H. Charles McBarron shows the attack of the 369th U.S. Infantry in the Meuse - Argonne offensive on September 29 , 1918 . Date September 26 -- November 11 , 1918 Location Near Montfaucon , northwest of Verdun ( present - day Grand Est region , France ) 49 ° 16 ′ 21 '' N 5 ° 08 ′ 31 '' E / 49.27250 ° N 5.14194 ° E / 49.27250 ; 5.14194 Coordinates : 49 ° 16 ′ 21 '' N 5 ° 08 ′ 31 '' E / 49.27250 ° N 5.14194 ° E / 49.27250 ; 5.14194 Result Allied victory Belligerents United States France Siam Germany Austria - Hungary Commanders and leaders John J. Pershing Henri Gouraud Henri Berthelot Wilhelm of Prussia Max von Gallwitz Albrecht , Duke of Württemberg Units involved American Expeditionary Forces First Army Second Army Fourth Army Fifth Army Siamese Expeditionary Forces Army Group German Crown Prince Army Group Gallwitz Army Group Duke Albrecht Strength : 1,200,000 personnel 380 tanks 840 planes 2,780 artillery pieces : 850 personnel 450,000 personnel Casualties and losses Total : 192,000 : 122,063 26,277 killed 95,786 wounded : 70,000 : 19 killed Total : c . 126,000 28,000 dead 42,000 wounded 26,000 POWs taken by Americans 30,000 POWs taken by French 874 artillery pieces captured by both Location within France hide Hundred Days Offensive Amiens Ailette 2nd Somme Scarpe 1918 Mont Saint - Quentin Havrincourt St. - Mihiel Épehy Canal du Nord St. Quentin Canal Meuse - Argonne 5th Ypres 2nd Cambrai Courtrai Selle Valenciennes Sambre The Meuse - Argonne Offensive ( also known as Battles of the Meuse - Argonne and the Meuse - Argonne Campaign ) was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front . It was fought from September 26 , 1918 until the Armistice of November 11 , 1918 , a total of 47 days . The Meuse - Argonne Offensive was the largest in United States military history , involving 1.2 million American soldiers . It was one of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive , which brought the war to an end . The battle cost 28,000 German lives , 26,277 American lives and an unknown number of French lives . It was the largest and bloodiest operation of World War I for the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) , which was commanded by General John J. Pershing , and the second - deadliest battle in American history . U.S. losses were exacerbated by the inexperience of many of the troops and the tactics used during the early phases of the operation . Meuse - Argonne was the principal engagement of the AEF during World War I . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Prelude 2.1 Opposing forces 2.2 Objective 3 Battle 3.1 First Phase ( September 26 -- October 3 , 1918 ) 3.2 Second Phase ( October 4 -- October 28 , 1918 ) 3.3 Third Phase ( October 28 -- November 11 , 1918 ) 4 Image gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Overview ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The logistical prelude to the Meuse attack was planned by then - Colonel George Marshall who managed to move American units to the front after the Battle of Saint - Mihiel . The big September / October Allied breakthroughs ( north , centre and south ) across the length of the Hindenburg Line -- including the Battle of the Argonne Forest -- are now lumped together as part of what is generally remembered as the Grand Offensive ( also known as the Hundred Days Offensive ) by the Allies on the Western Front . The Meuse - Argonne offensive also involved troops from France , while the rest of the Allies , including France , Britain and its dominion and imperial armies ( mainly Canada , Australia and New Zealand ) , and Belgium contributed to major battles in other sectors across the whole front . German soldiers drawing water The French and British armies ' ability to fight unbroken over the whole four years of the war , in what amounted to a bloody stalemate , is credited by some historians with breaking the spirit of the German Army on the Western Front . The Grand Offensive , including British , French and Belgian advances in the north along with the French - American advances around the Argonne forest , is in turn credited for leading directly to the Armistice of November 11 , 1918 . On 26 September , the Americans began their strike north towards Sedan . The next day British and Belgian divisions drove towards Ghent ( Belgium ) . British and French armies attacked across northern France on 28 September . The scale of the overall offensive , bolstered by the fresh and eager , but largely untried and inexperienced , U.S. troops , signaled renewed vigor among the Allies and sharply dimmed German hopes for victory . The Meuse - Argonne offensive , shared by the U.S. forces with the French Fourth Army on the left , was the biggest operation and victory of the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) in World War I . The bulk of the AEF had not gone into action until 1918 . The Meuse - Argonne battle was the largest frontline commitment of troops by the U.S. Army in World War I , and also its deadliest . Command was coordinated , with some U.S. troops ( e.g. the Buffalo Soldiers of the 92nd Division and the 93rd Division ) attached and serving under French command ( e.g. XVII Corps during the second phase ) . The main U.S. effort of the Meuse - Argonne offensive took place in the Verdun Sector , immediately north and northwest of the town of Verdun , between 26 September and November 11 , 1918 . However , far to the north , U.S. troops of the 27th and 30th divisions of the II Corps AEF fought under British command in a spearhead attack on the Hindenburg Line with 12 British and Australian divisions , and directly alongside the exhausted veteran divisions of the Australian Corps of the First Australian Imperial Force ( 1st AIF ) . With artillery and British tanks , the combined three - nation force , despite some early setbacks , attacked and captured their objectives ( including Montbrehain village ) along a six - kilometre section of the Line between Bellicourt and Vendhuille , which was centred around an underground section of the St. Quentin Canal and came to be known as the Battle of St. Quentin Canal . Although the capture of the heights above the Beaurevoir Line by 10 October , marking a complete breach in the Hindenburg Line , was arguably of greater immediate significance , the important U.S. contribution to the victory at the St. Quentin Canal is less well remembered in the United States than Meuse - Argonne . Prelude ( edit ) Main article : Hundred Days Offensive Sedan -- Verdun and Vicinity : The Meuse - Argonne Offensive , September -- November 1918 ( c. 1938 ) . Opposing forces ( edit ) Further information : American Order of Battle Meuse - Argonne Offensive The American forces initially consisted of fifteen divisions of the U.S. First Army commanded by then - General John J. Pershing until October 16 , and then by Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett . The logistics were planned and directed by then - Colonel George C. Marshall . The French forces next to them consisted of 31 divisions including the Fourth Army ( under Henri Gouraud ) and the Fifth Army ( under Henri Mathias Berthelot ) . The U.S. divisions of the AEF were oversized ( 12 battalions per division versus the French / British / German 9 battalions per division ) , being up to twice the size of other Allies ' battle - depleted divisions upon arrival , but the French and other Allied divisions had been partly replenished prior to the Grand Offensive , so both the U.S. and French contributions in troops were considerable . Most of the heavy equipment ( tanks , artillery , aircraft ) was provided by the European Allies . For the Meuse - Argonne front alone , this represented 2,780 artillery pieces , 380 tanks and 840 planes . As the battle progressed , both the Americans and the French brought in reinforcements . Eventually , 22 American divisions would participate in the battle at one time or another , representing two full field armies . Other French forces involved included the 2nd Colonial Corps , under Henri Claudel , which had also fought alongside the AEF at the Battle of Saint - Mihiel earlier in September 1918 . Gen. John J. Pershing , Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces ( A.E.F. ) Lt. Gen. Hunter Liggett , Commander of First Army Lt. Gen. Robert L. Bullard , Commander of Second Army The opposing forces were wholly German . During this period of the war , German divisions procured only 50 percent or less of their initial strength . The 117th Division , which opposed the U.S. 79th Division during the offensive 's first phase , had only 3,300 men in its ranks . Morale varied among German units . For example , divisions that served on the Eastern front would have high morale , while conversely divisions that had been on the Western front had poor morale . Resistance grew to approximately 200,000 -- 450,000 German troops from the Fifth Army of Group Gallwitz commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz . The Americans estimated that they opposed parts of 44 German divisions overall , though many fewer at any one time . Objective ( edit ) The Allied objective was the capture of the railway hub at Sedan that would break the railway network supporting the German Army in France and Flanders . Battle ( edit ) First phase ( September 26 -- October 3 , 1918 ) ( edit ) `` During the three hours preceding H hour , the Allies expended more ammunition than both sides managed to fire throughout the four years of the ( American ) Civil War . The cost was later calculated to have been $180 million , or $1 million per minute . '' The American attack began at 05 : 30 on September 26 with mixed results . The V and III Corps met most of their objectives , but the 79th Division failed to capture Montfaucon , the 28th `` Keystone '' Division was virtually ground to a halt by formidable German resistance , and the 91st `` Wild West '' Division was compelled to evacuate the village of Épinonville though it advanced 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) . The inexperienced 37th `` Buckeye '' Division failed to capture Montfaucon d'Argonne . The subsequent day , September 27 most of 1st Army failed to make any gains . The 79th Division finally captured Montfaucon and the 35th `` Santa Fe '' Division captured the village of Baulny , Hill 218 , and Charpentry , placing the division forward of adjacent units . On September 29 , six extra German divisions were deployed to oppose the American attack , with the 5th Guards and 52nd Division counterattacking the 35th Division , which had run out of food and ammunition during the attack . The Germans initially made significant gains , but were barely repulsed by the 35th Division 's 110th Engineers , 128th Machine Gun Battalion , and Harry Truman 's Battery D , 129th Field Artillery . In the words of Pershing , `` We were no longer engaged in a maneuver for the pinching out of a salient , but were necessarily committed , generally speaking , to a direct frontal attack against strong , hostile positions fully manned by a determined enemy . '' The German counterattack had shattered so much of the 35th Division -- a poorly led division , most of whose key leaders had been replaced shortly before the attack , made up of National Guard units from Missouri and Kansas -- that it had to be relieved early , though remnants of the division subsequently reentered the battle . Part of the adjacent French attack met temporary confusion when one of its generals died . However , it was able to advance 15 km ( 9 mi ) , penetrating deeply into the German lines , especially around Somme - Py ( the Battle of Somme - Py ( French : Bataille de Somme - Py ) ) and northwest of Reims ( the Battle of Saint - Thierry ( French : Bataille de Saint - Thierry ) ) . The initial progress of the French forces was thus faster than the 3 to 8 km ( 2 to 5 mi ) gained by the adjacent American units , though the French units were fighting in a more open terrain , which is an easier terrain from which to attack . Second phase ( October 4 -- October 28 , 1918 ) ( edit ) The second phase of the battle began on October 4 , during which time all of the original phase one assault divisions ( the 91st , 79th , 37th and 35th ) of the U.S. V Corps were replaced by the 32nd , 3rd and 1st Divisions . The 1st Division created a gap in the lines when it advanced 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) against the 37th , 52nd , and 5th Guards Divisions . It was during this phase that the Lost Battalion affair occurred . The battalion was rescued due to an attack by the 28th and 82nd Divisions ( the 82nd attacking soon after taking up its positions in the gap between the 28th and 1st Divisions ) on October 7 . The Americans launched a series of costly frontal assaults that finally broke through the main German defenses ( the Kriemhilde Stellung of the Hindenburg Line ) between October 14 -- 17 ( the Battle of Montfaucon ( French : Bataille de Montfaucon ) ) . By the end of October , U.S. troops had advanced ten miles and had finally cleared the Argonne Forest . On their left the French had advanced twenty miles , reaching the Aisne River . It was during the opening of this operation , on October 8 , that Corporal ( later Sergeant ) Alvin York made his famous capture of 132 German prisoners near Cornay . Third phase ( October 28 -- November 11 , 1918 ) ( edit ) By October 31 , the Americans had advanced 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) and had finally cleared the Argonne Forest . On their left the French had advanced 30 km ( 19 mi ) , reaching the River Aisne . The American forces reorganized into two armies . The First , led by General Liggett , would continue to move to the Carignan - Sedan - Mezieres Railroad . The Second Army , led by Lieutenant General Robert L. Bullard , was directed to move eastward towards Metz . The two U.S. armies faced portions of 31 German divisions during this phase . The American troops captured German defenses at Buzancy , allowing French troops to cross the River Aisne , whence they rushed forward , capturing Le Chesne ( the Battle of Chesne ( French : Bataille du Chesne ) ) . In the final days , the French forces conquered the immediate objective , Sedan and its critical railroad hub ( the Advance to the Meuse ( French : Poussée vers la Meuse ) ) , on 6 November and American forces captured surrounding hills . On November 11 , news of the German armistice put a sudden end to the fighting . Image gallery ( edit ) Meuse - Argonne Offensive gallery 23d U.S. Infantry gun crew in action U.S. Marines during the offensive German dugouts in the Argonnes German plane forced down near Cierges See also ( edit ) List of military engagements of World War I Meuse - Argonne American Cemetery Meuse - Argonne American Memorial References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart , Keith ( 1982 ) . `` A Note on the Military Participation of Siam in the First World War '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Siam Society . p. 135 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Robert H. ( 2007 ) . America 's Deadliest Battle : The Meuse Argonne , 1918 . Lawrence : University press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 70061 - 499 - 0 . OCLC 71275542 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meuse River - Argonne Forest Offensive , 26 September - 11 November 1918 '' . Historyofwar.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Collier 's New Encyclopedia : A Loose - leaf and Self - revising Reference Work '' . 1922 . Page 209 . Jump up ^ Gary Mead : Doughboys Jump up ^ `` Hindenburg Line and Montbrehain , 27 September -- 5 October 1918 '' . Australians on the Western Front 1914 -- 1918 : An Australian journey across the First World War battlefields of France and Belgium . Department of Veteran 's Affairs , Australian Government . November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 30th - Division in WWI '' . Battlefield Tour Guide . Jump up ^ `` firstworldwar.com '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Situation au debut D'Octobre 1918 ( Situation at the beginning of October 1918 ) '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Argonne Began 18 Years Ago '' . New York Times . Associated Press . 1937 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Eighteen years ago today at dawn the American First Army started its pivotal attack which smashed the Hindenburg line on the western front and forced the imperial German command to sue for armistice . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ D'Este , Carlo ( 1995 ) . Patton : A Genius for War . New York : Harper Collins . p. 254 . ISBN 0060164557 . Jump up ^ `` The Meuse - Argonne Offensive : Part II : Pershing 's Report '' . The Great War Society . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Robert H. ( 2004 ) . Collapse at Meuse - Argonne : the Failure of the Missouri - Kansas Division . Columbia : University of Missouri Press . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 82621 - 532 - 7 . OCLC 54500285 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) ' The Santa Fe Division ' '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas ( October 1993 ) . `` Meuse - Argonne Offensive of World War I '' . Military History . HistoryNet.com . Jump up ^ `` Novembre 1918 ( November 1918 ) '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , Horace L. ( 2007 ) . Argonne Days in World War I. Columbia : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 82626 - 575 - 8 . OCLC 614477736 . Braim , Paul ( 1987 ) . The Test of Battle : the American Expeditionary Forces in the Meuse - Argonne Campaign . Newark : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 0 - 87413 - 301 - 7 . OCLC 14240589 . Clodfelter , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Lost Battalion and the Meuse - Argonne , 1918 : America 's Deadliest Battle . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0786426799 . OCLC 71812758 . Lengel , Edward G. ( 2008 ) . To Conquer Hell . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7931 - 9 . Lengel , Edward G. , ed . A Companion to the Meuse - Argonne Campaign ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2014 ) . xii , 537 pp . Palmer , Fredrick ( 1919 ) . Our Greatest Battle : The Meuse Argonne . New York : Dodd , Meade . Triplet , William S. ( 2000 ) . Ferrell , Robert H. , ed . A Youth in the Meuse - Argonne : A Memoir , 1917 - 1918 . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1290 - 5 . LCCN 00029921 . OCLC 43707198 . Wright , William M. ( 2004 ) . Ferrell , Robert H. , ed . Meuse - Argonne Diary : A Division Commander in World War I. Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0826215277 . OCLC 70757341 . Yockelson , Mitchell . Forty - Seven Days : How Pershing 's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Army in World War I ( New York : NAL , Caliber , 2016 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 46695 - 2 External links ( edit ) Government Battlefield Experience : The Meuse - Argonne Offensive at American Battle Monuments Commission The Meuse - Argonne Offensive at U.S. National Archives and Records Administration The Meuse - Argonne Offensive Interactive at American Battle Monuments Commission This Day in History , September 26 , 1918 : The Meuse - Argonne Campaign Begins at American Battle Monuments Commission General information Battles of the Meuse - Argonne at Encyclopædia Britannica Online `` General Pershing and the Battle of Meuse - Argonne '' . C - SPAN . March 22 , 2016 . Meuse - Argonne Offensive at Meuse - Argonne ( meuse-argonne.com ) `` To Conquer Hell '' . C - SPAN . February 6 , 2008 . Works by or about Meuse - Argonne Offensive at Internet Archive World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - 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3228617496838120663	Monroe County, Florida	Monroe County , Florida - Wikipedia Monroe County , Florida Jump to : navigation , search Parts of this article ( those related to rebuilding following hurricanes , specifically the 2017 Hurricane Irma , and developing discussions of urban resilience , climate resilience planning and the facts about the mainland population ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2017 ) Monroe County , Florida County Monroe County The Monroe County Courthouse in Key West Flag Seal Location in the U.S. state of Florida Florida 's location in the U.S. Founded July 3 , 1823 Named for James Monroe Seat Key West Largest city Key West Area Total 3,738 sq mi ( 9,681 km ) Land 983 sq mi ( 2,546 km ) Water 2,754 sq mi ( 7,133 km ) , 73.7 % Population ( est . ) ( 2015 ) 77,482 Density 74 / sq mi ( 29 / km2 ) Congressional district 26th Time zone Eastern : UTC - 5 / - 4 Website www.monroecounty-fl.gov Monroe County is a county in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 73,090 . Its county seat is Key West . Monroe County includes the islands of the Florida Keys and comprises the Key West Micropolitan Statistical Area . Although 87 % of the county 's land area is on the mainland , that region is part of the Everglades and is virtually uninhabited with only 60 people in total . Over 99 % of the county 's population lives on the Florida Keys . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Adjacent counties 2.2 National protected areas 3 Demographics 3.1 Languages 4 Transportation 4.1 Airports 4.2 Major highways 5 Culture 6 Education 7 Government 7.1 Elections 7.2 Politics 7.3 Libraries 8 Economy 9 Communities 9.1 Cities 9.2 Village 9.3 Census - designated places 9.4 Other unincorporated areas 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Key West Monroe County was created in 1823 . It was named for James Monroe , the fifth President of the United States , who served from 1817 to 1825 . The Monroe County Public Library was South Florida 's first public library . By September 1892 , the new library was established . The original Key West library had 1,200 volumes , and it was funded by the dues and fees of its members . The Key West Library Association rescinded its charge of the library in 1896 , and the library was run various civic groups for the next nineteen years . In 1915 , the Key West Women 's Association took charge of the library . This club ran the library for 44 years . Through fundraising activities , this group was able save enough money to build a new library that opened in November 1959 . The new library was the official Monroe County Public Library , and it serves as the Key West branch of the Monroe County Public Library . Geography ( edit ) According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 3,738 square miles ( 9,680 km ) , of which 983 square miles ( 2,550 km ) is land and 2,754 square miles ( 7,130 km ) ( 73.7 % ) is water . It is the largest county in Florida by total area . More than 99 percent of the Monroe County population lives in the island chain known as the Florida Keys . Two thirds of the large area in what local residents call `` mainland Monroe '' is uninhabited by virtue of being part of the Everglades National Park , and the remainder by the Big Cypress National Preserve in the northeastern interior . The area , officially named Cape Sable Census County Division , is virtually uninhabited . As of the Census of 2000 , this area had 86.9 percent of the county 's land area ( 2243.58 out of 2,582.00 km ( 997 sq mi ) ) , but only 0.075 percent of its population ( 60 out of 79,589 ) . The Census Bureau defines this area as Census Tract 9701 of Monroe County , Florida . With a population density of only 0.0267 / km2 ( 0.0693 / sq mi ) , if it were a separate county or county - equivalent , only the Yukon - Koyukuk Census Area of central Alaska would have a lower population density out of all U.S. counties . The only three populated places appearing on detailed maps and in the USGS geographic name database are Flamingo , Pinecrest , ( not to be confused with much larger Pinecrest of neighboring Miami - Dade County ) , and Trail City . Flamingo , on the south coast and at the end of State Road 9336 ( Flamingo Lodge Highway ) , is the location of the Flamingo Lodge and the Flamingo Ranger Station ( with Visitor Center & Marina ) . 11 km ( 7 mi ) northeast on the highway is the West Lake Trail ( station ) . Pinecrest , located in the northern interior of the county ( in the Big Cypress National Preserve ) on Loop Road ( given that name since it forms a loop with U.S. Highway 41 further north ) , hosts the Loop Road Education Center . Trail City is 6 km ( 4 mi ) west of Pinecrest on Loop Road . Loop Road can be found on most maps as CR 94 , although the roadway no longer has a numbered designation and is now managed by the National Park Service . Between the south coast of Florida 's mainland and the Florida Keys is Florida Bay , which is encompassed by the Everglades National Park and contains numerous islets or keys . Adjacent counties ( edit ) Collier County -- north ( On Mainland ) Miami - Dade County -- east ( On Mainland ) and north ( Over Water ) National protected areas ( edit ) Bahia Honda State Park Big Cypress National Preserve Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge Curry Hammock State Park Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park Dry Tortugas National Park Everglades National Park Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge Indian Key State Historic Site John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park Key West National Wildlife Refuge Lignumvitae Key Botanical State Park Long Key State Park National Key Deer Refuge San Pedro Underwater Archaeological Preserve State Park Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological State Park Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1840 688 -- 1850 2,645 284.4 % 1860 2,913 10.1 % 1870 5,657 94.2 % 1880 10,940 93.4 % 1890 18,786 71.7 % 1900 18,006 − 4.2 % 1910 21,563 19.8 % 1920 19,550 − 9.3 % 1930 13,624 − 30.3 % 1940 14,078 3.3 % 1950 29,957 112.8 % 1960 47,921 60.0 % 1970 52,586 9.7 % 1980 63,188 20.2 % 78,024 23.5 % 2000 79,589 2.0 % 73,090 − 8.2 % Est. 2016 79,077 8.2 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 - 1960 1900 - 1990 1990 - 2000 2010 - 2015 As of the census of 2000 , there were 79,589 people , 35,086 households , and 20,384 families residing in the county . The population density was 80 people per square mile ( 31 / km2 ) . There were 51,617 housing units at an average density of 52 per square mile ( 20 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the county was 90.65 % White , 4.77 % Black or African American , 0.38 % Native American , 0.83 % Asian , 0.04 % Pacific Islander , 1.55 % from other races , and 1.78 % from two or more races. 15.77 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . In 2005 Monroe County had a population that was 75.1 % non-Hispanic white , 17.7 % Latino , 5.4 % African - American and 1.1 % Asian . In 2000 there were 35,086 households out of which 20.80 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 46.80 % were married couples living together , 7.30 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41.90 % were non-families. 28.80 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.20 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.73 . In the county , the population was spread out with 17.10 % under the age of 18 , 6.30 % from 18 to 24 , 31.10 % from 25 to 44 , 30.90 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.60 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 43 years . For every 100 females there were 113.90 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 114.80 males . The median income for a household in the county was $42,283 , and the median income for a family was $50,734 . Males had a median income of $31,266 versus $25,709 for females . The per capita income for the county was $26,102 . About 6.80 % of families and 10.20 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.80 % of those under age 18 and 8.80 % of those age 65 or over . Languages ( edit ) As of 2010 , 77.57 % spoke English as a first language , while 17.56 % spoke Spanish , 0.96 % spoke French Creole ( mainly Haitian Creole ) , 0.74 % spoke French , and 0.50 % spoke Russian as their primary language . In total , 22.43 % of the population spoke a main language other than English . Transportation ( edit ) Airports ( edit ) Key West International Airport Florida Keys Marathon Airport Major highways ( edit ) US 1 / SR A1A / SR 5 US 41 SR 5A CR 905 Culture ( edit ) Monroe County is the home of conch culture . Conch is the name locals use to refer to themselves , and it comes from the sea snail that is native to the area and has been economically important to Monroe County . Conch culture 's hallmarks include intimate familiarity with the sea and especially local waters , quirkiness by most mainland standards and an acceptance of alternative lifestyles , anti-authoritarian stances in general , and local knowledge of the geography and weather of the area . Fishing , as an economic activity , and making a living from the sea , is an important part of conch culture . Sponge - diving , conch diving , crabbing , lobstering and other commercial fishing have been important parts of conch culture . Commercial fishing is now less important to conch culture than it has been in the past , and recreational fishing is more important , as some conchs now make their livings from charter fishing and other tourism - related businesses . Regarding government - sponsored organizations , the Florida Keys Council for the Arts is the primary cultural umbrella for the Florida Keys , and serves the population from Key Largo to Key West . A non-profit local arts agency , it makes grants , operates the Monroe County Art in Public Places program , sponsors seminars , and manages the on - line cultural calendar for the region . It also manages the County 's Tourism Development Council arts marketing grants and serves as a leading advocate for cultural tourism in lower Florida . In 1998 , the Florida Keys Council of the Arts was designated by the Board of Monroe County Commissioners as the area 's Local Arts Agency as provided by Florida Statute 286.011 . Established in 1997 as the Monroe Council of the Arts Corporation . The name was changed to the Florida Keys Council of the Arts in 2001 . Today the organization is the liaison among cultural organizations , all levels of government and the private sector in encouraging and promoting the arts throughout Monroe County . The council endeavors to make the arts a part of the fabric of daily life . From its inception through fiscal year end 2006 , FKCA has awarded $433,916 in privately raised funds and grants to literary , visual and performing artists and cultural organizations . Add to that sum the Cultural Umbrella event funding , the South Florida Cultural Consortium Visual & Media Artists Fellowships and The Art in Public Places commissions , and the total distributed in the Keys cultural community through FKCA 's efforts come to $2.5 million to date . The annual economic impact of the non-profit cultural community in the Keys is estimated at over $22 million . The Florida Keys Council of the Arts , a non-profit , 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation in a public - private partnership with local county government since 1997 serves 76,329 local residents and three million visitors annually . A ten - member board of directors guides the council , assisted by three alternate directors , two directors Emeritus and twenty - five advisory board members . Other notable Monroe County cultural organizations are the Key West Literary Seminar , The Studios of Key West , the Red Barn Theatre , Key West Symphony , Sculpture Key West , Fantasy Fest , the San Carlos Institute , Hemingway House and Museum , Customs House Museum , and Key West Art and Historical Society . Education ( edit ) The Monroe County School District serves the county , as well as several private schools for primary and secondary education . Florida Keys Community College is the primary college education provider with main campus in Key West , Florida . FKCC also operates two additional campuses in the Florida Keys ; one in Marathon and another in Key Largo . Government ( edit ) Elections ( edit ) Although Monroe County has voted mostly for the Democratic candidate since 1992 , it is a competitive county in presidential elections ; it was won by the Democratic Party by margins of 5 % in 2008 and 0.5 % in 2004 and 2012 . Barack Obama was the first candidate for president to win a majority , 51.7 % , of the vote since George H.W. Bush 's Electoral College - landslide victory in 1988 . In 2016 Donald Trump was the first Republican to carry the county in almost three decades winning 51 % of its vote in the 2016 Election . Monroe County vote by party in presidential elections Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2016 50.97 % 21,904 44.14 % 18,971 4.89 % 2,102 2012 49.12 % 19,234 49.56 % 19,404 1.32 % 516 2008 46.86 % 18,933 51.75 % 20,907 1.39 % 563 49.24 % 19,467 49.71 % 19,654 1.05 % 414 2000 47.39 % 16,063 48.64 % 16,487 3.97 % 1,345 37.11 % 12,076 46.86 % 15,251 16.03 % 5,217 1992 34.38 % 9,898 36.30 % 10,450 29.32 % 8,441 1988 60.32 % 15,928 38.47 % 10,157 1.21 % 320 1984 67.73 % 16,332 32.24 % 7,774 0.04 % 9 1980 53.40 % 11,644 36.32 % 7,920 10.28 % 2,242 1976 41.67 % 8,232 56.08 % 11,079 2.26 % 446 1972 72.18 % 11,688 27.60 % 4,469 0.22 % 36 1968 34.19 % 5,094 37.14 % 5,534 28.67 % 4,271 1964 35.14 % 4,842 64.86 % 8,936 1960 32.88 % 3,416 67.12 % 6,972 1956 43.54 % 3,337 56.46 % 4,327 1952 37.33 % 2,943 62.67 % 4,941 1948 12.17 % 548 83.48 % 3,759 4.35 % 196 1944 12.72 % 566 87.28 % 3,882 1940 10.14 % 463 89.86 % 4,102 1936 9.77 % 282 90.23 % 2,605 1932 10.59 % 336 89.41 % 2,838 1928 36.93 % 1,142 61.42 % 1,899 1.65 % 51 1924 21.27 % 262 67.78 % 835 10.96 % 135 1920 29.19 % 510 56.04 % 979 14.77 % 258 1916 24.11 % 345 51.01 % 730 24.88 % 356 1912 22.55 % 414 55.72 % 1,023 21.73 % 399 1908 19.47 % 227 54.03 % 630 26.50 % 309 1904 25.83 % 287 61.21 % 680 12.96 % 144 Politics ( edit ) On July 17 , 2014 , a County Court judge ruled the state 's ban on same sex marriage unconstitutional , ordering the county Clerk of Court to issue marriage licenses on July 22 , 2014 . Libraries ( edit ) The Monroe County Public Library system serves residents of the Florida Keys in five locations : Key West , Big Pine , Marathon , Key Largo , and Islamorada . The Monroe County Public Library provides various programs and services to the Monroe County community , including job finding tools . There is a program that preserves the history of the Keys for use by customers . In 2010 the library worked to digitize historical photographs of the Keys . Annual visitors cards can be purchased for $30 . The library provides access to PCs with internet and word processing capabilities . The library also provides free Wi - Fi for all . The Monroe County Public Library is served by the Miami - Dade County subregional library of Florida Bureau of Braille and Talking Books Library . Economy ( edit ) 54 % of the people in the county work in the tourist industry . In 2016 , tourism brought $2.7 billion to the county . Communities ( edit ) Cities ( edit ) Key West ( 1 ) Marathon ( 2 ) Key Colony Beach ( 3 ) Layton ( 4 ) Village ( edit ) Islamorada ( 5 ) Census - designated places ( edit ) Stock Island ( a ) Big Coppitt Key ( b ) Cudjoe Key ( c ) Big Pine Key ( d ) Duck Key ( e ) Tavernier ( f ) Key Largo ( g ) North Key Largo ( h ) Other unincorporated areas ( edit ) Flamingo ( i ) Bay Point ( j ) Sugarloaf Shores ( k ) Marquesas Keys ( l ) Bahia Honda Key ( m ) Everglades ( n ) See also ( edit ) Florida portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Monroe County , Florida References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Publications of the Florida Historical Society . Florida Historical Society . 1908 . p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , J.W. ( 2004 ) . The streets of Key West : A history through street names . Sarasota , FL : Pineapple Press , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Florida Department of State Division of Historical Resources , ( 1 ) , 2013 ^ Jump up to : KeysNews.com , ( 2 ) , 2013 , April 13 Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Monroe County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau Jump up ^ Modern Language Association for Monroe County , Florida , Census 2010 Jump up ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ ^ Jump up to : Monroe County Public Library , ( 3 ) , 2010 Jump up ^ Florida Keys Public Library Photostream , ( 4 ) , 2013 Jump up ^ Gomez , Alan ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Keys boat captains fear loss of income '' . USA Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1B . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monroe County , Florida . Official website Places adjacent to Monroe County , Florida Collier County Gulf of Mexico Monroe County , Florida Miami - Dade County Straits of Florida Municipalities and communities of Monroe County , Florida , United States County seat : Key West Cities Key Colony Beach Key West Layton Marathon Village Islamorada CDPs Big Coppitt Key Big Pine Key Cudjoe Key Duck Key Key Largo North Key Largo Stock Island Tavernier Unincorporated communities Anglers Park Bay Point Chatham Conch Key Dry Tortugas El Chico Garden Cove Grayvik Jewfish Key Haven Newport Pirates Cove Rock Harbor Sugarloaf Shores Summerland Key Sunset Point Thompson Trail Center Ghost towns Chevelier Flamingo Indian Key Perky Pigeon Key Pinecrest Snake Bight Florida Keys Biscayne National Park Soldier Ragged Boca Chita Sands Elliott Adams Caesar 's Rock Meig 's Rubicon Reid Porgy Totten Old Rhodes Islandia Upper keys Key Largo Island CDP North Tavernier Plantation Island former CDP Windley Upper Matecumbe Tea Table Indian Lignumvitae Lower Matecumbe Islamorada Middle keys Craig Fiesta Long Layton Conch Little Duck Key Island CDP Grassy Crawl Little Long Point Fat Deer Vaca Marathon Key Colony Beach Boot Knights Lower keys Pigeon Money Little Duck Missouri Ohio Sunshine Bahia Honda Spanish Harbor Scout ( West Summerland ) No Name Big Pine Torch Little Middle Big Ramrod Summerland Knockemdown Cudjoe Sugarloaf Park Lower Sugarloaf Saddlebunch Shark Geiger Big Coppitt Island CDP East Rockland Rockland Boca Chica Raccoon Stock Island Island CDP Key West Island City Sigsbee Fleming Sunset Wisteria Outlying islands Mule Keys Mule Crawfish Archer Joe Ingram Big Mullet Barracouta Cottrell Man Little Mullet Ballast Woman Boca Grande Marquesas Keys Dry Tortugas Loggerhead Key Tortugas Banks ( submerged ) Areas Florida Bay Dry Tortugas National Park Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary National Key Deer Refuge John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park Biscayne Bay Biscayne National Park Key West National Wildlife Refuge Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge Florida Reef Other topics Monroe County Conch Republic Overseas Highway Overseas Railroad Card Sound Bridge Jewfish Creek Bridge Seven Mile Bridge Bahia Honda Rail Bridge Fort Jefferson Theater of the Sea 1935 Labor Day hurricane Hurricane Wilma Hurricane Irma Key Deer Key lime pie Florida Keys Keynoter Key West Citizen State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Delegations Environment Geography Geology Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV State parks Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Former Counties Mosquito Coordinates : 25 ° 07 ′ N 81 ° 09 ′ W / 25.12 ° N 81.15 ° W / 25.12 ; - 81.15 VIAF : 147763389 LCCN : n82010747 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monroe_County,_Florida&oldid=811639417 '' Categories : Florida counties Monroe County , Florida 1823 establishments in Florida Territory Populated places established in 1823 Florida Keys Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Latina Magyar Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 23 : 00 . 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-4469213610974861414	Shakuntala (Raja Ravi Varma)	Shakuntala ( Raja Ravi Varma ) - Wikipedia Shakuntala ( Raja Ravi Varma ) Shakuntala Artist Raja Ravi Varma Year 1870 Medium Oil on canvas Location Kilimanoor Shakuntala or Shakuntala looking for Dushyanta is an epic painting by celebrated Indian painter , Raja Ravi Varma . Ravi Varma , depicts Shakuntala , an important character of Mahabaratha , pretending to remove a thorn from her foot , while actually looking for her husband / lover , Dushyantha , while her friends call her bluff . Tapati Guha Thakurta , an art historian , wrote ; `` ( T ) his very gesture -- the twist and turn of head and body -- draws the viewer into the narrative , inviting one to place this scene within an imagined sequence of images and events . On its own , the painting stands like a frozen tableau ( like a still from a moving film ) , plucked out of an on - running spectacle of episodes . These paintings also reflect the centrality of the `` male gaze '' in defining the feminine image . Though absent from the pictorial frame , the male lover forms a pivotal point of reference , his gaze transfixes Shakuntala , as also Damayanti , into `` desired '' images , casting them as lyrical and sensual ideals . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karline McLain ( 2009 ) . India 's Immortal Comic Books : Gods , Kings , and Other Heroes . Indiana University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 9780253220523 . ( Category : Indian paintings ) This article about a nineteenth - century painting is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakuntala_(Raja_Ravi_Varma)&oldid=797231155 '' Categories : 1870 paintings Religious paintings 19th - century painting stubs Talk About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 18 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is the famous painter who painted shakunthala	[ "Shakuntala or Shakuntala looking for Dushyanta is an epic painting by celebrated Indian painter, Raja Ravi Varma.\n" ]	[ "Raja Ravi Varma." ]
1592631520438714098	The Importance of Being Earnest (1952 film)	The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 film ) - wikipedia The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 film ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Importance of Being Earnest Criterion Collection DVD cover Directed by Anthony Asquith Produced by Teddy Baird Earl St. John Written by Oscar Wilde Anthony Asquith Starring Michael Redgrave Michael Denison Edith Evans Joan Greenwood Dorothy Tutin Margaret Rutherford Miles Malleson Music by Benjamin Frankel Cinematography Desmond Dickinson Edited by John D. Guthridge Distributed by The Rank Organisation ( UK ) Universal Pictures ( USA ) Release date 2 June 1952 ( UK ) 22 December 1952 ( New York City ) Running time 95 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Box office £ 139,000 The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) is a British film adaptation of the play by Oscar Wilde . It was directed by Anthony Asquith , who also adapted the screenplay , and was produced by Anthony Asquith , Teddy Baird , and Earl St. John . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Adaptation 4 Awards and nominations 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The story takes place on 14 February 1895 . It is about two gentlemen pretending to be people other than themselves . Interwoven in their story lines are two romance - stricken ladies , each possessing an unusual allegiance to the manliness of the name Ernest . London man - about - town Jack Worthing , who hides behind the name Ernest , is an aristocrat from the country with uncertain lineage . His friend , Algernon Moncrieff , is of moderate means and has also created an imaginary character , Bunbury . Algernon 's cousin , Gwendolen Fairfax , has caught the eye of Jack . Jack 's ward in the country , Cecily Cardew , has caught the eye of Algernon . Lady Bracknell rules the roost with her heavy - handed social mores . The story begins in London . Jack and Algy are discussing life and love . Both reveal to each other their imaginary characters , Ernest and Bunbury . Jack reveals that he is in love with Algy 's cousin , Gwendolen and Algy reveals that he is in love with Jack 's ward , Cecily . Both gentlemen begin to scheme the pursuit of their loves . At tea that afternoon , Jack and Gwendolen secretly reveal their love for one another . Gwendolen makes it known that her `` ideal has always been to love someone by the name of Ernest . '' Jack fears she will find out his true identity . Lady Bracknell , in undulating purple silk Victorian attire , inquires as to Jack 's pedigree . `` Rise , sir , from that semi-recumbent posture . It is most indecorous . '' Jack confesses that he does not know who his parents are because , as a baby , he was found in a handbag in a cloakroom at Victoria Station . `` A handbag ? '' Lady Bracknell will not allow her daughter `` -- a girl brought up with the utmost care -- to marry into a cloak - room , and form an alliance with a parcel . '' At the manor house in the country , Cecily is daydreaming as her governess , Miss Prism , tries to teach her German . Uninvited , Algy arrives from London and assumes the role of Ernest . While Algy and Cecily are getting acquainted in the parlour , Jack arrives in black mourning clothes and informs Miss Prism that his brother , Ernest , is dead . When Algy and Cecily come out to see him , the sad news loses its believability as everyone now thinks Algy is Ernest . In pursuit of Jack , Gwendolen arrives from London and meets Cecily . They both discover that they are engaged to Ernest , not realizing one is Jack and one is Algy . When the men arrive in the garden , the confusion is cleared up . The ladies are put off that neither one is engaged to someone named Ernest . Lady Bracknell arrives , by train . As everyone gathers in the parlor , Lady Bracknell recognizes Miss Prism as her late sister 's baby 's governess from twenty - eight years before . `` Prism ! Where is that baby ? '' she bellows . Miss Prism confesses that she inadvertently left the baby in her handbag at Victoria Station . Jack realized they are talking about him . He retrieves the handbag from his private room and shows Miss Prism . She acknowledges that the bag is hers . Lady Bracknell then tells Jack that he is her late sister 's son and the older brother to Algy . Unable to ascertain who his father was , Jack looks in an Army journal , as his father was a general , and realizes that his father 's name was Ernest . Thus it becomes apparent that his real name is also Ernest - as Lady Bracknell says , being the eldest son , he must have been named after his father . The film ends with Jack saying , `` I 've now realized for the first time in my life the vital importance of being earnest . '' Cast ( edit ) Michael Redgrave as John Worthing Michael Denison as Algernon Moncrieff Edith Evans as Lady Bracknell Joan Greenwood as Gwendolen Fairfax Margaret Rutherford as Miss Prism Miles Malleson as Canon Chasuble Dorothy Tutin as Cecily Cardew Aubrey Mather as Merriman Walter Hudd as Lane Richard Wattis as Seton Adaptation ( edit ) The film is largely faithful to Wilde 's text , although it divides some of the acts into shorter scenes in different locations . Edith Evans 's outraged delivery of the line `` A handbag ? '' has become legendary . As actor Ian McKellen has written , it is a performance `` so acclaimed and strongly remembered that it inhibits audiences and actors years later '' , providing a challenge for anyone taking on the role of Lady Bracknell . The film is noted for its acting , although the parts played by Redgrave and Denison called for actors ten years younger . Margaret Rutherford , who plays Miss Prism in this adaptation , played Lady Bracknell in the 1946 BBC production . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The film received a BAFTA nomination for Dorothy Tutin as Most Promising Newcomer and a Golden Lion nomination for Anthony Asquith at the Venice Film Festival . See also ( edit ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( original play by Oscar Wilde ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 film version ) References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ BFI Collections : Michael Balcon Papers H3 reprinted in British Cinema of the 1950s : The Decline of Deference By Sue Harper , Vincent Porter p 41 Jump up ^ Ian McKellen , `` Ian McKellen on The Test of Time '' , The Observer , 13 April 1975 . Bibliography ( edit ) The Great British Films , pp 156 -- 158 , Jerry Vermilye , 1978 , Citadel Press , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0661 - X Street , Sarah . British National Cinema . UK : Routledge 1997 . Print . External links ( edit ) The Importance of Being Earnest on IMDb The Importance of Being Earnest at Rotten Tomatoes The Importance of Being Earnest at AllMovie BFI screenonline archive ( 1 ) Criterion Collection essay by Charles Dennis Ebert , Roger. The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) . www.rogerebert.com. 24 May 2002 . Web . 23 November 2014 . Horne , Phillip. The Importance of Being Earnest . The Telegraph . 05 ay 2014 . Web . 19 November 2014 . MacNab , Geoffrey . The Asquith Version . The Guardian . 2 February 2003 . Web . 20 November 2014 . The New York Times , compiler. The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) : Oscar Wilde Contributes to Film Fare . The New York Times . 23 December 1952 . Web . 19 November 2014 . Variety , compiler. The Importance of Being Earnest . Variety . 11 December 1985 . Web . 21 November 2014 . Films directed by Anthony Asquith Feature films Shooting Stars ( 1927 ) Underground ( 1928 ) The Runaway Princess ( 1929 ) A Cottage on Dartmoor ( 1929 ) Tell England ( 1931 ) Dance Pretty Lady ( 1931 ) The Lucky Number ( 1932 ) Unfinished Symphony ( 1934 ) Moscow Nights ( 1935 ) Pygmalion ( 1938 ) French Without Tears ( 1940 ) Freedom Radio ( 1941 ) Quiet Wedding ( 1941 ) Cottage to Let ( 1941 ) Uncensored ( 1942 ) We Dive at Dawn ( 1943 ) The Demi - Paradise ( 1943 ) Fanny by Gaslight ( 1944 ) The Way to the Stars ( 1945 ) While the Sun Shines ( 1947 ) The Winslow Boy ( 1948 ) The Woman in Question ( 1950 ) The Browning Version ( 1951 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) The Final Test ( 1953 ) The Net ( 1953 ) The Young Lovers ( 1954 ) Carrington V.C. ( 1954 ) Orders to Kill ( 1958 ) The Doctor 's Dilemma ( 1958 ) Libel ( 1959 ) The Millionairess ( 1960 ) Two Living , One Dead ( 1961 ) Guns of Darkness ( 1962 ) The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) The Yellow Rolls - Royce ( 1964 ) Short films The Story of Papworth ( 1935 ) Channel Incident ( 1940 ) Rush Hour ( 1941 ) Two Fathers ( 1944 ) On Such a Night ( 1955 ) Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest Films Al Compás de tu Mentira ( 1950 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2011 ) Television The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1957 ) Other Ernest in Love ( musical ) The Importance of Being Earnest ( opera ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(1952_film)&oldid=838428039 '' Categories : English - language films 1952 films 1950s comedy films British films British romantic comedy films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films set in England Films set in 1895 Films based on The Importance of Being Earnest Films directed by Anthony Asquith Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2016 Use British English from April 2016 Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Plattdüütsch Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	the importance of being earnest movie 1952 cast	[]	[]
-6531709499309680693	Treaty of Versailles	Treaty of Versailles - wikipedia Treaty of Versailles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919 , at the end of World War I . For other uses , see Treaty of Versailles ( disambiguation ) . Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany Cover of the English version Signed 28 June 1919 Location Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France Effective 10 January 1920 Condition Ratification by Germany and four Principal Allied Powers Signatories Principal Allied and Associated Powers United States British Empire France Italy Japan Other Allied powers ( show ) Belgium Bolivia Brazil China Cuba Ecuador Greece Guatemala Haiti The Hedjaz Honduras Liberia Nicaragua Panama Peru Poland Portugal Romania Serb - Croat - Slovene State Siam Czechoslovakia Uruguay Central Powers Germany Depositary French government Languages French and English Treaty of Versailles at Wikisource Paris Peace Conference League of Nations ( show ) Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles ( show ) War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Treaties Possible cause of World War II International Opium Convention Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( show ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( show ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon ( show ) Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres ( show ) Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Others ( show ) American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry The Treaty of Versailles ( French : Traité de Versailles ) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end . The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 . Of the many provisions in the treaty , one of the most important and controversial required `` Germany ( to ) accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage '' during the war ( the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles ) . This article , Article 231 , later became known as the War Guilt clause . The treaty forced Germany to disarm , make substantial territorial concessions , and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers . In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks ( then $31.4 billion or £ 6.6 billion , roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £ 284 billion in 2017 ) . At the time economists , notably John Maynard Keynes ( a British delegate to the Paris Peace Conference ) , predicted that the treaty was too harsh -- a `` Carthaginian peace '' -- and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive , views that , since then , have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries . On the other hand , prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently . The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one content : Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated , nor was it permanently weakened . The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties , which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers , and the re-negotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan , the Young Plan , and the indefinite postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932 . Although it is often referred to as the `` Versailles Conference '' , only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace . Most of the negotiations were in Paris , with the `` Big Four '' meetings taking place generally at the Quai d'Orsay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 World War I 1.2 Fourteen Points 1.3 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 1.4 Armistice 1.5 Occupation 1.6 Blockade 1.7 Polish uprising 2 Negotiations 2.1 French aims 2.2 British aims 2.3 American aims 3 Treaty 3.1 Territorial changes 3.2 Mandates 3.3 Military restrictions 3.4 Reparations 3.5 Guarantees 3.6 International organizations 4 Reactions 4.1 Among the allies 4.1. 1 Britain 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Italy 4.1. 4 Portugal 4.1. 5 United States 4.1. 6 China 4.1. 6.1 House 's views 4.2 In Germany 5 Violations 6 Historical assessments 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background World war I Main article : World War I Play media The Signing of the Peace Treaty of Versailles The First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) was fought across Europe , the Middle East , Africa and Asia . Countries beyond the war zones were also affected by the disruption of international trade , finance and diplomatic pressures from the belligerents . In 1917 , two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire , which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin . Fourteen Points Main article : Fourteen Points On 6 April 1917 , the United States entered the war against the Central Powers due to German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain , which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives , as well as the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram , sent by the Empire of Germany to Mexico , urging for a declaration of war against the United States . The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies . The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions . On 8 January 1918 , United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . This speech outlined a policy of free trade , open agreements , democracy and self - determination . It also called for a diplomatic end to the war , international disarmament , the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories , the creation of a Polish state , the redrawing of Europe 's borders along ethnic lines , and the formation of a League of Nations to afford `` mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike '' . Wilson 's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin 's Decree on Peace of November 1917 , which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations . The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry , a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign - policy advisor Edward M. House , into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference . Europeans generally welcomed Wilson 's intervention , but Allied colleagues Georges Clemenceau of France , David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy were sceptical of Wilsonian idealism . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 Main article : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk The borders of Eastern Europe , as drawn up in Treaty of Brest - Litovsk After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front , the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918 . This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles ( 3,400,000 km ) of territory and 62 million people . This loss equated to a third of the Russian population , a quarter of its territory , around a third of the country 's arable land , three - quarters of its coal and iron , a third of its factories ( totalling 54 percent of the nation 's industrial capacity ) , and a quarter of its railroads . Armistice Main article : Armistice with Germany During the autumn of 1918 , the Central Powers began to collapse . Desertion rates within the German army began to increase , and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production . On the Western Front , the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies . Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied , which prompted uprisings in Germany , which became known as the German Revolution . The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points , and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered . Following negotiations , the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice , which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium . Occupation Main article : Occupation of the Rhineland The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium , France , and Luxembourg within fifteen days . In addition , it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland . In late 1918 , Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation . Blockade Main article : Blockade of Germany Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials , primarily from the Americas , which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean . The Blockade of Germany ( 1914 -- 1919 ) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers . The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade . The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade , although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people . Polish uprising Main article : Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) In late 1918 , a Polish government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed . In December , Poles launched an uprising within the German province of Posen . Fighting lasted until February , when an armistice was signed that left the province in Polish hands , but technically still a German possession . Negotiations The heads of the `` Big Four '' nations at the Paris Peace Conference , 27 May 1919 . From left to right : David Lloyd George , Vittorio Orlando , Georges Clemenceau , and Woodrow Wilson Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris . Initially , 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations . The defeated nations of Germany , Austria , and Hungary were excluded from the negotiations . Russia was also excluded because it had negotiated a separate peace ( the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ) with Germany in 1918 . The terms of this treaty awarded Germany a large proportion of Russia 's land and resources . Its terms were extremely harsh , as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out . At first a `` Council of Ten '' comprising two delegates each from Britain , France , the United States , Italy and Japan met officially to decide the peace terms . It became the `` Big Four '' when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four nations met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions to be ratified by the entire assembly . Apart from Italian issues , the main conditions were determined at personal meetings among the leaders of the `` Big Three '' nations : British Prime Minister David Lloyd George , French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau , and American President Woodrow Wilson . The minor nations attended a weekly `` Plenary Conference '' that discussed issues in a general forum , but made no decisions . These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations , many of which were incorporated into the final treaty . French aims As the only major allied power sharing a land border with Germany , France was chiefly concerned with weakening Germany as much as possible . The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau described France 's position best by telling Wilson : `` America is far away , protected by the ocean . Not even Napoleon himself could touch England . You are both sheltered ; we are not . '' Clemenceau and his colleagues hoped at the very least to have Allied troops occupy bridges over the Rhine and proposed a plan to create a buffer state in the Rhineland in order to create a barrier between a revitalized Germany and France . However , their demands would not be met by the treaty . Instead , France obtained the demilitarization of the Rhineland , a mandate over the Saar and promises of Anglo - American support in case of a new German aggression ( a commitment that could not be relied on after the United States failed to ratify the treaty ) . Clemenceau 's inability to procure the Rhineland state led to fierce criticism of him in France and contributed to his subsequent fall from power . British economist John Maynard Keynes argued , So far as possible , therefore , it was the policy of France to set the clock back and undo what , since 1870 , the progress of Germany had accomplished . By loss of territory and other measures her population was to be curtailed ; but chiefly the economic system , upon which she depended for her new strength , the vast fabric built upon iron , coal , and transport must be destroyed . If France could seize , even in part , what Germany was compelled to drop , the inequality of strength between the two rivals for European hegemony might be remedied for generations . France , which suffered significant destruction in its northern territories ( the worst damage sustained in areas that formed a so - called Red Zone ) and the second heaviest ( after the Russian empire ) human losses among allies ( see main article World War I casualties ) , was adamant on the payment of reparations . The failure of the government of the Weimar Republic to pay these reparations led to the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian forces . British aims Further information : Heavenly Twins ( Sumner and Cunliffe ) Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war and Prime Minister David Lloyd George supported reparations to a lesser extent than the French . Britain began to look on a restored Germany as an important trading partner and worried about the effect of reparations on the British economy . American aims Main article : Fourteen Points Before the end of the war , President Woodrow Wilson put forward his Fourteen Points , which represented the liberal position at the Conference and helped shape world opinion . Wilson was concerned with rebuilding the European economy , encouraging self - determination , promoting free trade , creating appropriate mandates for former colonies , and above all , creating a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace . He opposed harsh treatment of Germany but was outmanoeuvered by Britain and France . He brought along top intellectuals as advisors , but his refusal to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation made his efforts seem partisan , and it contributed to a risk of political defeat at home . Treaty Further information : Full text of the treaty German Johannes Bell signs the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors , with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him . In June 1919 , the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves . The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position , and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty . Gustav Bauer , the head of the new government , sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn , including Articles 227 , 230 and 231 . In response , the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours . On 23 June , Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty . On 28 June 1919 , the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( the immediate impetus for the war ) , the peace treaty was signed . The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes , the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations , freedom of navigation on major European rivers , to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz . Territorial changes Germany after Versailles : Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The treaty stripped Germany of 25,000 square miles ( 65,000 km ) of territory and 7 million people . It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established . In Western Europe Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and cede control of the Eupen - Malmedy area . Within six months of the transfer , Belgium was required to conduct a plebiscite on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control , communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League 's decision . To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines , Germany was to cede the output of the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years ; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty . The treaty `` restored '' the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871 as they pertained to this issue . The sovereignty of Schleswig - Holstein was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time ( see Schleswig Plebiscites ) . In Eastern Europe , Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia . Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce `` all rights and title over the territory '' . Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland , with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite . The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality . The province of Posen ( now Poznan ) , which had come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising , was also to be ceded to Poland . Pomerelia ( Eastern Pomerania ) , on historical and ethnic grounds , was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor . The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East Prussian Soldau area , which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig , was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite . An area of 51,800 square kilometres ( 20,000 square miles ) was granted to Poland at the expense of Germany . Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers , for disposal according to their wishes . Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland , including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea , for the League of Nations to establish the Free City of Danzig . Mandates Main article : League of Nations mandate German colonies ( light blue ) made into League of Nations mandates . Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states . Togoland and German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) were transferred to France . Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium , whereas German South - West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained German East Africa . As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa , Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle , a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique . Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong , China , to Japan , not to China . Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia , except for German Samoa , which was taken by New Zealand . Military restrictions The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces ( the Reichswehr ) . The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament . Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions . The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units , and the General Staff was to be dissolved . Military schools for officer training were limited to three , one school per arm , and conscription was abolished . Private soldiers and Non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of 25 years , with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises . To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men , the number of men allowed to leave early was limited . Workmen decommission a heavy gun , to comply with the treaty . The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size , with increases limited to population increases ; paramilitary forces were forbidden . The Rhineland was to be demilitarized , all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden . Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed . Germany was prohibited from the arms trade , limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons , armoured cars , tanks and military aircraft . The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers ( not exceeding 6,000 long tons ( 6,100 t ) ) , twelve destroyers ( not exceeding 800 long tons ( 810 t ) ) and twelve torpedo boats ( not exceeding 200 long tons ( 200 t ) ) and was forbidden submarines . The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men , including manning for the fleet , coast defences , signal stations , administration , other land services , officers and men of all grades and corps . The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed 1,500 men . Germany surrendered eight battleships , eight light cruisers , forty - two destroyers , and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning . Thirty - two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use . Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force , including naval air forces , and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials . In conjunction , Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty . Reparations Main article : World War I reparations In Article 231 Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war `` as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies . '' The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers , and it also established an Allied `` Reparation Commission '' to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take . The commission was required to `` give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard '' , and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921 . In the interim , the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ( $5 billion ) in gold , commodities , ships , securities or other forms . The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany . Guarantees Location of the Rhineland To ensure compliance , the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years . If Germany had not committed aggression , a staged withdrawal would take place ; after five years , the Cologne bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated . After ten years , the bridgehead at Coblenz and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn . If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations , the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately . International organizations Main articles : Covenant of the League of Nations and International Labour Organization § History Part I of the treaty , as per all the treaties signed during the Paris Peace Conference , was the Covenant of the League of Nations , which provided for the creation of the League , an organization for the arbitration of international disputes . Part XIII organized the establishment of the International Labour Officer , to regulate hours of work , including a maximum working day and week ; the regulation of the labour supply ; the prevention of unemployment ; the provision of a living wage ; the protection of the worker against sickness , disease and injury arising out of his employment ; the protection of children , young persons and women ; provision for old age and injury ; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad ; recognition of the principle of freedom of association ; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures . The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the International Opium Convention . Reactions Among the Allies Britain The surrender of the German High Seas Fleet following the Armistice and its internment ( and eventual scuttling ) in Scapa Flow meant that Britain had already accomplished her primary war goal even before the Paris Peace Conference opened . With the German naval threat removed , Britain began focusing on Germany as a bulwark against the threat posed by the new Soviet Union . Thus , British policy towards Germany began diverging from France 's almost from the moment the guns fell silent . British officials at the conference declared French policy to be `` greedy '' and `` vindictive , '' with Ramsay MacDonald later announcing , after Hitler 's re-militarisation of the Rhineland in 1936 , that he was `` pleased '' that the treaty was `` vanishing '' , expressing his hope that the French had been taught a `` severe lesson '' . In 1938 , Lloyd George published a massive two - volume memoir titled The Truth About the Peace Treaties , in which he effectively repudiated the terms of the treaty that bore his signature . France France signed the treaty and was active in the League . The French people rejoiced that Alsace and Lorraine had been returned to France and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations . But the perception that Clemenceau had failed to achieve all of France 's demands damaged him politically . When he stood for election as President of France in January 1920 , he was defeated . Through much of the 1920s , France was the most vigorous of the wartime Allies in seeking to enforce the treaty 's harsher terms , especially with regard to reparations . Without strong British support , however , she was largely unsuccessful . French Marshal Ferdinand Foch -- who felt the restrictions on Germany were too lenient -- prophetically predicted that `` this ( treaty ) is not peace . It is an Armistice for twenty years . '' Italy Reaction in Italy to the treaty was extremely negative . The country had suffered high casualties , yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals , notably gaining control of the Dalmatian coast and Fiume . President Wilson rejected Italy 's claims on the basis of `` national self - determination . '' For their part , Britain and France -- who had been forced in the war 's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse -- were disinclined to support Italy 's position at the peace conference . Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier Vittorio Orlando and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino further undermined Italy 's position at the conference . A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference ( though he later returned ) . He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed , effectively ending his active political career . Anger and dismay over the treaty 's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of Benito Mussolini 's dictatorship three years later . Portugal Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its African colonies , which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany . To this extent , she succeeded in her war aims . The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany 's bordering overseas colonies . Otherwise , however , Portugal obtained little at the peace conference . Her promised share of German reparations never materialized , and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new League of Nations went instead to Spain -- which had remained neutral in the war . In the end , Portugal ratified the treaty , but got little out of the war , which cost more than 8,000 Portuguese troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives . United States Senator Borah , Lodge and Johnson refuse Lady Peace a seat . Refers to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of Treaty of Versailles establishing the League of Nations . After the Versailles conference , Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that `` at last the world knows America as the savior of the world ! '' However , the Republican Party , led by Henry Cabot Lodge , controlled the US Senate after the election of 1918 , and the senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two - thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty . A discontent bloc of 12 -- 18 `` Irreconcilables '' , mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats , fiercely opposed the treaty . One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty , even with reservations added by Lodge . A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations . The largest bloc , led by Senator Lodge , comprised a majority of the Republicans . They wanted a treaty with reservations , especially on Article 10 , which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the US Congress . All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson , and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them . However , Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills . The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919 , as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats , and were close to a two - thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations , but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification . Among the American public as a whole , the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the treaty , saying it favored the British . After Wilson 's presidency , his successor Republican President Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations . Congress subsequently passed the Knox -- Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers . It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921 . Soon after , the US -- German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921 , the US -- Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921 , and the US -- Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921 . China China felt betrayed as the German territory in China was handed to Japan . The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China and the fall of the nascent Chinese Republic 's government and poisoned relations with the West . House 's views Wilson 's former friend Edward Mandell House , present at the negotiations , wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919 : I am leaving Paris , after eight fateful months , with conflicting emotions . Looking at the conference in retrospect , there is much to approve and yet much to regret . It is easy to say what should have been done , but more difficult to have found a way of doing it . To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement , I feel like admitting it . But I would also say in reply that empires can not be shattered , and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance . To create new boundaries is to create new troubles . The one follows the other . While I should have preferred a different peace , I doubt very much whether it could have been made , for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris . In Germany See also : Stab - in - the - back legend German delegates in Versailles : Professor Walther Schücking , Reichspostminister Johannes Giesberts , Justice Minister Otto Landsberg , Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau , Prussian State President Robert Leinert , and financial advisor Carl Melchior . On 29 April , the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau arrived in Versailles . On 7 May , when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors , including the so - called `` War Guilt Clause '' , von Brockdorff - Rantzau replied to Clemenceau , Wilson and Lloyd George : `` We know the full brunt of hate that confronts us here . You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war ; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie . '' Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations , the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands , and a `` violation of honour '' , soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference . Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty -- particularly the provision that blamed Germany for starting the war -- as an insult to the nation 's honor . They referred to the treaty as `` the Diktat '' since its terms were presented to Germany on a take - it - or - leave - it basis . Germany ′ s first democratically elected head of government , Philipp Scheidemann , resigned rather than sign the treaty . In a passionate speech before the National Assembly on 21 March 1919 , he called the treaty a `` murderous plan '' and exclaimed , Which hand , trying to put us in chains like these , would not wither ? The treaty is unacceptable . After Scheidemann ′ s resignation , a new coalition government was formed under Gustav Bauer . President Friedrich Ebert knew that Germany was in an impossible situation . Although he shared his countrymen 's disgust with the treaty , he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it . He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty , the Allies would invade Germany from the west -- and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion . With this in mind , he asked Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war . If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out , Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty . Hindenburg -- after prodding from his chief of staff , Wilhelm Groener -- concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale . However , rather than inform Ebert himself , he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities . Upon receiving this , the new government recommended signing the treaty . The National Assembly voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138 , with five abstentions ( there were 421 delegates in total ) . This result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline . Foreign minister Hermann Müller and colonial minister Johannes Bell travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany . The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116 . Demonstration against the treaty in front of the Reichstag . Conservatives , nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the treaty . Politicians of the Weimar Republic who supported the treaty , socialists , communists , and Jews were viewed with suspicion as persons of questionable loyalty . It was rumored that Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling Germany out to its enemies . Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germany and the newly formed Weimar Republic were regarded as having `` stabbed Germany in the back '' . Those who instigated unrest and strikes in the critical military industries on the home front or who opposed German nationalism were seen to have contributed to Germany 's defeat . These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918 , its armies were still on French and Belgian territory . Furthermore , on the Eastern Front , Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . In the West , Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918 . Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive , leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel . The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors , with the Jews taking most of the blame . Violations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hitler announces the Anschluss of Austria in violation of Art . 80 on the Heldenplatz , Vienna , 15 March 1938 . The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency . Nonetheless , even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations ( 132 billion gold marks ) still placed a significant burden on the German economy . Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed , Germans blamed the near - collapse of their economy on the treaty , and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one - third of the hyper - inflation . In March 1921 , French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg , which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland , according to the Treaty of Versailles . In January 1923 , French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty . The German government answered with `` passive resistance '' , which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces . Production and transportation came to a standstill , but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany . Consequently , passive resistance was called off in late 1923 . The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan , which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925 . Some significant violations of the provisions of the treaty were : At the time of signing in 1919 , the dissolution of the General Staff according to Article 160 appeared to happen ; however , the core of the General Staff was reestablished and hidden in the Truppenamt . March 1935 , under the government of Adolf Hitler , Germany violated the Part V of the Treaty of Versailles by introducing compulsory military conscription in Germany and rebuilding the armed forces . March 1936 , Germany violated Article 43 of the treaty by reoccupying the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland . March 1938 , Germany violated Article 80 of the treaty by annexing Austria in the Anschluss . Historical assessments John Maynard Keynes , the principal representative of the British Treasury , referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' . According to David Stevenson , since the opening of French archives , most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference , though Stevenson notes that `` ( t ) he jury is still out '' , and that `` there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way . '' In his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace , John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' , a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French revanchism , rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , which Germany had accepted at the armistice . He stated : `` I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible . '' Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference , and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others ( including some US officials ) had used at Paris . He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay , and that these would produce drastic instability . French economist Étienne Mantoux disputed that analysis . During the 1940s , Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace , or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes ' claims . More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments . It has been argued ( for instance by historian Gerhard Weinberg in his book A World At Arms ) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany . The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up , and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation ( in contrast to the situation following World War II ) . In a 1995 essay , Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of Austria - Hungary and with Russia withdrawn from Europe , that Germany was now the dominant power in Eastern Europe . The British military historian Correlli Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was `` extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself , when she was expecting to win the war , had had in mind to impose on the Allies '' . Furthermore , he claimed , it was `` hardly a slap on the wrist '' when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918 , which had taken away a third of Russia 's population ( albeit of non-Russian ethnicity ) , one - half of Russia 's industrial undertakings and nine - tenths of Russia 's coal mines , coupled with an indemnity of six billion marks . Eventually , even under the `` cruel '' terms of the Treaty of Versailles , Germany ′ s economy had been restored to its pre-war status . Barnett also claims that , in strategic terms , Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914 . Germany ′ s eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria , who had both in the past balanced German power . Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer , because the former Austrian Empire fractured after the war into smaller , weaker states , Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war , and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany . In the West , Germany was balanced only by France and Belgium , both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany . Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany , the treaty `` much enhanced '' German power . Britain and France should have ( according to Barnett ) `` divided and permanently weakened '' Germany by undoing Bismarck 's work and partitioning Germany into smaller , weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again . By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe , Britain `` had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War '' . American contemporary view of German World War I reparations . Political cartoon 1921 . The British historian of modern Germany , Richard J. Evans , wrote that during the war the German right was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa . Consequently , any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them . Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles . Evans further noted that the parties of the Weimar Coalition , namely the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , the social liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) and the Christian democratic Centre Party , were all equally opposed to Versailles , and it is false to claim as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the Weimar Republic . Finally , Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic , instead contending that it was the Great Depression of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy . He also argued that Versailles was not the `` main cause '' of National Socialism and the German economy was `` only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations '' . Ewa Thompson points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule , a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography , more interested in understanding the German point of view . In nations that found themselves free as the result of the treaty -- such as Poles or Czechs -- it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours . Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis , resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party . The German historian Detlev Peukert wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the interwar period , and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany . Rather , Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty , and it was this `` perception '' rather than the `` reality '' of the Versailles treaty that mattered . Peukert noted that because of the `` millenarian hopes '' created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe , any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated German Reich were bound to create a nationalist backlash , and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash . Having noted that much , Peukert commented that the policy of rapprochement with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe , and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles . Finally , Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of autarky within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic , not the Treaty of Versailles . French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of Germans in the Sudetenland and in Posen - West Prussia were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment , where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented . Cartier asserts that , out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen - West Prussia in 1921 , 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment . In 1926 , the Polish Ministry of the Interior estimated the remaining number of Germans at fewer than 300,000 . These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler ′ s annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland . See also United Nations portal World War I portal Aftermath of World War I Causes of World War II Decree on Peace International Opium Convention , incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles Little Treaty of Versailles Minority Treaties Neutrality Acts of 1930s Septemberprogramm Treaty of Rapallo ( 1920 ) Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ see the Reparations section . Jump up ^ Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers . Article 117 of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye with Austria , Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary , Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria and Article 231 of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey . Jump up ^ see The Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , The Treaty of Trianon , The Treaty of Neuilly , and The Treaty of Sèvres . Citations ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Preamble ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 114 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 107 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Article 5 . Form of a Treaty '' , The American Journal of International Law , Vol. 29 , Supplement : Research in International Law ( 1935 ) , pp. 722 -- 39 , at p. 725 . Jump up ^ The order below is as it appears in the preamble of the treaty . The states are divided into two groups . In each , the states are listed alphabetically according to the French language . The United States is alphabetised as Amérique . The order is otherwise the same as for English , except Czechoslovakia , which in French is Tchécoslovaquie . ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Signatures and Protocol Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) with Austria ; Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria ; Treaty of Trianon with Hungary ; Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire ; Davis , Robert T. , ed. ( 2010 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security : Chronology and Index for the 20th Century . 1 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger Security International . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38385 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes , Hickey , p. 9 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 19 Jump up ^ Folly , p. xxxiv Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 429 Jump up ^ Fourteen Points Speech Jump up ^ Irwin Unger , These United States ( 2007 ) p. 561 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes , Hickey , p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Truitt , p. 114 Jump up ^ Beller , pp. 182 -- 95 Jump up ^ Bessel , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Hardach , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Simkins , p. 71 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 638 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 101 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 102 Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 8 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 526 Jump up ^ Edmonds , ( 1943 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Martel ( 1999 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . 1940 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Frucht , p. 24 Jump up ^ Lentin , Antony ( 1985 ) ( 1984 ) . Guilt at Versailles : Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 41130 - 0 . Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Venzon , p. 439 Jump up ^ Keylor , William R. ( 1998 ) . The Legacy of the Great War : Peacemaking , 1919 . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 669 - 41711 - 4 . Jump up ^ Larousse ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sontag , p. 22 Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes , The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( Harcourt Brace and Howe , 1920 ) p. 34 Jump up ^ David Thomson , Europe Since Napoleon . Penguin Books . 1970 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 73 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 227 -- 230 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XII Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 246 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 33 and 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 45 and 49 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Section V preamble and Article 51 Jump up ^ Peckham , p. 107 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 81 and 83 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 88 and annex Jump up ^ Martin , p. lii Jump up ^ Boemeke , p. 325 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 94 Jump up ^ Ingrao , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brezina , p. 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 99 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 100 -- 104 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 22 and 119 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 437 ^ Jump up to : Benians , p. 658 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 1224 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 496 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 156 Jump up ^ Shuster , p. 74 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V preamble Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 159 , 160 , 163 and Table 1 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 173 , 174 , 175 and 176 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 161 , 162 , and 176 ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles , Articles 42 , 43 , and 180 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 115 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 165 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 198 and tables No. II and III . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 181 and 190 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 185 and 187 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 198 , 201 , and 202 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 231 Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Article 177 Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , Article 161 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine , Article 121 Jump up ^ Treaty of Sèvres , Article 231 Jump up ^ Martel ( 2010 ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 232 -- 35 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 428 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 429 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 430 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part I Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XIII preamble and Article 388 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 295 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Lloyd George , 1938 , p . Jump up ^ R. Henig , Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 ( London : Routledge , 1995 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses , Post-war Settlement ( Portugal ) in : 1914 -- 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War , ed. by Ute Daniel , Peter Gatrell , Oliver Janz , Heather Jones , Jennifer Keene , Alan Kramer , and Bill Nasson , issued by Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR . 66th Cong. , 1st sess . Senate Documents : Addresses of President Wilson ( May -- November 1919 ) , vol. 11 , no . 120 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal ( 1945 ) online Jump up ^ William C. Widenor , Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Ralph A. Stone , The Irreconcilables : The Fight Against the League of Nations ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) ch 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duff , John B. ( 1968 ) . `` The Versailles Treaty and the Irish - Americans '' . Journal of American History . 55 ( 3 ) : 582 -- 598 . doi : 10.2307 / 1891015 . JSTOR 1891015 . Jump up ^ Wimer , Kurt ; Wimer , Sarah ( 1967 ) . `` The Harding Administration , the League of Nations , and the Separate Peace Treaty '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 29 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 24 . doi : 10.1017 / S0034670500023706 . JSTOR 1405810 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 3 July 1921 ) . `` HARDING ENDS WAR ; SIGNS PEACE DECREE AT SENATOR 'S HOME . Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Britains Forgotten Army , Director / Producer Simon Chu , Radio Times , p. 61 , 63 11 - 17 November 2017 Jump up ^ The Betrayed Ally , China in the Great War , Introduction , Christopher Arnander & Frances Wood , Pen and Sword , 2016 Jump up ^ Bibliographical Introduction to `` Diary , Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House '' . Archived 23 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foreign Minister Brockdorff - Ranzau when faced with the conditions on 7 May : `` Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses , die uns hier entgegentritt . Es wird von uns verlangt , daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Krieg bekennen ; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge '' . 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ Lauteinann , Geschichten in Quellen Bd. 6 , S. 129 . Jump up ^ Koppel S. Pinson ( 1964 ) . Modern Germany : Its History and Civilization ( 13th printing ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . p. 397 f . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 160 Jump up ^ Michael Geyer , Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860 bis 1980 , Frankfurt 1984 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V Jump up ^ Fischer , Klaus ( 1995 ) . Nazi Germany : A New History , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Parker ( 1956 ) , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ CBS World Roundup Broadcast 13 March 1938 Columbia Broadcasting System retrieved from http://otr.com/ra/news/CBS_Roundup_3-13-1938.mp3 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes . The Economic Consequences of the Peace at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Keynes ( 1919 ) . The Economic Consequences of the Peace . Ch VI . The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe -- nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours , nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe , nothing to reclaim Russia ; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves ; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy , or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New . The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues , being preoccupied with others -- Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy , Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week , the President to do nothing that was not just and right . It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes , was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four . Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field , and they settled it as a problem of theology , of polities , of electoral chicane , from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling . Jump up ^ Hantke , Max ; Spoerer , Mark ( 2010 ) . `` The imposed gift of Versailles : the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany 's armed forces , 1924 -- 9 '' ( PDF ) . Economic History Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 849 -- 864 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2009. 00512. x . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David . ( 20 February 1994 ) . `` Over There , and There , and There . '' Review of : `` A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , '' by Gerhard L. Weinberg . New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard Germany , Hitler and World War II , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Correlli Barnett , The Collapse of British Power ( London : Pan , 2002 ) , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Richard In Hitler 's Shadow , New York : Panatheon 1989 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson , Rice University ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Peukert , Detlev The Weimar Republic , New York : Hill & Wang , 1992 page 278 . ^ Jump up to : La Seconde Guerre mondiale , Raymond Cartier , Paris , Larousse Paris Match , 1965 , quoted in : Pater Lothar Groppe ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Die `` Jagd auf Deutsche '' im Osten : Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem `` Bromberger Blutsonntag '' vor 50 Jahren `` . Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung / 28 . August 2004 ( in German ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . ' Von 1.058. 000 Deutschen , die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten ' , ist bei Cartier zu lesen , ' waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert . Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15 . Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt . ' References Andelman , David A. ( 2008 ) . A Shattered Peace : Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today . New York / London : J. Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 78898 - 0 . Bell , Origins of the Second World War Cooper , John Milton . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Demarco , Neil ( 1987 ) . The World This Century . London : Collins Educational . ISBN 0 - 00 - 322217 - 9 . Fischer , Klaus . Nazi Germany : A New History . New York : Continuum , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 82640 - 797 - 9 Herron , George D. ( 1924 ) . The Defeat in the Victory . Boston : Christopher Publishing House . xvi , ( 4 ) , 202 pp . Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Peacemakers . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5939 - 1 . Also published as Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76052 - 0 . Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829236 - 8 . Martel , Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Parker , R.A.C. `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' pages 355 -- 373 from World Politics , Volume 8 , Issue # 3 , April 1956 . Sharp , Alan ( 2011 ) . Consequences of Peace : The Versailles Settlement : Aftermath and Legacy 1919 -- 2010 . Haus Publishing . Sharp , Alan . The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking After the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2008 ) Sontag , Richard ( 1971 ) . A Broken World , 1919 - 1939 . Michigan : Harper and Row . Stevenson , David ( 1998 ) . `` France at the Paris Peace Conference : Addressing the Dilemmas of Security '' . In Robert W.D. Boyce . French Foreign and Defence Policy , 1918 -- 1940 : The Decline and Fall of a Great Power . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15039 - 2 . Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John ( 1972 ) . The Wreck of Reparations , being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement , 1932 . New York : H. Fertig . Further reading Manfred F. Boemke , Gerald D. Feldman , and Elisabeth Gläser ( eds . ) , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 Years . Washington , D.C. : German Historical Institute , 1998 . Norman A. Graebner and Edward M. Bennett , The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy : The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Versailles . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Versailles Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Peace between Germany and the United States of America Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Photographs of the document The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today 's world Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty Woodrow Wilson Original Letters on Treaty of Versailles , Shapell Manuscript Foundation My 1919 -- A film from the Chinese point of view , the only country that did not sign the treaty `` Versailles Revisted '' ( Review of Manfred Boemeke , Gerald Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment after 75 Years . Cambridge , UK : German Historical Institute , Washington , and Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , Strategic Studies 9 : 2 ( Spring 2000 ) , 191 -- 205 Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty at omniatlas.com Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France World War I treaties During the war Sykes -- Picot St. - Jean - de-Maurienne Damascus Protocol London Brest - Litovsk Ukraine Batum Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint - Germain - en - Laye Neuilly - sur - Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath Rapallo ( 1920 ) Tartu ( 1920 ) Warsaw Riga ( 1920 ) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga ( 1921 ) Tartu ( 1921 ) Cilicia Ankara Kars Lausanne Rapallo ( 1922 ) Territories of the Former Austro - Hungarian Monarchy Italian Reparation Payments Sino - German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Turkish Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt British ( Egypt ) Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal See also : Fourteen Points Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1858 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1858 ) Anglo - 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Weber Memorandum ( 1896 ) Yamagata -- Lobanov Agreement ( 1896 ) Japan - China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) ( ja ) Nishi -- Rosen Agreement ( 1898 ) Japan - Thailand Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Treaty ( 1898 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Anglo - Japanese Alliance ( 1902 ) Japan - China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1903 ) ( ja ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1904 Japan -- Korea Agreement of August 1904 Japan - Russia Treaty of Peace ( 1905 ) Taft -- Katsura agreement ( 1905 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Additional Agreement of the Japan - China Treaty relating to Manchuria ( 1905 ) ( ja ) Franco - Japanese Treaty of 1907 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1907 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1907 Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 Root -- Takahira Agreement ( 1908 ) Japan - China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao ( 1909 ) ( ja ) Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1910 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1912 World War I -- II ( 1912 -- 45 ) Japan - China Treaty of 1915 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1916 Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ( 1917 ) Japan - China Co-defense Military Pact ( 1918 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Gongota Agreement of 1920 Four - Power Treaty ( 1921 ) Nine - Power Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues ( 1922 ) ( ja ) Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) Soviet -- Japanese Basic Convention ( 1925 ) Japan - China Customs Agreement ( 1930 ) Cease Fire Agreement in Shanghai ( 1932 ) ( ja ) Japan - Manchukuo Protocol ( 1932 ) Tanggu Truce ( 1933 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1934 Japan - Manchukuo - Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway ( 1935 ) ( ja ) He -- Umezu Agreement ( 1935 ) Chin -- Doihara Agreement ( 1935 ) Canada - Japan New Trade Agreement ( 1935 ) Japan - Netherlands Shipping Agreement ( 1936 ) Anti-Comintern Pact ( 1936 ) Hart - Ishizawa Agreement ( 1937 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1937 Van Mook - Kotani Agreement ( 1938 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Japan - China Basic Relations Treaty ( 1940 ) Japan - Manchukuo - China Joint Declaration ( 1940 ) ( ja ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( 1941 ) Japan - Thailand Attack / Defence Alliance Treaty ( 1941 ) ( ja ) Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( 1945 ) During Cold War ( 1945 -- 89 ) Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan ( 1951 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty ( 1952 ) Japan -- US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security ( 1960 ) Japan -- South Korea Treaty ( 1965 ) Sino -- Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty ( 1978 ) VIAF : 216082262 GND : 4063141 - 2 BNF : cb162047487 ( data ) HDS : 26467 NDL : 00574105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Versailles&oldid=817681032 '' Categories : Treaty of Versailles 1919 in France Arms control treaties France -- Germany relations Germany -- Italy relations Germany -- Japan relations Germany -- United Kingdom relations Germany -- United States relations International relations Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Peace treaties of France Peace treaties of Germany Peace treaties of Italy Peace treaties of Japan Peace treaties of the United Kingdom Peace treaties of the United States Treaties concluded in 1919 Treaties entered into force in 1920 Treaties of the Empire of Japan Treaties of the French Third Republic Treaties of the German Empire Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) World War I treaties June 1919 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Project Gutenberg links CS1 German - 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8858205572204564517	Rice production in India	Rice production in India - Wikipedia Rice production in India This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2014 ) Major cropping areas in India . Rice shaded in light jade green indicates the most important and extensive growing areas in the east of the country Working in a rice paddy Rice production in India is an important part of the national economy Dry productive Paddy Fields in South India India is one of the world 's largest producers of rice and brown rice , accounting for 20 % of all world rice production . Rice is India 's pre-eminent crop , and is the staple food of the people of the eastern and southern parts of the country . Production increased from 53.6 million tons in FY 1980 to 74.6 million tons in year 1990 , a 39 percent increase over the decade . By year 1992 , rice production had reached 181.9 kg , second in the world only to China with its 182 kg . Since 1950 the increase has been more than 350 percent . Most of this increase was the result of an increase in yields ; the number of hectares increased only 0 percent during this period . Yields increased from 1,336 kilograms per hectare in FY 1980 to 1,751 kilograms per hectare in FY 1990 . The per - hectare yield increased more than 262 percent between 1950 and 1992 . The country 's rice production had declined to 89.14 million tonnes in 2009 - 10 crop year ( July -- June ) from record 99.18 million tonnes in the previous year due to severe drought that affected almost half of the country . India could achieve a record rice production of 100 million tonnes in 2010 - 11 crop year on the back of better monsoon this year . The India 's rice production reached to a record high of 104.32 million tonnes in 2011 - 2012 crop year ( July -- June ) . no rice no life so play freerice Rice is one of the chief grains of India . Moreover , this country has the largest area under rice cultivation , as it is one of the principal food crops . It is in fact the dominant crop of the country . India is one of the leading producers of this crop . Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical plant , it flourishes comfortably in hot and humid climate . Rice is mainly grown in rain fed areas that receive heavy annual rainfall . That is why it is fundamentally a kharif crop in India . It demands temperature of around 25 degree Celsius and above and rainfall of more than 100 cm . Rice is also grown through irrigation in those areas that receives comparatively less rainfall . Rice is the staple food of eastern and southern parts of India . In 2009 - 10 , total rice production in India amounted to 89.13 million tonnes , which was much less than production of previous year , 99.18 million tonnes . Rice can be cultivated by different methods based on the type of region . But in India , the traditional methods are still in use for harvesting rice . The fields are initially ploughed and then fertiliser is applied which typically consists of cow dung and then the field is smoothed . The seeds are transplanted by hand and then through proper irrigation , the seeds are cultivated . Rice grows on a variety of soils like silts , loams and gravels . It can also tolerate alkaline as well as acid soils . However , clayey loam is well suited to the raising of this crop . Actually the clayey soil can be easily converted into mud in which rice seedlings can be transplanted easily . Proper care has to be taken as this crop thrives if the soil remains wet and is under water during its growing years . Rice fields should be level and should have low mud walls for retaining water . In the plain areas , excess rainwater is allowed to inundate the rice fields and flow slowly . Rice raised in the well watered lowland areas is known as lowland or wet rice . In the hilly areas , slopes are cut into terraces for the cultivation of rice . Thus , the rice grown in the hilly areas is known as dry or upland rice . The yield of upland rice per hectare is comparatively less than that of the wet rice . The regions cultivating this crop in India is distinguished as the western coastal strip , the eastern coastal strip , covering all the primary deltas , Assam plains and surrounding low hills , foothills and Terai region - along the Himalayas and states like West Bengal , Bihar , eastern Uttar Pradesh , eastern Madhya Pradesh , northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . India , being a land of eternal growing season , and the deltas of Kaveri River , Krishna River , Godavari River , Indravati River and Mahanadi River with a thick set - up of canal irrigation like Hirakud Dam and Indravati Dam , permits farmers to raise two , and in some pockets , even three crops a year . Irrigation has made even three crops a year possible . Irrigation has made it feasible even for Punjab and Haryana , known for their baked climate , to grow rice . They even export their excess to other states . Punjab and Haryana grow prized rice for export purposes . The hilly terraced fields from Kashmir to Assam are idyllically suited for rice farming , with age - old hill irrigational conveniences . High yielding kinds , enhanced planting methods , promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results . It is the rain fed area that cuts down average yields per hectare . In some of the states like West Bengal , Assam and Orissa two crops of rice are raised in a year . Winter season in the north western India are extremely cold for rice . Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of the eastern India where during the summer monsoon rainy season both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice . Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during the summer season provided that the water is available . Thus , rice is also raised even in those parts of western Uttar Pradesh , Punjab and Haryana where low level areas are waterlogged during the summer monsoon rainy season . Winter rice crop is a long duration crop and summer rice crop is a short duration crop . At some places in the eastern and southern parts of India , rice crop of short duration is followed by the rice crop of long duration . Winter rice crop is raised preferably in low - lying areas that remain flooded mainly during the rainy season . Autumn rice is raised in Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Punjab and Himachal Pradesh . Summer , autumn and winter rice crops are raised in West Bengal , Andhra Pradesh , Assam and Orissa . Summer rice crop is raised on a small scale and on a small area . However , winter rice crop is actually the leading rice crop accounting for a major portion of the total Hectare under rice in all seasons in the country . Moreover , in the last few years , several steps in order to augment yield per hectare were taken up very seriously at all levels . India ranks fourth in the production of wheat in the world . Favorable Geographical Condition for Wheat Cultivation : In India , wheat is a winter crop . Wheat requires a moderate cool climate with moderate rain . In India , it is grown in winter . It needs temperature 10 degree C to 15 degree C for its cultivation . It thrives well in an average temperature of 16 - degree C. Warm and sunny weather is essential at the time of ripening . Wheat requires a rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm during the growing season . Too much rain is injurious to the plant . On irrigated lands , a rainfall of 40 cm to 50 cm is sufficient . Light rainfall and cloudiness before the grain ripens increase the productivity . Alluvial level plains are ideal for wheat cultivation . Slightly rolling plains are also suitable . Plains should be well drained so that water can not stand there . Wheat requires fertile alluvial soil . Clay loamy soils or even black cotton soils are suitable . Soil should retain moisture . A certain amount of lime in the soil is beneficial . Labor factors are not as important in the wheat cultivation as in the case of rice . However , labor is essential for the cultivation . The other requirements of wheat cultivation include ( i ) irrigation , ( ii ) high yielding varieties of seeds and ( iii ) the same way . Rice production by year ( edit ) Source : http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/HS-B-Table-01.htm . SL Year Area ( Million Hectares ) Production ( Million Tonnes ) Yield ( Kg / Hectare ) 1 . 1950 - 51 30.81 20.58 668 2 . 1951 - 52 29.83 21.30 714 3 . 1952 - 53 29.97 22.90 764 4 . 1953 - 54 31.29 28.21 902 5 . 1954 - 55 30.77 25.22 820 6 . 1955 - 56 31.52 27.56 874 7 . 1956 - 57 32.28 29.04 900 8 . 1957 - 58 32.30 25.53 790 9 . 1958 - 59 33.17 30.85 930 10 . 1959 - 60 33.82 31.68 937 11 . 1960 - 61 34.13 34.58 1,013 12 . 1961 - 62 34.69 35.66 1,028 13 . 1962 - 63 35.69 33.21 931 14 . 1963 - 64 35.81 37.00 1,033 15 . 1964 - 65 36.46 39.31 1,078 16 . 1965 - 66 35.47 30.59 862 17 . 1966 - 67 35.25 30.44 863 18 . 1967 - 68 36.44 37.61 1,032 19 . 1968 - 69 36.97 39.76 1,076 20 . 1969 - 70 37.68 40.43 1,073 21 . 1970 - 71 37.59 42.22 1,123 22 . 1971 - 72 37.76 43.07 1,141 23 . 1972 - 73 36.69 39.24 1,070 24 . 1973 - 74 38.29 44.05 1,151 25 . 1974 - 75 37.89 39.58 1,045 26 . 1975 - 76 39.48 48.74 1,235 27 . 1976 - 77 38.51 41.92 1,088 28 . 1977 - 78 40.28 52.67 1,308 29 . 1978 - 79 40.48 53.77 1,328 30 . 1979 - 80 39.42 42.33 1,074 31 . 1980 - 81 40.15 53.63 1,336 32 . 1981 - 82 40.71 53.25 1,308 33 . 1982 - 83 38.26 47.12 1,231 34 . 1983 - 84 41.24 60.10 1,457 35 . 1984 - 85 41.16 58.34 1,417 36 . 1985 - 86 41.14 63.83 1,552 37 . 1986 - 87 41.17 60.56 1,471 38 . 1987 - 88 38.81 56.86 1,465 39 . 1988 - 89 41.73 70.49 1,689 40 . 1989 - 90 42.17 73.57 1,745 41 . 1990 - 91 42.69 74.29 1,740 42 . 1991 - 92 42.65 74.68 1,751 43 . 1992 - 93 41.78 72.86 1,744 44 . 1993 - 94 42.54 80.30 1,888 45 . 1994 - 95 42.81 81.81 1,911 46 . 1995 - 96 42.84 76.98 1,797 47 . 1996 - 97 43.43 81.74 1,882 48 . 1997 - 98 43.45 82.53 1,900 49 . 1998 - 99 44.80 86.03 1,920 50 . 1999 - 00 44.97 89.48 1,990 Rice Production by State ( edit ) Rice Production by States India Rice Production by States ( Million Tonnes ) States Rank ( 2014 - 15 ) Actual Production ( 2014 - 15 ) % of Country Total ( 2014 - 15 ) Cumulative % of Country Total ( 2014 - 15 ) Average Production ( 2010 - 11 to 2014 - 15 ) Estimate ( 2015 - 16 ) India - 103.73 100.0 % 100 % 105.48 103.61 West Bengal 14.68 13.9 % 14 % 14.54 16.10 Uttar Pradesh 12.17 11.5 % 25 % 13.45 12.51 Punjab 11.11 10.5 % 36 % 11.03 11.64 Odisha 8.30 7.9 % 44 % 7.17 5.80 Andhra Pradesh 7.23 6.9 % 51 % 7.34 6.94 Bihar 6 6.36 6.0 % 57 % 5.93 6.11 Chhattisgarh 7 6.32 6.0 % 63 % 6.37 6.29 Tamil Nadu 8 5.73 5.4 % 68 % 5.68 5.72 Assam 9 5.22 4.9 % 73 % 4.91 5.12 Telangana 10 4.44 4.2 % 77 % 5.31 4.19 Haryana 11 4.01 3.8 % 81 % 3.84 4.18 Madhya Pradesh 12 3.63 3.4 % 85 % 2.65 3.49 Maharashtra 15 2.95 2.8 % 94 % 2.93 2.61 Gujarat 16 1.83 1.7 % 96 % 1.66 1.56 Uttarakhand 17 0.60 0.6 % 96 % 0.58 0.63 Kerala 18 0.56 0.5 % 97 % 0.53 0.70 Jammu & Kashmir 19 0.52 0.5 % 97 % 0.60 0.42 Rajasthan 20 0.37 0.4 % 98 % 0.28 0.35 Himachal Pradesh 21 0.13 0.1 % 98 % 0.13 0.10 Others - 2.44 2.3 % 100 % 2.37 2.31 References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paddy fields in India . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . ^ Jump up to : `` India : A Country Study : Crop Output '' . Library of Congress , Washington D.C. September 1995 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://data.gov.in/resources/state-wise-production-rice-2010-11-2014-15-ministry-agriculture-and-farmers-welfare World rice production Bangladesh Bhutan Bolivia Brazil Cambodia Chad China Cuba Guyana Haiti India Indonesia Iran Japan Laos Liberia Madagascar Mali Nepal Pakistan Philippines Romania Sierra Leone South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand United States Vietnam Agriculture in India Industries Areca nut Coconut ( in Kerala ) Coffee Fenugreek Rice Law and politics Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Biological Diversity Act , 2002 History Farming systems Green Revolution History in ancient Tamil countries History of tea Women in agriculture Companies Bayer CropScience Limited Mahyco Pantnagar Seeds Reuters Market Light Suminter India Organics Others Tractors in India Central Institute for Cotton Research Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice_production_in_India&oldid=850039859 '' Categories : Rice production in India Rice production by country Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 05 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	the highest yield of rice per hectare in india is in which state	[ "\nRice Production by States (Million Tonnes)[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nStates\nRank(2014-15)\nActual Production(2014-15)\n% of Country Total(2014-15)\nCumulative % of Country Total(2014-15)\nAverage Production(2010-11 to 2014-15)\nEstimate (2015-16)\n\n\nIndia\n-\n103.73\n100.0%\n100%\n105.48\n103.61\n\n\nWest Bengal\n1\n14.68\n13.9%\n14%\n14.54\n16.10\n\n\nUttar Pradesh\n2\n12.17\n11.5%\n25%\n13.45\n12.51\n\n\nPunjab\n3\n11.11\n10.5%\n36%\n11.03\n11.64\n\n\nOdisha\n4\n8.30\n7.9%\n44%\n7.17\n5.80\n\n\nAndhra Pradesh\n5\n7.23\n6.9%\n51%\n7.34\n6.94\n\n\nBihar\n6\n6.36\n6.0%\n57%\n5.93\n6.11\n\n\nChhattisgarh\n7\n6.32\n6.0%\n63%\n6.37\n6.29\n\n\nTamil Nadu\n8\n5.73\n5.4%\n68%\n5.68\n5.72\n\n\nAssam\n9\n5.22\n4.9%\n73%\n4.91\n5.12\n\n\nTelangana\n10\n4.44\n4.2%\n77%\n5.31\n4.19\n\n\nHaryana\n11\n4.01\n3.8%\n81%\n3.84\n4.18\n\n\nMadhya Pradesh\n12\n3.63\n3.4%\n85%\n2.65\n3.49\n\n\n\nMaharashtra\n15\n2.95\n2.8%\n94%\n2.93\n2.61\n\n\nGujarat\n16\n1.83\n1.7%\n96%\n1.66\n1.56\n\n\nUttarakhand\n17\n0.60\n0.6%\n96%\n0.58\n0.63\n\n\nKerala\n18\n0.56\n0.5%\n97%\n0.53\n0.70\n\n\nJammu & Kashmir\n19\n0.52\n0.5%\n97%\n0.60\n0.42\n\n\nRajasthan\n20\n0.37\n0.4%\n98%\n0.28\n0.35\n\n\nHimachal Pradesh\n21\n0.13\n0.1%\n98%\n0.13\n0.10\n\n\nOthers\n-\n2.44\n2.3%\n100%\n2.37\n2.31\n" ]	[ "West Bengal" ]
-5231836534442653480	Just a Little Talk with Jesus	Just a Little Talk with Jesus - Wikipedia Just a Little Talk with Jesus Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Just a Little Talk with Jesus '' Song by Elvis Presley Songwriter ( s ) Cleavant Derricks `` Just a Little Talk with Jesus '' is a gospel music song written by Cleavant Derricks and recorded by many notable artists including The Fairfield Four , Elvis Presley , The Stanley Brothers , Nina Hagen and others . In 2005 , Keith Lancaster arranged the song as `` It 's All Right . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elMv2BxHDQc Elvis Presley Albums discography Singles discography Filmography Studio albums Elvis Presley Elvis Peace in the Valley ( EP ) Elvis ' Christmas Album For LP Fans Only A Date with Elvis Elvis Is Back ! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck Elvis for Everyone ! How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis Elvis Country ( I 'm 10,000 Years Old ) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis Raised on Rock / For Ol ' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Moody Blue Live albums On Stage As Recorded at Madison Square Garden Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Elvis in Concert An Afternoon in the Garden Soundtrack albums and EPs Love Me Tender ( EP ) Loving You Jailhouse Rock ( EP ) King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star ( EP ) Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream ( EP ) Kid Galahad ( EP ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas ( EP ) Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me ( EP ) Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go ( EP ) Double Trouble Clambake Speedway Elvis That 's the Way It Is Viva Elvis Compilation albums Elvis ' Golden Records 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Elvis ' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis Sings Flaming Star Let 's Be Friends Almost in Love C'mon Everybody I Got Lucky Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis ' 40 Greatest Pure Gold Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 2 The Sun Sessions Welcome to My World Mahalo from Elvis Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 3 Greatest Hits Volume 1 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 5 Amazing Grace : His Greatest Sacred Performances Command Performances : The Essential 60s Masters II Elvis 56 Tiger Man Memories : The ' 68 Comeback Special Sunrise Suspicious Minds : The Memphis 1969 Anthology ELV1S : 30 No. 1 Hits 2nd to None Elvis at Sun Hitstory Elvis Inspirational Elvis Rock Elvis Christmas The Essential Elvis Presley Christmas Duets If I Can Dream Way Down in the Jungle Room The Wonder of You The 50 Greatest Hits Box sets Worldwide 50 Gold Award Hits Vol. 1 The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50 's Masters From Nashville to Memphis : The Essential ' 60s Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes : The Essential ' 70s Masters Peace in the Valley : The Complete Gospel Recordings Live in Las Vegas Today , Tomorrow , and Forever Elvis the King The Complete ' 68 Comeback Special The Complete Elvis Presley Masters Bootlegs Elvis ' Greatest Shit Feature films Love Me Tender Loving You Jailhouse Rock King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star Wild in the Country Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream Kid Galahad Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise , Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go Double Trouble Clambake Stay Away , Joe Speedway Live a Little , Love a Little Charro ! The Trouble with Girls Change of Habit Biographical films Elvis ( 1979 film ) Elvis ( 1990 series ) Elvis Meets Nixon Elvis ( 2005 miniseries ) Elvis & Nixon Documentaries The Pied Piper of Cleveland Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Elvis on Tour This Is Elvis The New Gladiators TV specials The Frank Sinatra Timex Show : Welcome Home Elvis Elvis Presley 's ' 68 Comeback Special Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis in Concert Stage shows based on Elvis Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Elvis . The Musical Elvis : The Concert Viva Elvis Top 10 singles `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Love Me Tender '' `` Love Me '' `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' `` One Night '' `` I Got Stung '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' `` Stuck on You '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' `` Surrender '' `` I Feel So Bad '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Good Luck Charm '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' `` ( You 're The ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` Burning Love '' Related people Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials The Sweet Inspirations TCB Band J.D. Sumner Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker George C. Nichopoulos Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson Ginger Alden Larry Geller Related Graceland Audubon Street House Cultural depictions Cultural impact Personal relationships Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis : What Happened ? Elvis - A-Rama Museum Hit singles Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet List of Elvis Presley songs Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis Presley Lake `` Elvis has left the building '' Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Eight Elvises Triple Elvis Elvis Presley 's Pink Cadillac Elvis Presley 's guitars Elvis Presley Forever stamp Elvis sightings Book Portal This song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_a_Little_Talk_with_Jesus&oldid=766702856 '' Categories : Elvis Presley songs Song stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from June 2012 All articles lacking sources Year of song missing All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 February 2017 , at 17 : 22 . About Wikipedia	who wrote have a little talk with jesus	[ "\"Just a Little Talk with Jesus\" is a gospel music song written by Cleavant Derricks and recorded by many notable artists including The Fairfield Four,[1] Elvis Presley, The Stanley Brothers, Nina Hagen and others. In 2005, Keith Lancaster arranged the song as \"It's All Right.\"" ]	[ "Cleavant Derricks" ]
-800856395767163154	Pawn Stars	Pawn Stars - Wikipedia Pawn Stars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American television series . For the British version , see Pawn Stars UK . For the Australian version , see Pawn Stars Australia . Pawn Stars From left : Rick Harrison , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell , Corey Harrison , and Richard Harrison Genre Reality television Starring Rick Harrison Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 522 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Leftfield Pictures Release Original network History Picture format 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital Stereo Original release July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows American Restoration Cajun Pawn Stars Counting Cars Pawn Stars UK Pawnography Pawn Stars Australia External links Website Pawn Stars is an American reality television series , shown on History , and produced by Leftfield Pictures . The series is filmed in Las Vegas , Nevada , where it chronicles the daily activities at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , a 24 - hour family business opened in 1989 and operated by patriarch Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison , his son Rick Harrison , Rick 's son Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison , and Corey 's childhood friend , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell . The series , which became the network 's highest rated show and the No. 2 reality show behind Jersey Shore , debuted on July 26 , 2009 . The series depicts the staff 's interactions with customers , who bring in a variety of artifacts to sell or pawn , and who are shown haggling over the price and discussing its historical background , with narration provided by either the Harrisons or Chumlee . The series also follows the interpersonal conflicts among the cast . One reviewer referencing these conflicts described the show as a version of Antiques Roadshow `` hijacked by American Chopper 's '' Teutul family . TV Guide has offered a similar description , calling the show `` one part Antiques Roadshow , a pinch of LA Ink and a dash of COPS '' . Numerous local experts in a variety of fields also regularly appear to appraise the items being sold or pawned , two of whom have gone on to their own spinoff programs . Antique restorer / metal artist Rick Dale is the star of the series ' first spin - off , American Restoration , which premiered in October 2010 , and mechanic / auto restoration expert Danny `` The Count '' Koker stars in the second spinoff , Counting Cars , which debuted August 13 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history and format 1.1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main shop staff 2.2 Minor shop staff 2.3 Recurring experts 2.4 Celebrity cameo appearances 3 Reception 3.1 U.S. television ratings 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Awards and honors 3.4 Legal issues 4 Spinoffs and similar series by Leftfield 5 Merchandise 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Production History and format Pawn Stars began with Brent Montgomery and Colby Gaines of Leftfield Pictures , who were struck by the array of eclectic and somewhat seedy pawn shops in Las Vegas during a 2008 weekend visit to the city . Thinking such shops might contain unique characters , they searched for a family - run shop on which to center a TV series , until they found the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop less than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip . It had been the subject of a 2001 PBS documentary , and the manager and part - owner , Rick Harrison , had been trying unsuccessfully to pitch a show based on his shop for four years . The shop , and Rick , had previously been featured in the Las Vegas episode of Insomniac with Dave Attell in 2003 . The series was originally pitched to HBO , though the network preferred the series to have been a Taxicab Confessions - style series taking place at the Gold & Silver 's night window . The format eventually evolved into the now - familiar family - oriented motif used on the series . History president Nancy Dubuc , who had been charged with creating programming with a more populist appeal to balance out the network 's in - depth military programming , picked up the series , which was initially titled Pawning History , before a staffer at Leftfield suggested that Pawn Stars would fit better with the locale . The network concurred , believing that name to be more pleasing and easily remembered . The staffer adjusted its story - line in order to bring it in line with the network 's brand , which included the on - camera experts appraising the items brought into the Gold & Silver , though she did not discourage the interpersonal conflicts among the show 's stars . World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in 2010 The series is filmed on location at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas , Nevada . Although jewellery is the most commonly pawned item at the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , most of the customers featured in episodes bring in a variety of vintage or antique items to the store , which has 12,000 items in its inventory as of July 2011 ( 5,000 of which are typically held on pawn ) . Each episode consists of segments devoted to approximately five or six of these items , in which one of the staff members , usually Rick Harrison , his son Corey , or Harrison 's father Richard ( known as the `` Old Man '' ) , explains the history behind the object . When the buyer is unable to evaluate an object , they consult with a knowledgeable expert who can evaluate it to determine its authenticity and potential value , and in the case of items needing repair , the cost of restoration or preparing the item for sale . Whoever is evaluating the object goes over the potential value with the customer , including the expert 's opinion , if one is given , often interspersed with an interview in which he explains the basis of his decision to the viewer . A price tag graphic at the bottom corner of the screen provides the ever - changing dollar amount as the two haggle over the item 's price . On occasion , Rick will purchase items in need of restoration before determining its restoration costs , thus taking a risk on such costs . Interpersonal narratives focusing on the relationship and conflicts among Rick , Corey , the Old Man , and Corey 's childhood friend , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell , who also works at the shop , also comprise episode plots . These usually pertain to arguments over the running of the shop , the elder Harrisons questioning Corey 's judgment , and aspersions cast on Chumlee 's intelligence and competence . Before the second commercial break , a multiple choice trivia question related to the shop and its inventory , the cast members or one of the featured items is shown , with the answer provided after the break ; beginning with the Season 8 episode `` A Very Vegas Christmas '' , a trivia question is asked at every commercial break . In addition to spawning imitators , such as the truTV series Hardcore Pawn , the success of Pawn Stars has been a boon to the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , which has become a Las Vegas tourist site , and has expanded its business accordingly . Originally averaging between 70 and 100 customers per day , the shop 's traffic increased to more than 1,000 by October 2010 . To handle the increased business , the shop hired nearly 30 new employees , and underwent a $400,000 expansion of their showroom by two thirds , to 15,000 square feet , the shop 's tenth expansion since it opened . Rick Harrison also mentioned in the fourth season episode `` Over the Top '' that he was building a gym above the Pawn Shop for the staff 's use . The shop also now sells its own brand merchandise , whose designs originate from fans entering design competitions on Facebook , which saves the Harrisons the cost of hiring professional designers . The staff 's presence on Facebook and Twitter also ensures audiences during local nightclub appearances , for which Corey Harrison and Chumlee Russell are paid $1,000 a night . As a result of filming at the shop , however , the four main cast members no longer work the counter , due to laws that require the identity of customers pawning items to remain confidential , and the tourists and fans taking photos and video in the showroom that would preclude this . When shooting episodes of the series , the shop is temporarily closed , with only a handful of customers allowed into the showroom . In July 2011 , Harrison signed a record - breaking 80 - episode renewal contract for four more seasons of the series . After being broadcast during its first four years on Mondays at 10PM ET , the program moved to Thursday nights at 9PM ET on May 30 , 2013 , replacing Swamp People , which moved an hour later to 10PM ET . The program also received a new opening and theme song , `` Winning is n't Everything '' , performed by Lynyrd Skynyrd . The opening was replaced again with different theme music from an uncredited artist on June 12 , 2014 . Episodes Main article : List of Pawn Stars episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) December 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 27 ) 33 January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) July 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) 30 August 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) March 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) 38 April 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) October 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) 5 30 November 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 6 28 April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 7 34 November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) March 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) 8 46 May 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) December 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 26 ) 9 52 January 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) June 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) 10 47 July 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) 11 42 January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 12 45 October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 13 29 July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 14 30 April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) August 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) 15 13 October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) TBA Cast Main shop staff Richard ( Rick ) Kevin Harrison -- Co-founder / co-owner of the pawn shop . The son of `` The Old Man '' Richard and father of `` Big Hoss '' Corey , he has earned the nickname of `` The Spotter '' due to his sharp eye for valuable items . He started in the pawn business at age 13 . Rick co-founded the `` Gold & Silver '' pawn shop with his father in 1989 at the age of 23 . Boasting that `` Gold & Silver '' is the only family - owned pawn shop in Las Vegas , Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags . An avid reader since childhood , his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy , from the late 1700s to the early 1800s . Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America , an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history , which premiered in June 2014 . Richard Benjamin `` The Old Man '' Harrison -- Born March 4 , 1941 , he is Rick 's father and Corey 's grandfather , and the founder / co-owner of the pawn shop , which he opened in 1989 with his son Rick . He is usually referred to by his nickname , `` The Old Man '' , which he earned at age 38 , according to the episode `` Fired Up '' . Originally from Lexington , North Carolina , he is the first to arrive at the shop in the morning , and has not had a sick day since 1994 . He is a 20 - year veteran of the U.S. Navy . He is particularly passionate about automobiles , showing an interest in all types of cars , from the 1966 Chrysler Imperial his son and grandson had restored for his 50th wedding anniversary to the mid-1960s B&Z Electra - King electric car shown to them in `` Honest Abe '' , which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart . In the episode that aired on July 31 , 2017 it was mentioned that he was retired . Corey Harrison ( left ) and Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell pictured in 2010 . Both are part of the main staff of the pawn shop . Corey Harrison -- Rick 's son and Richard 's grandson , who is nicknamed `` Big Hoss '' . and started at the shop at age nine , polishing jewelry . He is now the manager of the shop 's day - to - day operations , and 30 of its employees , makes the most purchases of anyone in the shop , and is being groomed by Rick to be the boss one day . Corey often comes into conflict with his father and grandfather over his knowledge of the shop 's inventory , his responsibilities as a manager , and his overall judgment in sales , in particular his purchase of expensive items . Following gastric lap band surgery in 2010 and a change to his diet , Harrison 's weight went down from 365 lb ( 166 kg ) to approximately 250 lb ( 113 kg ) by July 2011 . In Season 6 , he tells the elder Harrisons that he will take a job at another business if he is not given a 10 % partnership in the shop . He remains with the shop after he is given a raise and a 5 % partnership , with the possibility of a greater stake in the business in the future . Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell -- Corey 's childhood friend , employed for five years at the time of the first season , having started at the shop when he was 21 . Chumlee was given his nickname at age 12 by the father of a childhood friend , who named him after the walrus sidekick of Tennessee Tuxedo . He does behind - the - counter work at the shop , such as testing the items , loading them , and writing the tickets for items purchased by others . He is often the butt of the others ' jokes for his perceived lack of intelligence and his incompetence , for which he has been referred to as a `` village idiot '' . Chumlee has responded to this by explaining that he is underestimated , and points to his expertise in pinball machines , which he utilizes in the second season episode `` Pinball Wizards '' , much to Corey 's surprise , as an example of one of the areas in which he is knowledgeable . Chumlee later displays the ability to repair a gas - powered toy car in `` Never Surrender '' ( Episode 3.25 ) , and expert knowledge in discerning a fake pair of Air Jordan V sneakers in the following episode , `` Honest Abe '' ( Episode 3.26 ) . As a result of the show , Russell formed his own company , which sells novelty items , including T - shirts of his own design , and arranges for his personal appearances . He sold half of the company in 2010 to Rick Harrison for $5,000 , so that the shop could handle orders of his merchandise more efficiently . Minor shop staff Danielle `` Peaches '' Rainey -- One of the shop staff members . In the episode `` Rope a Dope '' , she is punished for her habitual tardiness by being put on the graveyard shift with Chumlee , who harbors an unrequited affection for her . She reluctantly helps Rick appraise a box of Playboy magazines in `` Peaches & Pinups '' , despite her distaste for the task . The Old Man asks her about Chumlee 's whereabouts in `` Chum Goes AWOL '' . She is also seen socializing with the other shop staff in the closing scene of `` Confederate Conundrum '' . Olivia Black -- A night shift employee hired in Season 5 . She is among the applicants favored by Corey and Chumlee , because of her attractiveness , when they screen the applicants in `` Learning the Ropes '' . She is hired , after being further interviewed by Rick and The Old Man in `` Crosby , Stills and Cash '' , and begins her training in `` Les is More '' . In `` Corey 's Big Burn '' , she is shown working with night - shift customers with Chumlee , though Rick and The Old Man express concern that the double shifts Chumlee is working as a result of volunteering to train her ( which they perceive to be motivated solely by his attraction to her ) might be too much for him . Black was fired from the show on December 19 , 2012 , when her 2008 nude modeling work for the soft porn website SuicideGirls was revealed . Though fired from the series , she was not fired from the shop , where she continued to work , albeit off - camera . She later left the shop . She also returned to SuicideGirls and shot a new pictorial for them four days after her firing . Antwaun Austin works as bouncer in the shop . Antwaun Austin -- The shop 's 6'5 '' security guard . Usually seen in the background , Antwaun sometimes sells store T - shirts to people who come in , helps customers bring in large items , and , when necessary , removes customers who are unruly or disruptive . In `` Flight of the Chum '' , for example , he attempts to intervene when a seller becomes irate after Rick informs him that the Perseus statue he brought into the shop is not an original by Émile Louis Picault , but a copy . He features heavily in an episode storyline for the first time in Season 4 `` Teacher 's Pet '' , in which he is revealed to have worked at the shop for three years , and is tutored by Chumlee on negotiating prices and discerning genuine gold . When he later prepares to take a few days off in `` Security '' , he in turn tutors Chumlee on how to work the door . Fat Back -- An in - house mechanic , who also provides appraisals on the condition of vehicles . Johnny -- An in - house mechanic and expert in racing and other sporting memorabilia . Scott -- One of the shop 's part - time employees , who spends much of his time at flea markets and estate sales , purchasing items that Rick will purchase from him to sell in the shop . Andy -- The shop 's head of security . He first features prominently in a storyline in the Season 6 episode `` Shekel and Hyde '' . Lili -- An intern at the shop . Recurring Experts Professional specialists are sometimes called in by the pawn shop to determine the authenticity and value of the items brought in and , in some cases , to restore them . The following is a list of recurring experts who have appeared in two or more episodes . Name Area of expertise Mark Allen Performer and collector of Western memorabilia , and owner of Wild West Arts Club and Western Stage Props . Brenda Anderson Handwriting expert and owner of Expert Handwriting Analysis . Jesse Amoroso Expert in stringed instruments , and owner of Cowtown Guitars . Joe Ashman Expert in guns and weapons , and owner of Ashman 's Pioneer Market in Fillmore , Utah . Jemison Beshears Expert in weapons and antique arms . Jeremy Brown Expert in sports memorabilia and cards , and owner of Ultimate Sports Cards & Memorabilia . Rick Dale Metal artist and antique restorer , and owner of Rick 's Restorations . Dale also stars in American Restoration , a spin - off set at Rick 's Restorations and starring Dale and his staff , which premiered in October 2010 . Tony Dee Antique firearms expert , who operates The Gun Store . Bob Demel Expert in antique weapons , militaria and other types of antiques , and owner of Antiques , Arms & Armor Historical Investments , Coto de Caza , California . Ferdinand Geitner Master watchmaker and clockmaker , expert in timepieces , and owner of Montecito Clock Gallery . Craig Gottlieb Firearms and military antiques expert , and owner of Craig Gottlieb Military Antiques . Like Rick Harrison , he also appears on the series United Stuff of America . Steve Grad Principal authenticator for PSA / DNA Mark Hall - Patton Expert in 20th century artifacts and history , and administrator of the Clark County Heritage Museum and the Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum at McCarran Airport . Hall - Patton , affectionately nicknamed The Beard of Knowledge , is the expert most often consulted by the Harrisons , and also appears on the spinoff American Restoration . Unlike most of the experts who appear on the show , Hall - Patton never offers a financial estimate of an item 's value , preferring to only establish authenticity and historical significance . Although the Clark County Museum was little - known outside of Las Vegas , and has no advertising budget , annual attendance soared nearly 70 % since 2012 , reaching 42,000 in 2013 . Like Rick Harrison , he also appears on the series United Stuff of America . Johnny Jimenez Expert in vintage toys , and owner of Toy Shack of Las Vegas . Steve Johnston Expert in vintage toys and owner of Rouge Toys Danny `` The Count '' Koker Motorcycle and automobile restoration expert , and owner of Count 's Kustoms . Koker has also guest - starred on Rick Dale 's spinoff , American Restoration , and stars in his own spinoff , Counting Cars , which premiered in August 2012 . Dr. Phineas Kastle Expert in ancient artifacts Wally Korhonen Expert in automobile restoration , and owner of Rusty Nuts Rods and Customs . Dana Linett Expert in artifacts from Early American history , including the Colonial and Revolutionary periods , and President of Early American History Auctions . Mark Logan Expert in classic and performance cars , as well as dragsters , and President of Nevada Classics , Inc. and Shelby Cars Northwest . Brett Maly Fine art appraiser for Art Encounter in Las Vegas . Drew Max Forensic document examiner / handwriting expert , and owner of Authentic Autographs Unlimited . Paul Milbury Owner of Military Historical Arms & Antiques , and an expert in historical military arms and antiques from 1776 -- World War II . Roy Page Expert in vintage vacuum tube appliances , and owner of Roy 's Repair - O-Rama , which specializes in such appliances . Sean Rich Antique arms and armory expert , specializing in the 16th to 18th centuries , and owner of Tortuga Trading Inc . He also appeared as an expert in the National Geographic Channel show Lords of War . Rebecca Romney Expert in rare books , manuscripts and documents from the 15th to the 21st centuries , and manager at the Las Vegas Gallery of Bauman Rare Books . Charles Roof Archery specialist and manager of Pacific Archery Sales . Murray SawChuck Professional magician and magic historian , owner of Murray Productions Inc . Matthew C. Shortal Aviation expert , Marine F - 18 and Navy Blue Angels pilot , and graduate of Top Gun . Jay Tell Expert in coins , paper currency and stamps , and owner of Americana Stamp & Coin Galleries . Bill Ybarzabal Boat restorer , and owner of A1A Marine Tech . Bob Yuhas Restoration and motorcycle expert Celebrity cameo appearances Cameo appearances have been made by Phil Collen , Joe Elliott , Bob Dylan , Jeremy McKinnon , Meredith Vieira , the Oak Ridge Boys , George Stephanopoulos , Matt Kenseth , Steve Carell , Kip Winger , Roger Daltrey , Katie Couric , Vic Flick and Butch Harmon . Reception U.S. television ratings By January 2011 , Pawn Stars was History 's highest - rated series . An original episode broadcast on January 24 , 2011 was watched by seven million viewers , the most - watched telecast ever on History , according to the network and Nielsen Media Research . In 2011 it was the second highest - rated reality series on TV behind Jersey Shore , attracting 7.6 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Pawn Stars was most popular in rural Kentucky . Critical reception Christopher Long , reviewing the first season DVD for DVD Town , praised the series for its cast and the educational value of the items examined , calling it `` addictive '' and `` a big - time winner '' , and opined that it is the best show on History and perhaps cable . In one issue of TV Guide , writer Rob Moynihan included the show in a list of `` guilty pleasures . '' April McIntyre of Monsters and Critics , whose negative view of pawn shops influenced her view of the series ' setting , reviewed one episode of the series , which she labeled a `` cool Antiques Roadshow '' . Though she found aspects of it interesting , she criticized what she perceived as an emphasis on cheap laughs at the expense of family patriarch Richard Harrison over the show 's historical material , as well as Corey Harrison 's weight . She ultimately saw potential for the series if aspects of it that she found to be in poor taste were curbed . USA Today 's Gary Strauss opined that the bickering among the Harrisons , as well as the customers seen in the shop , is `` alternately amusing and grating '' . People magazine wrote of the show , `` Think Antiques Roadshow , but with neon and far more tattoos . '' Some of History 's viewers were reportedly displeased with how reality series like Pawn Stars and Swamp People have replaced some of the network 's previous history - oriented programming . The series has also attracted some criticism from other pawnbrokers , who while conceding its entertainment value , claim that the series ' focus on the extravagant vintage items brought into the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop are not typical of the average pawn shop , whose business is predicated on individuals on fixed income who bring in conventional objects in order to pay their bills , such as electronics , tools and jewelry . Corey Grigson and Charles Brown , who own a shop called Pawn Stars , estimate that their average loan to a customer is between $50 and $100 . They also point out appraisals are handled by the staff , who rely on experience , reference works and research , and not the outside experts who are frequently seen on the show aiding the Harrisons . The success of the series has also lent itself to parody . At the June 2011 NHL Awards in Las Vegas , the Hanson Brothers from the movie Slap Shot appeared in a spoof sketch in which they try to sell the Stanley Cup to Harrison at the Gold & Silver . The show has received 7.7 / 10 ratings on TV.com and has received 7.4 / 10 ratings on IMDb . Awards and honors In 2010 , Rick Harrison and the staff of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop were awarded the Pawnbroker of the Year Award by the National Pawnbrokers Association for bringing the industry greater recognition and a better image with the TV show . On July 17 , 2012 , the Clark County Commission declared that day to be `` Pawn Stars / Gold & Silver Pawn Day '' . At the Commission meeting , Richard `` The Old Man '' Harrison donated $1,000 to the Clark County Heritage Museum , and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran ( sold to the Gold and Silver in the Pawn Stars episode `` Take a Seat '' ) to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran . Legal issues In October 2012 , A + E Networks and History , as well as cast members from the show , were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne Jefferies , a Las Vegas promoter and the Harrisons ' manager , who represented them and Austin Lee `` Chumlee '' Russell in their television business dealings . Jefferies , who was instrumental in helping to launch the series , states that after the show premiered , his influence in the show was increasingly reduced , and he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series . Jefferies states that this occurred after a January 2012 leaked story on TMZ that indicated that the Pawn Stars cast was taken aback by History 's launch of the spinoff Cajun Pawn Stars , of which the cast had been unaware . In March 2016 , `` Chumlee '' Russell pleaded guilty to charges stemming from the discovery of an arsenal of weapons , marijuana , and other drugs by police at his home in Las Vegas . Spinoffs and similar series by Leftfield Following the success of Pawn Stars , Leftfield Pictures created the following spinoffs of Pawn Stars : American Restoration was Pawn Stars ' first spinoff . It stars Rick Dale and his crew at Rick 's Restorations , and premiered in October 2010 . Cajun Pawn Stars is set at the Silver Dollar Pawn & Jewelry Center , a pawn shop in Alexandria , Louisiana that is owned and operated by Jimmie DeRamus and his family . The show , which follows the same format as the original Pawn Stars , debuted on History on January 8 , 2012 . Counting Cars stars Danny `` The Count '' Koker , proprietor of Count 's Kustoms , and follows a format similar to American Restoration , in which Koker and his staff restore and modify classic automobiles . Counting Cars debuted on August 13 , 2012 , after Pawn Stars . Pawn Stars UK is a local version of Pawn Stars set in the United Kingdom ; that series premiered in the UK on the History channel on August 26 , 2013 . This series is slated for a first season of eight episodes , and , like Cajun Pawn Stars , will show the trade of collectibles from the local perspective . Pawnography is a game show that first aired on July 10 , 2014 on History . Hosted by comedian Christopher Titus and featuring Rick , Corey and Chumlee as panelists , Pawnography features contestants answering questions related to selected items sold at the Gold and Silver , for a chance to win the item . Pawn Stars SA is a local version of Pawn Stars set in South Africa ; that is due to premiere on 14 October 2014 on the DSTV channel . Pawn Stars Australia is a local version of Pawn Stars set in Australia , that premiered in 2015 on Foxtel . In addition , Leftfield created five similar series that follow the same format as Pawn Stars : Oddities , a Discovery Channel series which premiered in November 2010 , focusing on the operations of a New York -- based antique shop . Oddities : San Francisco , a spinoff of Oddities taking place at a San Francisco - based antiques shop , which debuted in June 2012 on the Science channel . What the Sell ? ! , a TLC series that debuted in March 2011 , about three generations of women running an antique shop in Wheaton , Illinois . Ball Boys , an ABC series that debuted March 2012 , about an owner of a sports collectibles shop and his son in Baltimore , Maryland . United Stuff of America , an H2 series that focuses on artifacts that played a key role in history , such as the cane with which Andrew Jackson fended off a presidential assassin , the axe Abraham Lincoln used as a young rail splitter , and the pencils Ulysses S. Grant used to write his memoirs . Merchandise In 2011 , History launched Pawn Stars : The Game for play on Facebook . In June 2011 , Rick Harrison 's autobiography , License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver , was published by Hyperion Books . Harrison 's autobiography details his childhood , some of the troubles he faced before he got into the pawning business , as well as anecdotes from his time at the Gold & Silver . Also , The Old Man , Corey , and Chumlee have their own chapters in the book , reflecting on their life and experiences at the pawn shop . In October 2011 , the Redwood Hills Financial Group issued the Modern Cash Prepaid MasterCard Limited Edition : Gold & Silver Pawn Shop prepaid debit card , in a special tie - in with the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop . On September 5 , 2012 , it was announced that Bally Technologies would unveil a new slot machine featuring the cast of Pawn Stars the following month at the 2012 Global Gaming Expo. which took place October 2 to 4 , 2012 in Las Vegas . See also Television portal American Pickers , itinerant buyers of antiques and collectibles Auction Hunters , a series on Spike Auction Kings , a similar series on Discovery Channel Comic Book Men , set at filmmaker Kevin Smith 's comic book store , the show has been described as `` Pawn Stars for geeks '' . Comic Store Heroes , set at Midtown Comics in Manhattan . Hardcore Pawn , a similar series on truTV Pawn Queens , a similar series with female pawn shop operators , airing on TLC Storage Hunters , a series on truTV Storage Wars , a series on A&E References Jump up ^ Rick Harrison and Tim Keown . License to Pawn. 2011 . Hyperion . pp 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Pawn shop boys '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Childers , Linda ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Rick Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' spills success secrets '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` Corey Harrison : Partner and general manager , Gold and Silver Pawn '' , Las Vegas Sun , February 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ Pawn Stars , Locate TV , accessed December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rick Harrison and Tim Keown. 2011 . page 204 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Christopher . `` Las Vegas pawnshop center of new reality series '' Las Vegas Review - Journal ; July 19 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Moynihan , Rob . `` Summer 's Guilty Pleasures '' . TV Guide . June 21 , 2010 . Page 23 ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` History spinning off `` Pawn Stars '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` First'Pawn Stars ' spinoff in production in Vegas , and it has restorative properties '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Rick Dale 's ' Pawn Stars ' spinoff , ' Rusty Nuts , ' set for Oct. 18 debut '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danny ' The Count ' Koker is in the Driver 's Seat When New Car - Loving Series Premieres on History ( R ) -- ' Counting Cars ' '' . The Futon Critic . July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` History Orders Car Flipping Series Starring ' Pawn Stars ' Personality ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Fixmer , Andy ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Pawn Stars : Our Most Revealing Reality Show '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . ^ Jump up to : Bourdeau , Annette ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' : 13 Things You Did n't Know About Chumlee , Rick And Corey `` . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Pawn Stars ' Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Celebrates 70th Birthday `` . VegasNews.com . March 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' : '' Rick Harrison talks about cable 's most unlikely hit ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars circa 2003 '' on YouTube , accessed Sep 19 , 2009 , July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown , 2011 . page 249 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Gary ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` From ' Pawn Stars ' to ' Pickers , ' America 's trash is TV 's treasure '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown , 2011 . page 252 . Jump up ^ `` Pezzed Off '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 15 . January 25 , 2010 . History . Jump up ^ `` Face the Music '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 39 . July 25 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` The Wright Stuff '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 44 . August 15 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Examples include the chronometer in `` Sharks and Cobra '' and the barber 's chair in `` A Shot and a Shave '' . ^ Jump up to : Examples include Rick 's reaction to the purchase of a stolen item in `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' , and his perception of Corey 's laziness in motivating staff people like Chumlee to keep the back storage area organized , as well as putting rare items on display at the shop instead of in the backroom in `` Backroom Brawl '' . ^ Jump up to : Examples include his purchase of a boat in `` Sink or Sell '' , despite his father 's policy against buying boats , and his $38,000 purchase of a hot air balloon in `` Hot Air Buffoon '' , despite his father 's rule requiring him to consult him first when paying more than $10,000 for an item . ^ Jump up to : Other examples include the Old Man 's remarks in `` Plane Crazy '' that Chumlee probably ca n't spell the word `` art '' , and can barely tie his own shoelaces . Jump up ^ Corey Harrison indicates he manages 30 employees in the second season episode `` Backroom Brawl '' , and later states the shop has 48 employees in the third season episode `` Like a Rolling Chum '' . The June 2010 Entertainment Weekly source also indicates a staff of over 40 employees . According to Richard Harrison on Page 88 of his son 's 2011 autobiography , License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver , the shop had 12 employees at the time the show began production . Jump up ^ `` Peacemaker '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 27 . May 9 , 2011 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Top '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 33 . June 13 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Harrison , 2011 . pp. 70 , 89 ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' gets new theme song from Lynyrd Skynyrd -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Per Swamp People 's official Facebook page Jump up ^ `` Who 's Your Dali ? '' . Pawn Stars . June 12 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ His middle name is established in `` Chopper Gamble '' ( Episode 2.19 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meet the Pawn Stars : Rick `` The Spotter '' Harrison Archived July 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com , accessed August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ His nickname is also established by the interstitial quiz that connects the second and third acts of the episode `` Luck of the Draw '' . ^ Jump up to : Rick claims in `` Steaks at Stake to own 50 % of the store , but Richard insists that Rick owns only 49 % . Jump up ^ `` Ask the Pawn Stars '' . Pawn Stars on History . Facebook . August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Post , Paul ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Grant Cottage to be part of new TV series '' . Saratogian News . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dalseide , Lars ( June 21 , 2014 ) . `` Catch NRA Museum 's Gun Gurus tonight on History Channel 's United Stuff '' . NRAblog.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shemeligian , Bob ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Road to ' Pawn ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meet the Pawn Stars : The Old Man `` The Appraiser '' Archived July 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , History.com , accessed February 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Christopher ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` PAWN STARS ( TV SERIES ) -- DVD review '' . Movie Metropolis . Jump up ^ `` Chummobile '' , Pawn Stars , Season 4 , Episode 16 , March 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Phoning it In '' ( Episode 3.11 ) ; July 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Big Guns '' ( Episode 2.24 ) ; March 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ His passion for cars is mentioned in the first season episode `` Rope a Dope '' and the third season episode `` Honest Abe '' . He mentions in the second season episode `` Sharks and Cobras '' that he has owned 40 cars in his life . Jump up ^ `` Old Man 's Booty '' , Episode 2.3 , History , December 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Honest Abe '' Pawn Stars , Episode 3.26 , History , November 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Pawn Illustrated '' , Episode 4.9 , February 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Meet the Pawn Stars : Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Archived October 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , History.com , accessed February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guns and Rangers '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 17 . February 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backroom Brawl '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 23 . March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A previous version of History. com 's cast page for the series stated that Rick closed most of the deals on the show . That statement is no longer on that page as of March 2 , 2010 , and the interstitial trivia quiz seen at the end of the last commercial break of the episode `` Off the Wagon '' states that Corey makes the most purchases . Corey 's purchase rate has not been explicitly indicated , but the interstitial that precedes the last Act of `` Flight of the Chum '' states that Rick purchases approximately 50 items a week . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ His father quizzes him on this in `` Rick 's Big Bet '' . Jump up ^ Examples include Corey and the Old Man 's bet in `` Confederate Conundrum '' that Corey could not sell a restored Rolex GMT watch for more than $4,800 . Jump up ^ `` ' I can run now ' : Pawn Star Corey Harrison 's staggering 115lb weight loss '' . Mail Online . July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Offer '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 10 . November 26 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ `` Silent but Chumlee '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 13 . December 10 , 2012 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Pawn Stars : Austin ( Chumlee ) Russell '' Archived June 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com , Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boom or Bust '' ( Episode 1.1 ) Jump up ^ `` Plane Crazy '' ( Episode 1.12 ) Jump up ^ `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; July 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russel , Austin . 2011 . pp. 3 , 151 and 204 . ^ Jump up to : Profile for Austin `` Chumlee '' Russel Archived June 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . at Gold and Silver Pawn Shop ; Accessed August 25 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) ; September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Some Like It Not '' . Pawn Stars . Season 5 . Episode 55 . August 27 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russell , Wallace. 2011 . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Corey also references Chumlee 's knowledge of pinball machines in `` Honest Able '' as well . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russell . 2011 . pp 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Olivia Black '' Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . History . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pawn Stars ' shop girl Olivia Black fired after her porn site past is revealed '' . Fox News . December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Black : ' Pawn Stars ' Reality Starlet Fired For Nude Photos From Her Past As A Porn Star '' . International Business Times . December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnowitz , Leora ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Olivia Black Leaves Gold & Silver '' . Fox News Network . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnowitz , Leora ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' former cast member Olivia Black talks firing , return to porn site work '' . Fox News . ^ Jump up to : `` Teacher 's Pet '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 50 . September 19 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` An inside look at Las Vegas ' television ' Pawn Stars ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : `` Pawn Stars : Security Detail '' , History Channel 's official YouTube channel . December 18 , 2009 . Accessed June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Security '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 52 . September 26 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` License to Pawn '' ( Episode 2.32 ) , History , May 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Case Closed '' ( Episode 4.6 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Silence of the Lambo '' ( Episode 5.6 ) Jump up ^ `` Peeping Pawn '' ( Episode 3.13 ) Jump up ^ `` Shekel and Hyde '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 30 . February 25 , 2013 . History . Jump up ^ `` April Fooled '' . Pawn Stars . Season 8 . Episode 49 . April 3 , 2014 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Experts '' Archived February 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com . Accessed January 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Mark Allen '' . History.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Archived June 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rope a Dope '' ( Episode 1.9 ) ; `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' ( Episode 1.11 ) ; `` Steaks at Stake '' ( Episode 2.6 ) ; `` Ace in the Hole '' ( Episode 3.14 ) ; `` Monkey Business '' ( Episode 3.27 ) Jump up ^ Wild West Arts Club 's official site Archived April 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Western Stage Props ' official site . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damn Yankees '' ( Episode 1.6 ) ; `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) Jump up ^ `` Expert Handwriting Analysis ' official site '' . Experthandwritinganalysis.com . December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Air Buffoon '' ( Episode 2.5 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Strike a Chord '' ( Episode 4.10 ) ; `` Honor They Father '' ( Episode 4.34 ) `` ; Face the Music '' ( Episode 4.38 ) ; `` Buyer Beware '' ( Episode 5.5 ) ; `` Les is More '' ( Episode 5.18 ) ; `` Kick the Can '' ( Episode 5.51 ) ; `` On Guard '' ( Episode 6.7 ) ; `` Little Pawn Shop of Horrors '' ( Episode 6.17 ) ; `` Book ' Em Rick '' ( Episode 6.31 ) ; `` Tee 'd Off '' ( Episode 8.50 ) ; `` Ponies and Phonies '' ( Episode 8.55 ) Jump up ^ `` Cowtown Guitars '' . Cowtown Guitars . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cowtown Guitars Under New Ownership '' . Vintage Guitar Magazine . July 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Rick Harrison traveled to Utah to investigate items for sale at Ashman 's market in `` Sharpe Shooters '' ( Episode 4.30 ) and `` Weird Science '' ( Episode 4.43 ) , but Ashman later appeared at the Gold & Silver as an expert in `` Rick or Treat '' ( Episode 4.54 ) , `` Cash Cash Bang Bang '' ( Episode 5.16 ) and `` Hole in One '' ( Episode 5.19 ) Jump up ^ `` Guilty as Charged '' ( Episode 5.31 ) ; `` Trigger Happy '' ( Episode 5.36 ) ; Like a Rock ( Episode 5.42 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Jet Setters '' ( Episode 5.50 ) Jump up ^ Heritage Auctions . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pipe Dreams '' ( Episode 4.47 ) ; `` Poker Night '' ( Episode 4.53 ) ; `` Mile High Club '' ( Episode 5.1 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` Blaze of Glory '' ( Episode 5.3 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Air Mail '' ( Episode 5.21 ) ; `` Huddle Up '' ( Episode 5.24 ) ; `` Pawnocchio '' ( Episode 5.25 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Burn '' ( Episode 5.32 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Stalled Deals '' ( Episode 5.47 ) ; `` Hot and Colt '' ( Episode 5.48 ) ; `` Kick the Can '' ( Episode 5.51 ) ; `` Free Willie '' ( Episode 5.54 ) ; `` Thirty Something '' ( Episode 5.58 ) ; `` Three Pawn Night '' ( Episode 6.3 ) ; `` Would n't It Be Ice ? '' ( Episode 6.12 ) ; `` Silent but Chumlee '' ( Episode 6.13 ) ; `` Little Pawn Shop of Horrors '' ( Episode 6.17 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Off the Hook '' ( Episode 6.24 ) ; `` Beam Me Up '' ( Episode 6.29 ) Jump up ^ `` Sports Memorabilia Authentication Station Taking Place Saturday , February 16th at Ultimate Sports Cards & Memorabilia '' . Globe Newswire . February 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Rick Dale '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Time Machines '' ( Episode 1.8 ) ; `` Rick 's Big Bet '' ( Episode 1.10 ) ; `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) ; `` Wheels '' ( Episode 2.12 ) ; `` Off the Wagon '' ( Episode 2.21 ) ; `` Bumpy Ride '' ( Episode 2.26 ) ; `` Hell Week '' ( Episode 2.29 ) ; `` The British Are Coming '' ( Episode 2.31 ) ; `` Trail Breaker '' ( Episode 3.1 ) ; `` Deals from Hell '' ( Episode 3.6 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) ; `` Making Cents '' ( Episode 4.36 ) ; `` Putt , Putt , Pawn '' ( Episode 6.11 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) Jump up ^ Rick 's Restorations Archived September 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) ; `` Guns and Rangers '' ( Episode 2.16 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) Jump up ^ `` Corey 's Big Play '' ( Episode 5.11 ) ; `` Help Wanted '' ( Episode 5.12 ) Jump up ^ `` Sharks and Cobras '' ( Episode 2.2 ) ; `` Rick 's Bad Day '' ( Episode 2.11 ) ; `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) Jump up ^ `` Montecito Clock Gallery '' . Montecito Clock Gallery . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud '' ( Episode 5.40 ) ; `` Stuff It '' ( Episode 5.49 ) ; `` Bullitt Proof '' ( Episode 5.52 ) ; `` Cool as Ike '' ( Episode 5.53 ) ; Fork it Over ( Episode 5.57 ) ; What You Talkin ' ' Bout Sturgis ? ( Episode 6.1 ) ; `` Would n't It Be Ice ? '' ( Episode 6.12 ) ; `` Take the Money and Run '' ( Episode 6.14 ) ; `` Santa Chum '' ( Episode 6.16 ) ; `` I Herd That '' ( Episode 6.18 ) ; `` Lunch Larceny '' ( Episode 6.27 ) ; `` Corey , I Am Your Father '' ( Episode 6.32 ) ; `` Close , But No Cigar '' ( Episode 6.33 ) Jump up ^ `` History Hunter : Craig Gottlieb Militaria '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Firepower '' . United Stuff of America . Season 1 . Episode 1 . June 14 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ `` Fired Up '' ( Episode 2.1 ) ; `` Pezzed Off '' ( Episode 2.15 ) ; `` Top Secret '' ( Episode 3.2 ) ; `` Strike , Spare , BOOM '' ( Episode 3.8 ) ; `` Message in a Bottle '' ( Episode 3.9 ) ; `` Rough Riders '' ( Episode 3.10 ) ; `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; `` Getting a Head '' ( Episode 3.16 ) ; `` The Eagle Has Landed '' ( Episode 3.19 ) ; `` Luck of the Draw '' ( Episode 4.3 ) ; `` Case Closed '' ( Episode 4.6 ) ; `` Darth Pawn '' ( Episode 4.7 ) ; `` Put Up Your Dukes '' ( Episode 4.8 ) , `` Going Postal '' ( Episode 4.15 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) ; `` Necessary Roughness '' ( Episode 4.26 ) ; `` Peacemaker '' ( Episode 4.27 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Buy the Book '' ( Episode 4.32 ) ; `` Late Night Chum '' ( Episode 4.31 ) ; `` Face the Music '' ( Episode 4.38 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` Pirate 's Booty '' ( Episode 4.49 ) ; `` Teacher 's Pet '' ( Episode 4.50 ) ; `` Security '' ( Episode 4.52 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` $ = MC2 '' ( Episode 5.7 ) ; `` Pony Up '' ( Episode 5.8 ) ; `` High Tops '' ( Episode 5.9 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Play '' ( Episode 5.11 ) ; `` Over the Moon '' ( Episode 5.17 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Huddle Up '' ( Episode 5.24 ) ; `` Guns Blazing '' ( Episode 5.26 ) ; `` James Gang Rides Again '' ( Episode 5.27 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Burn '' ( Episode 5.32 ) ; `` Bossy Pants '' ( Episode 5.37 ) ; `` Family Feud '' ( Episode 5.40 ) ; `` That Sinking Feeling '' ( Episode 5.44 ) ; `` Jet Setters '' ( Episode 5.50 ) ; `` Some Like It Not '' ( Episode 5.55 ) ; Fork it Over ( Episode 5.57 ) ; `` Three Pawn Night '' ( Episode 6.3 ) ; `` On Guard '' ( Episode 6.7 ) ; `` Sweet Pawn of Mine '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` Silent but Chumlee '' ( Episode 6.13 ) ; `` It 's a Wonderful Pawn '' ( Episode 6.15 ) ; `` I Herd That '' ( Episode 6.18 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Hair Force One '' ( Episode 6.22 ) ; `` Comic Con '' ( Episode 6.23 ) ; `` Room and Hoard '' ( Episode 6.25 ) ; `` Hello , Goodbye '' ( Episode 6.34 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Mark Hall - Patton '' . History.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ed Vogel ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Chapel to be museum fixture '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ As revealed by the interstitial trivia quiz shown at the beginning of Act 3 of `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) Jump up ^ `` Break In '' . American Restoration . Season 4 . Episode 70 . December 12 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ Glionna , John M. ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Hall - Patton , expert on TV 's ' Pawn Stars , ' is the real deal '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Badass Presidents '' . United Stuff of America . Season 1 . Episode 1 . June 14 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ `` Like a Rolling Chum '' ( Episode 3.20 ) ; `` Hello Nurse '' ( Episode 3.21 ) ; `` Houdini 's Handcuffs '' ( Episode 4.4 ) ; `` Necessary Roughness '' ( Episode 4.26 ) ; `` Buffalo Bull '' ( Episode 4.40 ) ; `` Cannons and Klingons '' ( Episode 4.41 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` The King 's Bling '' ( Episode 4.46 ) ; `` Smells Like Pawn Spirit '' ( Episode 5.14 ) ; `` Cash Cash Bang Bang '' ( Episode 5.16 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` Bear - ly There '' ( Episode 5.23 ) ; `` Pawnocchio '' ( Episode 5.25 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` What the Truck '' ( Episode 5.38 ) ; `` Three Hour Tour '' ( Episode 5.39 ) ; `` Stuff It '' ( Episode 5.49 ) ; `` Comic Con '' ( Episode 6.23 ) ; `` Room and Hoard '' ( Episode 6.25 ) ; `` Grand Theft Corey '' ( Episode 6.28 ) ; `` Beam Me Up '' ( Episode 6.29 ) ; `` Corey , I Am Your Father '' ( Episode 6.32 ) Jump up ^ Toy Shack . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Getting a Head '' ( Episode 3.16 ) ; `` The Eagle Has Landed '' ( Episode 3.19 ) ; `` Bare Bones '' ( Episode 3.24 ) ; `` Packing Heat '' ( Episode 4.2 ) ; `` Pedal to the Medal '' ( Episode 4.5 ) ; `` Ah , Shoot ! '' ( Episode 4.14 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Pablo Pawncasso '' ( Episode 4.18 ) ; `` Missile Attack '' ( Episode 4.20 ) ; `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) ; `` Sharps Shooters '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) ; `` Out of Gas '' ( Episode 4.45 ) ; `` Bugs Money '' ( Episode 4.51 ) ; `` Security '' ( Episode 4.52 ) ; `` Blaze of Glory '' ( Episode 5.3 ) ; `` Silence of the Lambo '' ( Episode 5.6 ) ; `` Pony Up '' ( Episode 5.8 ) ; `` High Tops '' ( Episode 5.9 ) ; `` Apocalypse Wow '' ( Episode 5.10 ) ; `` Help Wanted '' ( Episode 5.12 ) ; `` Air Mail '' ( Episode 5.21 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Trigger Happy '' ( Episode 5.36 ) ; `` What the Truck '' ( Episode 5.38 ) ; `` Like a Rock '' ( Episode 5.42 ) ; `` Stalled Deals '' ( Episode 5.47 ) ; `` Hot and Colt '' ( Episode 5.48 ) ; `` Bullitt Proof '' ( Episode 5.52 ) ; `` Free Willie '' ( Episode 5.54 ) ; `` Thirty Something '' ( Episode 5.58 ) ; `` The Offer '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` It 's a Wonderful Pawn '' ( Episode 6.15 ) ; `` Grand Theft Corey '' ( Episode 6.28 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Danny Koker '' . History.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Vince Neil Celebrates Grand Opening of Vince Neil Ink at The Rio '' . VegasNews.com . September 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Pick , The Pawn & The Polish '' . American Restoration . Season 2 . Episode 14 . July 11 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` Gangsters & Guitars '' ( Episode 1.5 ) ; `` Helmet Head '' ( Episode 2.27 ) Jump up ^ `` Rusty Nuts Rod - n - Custom '' . Rusty Nuts Rod - n - Custom . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' ( Episode 1.11 ) ; `` PlaneCrazy '' ( Episode 1.12 ) ; `` Steaks at Stake '' ( Episode 2.6 ) ; `` Secret Santa '' ( Episode 2.8 ) ; `` Chopper Gamble '' ( Episode 2.19 ) ; `` Spooning Paul Revere '' ( Episode 2.20 ) ; `` Zzzzzz '' ( Episode 2.30 ) ; `` The British Are Coming '' ( Episode 2.31 ) `` Aw Shucks ! '' ( Episode 3.5 ) ; `` Cornering the Colonel '' ( Episode 3.17 ) ; `` Never Surrender '' ( Episode 3.25 ) ; `` Honest Abe '' ( Episode 3.26 ) ; `` Packing Heat '' ( Episode 4.2 ) ; `` Harrison for President '' ( Episode 4.11 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Patton Pending '' ( Episode 4.24 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Honor Thy Father '' ( Episode 4.34 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Dana Linett '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early American.com Home Page '' . Earlyamerican.com . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sharks and Cobras '' ( Episode 2.2 ) ; `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) Jump up ^ `` Nevada Classics '' . Nevada Classics . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monkey Business '' ( Episode 4.1 ) ; `` Ah , Shoot ! '' ( Episode 4.14 ) ; `` Pablo Pawncasso '' ( Episode 4.18 ) ; `` Looney Dunes '' ( Episode 5.4 ) ; `` $ = MC2 '' ( Episode 5.7 ) ; `` Apocalypse Wow '' ( Episode 5.10 ) ; `` Dirty Sox '' ( Episode 5.43 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Some Like It Not '' ( Episode 5.55 ) ; `` Take the Money and Run '' ( Episode 6.14 ) ; `` Funny Money '' ( Episode 6.19 ) ; `` Million Dali Baby '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Shekel and Hyde '' ( Episode 6.29 ) ; `` Hello , Goodbye '' ( Episode 6.34 ) ; `` April Fooled '' ( Episode 8.49 ) Jump up ^ `` Phoning It In '' ( Episode 3.11 ) ; `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; `` Like a Rolling Chum '' ( Episode 3.20 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Pedal to the Medal '' ( Episode 4.5 ) ; `` Put Up Your Dukes '' ( Episode 4.8 ) ; `` Striking a Chord '' ( Episode 4.10 ) ; `` Wise Guys '' ( Episode 4.12 ) ; `` Evel Genius '' ( Episode 4.17 ) ; `` Not on My Watch '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.22 ) ; `` Pom Pom Pawn '' ( Episode 4.23 ) ; `` Patton Pending '' ( Episode 4.24 ) ; `` The Great Escape '' ( Episode 4.28 ) ; `` Buy the Book '' ( Episode 4.32 ) ; `` Buffalo Bull '' ( Episode 4.40 ) ; `` The Wright Stuff '' ( Episode 4.44 ) ; `` High Stakes '' ( Episode 4.48 ) ; `` Bugs Money '' ( Episode 4.51 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` Crosby , Stills and Cash '' ( Episode 5.15 ) ; `` Over the Moon '' ( Episode 5.17 ) ; `` Les is More '' ( Episode 5.18 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Bear - ly There '' ( Episode 5.23 ) ; `` Guns Blazing '' ( Episode 5.26 ) ; `` Ring Around a Rockne '' ( Episode 5.28 ) ; `` Pawn with the Wind '' ( Episode 5.29 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Dirty Sox '' ( Episode 5.43 ) ; `` Love Me Spender '' ( Episode 5.46 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Drew Max '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Authentic Autographs Unlimited '' . Aaunlimited.net . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Illustrated '' ( Episode 4.9 ) ; `` Over the Top '' ( Episode 4.33 ) ; `` The King 's Bling '' ( Episode 4.46 ) Jump up ^ `` James Gang Rides Again '' ( Episode 5.27 ) ; `` The Last Samurai '' ( Episode 6.7 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Sean Rich '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Shop Pinot '' ( Episode 2.9 ) ; `` Rick 's Bad Day '' ( Episode 2.11 ) ; `` Pezzed Off '' ( Episode 2.15 ) ; `` Guns and Rangers '' ( Episode 2.17 ) ; `` Off the Wagon '' ( Episode 2.21 ) ; `` Bumpy Ride '' ( Episode 2.26 ) ; `` Bow Legged '' ( Episode 2.28 ) ; `` Whale of a Time '' ( Episode 3.3 ) ; `` Deals from Hell '' ( Episode 3.6 ) ; `` Message in a Bottle '' ( Episode 3.9 ) ; `` Rough Riders '' ( Episode 3.10 ) ; `` Double Trouble '' ( Episode 3.15 ) ; `` Hello Nurse '' ( Episode 3.21 ) ; `` Gone With the Schwinn '' ( Episode 3.23 ) ; `` Luck of the Draw '' ( Episode 4.3 ) ; `` Pawn Illustrated '' ( Episode 4.9 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Peacemaker '' ( Episode 4.27 ) ; `` Sharps Shooters '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Off the Wall '' ( Episode 4.39 ) ; `` Cannons and Klingons '' ( Episode 4.41 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` Weird Science '' ( Episode 4.43 ) ; `` The Wright Stuff '' ( Episode 4.44 ) ; `` Buyer Beware '' ( Episode 5.5 ) Jump up ^ Tortuga Trading Inc. accessed July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lords of War official website , Meet the Cast ( Sean Rich ) section '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Out of Gas '' ( Episode 4.45 ) ; `` Pipe Dreams '' ( Episode 4.47 ) ; `` Teacher 's Pet ( Episode 4.50 ) ' `` Learning the Ropes '' ( Episode 5.13 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` Silver Linings '' ( Episode 5.41 ) ; `` That Sinking Feeling '' ( Episode 5.44 ) ; `` Cool as Ike '' ( Episode 5.53 ) ; `` Say It Ai n't So '' ( Episode 5.56 ) ; `` Putt , Putt , Pawn '' ( Episode 6.11 ) ; `` Santa Chum '' ( Episode 6.16 ) ; `` Funny Money '' ( Episode 6.19 ) ; `` Million Dali Baby '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Lunch Larceny '' ( Episode 6.27 ) ; `` Book ' Em Rick '' ( Episode 6.31 ) Jump up ^ Burke , Anne . `` Las Vegas : The Strip 's only bookstore is n't quite what you 'd expect '' Archived October 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Road Journals . June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Los Vaqueros ! February Newsletter '' . Los Vaqueros Las Vegas , Ltd . February 2010 . accessed September 5 , 2011 . Archived January 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Peaches & Pinups '' ( Episode 1.13 ) ; `` Spooning Paul Revere '' ( Episode 2.20 ) ; `` Bow Legged '' ( Episode 2.28 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) Jump up ^ `` Houdini 's Handcuffs '' ( Episode 4.4 ) ; `` The Great Escape '' ( Episode 4.28 ) ; `` The Offer '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` Just Shoe It '' ( Episode 6.26 ) Jump up ^ `` Missile Attack '' ( Episode 4.20 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Mile High Club '' ( Episode 5.1 ) ; `` Crosy , Stills and Cash '' ( Episode 5.15 ) ; `` Wild Thing '' ( Episode 5.33 ) ; `` Bossy Pants '' ( Episode 5.37 ) Jump up ^ `` Guilty as Charged '' ( Episode 5.31 ) ; `` Chum - p Change '' ( Episode 5.35 ) ; `` Three Hour Tour '' ( Episode 5.39 ) Jump up ^ `` Bio of Jay Tell '' . Americana Stamp & Coin Galleries , Inc . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sink or Sell '' ( Episode 1.3 ) ; `` Chum Goes AWOL '' ( Episode 2.13 ) Jump up ^ `` Killer , Ed . `` ' Pawn Star ' sets up shop in Stuart '' TCpalm.com ; February 11 , 2010 , Accessed February 12 , 2010 `` . Tcpalm.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phil Collen and Joe Elliott appear in the episode `` Legends of Rock '' in season 12 . Jeremy McKinnon appears in the episode `` Double Trouble '' , Bob Dylan in `` Like a Rolling Chum '' , and Meredith Vieira in `` Chumdog Millionaire '' , all of which aired during the third season . The Oak Ridge Boys appear in `` Packing Heat '' , and George Stephanopoulos in `` Buy The Book '' , both of which aired during the fourth season . Matt Kenseth appears at the end of the fifth season episode `` What the Truck '' . Steve Carell appears in the sixth season episode `` Hello , Goodbye '' . Kip Winger and Roger Daltrey both appear in the seventh season premiere `` Rick ' n ' Roll '' . Katie Couric appears at the end of the seventh season episode `` Chum - parazzi '' . Vic Flick appeared in `` No Shirt , No Shoes , No Service ''. Butch Harmon appears in the eighth season episode `` Tee 'd Off '' . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` ' Pawn Stars ' Delivers 7 Million Viewers , An All - Time High for History '' . TV by the Numbers . January 25 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Michael . `` Summer TV Winners and Losers '' . TV Guide . September 19 , 2011 . Page 19 Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` April MacIntyre `` History 's Pawn Star $ , some thoughts '' Monsters and Critics ; July 20 , 2009 `` . Monstersandcritics.com . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ; Rizzo , Monica ; Durkee , Cutler ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : 3 Reasons I Love ... '' People . 75 ( 10 ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Emily ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Local pawn shops see more DVDs than diamonds '' . The News - Star . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stars return to Vegas for the 2011 NHL Awards '' . National Hockey League . March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruins Highlights From the NHL Awards '' . Boston Bruins . June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Surveillance '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Accessed August 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Toplikar , Dave ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Richard Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' lends McCarran chair to museum '' . Vegas Deluxe . ^ Jump up to : Ken Ritter ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' sued by former manager in Las Vegas '' . Associated Press . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman set for role as TV judge '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 6 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Garrett to exit Trop for MGM Grand '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 6 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman stays in spotlight '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 1 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Brown ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Pawn Stars Cast Facing Lawsuit From Ex-Manager , Wayne Jefferies '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ken Ritter ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' star Chumlee taking plea deal to avoid jail '' . Associated Press . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History ( R ) Puts a Southern Spin on Its Mega Hit Series With `` Cajun Pawn Stars '' -- New Series Premiering on Sunday , January 8 at 10pm EST `` . The Futon Critic . December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars UK '' . History Channel . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Pawn Stars UK Spin - off Will Air Internationally On History Channels '' . Television Blend . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' game show coming to History -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars SA to follow pawn shop owner Roy Peretz '' . Jump up ^ `` The Pawn Stars of Bondi Beach : Hit American hock show hits Australia starring brothers ' Baz and Shaz ' `` Leftfield Pictures ( An ITV America Company ) '' . www.leftfieldpictures.com . Jump up ^ `` Press release : `` Science Takes Weird West This Summer With the World Premiere of Series ' Oddities : San Francisco ' '' , June 7 , 2012 `` . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oddities : San Francisco ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Science Channel : `` Oddities : San Francisco '' `` . Science.discovery.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ABC.com ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Ball Boys official site '' . Beta.abc.go.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars : The Game '' . AppData . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Harrison : From Pawn Shop to Reality TV Star '' . Good Morning America . June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Rick ; Keown , Tim . License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver 2011 . Hyperion Books . New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2430 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pawn , Gold & Silver . `` Gold & Silver Pawn Shop Launches Modern Cash TM Prepaid MasterCard ® '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Delen ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' ink deal to show up on plastic '' . Vegas Inc . Jump up ^ Green , Steven ( September 5 , 2012 ) . Vegas , Inc. : `` Coming soon to a casino near you : NASCAR and ' Pawn Stars ' slots '' . Vegas Inc . Jump up ^ Venutolo , Anthony ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Smith reality show may land at AMC '' . NJ.com Further reading Harrison , Rick ; Tim Keown ( 2011 ) . License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver . New York City : Hyperion Books . p. 272 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 2430 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pawn Stars . Pawn Stars on IMDb Official website of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop Official website of Pawn Stars Pawn Stars at TV.com Pawn Stars franchise Main Pawn Stars episodes Cast Rick Harrison Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell Spinoffs American Restoration episodes Cajun Pawn Stars episodes Counting Cars episodes Pawn Stars UK Pawnography Pawn Stars Australia History original programming Current Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers Knife or Death Knightfall Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People Vikings Former 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Easy Motors Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Billion Dollar Wreck Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Civil War Combat Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Great Lake Warriors Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost in Transmission Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Shootout Shockwave Sliced The States Stan Lee 's Superhumans Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Upcoming Blue Book The Commanders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawn_Stars&oldid=839301517 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2009 American television series debuts Antiques television series History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Pawn shops Pawn Stars Television shows set in Las Vegas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Shqip Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 15 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns the pawn shop on pawn stars	[ "\nRichard (Rick) Kevin Harrison[36] – Co-founder/co-owner of the pawn shop. The son of \"The Old Man\" Richard and father of \"Big Hoss\" Corey, he has earned the nickname of \"The Spotter\" due to his sharp eye for valuable items. He started in the pawn business at age 13.[37][38][39] Rick co-founded the \"Gold & Silver\" pawn shop with his father in 1989[2] at the age of 23.[37] Boasting that \"Gold & Silver\" is the only family-owned pawn shop in Las Vegas, Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags.[37] An avid reader since childhood, his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy, from the late 1700s to the early 1800s.[40] Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America, an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history, which premiered in June 2014.[41][42]\nRichard Benjamin \"The Old Man\" Harrison[43] – Born March 4, 1941,[16] he is Rick's father and Corey's grandfather, and the founder/co-owner of the pawn shop,[39] which he opened in 1989[2] with his son Rick. He is usually referred to by his nickname, \"The Old Man\",[44] which he earned at age 38, according to the episode \"Fired Up\".[45] Originally from Lexington, North Carolina,[46] he is the first to arrive at the shop in the morning,[47] and has not had a sick day since 1994.[48] He is a 20-year veteran of the U.S. Navy. He is particularly passionate about automobiles, showing an interest in all types of cars,[49] from the 1966 Chrysler Imperial his son and grandson had restored for his 50th wedding anniversary[50] to the mid-1960s B&Z Electra-King electric car shown to them in \"Honest Abe\", which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart.[51] In the episode that aired on July 31, 2017 it was mentioned that he was retired.\n", "\nRichard (Rick) Kevin Harrison[36] – Co-founder/co-owner of the pawn shop. The son of \"The Old Man\" Richard and father of \"Big Hoss\" Corey, he has earned the nickname of \"The Spotter\" due to his sharp eye for valuable items. He started in the pawn business at age 13.[37][38][39] Rick co-founded the \"Gold & Silver\" pawn shop with his father in 1989[2] at the age of 23.[37] Boasting that \"Gold & Silver\" is the only family-owned pawn shop in Las Vegas, Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags.[37] An avid reader since childhood, his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy, from the late 1700s to the early 1800s.[40] Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America, an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history, which premiered in June 2014.[41][42]\nRichard Benjamin \"The Old Man\" Harrison[43] – Born March 4, 1941,[16] he is Rick's father and Corey's grandfather, and the founder/co-owner of the pawn shop,[39] which he opened in 1989[2] with his son Rick. He is usually referred to by his nickname, \"The Old Man\",[44] which he earned at age 38, according to the episode \"Fired Up\".[45] Originally from Lexington, North Carolina,[46] he is the first to arrive at the shop in the morning,[47] and has not had a sick day since 1994.[48] He is a 20-year veteran of the U.S. Navy. He is particularly passionate about automobiles, showing an interest in all types of cars,[49] from the 1966 Chrysler Imperial his son and grandson had restored for his 50th wedding anniversary[50] to the mid-1960s B&Z Electra-King electric car shown to them in \"Honest Abe\", which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart.[51] In the episode that aired on July 31, 2017 it was mentioned that he was retired.\n" ]	[ "Richard (Rick) Kevin Harrison", "Richard Benjamin \"The Old Man\" Harrison" ]
-1055094211740711089	Panic! at the Disco	Panic ! At the Disco - wikipedia Panic ! At the Disco Panic ! at the Disco Panic ! at the Disco at the Shorty Awards in 2015 Background information Also known as Panic at the Disco ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Origin Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Genres Pop rock synth - pop pop punk baroque pop emo pop alternative rock Years active 2004 -- present Labels DCD2 Fueled by Ramen Associated acts The Young Veins Website panicatthedisco.com Members Brendon Urie Past members Ryan Ross Spencer Smith Brent Wilson Jon Walker Dallon Weekes Panic ! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas , Nevada , formed in 2004 by childhood friends Brendon Urie , Ryan Ross , Spencer Smith and Brent Wilson . Since 2015 , vocalist Urie is the only official member in the band , supported on tours by guitarist Kenneth Harris , drummer Dan Pawlovich , and bassist Nicole Row . Panic ! at the Disco recorded its first demos while its members were in high school . Shortly after , the band recorded and released its debut studio album , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 ) . Popularized by the second single , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies , '' the album was certified double platinum in the US . In 2006 , founding bassist Brent Wilson was fired from the band during an extensive world tour and subsequently replaced by Jon Walker . Influenced by 1960s rock bands the Beatles , the Zombies and the Beach Boys , and preceded by the single `` Nine in the Afternoon , '' the band 's second studio album , Pretty . Odd. ( 2008 ) marked a significant departure from the sound of the band 's debut . Ross and Walker , who favored the band 's new direction , departed because Urie and Smith wanted to make further changes to the band 's style . The duo subsequently formed a new band , The Young Veins , leaving Urie and Smith as the sole remaining members of Panic ! at the Disco . Continuing as a duo , Urie and Smith released a new single , `` New Perspective , '' and recruited bassist Dallon Weekes and guitarist Ian Crawford as touring musicians for live performances . Weekes was later inducted into the band 's lineup as a full - time member in 2010 . The band 's third studio album , Vices & Virtues ( 2011 ) , was recorded solely by Urie and Smith in 2010 , produced by John Feldmann and Butch Walker . As a three - piece , Urie , Smith , and Weekes recorded and released the band 's fourth studio album , Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! , in 2013 . Prior to the release of the album , Smith unofficially left the band due to health and drug - related issues , leaving Urie and Weekes as the remaining members . The duo recruited guitarist Kenneth Harris and drummer Dan Pawlovich as touring musicians for live performances . In 2015 , Smith officially left the band after not performing live with the band since his departure in 2013 . Shortly thereafter , Weekes reverted to being a touring member once again , leaving Urie as the only member of the official lineup . In April 2015 , `` Hallelujah '' was released as the first single from Panic ! at the Disco 's fifth studio album , Death of a Bachelor ( 2016 ) . In December 2017 , Weekes officially announced his departure from the band . Preceded by lead single `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) , '' the band 's sixth studio album , Pray for the Wicked , was released on June 22 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early years ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1.2 A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1.3 Pretty . Odd. and ... Live in Chicago ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.4 Lineup change and Vices & Virtues ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 1.5 Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.6 Departure of Spencer Smith and Death of a Bachelor ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1.7 Departure of Dallon Weekes and Pray for the Wicked ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Musical style and influences 3 Band members 4 Discography 5 Tours 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Grammy Awards 6.2 MTV Video Music Awards 6.3 Other Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History Formation and early years ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Panic ! at the Disco was formed in 2004 in the suburban area of Summerlin , Las Vegas , by childhood friends Ryan Ross , who sang and played guitar , and Spencer Smith , who played drums . They both attended Bishop Gorman High School , and they began playing music together in ninth grade . They invited friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass , and Wilson invited classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar . The quartet soon began rehearsing in Smith 's grandmother 's living room . Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on missed some rehearsals to go to church . Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group , but after hearing Urie sing back - up during rehearsals , the group decided to make him the lead . Initially , Panic ! at the Disco was a Blink - 182 cover band . In the group 's early experimental demos , the band created a sound that was different from the many death - metal groups that were performing in Las Vegas at the time . The band signed a recording contract without having performed a live show . `` We never went out and played shows before we got signed because the music scene in Las Vegas is so bad . There 's not a lot going on , '' Smith said . `` In our practice space , there were something like 30 bands , and every day we 'd walk into that room and hear the exact same death - metal bands . So it kind of influenced us to be different . And to get out of Las Vegas . '' Urie began working at Tropical Smoothie Cafe in Summerlin to afford rent for the band 's new practice space . The four left their educations behind to concentrate on music ; Ross had a falling out with his father when he dropped out of college , and when Urie dropped out of high school his parents kicked him out of the house . He stayed with friends until he could afford to rent an apartment . Ross and Urie soon began to commit to their laptops the demos they had been developing and posted three early demos ( `` Time to Dance , '' `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' and `` Camisado '' ) on PureVolume . On a whim , they sent a link to Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz via a LiveJournal account . Wentz , who was in Los Angeles at the time with the rest of Fall Out Boy working on the band 's major - label debut , From Under the Cork Tree , drove to Las Vegas to meet with the young , unsigned band . Upon hearing `` two to three '' songs during band practice , Wentz was impressed and immediately wanted the band to sign to his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance Records , which made the band the first on the new label . Around December 2004 , the group signed to the label . As news broke that Wentz had signed Panic ! ( who had yet to perform a single live show ) , fans on the internet began to bash the group . `` Almost right away we knew what was going to happen , '' Ross explained in a 2006 interview . `` We had two songs online and people were already making assumptions on what kind of band we were and what we were going to sound like . '' Meanwhile , Wentz began to hype the band wherever possible : from wearing `` Pete ! at the Disco '' T - shirts onstage to mentioning the group in interviews . Wentz gave a quick shout - out to the band during a press junket on the day before the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards : `` I 've got a couple of bands coming out soon on Decaydance , one being this band called Panic ! at the Disco , '' Wentz said . `` Their record is going to be your next favorite record . It 's called A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out -- get it before your little brother does . '' At the time of the band 's signing , all of the band members were still in high school ( with the exception of Ross , who was forced to quit UNLV ) . Urie graduated in May 2005 , and Wilson and Smith finished school online as the band left for College Park , Maryland , to record their debut record . A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Main article : A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out In 2006 , the band headlined their first tour and achieved platinum status on their debut album . The band relocated to College Park , Maryland , to record its debut album from June to September 2005 . Although they only had shells of songs when they arrived , the rest of the album shaped up fast through the marathon session . `` We did n't have a day off in the five - and - a-half weeks we were there , 12 or 14 hours a day , '' Ross said in a 2005 interview . `` We were making things up in our heads that were n't there , and on top of the stress of trying to finish the record , we were living in a one - bedroom apartment with four people on bunk beds , '' recalled Ross . `` Everyone got on everybody 's nerves . Someone would write a new part for a song and someone else would say they did n't like it just because you ate their cereal that morning . '' The album is split into two halves : the first half is mostly electronic dance punk , while the second half features Vaudevillian piano , strings , and accordion . The band grew tired of writing only with drum machines and keyboards and , inspired by film scores ( specifically the works of Danny Elfman and Jon Brion ) decided to write a completely different half . `` By the end of that , we were completely exhausted , '' said Ross of the studio sessions . After its completion , `` we had two weeks to come home and learn how to be a band , '' Ross said . The group played its first live show during the summer of 2005 at local Las Vegas music venue The Alley on West Charleston . Afterwards , the band toured nationally on the Nintendo Fusion Tour with mentors Fall Out Boy , as well as Motion City Soundtrack , The Starting Line , and Boys Night Out for the rest of 2005 . The band 's debut album , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out , was released September 27 , 2005 . Sales began relatively slow . It debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200 album chart , No. 6 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart , and No. 1 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart , with nearly 10,000 albums sold in the first week of release . Within a span of four months , Panic ! would see the video for its first single , `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies , '' rocket up the Billboard Hot 100 as sales of Fever passed the 500,000 mark . At the end of March 2006 , the band announced a headlining tour . By August , the group 's debut record was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and the music video for `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' won Video of the Year at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards . `` Some aspects of the fame are annoying , but at the end of the day it 's something we 're most grateful for . It 's certainly opened the door to a whole new batch of opportunities , '' Ross said of the band 's newfound fame and instant success . In May 2006 , Panic ! at the Disco announced that original bassist Brent Wilson had left the band , `` posting a statement that was both diplomatic and entirely inscrutable ( ... ) yet ( failing ) to mention any reason why Wilson is leaving Panic , '' according to MTV News . He was replaced in the band by Jon Walker . In June , Wilson asserted to MTV News that he was kicked out of the band via a phone call . `` It was done as a phone call and the only person who spoke was Spencer . Apparently , Brendon and Ryan were on the speakerphone too , but they did n't say a word . They never even said they were sorry , '' explained Wilson . Smith wrote a lengthy e-mail back to James Montgomery of MTV News , stating , in part , `` We made the decision based on Brent 's lack of responsibility and the fact that he was n't progressing musically with the band , '' and revealed that Wilson did not write nor play any bass present on Fever : Instead , Urie recorded these parts . Wilson demanded a cut in royalties , and threatened to take his former band to court . In 2006 , the band supported The Academy Is ... on the band 's worldwide tour `` Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns '' from January to May . Beginning in June , the group headlined its first unnamed national tour , that would last until August . During the group 's performance at the 2006 Reading Festival in August , the band was greeted by excessive bottling , one of which hit Urie in the face that knocked him unconscious . Despite this , the band continued with its set after Urie recovered . The band 's second headlining tour , dubbed the Nothing Rhymes with Circus Tour , began in November . In roughly one year , Panic ! at the Disco went from being the opening act on a five - band bill to the headliners on a massive arena tour . The Nothing Rhymes with Circus Tour feature the band 's first highly theatrical live shows , which featured every song with dance numbers , skits , and tricks performed by a six - member troupe , as the band donned intricate costumes , loosely re-enacting moments from the songs . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times noted the sudden success and circus - inspired tour of the young band in a concert review : `` There 's something charming about watching a band trying to navigate sudden success , aided by a contortionist , a ribbon dancer and all the rest of it . '' MTV News favorably likened its theme and wardrobe to `` Janet Jackson 's audience - dividing , hypersexual The Velvet Rope Tour . '' The group , fresh off the major success of A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out , took a break after non-stop touring , and the group members began formulating ideas for their next album together during the winter of 2006 . Pretty . Odd and ... Live in Chicago ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Main articles : Pretty . Odd. and ... Live in Chicago Former guitarist and vocalist Ryan Ross performing with the band in 2007 . He was responsible for writing most of the music and lyrics until his departure in 2009 . After a short period of development regarding the ideas of the album , on March 6 , 2007 the band arrived at a cabin in the rural mountains of Mount Charleston , Nevada and began the writing process for the new album . After recording the new tracks and performing them live over the summer , the band returned to its native Las Vegas as well as the group 's old rehearsal studio , where the band members wrote their debut record . The band grew uninterested in the songs previously written and by August scrapped the entire new album ( which Ross later revealed was `` three - quarters '' done ) and started over . `` We wanted to approach these songs in the most basic form , '' Ross said . `` We wrote them all on one acoustic guitar and with someone singing . I think that we kind of skipped that part of songwriting on the first record , and this time we 're sort of paying attention to that . ( ... ) We 've written a bunch of songs since we 've been home ( Las Vegas ) . I think it 's the most fun and the happiest we 've been since we started . '' With simplicity the new focus and the old album shelved , the group settled in and began recording what would become Pretty . Odd . In October , the band entered the Studio at the Palms at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas to begin recording the album . In January 2008 , the band unveiled a new logo and dropped the exclamation point from the group 's name , becoming Panic at the Disco . Released on March 21 , 2008 , Pretty . Odd . was described by the band as `` more organic and mellower '' than A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out , as well as unintentionally and coincidentally similar to music of the Beatles , in both songwriting and scope . The record debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart , with first - day sales of 54,000 , and first - week sales of 139,000 copies in the United States . Those figures marked the band 's biggest sales week to that date , beating a previous record held by A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( which sold 45,000 during the winter of 2006 ) . The record also debuted at `` Current Alternative Albums '' chart and No. 2 on the `` Digital Albums '' chart , the latter of which accounted for 26 percent of the disc 's overall sales . The album charted high in various other countries and was eventually certified gold in the United Kingdom , however , Pretty . Odd . received relatively disappointing sales in the face of its predecessor . Pretty . Odd . was , however , critically acclaimed in contrast to Fever : Barry Walters of Spin called Panic 's debut album `` embarrassing '' while regarding the new record as `` ( daring ) to be optimistically beautiful at a time when sadness and ugliness might have won them easier credibility . '' The band 's musical style changed after the release of their psychedelic - inspired album Pretty . Odd . The band announced plans to headline the 2008 Honda Civic Tour in January 2008 , which took up the majority of early touring for the album . Motion City Soundtrack , the Hush Sound and Phantom Planet opened for the tour , which performed across North America from April 10 to July 14 , 2008 . Throughout October and November 2008 , the band toured with Dashboard Confessional and The Cab on the Rock Band Live Tour promoting the video game Rock Band 2 . As expected and predicted by several music publications , the band adopted a very different style for the touring in support of Pretty . Odd. , in contrast to the dark , circus - themed elements of the band 's previous stage shows . Each show contained `` woodsy set pieces , projections of flora and fauna , and mic stands wrapped in lights and flowers , '' and each band member dressed in a vest . While reflecting on the theatrical nature of A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out touring , Urie commented : `` We did it and it was a lot of fun when we did it , but this time around I think we wanted to get back to a more intimate , personal setting , and scale it down a little bit . '' Ryan Ross explained that : `` It 's more about connecting with the audience and seeing what 's gon na happen every night . It 's not as scripted out and pre-planned . It makes it more exciting for us , and less monotonous every night . '' A live album , ... Live in Chicago , based on live recordings from Chicago during the Honda Civic Tour , was released December 2 , 2008 . An accompanying DVD contains photos from the tour , each music video from the album as well as behind - the - scenes footage of the videos and the tour , the short film Panic ! at the Disco In : American Valley , and the documentary feature based on the tour , All In A Day 's . Pretty . Odd. 's touring was also defined by a larger effort to remain environmentally conscious . On the tour , the band worked with two non-profit eco organizations : Reverb , which facilitates environmentally friendly touring ; and Global Inheritance , which seeks to inspire more eco-activism . In a 2008 interview , Ross revealed that the band traveling on a biodiesel bus , to re-using plastics , and recycling more backstage . The band went as far as to print tour booklets on recycled paper , with soy ink , and organize an `` eco-contest , '' in which profits from the tour went straight to environmental organizations . Lineup change and Vices & Virtues ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Main articles : Vices & Virtues and The Young Veins Ian Crawford ( left ) and Dallon Weekes ( right ) replaced Ross and Walker to tour Pretty . Odd . In spring 2009 , the band began recording material for its third studio album . However , on July 6 , 2009 , Ryan Ross and Jon Walker announced via the band 's official website that the two were leaving the band . In an interview following the split , Ross explained that he first brought the idea to Smith in late June 2009 over lunch : `` Spencer and I had lunch and caught up for a while , and then the big question came up , like , ' Well , what do you want to do ? ' and I said , ' Well , I think it might be best if we kind of do our own thing for a while , ' and he said , ' I 'm glad you said that , because I was going to say the same thing , ' '' Ross recalled . `` And there was really no argument , which is really the best way that could 've worked out . '' Ross said the split was largely due to creative differences between him and Urie . Urie wanted the band to explore a more polished pop sound , while Ross -- and , by extension , Walker -- was interested in making retro - inspired rock . Urie and Smith became the remaining original members of the band after the departure of Ross and Walker . The news asserted that both tour plans with blink - 182 in August 2009 and new album production `` will continue as previously announced . '' The following day , Alternative Press broke the news that `` New Perspective , '' the first song recorded without Ross and Walker , would debut the following month on radio and as a part of the soundtrack to the film Jennifer 's Body . On July 10 , 2009 , Alternative Press also reported that the band had regained the exclamation point , becoming , once again , Panic ! at the Disco . `` New Perspective '' was released on July 28 , 2009 . Former guitarist of pop rock band The Cab , Ian Crawford and Dallon Weekes , frontman of indie rock band The Brobecks , filled in for Ross and Walker on tour during the blink - 182 Summer Tour in August 2009 . The band re-entered the studio during early 2010 and spent much of the year recording the group 's third studio album . During this time , touring bassist Dallon Weekes joined the band 's official lineup along with Urie and Smith , making the band a three - piece . Although Weekes did not perform on the upcoming album , he was responsible for the conceptualization of the cover art of the album and was also featured on the album cover , masked and standing in the background behind Smith and Urie . On January 18 , 2011 , the band revealed that an album titled Vices & Virtues would officially be released on March 22 , 2011 . The album was produced by Butch Walker and John Feldmann . The record 's first single , `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa , '' was released digitally on February 1 , 2011 , with the music video being released February 8 , 2011 . Vices & Virtues was officially released March 22 , 2011 , to relatively positive critical reviews . The band began touring in support of the album , christened the Vices & Virtues Tour , in earnest beginning in February 2011 . The tour has sported the same electric , over-the - top theatricality the band was known for during the Fever era . `` I really miss wearing costumes and makeup , '' Urie told Spin . `` I love throwing a big production . I 've recently been reading about Tesla coils and I 'm trying to figure out how I can get one that sits on the stage and shoots sparks without hurting anybody . '' The group was scheduled to play the Australian Soundwave Revolution festival in September / October but the festival was canceled . The band performed at the Counter-Revolution mini-festival , the festival that took its place . On May 12 , 2011 , the band collaborated with indie pop band Fun. and the two groups embarked on an American tour , releasing a single together titled `` C'mon . '' Panic ! at the Disco contributed a new song `` Mercenary '' to the soundtrack for the video game Batman : Arkham City . Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Main article : Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! After the unofficial departure of Smith due to drug addiction problems , Urie and Weekes were the remaining members of the band from 2013 to 2015 . After the Vices & Virtues tour cycle , Urie , Smith , and Weekes began writing and preparing for a fourth album . During the recording of the album , touring guitarist Ian Crawford , who joined the band in 2009 after the departure of Ryan Ross and Jon Walker , left the band citing his desire to make `` real , genuine '' music . On July 15 , 2013 , the album was announced as Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! , with a scheduled release date of October 8 , 2013 . The first single , `` Miss Jackson , '' was released on July 15 , 2013 , along with its music video to promote the album . Panic ! at the Disco opened for Fall Out Boy on the Save Rock And Roll Arena Tour with Kenneth Harris replacing Crawford . Panic ! at the Disco performing in Uncasville , Connecticut at the Mohegan Sun Arena during the Gospel Tour Shortly before the band began its first tour in support of the album , Smith wrote an open letter to fans regarding his abuse of alcohol and prescription medications since the recording of Pretty . Odd . Although Smith joined the band for the first handful of dates , he left the tour to `` continue fighting addiction . '' Urie posted on the band 's official website on August 7 , 2013 , that `` It 's become evident that Spencer still needs more time to take care of himself . I ca n't expect him to be fighting addiction one minute and be fully immersed in a national tour the next . With that said , the tour will continue without Spencer while he is away getting the help he needs . '' Since Spencer 's leave of absence , Dan Pawlovich of the band Valencia has filled in on tour . In an interview with Pure Fresh on September 23 , 2014 , Urie stated that he had already thought about ideas on the fifth studio album ; however , he was not sure if it would be a Panic ! at the Disco album , or a solo album . Urie has also stated there are no current plans for Smith to return to the band . Departure of Spencer Smith and Death of a Bachelor ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Main article : Death of a Bachelor On April 2 , 2015 , Smith announced that he had officially left the band . That same month , Urie revealed in an interview with Kerrang ! that he was working on new material for the band 's fifth studio album . After Smith 's departure , Weekes was the only remaining member since their first lineup change to not leave the band . On April 20 , 2015 , Urie released `` Hallelujah '' as a single without any previous formal announcements . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 40 , the band 's second highest ever after `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies . '' The band performed at the KROQ Weenie Roast on May 16 , 2015 . On September 1 , 2015 , another song from the fifth studio album , `` Death of a Bachelor '' , premiered on an Apple Music broadcast hosted by Pete Wentz . The second single , `` Victorious '' was released at the end of the month . On October 22 , 2015 , through the band 's official Facebook page , Urie announced the new album as Death of a Bachelor with a scheduled release date of January 15 , 2016 . It is the first album written and composed by Urie with a team of writers , as the status of Weekes changed from an official member to that of a touring member once again . Weekes ' status was rumored during the promotion of Death of a Bachelor that he was no longer an official member , until it was confirmed by Weekes himself on October 24 , 2015 , via Twitter that he was `` not contributing creatively anymore . '' The third single `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' was released on the same day , along with the official music video . `` LA Devotee '' was released November 26 as a promotional single . On December 31 , 2015 , the band released `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time . '' The band co-headlined the Weezer & Panic ! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 with Weezer from June to August 2016 . The band released a cover of Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' in August 2016 , on the Suicide Squad soundtrack album . On September 22 , 2016 , the band released the music video for `` LA Devotee . '' With the release came the announcement of the Death of a Bachelor Tour in 2017 . MisterWives and Saint Motel were announced as the opening acts . In a December 2016 interview , Urie said that he hoped to make a music video for every song on the album Death of a Bachelor . Departure of Dallon Weekes and Pray for the Wicked ( 2017 -- present ) On December 15 , 2017 , the band released their fourth live album All My Friends We 're Glorious : Death of a Bachelor Live . It was released as a limited - edition double - vinyl and digital download . Five days later , the band released a non-album Christmas song titled `` Feels Like Christmas . '' On December 27 , bassist Dallon Weekes officially announced his departure from Panic ! at the Disco after over eight years of performing in the band . On March 19 , 2018 , the band played a surprise show in Cleveland , Ohio with new touring bassist , Nicole Row . On March 21 , 2018 , the band released two new songs `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' and `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining . '' At the same time , the band also announced the Pray for the Wicked Tour and a new album called Pray for the Wicked . On June 7 , 2018 , the band performed at the fountains at the Bellagio prior to game 5 of the Stanley Cup Finals . The performance is said to have had sentimental value to the band as they took to the stage in their hometown . Musical style and influences Panic ! at the Disco performing in 2013 . Panic ! at the Disco -- `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 30 - second sample from Panic ! at the Disco `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' , from the album A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Panic ! at the Disco have been known to change their sound each album . Musically , they have mainly been described as pop rock , pop , pop punk , baroque pop , electropop , synth - pop , dance - punk , power pop , alternative rock , emo pop , vaudeville , and emo . Panic ! at the Disco went on record many times saying that the group 's second album would be completely different from A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out , as Rolling Stone wrote in an article : `` The group cemented its next direction with their first single , called `` Nine in the Afternoon . '' `` It 's influenced by the music our parents listened to : the Beach Boys , the Kinks , the Beatles , '' says Ross . `` Our new songs are more like classic rock than modern rock . We got older and started listening to different music -- and this seems like the natural thing to do right now . '' Pretty . Odd . has been described as being like `` ( Panic ) dropping the entire Beatles catalog into a blender , adding some modern alternative ice and the horn section from Sonia Dada , then churning out a new - millennium Liverpool smoothie . '' In his review of the band 's live album , Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted , `` ... Pretty . Odd . suggests that they 're becoming that rare thing in 2008 : a pop - oriented rock band . They might not be doing this knowingly , but the results are entertaining all the same . '' Urie has cited bands / artists such as Frank Sinatra , Queen , David Bowie , Weezer , Green Day and My Chemical Romance as his biggest influences . Band members Main article : List of Panic ! at the Disco band members Current members Brendon Urie -- lead vocals , guitar , piano , keyboards ( 2004 -- present ) ; bass guitar ( 2005 -- 2010 , 2015 -- present ) ; drums ( 2015 -- present ) Former members Ryan Ross -- lead guitar , vocals , piano , keyboards , synthesizers ( 2004 -- 2009 ) ; lead vocals ( 2004 ) Spencer Smith -- drums , percussion ( 2004 -- 2015 ; inactive 2013 -- 2015 ) Brent Wilson -- bass guitar ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Jon Walker -- bass guitar , backing vocals , piano , keyboards , guitar ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Dallon Weekes -- bass guitar , vocals , piano , keyboards , guitar ( 2010 -- 2015 ; touring member 2009 -- 2010 , 2015 -- 2017 ) Discography Main article : Panic ! at the Disco discography A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 ) Pretty . Odd. ( 2008 ) Vices & Virtues ( 2011 ) Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! ( 2013 ) Death of a Bachelor ( 2016 ) Pray for the Wicked ( 2018 ) Tours Headlining 2005 Tour ( 2005 ) Nothing Rhymes with Circus ( 2006 ) Pretty . Odd . Tour ( 2008 ) Vices & Virtues Tour ( 2011 - 12 ) Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Tour ( 2014 ) Gospel Tour ( 2014 ) Death of a Bachelor Tour ( 2017 ) Pray for the Wicked Tour ( 2018 ) Co-headlining Nintendo Fusion Tour ( with Fall Out Boy , The Starting Line , Motion City Soundtrack and Boys Night Out ) ( 2005 ) Honda Civic Tour ( with Motion City Soundtrack , Death Cab for Cutie , Phantom Planet and The Hush Sound ) ( 2008 ) Rock Band Live Tour ( with Dashboard Confessional ) ( 2008 ) Summer Tour 2016 ( with Weezer ) ( 2016 ) Opening Act Take Cover Tour ( for Acceptance and The Receiving End of Sirens ) ( 2005 ) Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns Tour ( for The Academy Is ... ) ( 2006 ) Truckstops & Statelines Tour ( for The Academy Is ... ) ( 2006 ) Blink - 182 in Concert ( Blink - 182 ) ( 2009 ) Save Rock and Roll Tour ( for Fall Out Boy ) ( 2013 ) Awards and nominations Grammy Awards Year Category Nominated work Result Ref . 2017 Best Rock Album Death of a Bachelor Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Year Category Nominated work Result Ref . 2006 Video of the Year `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Won Best New Artist in a Video Nominated Best Group Video Nominated Best Rock Video Nominated Best Art Direction Nominated 2008 Best Pop Video `` Nine in the Afternoon '' Nominated Best Direction Nominated 2016 Best Rock Video `` Victorious '' Nominated Other Awards Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref . 2006 Teen Choice Awards Rock Track `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Nominated TMF Awards Best Video International Won 2007 Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica Best International Rock Group Panic ! at the Disco Nominated Kerrang ! Awards Best International Band Nominated 2008 Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica Best International Rock Group Nominated MTV Asia Awards The Style Award Won Teen Choice Awards Rock Track `` Nine in the Afternoon '' Nominated 2011 Kerrang ! Awards Best Single `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' Nominated 2014 Alternative Press Music Awards Best Vocalist Brendon Urie Won Artist of the Year Panic ! at the Disco Nominated 2015 Best Bassist Dallon Weekes Nominated Best Live Band Panic ! at the Disco Nominated Rock Sound Readers Poll Video of the Year `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' Won 2016 Alternative Press Music Awards Best Music Video Won Song of the Year `` Hallelujah '' Won Artist of the Year Panic ! at the Disco Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Group Nominated See also List of songs recorded by Panic ! at the Disco References ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Explain Excised Exclamation Point : ' It Got A Little Bit Annoying ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Change Their Name '' . GoConnect . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : allmusic ( ( ( Panic at the Disco -- Biography ) ) ) Jump up ^ Santiago , Brianna ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Celebrities you did n't know graduated from Las Vegas high schools '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! comes home to play House of Blues '' . Las Vegas Sun . June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kalil , Mike ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! Attacks '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who are Panic ! at the Disco ? '' . BBC News . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dave Simpson ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up is hard to do '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Herbel ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Panic ! At the Disco -- Interview '' . AbsolutePunk . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Zemler ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Artist of the Day : Panic ! at the Disco '' . Spin . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Fight For Cred , Swear They Have No Beef with the Killers '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Valerie Nome ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Frontman Moves Forward '' . OK ! . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! Attack '' . Dose.ca . July 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Carry Emo - Punk Banner into VMAs With Five Noms '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cathy McCabe ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Time to hit panic button '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Herald - Journal staff reports ( July 29 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy to lead Nintendo Fusion Tour '' . Herald - Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gene Stout ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` A sudden Panic ! has hit the world '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Claim Split With Bassist Was Amicable , Mutual Decision '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Split Gets Nasty : Band Alleges Wilson Did Not Play On LP '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( August 9 , 2006 ) . `` Ex-Panic ! At The Disco Bassist Initiates Legal Action Against Band '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy Is ... . & Panic ! At The Disco -- ' The Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns Tour ' '' . ContactMusic.com . January 16 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jem Aswad ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Announce First Headlining North American Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco speak after bottling '' . NME . August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( October 3 , 2006 ) . `` For Next Tour , Panic ! At The Disco Relying On ... Motley Crue ? '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joanna Horowitz ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` Circus troupe Panic ! steals the limelight '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelefa Sanneh ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` Rock ' n ' Roll ' n ' Circus , on Tour From Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco Open Tour With Mime , Drum Line & Oh Yeah , And Rock -- MTV News '' . MTV News . Montgomery , James . August 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corey Moss ( December 26 , 2006 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Promise Vulgar Video , Want Movie Music For New LP '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco move into cabin to begin work on new LP '' . Alternative Press . March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Try A Different Tack For New LP : Simplicity '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Divulge Why They Wanted Second Chance at Second Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Promise New Album Is n't A Huge Departure : ' We 're Still The Same Guys ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco 's Pretty . Odd . Is Pretty Huge '' . Marketwire. April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jason Bracelin ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco riding high on CD sales '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Measure Their Success With Live Shows : ' You Ca n't Download The Concert Ticket ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry Walters ( March 22 , 2008 ) . `` Pretty . Odd . -- Review '' . Spin . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Name New LP ; Set To Headline Honda Civic Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Exclusives : Sneak - Peek ' Afternoon ' Video , Hear Song '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco , Dashboard Confessional To Co-Headline Rock Band Live Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco , Plain White T 's Help Launch Rock Band 2 At Pre-VMA Party '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( January 22 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Pledge To Drop Circus Theme , Underwear on Upcoming Tour '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : John Norris ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Talk About New , Stripped - Down Show at NYC Concert '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Larry Fitzmaurice ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive Video : Panic at the Disco 's New DVD '' . Spin . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Unveils LIVE IN CHICAGO '' . Marketwire . November 5 , 2008 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Norris ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Panic at the Disco Get ( Cough ) ' Green ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Annie Zaleski ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco frontman Brendon Urie opens up about Vices & Virtues '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tamar Anitai ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Ryan Ross And Jon Walker Quit Panic ! At The Disco '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Ryan Ross Talks About Leaving Panic ! At The Disco '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AltPress Exclusive : First Ryan Ross-less Panic At The Disco song out August 17 '' . Alternative Press . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco 's New Perspective -- News Article -- '' . Absolutepunk.net . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montomery ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Spencer Smith Reveals New Members Of Panic ! At The Disco '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weekes , Dallon . `` Weekes ' album cover concept '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Pauseandplay.com . October 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2006 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montomery ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco 's Vices & Virtues : Fever Dreams , New Perspectives '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Line Up Vices & Virtues Tour Dates '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vann Alexandra ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Preview : Panic ! at the Disco Plot Spring Tour '' . Spin . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ After all the teasing , Panic ! at the Disco 's song Archived April 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Decaydance . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trimboli , Grant . `` P ! aTD Touring Member Ian Crawford Leaving to Make ' Real , Genuine ' Music '' . Under The Gun Review . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Panic ! At The Disco Announce Fourth Studio Album Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Panic ! At The Disco Returns with New Album , ' Miss Jackson ' Single Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Spencer Smith Leaves Panic ! At The Disco Tour To Continue ' Fighting Addiction ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Panic ! At the Disco Stay Calm About Drummer Crisis , Embrace Creativity . Music.yahoo.com ( August 23 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Globo ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Brendon Urie to release a solo album ? '' . Pure Fresh . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Crane ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Brendon Urie reflects on the one - year anniversary of ' Too Weird To Live , Too Rare To Die ! ' '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Carter ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Spencer Smith Officially Leaves Panic ! at the Disco '' . Kerrang ! . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brendon Urie Talks Spencer Smith And New Panic ! Material . Kerrang ! ( April 13 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Urie , Brendon . `` Panic ! at the Disco on Facebook -- Hallelujah '' . facebook.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Hello my fellow sinners , First off , thank you . Thank you for always being there . For speaking your mind . For following what you believe . For allowing me to grow . For granting me the opportunity to live my dream . Words simply ca n't express my full appreciation and gratitude for you . As I begin what feels like a new chapter of my life , I 'm filled with immense excitement and a fresh sense of hope . I 've seen this band through every phase , every change , every hardship . And yet my appreciation and love grows with every breath . So I lift my arms in praise of your greatness . YOU are great . YOU are beautiful . YOU are talented and smart , and kind , and loving , and generous , and simply amazing . And you make me want to scream `` HALLELUJAH ! '' from the top of my lungs with every bit of fervor and strength I possess . And I invite you to join me as you have over and over again . So Hallelujah , my fellow sinners . Hallelujah . Love , Brendon Urie Jump up ^ Urie , Brendon . `` Brendon Urie on Twitter -- `` All you sinners stand up ... # Hallelujah '' `` . twitter.com . Brendon Urie . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ KROQ Weenie Roast Y Fiesta 2015 Lineup & Ticket Info `` The World Famous KROQ . Kroq.cbslocal.com . Retrieved on January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Emily ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco Premiere New Song , Death of a Bachelor '' . Kerrang.com . Kerrang ! . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Shares New Song ' Victorious ' -- Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE : Brendon Urie on How His Wife Inspired Panic ! At The Disco 's New Album Title , ' Death of a Bachelor '. 9news.com ( October 22 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco announce new album , share first single '' . AXS . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco Have Finally Announced A New Album Blunt Mag '' . Blunt Mag -- Alternative Music News , Reviews , and Interviews . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallon Weekes on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Panic ! At The Disco stream new single ' LA Devotee ' -- listen . Nme.Com ( November 28 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Tyler ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Drop New Single , `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Tyler ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco , Weezer announce co-headlining tour '' . AltPress.com . Alternative Press . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Soundtrack : Skrillex & Rick Ross , Panic ! at the Disco Cover ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Squad Movie Soundtrack Revealed '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco Drops ' LA Devotee ' Video With Will From ' Stranger Things , ' Shares 2017 Arena Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` interview '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE : Is A Panic ! & Twenty One Pilots Collab On The Way ? , retrieved December 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Panic ! At the Disco Plot New Live LP , ' All My Friends We 're Glorious ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Maggie ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco release ' Death Of A Bachelor ' live concert footage '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robin ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Announce New Live Album '' . Clash music . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco Delivers New Holiday Song ' Feels Like Christmas ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bassist Dallon Weekes Leaves Panic ! at the Disco : ' I 'm Grateful for the Chance I 've Had ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Meet Panic ! at the Disco 's New Bassist Nicole Row '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco introduce new bass player '' . Alternative Press . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Melendez , Monique ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco -- `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' / `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' `` . Spin . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Maggie ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco announce massive U.S. tour '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore , Sam ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco announce new album and unveil single ' Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) ' '' . NME . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas - based Panic ! at the Disco will perform in Vegas before Game 5 '' . Washington Post . June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Set to Perform at Game 5 of the Stanley Cup : Exclusive '' . Billboard . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont , Mark ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco review -- emo pop for a teen rebellion '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lashbrook , Alyssa ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco -- Hallelujah & Death Of A Bachelor -- Single Reviews '' . Rolling Stone music reviews . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schleicher , Marnie. `` 8 Things You Missed From Panic ! at the Disco 's Oracle Arena Show '' . sfweekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jillian ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Sets Mar 29 Release for ' Vices & Virtues ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Maura ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Album review : Panic ! at the Disco , ' Death of a Bachelor ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chad Grischow ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco : Vices & Virtues Review : Shrinking the band does not necessarily mean shrinking the sound on new album '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rolli , Bryan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Killers and Panic ! at the Disco : How the Two Veteran Rock Bands Took the Long Way to the Top '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panic ! at the Disco -- Death Of A Bachelor '' . Tuned Up . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Treacy , Christopher ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` No need to Panic : Baroque pop band is better than ever '' . Boston herald . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 Panic ! At the Disco Songs '' . Thought Co . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panic ! At The Disco : ' Death of a Bachelor ' Album Review '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Too Weird to Live too Rare to Die '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco '' . Spin . October 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panic ! at the Disco Releases New Record '' . independent . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco 's New Album ' Pray For The Wicked ' Is Here : Stream It Now '' . June 22 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic At The Disco Goes Psychedelic '' . Npr . September 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aroesti , Rachel ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco : Pray for the Wicked review -- a parade of emo - pop pizzazz '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Odd -- Panic At The Disco And The Strange Death Of Emo '' . NME . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pretty . Interesting . Look at Panic ! at the Disco '' . Pluggedinonline.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . link Allmusic.com . February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lainez , Sherwin ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco 's Brendon Urie Talks the Influence of Bowie , Queen , and Sinatra on Death of a Bachelor '' . ABC Radio . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Panic ! at the Disco 's Brendon Urie Talk Working With Rivers Cuomo '' . Rollingstone . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco Announces Tour For New Album ' Too Weird To Live , Too Rare To Die ' : See The Dates '' . Idolator . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crane , Matt ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco announce The Gospel Tour with Walk The Moon '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sydney ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco brings its Death of A Bachelor tour to the Wells Fargo Center '' . WXPN . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Traiman , Steve ( July 17 , 2006 ) . `` Hawthorne Heights to headline Nintendo Fusion tour '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul , Aubin ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Panic At the Disco / Motion City Soundtrack / Hush Sound / Phantom Planet on Honda Civic Tour '' . Punknews.org . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( July 30 , 2008 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco , Dashboard Confessional To Co-headlining ' Rock Band ' Live Tour '' . MTV . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Acceptance , Cartel , Receiving End of Sirens and more to tour the US '' . Rockfreaks.net . July 22 , 2005 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy Is ... at Academy 2 - 10 / 10 '' . BBC . January 19 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy Is ... announce `` Truckstops And Statelines '' tour `` . Alternative Press . November 30 , 2005 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy Is ... , Panic ! Plan ' Truckstops ' Tour '' . Spin . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ; Elias , Matt ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Blink - 182 Tour Openers Possibly More Excited Than You Are '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Panic ! At The Disco 's Brendon Urie Narrate Fall Out Boy 's Drunk History '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nappa , Tony ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Panic ! At The Disco ' Save Rock and Roll ' Setlist '' . Infectious Magazine . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 59th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees '' . The GRAMMYs . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris , Payne ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Flashback Friday : Panic ! at the Disco Wins 2006 Video of the Year VMA , Gets Speech Interrupted '' . billboard . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 MTV VMA Countdown : Avenged Sevenfold Scare The Children '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At The Disco triumph at MTV awards '' . NME . Jump up ^ `` 2006 MTV Video Music Award Nominations '' . stereogum . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Panic ! At the Disco Songs '' . thoughtco . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Will be At the VMAS , But will ' Nine in the Afternoon ' Win Them A Moonman That Night ? '' . mtv . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Mtv Video Music Awards : See The List of VMAs Winners '' . mtv . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards - 2006 '' . Awards and Winners . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Flashback Friday : Panic ! at the Disco Wins 2006 Video of the Year VMA , Gets Speech Interrupted '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Tops ' Los Premios MTV Latinoamerica 2007 ' With 5 Nominations '' . top40 - charts . September 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kerrang ! Awards 2007 : It 's Enter Shakiri v My Chemical Romance '' . IndieLondon.co.uk . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Metallica To Perform At Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica 2008 '' . MTV . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yusof , Zack ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Party time at MTV Asia Awards 2008 '' . The Star Online . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Teen Choice Awards winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . June 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` And the nominees are ... '' Kerrang ! . Bauer Media Group . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` And The Skully Goes To : APMAs 2014 -- Winners + Nominees '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here are all the 2015 APMAs nominees ! '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biddulph , Andy ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Rock Sound Readers ' Poll Results : Video of the Year '' . Rock Sound . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a list of winners from the 2016 APMAs '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a list of winners from the 2016 APMAs ( part 2 ) '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Full List Of Nominees '' . People 's Choice . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panic ! at the Disco . Official website Panic ! at the Disco at AllMusic hide Panic ! at the Disco Brendon Urie Brent Wilson Ryan Ross Jon Walker Spencer Smith Dallon Weekes Studio albums A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Pretty . Odd . Vices & Virtues Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Death of a Bachelor Pray for the Wicked Live albums ... Live in Chicago All My Friends We 're Glorious Singles `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` But It 's Better If You Do '' `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Mad as Rabbits '' `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' `` Northern Downpour '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Victorious '' `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' `` High Hopes '' Other songs `` New Perspective '' `` LA Devotee '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Crazy = Genius '' `` King of the Clouds '' Tours Vices & Virtues Tour Summer Tour 2016 Death of a Bachelor Tour Pray for the Wicked Tour Related articles Band members Discography List of songs recorded The Young Veins BNF : cb150875895 ( data ) GND : 10339674 - 3 ISNI : 0000 0001 2174 1906 MusicBrainz : b9472588 - 93f3 - 4922 - a1a2 - 74082cdf9ce8 VIAF : 143485470 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panic!_at_the_Disco&oldid=850208020 '' Categories : Alternative rock groups from Nevada American pop music groups American pop punk groups American pop rock music groups Musical groups established in 2004 Musical groups from the Las Vegas Valley Decaydance Records artists Fueled by Ramen artists Crush Management artists Panic ! at the Disco 2004 establishments in Nevada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 12 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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6850042794727308925	Coming Home (Diddy – Dirty Money song)	Coming Home ( Diddy -- Dirty Money song ) - wikipedia Coming Home ( Diddy -- Dirty Money song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Coming Home '' Single by Diddy -- Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey from the album Last Train to Paris B - side `` Hello Good Morning '' ( CD single ) Released November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) Format Digital download CD Recorded Los Angeles , California Chalice Recording Studios , End of Era Studios . Genre Hip hop pop Length 3 : 59 Label Bad Boy Records Interscope Records Songwriter ( s ) Sean Combs Shawn Carter Jermaine Cole Alexander Grant Holly Hafermann Producer ( s ) Alex da Kid Jay - Z ( co-producer ) Diddy - Dirty Money singles chronology `` Loving You No More '' ( 2010 ) `` Coming Home '' ( 2010 ) `` Your Love '' ( 2011 ) `` Loving You No More '' ( 2010 ) `` Coming Home '' ( 2010 ) `` Your Love '' ( 2011 ) Skylar Grey singles chronology `` Where 'd You Go '' ( 2006 ) Where 'd You Go 2006 `` Coming Home '' ( 2010 ) Coming Home2010 `` I Need a Doctor '' ( 2011 ) I Need a Doctor 2011 `` Coming Home '' is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his group Dirty Money , from their debut album Last Train to Paris ( 2010 ) . It was released on November 21 , 2010 , as the album 's fourth single . The contemporary hip - hop pop song was written by Jermaine Cole , Diddy , Jay - Z , Alex da Kid , and Skylar Grey . Kid and Jay - Z produced the song while Grey featured vocals on the song 's chorus . Jay - Z and Kid gifted the song to Diddy for Last Train to Paris . Autobiographically written , `` Coming Home '' is inspired by moments in Diddy 's life , the loss of his close friend , The Notorious B.I.G and references to classic songs by Dionne Warwick , McFadden & Whitehead , and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles . Critics praised the redemptive ballad for the personal themes and lyrics which were a snapshot of Diddy 's life . Praise was also given for Grey 's soft vocals which complemented the warmth of the song . An accompanying music video , directed by Rich Lee , follows the trio wandering through the desert in search of home only to find burned belongings and the shell of a home . Singled out as one of the album 's highlights , `` Coming Home '' was promoted with live TV performances including at the American Music Awards on November 21 , 2010 , the WWE Tribute to the Troops concert , and the March 10 , 2011 episode of American Idol which marked the first live performance of the song featuring Skylar Grey . The song is also one of the theme songs for WWE WrestleMania 29 . To date , `` Coming Home '' is Diddy - Dirty Money 's most successful single and the highest charting single from Last Train to Paris . Aside from amassing one million digital sales , it peaked at number eleven on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number nine in Canada . Internationally , the single topped both Belgium Ultratip charts and the Swiss Singles Chart , as well as reaching top five in the UK . This comes in addition to breaking onto the A-playlists on British urban music radio and mainstream radio , and topping the UK R&B Singles chart for three consecutive weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 4.1 Background 4.2 Synopsis 4.3 Reception 5 Live performances and usage in media 6 Track listing 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Radio and release history 10 References 11 External links Inspiration and composition ( edit ) `` Coming Home '' is a downtempo hip - hop and pop song , that opens with a `` simple piano intro '' and a `` delicate vocal verse from Skylar Grey '' . It was written by Diddy , Skylar Grey , Jay - Z , J. Cole , and Alex `` da Kid '' Grant , and produced by Jay - Z and Grant . When speaking to Kid about what he wanted , Diddy said , `` I want a beat that makes me feel like a white man in a basement in Atlanta '' . Diddy later called `` Coming Home '' a gift from Jay - Z and Kid . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , by EMI Music Publishing , the song was written in the key of D major with a time signature of common time and a tempo of 69 beats per minute . It follows the basic chord progression of G -- D -- Bm -- F ♯ m . Jayson Rodriguez of MTV noted that the concept and theme of the song were similar to events in Diddy 's life , `` referencing mistakes he has made in the past and that he wants to put behind him . '' Rodriguez also noted the song 's tribute to The Notorious B.I.G , in the line `` I miss you , B.I.G. '' The chorus features vocals from the group 's female members , Kalenna Harper and Dawn Richard , as well as background vocals from fellow Bad Boy Records recording artist Cassie . The trio use a vocal range of A -- A. Grey also sings some of the vocals , predominately during the song 's opening chorus . Diddy - Dirty Money - `` Coming Home '' Diddy 's second verse where he references the death of Notorious B.I.G and other moments in his life . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Rap - Up magazine reflected on the lyrics of the song , calling them a personal reflection of Diddy 's life and career thanks to lines like `` What am I ' posed to do when the club lights come on / It 's easy to be Puff , but it 's harder to be Sean / What if my twins ask why I ai n't married their mom ? '' Scott Schetler from AOL Radio Blog noted how Diddy referenced a different popular song in each verse . Lamb particularly noted the strong autobiographical lyrics , and the references to the 1979 hit song `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' by McFadden & Whitehead . Other songs referenced include Dionne Warwick 's `` A House Is Not a Home '' ( 1964 ) and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ' `` The Tears of a Clown '' ( 1970 ) . Rodriguez said `` Diddy do ( es ) some soul - searching in his rhymes as the chorus echoes his need for salvation . '' Lamb compared the song to Diddy 's early releases , saying that `` ' Coming Home ' ( welcomes ) Diddy back to the upper ranks of pop - oriented hip hop artists '' . Additionally , Diddy told MTV that although the track had autobiographical elements , it was part of the album 's `` conceptual love story narrated by his character '' . When asked by Live Lounge 's Trevor Nelson what `` Coming Home '' was based on , Diddy said : `` Coming Home '' goes to everybody out there who 's going through a struggle or obstacle . I 've been lost in life , I 'm still lost in life in these sense of trying to find your way back to that person who your grandmother or father wanted you to be . Sometimes you get lost through drug addiction or you break up with up your partner or remission from cancer etc. you struggle to find your way back to yourself . That 's what `` Coming Home '' is about . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon release , `` Coming Home '' was generally met with a positive reception from music critics , who praised the autobiographical lyrics and composition of Skylar Grey 's vocals with the Alex da Kid and Jay - Z production . Becky Bain of Idolator wrote , `` We have to give some credit to Diddy ( or Jay - Z , if he did indeed write ( the lyrics ) ) for dropping some truly introspective lyrics instead of the usual not - so - subtle Cîroc vodka promotions . Simon Vozick - Levinson from Entertainment Weekly agreed , and noted `` Coming Home '' as one of Last Train to Paris ' highlights , saying it was a `` must download '' as the album 's only `` redemptive ballad '' . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News also noted the song 's redemptive themes . He said ' Coming Home ' is the `` only song which breaks the flow '' of Last Train to Paris , `` Diddy confesses to everything from bad parenting to fear of commitment . It 's an interesting moment but an unnecessary one . '' Meanwhile , About.com 's Bill Lamb awarded the song four out of five stars , calling it the first `` pop hit single '' in a long time `` ( which ) matches the size of his public persona '' . He praised the `` beautifully sung chorus by Skylar Grey '' and Diddy 's deep `` autobiographical lyrics '' . Lamb noted that the song `` did n't have the same intensity of emotional impact '' other Alex da Kid productions ( Eminem 's `` Love the Way You Lie '' ) but it did `` deliver a warmth and sense of hope that is a good match with the current holiday season . '' A reviewer from Sound Savvy said `` The latest single ' Coming Home ' is another example of some of the great work found on the album ... it 's a heartfelt anthem of triumph and survival -- somber but not depressing . '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` Coming Home '' premiered on October 31 , 2010 , just prior to the fourth game of the Baseball World Series . It made its U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart debut at number sixty - one on December 11 , 2010 , three weeks after its release . In its third week on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , the single experienced a 92 % increase in sales , which amounted to 65,000 copies . As a result , the song vaulted from number forty - four to number seventeen on the Digital Songs chart causing the single to move from number fifty - one to twenty - four on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart , number nine on the U.S. Pop Songs , number seven on the Canadian Hot 100 chart , and number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also peaked at number fifteen on the Radio Songs . Consequently , `` Coming Home '' outperformed all of the group 's previous singles on the Hot 100 and Digital Songs charts . Additionally , `` Coming Home '' also peaked higher than two of the three songs mentioned in the lyrics . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' by McFadden & Whitehead reached number thirteen , while Dionne Warwick 's `` A House Is Not a Home '' only reached number seventy - nine . The song experience some crossover success , including on the Rap Songs chart where it reached number twenty - one . By the end of January 2011 , `` Coming Home '' had sold one million digital copies in the United States . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on April 19 and 2 × platinum on May 17 , 2011 . Internationally , the single got off to a strong start in Belgium , debuting on both the Flanders Tip and Wallonia Tip charts at number twenty - six . `` Coming Home '' would later top both Tip charts , before impacting on the main Ultratop charts . On the Flanders Ultratop Singles chart , the song peaked at number seventeen , while on the Wallonia chart it peaked at number twenty - seven . `` Coming Home '' debuted in Switzerland at number forty - eight , and dropped seven places to number fifty - five in its second week . In its third week , the single rose fifteen places to number forty , and then continued to rise , eventually reaching number one on the Swiss Singles Chart . As a result of reaching number one , `` Coming Home '' is Diddy 's highest charting single in Switzerland in fourteen years ; his last number one in Switzerland was `` I 'll Be Missing You '' with Faith Evans and 112 in 1997 . `` Coming Home '' made its Australian Singles Chart debut at number forty - nine and is thus the first single from Diddy - Dirty Money to chart within the top - fifty . It is since peaked at number four , and number two on the Australian Urban Singles Chart . The single had equal success in Germany , peaking at number four for two weeks . `` Coming Home '' was also successful in other territories too , also peaking in the top - ten in Austria , France , Ireland , New Zealand and Poland . On December 15 , 2010 the single was added to the playlists on British mainstream radio and a week later to the playlists on British urban music radio . Following its release , `` Coming Home '' debuted at number four on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Diddy 's most successful single in that country since 2006 's `` Come to Me '' with Nicole Scherzinger . Additionally the single topped the UK R&B Chart and as a consequence , `` Coming Home '' is Diddy - Dirty Money 's most successful single in the United Kingdom . In its second week , the single held on to its position of number four on the singles chart , which came in addition to maintaining its position at the top of the UK R&B Singles chart for three consecutive weeks . According to a press release by Interscope Records , as of March 25 , 2011 , `` Coming Home '' has sold 1.8 million digital downloads worldwide . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The accompanying music video made its worldwide premiere through E ! Online on November 29 , 2010 . It was filmed entirely in the Mojave Desert , just outside Palm Springs , CA . The video was the first of three released in the three weeks counting down to the album 's release . Album cuts `` Somebody to Love Me '' and `` Ass on the Floor '' ( featuring Swizz Beatz ) received video releases on December 10 and December 13 , respectively . `` Coming Home '' was directed by Rich Lee and according to Steven Gottlieb , of Video Static , the theme drew comparisons to some of Diddy 's earliest work . `` ' Coming Home ' has Diddy choppering onto a dry lake bed which is dotted by the charred remains of a luxurious lifestyle . '' A scene from the middle of the video , where Diddy enters the burnt remains of a home , while singing about moments of his life . The two female members of the group , ( Dawn and Kalenna ) walk the landscape outside . Synopsis ( edit ) `` Coming Home '' starts with scenes of a black helicopter flying over the desert . In some of the shots , Diddy can be seen looking out on to the horizon . As the song progresses into its main verses , the camera follows Diddy walking through the desert . In the background and foreground , the fire - damaged remnants of a home such as a TV set , fur coats and a stereo system are scattered across the landscape . During the chorus Dawn Richard and Kalenna Harper take place in front of the camera , walking behind Diddy miming Grey 's words . Later in the clip , during the second verse , Diddy sits in a burned out building singing to himself . Outside , a burned out vehicle is parked . Then during the song 's bridge , red smoke surrounds Diddy as the helicopter , from the opening scene , comes to land . However , this time Richard and Harper are seated inside waiting for Diddy . As the song fades , the helicopter flies over the desert toward the horizon . Reception ( edit ) Staff from E ! Online seemed impressed with the video 's concept and choice of background scenery . They said `` what better place for some introspection than the desert , right ? No sexy bikini - clad ladies or blue - haired Nicki Minajs to distract you , and when you 're done , just call up the helicopter to pick you up ( Pro tip : Hang your leg outside of the chopper for extra cool points . ) '' . Stephen Gottlieb from Video Static said `` It 's a nice bookend with Diddy 's -- then Puff Daddy -- first solo video , `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down , '' which featured him and Mase introducing an era of big budget hip - hop while driving a Rolls convertible across the desert . '' While Ed Easton Jr. from 92.3 Now FM drew comparisons to Diddy 's earlier video for his 1997 hit single `` Been Around the World '' , thus awarding the video six out of ten . However Easton was annoyed with the number of videos being released and said that fans were waiting for the actual album to be released . Live performances and usage in Media ( edit ) Diddy - Dirty Money performed the song live for the first time at the 2010 American Music Awards on November 21 , 2010 . For the performance the group were joined on stage by a full orchestra , with Diddy dressed in all - black but the other half of the group dressed in white gowns . The group reprised this performance on the December 4 , 2010 airing of Saturday Night Live along with the debut performance of the next scheduled single `` Ass On the Floor '' . On December 14 , 2010 the group performed `` Coming Home '' on two separate occasions . First Diddy appeared on daytime chatshow , The View , for an interview and was then joined by Richard and Harper to perform `` Coming Home '' then later the trio performed on the Late Show with David Letterman . Four days later , the group performed the ballad at the WWE Tribute to the Troops concert . On January 20 , 2011 , the group performed the song live in the United Kingdom , on the Radio 1 Live Lounge . Diddy - Dirty Money then returned to the United States , where they performed `` Coming Home '' for the first time with Skylar Grey , on season ten of American Idol , on March 10 , 2011 . The song was used as entrance music by UFC Light Heavyweight champion Jon Bones Jones before his successful title defense against Quinton Rampage Jackson . Also , during the pre-game introductions for the New York Knicks ' 2010 - 11 NBA game against the Milwaukee Bucks on February 23 , 2011 ( and home debut of newly acquired Syracuse Orange alumnus Carmelo Anthony ) , the song was used in a pre-game video , welcoming Melo `` home '' ( he started his NBA career with the Denver Nuggets after leaving the Orange ) to New York . There is also a friendly version of the song recorded by the cast of Nickelodeon 's popular TV show iCarly , which can be heard on the show 's second soundtrack , entitled iSoundtrack II . It was the official theme song to WWE 's WrestleMania 29 , and at the event , Sean Combs and Skylar Grey performed it live in front of a sold out venue of 80,676 in MetLife Stadium . Though not used as the official theme song , `` Coming Home '' has been used in almost every advertisement for the ABC drama series Resurrection . On December 4 , 2013 , The Fast and the Furious team released a tribute video to Paul Walker after the actor 's untimely death , which contained excerpts from Coming Home . On December 30 , 2014 newly hired Michigan Wolverines head football coach Jim Harbaugh was introduced to the public during a brief halftime ceremony with the song playing as he walked onto center court . On October 28 , 2014 , an instrumental was a part of the Cleveland Cavaliers pre-game introductions as it was the first game back in Cleveland for LeBron James since 2010 . The song was used in a video by the Los Angeles Rams announcing their return to Los Angeles after more than two decades in St. Louis . As Dwyane Wade returned to his hometown of Chicago in 2016 , a video using the song was created to mark the occasion . Track listing ( edit ) ; Digital single `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey - 3 : 59 `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 59 ; UK CD single `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey ( Album Version ) - 3 : 59 `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey ( Clean Version ) - 3 : 59 ; Digital download `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey - 3 : 59 ; Germany CD Single `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey - 4 : 00 `` Hello Good Morning '' featuring T.I. - 4 : 29 Credits and personnel ( edit ) `` Coming Home '' was recorded at Chalice Recording Studios and End of Era Studios in Los Angeles , California . J Browz -- additional piano , guitar and bass Jay - Z -- songwriter , producer ( co . ) J. Cole -- songwriter Diddy -- songwriter , lead vocals Steve Dickey ( Rock Star ) -- engineer Dirty Money ( Kalenna Harper , Dawn Richard ) -- lead vocals Alex `` da Kid '' Grant -- songwriter , producer Zack Gurka -- engineer Skylar Grey -- songwriter , featured vocals Eric Hudson -- Additional keyboards Sly Jordan -- vocal production Chris Kasych -- assistant engineer Erik Madrid -- assistant mix engineer Manny Marroquin -- mix engineer Jarrod Newcomb -- assistant engineer Matthew Testa -- engineer Cassie Ventura -- additional background vocals Jeffrey Walker ( J - Dub ) -- additional keyboards Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 -- 11 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia ( ARIA Urban Singles ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 26 France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Poland ( ZPAV ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 17 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 83 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 37 Austrian Singles Chart 62 German Singles Chart 56 Swiss Singles Chart 23 UK Singles Chart 55 US Billboard Hot 100 38 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Radio and release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United States November 16 , 2010 CHR / Mainstream United Kingdom December 15 , 2010 Mainstream December 23 , 2010 Urban United States November 21 , 2010 Digital download Bad Boy , Interscope Records Belgium December 13 , 2010 Universal Music Finland France Norway Netherlands December 17 , 2010 Ireland January 13 , 2011 Digital single United Kingdom January 16 , 2011 Polydor Records January 17 , 2011 CD Single Germany January 21 , 2011 Universal Music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Rhythmic - Crossover > Future Releases '' . 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Musicnotes.com ( Alfred Publishing ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Jayson ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Diddy - Dirty Money Get Introspective On ' Coming Home ' - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Diddy - Dirty Money -- ' Coming Home ' '' . Rap-Up.com . October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending Jan. 30 , 2011 : Songs : Think P ! nk '' . ( Chart Watch ) Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live Lounge Sessions - Diddy '' . Live Lounge ( BBC Radio 1 ) . January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money Are `` Coming Home '' In Their New Single Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on `` . Idolator.com . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . 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Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Combs ' Diddy - Dirty Money , Cedric the Entertainer , and Ariel Winter to Perform on NBC 's `` WWE ( R ) Tribute to the Troops ( R ) '' Holiday Special December 18 at 9 : 00 pm `` . MarketWatch . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Diddy - Dirty Money and Skylar Grey Perform on ' American Idol ' '' . Rap-Up.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ HOGG , DAVE . `` Harbaugh welcomed at Crisler as Wolverines rally to beat Illinois '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey - Coming Home - Digital Single '' . Ie.7digital.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coming Home : Diddy - Dirty Money , Skylar Grey : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diddy - Dirty Money / Skylar Grey downloads music and videos at - 7digital '' . Us.7digital.com . December 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money / Coming Home ( 2 - Track ) '' . PhonoNet / Mediacontrol AG . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy Canadian Hot 100 Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201118 into search . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy Dirty Money -- Coming Home Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201111 into search . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ 7 Peak ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Coming Home - Diddy '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/top-100-singles-chart---2011/469 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 MTV EMA '' . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2011 - hitparade.ch '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2008 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey ; ' Coming Home ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Coming Home in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Arbitron Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' . Nl-be.7digital.com . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' . Fi.7digital.com . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home : Diddy - Dirty Money : Amazon.fr : Téléchargements MP3 '' . Amazon.fr . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' . No.7digital.com . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' . Nl.7digital.com . December 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey - Coming Home - Digital Single '' . 7digital.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home ( 2 - Track ) : Diddy - Dirty Money : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Skylar Grey Discography Studio albums Like Blood Like Honey ( 2006 ) Do n't Look Down ( 2013 ) Natural Causes ( 2016 ) Singles `` Invisible '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Final Warning '' `` I Know You '' `` Words '' `` Cannonball '' Featured singles `` Where 'd You Go '' `` Coming Home '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Words I Never Said '' `` Shot Me Down '' `` New National Anthem '' `` Bed of Lies '' `` Beneath with Me '' `` Glorious '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coming_Home_(Diddy_ -- _Dirty_Money_song ) &oldid = 827579884 '' Categories : 2010 singles Sean Combs songs Songs written by Jay - Z Songs written by J. Cole Song recordings produced by Alex da Kid American hip hop songs American pop songs Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Sean Combs Interscope Records singles Number - one singles in Switzerland Songs written by Alex da Kid Songs written by Skylar Grey WrestleMania themes Skylar Grey songs 2010 songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Русский Slovenčina ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 15 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song i'm coming home	[ "\"Coming Home\" is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his group Dirty Money, from their debut album Last Train to Paris (2010). It was released on November 21, 2010, as the album's fourth single. The contemporary hip-hop pop song was written by Jermaine Cole, Diddy, Jay-Z, Alex da Kid, and Skylar Grey. Kid and Jay-Z produced the song while Grey featured vocals on the song's chorus. Jay-Z and Kid gifted the song to Diddy for Last Train to Paris. Autobiographically written, \"Coming Home\" is inspired by moments in Diddy's life, the loss of his close friend, The Notorious B.I.G and references to classic songs by Dionne Warwick, McFadden & Whitehead, and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles.", "\"Coming Home\" is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his group Dirty Money, from their debut album Last Train to Paris (2010). It was released on November 21, 2010, as the album's fourth single. The contemporary hip-hop pop song was written by Jermaine Cole, Diddy, Jay-Z, Alex da Kid, and Skylar Grey. Kid and Jay-Z produced the song while Grey featured vocals on the song's chorus. Jay-Z and Kid gifted the song to Diddy for Last Train to Paris. Autobiographically written, \"Coming Home\" is inspired by moments in Diddy's life, the loss of his close friend, The Notorious B.I.G and references to classic songs by Dionne Warwick, McFadden & Whitehead, and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles.", "\"Coming Home\" is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his group Dirty Money, from their debut album Last Train to Paris (2010). It was released on November 21, 2010, as the album's fourth single. The contemporary hip-hop pop song was written by Jermaine Cole, Diddy, Jay-Z, Alex da Kid, and Skylar Grey. Kid and Jay-Z produced the song while Grey featured vocals on the song's chorus. Jay-Z and Kid gifted the song to Diddy for Last Train to Paris. Autobiographically written, \"Coming Home\" is inspired by moments in Diddy's life, the loss of his close friend, The Notorious B.I.G and references to classic songs by Dionne Warwick, McFadden & Whitehead, and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles.", "\"Coming Home\" is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his group Dirty Money, from their debut album Last Train to Paris (2010). It was released on November 21, 2010, as the album's fourth single. The contemporary hip-hop pop song was written by Jermaine Cole, Diddy, Jay-Z, Alex da Kid, and Skylar Grey. Kid and Jay-Z produced the song while Grey featured vocals on the song's chorus. Jay-Z and Kid gifted the song to Diddy for Last Train to Paris. Autobiographically written, \"Coming Home\" is inspired by moments in Diddy's life, the loss of his close friend, The Notorious B.I.G and references to classic songs by Dionne Warwick, McFadden & Whitehead, and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles.", "\"Coming Home\" is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his group Dirty Money, from their debut album Last Train to Paris (2010). It was released on November 21, 2010, as the album's fourth single. The contemporary hip-hop pop song was written by Jermaine Cole, Diddy, Jay-Z, Alex da Kid, and Skylar Grey. Kid and Jay-Z produced the song while Grey featured vocals on the song's chorus. Jay-Z and Kid gifted the song to Diddy for Last Train to Paris. Autobiographically written, \"Coming Home\" is inspired by moments in Diddy's life, the loss of his close friend, The Notorious B.I.G and references to classic songs by Dionne Warwick, McFadden & Whitehead, and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles." ]	[ "Jermaine Cole", "Diddy", "Jay-Z", "Alex da Kid", "Skylar Grey" ]
7647633629961892349	LeBron James	LeBron James - wikipedia LeBron James `` LeBron '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lebron ( disambiguation ) . LeBron James James with the Cavaliers in 2017 No. 23 -- Los Angeles Lakers Position Small forward / Guard League NBA ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Listed weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Career information High school St. Vincent -- St. Mary ( Akron , Ohio ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2014 Miami Heat 2014 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2018 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2006 , 2008 , 2018 ) 12 × All - NBA First Team ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005 , 2007 ) 5 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 -- 2013 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2014 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2008 ) J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award ( 2017 ) 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2012 ) 2 × Mr. Basketball USA ( 2002 , 2003 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 2003 ) McDonald 's All - American Game MVP ( 2003 ) 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team 2004 Athens Team FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas LeBron Raymone James Sr. ( / ləˈbrɒn / ; born December 30 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Often considered the best basketball player in the world and regarded by some as the greatest player of all time , James ' NBA accomplishments are extensive and include four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards , three NBA Finals MVP Awards , two Olympic gold medals , three All - Star Game MVP awards , and an NBA scoring title . He is the all - time NBA playoffs scoring leader and has amassed fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances , twelve All - NBA First Team designations , and five All - Defensive First Team honors . A prep - to - pro , James played high school basketball for St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron , Ohio , where he was heavily touted in the national media as a future NBA superstar . He joined the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 as the first overall draft pick . James quickly emerged as a league star and concluded his first season by winning the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . He would go on to establish himself as one of the premier players in the NBA with multiple accolades , including being given the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2009 and 2010 . However , after falling short of the championship expectations set by the media , fans , and himself , James departed Cleveland in 2010 as a free agent to sign with the Miami Heat . This move was announced in an ESPN special titled The Decision , and is one of the most controversial free agent decisions in American sports history . In Miami , James won his first NBA championship in 2012 , and followed that with another title a year later . He was named league MVP and NBA Finals MVP in both championship years . In 2014 , James opted out of his contract with Miami after four seasons to re-sign with the Cavaliers . In 2016 , James led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship by defeating the Golden State Warriors to end Cleveland 's 52 - year professional sports title drought . In 2018 , he opted out of his Cleveland contract to sign with the Lakers . Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 2.1 Basketball 2.2 Football 3 Professional career 3.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3.1. 1 2003 -- 2004 : Rookie season 3.1. 2 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom 3.1. 3 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons 3.2 Miami Heat 3.2. 1 The Decision 3.2. 2 2010 -- 2011 : Year of media and fan scrutiny 3.2. 3 2011 -- 2013 : Back - to - back championships 3.2. 4 2013 -- 2014 : Final season in Miami 3.3 Return to the Cavaliers 3.3. 1 2014 -- 16 : Ending the Cleveland sports curse 3.3. 2 2016 -- 18 : End of Second Stint in Cleveland 3.4 Los Angeles Lakers 4 National team career 5 Player profile 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 6 Off the court 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Public image 6.3 Media figure and business interests 6.4 Activism 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 9 Filmography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life James was born on December 30 , 1984 , in Akron , Ohio to a 16 - year - old mother , Gloria Marie James . Speculated by many to be his father , Anthony McClelland , has an extensive criminal record and was not involved in their life . When James was growing up , life was often a struggle for the family , as they moved from apartment to apartment in the seedier neighborhoods of Akron while Gloria struggled to find steady work . Realizing that her son would be better off in a more stable family environment , Gloria allowed him to move in with the family of Frank Walker , a local youth football coach who introduced James to basketball when he was nine years old . James started playing organized basketball in the fifth grade . He later played Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) basketball for the Northeast Ohio Shooting Stars . The team enjoyed success on a local and national level , led by James and his friends Sian Cotton , Dru Joyce III , and Willie McGee . The group was inseparable and dubbed themselves the `` Fab Four '' , promising each other that they would attend high school together . In a move that stirred local controversy , they chose to attend St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School , a predominantly white private Catholic school . High school career Basketball As a freshman , James averaged 21 points and 6 rebounds per game for the St. Vincent - St. Mary varsity basketball team . The Fighting Irish finished the year 27 -- 0 , winning the Division III state title and becoming the only boys high school team to have an undefeated season . As a sophomore , James averaged 25.2 points and 7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists and 3.8 steals per game . For some home games during the season , St. Vincent - St. Mary played at the University of Akron 's 5,492 - seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni , fans , and college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play . The Fighting Irish finished the season 26 -- 1 and repeated as state champions . For his outstanding play , James was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , becoming the first sophomore to do either . Prior to the start of his junior year , James appeared in SLAM Magazine and writer Ryan Jones lauded him as possibly `` the best high school basketball player in America right now '' . During the season , he appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated , becoming the first high school basketball underclassman to do so . With averages of 29 points , 8.3 rebounds , 5.7 assists , and 3.3 steals per game , he was again named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , and became the first junior to be named boys ' basketball Gatorade National Player of the Year . St. Vincent - St. Mary finished the year with a 23 -- 4 record , ending their season with a loss in the Division II championship game . Following the loss , James unsuccessfully petitioned for a change to the NBA 's draft eligibility rules , which required prospective players to have at least a high school diploma , in an attempt to enter the 2002 NBA draft . During this time , he used marijuana , which he said was to help cope with the stress that resulted from the constant media attention he was receiving . Throughout his senior year , James and the Fighting Irish traveled around the country to play a number of nationally ranked teams , including a game against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on ESPN2 . Time Warner Cable , looking to capitalize on James 's popularity , offered St. Vincent - St. Mary 's games to subscribers on a pay - per - view basis throughout the season . For the year , James averaged 31.6 points , 9.6 rebounds , 4.6 assists , and 3.4 steals per game , was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team for an unprecedented third consecutive year , and was named Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year . He participated in three year - end high school basketball all - star games -- the EA Sports Roundball Classic , the Jordan Capital Classic , and the McDonald 's All - American Game -- losing his National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) eligibility and making it official that he would enter the 2003 NBA draft . Many basketball analysts , scouts , and writers have remarked that James left high school as one of the best and most hyped prospects of all time . Also during his senior year , James was the centerpiece of several controversies . For his 18th birthday , he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 from his mother , who had secured a loan for the vehicle by utilizing LeBron 's future earning power as an NBA superstar . This prompted an investigation by the Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) because its guidelines stated that no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance . James was cleared of any wrongdoing because he had accepted the gift from a family member and not from an agent or any outside source . Later in the season , James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothing store in exchange for posing for pictures , officially violating OHSAA rules and resulting in him being stripped of his high school sports eligibility . James appealed the ruling and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two - game suspension , allowing him to play the remainder of the year . The Irish were also forced to forfeit one of their wins , their only official loss that season . In his first game back after the suspension , James scored a career - high 52 points . St. Vincent - St. Mary went on to win the Division II championship , marking their third division title in four years . Football As an underclassman , James played wide receiver for St. Vincent - St. Mary 's football team and was recruited by some Division I programs , including Notre Dame . In his sophomore year , he was named first team all - state , and as a junior , he helped lead the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals . After James broke his wrist during an AAU basketball game , he decided not to play football in his senior year . Some sports analysts , football critics , high school coaches , former and current players have speculated that he could have played in the National Football League . Professional career Cleveland Cavaliers 2003 -- 2004 : rookie season James picks up his dribble against the Washington Wizards in November 2006 . James was selected by his hometown team , the Cleveland Cavaliers , as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft . In his first regular season game , he scored 25 points against the Sacramento Kings , setting an NBA record for most points scored by a prep - to - pro player in his debut performance . At the conclusion of the season , he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year , finishing with averages of 20.9 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.9 assists per game . He became the first Cavalier to receive the honor and just the third player in NBA history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . The Cavaliers finished the season 35 -- 47 , failing to make the playoffs despite an 18 - game improvement over the previous year . 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom James earned his first NBA All - Star Game selection in 2004 -- 05 , contributing 13 points , 8 rebounds , and 6 assists in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference . Around the league , teams took note of his rapid development , with Denver Nuggets coach George Karl telling Sports Illustrated , `` It 's weird talking about a 20 - year - old kid being a great player , but he is a great player ... He 's the exception to almost every rule . '' On March 20 , James scored 56 points against the Toronto Raptors , setting Cleveland 's new single - game points record . With final averages of 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , he was named to his first All - NBA Team . Despite a 30 -- 20 record to start the year , the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs , finishing the season 42 -- 40 . At the 2006 All - Star Game , James led the East to victory with 29 points and was named the NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . Behind final season averages of 31.4 points , 7 rebounds , and 6.6 assists per game , he also finished second in overall NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting to Steve Nash . Under James 's leadership , the Cavaliers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1998 . In his postseason debut , James recorded a triple - double in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards . In Game 3 of the series , he made the first game - winning shot of his career , making another in Game 5 . Cleveland would go on to defeat the Wizards before being ousted by the Detroit Pistons in the second round . James engages in his pre-game ritual of tossing crushed chalk into the air , March 2008 . The routine was mostly ended after 2011 . In 2006 -- 07 , James 's averages declined to 27.3 points , 6.7 rebounds , 6 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Some analysts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing skills and shot selection , which stemmed from a lack of effort and focus . The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second consecutive year and entered the playoffs as the East 's second seed . In Game 5 of the NBA Conference Finals , James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists , scoring 29 of Cleveland 's last 30 points , including the game - winning layup with two seconds left , against the Pistons . After the game , play - by - play announcer Marv Albert called the performance `` one of the greatest moments in postseason history '' and color commentator Steve Kerr described it as `` Jordan-esque '' . In 2012 , ESPN ranked the performance the fourth greatest in modern NBA playoff history . The Cavaliers went on to win Game 6 and claim their first - ever Eastern Conference championship , earning them a matchup with the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA Finals . During the championship round , James struggled , averaging 22 points , 7.0 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on just 35.6 percent shooting , and Cleveland was eliminated in a sweep . In February of the 2007 -- 08 season , James was named All - Star Game MVP for the second time behind a 27 - point , 8 - rebound , and 9 - assist performance . On March 21 , he moved past Brad Daugherty as the Cavaliers ' all - time leading scorer in a game against the Raptors , doing so in over 100 less games than Daugherty . His 30 points per game were also the highest in the league , representing his first scoring title . Despite his individual accomplishments , Cleveland 's record fell from the year before to 45 -- 37 . Seeded fourth in the East entering the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the Wizards in the first round for the third consecutive season before being eliminated in seven games by the eventual - champion Boston Celtics in the next round . During the decisive seventh game in Boston , James scored 45 points and Paul Pierce scored 41 in a game the Associated Press described as a `` shootout '' . 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons James and DeShawn Stevenson in April 2008 . The two had a short feud after Stevenson called James `` overrated '' . At the conclusion of the 2008 -- 09 season , James finished second in NBA Defensive Player of the Year voting and made his first NBA All - Defensive Team , posting 23 chase - down blocks and a career - high 93 total blocks . He also became only the fourth postmerger player to lead his team in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks in a single season . Behind his play and the acquisition of All - Star guard Mo Williams , Cleveland went a franchise record 66 -- 16 and fell just one game short of matching the best home record in league history . With final averages of 28.4 points , 7.6 rebounds , 7.2 assists , 1.7 steals , and 1.2 blocks per game , James became the first Cavalier to win the MVP Award . Reflecting on James 's performance for ESPN , John Hollinger later wrote , `` He 's having what is arguably the greatest individual season in history , and it 's time we gave him his due for it . '' In the playoffs , Cleveland swept the Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks to earn a matchup with the Orlando Magic in the Conference Finals . In Game 1 of the series , James scored 49 points on 66 percent shooting in a losing effort for the Cavaliers . In Game 2 , he hit a game - winner to tie the series at 1 -- 1 . Cleveland would lose the series in six games , and following the loss in Game 6 , James immediately left the floor without shaking hands with his opponents , which was an act that many media members viewed as unsportsmanlike . For the series , he averaged 38.5 points , 8.3 rebounds , and 8 assists per game , finishing the postseason with a career playoff - high 35.3 points per game . In February of the 2009 -- 10 season , James was forced into a temporary point guard role following a series of injuries to players in the Cavaliers ' backcourt . Behind his leadership , Cleveland lost no momentum , finishing the year with the best record in the league for the second consecutive season . Due in part to his increased minutes as the Cavaliers ' primary ball handler , James increased his statistical production , averaging 29.7 points , 7.3 rebounds , 8.6 assists , 1.6 steals , and 1 block per game on 50 percent shooting en route to another MVP Award . To open the playoffs , Cleveland advanced past the Bulls to earn a matchup with the Celtics in the second round . James was heavily criticized for not playing well in Game 5 of the series , shooting only 20 percent on 14 shots and scoring 15 points . The team suffered its worst loss in franchise history , and at the conclusion of the game , James walked off the court to a smattering of boos from Cleveland 's home crowd . The Cavaliers were officially eliminated from the postseason in Game 6 , with James posting 27 points , 19 rebounds , 10 assists , and nine turnovers in the losing effort . Miami Heat The Decision Main article : The Decision ( TV special ) James with the Cavaliers in November 2009 . He finished his first stint with the Cavs averaging 27.8 points , 7 rebounds , 7 assists , and 1.7 steals per game . James became an unrestricted free agent at 12 : 01 am EDT on July 1 , 2010 . During this time , he was contacted by several teams , including the Bulls , Los Angeles Clippers , Miami Heat , New York Knicks , New Jersey Nets , and Cavaliers . On July 8 , he announced on a live ESPN special titled The Decision that he would sign with the Heat . The telecast was broadcast from the Boys & Girls Club of Greenwich , Connecticut and raised $2.5 million for the charity . An additional $3.5 million was raised from advertising revenue , which was donated to other charities . The day before the special , fellow free agents Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade also announced that they would sign with Miami ; reports later arose that the trio had discussed their upcoming 2010 free agencies among themselves back in 2006 . James decided to join with Bosh and Wade in part so that he could shoulder less of the offensive load ; he thought that his improved teammates would give him a better chance of winning an NBA championship than had he stayed in Cleveland . Heat president Pat Riley played a major role in selling James on the idea of playing with Bosh and Wade . James would be relieved of the burden of scoring , and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple - double in a season . Upon leaving the Cavaliers , James drew intense criticism from sports analysts , executives , fans , and current and former players . The Decision itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary . Many thought that the prolonged wait for James 's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show . Upon learning that James would not be returning to Cleveland , Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert published an open letter to fans in which he aggressively denounced James 's actions . Some angry fans of the team recorded videos of themselves burning his jersey . Former NBA players , including Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson , were also critical of James , condemning him for joining with Bosh and Wade in Miami and not trying to win a championship as `` the guy '' . James drew further criticism in a September interview with CNN when he claimed that race might have been a factor in the fallout from The Decision . As a result of his actions during the 2010 free agency period , he quickly gained a reputation as one of America 's most disliked athletes , a radical change from years prior . The phrase `` taking my talents to South Beach '' became a punch line for critics . In retrospect , James has expressed some regret over his handling of The Decision . 2010 -- 2011 : year of media and Fan scrutiny James goes in for a slam dunk as a member of the Miami Heat in March 2011 . James officially signed with the Heat on July 10 , 2010 . With the move , he became only the third reigning MVP to change teams and the first since Moses Malone in 1982 . That evening , the Heat threw a welcome party for their new `` big three '' at the American Airlines Arena , an event that took on a rock concert atmosphere . During the gathering , James predicted a dynasty for the Heat and alluded to multiple championships . Outside of Miami , the spectacle was not well - received , furthering the negative public perception of James . Throughout the 2010 -- 11 season , James and the Heat were treated as villains by the media and opposing fanbases . To begin the year , they struggled to adjust to these new circumstances , going only 9 -- 8 after 17 games . James later admitted that the constant negativity surrounding the team made him play with an angrier demeanor than in years past . On December 2 , James faced the Cavaliers in Cleveland for the first time since departing as a free agent . He scored 38 points and led Miami to a win while being booed every time he touched the ball . The Heat eventually turned their season around and finished as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.7 points , 7.5 rebounds , and 7 assists per game on 51 percent shooting . In the conference semifinals , James and his teammates found themselves matched up with the Celtics for the second consecutive year . In Game 5 , he scored Miami 's last ten points to help seal a series - clinching win . After the final buzzer , he famously knelt on the court in an emotional moment , later telling reporters that it was an extremely personal victory for him and the team . The Heat eventually advanced to the Finals , where they were defeated by the Dallas Mavericks in six games . James received the brunt of the criticism for the loss , averaging only three points in fourth quarters in the series . His Finals scoring average of 17.8 points per game signified an 8.9 - point drop from the regular season , the largest point drop - off in league history . 2011 -- 2013 : back - to - back championships James was humbled by the Heat 's loss to the Mavericks , and the experience inspired him to leave behind the villain role that he had been embracing , which helped him regain a sense of joy on the court . He also decided that his post game needed improvement , so he worked with Hakeem Olajuwon during the offseason . Behind James 's significantly - expanded skillset , Miami began the year with a franchise - best 18 -- 6 record . He was eventually named MVP for the third time , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 7.9 rebounds , 6.2 assists , and 1.9 steals per game on 53 percent shooting . James stands at midcourt during a dead ball in January 2013 . On that night , he became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career points . In the second round of the playoffs , Miami temporarily lost Chris Bosh to an abdominal injury and found themselves trailing the Indiana Pacers 2 -- 1 . James responded with a 40 - point , 18 - rebound , and 9 - assist outing in Game 4 to help even the series . To compensate for Bosh 's absence , the Heat embraced a small - ball lineup with James at power forward , which they retained even after Bosh 's return in the Conference Finals against the Celtics . Facing elimination in Game 6 , James scored 45 points to lead the Heat to victory in what The New York Times called a `` career - defining performance '' . Miami won Game 7 to advance to the Finals , earning them a matchup with the Oklahoma City Thunder and James 's budding rival , Kevin Durant . Late in Game 4 of the series , James hit a three - pointer to give the Heat a lead , helping them win the game despite missing time with leg cramps . In Game 5 , he registered a triple - double as Miami defeated Oklahoma City for their second - ever championship and James 's first championship . James was unanimously voted the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player with averages of 28.6 points , 10.2 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . His full postseason run , in which he averaged 30.3 points , 9.7 rebounds , and 5.6 assists per game , was ranked the second best in modern NBA history by ESPN . In February of the 2012 -- 13 season , James averaged 29.7 points and 7.8 assists per game while setting multiple shooting efficiency records . That same month , the Heat also began a 27 - game winning streak , the third longest in NBA history . Based on these accomplishments , James 's performance was described as a `` month for the ages '' by Sports Illustrated . Miami eventually finished the year with a franchise and league best 66 -- 16 record , and James was named MVP for the fourth time , falling just one vote shy of becoming the first player in NBA history to win the award unanimously . His final season averages were 26.8 points , 8 rebounds , 7.3 assists , and 1.7 steals per game on 56.5 percent shooting . In Game 1 of the Conference Finals , James scored a buzzer - beating layup to give Miami a one - point victory against the Pacers . Throughout the series , his supporting cast struggled significantly , and his added scoring load prompted him to compare his responsibilities to those of his `` Cleveland days '' . Despite these struggles , the Heat advanced to the Finals for a meeting with the Spurs , signifying a rematch for James from his first Finals six years earlier . At the beginning of the series , he was criticized for his lack of aggressiveness and poor shot selection as Miami fell behind 2 -- 3 . In Game 6 , he recorded his second triple - double of the series , including 16 fourth quarter points , to lead the Heat to a comeback victory . In Game 7 , he tied the Finals record for most points scored in a Game 7 victory , leading Miami over San Antonio with 37 points . He was named Finals MVP for the second straight season , averaging 25.3 points , 10.9 rebounds , 7 assists , and 2.3 steals per game for the championship round . 2013 -- 2014 : final season in Miami On March 3 of the 2013 -- 14 season , James scored a career - high and franchise - record 61 points in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats . Throughout the year , he was one of the few staples for a Heat roster that used 20 different starting lineups due to injuries , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 6.9 rebounds , and 6.4 assists per game on 56.7 percent shooting . In the second round of the playoffs , he tied a career postseason - high by scoring 49 points in Game 4 against the Brooklyn Nets . In the next round , Miami defeated the Pacers to earn their fourth consecutive Finals berth , becoming one of only four teams in NBA history to do so . In Game 1 of the Finals , James missed most of the fourth quarter because of leg cramps , helping the Spurs take an early series lead . In Game 2 , he led the Heat to a series - tying victory with 35 points on a 64 percent shooting rate . San Antonio eventually eliminated the Heat in five games , ending Miami 's quest for a three - peat . For the Finals , James averaged 28.2 points , 7.8 rebounds , and 2.0 steals per game . Return to the Cavaliers James throws a pass in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves , December 2014 . Later that season , he reached several passing milestones , including becoming the Cavaliers ' all - time assists leader . On June 25 , 2014 , James opted out of his contract with the Heat and officially became an unrestricted free agent on July 1 . On July 11 , he revealed via a first - person essay in Sports Illustrated that he intended to return to the Cavaliers . In contrast to The Decision , his announcement to return to Cleveland was well received . On July 12 , he officially signed with the team , who had compiled a league - worst 97 -- 215 record in the four seasons following his departure . A month after James 's signing , the Cavaliers acquired Kevin Love from the Minnesota Timberwolves , forming a new star trio along with Kyrie Irving . 2014 -- 16 : ending the Cleveland Sports curse In January of the 2014 -- 15 season , James missed two weeks due to left knee and lower back strains , the longest stretch of missed games in his career . In total , he played a career - low 69 games and his final averages were 25.3 points , 6 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . In the second round of the playoffs , he hit a baseline jumper at the buzzer to give Cleveland a 2 -- 2 series tie with the Bulls . In the Conference Finals , the Cavaliers defeated the Hawks to advance to the Finals , making James the first player since the 1960s to play in five consecutive Finals . For most of the Finals against the Golden State Warriors , Irving and Love were sidelined due to injury , giving James more offensive responsibilities . Behind his leadership , the Cavaliers opened the series with a 2 -- 1 lead before being eliminated in six games . Despite the loss , he received serious consideration for the Finals MVP Award , averaging 35.8 points , 13.3 rebounds , and 8.8 assists per game for the championship round . During the 2015 -- 16 season , James was criticized for his role in several off - court controversies , including the midseason firing of Cavaliers ' coach David Blatt . Despite these distractions , Cleveland finished the year with 57 wins and the best record in the East . James 's final averages were 25.3 points , 7.4 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on 52 percent shooting . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers advanced comfortably to the Finals , losing only two games en route to a rematch with the Warriors , who were coming off a record - setting 73 win season . To begin the series , Cleveland fell behind 3 -- 1 , including two blowout losses . James responded by registering back - to - back 41 point games in Games 5 and 6 , leading the Cavaliers to two consecutive wins to stave off elimination . In Game 7 , he posted a triple - double and made a number of key plays , including a memorable chase - down block on Andre Iguodala in the final two minutes , as Cleveland emerged victorious , winning the city 's first professional sports title in 52 years and becoming the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit in the Finals . James became just the third player to record a triple - double in an NBA Finals Game 7 , and behind series averages of 29.7 points , 11.3 rebounds , 8.9 assists , 2.3 blocks , and 2.6 steals per game , he also became the first player in league history to lead both teams in all five statistical categories for a playoff round , culminating in a unanimous Finals MVP selection . 2016 -- 18 : end of second stint in Cleveland The 2016 -- 17 season was marred by injuries and unexpected losses for the Cavaliers ; James later described it as one of the `` strangest '' years of his career . Following a January defeat to the New Orleans Pelicans , he publicly criticized Cleveland 's front office for constructing a team that he felt was too `` top heavy '' , for which he received counter criticism . The Cavaliers finished the season as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.4 points and career highs in rebounds ( 8.6 ) , assists ( 8.7 ) , and turnovers ( 4.1 ) per game . In Game 3 of the first round of the postseason , he registered 41 points , 13 rebounds , and 12 assists against the Pacers , leading Cleveland to a comeback victory after trailing by 25 points at halftime , representing the largest halftime deficit overcome in NBA playoff history . In Game 5 of the Conference Finals against the Celtics , James scored 35 points and surpassed Michael Jordan as the league 's all - time postseason scoring leader . The Cavaliers won the game and the series , advancing to their third consecutive Finals against the Warriors . Behind averages of 33.6 points , 12 rebounds , and 10 assists per game , James became the first player to average a triple - double in the Finals , but Cleveland was defeated in five games . James protects the ball from Kyrie Irving in October 2017 . The two were teammates in Cleveland for three seasons . Prior to the start of the 2017 -- 18 season season , the Cavaliers overhauled their roster by moving Kyrie Irving to the Celtics , who requested a trade in part because he no longer wanted to play with James . After a slow start to the year , Cleveland rebounded by winning 18 of 19 games in December . Their turnaround began with a victory over the Wizards where James scored 57 points , which represented the second - highest point total of his career and tied a franchise record . In January , the Cavaliers had a losing record , and James was criticized for his lackluster effort . Following another round of trades in February , Cleveland returned to form and James reached a number of historical milestones ; for example , on March 30 , he set an NBA record with 867 straight games scoring in double - digits . James eventually finished the season with averages of 27.5 points , 8.6 rebounds , and a career - high 9.2 assists and 4.2 turnovers per game . In the playoffs , he guided the Cavaliers to another Finals rematch with the Warriors . Along the way , he had some of the most memorable moments of his career , including a game - winning shot against the Pacers and another against the Raptors . In the first game of the Finals , James scored a playoff career - high 51 points , but Cleveland was defeated in overtime . Following the defeat , James injured his hand after punching a wall in the locker room , which hindered his effectiveness for the remainder of the series . The Cavaliers ultimately lost in four games , with James averaging 34 points , 8.5 rebounds , and 10 assists per game for the Finals . Los Angeles Lakers On June 29 , 2018 , James opted out of his contract with the Cavaliers and became an unrestricted free agent . On July 1 , his management company , Klutch Sports , announced that he would sign with the Los Angeles Lakers , which was officially completed on July 9 . In an interview with Sports Illustrated , James 's agent , Rich Paul , explained , `` In 2010 , when he went to Miami , it was about championships . In 2014 , when he went back to Cleveland , it was about delivering on a promise . In 2018 , it was just about doing what he wants to do . '' Reaction to the move was more positive than his original departure from the Cavaliers , albeit it was still mixed , as some onlookers felt that Los Angeles was not his optimal destination . National team career James attempts a shot over China 's Yao Ming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing en route to the gold medal . James made his debut for the United States national team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens , Greece . He spent the Games mostly on the bench , averaging 14.6 minutes per game with 5.8 points and 2.6 rebounds per game in eight games . Team USA finished the competition with a bronze medal , becoming the first U.S. basketball team to return home without a gold medal since adding active NBA players to their line - up . James felt his limited playing time was a `` lowlight '' and believed he was not given `` a fair opportunity to play '' . His attitude during the Olympics was described as `` disrespectful '' and `` distasteful '' by columnists Adrian Wojnarowski and Peter Vecsey , respectively . At the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan , James took on a greater role for Team USA , averaging 13.9 points , 4.8 rebounds , and 4.1 assists per game as co-captain . The team finished the tournament with an 8 -- 1 record , winning another bronze medal . James 's behavior was again questioned , this time by teammate Bruce Bowen , who confronted James during tryouts regarding his treatment of staff members . Before naming James to the 2008 Olympic team , Team USA managing director Jerry Colangelo and coach Mike Krzyzewski gave James an ultimatum to improve his attitude , and he heeded their advice . At the FIBA Americas Championship 2007 , he averaged 18.1 points , 3.6 rebounds , and 4.7 assists per game , including a 31 - point performance against Argentina in the championship game , the most ever by an American in an Olympic qualifier . Team USA went 10 -- 0 , winning the gold medal and qualifying for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing , China . James credited the team 's attitude and experience for their improvement , saying : `` I do n't think we understood what it meant to put on a USA uniform and all the people that we were representing in 2004 . We definitely know that now . '' At the Olympics , Team USA went unbeaten , winning their first gold medal since 2000 . In the final game , James turned in 14 points , 6 rebounds , and 3 assists against Spain . James did not play at the 2010 FIBA World Championship but rejoined Team USA for the 2012 Olympics in London , England . He became the leader of the team with Kobe Bryant , who would soon be 34 , stepping back . James facilitated the offense from the post and perimeter , called the defensive sets , and provided scoring when needed . During a game against Australia , he recorded the first triple - double in U.S. Olympic basketball history with 11 points , 14 rebounds and 12 assists . Team USA went on to win their second straight gold medal , again defeating Spain in the final game . James contributed 19 points in the win , becoming the all - time leading scorer in U.S. men 's basketball history . He also joined Michael Jordan as the only players to win an NBA MVP award , NBA championship , NBA Finals MVP , and Olympic gold medal in the same year . Afterwards , Krzyzewski said James `` is the best player , he is the best leader and he is as smart as anybody playing the game right now . '' Player Profile It 's not just that ( LeBron James ) is really good in his 15th year . He 's the best player . -- Greg Anthony , NBA TV and TNT analyst Standing 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113 kg ) , James has started at small forward and power forward , but he can also play the other three positions . His athletic and versatile playing style has drawn comparisons to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson , Magic Johnson , and Michael Jordan . James 's career averages are 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Many basketball analysts , coaches , fans , and current and former players consider James to be one of the greatest players of all time , often ranking him as the best small forward and in the top five overall . Since 2011 , he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and Sports Illustrated . He has earned All - NBA honors every season since his second year , All - Defensive honors every season from 2009 to 2014 , and was named Rookie of the Year in his debut season . With four MVP awards , he is part of a select group of players who have won the award four times , including Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Jordan , Wilt Chamberlain , and Bill Russell ; James and Russell are the only two players who have won four MVP awards in a five - year span . James has never won the Defensive Player of the Year Award , but he has twice finished second in the voting and lists the award as one of his main goals . James has appeared in the Finals nine times and won three championships . Some analysts have criticized him for not having a better Finals record , while others have defended him , arguing that James usually performed well , but his team was defeated by superior competition . Offense James drives to the basket in March 2008 . A deft finisher , he led the NBA in scoring and shooting percentage at the rim in 2013 . James entered the NBA as an 18 - year - old rookie and made an immediate offensive impact when he led the Cavaliers in scoring . He holds numerous `` youngest to '' distinctions , including being the youngest player to score 28,000 career points . During his first stint in Cleveland , he was primarily used as an on - ball point forward . His shooting tendencies were perimeter - oriented , and he established himself as one of the best slashers and finishers in basketball ; he led the NBA in three - point plays in 2006 . His combination of speed , quickness , and size often created matchup problems for opposing teams because he was capable of blowing by larger defenders and overpowering smaller ones . These qualities became more apparent in transition , where he developed a reputation for grabbing defensive rebounds and then beating the defense downcourt for highlight - quality baskets . Around this time , James was frequently criticized for not having developed a reliable jump shot or post game . Teams would try to exploit these weaknesses by giving him space in the half court and forcing him to settle for three - pointers and long two - pointers , a strategy famously utilized by Spurs coach Greg Popovich in the 2007 Finals , where James converted on only 36 percent of his field goals in four games . In Miami , Heat coach Erik Spoelstra changed James 's role to a more unconventional one . James began spending more time in the post and shooting fewer three - pointers , attempting a career - low 149 in 2012 . He improved his shot selection and accuracy on jump shots , finishing second in the league in catch - and - shoot field goal percentage in 2013 . He also learned how to work as an off - ball cutter in the Heat 's `` pass - happy '' offense . Behind these improvements , James 's overall scoring efficiency rose to historically - great levels , peaking in 2014 when he registered a 64.9 true shooting percentage . During this period , ESPN 's Tom Haberstroh called James 's free - throw shooting his biggest weakness , describing it as `` average '' . Upon returning to the Cavaliers , James began to experience subtle age - related declines in productivity , posting his lowest scoring averages since his rookie season in 2015 and 2016 . His shooting also temporarily regressed , and he briefly ranked as the worst high - volume outside shooter from outside the paint in the NBA . Despite these changes , he has remained an elite offensive player who is capable of beating defenses with body control , strength , and varying attacking speeds . James 's playmaking ability is generally considered to be one of his premier skills , with some analysts ranking him among the greatest passers in NBA history . He is the only frontcourt player in league history to register over 7,000 career assists . Using his size , vision , and the attention he garners from opposing defenses to his advantage , James is able to create easy points for his teammates with accurate assists , manufacturing a league leading 2.6 three - pointers per game by way of his passing alone in 2013 . He will often execute passes that would normally be considered unconventional , including passes after leaving his feet and passes through defensive traffic . His uncanny tendency to find the open man played a significant role in the evolution of modern NBA defenses , which forces teams to incorporate some elements of zone into their schemes to better cover the weak side of the court and prevent James from passing to open shooters . Early in James 's career , he was criticized by the media for his buck passing play in pressure situations ; specifically , for passing instead of shooting in the waning seconds of close games . In a 2011 interview , teammate Chris Bosh stated that he would rather have Dwyane Wade and not James take a last - second shot . Later in James 's career , his clutch play was viewed more favorably ; for example , in 2015 , FiveThirtyEight wrote that he might be `` the most clutch playoff shooter of his generation '' . Defense At the beginning of James 's NBA career , he was considered to be a poor defensive player , but he improved steadily through the years . Near the end of his first tenure in Cleveland , he became proficient at the chase - down block , which involved coming in from behind the opposition in transition to block their shot . In Miami , he developed into a more versatile defensive player , and the Heat relied on him to guard all five positions . James was paired with teammates Shane Battier and Dwyane Wade , and Miami used him in an ultra-aggressive defensive scheme , with James cheating off the ball to help out inside or get into rebounding position . Beginning in 2014 , some analysts noted a regression in his defensive impact , stemming from a lack of effort and expected age - related declines . James himself admitted to taking plays off at times , referring to this approach as `` chill mode '' . Writing for ESPN in 2016 , Nate Duncan observed that while James tended to take off more plays than in his younger days , he was able to raise his level in that year 's Finals and temporarily recapture his Miami form . Off the court Personal life James proposed to Savannah Brinson , his high school sweetheart , at a December 31 , 2011 party celebrating New Year 's Eve and his 27th birthday . She accepted , and the two were married on September 14 , 2013 in San Diego , California . Together , they have three children : LeBron James Jr. ( b . 2004 ) , Bryce Maximus James ( b . 2007 ) , and Zhuri Nova James ( b . 2014 ) . During his stint with the Heat , James resided in Coconut Grove , where he bought a $9 million three - story mansion overlooking Biscayne Bay . In November 2015 , James bought a 9,350 square - foot ( 870 m ) East Coast -- style mansion in Brentwood , Los Angeles for about $21 million . Public image James is considered by many people , including his fellow NBA players , to be the `` face of the NBA '' . His opinions have yielded significant influence on people who make important league decisions ; for example , in 2014 he asked commissioner Adam Silver to increase the duration of the All - Star break , and the request was granted the following season . On February 13 , 2015 , James was elected the first vice president of the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) . The WWI Destroy This Mad Brute poster and the April 2008 Vogue cover with James and Gisele Bündchen , which critics said referenced the earlier poster . Throughout his career , James has been ranked by Forbes as one of the world 's most influential athletes , and in 2017 , he was listed by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world . During his first stint with the Cavaliers , he was adored by local fans , and Sherwin - Williams displayed a giant Nike - produced banner of James on its world headquarters . Despite their affection for James , Cleveland fans and critics were frequently annoyed when he sported a Yankees hat when he attended Cleveland Indians baseball games versus the New York Yankees . Following his actions during the 2010 free agency period and , more specifically , The Decision , he was listed as one of the world 's most disliked athletes . By 2013 , his image had mostly recovered and he was reported by ESPN as the most popular player in the NBA for the second time in his career . In 2014 , he was named the most popular male athlete in America by the Harris Poll . He has led the league in jersey sales six times . In March 2008 , James became the first black man -- and third man overall after Richard Gere and George Clooney -- to appear on the cover of Vogue , when he posed with Gisele Bündchen . In response , noted ESPN columnist Jemele Hill considered the cover offensive and `` memorable for the wrong reasons '' , describing the demeanor of James and his holding Bündchen as a reference to classic imagery of the movie monster King Kong , a dark savage capturing his light - skinned love interest . Media figure and business interests James is represented by agent Rich Paul of Klutch Sports . His first agent was Aaron Goodwin , whom he left in 2005 for Leon Rose . Rose joined Creative Artists Agency ( CAA ) in 2007 , and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas , who represented Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh , to bring James to Miami in 2010 . James left CAA for Paul in 2012 . James , Paul , Maverick Carter , and Randy Mims -- all childhood friends -- formed agent and sports - marketing company LRMR after James left Goodwin . LRMR handles James 's marketing , including the marketing of The Decision , for which it was criticized . Throughout his career , James has taken a unique approach to his NBA contracts , usually opting to sign shorter - term deals in order to maximize his earnings potential and flexibility ; for example , in 2006 , he and the Cavaliers negotiated a three - year , $60 million contract extension instead of the four - year maximum as it allotted him the option of seeking a new contract worth more money as an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season . This move ultimately allowed James , Dwyane Wade , and Chris Bosh to sign with the Heat together . During his second stint in Cleveland , he began opting out and re-signing on new contracts after each season in order to take advantage of higher salaries resulting from the NBA 's rising salary cap . In 2016 , he signed with the Cavaliers on a three - year deal , becoming the highest - paid player in the league for the first time in his career . Nike installed a 10 - stories - tall mural of James in downtown Cleveland . James has signed numerous endorsement contracts ; some of the companies that he has done business with are Audemars Piguet , Coca - Cola , Dunkin ' Brands , McDonald 's , Nike , State Farm and Beats by Dre . Coming out of high school , he was the target of a three - way bidding war among Nike , Reebok , and Adidas , eventually signing with Nike for approximately $90 million . His signature shoes have performed well for Nike . In 2011 , Fenway Sports Group became the sole global marketer of his rights , and as part of the deal , he was granted a minority stake in the English Premier League football club Liverpool , who he has claimed his support for . As a result of James 's endorsement money and NBA salary , he has been listed as one of the world 's highest - paid athletes . In 2013 , he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world , with earnings of $56.5 million . In 2014 , James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple 's acquisition of Beats Electronics ; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones . In 2015 , he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson , and third highest in 2016 ( after Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ) . James has stated that he would like to own an NBA team in the future , albeit in a hands - off capacity . James and comedian Jimmy Kimmel co-hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards . In other comedic pursuits , he hosted the 33rd - season premiere of Saturday Night Live . He has also tried his hand at acting , appearing in a cameo role on the HBO series Entourage . In 2015 , he played himself in the Judd Apatow film Trainwreck , receiving positive reviews for his performance . That same year , James 's digital video company , Uninterrupted , raised $15.8 million from Warner Bros. Entertainment and Turner Sports to help expand the company 's efforts to bring athlete - created content to fans . It is hosted on Bleacher Report and is used by several other athletes including New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski and Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman . James and his business partner Maverick Carter own production company SpringHill Entertainment , whose first work was the Lions Gate documentary More Than a Game , which was released in 2009 and chronicled James 's high school years . Series produced by SpringHill include the Disney XD sports documentaries Becoming , Starz sitcom Survivor 's Remorse , and animated web series The LeBrons . In 2016 , CNBC aired an unscripted series hosted by James called Cleveland Hustles , where four up - and - coming Northern Ohio entrepreneurs will be financed on the condition of revitalizing a neighborhood in Cleveland . In the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , a 60 - minute Vince Carter documentary entitled The Carter Effect was executive produced by James and Maverick Carter along with rapper Drake and Future the Prince . In February 2018 it was announced that James ' production company will produce a new film in the House Party series with James expected to make a cameo . Later that month , Fox News journalist Laura Ingraham told James to `` Shut up and dribble '' as a response to his political agendas . This largely contributed to James creating a documentary series looking at the changing role of athletes in the current political and cultural climate , aptly named , `` Shut Up and Dribble '' on Showtime . Activism James , First Lady Michelle Obama , and Dwyane Wade tape a public service announcement , January 2014 . James is an active supporter of non-profit organizations , including After - School All - Stars , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , and Children 's Defense Fund . He also has his own charity foundation , the LeBron James Family Foundation , which is based in Akron . Since 2005 , the foundation has held an annual bike - a-thon to raise money for various causes . In 2015 , James announced a partnership with the University of Akron to provide scholarships for as many as 2,300 children beginning in 2021 . In 2016 , he donated $2.5 million to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture to support an exhibit on Muhammad Ali . In 2017 , he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award from the NBA for his `` outstanding service and dedication to the community . '' In November of that same year , the Akron School Board approved the `` I Promise School '' , a public elementary school created in a partnership with the LeBron James Family Foundation to help struggling elementary school students stay in school . James later reflected that it was his most important professional accomplishment of his life . The school officially opened on July 30 , 2018 . Throughout his career , James has taken stances on controversial issues . On several occasions , he mentioned a feeling of obligation to effect change using his status . Those include the War in Darfur , the Trayvon Martin case , the now - former NBA owner Donald Sterling 's racist comments in 2014 , the Michael Brown verdict , and the death of Eric Garner . Following a racist incident at his Los Angeles home in 2017 , James expressed , `` being black in America is tough . We got a long way to go for us as a society and for us as African Americans until we feel equal in America . '' Later on that same year , in the aftermath of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , James questioned president Donald Trump 's `` Make America Great Again '' slogan and said , `` It 's sad what 's going on in Charlottesville . Is this the direction our country is heading ? Make America Great Again huh ? '' and that `` Our youth deserve better ! ! '' James also called Trump a `` bum '' after the president rescinded a White House invitation to Stephen Curry . During a 2018 interview with CNN journalist Don Lemon , James accused the president for attempting to divide the country with sports , suggesting `` sports has never been something that divides people it 's always been something that brings someone together . '' He also declared he would `` never sit across from him . I 'd sit across from Barack ( Obama ) though . '' In response , Trump said `` LeBron James was just interviewed by the dumbest man on television , Don Lemon . He made LeBron look smart , which is n't easy to do . '' However , many players , including former NBA great Michael Jordan ( who was mentioned in Trump 's Tweet afterward ) , supported James and disavowed President Trump 's statements on the subject . In June 2008 , James donated $20,000 to a committee to elect Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama . Later that year , James gathered almost 20,000 people at the Quicken Loans Arena for a viewing of Obama 's 30 - minute American Stories , American Solutions television advertisement . The advertisement was shown on a large screen above the stage , where Jay - Z later held a free concert . In November 2016 , James endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which James won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Cleveland 79 79 39.5 . 417 . 290 . 754 5.5 5.9 1.6 . 7 20.9 2004 -- 05 Cleveland 80 80 42.4 * . 472 . 351 . 750 7.4 7.2 2.2 . 7 27.2 2005 -- 06 Cleveland 79 79 42.5 . 480 . 335 . 738 7.0 6.6 1.6 . 8 31.4 2006 -- 07 Cleveland 78 78 40.9 . 476 . 319 . 698 6.7 6.0 1.6 . 7 27.3 2007 -- 08 Cleveland 75 74 40.4 . 484 . 315 . 712 7.9 7.2 1.8 1.1 30.0 * 2008 -- 09 Cleveland 81 81 37.7 . 489 . 344 . 780 7.6 7.2 1.7 1.1 28.4 2009 -- 10 Cleveland 76 76 39.0 . 503 . 333 . 767 7.3 8.6 1.6 1.0 29.7 2010 -- 11 Miami 79 79 38.8 . 510 . 330 . 759 7.5 7.0 1.6 . 6 26.7 2011 -- 12 † Miami 62 62 37.5 . 531 . 362 . 771 7.9 6.2 1.9 . 8 27.1 2012 -- 13 † Miami 76 76 37.9 . 565 . 406 . 753 8.0 7.3 1.7 . 9 26.8 2013 -- 14 Miami 77 77 37.7 . 567 . 379 . 750 6.9 6.4 1.6 . 3 27.1 2014 -- 15 Cleveland 69 69 36.1 . 488 . 354 . 710 6.0 7.4 1.6 . 7 25.3 2015 -- 16 † Cleveland 76 76 35.6 . 520 . 309 . 731 7.4 6.8 1.4 . 6 25.3 2016 -- 17 Cleveland 74 74 37.8 * . 548 . 363 . 674 8.6 8.7 1.2 . 6 26.4 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 82 82 36.9 * . 542 . 367 . 731 8.6 9.1 1.4 . 9 27.5 Career 1,143 1,142 38.8 . 504 . 344 . 739 7.4 7.2 1.6 . 8 27.2 All - Star 14 14 29.6 . 530 . 357 . 743 6.3 6.0 1.3 . 1 24.5 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2006 Cleveland 13 13 46.5 . 476 . 333 . 737 8.1 5.8 1.4 . 7 30.8 2007 Cleveland 20 20 44.7 . 416 . 280 . 755 8.1 8.0 1.7 . 5 25.1 2008 Cleveland 13 13 42.5 . 411 . 257 . 731 7.8 7.6 1.8 1.3 28.2 2009 Cleveland 14 14 41.4 . 510 . 333 . 749 9.1 7.3 1.6 . 9 35.3 Cleveland 11 11 41.8 . 502 . 400 . 733 9.3 7.6 1.7 1.8 29.1 2011 Miami 21 21 43.9 . 466 . 353 . 763 8.4 5.9 1.7 1.2 23.7 2012 † Miami 23 23 42.7 . 500 . 259 . 739 9.7 5.6 1.9 . 7 30.3 2013 † Miami 23 23 41.7 . 491 . 375 . 777 8.4 6.6 1.8 . 8 25.9 2014 Miami 20 20 38.2 . 565 . 407 . 806 7.1 4.8 1.9 . 6 27.4 2015 Cleveland 20 20 42.2 . 417 . 227 . 731 11.3 8.5 1.7 1.1 30.1 2016 † Cleveland 21 21 39.1 . 525 . 340 . 661 9.5 7.6 2.3 1.3 26.3 2017 Cleveland 18 18 41.3 . 565 . 411 . 698 9.1 7.8 1.9 1.3 32.8 2018 Cleveland 22 22 41.9 . 539 . 342 . 746 9.1 9.0 1.4 1.0 34.0 Career 239 239 42.0 . 491 . 323 . 743 8.9 7.1 1.8 1.0 28.9 Awards and honors Main article : List of career achievements by LeBron James James ( center ) celebrates during the Heat 's 2012 championship parade . NBA 3 × NBA Champion : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 3 × NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player : 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 14 × NBA All - Star : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2006 , 2008 , 2018 14 × All - NBA selection : 12 × First team : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 2 × Second team : 2005 , 2007 6 × NBA All - Defensive selection : 5 × First team : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Second team : 2014 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2004 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2004 NBA Scoring Champion : 2008 3 × NBA minutes leader : 2007 , 2017 , 2018 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award : 2017 National team 2 × Olympic Gold Medal winner : 2008 , 2012 2004 Olympic Bronze Medal winner 2006 FIBA World Championship Bronze Medal winner 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Gold Medal winner 2012 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year Commemorative banner in Miami 's American Airlines Arena ( for his 2012 gold medal won as a member of the Miami Heat ) High school 2003 National Champion 3 × OHSAA Champion : 2000 , 2001 , 2003 2 × Gatorade National Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 2 × USA Today High School Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 3 × USA Today All - USA First Team : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 2 × PARADE High School Player of the Year : 2002 , 2003 2003 Naismith Prep Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's National Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's High School All - American 2003 McDonald 's All - American Game 2003 2003 EA Sports Roundball Classic MVP 2003 Jordan Capital Classic MVP Number 23 retired by St. Vincent - St. Mary St. Vincent - St. Mary Hall of Fame ( class of 2011 ) St. Vincent - St. Mary home basketball court named The LeBron James Arena Other 3 × Cleveland Sports Awards Professional Athlete of the Year : 2009 , 2016 , 2017 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) 2011 -- 12 EFL Cup Champion ( as part owner of Liverpool F.C. ) 2012 Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2006 Sporting News NBA MVP 2004 Sporting News Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated NBA All - Decade First Team ( 2000s ) 19 × ESPY Award winner in various categories ( 15 individually , four as part of a team ) 2 × Hickok Belt winner : 2012 , 2013 2017 NAACP Image Awards -- Jackie Robinson Award South Main Street in downtown Akron renamed King James Way Six - story commemorative banner in downtown Akron Three - story mural in Venice , California honoring his signing with the Lakers Honorary lockers at Ohio State 's football and basketball facilities Filmography Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2008 More than a Game Himself 2009 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants 2015 Trainwreck 2018 Smallfoot Gwangi ( voice ) Post-production Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 My Wife and Kids Himself Episode : `` Outbreak Monkey '' 2009 Entourage Episode : `` Give a Little Bit '' 2009 SpongeBob 's Truth or Square 2011 -- 2014 The LeBrons 2015 Survivor 's Remorse Episode : `` Guts '' 2016 Teen Titans Go ! Episode : `` The Cruel Giggling Ghoul '' See also Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records NBA post-season records NBA All - Star Game records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association season minutes leaders List of Olympic medalists in basketball Cleveland Cavaliers draft history Notes Jump up ^ Assists were recorded as an official Olympic statistic starting in 1976 . Jump up ^ ESPN - 3rd ( March 2016 ) , Sports Illustrated - 5th ( March 2016 ) , Fox Sports - 2nd ( December 2016 ) , CBS Sports - 2nd ( February 2017 ) , Slam - 2nd ( February 2018 ) . Jump up ^ ESPN . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ References Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why LeBron James is the best NBA player of all time '' . FoxSports . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron Is the Best Player the NBA Has Ever Seen , Even If He 's Not the GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armen - Graham , Bryan ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` It 's time to call LeBron James what he is : the NBA 's greatest ever player '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baillie , Ryan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron James Is The Best NBA Player Of All Time And It Is Time To Accept It '' . Odyssey Online . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Ryan ( 2003 ) . King James : Believe the Hype . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34992 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( March 2 , 2003 ) . `` America 's most wanted '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James Biography '' . JockBio.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Rachel . `` LeBron James opens up on his new school , the Lakers and life 's challenges '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Movie review : Band of brothers in ' More Than a Game ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff Reports ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James , SVSM teammates to enter school 's hall of fame : High school newswatch '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prospect Profile : LeBron James '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee Morgan , David ; Gaffney , Tom ( March 26 , 2000 ) . `` Winning one for Carter '' . Akron Beacon Journal . p . D8 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James stats , details , videos , and news '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Heading Home to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ryan ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ohio Player '' . SLAM Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garner , Dwight ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` An N.B.A. Giant and How He Grew '' . The New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron 's Book Shows Struggle With Fame '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Julian ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` The pot thickens : LeBron James admits smoking marijuana as a high school junior in new book '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Bill ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` New LeBron James book tells of a ' shooting star ' always willing to learn lessons '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` James ruled ineligible , plans to appeal decision '' . ESPN . ESPN.com News Services . January 31 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bilas , Jay ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` Did ' LeBron Mania ' go too far ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` James Answers the Hype with Standout Debut '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Hype over LeBron does n't match Alcindor 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 draft prospects since 2000 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prep star James can continue drive for state title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 NCAA Division I Manual '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2009 . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( February 9 , 2003 ) . `` James Is Too Much for Westchester '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Basketball D2 State Champs '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Austin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Remember that time Urban Meyer tried to recruit LeBron James ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron James : Two Sports , One Superstar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` LBJ and NFL : A fantasy based in reality '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Theismann : LeBron James is ' talented enough ' to be an NFL QB '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnwell , Bill ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Could LeBron James Really Play in the NFL ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Wallace latest to say LeBron James would dominate NFL '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NBA Draft '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Expectations for James more than met '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 30 , 2003 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James : Player Info Page '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 20 - 5 - 5 : Tyreke Evans makes rookie history '' . News10 / KXTV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA All - Star Game '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Charles ( February 21 , 2005 ) . `` The Future Is Now '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 2005 Season '' ( PDF ) . NBA . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` LeBron and Pistons lead East to All - Star game win '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James , Cavs Top Mavs To Clinch Playoff Berth '' . NBA.com . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James ' playoff debut triple - double carries Cavs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The NBA Realist ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant vs. Lebron James : Game Winning Shots '' . Chasing 23 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Win Series 4 -- 2 '' . ESPN . May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( Oct 2 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James returns to chalk toss '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James is bringing the chalk toss back after 95 % of Twitter users voted yes '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 499 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` Now playoff - bound , Cavs ' 50th win caps season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron bewilders Pistons as Cavaliers inch closer to NBA finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Jun 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ LeBron James takes over Game 5 ! on YouTube ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com Staff ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Greatest NBA playoff performances '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson 's 31 points , James ' balanced play puts Cavs in NBA Finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 2 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allen 's flurry of 3s help East hold on for All - Star win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Starkey , Mike ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron James becomes Cleveland Cavaliers all - time scoring leader '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Scoring not my job ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Standings '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , James duke it out as Celtics close out Cavs in Game 7 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` Stevenson : LeBron beef ' pretty much over ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Jonathan ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` On Defense , James Is Closer Than He Appears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard , Bryant headline 2008 -- 09 NBA All - Defensive First Team '' . NBA.com . May 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 477 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron sits as Cavs fail to match best home record '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award '' . NBA.com . May 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , John ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` PER Diem : March 24 , 2009 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' dramatic buzzer - beater drops Magic , evens series at 1 -- 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron sent a clear message by not shaking hands with Magic '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Not only would it have saved him the smattering of grief he 's been getting from the media and fans the last few days , it just would have also been the right thing to do Jump up ^ Rhoden , William ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Handshake Is Not Too Much to Ask , Even From a King '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . It 's hard for me to congratulate somebody after you just lose to them ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron : Do what 's best for team '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitt Boyer , Mary ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James glad point - guard assignment is temporary '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins NBA 's 2009 -- 10 Most Valuable Player Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron 's triple - double not enough as Celtics move on to face Magic '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` NBA Playoffs Celtics Cavs Game 5 : Celtics dominate as LeBron James fails in the big time '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics hand Cavaliers worst home playoff loss in team history '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James goes home '' . ESPN The Magazine . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Free Agency : Who 's going where ? '' . ESPN . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron says he 'll sign with Miami Heat '' . Fox Sports . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` A look back at the fateful ' Decision ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James makes his pick : He 's going to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks , The Plain Dealer ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' ' Decision ' generated $6 million in ad revenue '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wade granted one of his wishes with Bosh coming to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Done deals : LeBron , Bosh and Wade sign six - year contracts '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Inside ' The Decision ' : Miami 's coup was a ' surprise ' built on long - coveted goal of James , Wade and Bosh '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , Ian ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Plot Starts Here ... Showtime Starts Here '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Biggane , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James admits Pat Riley sold him on being part of a family with Miami Heat '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Inside look at LeBron 's free - agent coup '' . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 ... the issue of James ' immaturity and downright disrespectfulness had become a consuming topic on the march to the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Open Letter to Fans from Cavaliers Majority Owner Dan Gilbert '' ( Press release ) . Cleveland Cavaliers . July 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ron , Nurwisah ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Plain Dealer 's final word on LeBron James '' . National Post . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ; Shipp , Catherine ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Criticism Grows as James Arrives in Miami '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Jordan would n't have called Magic , Bird '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Barry ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Magic Johnson Says He Would n't Have Joined Bird After LeBron James 's Move '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . From college , I was trying to figure out how to beat Larry Bird . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Lambasted LeBron conveniently sees hurtful role of race '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . He has catered to corporate America , mostly ignored issues that affect people of color , and then when so many people turned on James , he 's now suddenly seeing the racial light . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Jason ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Point the finger at yourself , LeBron '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . LeBron 's enablers are providing him the racial cocoon of denial . They 're giving LeBron an excuse to avoid dealing with his own bad ( The ) Decision . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Forbes : Vick , Tiger among most ' disliked ' athletes '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , Tom ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James expresses regrets about ' The Decision ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron 's decisive backlash tops all stories '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerasotis , Peter ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` For Miami Heat , High Hopes but Lower Volume '' . The New York Times . p . SP8 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moehringer , J.R. ( September 2010 ) . `` Into the Funhouse with King James '' . GQ . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . During that postmortem interview , when Moehringer asked James what he 'd change if he had a do - over , James replied , ' Nothing at all . ' Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` James Faces Jeering , but Little Competition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . ' If I had to go back on it , I probably would do it a little bit different , ' James said before the game . ' But I 'm happy with my decision . ' He declined to be more specific . ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com News Services ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Heat stars sign six - year deals '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Benjamin ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' choice puts Miami back in the game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heat throw welcome party for LeBron James , Chris Bosh '' . USA Today . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . With 13,000 fans chanting `` Yes We Did ! '' amid an atmosphere more suited to a rock concert than a basketball game , the Miami Heat welcomed the NBA 's newest trio of superstars Friday night for a celebration unlike just about any other in team history . Jump up ^ Wade , Dwyane ; Bosh , Chris ; James , LeBron ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` On Stage Interview with Wade , Bosh and James -- July 9 , 2010 '' . NBA.com ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Eric Reid . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Miami 's upgrade status holds lessons for Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Shift in Talent Fortifies Elite Teams '' . The New York Times . p . B -- 12 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . In that moment on July 9 , amid the pyrotechnics , the Miami Heat became a national Rorschach test . Everyone saw something : greatness , arrogance , self - indulgence , boldness , cowardice , pride , friendship , collusion , joy , cynicism , heroes , mercenaries . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Not 2 , not 3 , not 4 , not 5 , not 6 , not 7 ' titles ... None ? : Video '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : No more Mr. Bad Guy '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Magoloff , Scott ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James : A timeline of his Miami Heat career '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James returns to Cleveland '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron shrugs off boos in return to Cleveland to lead Heat to easy win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 - 11 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` 1 . One Year Later , Sweet Turnaround For James '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat 's LeBron James closes out Celtics in Game 5 : Video '' . cleveland.com . Associated Press . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Thunder pull away from Heat , win Game 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hollis , Charles ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Hot Corner : With NBA title at stake , LeBron James was a big flop '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldsberry , Kirk . `` The Evolution of King James '' . Grantland . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dwork , David ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Heat top Raptors , tie best start in franchise history '' . Hot Hot Hoops . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins 3rd NBA MVP award '' . CBS News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 20,000 th '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Roy Hibbert scores 19 and adds 18 boards as Pacers pound Heat '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James ' box score gem powers Heat '' . ESPN . ESPN Stats & Information . May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron eyeing ' point power forward ' role ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron James is embracing playing power forward for the Cavaliers like never before '' . cleveland.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` James Takes Game 6 Personally '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Finals take edge off season 's start '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat overcome Russell Westbrook 's 43 points , take 3 -- 1 Finals lead '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Heat dominate Thunder to win NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` MVP clear choice '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Best playoff runs : Players 1 - 5 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . 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Jump up ^ Garrison , Drew ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James says he went back to his ' Cleveland days ' in Game 5 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` Heat 's LeBron James eyes Finals rematch with Spurs : ' I 'm a much better player ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` What 's wrong with LeBron James ? '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Allen 's late 3 forces OT , Heat edge Spurs to force Game 7 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named Finals MVP '' . ESPN . ESPN.com News Services . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Finals Composite Box Score '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' 61 points in win set career , Heat records '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers get top seed in East as short - handed Heat fall to Wizards '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appleman , Jake ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Notebook : Heat 102 , Nets 96 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Legacy grows for Miami 's Big 3 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Air conditioning goes out in Game 1 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James leads all scorers with 35 points as Heat take Game 2 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs shake early deficit to snuff out Heat and win 5th NBA title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` LeBron breaks Scottie Pippen 's mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron becomes Cavs ' assist leader '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James will opt out of contract '' . SportsCenter . ESPN . June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James rejoins Cleveland Cavaliers in free agency '' . Sports Illustrated . USA Today . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Nice Rebound ! '' . Slate . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` God Loves Cleveland '' . Grantland . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Decision 2.0 : OK , What 's Next ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron deal has eye on future cap '' . ESPN.com . 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Associated Press . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejar , Alex ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James finished January with worst plus - minus of his career '' . ClutchPoints . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron breaks Jordan record as Cavs down Pelicans 107 - 102 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James reaches eighth straight NBA Finals as Cavaliers beat Celtics 87 - 79 in Game 7 '' . Chicago Tribune . May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NBA.com Staff ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James ' career playoffs buzzer - beaters '' . NBA . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors withstand James ' 51 points to win NBA Finals Game 1 '' . ESPN . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ; Windhorst , Brian ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James says he ' pretty much played the last three games with a broken hand ' '' . ESPN . 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Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` On LeBron James ' bold move to leave CAA , and the league - wide implications that could result '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taddeo , Lisa ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James 's Magnum - sized , Ultrashiny , Nike - powered Lawn Mower to the Next Century '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` LeBron James transitioning from businessman to a business , man '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winderman , , Ira ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Sun Sentinel : LeBron James to join Chris Bosh , Heat 's Dwyane Wade '' . SunSentinel . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron officially signs contract extension with Cavs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Megdal , Howard . `` LeBron James , decisions , and how Carmelo Anthony squandered all his leverage '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Opts Out of Contract '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Re-sign Forward LeBron James '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam , Amick . `` LeBron James gets two - year contract with Cavaliers '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers And LeBron James Sign Multi-Year Contract '' . NBA.com . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Pat . `` NBA Scoreboard Stats Standings Teams Players Odds LeBron James Just Became NBA 's Highest - Paid Player For First Time Ever '' . NESN . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic LeBron James banner getting championship upgrade '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ariel . `` You Can Now Buy The $51,500 LeBron James Limited Edition Watch By Audemars Piguet '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Highkin , Sean . `` Magic Johnson thinks LeBron does n't have enough endorsements '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' aims at China with pork donuts , LeBron James '' . Reuters . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James to endorse for McDonald 's '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James enters partnership with State Farm '' . USA Today . February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre signs UFC star Conor McGregor to endorsement deal as it moves deeper into popular culture '' . The Drum . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James Signs New Deal With Nike '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berman , John . `` Is LeBron James Worth $90 Million ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Ben . `` LeBron James reportedly leads all NBA players in U.S. shoe sales '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James in Deal With Fenway Sports '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 famous Liverpool fans from North America '' . Liverpool F.C. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` LeBron James passes Kobe Bryant on SI 's ' Fortunate 50 ' highest - earning athletes list '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` Heat look to target Carmelo Anthony '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes List 2016 '' . Forbes . June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : `` My Dream Is To Actually Own An NBA Team '' `` . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron , Kimmel to co-host ESPY Awards '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts : LeBron James '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebron James Matt Damon `` Entourage '' Cameo October 4 `` . Pop Crunch . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. `` LeBron James filming ' Trainwreck ' with Amy Schumer and other movie projects '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Movie Performance by an Active Professional Basketball Player '' . The New Yorker . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James 's confessional video web site for athletes gets investment from Turner and Warner Bros '' . Mashable . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' SpringHill Entertainment Signs Deal With Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Self - Love and Basketball '' . Slate . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD picks up ' Becoming ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King of Comedy : Trailer for LeBron 's new sitcom released '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBrons : Season 2 Kickoff Party with LeBron James '' . Houston Press . February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' reality TV show ' Cleveland Hustles ' to premiere Aug. 24 '' . Crain 's Cleveland Business . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Carter Effect '' Trailer `` . cowbellkingdom.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Look : LeBron , business partner dine with Drake '' . theScore.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' production company to remake 1990 hit ' House Party ' '' . ABC.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/19/587097707/laura-ingraham-told-lebron-james-to-shutup-and-dribble-he-went-to-the-hoop Jump up ^ `` LeBron doc ' Shut Up and Dribble ' set to air on TV '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Just Delivered Nikes He Helped Design for Kids With Disabilities '' . Global Citizen . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ EnStars ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Inspiring Videos : Cleveland Cavaliers Star LeBron James Pays Respect To A Fan In The Middle Of A Game '' . Enstarz . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBron James Family Foundation to Unveil its Brand New Website , LeBronJamesFamilyFoundation.org '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron 's bike event stresses education '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron James , Akron to fund 4 - year scholarships for I Promise students '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James donates $2.5 million to Smithsonian 's Muhammad Ali exhibit '' . ESPN.com . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins PBWA 's 2016 - 17 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/11/28/board-oks-plan-for-lebron-james-i-promise-school-in-akron/108092894/ Jump up ^ Singer , Michael . `` LeBron James : Opening school is my most important professional accomplishment '' . USA Today . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Michael . `` LeBron : No place for Sterling '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Draws Criticism For Stand on Darfur Issue '' . Yahoo . May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Cavalier Seeks Players ' Support for Darfur '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jonathan . `` On Darfur , LeBron James drops the ball '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Shelley ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron speaking out on Darfur '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Hill , Jemele . `` The Heat 's hoodies as change agent '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James : Bigger issues at play '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron , Irving in ' I Ca n't Breathe ' tees '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` Cavs ' LeBron James responds to racist graffiti on house with powerful statement '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Alysha . `` LeBron James saddened by Charlottesville : ' Make America Great Again huh ? ! ' '' . For The Win . USA Today . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ; Marissa Payne . `` LeBron James sticks up for Stephen Curry , calls President Trump a ' bum ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaydos , Ryan . `` LeBron : Trump is using sports to ' divide ' the country '' . New York Post . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieu , Amy . `` Trump tweet slams LeBron James , Don Lemon over CNN interview '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2018/8/4/17651332/lebron-james-donald-trump-tweets Jump up ^ `` Lebron donates cash to Obama '' . InsideHoops.com . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay - Z , LeBron James get out vote for Obama '' . msnbc . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lebron James lets fans know Love , genuine LOVE and FAITH they 'll get through '' . Hotnewhiphop . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Wiggins Named Naismith Player of the Year ; Quincy Lewis Named Coach of the Year '' . SLAM Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimala , Michael . `` Shabazz Muhammad is McDonald 's POY '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's High School Basketball All American Teams '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Cavaliers choose LeBron James with No. 1 pick in 2003 : NBA Draft rewind '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' Number Retired '' . Associated Press via cincinnati.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent - St. Mary High School . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent St. Mary . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists & Past Winners '' . Cleveland Sports Awards . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` LeBron James named 2013 AP Male Athlete of the Year '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Miami Heat 's LeBron James named SI 's Sportsman of the Year '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2012 '' . Sporting News . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA All - Decade Team '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ESPY Awards '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akron designates downtown street `` King James Way '' `` . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has honorary locker at OSU '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has football locker at OSU '' . Cavaliers 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 30 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James ' show ' Survivor 's Remorse ' begins second season '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Further reading Freedman , Lew ( 2008 ) . LeBron James : A Biography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34361 - 2 . Morgan , David Lee ( 2003 ) . LeBron James : The Rise of a Star . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 886228 - 74 - 4 . Pluto , Terry ; Windhorst , Brian ( 2007 ) . The Franchise : Lebron James and the Remaking of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 59851 - 028 - 2 . External links Find more aboutLeBron Jamesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website NBA.com Prospect Profile : LeBron James USA Basketball -- LeBron James 100 Olympic Athletes to Watch : 1 . LeBron James LeBron James ' 61 - point game vs Charlotte Bobcats on YouTube LeBron James on IMDb `` LeBron James collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Los Angeles Lakers current roster 0 Kuzma 1 Caldwell - Pope 2 Ball 3 Hart 4 Caruso ( TW ) 6 Stephenson 7 McGee 9 Deng 10 Mykhailiuk 11 Beasley 14 Ingram 15 Wagner 17 Bonga 18 Berry 19 Williams 21 Wear ( TW ) 23 James 30 Carroll 40 Zubac -- Rondo Head coach : Walton Assistant coaches : Keefe Madsen Mermuys Moser Murray Owens Robertson Shaw LeBron James Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games The Decision The Block Family Savannah James ( wife ) LeBron James Jr. ( son ) Films More than a Game Other Big Three ( Miami Heat ) I Promise School The LeBrons Links to related articles Mr. Basketball USA winners 1955 : Chamberlain 1956 : Robertson 1957 : Lucas 1958 : Lucas 1959 : Raftery 1960 : Hawkins 1961 : Bradley 1962 : Russell 1963 : Lacy 1964 : Alcindor 1965 : Alcindor 1966 : Murphy 1967 : Haywood 1968 : Westphal 1969 : McGinnis 1970 : McMillen 1971 : Lucas 1972 : Buckner 1973 : Dantley 1974 : Malone 1975 : Cartwright 1976 : Griffith 1977 : King 1978 : Aguirre 1979 : Kellogg 1980 : Rivers 1981 : Ewing 1982 : Tisdale 1983 : R. Williams 1984 : J. Williams 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bibby 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Lewis 1999 : Bender 2000 : Miles 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Telfair 2005 : Ellis 2006 : Oden 2007 : Mayo 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Kidd - Gilchrist 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams Gatorade High School Athlete of the Year Award Boys 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Paulus 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Barkley 2009 : Gilbert 2010 : Knight 2011 : Bundy 2012 : Gray 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Towns 2015 : Murray 2016 : Tatum 2017 : Gore Girls 2003 : Felix 2004 : Parker 2005 : Barboza 2006 : Charles 2007 : Moore 2008 : Price 2009 : Diggins 2010 : Ogwumike 2011 : Brian 2012 : Stewart 2013 : Andrews 2014 : Turner 2015 : Hill 2016 : McLaughlin 2017 : McLaughlin McDonald 's Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year 1997 : Battier 1998 : Curry 1999 : Williams 2000 : Duhon 2001 : Miles 2002 : Francis 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Monroe 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Parker 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Carter 2018 : Barrett McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. Curry 2002 : Redick 2003 : James 2004 : Howard & Smith 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Budinger & Durant 2007 : Beasley 2008 : Evans 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes & Sullinger 2011 : Gilchrist & McAdoo 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Ju. Jackson & Okafor 2015 : Diallo 2016 : F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson 2017 : Porter 2018 : Little Jordan Brand Classic All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 2002 : Stoudemire & May 2003 : James & Brown 2004 : Howard 2005 : Hansbrough & Blatche 2006 : Young & Durant 2007 : Greene & Fisher 2008 : Evans & Jennings 2009 : Favors & Sidney 2010 : Barnes & Irving 2011 : Davis & McAdoo 2012 : Purvis & Muhammad 2013 : Randle & Parker 2014 : Alexander & Okafor 2015 : Diallo & Trier 2016 : Fox & Monk 2017 : Bowen & Walker 2018 : Little & Williams 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz 2018 : Ayton NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant 2018 : Durant Miami Heat 2011 -- 12 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 5 Howard 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 13 Miller 14 Harris 15 Chalmers 21 Turiaf 22 Jones 30 Cole 31 Battier 40 Haslem 45 Pittman 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer De La Grana Regular season Playoffs Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 9 Lewis 11 Andersen 13 Miller 15 Chalmers 22 Jones 24 Varnado 30 Cole 31 Battier 34 Allen 40 Haslem 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer Craig Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. 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-3932011695439946259	2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles	2018 Australian Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2018 Australian Open -- men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's Singles 2018 Australian Open Champion Roger Federer Runner - up Marin Čilić Final score 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Details Draw 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women mixed WC Singles men women quad WC Doubles men women quad ← 2017 Australian Open 2019 → Main article : 2018 Australian Open Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title , defeating Marin Čilić in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 . It was Federer 's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record - equalling sixth Australian Open men 's singles title ( tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic ) . With the win , Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments ( six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon ) . Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in 1972 . The time span between Federer 's first Grand slam glory at Wimbledon and this latest , almost 15 years , is an Open era record in the men 's singles field . This was also the 10th time that Federer has defended a Grand Slam title , with the previous time being at the 2008 US Open . Čilić became the first Croatian player to reach a singles final at the Australian Open . Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP no . 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament . Nadal retained the top ranking by reaching the quarterfinals . This was the first time since the 2008 Wimbledon Championships that two unseeded players ( Chung Hyeon and Kyle Edmund ) reached the semifinals of the men 's singles event at a Grand Slam tournament , and the first time at the Australian Open since 1999 . Chung became the first South Korean player to reach the quarterfinals and semifinals of a Grand Slam event . Djokovic 's fourth - round loss to Chung was his first straight - sets loss at the Australian Open since 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Wildcards 4 Draw 4.1 Key 4.2 Finals 4.3 Top half 4.3. 1 Section 1 4.3. 2 Section 2 4.3. 3 Section 3 4.3. 4 Section 4 4.4 Bottom half 4.4. 1 Section 5 4.4. 2 Section 6 4.4. 3 Section 7 4.4. 4 Section 8 5 References Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Rafael Nadal ( Quarterfinals , retired ) 02 . Roger Federer ( Champion ) 03 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Quarterfinals ) 04 . Alexander Zverev ( Third round ) 05 . Dominic Thiem ( Fourth round ) 06 . Marin Čilić ( Final ) 07 . David Goffin ( Second round ) 08 . Jack Sock ( First round ) 09 . Stan Wawrinka ( Second round ) 10 . Pablo Carreño Busta ( Fourth round ) 11 . Kevin Anderson ( First round ) 12 . Juan Martín del Potro ( Third round ) 13 . Sam Querrey ( Second round ) 14 . Novak Djokovic ( Fourth round ) 15 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Third round ) 16 . John Isner ( First round ) 17 . Nick Kyrgios ( Fourth round ) 18 . Lucas Pouille ( First round ) 19 . Tomáš Berdych ( Quarterfinals ) 20 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( First round ) 21 . Albert Ramos - Viñolas ( Third round ) 22 . Milos Raonic ( First round ) 23 . Gilles Müller ( Third round ) 24 . Diego Schwartzman ( Fourth round ) 25 . Fabio Fognini ( Fourth round ) 26 . Adrian Mannarino ( Third round ) 27 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( First round ) 28 . Damir Džumhur ( Third round ) 29 . Richard Gasquet ( Third round ) 30 . Andrey Rublev ( Third round ) 31 . Pablo Cuevas ( Second round ) 32 . Mischa Zverev ( First round , retired ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Wildcards ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Main Draw Wildcard Entries Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Rafael Nadal 6 7 0 6 Marin Čilić 6 6 6 6 Marin Čilić 6 7 6 Kyle Edmund 6 Grigor Dimitrov 6 Kyle Edmund 6 6 6 6 Marin Čilić 7 6 Roger Federer 6 6 6 6 Tennys Sandgren 6 Chung Hyeon 6 7 6 Chung Hyeon Roger Federer 6 5 19 Tomáš Berdych 6 Roger Federer 7 6 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round R Nadal 6 6 6 V Estrella Burgos R Nadal 6 6 7 N Jarry 6 L Mayer 6 L Mayer 6 7 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 PR J Millman 7 6 6 28 D Džumhur B Ćorić 5 PR J Millman 5 6 P Lorenzi 6 6 6 28 D Džumhur 7 6 6 28 D Džumhur 7 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 6 24 D Schwartzman 6 5 6 11 24 D Schwartzman 7 D Lajović 6 7 9 24 D Schwartzman 6 6 6 Q C Ruud 6 6 7 11 Q C Ruud Q Q Halys 6 7 5 9 24 D Schwartzman 6 6 6 6 A Dolgopolov 7 6 6 A Dolgopolov 7 PR A Haider - Maurer 6 A Dolgopolov 7 6 6 M Ebden 6 6 6 M Ebden 6 16 J Isner 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 10 P Carreño Busta 7 7 6 WC J Kubler 5 6 5 10 P Carreño Busta 6 G Simon 7 6 6 G Simon 0 M Copil 5 10 P Carreño Busta 7 7 7 Q S Caruso 7 6 5 23 G Müller 6 6 5 5 M Jaziri 6 6 7 6 M Jaziri 5 7 6 F Delbonis 5 23 G Müller 7 6 6 6 23 G Müller 7 6 6 10 P Carreño Busta 7 6 6 31 P Cuevas 7 6 7 6 M Čilić 6 6 7 7 M Youzhny 6 5 31 P Cuevas 6 D Sela 7 6 5 R Harrison 6 7 6 R Harrison 6 5 7 6 R Harrison 6 6 Q D Brown 6 7 6 M Čilić 7 6 7 J Sousa 6 6 6 6 J Sousa 5 Q V Pospisil 6 6 6 M Čilić 6 7 6 6 M Čilić 6 6 7 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round G Dimitrov 6 6 6 Q D Novak G Dimitrov 6 6 0 8 Q M McDonald 6 6 6 Q M McDonald 6 6 6 Q E Ymer 6 G Dimitrov 6 6 6 M Baghdatis 7 6 6 30 A Rublev 6 Q Y Bhambri 6 M Baghdatis 7 D Ferrer 5 7 7 30 A Rublev 6 6 6 6 30 A Rublev 7 6 6 6 6 G Dimitrov 7 7 7 17 N Kyrgios 6 6 6 17 N Kyrgios 6 6 6 6 R Dutra Silva 17 N Kyrgios 7 6 7 V Troicki 6 6 6 6 V Troicki 5 6 WC A Bolt 7 6 17 N Kyrgios 7 7 7 S Tsitsipas 6 15 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 6 D Shapovalov 6 6 7 D Shapovalov 6 6 6 5 Q K King 15 J-W Tsonga 6 7 7 15 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 K Anderson 7 6 K Edmund 6 6 6 6 K Edmund 6 6 6 P-H Herbert 7 6 D Istomin D Istomin 6 6 5 7 K Edmund 7 6 7 G Melzer 6 N Basilashvili 6 6 6 0 5 N Basilashvili 6 6 6 N Basilashvili 7 6 6 Q R Bemelmans 6 6 6 7 Q R Bemelmans 5 18 L Pouille 7 6 K Edmund 6 7 6 6 27 P Kohlschreiber 6 0 6 A Seppi 7 5 PR Y Nishioka 6 6 6 PR Y Nishioka A Seppi 6 6 6 A Seppi 6 6 6 WC C Moutet 6 A Seppi 6 7 6 6 9 I Karlović 7 6 7 I Karlović 6 7 7 7 L Đere 6 6 I Karlović 7 6 7 12 Y Sugita 6 7 5 6 Y Sugita 6 7 5 6 10 8 J Sock 6 7 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 D Thiem 6 6 6 G Pella 5 D Thiem 6 6 6 6 S Johnson 7 6 Q D Kudla 7 6 Q D Kudla 6 6 7 6 5 D Thiem 6 6 7 Q V Šafránek 26 A Mannarino 5 J Veselý 6 6 6 J Veselý 6 7 LL M Berrettini 26 A Mannarino 6 7 5 6 26 A Mannarino 6 6 6 5 D Thiem 6 6 7 20 R Bautista Agut 5 5 T Sandgren 6 7 6 6 F Verdasco 6 7 7 F Verdasco 6 6 6 C-M Stebe 0 M Marterer 6 7 6 M Marterer 6 6 6 M Marterer 7 5 6 J Chardy 6 T Sandgren 5 6 7 7 T Sandgren 6 7 6 T Sandgren 6 6 6 PR R Berankis 6 6 9 S Wawrinka 9 S Wawrinka 6 6 7 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 N Djokovic 6 6 6 D Young 14 N Djokovic 6 6 6 G Monfils 6 7 6 G Monfils 6 Q J Munar 6 14 N Djokovic 6 6 6 WC T Smyczek 6 6 6 6 21 A Ramos Viñolas WC A Popyrin 7 WC T Smyczek 6 J Donaldson 21 A Ramos Viñolas 6 6 7 21 A Ramos Viñolas 6 6 6 14 N Djokovic 6 5 6 32 M Zverev H Chung 7 7 7 H Chung 6 H Chung 7 6 6 WC T Kokkinakis 7 6 D Medvedev 6 D Medvedev 6 6 7 6 H Chung 5 7 6 6 M Kukushkin A Zverev 7 6 6 0 P Gojowczyk 6 6 6 P Gojowczyk 6 T Fabbiano 6 5 A Zverev 6 6 6 A Zverev 6 7 7 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 7 D Goffin 6 6 6 6 Q M Bachinger 7 7 D Goffin 6 6 6 J Benneteau 6 7 6 6 J Benneteau 7 6 7 T Daniel 7 6 J Benneteau 6 6 E Donskoy 6 6 6 25 F Fognini 6 6 6 F Mayer E Donskoy 6 H Zeballos 5 25 F Fognini 6 6 6 25 F Fognini 6 6 7 25 F Fognini 19 T Berdych 6 6 6 19 T Berdych 6 6 6 WC A de Minaur 6 0 19 T Berdych 6 6 6 G García López 6 6 6 6 G García López 6 B Paire 0 7 19 T Berdych 6 6 6 K Khachanov 7 7 6 12 JM del Potro LL P Polansky 6 6 K Khachanov 6 7 F Tiafoe 12 JM del Potro 6 7 6 6 12 JM del Potro 6 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 S Querrey 6 6 6 F López 13 S Querrey 6 6 R Albot 6 5 M Fucsovics 6 7 6 M Fucsovics 6 6 7 M Fucsovics 6 6 6 N Kicker 6 6 6 N Kicker J Thompson 6 6 N Kicker 6 7 7 L Lacko 6 7 6 7 L Lacko 5 6 5 22 M Raonic 7 5 6 M Fucsovics 6 29 R Gasquet 6 6 7 R Federer 6 7 6 B Kavčič 5 29 R Gasquet 6 6 6 Q L Sonego 6 7 6 7 Q L Sonego R Haase 5 7 5 29 R Gasquet 5 WC S-w Kwon R Federer 6 7 6 J-L Struff 6 6 6 J-L Struff 6 A Bedene R Federer 6 6 7 R Federer 6 6 6 References ( edit ) General Draw Specific Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins sixth Australian Open and 20th Grand Slam title '' . BBC Sport. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Federer wins record 20th Grand Slam title with five - set win over Cilic '' . tennis.com. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins Australian Open and 20th major after beating Marin Cilic '' . CNN.com. 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer beats Marin Cilic to win Australian Open 2018 men 's singles final -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` From Milan To Melbourne , Chung Keeps Surging '' . atpworldtour.com. 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Peter ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Hyeon Chung takes South Korean tennis to the world '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Five takeaways from Hyeon Chung 's Aussie Open win over Novak Djokovic '' . Tennis.com. 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Australian Open ( Open Era ) singles drawsheets Men 's singles 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 Jan Dec 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's singles 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 Jan Dec 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open men 's singles drawsheets Pre-Open era 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Open era 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open men 's singles champions ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1971 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1972 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) John Newcombe ( 1976 ) Mark Edmondson ( 1977 ( Jan ) ) Roscoe Tanner ( 1977 ( Dec ) ) Vitas Gerulaitis ( 1978 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1979 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1980 ) Brian Teacher ( 1981 ) Johan Kriek ( 1982 ) Johan Kriek ( 1983 ) Mats Wilander ( 1984 ) Mats Wilander ( 1985 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1986 ) Not Held ( 1987 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1990 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1991 ) Boris Becker ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Jim Courier ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Andre Agassi ( 1996 ) Boris Becker ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Petr Korda ( 1999 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 2000 ) Andre Agassi ( 2001 ) Andre Agassi ( 2002 ) Thomas Johansson ( 2003 ) Andre Agassi ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Marat Safin ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Stanislas Wawrinka ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Roger Federer ( 2018 ) Roger Federer 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Pune ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Uniondale ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Australian_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 841129570 '' Categories : 2018 Australian Open Australian Open ( tennis ) by year -- Men 's Singles 2018 ATP World Tour Hidden categories : Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 05 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the mens single title in the australian open tennis tournament 2018	[ "Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, 6–2, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 3–6, 6–1. It was Federer's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record-equalling sixth Australian Open men's singles title (tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic).[1] With the win, Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments (six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon). Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in 1972.[2] The time span between Federer's first Grand slam glory at Wimbledon and this latest, almost 15 years, is an Open era record in the men's singles field.[3] This was also the 10th time that Federer has defended a Grand Slam title, with the previous time being at the 2008 US Open. Čilić became the first Croatian player to reach a singles final at the Australian Open.[4]" ]	[ "Roger Federer" ]
-4986287946977277540	Witch-king of Angmar	Witch - king of Angmar - wikipedia Witch - king of Angmar Jump to : navigation , search Witch - king of Angmar Tolkien 's legendarium character Aliases Black Captain Lord of the Nazgûl Chieftain of the Ringwraiths Race Nazgûl , men The Witch - king of Angmar , also known as the Lord of the Nazgûl and the Black Captain , is a character in Tolkien 's legendarium . In J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings , he is the chief of the Nazgûl or `` Ringwraiths '' , the chief servants of the Dark Lord , Sauron . His name is not revealed in any of Tolkien 's writings , nor are the names of any of the other Nazgûl except Khamûl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 1.1 Origin 1.2 Campaign against Arnor 1.3 Pursuit of the Ring 1.4 Campaign against Gondor 2 Adaptations 3 References 4 External links Literature ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) In the manuscript of his notes for translators Tolkien stated that the Witch - king 's name and background were not recorded , but that he was probably of Númenórean descent . In the Second Age , the Rings of Power were forged by the Elves of Eregion under Sauron 's direction , and nine of these were given to men of the time , one of whom became the Witch - king . The rings gave them immense power , and they `` became mighty in their day , kings , sorcerers , and warriors of old . '' The rings also made them immortal , but eventually corrupted them , turning them into the ghastly , undead Nazgûl . The Witch - king became their leader , and as Lord of the Nazgûl served as Sauron 's second in command for over 4000 years . Campaign against Arnor ( edit ) A millennium into the Third Age , the Witch - king reappeared in Angmar , a realm in the far North straddling the Misty Mountains . He quickly dominated Angmar , and turned to wage war against the three splinter kingdoms of Arnor ( Arthedain , Rhudaur , and Cardolan ) ; for Sauron , seeing that Gondor remained strong , sought to capitalise on the dissension among the northern kingdoms . It was during these northern wars , prosecuted against the Dúnedain for the next several hundred years , that the King of Angmar became known as the Witch - king . Rhudaur was soon compromised ; power there was seized by evil Hillmen allied with Angmar . Argeleb I of Arthedain fortified the border against Rhudaur along the Weather Hills , but was killed in battle with Angmar and Rhudaur . The Witch - king then invaded Cardolan . King Arveleg I of Arthedain was killed defending Weathertop , but the palantír there was saved and moved to Fornost . The last Prince of Cardolan was killed , and most of the Dúnedain of Rhudaur were killed or driven out . Later the Great Plague destroyed many of the remaining Dúnedain of Cardolan , and evil spirits from Rhudaur and Angmar infested the burial mounds in the Barrow - downs . Only Arthedain remained to resist the Witch - king ( though with frequent help from both Lindon and Rivendell ) . Araval won a victory over Angmar and sought to reoccupy Cardolan , but the barrow - wights terrified all who tried to live near the Barrows . Finally , as it became apparent that Angmar was preparing another attack , Arvedui appealed for help from King Eärnil II of Gondor . But before help could arrive , Angmar overran Arthedain . The Witch - king captured Fornost Erain , the capital of Arthedain . Arvedui fled north , only to drown in the Ice Bay of Forochel early the next year when the ship from Lindon that rescued him sank . The following summer , arriving too late to save Arvedui , Prince Eärnur of Gondor landed at the harbours of Mithlond with an army from Gondor . The Elves of Lindon and the remnant of the northern Dúnedain joined his army and the combined forces marched against the Witch - king . On the plains west of Fornost Eärnur 's army met the army of Angmar , which was forced to retreat toward Fornost . As his army was routed , the Witch - king fled north toward Carn Dûm in Angmar ; but Eärnur and Glorfindel , with reinforcements from Rivendell , pursued the retreating party and defeated them . In the process the Witch - king caused the panic of much of Gondor 's cavalry , including Eärnur 's horse . But with the appearance of Glorfindel the Witch - king fled into the gathering darkness . Eärnur attempted to follow him , but Glorfindel stopped the prince and prophesied , `` Do not pursue him ! He will not return to these lands . Far off yet is his doom , and not by the hand of man will he fall . '' Pursuit of the Ring ( edit ) The Witch - king returned to Mordor and led the Nazgûl in the siege of Minas Ithil . The city soon fell to the Nazgûl , and was known afterward as Minas Morgul , the Tower of Black Sorcery . Here the Witch - king made his stronghold , and he was called `` the Lord of Morgul '' . When King Eärnil II of Gondor died , his son Eärnur , the Witch - king 's old enemy , inherited the throne . The Witch - king challenged him to single combat , but Eärnur refused . Seven years later , the Witch - king again challenged him ; this time the king accepted . Eärnur rode out of Minas Tirith to meet the Witch - king in Minas Morgul . He entered the city 's gates and was never seen again . From this time the Stewards of Gondor ruled the kingdom on behalf of the absent line of kings . During the time of the events of The Lord of the Rings , Sauron learned from Gollum that the One Ring was held by a hobbit named Baggins in a land called `` Shire '' . Sauron sent the Ringwraiths forth to search for the Ring . The Riders did not at first know the location of the Shire , and were dispelled by Saruman from Isengard , but when they came by chance upon Gríma Wormtongue in Rohan , he told them what he knew of Saruman 's plans , including his interest in the Shire and the Shire 's location . The Witch - king and the other Nazgûl rode from Mordor and Dol Guldur searching for the Shire . Four entered the Shire , and found that `` Baggins '' had moved to Buckland . Several Nazgûl attacked Gandalf on Weathertop and tried to ambush Frodo Baggins in Buckland and at Bree . Five , including the Witch - king , finally found Frodo on Weathertop with the other hobbits , accompanied by the Ranger Aragorn . The Ringwraiths attacked the party , and the Witch - king wounded Frodo with a Morgul - blade . Frodo 's wound threatened to turn him into a wraith under the control of the Nazgûl . As the company made for Rivendell , the realm of Elrond Half - elven , they met Glorfindel , who loaned Frodo his horse , Asfaloth . Pursued by all nine Nazgûl , the horse carried Frodo across the Bruinen . From the far bank , Frodo defied the Nazgûl . When the Witch - king rode into the water , Elrond , who controlled the river , released a flood that caught three Nazgûl and their horses . Glorfindel advanced and drove the terrified horses of the remaining Nazgûl into the flood . The horses drowned and all nine Nazgûl were swept away . Campaign against Gondor ( edit ) On their return to Mordor , the Nazgûl were remounted on great winged beasts . The Witch - king returned to Minas Morgul to prepare the assault upon Gondor . His forces attacked Faramir 's Rangers in the Battle of Osgiliath and drove them back across the Anduin . The Witch - king soon led large numbers of Orcs , Haradrim , and Easterlings to besiege Minas Tirith in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . After the gates of the city were broken , he rode to enter the city but was prevented from entering by Gandalf . Recalled to the battle by the unexpected advance of the Rohirrim , the Witch - king attacked Théoden , who had outrun his own riders . Snowmane , Théoden 's horse , was struck by a dart and fell upon Théoden . As the Witch - king approached him for the kill , Éowyn , the king 's niece , barred his way . She decapitated his mount , and the Witch - king replied with a powerful blow from his mace , breaking her arm and her shield . As he prepared to finish her off , the hobbit Meriadoc Brandybuck stabbed the back of the Witch - king 's knee with a Dúnedain dagger which bore enchantments deadly to the Witch - king . Éowyn then thrust her sword into the void between the Witch - king 's crown and torso . Her sword shattered but the Witch - king 's clothing fell to the ground and he vanished with a wailing cry . This fulfilled the prophecy of Glorfindel , for the Witch - king fell not by `` the hand of man '' , but by a woman and a hobbit . Adaptations ( edit ) The Witch - king ( played by Lawrence Makoare ) in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Cover of the video game The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king The Witch - king appears in all adaptations of The Lord of the Rings for film , radio and stage . In Ralph Bakshi 's adaptation , he is voiced by William Squire and appears mostly as a black armoured figure , having removed his cloak following the attack on the Hobbits in Bree . The Witch - king appears in the Rankin / Bass adaptation of The Return of the King . His physical appearance is much the same as described in the novel , with an invisible head with a crown on top and two red eyes as his only visible feature . His voice was provided by John Stephenson . In New Line Cinema 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson , the Witch - king is portrayed by Brent McIntyre , in flashback by Ben Price in The Fellowship of the Ring , and by Lawrence Makoare in The Return of the King . In both movies he was voiced by Andy Serkis . In the first film , the Witch - king leads the Nazgûl in pursuing Frodo and his friends all the way to Weathertop . The Witch - king stabs Frodo with his Morgul blade before being driven off by Aragorn , and pursues the Hobbit and Arwen with the other Nazgûl before they are swept away by a flood that Arwen summons . In The Return of the King , the Witch - king leads his forces from Minas Morgul in the siege of Minas Tirith . During the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , after mortally wounding Théoden , the Witch - king overpowers Éowyn with his sword and a huge flail . While Éowyn in the book reveals herself as a woman before the fight , the Witch - king in the film is unaware of her true identity until Merry wounds him sufficiently for Éowyn to land the deathblow . In the extended edition , the Witch - king flies up to Minas Tirith , confronts Gandalf , but breaks the wizard 's staff before being interrupted by the Rohirrim . The original helmet designed for the Witch - king in The Return of the King was similar to an illustration by John Howe , and this original armour can be seen in the game adaptation by Electronic Arts ; but crew members who had not read the books were confused over whether it was Sauron or the Witch - king on the battlefield . This prompted WETA to revise the helmet 's design to be more suggestive of a Black Rider ; his scenes were then re-shot during the 2003 pick - ups . The Witch - king also appears in Jackson 's Hobbit trilogy , first when he attacks Radagast in Dol Guldur as a spectral ghostly figure wielding a Morgul blade . In a departure from the book ( where he fled from Angmar to Minas Morgul ) , the Witch - king 's mortal body was buried in the High Fells of Rhudaur with the other fallen kings , and their tombs are sealed with magic . But the Nazgûl are summoned to Dol Guldur by Sauron in his guise as the Necromancer , and appear as spectral beings wearing Morgul armour in the third film when they fight the White Council . In the video game Shadow of War the Witch - king makes an appearance as a boss . References ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal Jump up ^ Quoted in Hammond & Scull , Reader 's Companion , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , The Silmarillion , `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' , p 289 . ^ Jump up to : The Return of the King , Appendix A ( I , iii ) . Jump up ^ The Peoples of Middle - earth , `` The Heirs of Elendil '' , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : The Return of the King , Appendix A ( I , iv ) . External links ( edit ) Witch - king of Angmar on IMDb `` Witch - king of Angmar '' . Tolkien Gateway . Witch - king of Angmar at The Thain 's Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II Kingdom O ' Magic The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witch-king_of_Angmar&oldid=807118895 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings characters Fictional characters introduced in 1954 Fictional henchmen Fictional kings Fictional swordsmen Fictional undead Fictional characters who use magic Middle - earth characters Middle - earth rulers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 01 : 03 . 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-7131606088645665042	List of Game of Thrones episodes	List of Game of Thrones episodes - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones episodes Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R.R. Martin . The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . The series starts when House Stark , led by Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn ( Robert 's chief advisor ) dies mysteriously . The series premiered on April 17 , 2011 , on HBO . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss , Frank Doelger , Bernadette Caulfield and George R.R. Martin . Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations , including Croatia , Northern Ireland , Iceland and Spain . Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm Eastern Time , and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length . The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu - ray . The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016 , which premiered on July 16 , 2017 and consisted of seven episodes . The series will conclude with its eighth season , which will consist of six episodes . As of August 27 , 2017 , 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired , concluding the seventh season . The show 's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2016 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 3 Home media releases 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 10 April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.52 10 April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 3.80 10 March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 4.97 10 April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 6.84 5 10 April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 6.88 6 10 April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 7.69 7 7 July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 10.26 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The North Remembers '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 3.86 12 `` The Night Lands '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 3.76 13 `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 3.77 14 `` Garden of Bones '' David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 3.65 15 5 `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' David Petrarca David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 3.90 16 6 `` The Old Gods and the New '' David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 3.88 17 7 `` A Man Without Honor '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 3.69 18 8 `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 3.86 19 9 `` Blackwater '' Neil Marshall George R.R. Martin May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 3.38 20 10 `` Valar Morghulis '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 4.20 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Valar Dohaeris '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 4.37 22 `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' Daniel Minahan Vanessa Taylor April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 4.27 23 `` Walk of Punishment '' David Benioff David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 4.72 24 `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 4.87 25 5 `` Kissed by Fire '' Alex Graves Bryan Cogman April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 5.35 26 6 `` The Climb '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 5.50 27 7 `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' Michelle MacLaren George R.R. Martin May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 4.84 28 8 `` Second Sons '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 5.13 29 9 `` The Rains of Castamere '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 5.22 30 10 `` Mhysa '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 5.39 Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Two Swords '' D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 6.64 32 `` The Lion and the Rose '' Alex Graves George R.R. Martin April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 6.31 33 `` Breaker of Chains '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 6.59 34 `` Oathkeeper '' Michelle MacLaren Bryan Cogman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 6.95 35 5 `` First of His Name '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 7.16 36 6 `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.40 37 7 `` Mockingbird '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 7.20 38 8 `` The Mountain and the Viper '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 7.17 39 9 `` The Watchers on the Wall '' Neil Marshall David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 6.95 40 10 `` The Children '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 7.09 Season 5 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Wars to Come '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 8.00 42 `` The House of Black and White '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 6.81 43 `` High Sparrow '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 6.71 44 `` Sons of the Harpy '' Mark Mylod Dave Hill May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 6.82 45 5 `` Kill the Boy '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 6.56 46 6 `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 6.24 47 7 `` The Gift '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 5.40 48 8 `` Hardhome '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 7.01 49 9 `` The Dance of Dragons '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 7.14 50 10 `` Mother 's Mercy '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 8.11 Season 6 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 Home media releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD and Blu - ray release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 10 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 10 February 19 , 2013 March 4 , 2013 March 6 , 2013 10 February 18 , 2014 February 17 , 2014 February 19 , 2014 10 February 17 , 2015 February 16 , 2015 February 18 , 2015 5 10 March 15 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 March 16 , 2016 6 10 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 7 7 December 12 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 Ratings ( edit ) Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Josh ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Where HBO 's hit ' Game of Thrones ' was filmed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts a bear and shoots in Los Angeles for major Season 3 scene '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Stephen ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones fifth series : more than 10,000 Spaniards apply to be extras '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Episode 9 : What Time & Channel Does It Air Tonight ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . HBO . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Picked Up For Season 7 , ' Veep ' & ' Silicon Valley ' Also Renewed By HBO '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : 10 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets We Learned From the SXSW Panel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 finale smashes more records for HBO '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Kourtney & Kim Take Miami ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' NBA Playoffs ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & Moreh '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta , ' ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- HBO 's Official Press Release with Full Details of The Complete 1st Season on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 1 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with The Complete 2nd Season : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 2 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- 2014 Release Date , Package Art for The Complete 3rd Season , on DVD , Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 3 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' Press Release : Date , Art , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 4 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 5 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 ( Blu - ray + Amazon Exclusive Bonus Disc ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Official website Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes&oldid=802553687 '' Categories : Game of Thrones episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does episode 5 come out for game of thrones	[ "\n\n5\n10\nApril 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)\nJune 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)\n6.88[17]\n" ]	[ "April 12, 2015" ]
7056579023864054913	Shirley Henderson	Shirley Henderson - wikipedia Shirley Henderson Jump to : navigation , search Shirley Henderson Shirley Henderson in 2009 ( 1965 - 11 - 24 ) 24 November 1965 ( age 52 ) Forres , Moray , Scotland Occupation Actress Years active 1987 -- present Website Talent agency Shirley Henderson ( born 24 November 1965 ) is a Scottish actress . She played Gail in Trainspotting ( 1996 ) , Jude in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , and Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . Her other films include Topsy - Turvy ( 1999 ) , Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself ( 2002 ) , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) , Frozen ( 2005 ) , Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day ( 2008 ) , Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) , and the Netflix film Okja ( 2017 ) . On television , she starred opposite Robert Carlyle in the BBC series Hamish Macbeth ( 1995 -- 1997 ) . In 2014 , she received a BAFTA TV Award nomination for the Channel 4 miniseries Southcliffe ( 2013 ) . She has also featured as Frances Drummond in the BBC drama Happy Valley ( 2016 ) . She won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 2018 for her role as Elizabeth in Girl from the North Country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Theatre 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Henderson was born in Forres , Moray , but grew up in Kincardine , Fife . As a child , she began singing in local clubs , at charity events , holiday camps and even a boxing contest . Having joined an after - school drama club , Henderson attended Fife College at the age of 16 , where she completed a one - year course resulting in a National Certificate in Theatre Arts . She moved to London at 17 where she spent three years at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama , graduating in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Henderson got her first big break when Leonard White cast her as the lead in the children 's television drama Shadow of the Stone on ITV . After this , she spent the majority of her twenties concentrating on performing a wide variety of roles in the theatre . Early 1990 saw her return to television screens when she appeared in the third series of the wartime drama series Wish Me Luck and in Clarissa ( 1991 ) . More stage work followed before she landed the key role of Isobel in the popular BBC series Hamish Macbeth in 1995 . Henderson then moved into films , playing Morag in Rob Roy ( 1995 ) and Spud 's girlfriend Gail in Danny Boyle 's Trainspotting ( 1996 ) . She continued her work in the theatre , including many productions at the National Theatre in London . The following year , she appeared in Mike Leigh 's Topsy - Turvy -- which also provided an opportunity for her to show off her singing skills -- and Michael Winterbottom 's Wonderland . She played Jude in all three Bridget Jones films and Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . She co-starred in the British film Close Your Eyes ( 2002 ) along with Goran Višnjić and Miranda Otto and also played French princess Sophie - Philippine in Sofia Coppola 's Marie Antoinette ( 2006 ) . Henderson pictured in 2009 She played the school matron in Nick Moore 's 2008 film Wild Child . Small - screen appearances have included playing Marie Melmotte in The Way We Live Now ( 2001 ) ; Catherine of Braganza in Charles II : The Power and The Passion ( 2003 ) ; Charlotte in Dirty Filthy Love ( 2004 ) ; Ursula Blake in the Doctor Who episode `` Love & Monsters '' ( 2006 ) ; Emmeline Fox in The Crimson Petal and the White ( 2011 ) ; DS Angela Young in Death in Paradise ( 2011 ) ; and Meg Hawkins in Treasure Island ( 2012 ) . She played Karen , the lead role , opposite John Simm in Channel 4 's Everyday and Meme Kartosov in Anna Karenina . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1991 Advocates I Andrea aka The Advocates 1994 Salt on Our Skin Mary 1995 Rob Roy Morag Trainspotting Gail 1998 Speak Like a Child Woman in Dream uncredited 1999 Topsy - Turvy Leonora Braham Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Wonderland Debbie 2000 The Claim Annie 2001 Bridget Jones 's Diary Jude 2002 The Girl in the Red Dress Gaynor Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Moaning Myrtle Doctor Sleep Detective Janet Losey Once Upon a Time in the Midlands Shirley 24 Hour Party People Lindsay Wilson Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself Alice Bordeaux International Festival of Women in Cinema : Best Actress Nominated -- British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor / Actress Villa des roses Ella Nominated -- British Independent Film Award for Best Actress 2003 American Cousins Alice Cherbourg - Octeville Festival of Irish & British Film : Best Actress Newport Beach Film Festival : Feature Film -- Best Actress -- Comedy Intermission Sally Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year Fishy Glenda Sands AfterLife Ruby Yes Cleaner Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason Jude 2005 A Cock and Bull Story Susannah aka Tristram Shandy : A Cock and Bull Story The Girl in the Red Dress Gaynor short Angers European First Film Festival : Mademoiselle Ladubay Award Frozen Kath BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actress in a Scottish Film Cherbourg - Octeville Festival of Irish & British Film : Best Actress Créteil International Women 's Film Festival : Special Mention Marrakech International Film Festival : Best Actress Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Moaning Myrtle 2006 Marie Antoinette Aunt Sophie Ma Boy Ali 2007 I Really Hate My Job Alice 2008 Wild Child Matron Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day Edythe Dubarry 2009 Life During Wartime Joy Nominated -- Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast Meek 's Cutoff Glory White The Nutcracker in 3D The Nutcracker voice only 2012 Everyday Karen Anna Karenina Meme Kartasov 2013 The Look of Love Rustie Humphries In Secret Suzanne Filth Bunty 2015 Tale of Tales Imma Urban Hymn Kate 2016 Bridget Jones 's Baby Jude 2017 T2 Trainspotting Gail Okja Jennifer Never Steady , Never Still Judy 2018 Stan and Ollie Lucille Hardy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Shadow of the Stone Elizabeth Findlay Wish Me Luck Sylvie 5 episodes Casualty Denise 1 episode 1991 Dreaming Pauline TV movie Clarissa Sally TV movie 1994 The Bill Kelly Rogers 1 episode 1995 Hamish Macbeth Isobel Sutherland 19 episodes ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Bumping the Odds Lynette TV movie 2000 Animated Tales of the World Malmhin 2001 The Way We Live Now Marie Melmotte 4 episodes Nominated -- Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor -- Female In a Land of Plenty Anne Marie 1 episode 2003 Charles II : The Power and The Passion Catherine of Braganza 4 episodes Dirty Filthy Love Charlotte TV movie Nominated -- Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor -- Female 2005 ShakespeaRe - Told Katherine Minola The Taming of the Shrew Einstein 's Big Idea Mileva Maric 1 episode 2006 Doctor Who Ursula Blake 1 episode : `` Love & Monsters '' 2007 Wedding Belles Kelly TV movie 2008 Agatha Christie 's Marple : Murder Is Easy Honoria Waynflete TV movie 2009 May Contain Nuts Alice TV movie 2011 The Crimson Petal and the White Emmeline Fox Death in Paradise DS Angela Young The Gruffalo 's Child The Gruffalo 's Child 2012 Treasure Island Meg Hawkins TV movie 2013 Southcliffe Claire Salter Nominated -- BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress 2014 Jamaica Inn Hannah 2016 Happy Valley Frances Drummond Series 2 Theatre ( edit ) Girl From the North Country ... Elizabeth Laine ; Noël Coward Theatre , London ; 30 Dec 2017 -- 24 Mar 2018 ( director : Conor McPherson ) Girl From the North Country ... Elizabeth Laine ; Old Vic , London ; 8 July -- 7 October 2017 ( director : Conor McPherson ) Anna Weiss ... Lynn ; Whitehall Theatre , London ; 22 November -- 18 December 1999 ( author : Mike Cullen , director Michael Attenborough ) Shining Souls ... Mandy ; Old Vic , London ; 9 November -- 1 December 1997 ( director : Chris Hannan ) The Maiden Stone ... Mary ; Hampstead Theatre , London ; 1999 ( director : Matthew Lloyd ) The House of Bernarda Alba ... Stuart Davids ; The Tramway , Glasgow ; 10 -- 20 September 1997 ( author : Federico García Lorca ; director : Stuart Davids ) Shining Souls ... Mandy ; 1997 The Life of Stuff ... Evelyn , Traverse Theatre , Edinburgh ; 1996 ( director : John Mitchell ) The Mill on the Floss ... Maggie Tulliver ; Tricycle Theatre Shared Experience ; 1994 ( author : George Eliot , director : Nancy Meckler ) Romeo and Juliet ... Juliet ; Citizens Theatre , Glasgow ; 1993 ( author : William Shakespeare , director : Giles Havergal ) Lions in the Street ... Isobel ; Hampstead Theatre , London ; 1993 ( author : Paul Hoffman , director : Matthew Lloyd ) Eurydice ... Eurydice ; Festival Theatre , Chichester ; 1993 ( director : Michael Rudman ) My Mother Said I Never Should ... Rosie ; Royal Court Theatre , London ; 1989 ( author : Charlotte Keatley , director : Michael Attenborough ) The Winter 's Tale ... Perdita ; Royal National Theatre , London ; 1988 ( author : William Shakespeare , director : Peter Hall ) The Tempest ... Miranda ; Royal National Theatre , London ; 1988 ( author : William Shakespeare , director : Peter Hall ) Entertaining Strangers ... Fanny ; 1987 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Douglas Mayo `` Olivier Awards 2018 -- The Winners '' , 9 April 2018 ( Retrieved : 9 April 2019 ) ^ Jump up to : Gilbey , Ryan ; `` Shirley Henderson : The rise of little voice '' Independent.co.uk , 5 December 2003 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` The Way We Live Now : Who 's Who : Marie Melmotte -- Shirley Henderson '' PBS.org ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Neill , Heather ; `` Mistress of the roles '' Independent.co.uk , 13 October 2002 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Hooton , Amanda ; `` Shirley Henderson -- Ferocious fairy '' The Scotsman Weekend , 15 March 1997 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Shimmon , Katie ; `` College days : Shirley Henderson , actress '' Guardian.co.uk , 13 January 2004 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ McLean , Gareth ; `` Shirley , by degrees '' Guardian.co.uk , 6 November 2004 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Guildhall School of Music and Drama : Alumni '' Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . GSMD.ac.uk ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Woods , Judith ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Happy Valley 's Shirley Henderson : ' I did n't realise I was that terrifying ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Gruffalo 's Child '' . BBC One . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cast interviews : Shirley Henderson -- Claire Salter '' . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Girl From the North Country , Noël Coward Theatre , review The Daily Telegraph , 11 January 2018 ( Retrieved : 17 March 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` Girl From the North Country Review '' theguardian.com ( Retrieved : 18 September 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Archive page for Anna Weiss '' Archived 13 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Albemarle-London.com ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Benedict , David ; `` Reviews : Theatre ; One wedding , whose funeral ? '' Independent.co.uk , 12 November 1997 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` The House of Bernarda Alba '' Arts-Archive.com ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Sue ; `` Aiming high , but falling short '' The Independent , 16 September 1997 ( Retrieved : 22 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Royal National Theater Catalogue ; `` ROLE120486 overview '' Royal National Theater Archives ( Retrieved : 5 September 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shirley Henderson . Shirley Henderson on IMDb Shirley Henderson at Hamilton Hodell Talent Management ( hide ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical Virginia McKenna ( 1979 ) Gemma Craven ( 1980 ) Carlin Glynn ( 1981 ) Julia McKenzie ( 1982 ) Barbara Dickson ( 1983 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1984 ) Patti LuPone ( 1985 ) Lesley Mackie ( 1986 ) Nichola McAuliffe ( 1987 ) Patricia Routledge ( 1988 ) Lea Salonga ( 1989 / 1990 ) Imelda Staunton ( 1991 ) Wilhelmenia Fernandez ( 1992 ) Joanna Riding ( 1993 ) Julia McKenzie ( 1994 ) Ruthie Henshall ( 1995 ) Judi Dench ( 1996 ) Maria Friedman ( 1997 ) Ute Lemper ( 1998 ) Sophie Thompson ( 1999 ) Barbara Dickson ( 2000 ) Samantha Spiro ( 2001 ) Martine McCutcheon ( 2002 ) Joanna Riding ( 2003 ) Maria Friedman ( 2004 ) Laura Michelle Kelly ( 2005 ) Jane Krakowski ( 2006 ) Jenna Russell ( 2007 ) Leanne Jones ( 2008 ) Elena Roger ( 2009 ) Samantha Spiro ( 2010 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2011 ) Cleo Demetriou , Kerry Ingram , Sophia Kiely , and Eleanor Worthington Cox ( 2012 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2013 ) Zrinka Cvitešić ( 2014 ) Katie Brayben ( 2015 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2016 ) Amber Riley ( 2017 ) Shirley Henderson ( 2018 ) VIAF : 165898108 LCCN : nr2004035993 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 6552 GND : 132318687 SUDOC : 112193528 BNF : cb141864619 ( data ) BIBSYS : 6041618 SNAC : w69614s1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Henderson&oldid=835627465 '' Categories : 1965 births Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Living people Scottish film actresses Scottish radio actresses Scottish stage actresses Scottish television actresses Scottish voice actresses British Shakespearean actresses People from Moray People from Kincardine Scottish child actresses 20th - century Scottish actresses 21st - century Scottish actresses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from November 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 20 : 44 . 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-559137363520520547	Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?...Ek Baar Phir	Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir - Wikipedia Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir Jump to : navigation , search Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir Genre Indian soap opera Drama Romance Created by Star Plus Directed by Waseem Sabir Yusuf Ansari Creative director ( s ) Shikha Vij Starring Avinash Sachdev Shrenu Parikh Theme music composer Lalit Sen Shaurabh Kalsi Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi Marathi No. of episodes 542 Production Executive producer ( s ) Karnika Saxena Producer ( s ) Sunjoy Wadhwwa Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) Sphere Origins Release Original network Star Plus Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release 26 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) -- 13 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir is a Hindi television soap opera , that was broadcast 26 August 2013 to 13 June 2015 , airing Monday to Saturday on Star Plus . It is a sequel to Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? with a new plot and new cast and characters. The series was translated to Malayalam as the part 2 of the popular series Mounam Sammadham . However , it also became as popular as part 1 of the series . Despite being the very first Indian soap opera to air at early time slot , 6 pm , it has set a trend of airing soap operas in the particular time slot . Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ... Ek Baar Phir is currently retelecasting on Star Utsav at the 8 : 30pm time slot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Awards 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Aastha ( Shrenu Parikh ) is a middle - class , free - minded girl who values relationships and stands up for what is right . Shlok ( Avinash Sachdev ) , on the other hand , is the son of a rich business man and believes in wealth more than in relationships . He has a miserable past which makes him hate women , in particular his own mother . After a series of misunderstandings , Shlok mistakenly believes Aastha is responsible for the insult of his parents and the family name and decides to take revenge . Aastha and Shlok fall in love and are married . On their first night together , Shlok reveals to Aastha that he did n't love her and only wanted to take revenge . He threatens her that if she reveals this to anyone he 'd have her father framed in a case of corruption . Meanwhile Shlok 's mother , Anjali , is very strict and attempts to transform Aastha into the daughter - in - law she wants - one who does only what she 's told . When Aastha 's father is arrested she blames Shlok , leaves his home , and files for divorce . Shlok 's father , Niranjan Agnihotri , bribes the judge and Aastha is ordered to stay with Shlok for six months during which she realizes that he is a good person whose past has made him so arrogant . Wanting to change him , she discovers that he was in love with a girl named Swati but they broke up and this led to Shlok 's hatred and mistrust of all women . Astha asks Anjali and Shlok 's brother Varad about Swati but they ask her to leave it alone . Enter Aditi , the daughter of a close friend of Niranjan 's . In some time it becomes clear that she wants to hurt Shlok so she tries to kill Astha but Shlok saves her every time . Astha discovers Aditi 's plans . Aditi destroys any proof that Aastha treis to gather against her . No one believes Astha including Shlok . Aditi arranges Aastha 's abduction . While Shlok looks for Aastha , the rest of the Agnihotri family discovers Aditi is the culprit . Shlok rescues Aastha just as Aditi is about to shoot her . Aditi finally reveals that she is actually Swati 's sister , Gayatri . Aastha and Shlok are shocked to see Swati in a paralysed condition . Gayatri blames Shlok for Swati 's condition and tells them that she came to take revenge . The police arrest her and Swati passes away as her health deteriorates . Shlok realizes his true feelings for Aastha . They happily consummate their marriage . Aastha soon comes to know that Niranjan is the real villain who has been forcing Anjali to act the way she does . She decides to expose his true nature . It is also shown that Varad is having an extramarital affair with a woman named Mansi who does not believe in marriage . Unhappy with Shlok and Aastha 's closeness , Niranjan creates misunderstandings between them . Aastha reveals Niranjan 's truth to Shlok but is unable to prove it . Angry at Aastha , he divides the house into two and orders her to stay in one part alone but she is joined by Anjali . Soon , Shlok 's sister Jyoti also discovers their father 's truth and is heartbroken . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Avinash Sachdev as Shlok Niranjan Agnihotri , Aastha 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 ) Shrenu Parikh as Aastha kirlosker after Aastha Shlok Agnihotri , Shlok 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Manish Wadhwa as Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's father , Anjali 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 ) Geetanjali Tikekar as Anjali Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's mother , Niranjan 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Samir Sharma as Varad Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's brother , Sojal 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 ) Shalmalee Desai as Sojal Varad Agnihotri , Shlok 's Bhabhi , Varad 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Tushar Dalvi as Avdhoot Kirloskar , Aastha 's father , Kalindi 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 ) Prachi Shah as Kalindi Avdhoot Kirloskar , Aastha 's mother , Avdhoot 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Sheetal Dhabolkar as Jyoti Siddharth Lokhande , Shlok 's sister , Siddharth 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Grace Girdhar as Kavya Varad Agnihotri , Varad & Sojal 's daughter ( 2013 -- 15 ) Neha Sargam as Aditi / Gayatri , Aastha - Shlok 's enemy ( 2014 ) Shivani Tomar as Swati , Shlok 's first love ( 2013 ) Manjushree Kulkarni as Jaya ( 2014 -- 15 ) Ankit Modgill as Siddharth Lokhande , Jyoti 's second husband ( 2014 -- 15 ) Minal Karpe as Ajju Nupur Alankar as Renuka Lokhande ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dolly Minhas as Ahilya Vinas ( 2015 ) Aarav Chaudhary as Indrajeet Sarkar ( 2015 ) Roma Bali as Kavita Sarkar ( 2015 ) Swati Rajput as Poornima Sarkar Reet Sharma as Mishti Sarkar , Indrajeet 's daughter ( 2015 ) Lakshya Wahi as Shantanu Sarkar , Indrajeet 's son ( 2015 ) Satish Sharma as Pradeep Vinas , Indrajeet 's Mama ji ( 2015 ) Jaanvi Sangwan as Rashmi Vinas , Indrajeet 's Mami ji ( 2015 ) Kabeer Maira as Ankush Prabhakar Joshi , Kalindi 's son , Aastha 's step - brother ( 2014 -- 15 ) Karan Gangwal as Suresh ( 2013 -- 14 ) Shivani Tomar as Swati , Shlok 's ex-girlfriend ( 2013 ) Deep Jaitley as Abhay Deshmukh , Jyoti 's ex-husband ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sachin Parikh as Vinayak Agnihotri ( 2013 -- 15 ) Pratibha Goregaonkar as Sulbha Deshmukh ( 2014 ) Anchal Sabharwal as Mansi , Varad 's ex-girlfriend ( 2014 ) Aakshi Khari as Apsara Sharmin Kazi as Riya Lokhande Anjuman Saxena as Nani Yogi Raj as Shiv Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Source 2014 Indian Telly Awards Best New Actor In Negative Role ( Male ) Manish Wadhwa Nominated 2014 Indian Telly Awards Jury Award for Best Stylist Tara Desai Nominated 2014 Indian Telly Awards Jury Award for Best Dialogue Writer Ritesh Shah Nominated Reception ( edit ) Jaskiran Kapoor of the Indian Express has stated that Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir is `` riding high on the success of Season One , '' and `` leads of Season 2 need to pump up the charisma , if they want to replicate the success of the original show '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon Ek Baar Phir Serial Episodes online STAR Player '' . Startv.in . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Episodes TOI '' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Second season of Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon -- Daily Bhaskar Jump up ^ Had no idea it was a sequel : Avinash on ` Iss Pyaar Ko ... 2 ` Jump up ^ Just another love Story -- Indian Express Jump up ^ Avinash & Shrenu in season 2 Jump up ^ ' Iss Pyaar ... Ek Bar Phir ' a love - hate story : Shrenu Parikh -- Indian Express Jump up ^ staff ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ... Ek Baar Phir completes 300 episodes '' . Times of India . Retrieved 14 September 2014 ... Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ I 'm Hero - Cum - Villain Of ' Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ... Ek Baar Phir ' : Avinash Sachdev - Oneindia ^ Jump up to : `` Winners '' . Tellyawards . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Review : Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon , Ek Baar Phir , just another love story -- Indian Express External links ( edit ) Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ... Ek Baar Phir Streaming On Hotstar ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Ishqbaaaz Rishton Ka Chakravyuh Meri Durga Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Historical fiction Chandra Nandini Weekend Dance Champions The Great Indian Laughter Challenge Lip Sing Battle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iss_Pyaar_Ko_Kya_Naam_Doon%3F...Ek_Baar_Phir&oldid=808871748 '' Categories : Star Plus television series 2013 Indian television series debuts 2015 Indian television series endings Indian drama television series Indian television soap operas Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 18 : 56 . 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-1005742817581296807	Hindi Wikipedia	Hindi Wikipedia - Wikipedia Hindi Wikipedia This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Hindi . ( August 2012 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Hindi article . Machine translation like Deepl or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated hi हिन्दी विकिपीडिया ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Hindi Wikipedia हिन्दी विकिपीडिया Screenshot . Type of site Internet encyclopedia project Available in Hindi Owner Wikimedia Foundation Website hi.wikipedia.org Commercial No Registration Optional Launched 11 July 2003 The Hindi Wikipedia is the Hindi edition of Wikipedia . It was launched in July 2003 . As of October , 2018 , it has 127,364 articles . Contents 1 Google Translator Toolkit usage 2 Timeline 3 Users and editors 4 References 5 External links Google translator toolkit usage ( edit ) The Hindi Wikipedia was launched on 11 July 2003 . In July 2010 , Google announced that they had been working with Hindi Wikipedians to translate English language articles into Hindi and had so far ( since 2008 ) translated 600,000 words in Hindi using a combination of Google Translate and manual checking . This coordinated translation has been responsible for a 20 % rate of growth and counting for the site . As of 2013 ( and considering statistics since 2007 ) , January to May 2008 is the only period in which the Hindi Wikipedia experienced multiple consecutive months with two - figures growth ( in number of words ) , bringing it from 1.7 to 2.8 million words . Timeline ( edit ) 11 July 2003 -- Hindi Wikipedia launched 25 January 2005 -- Number of articles on Hindi Wikipedia reached 1,000 . 16 January 2007 -- Number of articles on Hindi Wikipedia reached 5,000 . 14 March 2007 -- Number of articles on Hindi Wikipedia reached 10,000 . 6 December 2007 -- Number of articles on Hindi Wikipedia reached 15,000 . 29 May 2008 -- Number of articles on Hindi Wikipedia reached 20,000 . 11 July 2008 -- Hindi Wikipedia five years completed . 9 May 2009 -- Number of articles on Hindi Wikipedia reached 30,000 . 8 September 2009 -- Hindi Wikipedia becomes the largest version of Wikipedia in Indian languages . 14 September 2009 -- Number of articles on Hindi Wikipedia reached 50,000 . 13 February 2010 -- Hindi Wikipedia has more than 25,000 members . 20 June 2010 -- Hindi Wikipedia has more than 30,000 members . 26 November 2010 -- Hindi Wikipedia has more than 37,000 members . 29 January 2011 -- Hindi Wikipedia has more than 40,000 members . 14 August 2011 -- Hindi Wikipedia , the number of members exceeds 50,000 . 30 August 2011 -- Number of articles becomes more than 100,000 Users and editors ( edit ) Hindi Wikipedia statistics Number of user accounts Number of articles Number of files Number of administrators 402331 127364 3731 11 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Translating wikipedia . Retrieved on 27 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia statistics . Retrieved on 29 Oct 2013 . 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-1230890635280569293	Best of My Love (Eagles song)	Best of My Love ( Eagles song ) - wikipedia Best of My Love ( Eagles song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other songs with the same title , see Best of My Love . `` Best of My Love '' Single by Eagles from the album On the Border B - side `` Ol ' ' 55 '' Released November 5 , 1974 Format 7 '' Recorded Olympic Sound Studios , London Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 25 ( single edit ) 4 : 34 ( album version ) Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Don Henley , Glenn Frey , J.D. Souther Producer ( s ) Glyn Johns Eagles singles chronology `` James Dean '' ( 1974 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` One of These Nights '' ( 1975 ) `` James Dean '' ( 1974 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` One of These Nights '' ( 1975 ) `` Best of My Love '' is a song written by Don Henley , Glenn Frey , and J.D. Souther . It was originally recorded by the Eagles ( with Henley singing lead vocals ) , and included on their 1974 album On the Border . The song was released as the third single from the album , and it became the band 's first Billboard Hot 100 number 1 single in March 1975 . The song also topped the easy listening ( adult contemporary ) chart for one week a month earlier . Billboard ranked it as the number 12 song for 1975 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recording 1.3 Single release 2 Personnel 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) In 2009 , J.D. Souther said of the writing of `` Best of My Love '' : `` Glenn found the tune ; the tune I think came from a Fred Neil record ... We were working on that album ( On the Border ) and came to London . The three of us were writing it and were on deadline to get it finished . I do n't know where we got the inspiration . '' Glenn Frey recalled : `` I was playing acoustic guitar one afternoon in Laurel Canyon , and I was trying to figure out a tuning that Joni Mitchell had shown me a couple of days earlier . I got lost and ended up with the guitar tuning for what would later turn out to be ' The Best of My Love . ' '' According to Henley , much of the lyrics was written while in a booth in Dan Tana 's Restaurant close to the Troubadour . The maître d ' of Dan Tana , Guido , was thanked in the liner notes of the album . Recording ( edit ) `` Best of My Love '' was recorded at Olympic Studios in London . The Eagles had begun working on On the Border with producer Glyn Johns who had helmed their Eagles debut album and the follow - up Desperado album . Despite the success of their debut album the Eagles ( Frey specifically ) were unhappy over Johns ' preference for country rock and toning down their own rock aspirations , and their dissatisfaction with Johns was reinforced by the similarly honed Desperado album which was a comparative failure and Johns ' no - drug policy during the recording . After six weeks in London -- which yielded `` Best of My Love '' and one other usable track , `` You Never Cry Like a Lover '' -- the Eagles discontinued working with Johns , then spending eight weeks touring in Europe and the USA and completing the recording of On the Border at the Record Plant in their hometown of Los Angeles with Bill Szymczyk producing . `` Best of My Love '' was remixed by Szymczyk . Single release ( edit ) Frey was reluctant to release `` Best of My Love '' as a single and held off its release for some time . The release of the Eagles ' `` Best of My Love '' as a single has been attributed to the track 's airplay at WKMI - AM in Kalamazoo MI , where radio dj Jim Higgs - also station music & program director - began playing the track off its parent album On the Border soon after that album 's release in the spring of 1974 , favoring `` Best of My Love '' over the official single releases `` Already Gone '' and `` James Dean '' . Advised by Higgs of the strong positive response of WKMI 's listeners to `` Best of My Love '' , Asylum Records gave the track a limited single release of 1000 copies available only in the Kalamazoo area , with reaction to this test - release securing the full release of `` Best of My Love '' as a single on November 5 , 1974 . However , when the single was finally released , Asylum Records had truncated the song so that it would be more radio - friendly , but had done so without the band 's knowledge or approval . It caused considerable anger in the band , and Henley demanded that the single be pulled from stores . The song however would become the most successful of their singles released so far , giving the band their first number 1 single . When the song was judged to have sold a million copies , the Eagles ' manager , Irving Azoff , sent to Asylum Records a gold record with a piece cut out , mounted on a plaque with a caption that said `` The Golden Hacksaw Award '' . Personnel ( edit ) Don Henley -- lead vocals , brushed drums Glenn Frey -- double - tracked 12 - string acoustic guitar , background vocals Bernie Leadon -- pedal steel guitar , background vocals Randy Meisner -- bass , background vocals Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia KMR 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 30 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 Cover versions ( edit ) `` Best of My Love '' Song by Brooks & Dunn from the album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles Released October 12 , 1993 Genre Country Length 4 : 38 Label Giant Songwriter ( s ) Don Henley Glenn Frey J.D. Souther Producer ( s ) Don Cook Scott Hendricks Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles track listing `` Already Gone '' ( Tanya Tucker ) ( 11 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 12 ) `` The Sad Café '' ( Lorrie Morgan ) ( 13 ) Prior to the release of the Eagles version as a single , John Lees released his version of `` Best of My Love '' as a single in 1974 . The song was also recorded by Brooks & Dunn in the Eagles ' tribute album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles . It was also included in their compilation album Playlist : The Very Best of Brooks & Dunn . South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela covered the song in his 1976 album Melody Maker . The song was covered by Yvonne Elliman on her 1975 album , Rising Sun . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1975 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1975 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1975 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jasen , David A. ( 2002 ) . A Century of American Popular Music : 2000 Best - Loved and Remembered Songs ( 1899 - 1999 ) . Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93700 - 0 . The Eagles had a number 1 hit with this soft -- rock ballad in 1975 , which charted for fourteen weeks Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 1975 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . bobburst.com . Jump up ^ `` Acoustic Storm Interviews - J.D. Souther '' . AcousticStorm.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liner Notes '' . Glenn Frey Online . Jump up ^ Cameron Crowe ( August 2003 ) . `` Conversations With Don Henley and Glenn Frey '' . The Uncool . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles ' Complete Discography : Don Henley Looks Back '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 38 : 00 -- 39 : 20 . Jump up ^ Felder , Don ( 2008 ) . Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) . Hoboken NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0470450420 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To The Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . p. 112 . ISBN 9780306813986 . Jump up ^ `` Kalamazoo DJ to meet the Eagles almost 4 decades after helping band get # 1 hit '' . MLive.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3944a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6139 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of 1975 '' . RPM magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Jump up ^ `` John Lees -- Best Of My Love / You Ca n't Get It '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Masekela : Melody Maker '' . Discogs . discogs.com . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DISCOGRAPHY : 1970 - 1979 '' . dougpayne.com . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Preceded by `` Morning Side of the Mountain '' by Donny and Marie Osmond Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single February 1 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Sweet Surrender '' by John Denver Preceded by `` Pick Up the Pieces '' by The Average White Band Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 1 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' by Olivia Newton - John Preceded by `` Mandy '' by Barry Manilow Canadian RPM number - one single March 1 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' by Olivia Newton - John External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eagles Don Henley Timothy B. Schmit Joe Walsh Glenn Frey Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_of_My_Love_(Eagles_song)&oldid=831781765 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1993 songs Eagles ( band ) songs Brooks & Dunn songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Songs written by J.D. Souther Song recordings produced by Glyn Johns Asylum Records singles 1974 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 04 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang best of my love by the eagles	[ "\nDon Henley – lead vocals, brushed drums\nGlenn Frey – double-tracked 12-string acoustic guitar, background vocals\nBernie Leadon – pedal steel guitar, background vocals\nRandy Meisner – bass, background vocals\n" ]	[ "Don Henley" ]
-5770994714118968888	Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)	Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ( film ) - wikipedia Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Theatrical release poster Directed by Terry Gilliam Produced by Patrick Cassavetti Laila Nabulsi Stephen Nemeth Screenplay by Terry Gilliam Tony Grisoni Alex Cox Tod Davies Based on Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson Starring Johnny Depp Benicio del Toro Music by Ray Cooper Cinematography Nicola Pecorini Edited by Lesley Walker Production company Rhino Films Summit Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 22 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 22 ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18.5 million Box office $13.7 million Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is a 1998 American black comedy road film adapted from Hunter S. Thompson 's novel of the same name . It was co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam , starring Johnny Depp as Raoul Duke and Benicio del Toro as Dr. Gonzo . The two embark on an initially assigned journey with journalistic purpose which turns out to be an exploration of the Las Vegas setting under the effect of psychoactive substances . Though a critical and financial failure , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas has since become a cult film due in large part to its release on DVD , including a Special Edition released by The Criterion Collection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.4 Writers credit dispute with WGA 3.5 Filming 3.6 Cinematography 3.7 Soundtrack 3.8 Track listing 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Cult status 5.4 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1971 , Raoul Duke and Dr. Gonzo speed across the Nevada desert . Duke , under the influence of mescaline , complains of a swarm of giant bats , before going through the pair 's inventory of psychoactive drugs . Shortly afterward , the duo stop to pick up a young hitchhiker , and explain what they are doing . Duke has been assigned by an unnamed magazine to travel to Las Vegas and cover the Mint 400 motorcycle race . However , they have also decided to take advantage of the trip by purchasing a large number of drugs and renting a red Chevrolet Impala convertible . The young man soon becomes terrified of the antics of the duo and flees on foot . Trying to reach Vegas before the hitchhiker can go to the police , Gonzo gives Duke part of a sheet of Sunshine Acid , then informs him that there is little chance of making it before the drug kicks in . By the time they reach the strip , Duke is in the full throes of his trip , and barely makes it through the check - in , all the while hallucinating that the hotel clerk is a moray eel , and that his fellow bar patrons are lizards in the depths of an orgy . The next day , Duke arrives at the race , and heads out with his photographer , a man by the name of Lacerda . During the coverage , Duke becomes irrational and believes that they are in the middle of a battlefield , so he fires Lacerda and returns to the hotel . After consuming more mescaline , as well as huffing diethyl ether , Duke and Gonzo arrive at the Bazooko Circus casino , but leave shortly afterwards , the chaotic atmosphere frightening Gonzo . Back in the hotel room , Duke leaves Gonzo unattended , and tries his luck at a quick round of Big Six . When Duke returns , he finds that Gonzo , after consuming a full sheet of LSD , has trashed the room , and is sitting fully clothed in the bathtub , attempting to pull the tape player in with him , as he wants to hear the song better . He pleads with Duke to throw the machine into the water when the song `` White Rabbit '' peaks . Duke agrees , but instead throws a grapefruit at Gonzo 's head before running outside . The next morning , Duke awakens to an exorbitant room service bill , and no sign of Gonzo ( who has returned to Los Angeles while Duke slept ) , and attempts to leave town . As he nears Baker , California , a highway patrolman pulls him over for speeding , and advises him to sleep at a nearby rest stop . Duke instead heads to a payphone and calls Gonzo , learning that he has a suite in his name at the Flamingo Las Vegas so he can cover a district attorney 's convention on narcotics . Duke checks into his suite , only to be met by an LSD - tripping Gonzo , and a young girl by the name of Lucy he has brought with him . Gonzo explains that Lucy has come to Las Vegas to meet Barbra Streisand , and that he gave her LSD on the plane not realizing she had never taken it before . Sensing the trouble this could get them into , Duke convinces Gonzo to ditch Lucy in another hotel before her trip wears off . Gonzo accompanies Duke to the D.A. 's convention , and the pair discreetly snort cocaine as the guest speaker delivers a comically out - of - touch speech about `` marijuana addicts '' before showing a brief film . Unable to take it , Duke and Gonzo flee back to their room , only to discover that Lucy has called . Their trips mostly over , Gonzo deals with Lucy over the phone ( pretending that he is being savagely beaten by thugs ) , as Duke attempts to mellow out by trying some of Gonzo 's stash of adrenochrome . However , the trip spirals out of control , and Duke is reduced to an incoherent mess before he blacks out . After an unspecified amount of time passes , Duke wakes up to a complete ruin of the once pristine suite . After discovering his tape recorder , he attempts to remember what has happened . As he listens , he has brief memories of the general mayhem that has taken place , including a heated encounter with a waitress at a diner , convincing a distraught cleaning woman that they are police officers investigating a drug ring , and attempting to buy an orangutan . Duke drops Gonzo off at the airport , after missing the entrance , driving across the tarmac and pulling up right next to the plane , before returning to the hotel one last time to finish his article . Duke then speeds back to Los Angeles . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Raoul Duke Benicio del Toro as Dr. Gonzo Tobey Maguire as The Hitchhiker Ellen Barkin as The Waitress at North Star Cafe Gary Busey as The Highway Patrolman Christina Ricci as Lucy Mark Harmon as The Magazine Reporter at Mint 400 Cameron Diaz as The Blonde TV Reporter Katherine Helmond as The Desk Clerk at Mint Hotel Michael Jeter as Dr. Ron Bumquist Penn Jillette as The Carnie Talker Craig Bierko as Lacerda Lyle Lovett as The Road Person Flea as Hippie Christopher Meloni as Sven , Flamingo Hotel Clerk Harry Dean Stanton as The Judge Troy Evans as Police Chief Debbie Reynolds ( voice only ) as Herself Jenette Goldstein as Alice the Maid Verne Troyer as Wee Waiter Gregory Itzin as Mint Hotel Clerk Laraine Newman as Frog - Eyed Woman Hunter S. Thompson also has a brief cameo in the film while Duke has a flashback to a San Francisco music club , The Matrix , where Thompson can be seen sitting at a table as Depp walks by narrating his inner monologue , `` There I was ... Mother of God , there I am ! Holy fuck ! Clearly I was a victim of the drug explosion . '' Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Martin Scorsese and Oliver Stone each tried to get the film off the ground , but were unsuccessful and moved on . Rhino Films began work on a film version as early as 1992 . Head of Production and the film 's producer Stephen Nemeth originally wanted Lee Tamahori to direct , but he was n't available until after the January 1997 start date . Depp wanted Bruce Robinson to direct , but he was `` unavailable ... by choice '' . Rhino appealed to Thompson for an extension on the film rights but the author and his lawyers denied the extension . Under pressure , Rhino countered by green - lighting the film and hiring Alex Cox to direct within a few days . According to Nemeth , Cox could `` do it for a price , could do it quickly and could get this movie going in four months . '' Rhino hired Terry Gilliam and was granted an extension from Thompson but only with the stipulation that the director made the film . Rhino did not want to commit to Gilliam in case he did n't work out . Thompson remembers , `` They just kept asking for more ( time ) . I got kind of agitated about it , because I thought they were trying to put off doing it . So I began to charge them more ... I wanted to see the movie done , once it got started . '' The studio threatened to make the film with Cox and without Depp and del Toro . The two actors were upset when producer Laila Nabulsi told them of Rhino 's plans . Universal Pictures stepped in to distribute the film and Depp and Gilliam were paid $500,000 each but the director still did not have a firm deal in place . In retaliation , Depp and Gilliam locked Rhino out of the set during filming . Casting ( edit ) During the initial development to get the film made , Jack Nicholson and Marlon Brando were originally considered for the roles of Duke and Gonzo but they both grew too old . Afterward , Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi were considered for the duo , but that fell apart when Belushi died . John Malkovich was later considered for the role of Duke , but he grew too old as well . At one point John Cusack was almost cast ( Cusack had previously directed the play version of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , with his brother playing Duke ) . However , after Hunter S. Thompson met with Johnny Depp he became convinced that no one else could play him . When Cox and Davies started writing the screenplay , Depp and del Toro committed to starring in the film . Gilliam said in an interview that his films are actor - led , the performance of the two characters in Fear and Loathing is hyper realistic but truthful . ' I am interested in real people in bizarre , twisted environments that force them to act ... to react against . ' Dr. Gonzo is based on Thompson 's friend Oscar Zeta Acosta , who disappeared sometime in 1974 . Thompson changed Acosta 's ethnic identity to `` Samoan '' to deflect suspicion from Acosta , who was in trouble with the Los Angeles County Bar Association . He was the `` Chicano lawyer '' notorious for his party binges . The lead actors undertook extraordinary preparations for their respective roles . Del Toro gained more than 45 pounds ( 18 kg ) in nine weeks before filming began , and extensively researched Acosta 's life . In the spring of 1997 , Depp moved into the basement of Thompson 's Owl Farm home and lived there for four months , doing research for the role as well as studying Thompson 's habits and mannerisms . The actor went through Thompson 's original manuscript , mementos and notebooks that he kept during the actual trip . Depp remembers , `` He saved it all . Not only is ( the book ) true , but there 's more . And it was worse . '' Depp even traded his car for Thompson 's red Chevrolet Caprice convertible , known to fans as The Great Red Shark , and drove it around California during his preparation for the role . Many of the costumes that Depp wears in the film are genuine articles of clothing that Depp borrowed from Thompson , and the writer himself shaved Depp 's head to match his own natural male pattern baldness . Other props , such as Duke 's cigarette filter ( a TarGard Permanent Filter System ) , Hawaiian shirts , hats , a patchwork jacket , a silver medallion ( given to him by Oscar Acosta ) and IDs , belonged to Thompson . Writing ( edit ) Cox started writing the screenplay with Tod Davies , a UCLA Thompson scholar . During pre-production , Cox and producer Laila Nabulsi had `` creative differences '' and she forced Rhino to choose between her and Cox . She had an arrangement with Thompson to produce the film and the studio fired Cox and paid him $60,000 in script fees . Thompson 's disapproval of the Cox / Davies script treatment is documented in the film Breakfast with Hunter . The decision was made to not use the Cox / Davies script , which gave Gilliam only ten days to write another . Gilliam has stated in an interview `` When we were writing the script , we really tried not to invent anything . We sort of cannibalized the book . '' The director enlisted the help of Tony Grisoni and they wrote the script at Gilliam 's home in May 1997 . Grisoni remembers , `` I 'd sit at the keyboard , and we 'd talk and talk and I 'd keep typing . '' One of the most important scenes from the book that Gilliam wanted to put in the film was the confrontation between Duke and Dr. Gonzo and the waitress of the North Star Coffee Lounge . The director said , `` This is two guys who have gone beyond the pale , this is unforgivable -- that scene , it 's ugly . My approach , rather than to throw it out , was to make that scene the low point . '' Initially , the studio wanted Gilliam to update the book for the 1990s , which he considered , `` And then I looked at the film and said , ' No , that 's apologizing . I do n't want to apologize for this thing . It is what it is . ' It 's an artifact . If it 's an accurate representation of that book , which I thought was an accurate representation of a particular time and place and people . '' Terry Gilliam , while speaking to Sight & Sound magazine , highlighted if he had updated the movie to the 1990s it would just `` be a story about two people going to excess '' by keeping it set in the 70 's , using the backdrop of the Vietnam War and a perceived loss of the American dream , offers reasoning to the characters actions . Writers credit dispute with WGA ( edit ) When the film approached release , Gilliam learned that the Writers Guild of America ( WGA ) would not allow Cox and Davies to be removed from the credits even though none of their material was used in the production of the film . According to WGA rules , Gilliam and Grisoni had to prove that they wrote 60 % of their script . The director said , `` But there have been at least five previous attempts at adapting the book , and they all come from the book . They all use the same scenes . '' Gilliam remarked in an interview , `` The end result was we did n't exist . As a director , I was automatically deemed a ' production executive ' by the guild and , by definition , discriminated against . But for Tony to go without any credit would be really unfair . '' David Kanter , agent for Cox and Davies , argued , `` About 60 percent of the decisions they made on what stays in from the book are in the film -- as well as their attitude of wide - eyed anarchy . '' According to the audio commentary by Gilliam on the Criterion Collection DVD , during the period where it appeared that only Cox and Davies would be credited for the screenplay , the film was to begin with a short scene in which it is explained that no matter what is said in the credits , no writers were involved in the making of the film . When this changed in early May 1998 after the WGA revised its decision and gave credit to Gilliam and Grisoni first and Cox and Davies second , the short was not needed . Angered over having to share credit , Gilliam publicly burned his WGA card at a May 22 book signing on Broadway . Filming ( edit ) According to Gilliam , there was no firm budget in place when filming started . He felt that it was not a well - organized film and said , `` Certain people did n't ... I 'm not going to name names but it was a strange film , like one leg was shorter than the other . There was all sorts of chaos . '' While Depp was on location in Los Angeles , he got a phone call from comedian Bill Murray who had played Thompson in Where the Buffalo Roam . He warned Depp , `` Be careful or you 'll find yourself ten years from now still doing him ... Make sure your next role is some drastically different guy . '' Shooting on location in Las Vegas began on August 3 , 1997 and lasted 56 days . The production ran into problems when they wanted to shoot in a casino . They were only allowed to film between two and six in the morning , given only six tables to put extras around and insisted that the extras really gamble . '' Exterior shots of the Bazooko Casino were filmed in front of the Stardust hotel / casino with the interiors constructed with a Warner Bros. Hollywood soundstage . To get the period look of Vegas in the 1970s , Gilliam and Pecorini used rear - projection footage from the old television show , Vega $ . According to the cinematographer , this footage heightened the film 's `` already otherworldly tone an extra notch . '' Cinematography ( edit ) Nicola Pecorini was hired based on an audition reel he sent Gilliam that made fun of the fact that he had only one eye ( he lost the other to retinal cancer ) . According to Pecorini , the look of the film was influenced by the paintings of Robert Yarber that are `` very hallucinatory : the paintings use all kinds of neon colors , and the light sources do n't necessarily make sense . '' According to Gilliam , they used him as a guide `` While mixing our palette of deeply disturbing fluorescent colors . '' For the desert scenes , Pecorini wanted a specific , undefined quality without a real horizon to convey the notion that the landscape never ended and to emphasize `` a certain kind of unreality outside the characters ' car , because everything that matters to them is within the Red Shark . '' For the scene where Duke hallucinates a lounge full of lizards , the production was supposed to have 25 animatronic reptiles but they only received seven or eight . The production used motion - control techniques to make it look like they had a whole room of them and made multiple passes with the cameras outfitting the lizards with different costumes each time . During production , it was Gilliam 's intention that it should feel like a drug trip from beginning to end . He said in an interview , `` We start out at full speed and it 's WOOOO ! The drug kicks in and you 're on speed ! Whoah ! You get the buzz -- it 's crazy , it 's outrageous , the carpet 's moving and everybody 's laughing and having a great time . But then , ever so slowly , the walls start closing in and it 's like you 're never going to get out of this fucking place . It 's an ugly nightmare and there 's no escape . '' To convey the effects of the various drugs , Gilliam and Pecorini assembled a list of `` phases '' that detailed the `` cinematic qualities '' of each drug consumed . For ether , Pecorini said they used a `` loose depth of field ; everything becomes non-defined '' ; for adrenochrome , `` everything gets narrow and claustrophobic , move closer with lens '' ; mescaline was simulated by having `` colors melt into each other , flares with no sources , play with color temperatures '' ; for amyl nitrite , the `` perception of light gets very uneven , light levels increase and decrease during the shots '' ; and for LSD , `` everything extremely wide , hallucinations via morphs , shapes , colors , and sound . '' Pecorini and Gillam decided they wanted the film to be shot wide - angle but because of the small budget they could n't afford the downfalls of anamorphic lenses so they paired the Arriflex 535 , Arri BL - 4S and the Arri 35 - iii with a set of Zeiss Standard Primes and Kodak 's 250D Vision 5246 filmstock in order to achieve the saturated look the film has . Soundtrack ( edit ) Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ( Music from the Motion Picture ) Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) Genre Rock Length 61 : 00 Label Geffen Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic link The music belongs to the psychedelic rock and classic rock genre . The soundtrack contains songs used in the film with sound bites of the film before each song . Most of the music is present in the soundtrack with a few exceptions : the Lennon Sisters ' version of `` My Favorite Things '' from The Sound of Music which plays at the beginning of the picture , Jefferson Airplane `` Somebody to Love '' which is heard during a flashback , Debbie Reynolds `` Tammy '' , Perry Como `` Magic Moments '' , Beck , Bogert & Appice `` Lady '' , Tom Jones `` It 's Not Unusual '' , Frank Sinatra `` You 're Getting to Be a Habit with Me '' , Combustible Edison `` Spy vs Spy '' , the Out - Islanders `` Moon Mist '' from Polynesian Fantasy , and a recording of `` Ball and Chain '' by Janis Joplin . The Rolling Stones song `` Jumping Jack Flash '' is heard at the conclusion of the film as Thompson drives out of Las Vegas . Gilliam could not pay $300,000 ( half of the soundtrack budget ) for the rights to `` Sympathy for the Devil '' by the Rolling Stones , which plays a prominent role in the book . The Dead Kennedys rendition of `` Viva Las Vegas '' is heard at the very end of the closing credits . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Performed by Length 1 . `` Combination of the Two '' Big Brother and the Holding Company 5 : 47 2 . `` One Toke Over the Line '' Brewer & Shipley 3 : 43 3 . `` She 's a Lady '' Tom Jones 2 : 53 4 . `` For Your Love '' The Yardbirds 2 : 36 5 . `` White Rabbit '' Jefferson Airplane 3 : 13 6 . `` A Drug Score -- Part 1 ( Acid Spill ) '' Tomoyasu Hotei & Ray Cooper 0 : 52 7 . `` Get Together '' The Youngbloods 5 : 41 8 . `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' Three Dog Night 3 : 51 9 . `` Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again '' Bob Dylan 7 : 27 10 . `` Time Is Tight '' Booker T. & the MG 's 3 : 29 11 . `` Magic Moments '' Perry Como 3 : 04 12 . `` A Drug Score -- Part 2 ( Adrenochrome , the Devil 's Dance ) '' Tomoyasu Hotei & Ray Cooper 2 : 27 13 . `` Tammy '' Debbie Reynolds 3 : 03 14 . `` A Drug Score -- Part 3 ( Flashbacks ) '' Tomoyasu Hotei & Ray Cooper 2 : 26 15 . `` Expecting to Fly '' Buffalo Springfield 4 : 17 16 . `` Viva Las Vegas '' Dead Kennedys 3 : 23 Total length : 61 : 00 Release ( edit ) Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas underwent preview test screenings -- a process that Gilliam does not enjoy . `` I always get very tense in those ( test screenings ) , because I 'm ready to fight . I know the pressure from the studio is , ' somebody did n't like that , change it ! ' '' The filmmaker said that it was important to him that Thompson like the film and recalls the writer 's reaction at a screening , `` Hunter watched it for the first time at the premiere and he was making all this fucking noise ! Apparently it all came flooding back to him , he was reliving the whole trip ! He was yelling out and jumping on his seat like it was a roller coaster , ducking and diving , shouting ' SHIT ! LOOK OUT ! GODDAMN BATS ! ' That was fantastic -- if he thought we 'd captured it , then we must have done it ! '' Thompson himself stated , `` Yeah , I liked it . It 's not my show , but I appreciated it . Depp did a hell of a job . His narration is what really held the film together , I think . If you had n't had that , it would have just been a series of wild scenes . '' Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas debuted at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival and Gilliam said , `` I 'm curious about the reaction ... If I 'm going to be disappointed , it 's because it does n't make any waves , that people are not outraged . '' Home media ( edit ) By the time Fear and Loathing was released as a Criterion Collection DVD in 2003 , Thompson showed his approval of the Gilliam version by recording a full - length audio commentary for the film and participating in several DVD special features . On an audio commentary track in the Criterion edition of the DVD , Gilliam expresses great pride in the film and says it was one of the few times where he did not have to fight extensively with the studio during the filming . Gilliam chalks this up to the fact that many of the studio executives read Thompson 's book in their youth and understood it could not be made into a conventional Hollywood film . However , he does express frustration with the advertising campaign used during its initial release , which he says tried to sell it as wacky comedy . The film was later released by Universal Studios on HD DVD and , subsequently , Blu - ray ; Criterion released the film on Blu - ray on April 26 , 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film opened in wide release on May 22 , 1998 and grossed $3.3 million in 1,126 theaters on its first weekend . The film went on to gross $10.6 million , well below its budget of $18.5 million . However , the movie reignited interest in Thompson 's novel . Vintage Press reported an initial reprint of 100,000 copies to tie in with the film 's release , but demand was higher than expected and forced the novel to go back to print a further five times . Critical response ( edit ) Gilliam wanted to provoke strong reactions to his film as he said in an interview , `` I want it to be seen as one of the great movies of all time , and one of the most hated movies of all time . '' Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas polarized critics ; it currently has a 49 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` Visually creative , but also aimless , repetitive , and devoid of character development . '' In The New York Times , Stephen Holden wrote , `` Even the most precise cinematic realizations of Mr. Thompson 's images do n't begin to match the surreal ferocity of the author 's language . '' Stephen Hunter , in his review for the Washington Post , wrote , `` It tells no story at all . Little episodes of no particular import come and go ... But the movie is too grotesque to be entered emotionally . '' Mike Clark , of USA Today , found the film , `` simply unwatchable . '' In The Guardian , Gaby Wood wrote , `` After a while , though , the ups and downs do n't come frequently enough even for the audience , and there 's an element of the tedium usually found in someone else 's druggy experiences . '' Roger Ebert thought the movie was a disgrace . He gave the film one star out of four and said it was `` a horrible mess of a movie , without shape , trajectory or purpose -- a one joke movie , if it had one joke . The two characters wander witlessly past the bizarre backdrops of Las Vegas ( some real , some hallucinated , all interchangeable ) while zonked out of their minds . Humor depends on attitude . Beyond a certain point , you do n't have an attitude , you simply inhabit a state . '' Gene Siskel 's `` thumbs - up '' review at the time also noted the film successfully captured the book 's themes into film , adding `` What the film is about and what the book is about is using Las Vegas as a metaphor for -- or a location for -- the worst of America , the extremes of America , the money obsession , the visual vulgarity of America . '' Michael O'Sullivan gave the film a positive review in the Washington Post . `` What elevates the tale from being a mere drug chronicle is the same thing that lifted the book into the realm of literature . It 's the sense that Gilliam , like Thompson , is always totally in command of the medium , while abandoning himself utterly to unpredictable forces beyond his control . '' Empire magazine voted the film the 469th greatest film in their `` 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' list . Cult status ( edit ) Since the film 's release on home media , including The Criterion Collection Special Edition , the film had attained cult status . This led to the film being re-screened at various cinemas such as The Prince Charles Cinema in Leicester Square , London and a special screening from original VHS tape at Swordtail Studio London in 2016 . The increased attention for the film has also led to some news outlets to reconsider the mixed original reception of the film ; Joe Queenan of The Guardian remarked that for many , `` No , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is not breathtakingly self - indulgent and just plain awful ; it is actually jaw - droppingly great . Those of you who do not share this opinion are idiots . '' Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club argued in his more recent review of the film that `` the film would have had a greater impact had it been produced at the time , when Brewster McCloud proved that anything was possible , but short of a time machine , Gilliam does what he can to bring the era back to life . '' . Awards ( edit ) The film was nominated for a variety of awards that both praised and condemned it . Terry Gilliam was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival 1998 while Johnny Depp won the best foreign actor award from the Russian Guild of Film Critics in 1998 . However Depp and Del Toro were also nominated by the Stinkers Bad Movie Awards for worst on - screen couple , and during the same awards Del Toro 's portrayal of Dr. Gonzo was also nominated for the worst supporting actor . See also ( edit ) Gonzo journalism Where the Buffalo Roam List of films featuring hallucinogens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Morgan ( 1999 ) . `` The Making of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ebner , Mark ( January 1998 ) . `` Fear and Bleating in Las Vegas : Hunter Thompson Goes Hollywood '' . Premiere . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp and Director Bruce Robinson THE RUM DIARY Interview '' . 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan Lee ( 2006 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 04 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Laila Nabulsi . Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas audio commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ clamenza33 ( 2008 - 09 - 21 ) , Terry Gilliam Interview - Fear & Loathing , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 ^ Jump up to : Doss , Yvette C ( June 5 , 1998 ) . `` The Lost Legend of the Real Dr. Gonzo '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Elias , Justine ( June 1998 ) . `` Behind the Scenes : Terry Gilliam '' . Us Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Brinkley , Douglas ( June 1998 ) . `` Johnny , Get Your Gun '' . George . pp. 96 -- 100 ; 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : McCracken , Elizabeth ( June 1998 ) . `` Depp Charge '' . ELLE . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Michael John Perry , Bill Borrows ( December 1998 ) . `` Fear and Loathing '' . Loaded . ^ Jump up to : Gale , David ( June 1998 ) . `` Cardboard Castles and Chaos '' . Icon . pp. 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ clamenza 33 ( September 21 , 2008 ) . ' Terry Gilliam Interview - Fear & Loathing '. Youtube . Real to Reel interview . Retrieved from : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4QOU8wS7jI ^ Jump up to : Smith , Giles ( May 25 , 1998 ) . `` War Games '' . The New Yorker . pp. 74 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Douglas J ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Terry Gilliam Can Fly Without Acid '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Macabe , Bob ( 1998 ) . `` Chemical Warfare '' . Sight and Sound . 8 : 6 -- 8 -- via Sight and Sound digital archive . Jump up ^ McCabe , Bob ( December 1998 ) . `` One on One '' . Empire . pp. 120 -- 123 . ^ Jump up to : Willens , Michele ( May 17 , 1998 ) . `` How Many Writers Does it Take ... ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Dreams : Gilliam burns his WGA card - Pictures ! '' . Smart.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Houpt , Simon ( May 21 , 1998 ) . `` Going Gonzo with Fear and Loathing '' . Globe and Mail . pp. D1 -- D2 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ( July 26 , 1998 ) . `` Road to Ruin '' . Sunday Mail . ^ Jump up to : Pizzello , Stephen ( May 1998 ) . `` Gonzo Filmmaking '' . American Cinematographer . pp. 30 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Pizzello , Stephen ( May 1998 ) . `` Unholy Grail '' . American Cinematographer . pp. 42 -- 47 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzo Filmmaking - page 2 '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Ian ( December 1998 ) . `` Just Say No '' . Neon . pp. 44 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Bruce ( May 17 , 1998 ) . `` The Gonzo Dream : The Long , Strange Trip of Filming Hunter S. Thompson 's ' '' Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas `` . Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas '' . Criterion Collection . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliam , Terry . `` Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas DVD audio commentary '' . Criterion Collection . Jump up ^ `` Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas '' . The Criterion Collection . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maryles , Daisy ( 1998 ) . `` A second helping for fear and loathing '' . The Publishers Weekly . 245 : 24 . Jump up ^ Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( May 22 , 1998 ) . `` A Devotedly Drug - Addled Rampage Through a 1971 Vision of Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( May 22 , 1998 ) . `` Fear and Loathing '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Clark , Mike ( May 22 , 1998 ) . `` Fear is a Bad Trip for the ' 90s '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Wood , Gabby ( November 13 , 1998 ) . `` Night of the Hunter '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 22 May 1998 ) . `` Fear and loathing in Las Vegas '' . Roger Ebert.com . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( May 22 , 1998 ) . `` Siskel & Ebert Review '' . Siskel & Ebert . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( May 22 , 1998 ) . `` Fear : Worth the Trip '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas - VHS Cinema Film Screening '' . EventBite. 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cult films : just bad movies in a good disguise ? '' . The Guardian . 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Looking back at Terry Gilliam 's Fear And Loathing In Las Vegas '' . The A.V. Club . 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ( film ) Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas on IMDb Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas at AllMovie Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas at Box Office Mojo Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas at Rotten Tomatoes Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas at Metacritic Criterion Collection essay by J. Hoberman Criterion Collection essay by Hunter S. Thompson Wide Angle / Closeup : Fear and Loathing script analysis -- Compares Gilliam / Grisoni and Cox / Davies screenplays Films directed by Terry Gilliam Feature films Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1975 ) Jabberwocky ( 1977 ) Time Bandits ( 1981 ) Brazil ( 1985 ) The Adventures of Baron Munchausen ( 1988 ) The Fisher King ( 1991 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ( 1998 ) The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) Tideland ( 2005 ) The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) The Zero Theorem ( 2013 ) The Man Who Killed Don Quixote ( 2018 ) Short films Story Time ( 1968 ) Miracle of Flight ( 1974 ) The Crimson Permanent Assurance ( 1983 ) The Legend of Hallowdega ( 2010 ) The Wholly Family ( 2011 ) Other Filmography Lost in La Mancha Getting Gilliam Hunter S. Thompson Bibliography Novels Prince Jellyfish The Rum Diary Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Polo Is My Life Short stories `` Fire in the Nuts '' Short story collections Screw - Jack & Other Stories Essay collections The Gonzo Papers The Great Shark Hunt Generation of Swine Songs of the Doomed Better Than Sex Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail ' 72 Fear and Loathing in America Kingdom of Fear Hey Rube Fear and Loathing at Rolling Stone Articles `` The Temptations of Jean - Claude Killy '' `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' `` The Battle of Aspen '' `` Strange Rumblings in Aztlan '' Non-fiction Hell 's Angels : The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Gonzo : Photographs by Hunter S. Thompson The Curse of Lono Mistah Leary -- He Dead Film adaptations Where the Buffalo Roam ( 1980 ) Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas ( 1998 ) The Rum Diary ( 2011 ) Documentaries Fear and Loathing in Gonzovision ( 1978 ) Breakfast with Hunter ( 2003 ) Buy the Ticket , Take the Ride : Hunter S. Thompson on Film ( 2006 ) Gonzo : The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson ( 2008 ) Related articles Raoul Duke Uncle Duke Spider Jerusalem Gonzo journalism Ralph Steadman GND : 7669189 - 5 VIAF : 207956027 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_(film)&oldid=842083747 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s comedy films American black comedy films American comedy - drama films American films Films about drugs Films based on actual events Films based on American novels Films based on works by Hunter S. Thompson Films directed by Terry Gilliam Films set in 1971 Films set in Nevada Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Rhino Films films 1990s road movies American road movies Screenplays by Terry Gilliam Self - reflexive films Summit Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Works about Hunter S. Thompson Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 03 : 33 . 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2439681612824630151	Isle of Man TT	Isle of Man TT - wikipedia Isle of Man TT `` Isle of Man Tourist Trophy '' redirects here . For a series of car races held on the Isle of Man between 1905 and 1922 , see RAC Tourist Trophy . Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Region Isle of Man Course Snaefell Mountain Course Type Public road course Clerk of the Course Gary Thompson MBE BEM Event Organiser ACU Events Ltd Principal sponsor Isle of Man Department of Economic Development History First race 1907 Number of races 99 ( to 2018 ) First winner Charles R. Collier ( 1907 ) Most wins Joey Dunlop 26 ( 1977 -- 2000 ) Lap record Peter Hickman 16m42. 778s -- 135.452 mph ( 217.989 km / h ) ( 2018 ) The International Isle of Man TT ( Tourist Trophy ) races are an annual motorcycle sport event run on the Isle of Man in May / June of most years since its inaugural race in 1907 , and is often called one of the most dangerous racing events in the world . The Isle of Man TT is run in a time - trial format on public roads closed to the public by an Act of Tynwald ( the parliament of the Isle of Man ) . The event consists of one week of practice sessions followed by one week of racing . It has been a tradition , perhaps started by racing competitors in the early 1920s , for spectators to tour the Snaefell Mountain Course on motorcycles during the Isle of Man TT on `` Mad Sunday '' , an informal and unofficial sanctioned event held on the Sunday between ' Practice Week ' and ' Race Week ' . The first Isle of Man TT race was held on Tuesday 28 May 1907 and was called the International Auto - Cycle Tourist Trophy . The event was organised by the Auto - Cycle Club over 10 laps of the Isle of Man St John 's Short Course of 15 miles 1,470 yards for road - legal ' touring ' motorcycles with exhaust silencers , saddles , pedals and mudguards . From 1911 the Isle of Man TT transferred to the much longer Snaefell Mountain Course of 37.40 miles ( current length 37.73 miles ) . The race programme developed from a single race with two classes for the 1907 Isle of Man TT , expanding in 1911 to two individual races for the 350cc Junior TT motor - cycles and the Blue Riband event the 500cc Senior TT race . The race did not take place from 1915 to 1919 due to the First World War . It resumed in 1920 . A 250cc Lightweight TT race was added to the Isle of Man TT programme in 1922 followed by a Sidecar TT race in 1923 . There was no racing on the Isle of Man between 1940 and 1945 due to the Second World War . It recommenced with the Manx Grand Prix in 1946 and the Isle of Man TT in 1947 , with a greatly expanded format that included the new Clubman 's TT races . The Isle of Man TT became part of the FIM Motor - cycle Grand Prix World Championship ( now MotoGP ) as the British round of the World Motor - Cycling Championship during the period 1949 -- 1976 . Following safety concerns with the Snaefell Mountain Course and problems over inadequate ' start - money ' for competitors , there was a boycott of the Isle of Man TT races from the early 1970s by many of the leading competitors , motorcycle manufacturers and national motorcycle sporting federations . It is still billed in popular culture as the most dangerous motorsport event in the world , with the New York Times stating the number of deaths `` to 146 since it was first run in 1907 ; if one includes fatal accidents occurring during the Manx Grand Prix , the amateur races held later in the summer on the same Snaefell Mountain Course , the figure rises above 250 . '' fatalities in its history . An on - site account of the 2003 race by Sports Illustrated writer Franz Lidz called the spectacle `` 38 Miles of Terror ... a test of nerves and speed that may be sport 's most dangerous event . '' In 1976 , the Isle of Man TT lost its world championship status ; this was transferred to the United Kingdom by the FIM and run as the British Grand Motor - Cycle Grand Prix for the 1977 season . The Isle of Man TT Races then became an integral part of the new style TT Formula 1 , Formula 2 and Formula 3 World Championships between 1977 and 1990 to develop and maintain the international racing status of the Isle of Man TT races . The event was redeveloped by the Isle of Man Department of Tourism as the Isle of Man TT Festival from 1989 onwards . This included new racing events for the new Isle of Man TT Festival programme , including the Isle of Man Pre-TT Classic Races in 1989 followed by the Isle of Man Post-TT Races from 1991 and both held on the Billown Circuit . In 2013 , the Isle of Man Classic TT was developed by the Isle of Man Department of Economic Development and the Auto - Cycle Union for historic racing motorcycles , and along with the Manx Grand Prix now forms part of the ' Isle of Man Festival of Motorcycling ' held in late August of each year . The event has not been without criticism . In 2007 an incident during the ' senior race ' resulted in the death of a rider and two spectators. . The resultant inquest made several recommendations and included several comments , such as : ' Senior Marshals may well have been elevated beyond the sphere of their competence '. . It also noted that ' I am more than aware of the fact that the witnesses from the Manx Motor Cycle Club and the marshals are all volunteers . They give their time freely and without paid reward . Having said that however , if it were suggested because they were volunteers there should be some allowance in the standards expected of them , then I regret I can not agree ' on the subject of competency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early Isle of Man TT race history ( 1904 -- 1910 ) 1.1 Gordon Bennett and Tourist Trophy car races 1.2 International Motor - Cycle Cup Race ( 1905 ) 2 Format of the races 2.1 Race procedure 2.2 Eligibility 2.3 Race classes 2.3. 1 Superbike TT 2.3. 2 Supersport TT 2.3. 3 Superstock TT 2.3. 4 Lightweight TT 2.3. 5 Sidecar TT 2.3. 6 Senior TT 2.3. 7 TT Zero 2.4 Discontinued race classes 2.4. 1 Ultra-Lightweight TT 2.4. 2 Clubman TT and Production TT 3 Practice sessions 3.1 Practice week sessions 3.2 Race week practice sessions 3.3 Practice TT Zero 4 Race schedule 5 TT course official vehicles 6 Crossing places during practice and races 6.1 In Douglas 6.2 Elsewhere 7 TT Course access road 8 Description 9 Safety 10 Total overall race winners 11 FIM Championship Rounds ( 1949 -- 1976 ) 12 Current lap records 13 Current race records 14 Race awards 14.1 Race winner trophies 14.2 Fastest lap awards 14.3 Special awards 14.4 Other Special awards 15 See also 16 Notes 16.1 Citations 16.2 References 17 External links Early Isle of Man TT race history ( 1904 -- 1910 ) ( edit ) Gordon Bennett and Tourist Trophy Car races ( edit ) Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial , restricted to touring automobiles . As the Motor Car Act 1903 placed a speed restriction of 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) on automobiles in the UK , Julian Orde , Secretary of the Automobile Car Club of Britain and Ireland approached the authorities in the Isle of Man for the permission to race automobiles on the island 's public roads . The Highways ( Light Locomotive ) Act 1904 gave permission in the Isle of Man for the 52.15 - mile ( 83.93 km ) Highroads Course for the 1904 Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial which was won by Clifford Earl ( Napier ) in 7 hours 26.5 minutes for five laps ( 255.5 mi or 411.2 km ) of the Highroads Course . The 1905 Gordon Bennett Trial was held on 30 May 1905 and was again won by Clifford Earl driving a Napier automobile in 6 hours and 6 minutes for six laps of the Highroads Course . This was followed in September 1905 with the first Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Race for racing automobiles , now known as the RAC Tourist Trophy and was won by John Napier ( Arrol - Johnston ) in 6 hours and 9 minutes at an average speed of 33.90 mph ( 54.56 km / h ) . International Motor - Cycle Cup race ( 1905 ) ( edit ) For the 1905 Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial it was decided to run an eliminating trial for motorcycles the day after for a team to represent Great Britain in the International Motor - Cycle Cup Races . An accident at Ramsey Hairpin forced out one of the pre-race favourites and the inability of the motorcycle competitors to climb the steep Mountain Section of the course forced the organisers to use a 25 - mile ( 40 km ) section of the Gordon Bennett Trial course . This ran from Douglas south to Castletown and then north to Ballacraine along the primary A3 road and returned to the start at the Quarterbridge in Douglas via Crosby and Glen Vine along the current Snaefell Mountain Course in the reverse direction . The 1905 International Motor - Cycle Cup Race for five laps ( 125 mi or 201 km ) was won by J.S. Campbell ( Ariel ) despite a fire during a pit stop in 4 hours , 9 minutes and 36 seconds at an average race speed of 30.04 mph ( 48.34 km / h ) . Format of the races ( edit ) Competitors line up at the start of the 2010 Senior TT race The TT Races since the first race in 1907 have been in the format of time - trial . The races held on the Clypse Course during the period 1954 -- 1959 were the more traditional full grid starts along with the 1924 Lightweight TT Race and Clubmen TT Races from 1948 , which were also `` mass - start '' races . The current format is a `` clutch start '' and race competitors will be `` started singly at 10 - second intervals '' . Race procedure ( edit ) Start Preliminaries First Signal -- 45 minutes before the start with a warm - up of engines in the Race Paddock and assembly area . Second Signal -- 30 minutes before start . Third Signal -- 15 minutes before start , race competitors move to the start - line and form - up in qualification order . Fourth Signal -- 5 minutes before start , signal to clear the grid and race competitors move towards the exit-gate . Eligibility ( edit ) Entrants must be in possession of a valid National Entrants or FIM Sponsors Licence for Road Racing . Race classes ( edit ) Superbike TT ( edit ) The 2015 specification for entries into the Superbike TT race are defined as : Any machine complying with the following specifications : TT Superbike : ( Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Superbike Championship specifications ) Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4 - stroke Minimum Weight 165 kg ( 364 lb ) . Other machines admitted at the discretion of the Organisers Supersport TT ( edit ) The 1911 Isle of Man TT was the first time the Junior TT race took place , open to 300 cc single - cylinder and 340 cc twin cylinder motorcycles , contested over five laps of the new 37.5 - mile ( 60.4 km ) Snaefell Mountain Course . The first event on the new course was the Junior TT Race contested by 35 entrants , won by Percy J. Evans riding a Humber motor - cycle at an average race speed of 41.45 mph ( 66.71 km / h ) . The 1912 event was the first to limit the Junior TT to only 350 cc machines and this engine capacity prevailed until 1994 when replaced by the 600 cc Supersport class . 1911 For single cylinder motorcycles not exceeding 300 cc engine capacity and 340 cc twin cylinder motorcycles . 1912 -- 1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity . 1949 -- 1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Snaefell mountain course . 1954 -- 1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Clypse Course . 1960 -- 1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course . 1977 -- 1993 for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course . 1994 onwards for motorcycles not exceeding 600 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course . The 2015 specifications for entries into the Supersport TT race are : TT Supersport : ( Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Supersport Championship specifications ) Over 400 cc up to 600 cc 4 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 600 cc up to 675 cc 3 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 600 cc up to 750 cc 2 cylinders 4 - stroke Minimum Weight 161 kg Superstock TT ( edit ) Main article : Superstock TT The 2015 specifications for entries for the Superstock TT , an event for production based motorcycles racing with treaded road tyres , are based on the FIM Superstock Championship specifications , as follows : Superstock TT : ( Machines complying with the 2012 FIM Superstock Championship specifications ) Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4 - stroke Minimum ( Dry ) Weight 170 kg Lightweight TT ( edit ) Main article : Lightweight TT Winner of the 2012 Lightweight TT Ryan Farquhar 650 cc Kawasaki , ( 2 ) at the startline The 1922 event was the first time the Lightweight TT race took place , won by a motorcycle - journalist Geoff S. Davison , riding a Levis at an average speed of 49.89 mph ( 80.29 km / h ) for seven laps of the Snaefell Mountain Course . As with the Ultra-Lightweight TT Race , the event was dropped from the race schedule in 2004 , but was reintroduced 2008 -- 2009 , held on the Billown short road circuit and then dropped again from the race schedule on cost grounds . 1924 -- 1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity . 1949 -- 1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Snaefell mountain course . 1954 -- 1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Clypse Course . 1960 -- 1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . 1977 -- 2004 for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . 2008 -- 2009 for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Billown Circuit . 2012 -- The event was re-introduced from the 2012 event for water - cooled four - stroke twin cylinder not exceeding a capacity of 650 cc and complying with the ACU Standing Regulations . The 2015 specifications for entries into the Lightweight TT race are : Machines must comply with general technical rules as per ACU Standing Regulations and 2015 IOM TT regulations . Any four - stroke twin cylinder motorcycle originally sold for road use with a water - cooled engine of up to 650 cc engine capacity . Eligible machines must be from models homologated for road use 2006 or later . Sidecar TT ( edit ) Main article : Sidecar TT Sidecar TT race competitors line up to start the race The 1923 TT was the first time the Sidecar TT race was run , over three laps ( 113 mi or 182 km ) of the Mountain Course and was won by Freddie Dixon and passenger Walter Perry with a Douglas and special banking - sidecar at an average race speed of 53.15 mph ( 85.54 km / h ) . For the 1926 event the Sidecar and Ultra-Lightweight TT classes were dropped due to lack of entries . The Sidecar race was re-introduced from the 1954 event for Sidecars not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity , run on the Clypse Course . A non-championship 750 cc class for sidecars was introduced at the 1968 event . For the 1976 event the race was held over two - legs . From 1975 , the previous 500 cc and 750 cc classes for Sidecars were replaced by a 1000 cc engine capacity class . The new FIM Formula 2 class for Sidecars was introduced for the 1990 Isle of Man TT . 1954 -- 1959 FIM World Championship Event for Side - Cars not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity . Race held on the Clypse Course . 1960 -- 1976 FIM World Championship Event held on Mountain Course . 1968 -- 1974 Non-Championship event for Sidecars not exceeding 750 cc . 1975 -- 1989 Sidecars not exceeding 1000 cc engine capacity . 1990 -- FIM Formula 2 Sidecar race for two - stroke engines not exceeding 350 cc or four - stroke engines not exceeding 600 cc . The 2015 specifications for entries into the Sidecar TT race are : Machines must comply with general technical rules as per ACU Standing Regulations and 2015 Isle of Man TT regulations . Engine Types 501 -- 600 cc , 4 stroke , 4 cylinder , Production based motorcycle engines . Senior TT ( edit ) Main article : Senior TT Ian Hutchinson on the start - line of the Senior TT Race on 11 June 2010 For the 1911 Isle of Man TT , the first TT event using the Snaefell Mountain Course or Mountain Course , two separate races were introduced . The first event was a four lap Junior TT race and a separate Senior TT race for 500 cc single - cylinder and 585 cc twin - cylinder motorcycles , over five laps of the new 37.5 - mile ( 60.4 km ) Snaefell Mountain Course . The new technical challenges of the Mountain Course forced changes on entrants and motorcycle manufacturers alike . The American Indian motorcycle factory fitted a two - speed gearbox and chain - drive . This proved to be the winning combination when Oliver Godfrey won the 1911 Senior TT race riding an Indian at an average speed of 47.63 mph ( 76.65 km / h ) . Fitted with a six - speed belt drive Charlie Collier riding a Matchless motorcycle finished second in the 1911 Senior TT race and was later disqualified for illegal refuelling . During an early morning practice session for the 1911 Isle of Man TT races , Victor Surridge died after crashing his Rudge motorcycle at Glen Helen , the first death of a competitor on the Snaefell Mountain Course and the first death in the Isle of Man of a person in an automotive accident . 1911 For single cylinder motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity and 585 cc twin cylinder motorcycles . 1912 -- 1939 For motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity . 1947 -- 1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity and a ban on engine supercharging . 1949 -- 1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity . 1977 -- 1984 for motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity . 1985 -- 2004 for motorcycles complying with ACU TT Formula 1 rules not exceeding 1,010 cc engine capacity . 2004 onwards for motorcycles complying with ACU / FIM Superbike rules not exceeding 1,000 cc engine capacity . The 2015 specifications for entries into the Senior TT race are : TT Superbike : ( Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Superbike Championship specifications ) Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4 - stroke Supersport Junior TT ( without limitation of tyre choice ) TT Superstock ( without limitation of tyre choice ) Other machines admitted at the discretion of the Organisers . TT Zero ( edit ) Main article : TT Zero Starting from the 2010 races , the TT Zero event over one lap ( 37.73 mi or 60.72 km ) of the Snaefell Mountain Course replaced the TTXGP . The TT Zero event as an officially sanctioned TT race is for racing motorcycles where `` The technical concept is for motorcycles ( two wheeled ) to be powered without the use of carbon based fuels and have zero toxic / noxious emissions '' . The Isle of Man Government offered a prize of £ 10,000 for the first entrant to exceed the prestigious 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) ( 22 minutes and 38.388 seconds ) average speed around the Mountain Course . This was achieved by Michael Rutter of team MotoCzysz in the 2012 race , and has been exceeded every year since . Discontinued race classes ( edit ) Ultra-Lightweight TT ( edit ) Main article : Ultra-Lightweight TT 1924 was the first time the Ultra-Lightweight TT race took place for motorcycles not exceeding 175 cc engine capacity . It was won by Jack Porter , riding a New Imperial motorcycle at an average speed of 51.21 mph ( 82.41 km / h ) over three laps of the Snaefell mountain course . The Ultra-Lightweight class was re-introduced in 1951 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc until discontinued in 1974 , and then re-introduced for 1989 , again for two - stroke 125 cc motorcycles , until dropped again due to lack of entries after 2004 . The event was reintroduced 2008 -- 2009 held on the four - mile Billown Circuit and then dropped from the race schedule on cost grounds for the 2010 races . 1924 -- 1925 For motorcycles not exceeding 175 cc engine capacity . 1951 -- 1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Snaefell mountain course . 1954 -- 1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Clypse Course . 1960 -- 1974 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . 1989 -- 2004 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . 2008 -- 2009 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Billown Circuit . 50 cc race 1962 -- 1968 , an additional World Championship event for Ultra-Lightweight motorcycles not exceeding 50 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . Clubman TT and Production TT ( edit ) The Clubman races with Lightweight , Junior and Senior classes were held for production motorcycles from 1947 until 1956 . A Senior 1000 cc class provided an opportunity for Vincent motorcycles . The riders were little - known , but as the stars were barred from entering the class , it provided a stepping - stone for future - stars but resulted in less spectator - interest . The series became dominated by one model -- the BSA Gold Star , and with little competition from other manufacturers , was discontinued . When previewing the impending re-introduction of a specification - controlled , roadster - based class in March 1967 , David Dixon wrote : `` lack of inter-make rivalry probably put the final nail in the coffin '' . Writing in UK monthly magazine Motor Cyclist Illustrated , racing journalist Ray Knight , who had achieved a lap speed of nearly 88 mph on a Triumph Tiger 100 roadster - based racing motorcycle in the Manx Grand Prix , commented in early 1965 that the ACU had refused a request from manufacturers to run a production TT race , which he thought was a missed opportunity , particularly considering the dwindling support for the 500 cc race . A Production TT for roadster - based motorcycles having classes for maximum engine capacities of 250 cc , 500 cc and 750 cc was introduced from 1967 until 1976 when the class was discontinued . The Production TT was reintroduced for the 1984 races in three classes , reduced to two classes on safety grounds for the 1990 races . For the 2005 races the Superstock class replaced the previous 1000 cc & 600 cc Production TT classes that had been part of the race schedule since 1989 . Practice sessions ( edit ) 2013 TT start of the Newcomers Speed Control Lap with John McGuinness ( left ) and Bruce Anstey ( right ) At the TT races there is usually one week of practice and one week of racing . Historically there was an early morning practice session from 05 : 00 -- 07 : 30 am but this was discontinued from the 2004 races . During an early morning practice at the 1927 Isle of Man TT , Archie Birkin , brother of Tim Birkin of the Bentley Boys , was killed at Rhencullen . From 1928 practice sessions for the Isle of Man TT Races and Manx Grand Prix were held on closed roads . Evening practice sessions were introduced for the 1937 Isle of Man TT and continue to this day . The Thursday afternoon practice session from 13 : 45 -- 17 : 00 , introduced in the late 1950s , was discontinued from the Centenary races in 2007 . A schedule for practice sessions is announced each year well in advance . For the 2016 races a provisional schedule was announced by mid-July 2015 , and changes in the schedule were highlighted . But for example , the 2015 event began with a Saturday evening untimed practice session from 18 : 00 -- 21 : 30 , with the public roads that comprise the Snaefell Mountain Course closed . The section of the primary A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Ramsey Hairpin to Creg - ny - Baa was to close at 16 : 45 for the practice periods ( from 17 : 00 hours from the Bungalow ) , 1 hour and 15 minutes before the rest of the course . The first practice session in 2015 was to provide four controlled laps for newcomers , two for new Solo competitors and two for new Sidecar competitors . Competitors would be escorted for one lap of the Mountain Course by the Travelling Marshals at a steady pace and accompanied by experienced Isle of Man TT and / or Manx Grand Prix competitors . The schedule for the first Saturday untimed session in 2015 was : 18 : 20 -- 18 : 45 Solo Motor - Cycles Newcomers Speed Control Lap 18 : 35 -- 19 : 00 Sidecar Newcomers ' Control Lap 18 : 50 -- 19 : 50 Lightweight TT / Newcomers ( all solo classes ) 19 : 55 -- 20 : 50 Sidecar practice session . Practice week sessions ( edit ) The main practice and timed practice sessions are usually held on Monday - Friday of the next week . The public roads forming the Mountain Course were to be closed in 2015 between 18 : 00 -- 21 : 30 for the Solo and Sidecar classes . Some would - be racers need to qualify for races by achieving satisfactory practice times during these sessions . Schedule for the five - day timed session Monday - Friday of practice week in 2015 : 18 : 20 -- 19 : 55 Solo Motor - Cycles timed practice session . 20 : 00 -- 20 : 50 Sidecar timed practice session . Race week practice sessions ( edit ) Further scheduled timed practice sessions after the race periods for the 2015 Isle of Man TT Races : Saturday 6 June : 16 : 40 -- 17 : 40 Solo Motor - Cycles timed practice session . Mad Sunday , 7 June : No practice sessions were scheduled during `` Mad Sunday '' , a day when many fans ride the TT course themselves . An exception to this non-scheduling was in 2013 when there was racing on the afternoon of Mad Sunday . In 2013 , Inspector Derek Flint said : `` Even though the benefits of the mountain being one way are in place for the entire two weeks these days , Mad Sunday is traditionally a time for that little bit of extra exuberance , which creates us problems when people run out of skill , then run out of road '' . Police are out in force , and in 2013 large numbers of fans were expected to ride due to very favourable weather forecasts . Monday 8 June : 12 : 30 -- 13 : 00 Sidecar timed practice session . Wednesday 10 June : 15 : 50 -- 16 : 45 Solo Motor - Cycles timed practice session for the 2015 Isle of Man TT Races . Practice TT Zero ( edit ) 2012 TT Zero race -- Mark Miller Motoczysz ( 2 ) followed by John McGuinness ( 3 ) at Parliament Square , Ramsey Schedule for the TT Zero Challenge timed sessions in 2015 was : Friday 5 June 20 : 30 -- 20 : 50 Saturday 6 June 17 : 45 -- 18 : 30 Monday 8 June 16 : 00 -- 16 : 30 In the event of inclement weather either delaying or leading to the cancellation of one or more timed practice sessions , a reserve morning session could be held with the public roads closed 06 : 00 -- 07 : 30 on the Mountain Course . Further untimed practice sessions are held during race week after the racing has been completed for selected race classes . Race schedule ( edit ) In 2015 there were four scheduled race days : Saturday 6 June : 11 : 00 Superbike Race , 6 laps ( 236.38 mi or 380.42 km ) 14 : 00 Sidecar Race 1 , 3 laps ( 113.00 mi or 181.86 km ) Monday 8 June : 10 : 45 Supersport Race 1 , 4 laps ( 150.92 mi or 242.88 km ) 14 : 00 Superstock Race , 4 laps ( 150.92 mi or 242.88 km ) Wednesday 10 June : 10 : 45 TT Zero Challenge Race , 1 lap ( 37.73 mi or 60.72 km ) 12 : 00 Supersport TT Race 2 , 4 laps ( 150.92 mi or 242.88 km ) 14 : 30 Sidecar Race 2 , 3 laps ( 113.00 mi or 181.86 km ) Friday 12 June : 10 : 15 Lightweight TT Race , 3 laps ( 113.00 mi or 181.86 km ) 13 : 00 Senior TT Race , 6 laps ( 236.38 mi or 380.42 km ) The section of the primary A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Ramsey Hairpin ( Barrule Park , Ramsey ) to Creg - ny - Baa was to close for the race periods 45 minutes before the rest of the course ( 30 minutes from the Bungalow ) . TT Course official vehicles ( edit ) After the completion of a practice or race period , an official course vehicle displaying the notice Roads Open proceeds around the Mountain Course , passing each point opening the roads including side - access junctions to public use . On the Snaefell mountain road section from Ramsey to Douglas , the official vehicle displays the notice Roads Open One Way . Crossing places during practice and races ( edit ) The 1982 Road Racing Act ( Isle of Man ) and the supplementary TT Road Races Orders allow vehicles and pedestrians to cross the Snaefell Mountain Course at certain points between scheduled race periods under the supervision of a police officer . Several permanent pedestrian overbridges have been erected . These points include : In Douglas ( edit ) A2 St Ninian 's Crossroads with the A22 Ballaquayle Road and the A22 Ballanard Road A2 junction at Bray Hill with the Tromode Road and Stoney Road A1 Peel Road between Braddan Bridge ( Jubilee Oak ) and the Quarterbridge A2 Governor 's Road , Onchan , the A2 Glencrutchery Road and Victoria Road at Governor 's Bridge A2 Glencrutchery Road between Second & Third Avenues and Victoria Road A18 Bemahague Road at Bedstead Corner , Onchan Pedestrian overbridge at Glencrutchery Road , Douglas , close to start / finish and TT Grandstand Pedestrian overbridge at Bedstead Corner , Douglas , with Hailwood Avenue junction to right Elsewhere ( edit ) A1 Douglas to Peel road with the A23 Eyreton Road and the B36 Old Church Road , Crosby A3 Castletown to Ramsey road junction with B10 Sartfield Road and the Ballaleigh Road at Barregarrow Crossroads , Michael A3 junction with A10 Station Road and C37 Ballaugh Glen Road at Ballaugh Bridge A3 junction with A14 Sandygate Road and A14 Tholt - y - Will Glen Road at Sulby Crossroads A2 Albert Square and Princes Road , Ramsey at the junction with A18 Snaefell Mountain Road , close to May Hill Pedestrian overbridge before School House Corner , western approach to Ramsey town Pedestrian overbridge exiting Ramsey town centre , looking south - east towards May Hill Pedestrian overbridge at The Bungalow , on Snaefell mountain TT Course access Road ( edit ) Part of the access road passing under the A1 Peel Road The TT Access Road runs parallel to a section of the A1 Peel Road , which is part of the Snaefell Mountain Course , and operates during practice and race periods to enable vehicles to pass from inside of the race course to the outside . It runs along a section of former railway line on the historic Douglas to Peel route , from the junction of the A5 New Castletown Road at the Quarter Bridge , passing under the course at Braddan Bridge , to an exit at Braddan School Road in Douglas outskirts , near the former Braddan Railway Halt and the A23 / Ballafletcher Road junction . The access road is a narrow , single - track width with passing places and is restricted to cars and light vans below a weight limit of 3,500 kilograms ( 3.4 long tons ; 3.9 short tons ) . When used for vehicular traffic , pedestrian access is prohibited , but at other times it is part of a system of nature - trails . Description ( edit ) The Oxford Companion to World Sports and Games notes : The oldest motor - cycle racing circuit still in use is the Snaefell Mountain Course over which the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy races are run . Starting at the town of Douglas on the south - east coast , the course takes a wide sweep to the west and north to enter the town of Ramsey on the north - east coast and thence return to the starting point , each lap measuring 37 ⁄ miles ( 60.7 km ) and taking in over 200 bends while climbing from sea level to an altitude of over 1,300 ft ( 396 m ) . This circuit is the epitome of the natural road course , all the roads used being ordinary public highways closed for the racing and practice sessions . During race week , the TT races create a carnival atmosphere with picnicking spectators flanking vantage points on the circuit similar to other community festivals in another form of cycle racing -- the Tour de Yorkshire and Le Tour de France . Safety ( edit ) Main article : Snaefell Mountain Course § Safety See also : List of Snaefell Mountain Course fatal accidents Between 1907 and 2018 there have been 147 fatalities during official practices or races on the Snaefell Mountain Course , and 255 total fatalities ( this number includes the riders killed during the Manx Grand Prix , and Clubman TT race series of the late 1940s / 1950s ) . In 2016 , 5 riders died on the course during official practices or races , bringing the total number of fatalities to 252 . There were six fatalities among competitors in the 1970 Isle of Man TT , making it the deadliest year in the history of the event . Total overall race winners ( edit ) Rider Wins Joey Dunlop 26 John McGuinness 23 Michael Dunlop 18 Dave Molyneux 17 Ian Hutchinson 16 Mike Hailwood 14 Bruce Anstey 12 Steve Hislop , Phillip McCallen 11 Giacomo Agostini , Robert Fisher , Ian Lougher , Stanley Woods 10 Mick Boddice , Dave Saville , David Jefferies , Siegfried Schauzu 9 Ben Birchall , Jim Moodie , Chas Mortimer , Phil Read , Dan Sayle , Charlie Williams 8 Mick Grant , Wolfgang Kalauch , Tony Rutter 7 Chas Birks , Geoff Duke , Jimmie Guthrie , Rick Long , Jim Redman , Michael Rutter , John Surtees 6 Alec Bennett , Nick Crowe , Robert Dunlop , Brian Reid , Carlo Ubbiali 5 Klaus Enders , Freddie Frith , Wal Handley , Trevor Ireson , Benga Johansson , Dave Leach , Chris Palmer , Ray Pickrell , Tarquinio Provini , Horst Schneider , Barry Smith , Bill Smith , Jock Taylor , John Williams Ray Amm , Adrian Archibald , Graeme Crosby , Harold Daniell , Max Deubel , Ralf Engelhardt , Ryan Farquhar , Patrick Farrance , Carl Fogarty , Alex George , Tom Herron , Darren Hope , Emil Hörner , Alan Jackson , Tony Jefferies , Geoff Johnson , Klaus Klaffenböck , Rob McElnea , Bob McIntyre , Phil Mellor , Dave Morris , Clive Pollington , Walter Schneider , Ian Simpson , Rolf Steinhausen , Hans Strauss , Luigi Taveri , Don Williams , Barry Woodland Fergus Anderson , Hugh Anderson , Manliff Barrington , Artie Bell , Geoff Bell , Lowry Burton , Kel Carruthers , Bernard Codd , Charlie Collier , Keith Cornbill , Mark Cox , Steve Cull , Pat Cushnahan , Howard R Davies , Freddie Dixon , Charlie Dodson , Cameron Donald , Iain Duffus , Karl Ellison , Bob Foster , Dick Greasley , Manfred Grunwald , Hermann Hahn , Craig Hallam , Shaun Harris , Dean Harrison , John Hartle , Peter Hickman , Pete Hill , Fritz Hillebrand , Mac Hobson , Gary Hocking , John Holden , Josef Huber , Tim Hunt , Bill Ivy , Gary Johnson , Alistair King , Con Law , Eddie Laycock , Ivan Lintin , Bill Lomas , Nick Long , Graeme McGregor , Trevor Nation , Gary Padgett , Steve Plater , Jock Porter , Nick Roche , Cecil Sandford , Dave Saville , Tom Sheard , Edwin Twemlow , Malcolm Uphill , Dave Wells , Eric Williams , Andrew Winkle , Michael Wynn Steve Abbott , Dario Ambrosini , Frank A Applebee , Ivor Arber , Reg Armstrong , Kenny Arthur , Stewart Atkinson , Georg Auerbacher , Mike Aylott , Mark Baldwin , Rob Barber , W. Harry Bashall , Ian Bell , Phillip Biggs , Eric Bliss , Dieter Braun , Eric Briggs , Norman Brown , Ralph Bryans , Jimmy Buchan , Trevor Burgess , Roger Burnett , Mick Burns , Florian Camathias , Maurice Cann , Neil Carpenter , Phil Carpenter , Phil Carter , Harold Clark , Rod Coleman , Harry A Collier , Stuart Collins , Syd Crabtree , Dave Croxford , J.D. Daniels , Leo Davenport , Geoff Davison , Tommy de la Hay , Ernst Degner , Walter Denny , George Douglas , Eddie Dow , Percy Evans , Helmut Fath , Jack Findlay , John Flaxman , Frank Fletcher , Rem Fowler , John Gibbard , Sid Gleave , Oliver Godfrey , Les Graham , Stuart Graham , Werner Haas , Dave Hallam , Roy Hanks , Colin Hardman , Bernard Hargreaves , Conrad Harrison , Ron Haslam , Ronnie Hazlehurst , Chris Heath , Alfred Herzig , Freddie Hicks , James Hillier , Robert Holden , Rupert Hollaus , Colin Hopper , Ken Horstman , Clive Horton , Eric Housley , Dennis Ireland , Mitsuo Itoh , Brian Jackson , Nick Jefferies , Doug Jewell , C.W. Johnston , Ken Kavanagh , Bob Keeler , Neil Kelly , Basil Keys , John Kidson , Ewald Kluge , Ray Knight , David Lashmar , Monty V. Lockwood , Frank Longman , Heinz Luthringshauser , Jack Marshall , Keith Martin , Hugh Mason , Cromie McCandless , Georg Meier , Ted Mellors , Mark Miller , Derek Minter , Brian Morrison , Les Nutt , George O'Dell , Eric Oliver , Mat Oxley , Len Parker , Philip Parker , Denis Parkinson , Graham Penny , Alex Phillip , Derek Powell , Cyril Pullin , Brian Purslow , Richard Quayle , Johnny Rea , Harry Reed , Tim Reeves , Brett Richmond , Tommy Robb , John Robinson , Mike Rogers , Nigel Rollason , Dave Roper , Gordon Russell , Fritz Scheidegger , Martyn Sharpe , Dave Simmonds , Bill Simpson , Jimmie Simpson , Cyril Taft , Omobono Tenni , Steve Tonkin , George Tucker , Kenneth Twemlow , Henry Tyrell - Smith , Chris Vincent , Terry Vinicombe , Graham Walker , Frank Whiteway , Cyril Williams , Paul Williams , Peter Williams , Alfred Wohlgemuth , Tim Wood , Tommy Wood , Stan Woods FIM Championship rounds ( 1949 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) The Isle of Man TT was part of the FIM Motor - Cycle Grand Prix World Championship ( now MotoGP ) between 1949 and 1976 . During this period the Isle of Man TT Races counted as the United Kingdom round including the Sidecar TT , 50 cc Ultra-Lightweight TT , 125 cc Lightweight TT , 250 cc Lightweight TT , 350 cc Junior TT and 500 cc Senior TT races counted towards the FIM Motor - Cycle Grand Prix World Championship . After the 1972 races , multiple world champion and dominant motorcycle racer of his time Giacomo Agostini announced he would never race again at the Isle of Man , declaring it too dangerous for international competition and that it was outrageous that such a race should never be part of a scenario where riders were forced to do such a race ; at this point the Isle of Man TT was not suited to the growing professionalism and business aspects of Grand Prix motorcycle racing . More and more riders joined his boycott , and after 1976 the race was stricken from the championship and replaced by the British Grand Prix . Year 50 cc ( Ultra-Lightweight TT ) 125 cc ( Lightweight TT ) 250 cc ( Lightweight TT ) 350 cc ( Junior TT ) 500 cc ( Senior TT ) Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 1976 Tom Herron Yamaha Chas Mortimer Yamaha Tom Herron Yamaha Report Chas Mortimer Yamaha Charlie Williams Yamaha Mick Grant Kawasaki Report Charlie Williams Yamaha Tony Rutter Yamaha Phil Carpenter Yamaha Report 1973 Tommy Robb Yamaha Charlie Williams Yamaha Tony Rutter Yamaha Jack Findlay Suzuki Report 1972 Chas Mortimer Yamaha Phil Read Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1971 Chas Mortimer Yamaha Phil Read Yamaha Tony Jefferies Yamsel Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1970 Dieter Braun Suzuki Kel Carruthers Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1969 Dave Simmonds Kawasaki Kel Carruthers Benelli Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1968 Barry Smith Derbi Phil Read Yamaha Bill Ivy Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1967 Stuart Graham Suzuki Phil Read Yamaha Mike Hailwood Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Report 1966 Ralph Bryans Honda Bill Ivy Yamaha Mike Hailwood Honda Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Mike Hailwood Honda Report 1965 Luigi Taveri Honda Phil Read Yamaha Jim Redman Honda Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1964 Hugh Anderson Suzuki Luigi Taveri Honda Jim Redman Honda Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1963 Mitsuo Itoh Suzuki Hugh Anderson Suzuki Jim Redman Honda Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1962 Ernst Degner Suzuki Luigi Taveri Honda Derek Minter Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Gary Hocking MV Agusta Report 1961 Mike Hailwood Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Phil Read Norton Mike Hailwood Norton Report 1960 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Gary Hocking MV Agusta John Hartle MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1959 Tarquinio Provini MV Agusta Tarquinio Provini MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1958 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Tarquinio Provini MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1957 Tarquinio Provini Mondial Cecil Sandford Mondial Bob McIntyre Gilera Bob McIntyre Gilera Report 1956 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Ken Kavanagh Moto Guzzi John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1955 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Bill Lomas Moto Guzzi Bill Lomas Moto Guzzi Geoff Duke Gilera Report 1954 Rupert Hollaus NSU Werner Haas NSU Rod Coleman AJS Ray Amm Norton Report 1953 Leslie Graham MV Agusta Fergus Anderson Moto Guzzi Ray Amm Norton Ray Amm Norton Report 1952 Cecil Sandford MV Agusta Fergus Anderson Moto Guzzi Geoff Duke Norton Reg Armstrong Norton Report 1951 Cromie McCandless Mondial Tommy Wood Moto Guzzi Geoff Duke Norton Geoff Duke Norton Report 1950 Dario Ambrosini Benelli Artie Bell Norton Geoff Duke Norton Report 1949 Manliff Barrington Moto Guzzi Freddie Frith Velocette Harold Daniell Norton Report Current lap records ( edit ) Category Rider ( s ) Machine Tyres Year Time Average speed Source mph km / h Outright ( all categories ) Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 16 : 42.778 135.452 217.989 Superbike TT Dean Harrison Kawasaki Metzeler 2018 16 : 50.384 134.432 216.347 Supersport TT Michael Dunlop Honda CBR600RR Dunlop 2018 17 : 31.328 129.197 207.922 Lightweight TT Michael Dunlop Paton 2018 18 : 26.543 122.750 197.547 Ultra-Lightweight TT Chris Palmer Honda RS125 20 : 20.87 110.52 177.86 Senior TT Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 16 : 42.778 135.452 217.989 Superstock TT Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 16 : 50.601 134.403 216.301 TT Zero Michael Rutter Mugen Shinden 2018 18 : 34.956 121.824 196.057 Sidecar TT Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall Honda CBR Sidecar Avon 2018 18 : 59.018 119.250 191.914 Current race records ( edit ) Category Rider ( s ) Machine Tyres Year Race time Average speed mph km / h Superbike TT ( 6 laps ) Michael Dunlop BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 01 : 44 : 13.398 130.324 209.736 Supersport TT ( 4 laps ) Dean Harrison Kawasaki ZX - 6R 2018 01 : 11 : 28.059 126.703 203.909 Lightweight TT ( 4 laps ) Michael Dunlop Paton 2018 01 : 15 : 05.032 120.601 194.088 Lightweight TT ( 3 laps ) Ivan Lintin Kawasaki ER650 Metzeler 2015 57 : 06.070 118.936 191.409 Senior TT ( 6 laps ) Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR 2018 01 : 43 : 08.065 131.700 211.951 Senior TT ( 4 laps ) John McGuinness Honda CBR1000RR Dunlop 2015 01 : 09 : 23.903 130.481 209.989 Superstock TT ( 4 laps ) Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 01 : 08 : 49.976 131.553 211.714 TT Zero ( 1 lap ) Michael Rutter Mugen Shinden 2018 18 : 34.956 121.824 196.057 Sidecar TT ( 3 laps ) Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall Honda CBR Sidecar Avon 2018 57 : 25.040 118.281 190.355 Race awards ( edit ) Race winner trophies ( edit ) Race Trophy Rider ( s ) Machine Tyres Year Average speed mph km / h Senior TT Senior Tourist Trophy Michael Dunlop Suzuki GSX - R1000 Dunlop 2017 130.456 209.949 TT Superbike TT Superbike Trophy Michael Dunlop BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 130.324 209.736 TT Superstock John Hartle Trophy Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 131.553 211.714 TT Supersport Race 1 Junior Tourist Trophy Michael Dunlop Honda CBR600RR Dunlop 2018 126.027 202.821 TT Supersport Race 2 Classic TT Trophy Ian Hutchinson Yamaha YZF - R6 Metzeler 2016 125.905 202.624 TT Lightweight Lightweight TT Trophy Michael Rutter Paton S1 Dunlop 2017 118.645 190.941 TT Sidecar Race 1 Fred W. Dixon Trophy Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall Honda CBR Sidecar Avon 2018 117.987 189.882 TT Sidecar Race 2 Sidecar TT Trophy Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall LCR Honda 600 cc Avon 2017 115.760 186.298 ^ 1 Marquis de Mouzilly St Mars Trophy . Fastest lap awards ( edit ) Race Trophy Rider ( s ) Machine Year Average speed Time mph km / h Overall Jimmy Simpson Trophy Michael Dunlop Suzuki GSX - R1000 2017 132.903 213.887 17 : 02.009 Senior TT Norman Brown Trophy Michael Dunlop Suzuki GSX - R1000 2017 132.903 213.887 17 : 02.009 TT Superbike John Williams Trophy Dean Harrison Kawasaki Ninja ZX - 10R 2018 134.432 216.347 16 : 50.384 TT Superstock Don Ryder Trophy Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR 2018 134.403 216.301 16 : 50.601 TT Supersport Race Formula 2 TT Trophy Peter Hickman Triumph Daytona 675 2017 126.848 204.142 17 : 50.792 TT Sidecar Race Jock Taylor Trophy Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall LCR Honda 600 Sidecar 2017 117.119 188.485 19 : 19.746 Special awards ( edit ) Award Trophy Rider ( s ) Machine Year TT Solo Championship Joey Dunlop Trophy Ian Hutchinson BMW S1000RR Yamaha YZF - R6 2016 TT Privateer 's Champion TT Privateer 's Champion Daniel Hegarty Kawasaki Ninja ZX - 10R Kawasaki Ninja ZX - 6R 2016 Overall Sidecar Championship RAC Sidecar Trophy John Holden and Andrew Winkle LCR Suzuki 600 cc 2016 Sidecar Passenger Championship Craig Trophy Andrew Winkle LCR Suzuki 600 cc 2016 Supersport Championship TT Supporters ' Club Trophy Ian Hutchinson Yamaha YZF - R6 2016 Sidecar Chassis Championship Fred Hanks Trophy John Holden and Andrew Winkle LCR Suzuki 600 cc 2016 Newcomers Sidecar Driver Championship Peter Chapman Trophy Lionel Mansuy Windle 600 cc 2015 Newcomers Sidecar Passenger Championship Dave Wells Trophy Matty Ramsden LCR 600 cc 2015 British competitor British manufacturer Joe Craig Trophy Guy Martin Triumph 675 cc 2015 Irish ( North or South ) solo competitor Martin Finnegan Trophy Michael Dunlop BMW S1000RR 2016 Isle of Man solo competitor Gavin Lee Trophy Conor Cummins Honda CBR1000RR 2016 Other special awards ( edit ) Fastest Newcomer -- The Vernon Cooper Trophy Rider ( s ) Machine Year Average speed Time mph km / h Derek McGee Honda 1000 cc 2015 121.928 196.224 18 : 33.999 Most Meritorious Female -- The Susan Jeness Trophy is awarded yearly by the Executive Committee of the TT Supporters ' Club , in recognition of the `` most meritorious performance by a female competitor '' during the previous TT meeting . Rider ( s ) Race Category Year Jenny Tinmouth solo rider Jenny Tinmouth solo rider 2011 Debbie Baron as driver , Ireson Kawasaki Sidecar 600 cc 2012 Estelle Leblond as driver , Sidecar 600 cc 2013 Estelle Leblond as driver , Sidecar 600 cc 2014 ( undecided ) 2015 See also ( edit ) Isle of Man TT portal Isle of Man portal List of named corners of the Snaefell Mountain Course North West 200 Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Isle of Man TT results : Peter Hickman becomes the world 's fastest rider with record - breaking Senior TT victory '' . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Peter Hickman produces an astonishing record final lap to win the Senior TT at the Isle of Man TT to pip race - long leader Dean Harrison in one of the closest races ever seen . Jump up ^ The Manx Experience . A Souvenir Guide to the Isle of Man. page 66 - 67 Gordon N. Kniverton 8th edition The Manx Experience ( 1987 ) Mannin Publishing Ltd Jump up ^ Isle of Man Examiner page 2 12 November 1921 Jump up ^ Here Is the News : A Chronicle of the 20th Century , Volume 1 page 78 Gordon N. Kniverton & Terry Cringle Manx Heritage Foundation ( 1999 ) The Manx Experience ISBN 9781873120460 Jump up ^ Official Programme -- International Auto - Cycle Tourist Trophy 28 May 1907 pages 1 -- 3 The Auto - Cycle Club ( 1907 ) . Reproduction ( 2007 ) Isle of Man Post Office Jump up ^ ' Motor - Cycle pages 1 & 6 14 June 1972 ^ Jump up to : KEH , ANDREW ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` Take a Lap in the World 's Most Dangerous Race '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DeGroot , Nick ( 5 June 2016 ) . `` Two fatalities in a single day rock the 2016 Isle of Man TT '' . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 38 Miles of Terror '' , 09.08. 03 - Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ Isle of Man 's Big 3 Race Events : The Spectator Guide . TT ( Tourist Trophy ) , Festival of Motorcycling ( incorporating Manx Grand Prix ) , Southern 100 page 43 Trevor Barret ( 2014 ) Lily Publication ISBN 1907945237 Jump up ^ https://ultimatemotorcycling.com/2017/06/07/2017-isle-man-tt-three-riders-die-tt-crashes-lambert-hoek-bonner/ Jump up ^ https://www.judgments.im/content/J590.htm Jump up ^ https://www.judgments.im/content/J583.htm Jump up ^ Island Racer 2004 pp 112 -- 113 Mortons Media Group Ltd . ISBN 9780954244224 Jump up ^ TT Pioneers -- Early Car Racing in the Isle of Man by Robert Kelly p68 The Manx Experience ( 1996 ) The Alden Press ISBN No 1 873120 61 3 Jump up ^ The Motor Cycle pp545 dated 19 June 1905 Jump up ^ Island Racer 2003 p89 Mortons Media Group Ltd ISBN 0954244222 Jump up ^ 2015 International Tourist Trophy Regulations page 22 ACU Events Isle of Man Limited ( 2015 ) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development Jump up ^ 2015 International Tourist Trophy Regulations ACU Events Isle of Man Limited page 5 and page 58 Appendix A Jump up ^ 2015 International Tourist Trophy Regulations page 2 & Appendix C ACU Events Isle of Man Limited Jump up ^ International Tourist Trophy Regulations 2015 page 5 / Appendix D page 34 ACU Events ( Isle of Man ) Limited ( 2015 ) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development Jump up ^ International Isle of Man TT Regulations 2012 page 41 - 42 Appendix - E ACU Events ( Isle of Man ) Ltd ( 2012 ) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development Jump up ^ International Tourist Trophy Regulations 2012 page 3 / Appendix E page 43 ACU Events ( Isle of Man ) Limited ( 2015 ) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development Jump up ^ Motocourse History of the Isle of Man TT Races 1907 - 1989 page 18 - 19 and 23 ( Mick Woollett Technical Notes ) Nick Harris © Hazelton Securities Ltd ( 1990 ) Graficas Esatalla SA ISBN 0 - 905138 - 7 - 6 Parameter error in ( ( isbn ) ) : Invalid ISBN . Jump up ^ TT Topics and Tales by David Wright -- Amulree Publications ( 4 April 2006 ) ISBN 1901508099 Jump up ^ 2010 International Tourist Trophy Regulations page 2 ACU Events Isle of Man Limited Jump up ^ REGULATIONS TT ZERO -- 2010 International Tourist Trophy -- Isle of Man 29 May -- 11 June p27 ACU Events Ltd ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` History is made in the 2012 SES TT Zero '' . iomtt.com. 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 1947 TT races , overview IoM TT.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 Jump up ^ 1950 Clubman TT 1000 cc class results IoM TT.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 ^ Jump up to : Motor Cycle , 9 March 1967 , pp. 284 -- 286 Roadsters on the Magic Lap . A Production - TT Recce in Manxland by David Dixon . Accessed 26 September 2015 Jump up ^ 1956 Clubman TT Junior class results IoM TT.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 Jump up ^ 1956 Clubman TT Senior class results IoM TT.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 Jump up ^ 1963 Senior race results , Competitor Ray Knight , Hughes Triumph , Manx Grand Prix.Org official website , Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ 1964 Senior race results , Competitor Ray Knight , Hughes Triumph , Manx Grand Prix.Org official website , Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ Ray Knight , Competitor Profile , IoM TT.com official website , Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ Motor Cyclist Illustrated , January 1965 , p. 41 More Production racing . Accessed 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Practice and Race Schedule : 2016 '' . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New schedule '' . Jump up ^ ROADS CLOSED TO THE PUBLIC TT ROAD RACES 2015 Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure - Rheynn Arraghey Bun - Troggalys Public Notice ( 2015 ) 1982 Road Racing Act ( Isle of Man ) `` Notice is given that the Department of Infrastructure has made Orders under the Road Race Act 1982 & the Highways Act 1986 . The Tourist Trophy Road Race Order 2015 permits the promoters to hold practices , races and parades during the TT Festival period . '' Jump up ^ `` Mad Sunday '' . Isle of Man Today . 2013 . Jump up ^ ROADS CLOSED TO THE PUBLIC TT ROAD RACES 2015 Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure - Bun - Troggalys Public Notice ( 2015 ) `` Notice is given that the Department of Infrastructure has made Orders under the Road Race Act 1982 & the Highways Act 1986 . The Tourist Trophy Road Race Order 2015 permits the promoters to hold practices , races and parades during the TT Festival period . '' Jump up ^ TT roads closure notice 2016 Retrieved 1 June 2016 Jump up ^ TVIM , 28 August 2013 , Retrieved 12 December 2015 Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to Sports and Games Edited by John Arlott Oxford University Press ( 1975 ) pp. 669 ISBN 0 - 19 - 211538 - 3 Jump up ^ `` World 's fastest way to die : Motorbike race that 's killed 246 '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` 3 Riders Killed in Separate Incidents at 2017 Isle Of Man TT '' . The Drive . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Backus , Richard ( March -- April 2017 ) , `` ISLE OF MAN '' , Motorcycle Classics , pp. 50 -- 56 Jump up ^ `` Two more motorcyclists killed at Isle of Man TT races '' . The Telegraph . 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieback , Ron ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` 2016 Isle of Man TT Recap -- Winners & Fatalities '' . Ultimate MotorCycling . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's fastest way to die : The most dangerous race on the planet '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two more deaths take Isle of Man TT Festival toll to five '' . express.co.uk . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Competitor Analysis '' . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Records reported are lap times achieved during races only . Except where otherwise noted , sourcing in this table is from the IOMTT.COM website : title = IOM TT : Current Isle of Man TT Lap Records ^ Jump up to : `` RST Superbike TT -- Result Sheet '' ( PPDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monster Energy Supersport TT 1 - Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bennetts Lightweight TT - Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PokerStars Senior TT '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` RL360 Superstock TT - Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TT Zero Record Lap '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Locate.im Sidecar TT 2 '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Energy Supersport TT 2 - Result Sheet '' . Monster Energy . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Bennetts Lightweight TT results '' ( PDF ) . IOMTT.COM . Jump up ^ `` SES TT Zero - Result Sheet '' . Monster Energy . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Energy Supersport TT 2 -- Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Isle of Man TT : Hickman wins thriller , smashes lap record '' . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birchalls on form in Sure Sidecar TT Race 2 '' . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Holden / Winkle were secure in second and with the runners - up spot , they took the overall Sidecar Championship with Reeves / Farrance salvaging their TT race week with another podium . ^ Jump up to : `` PokerStars Senior TT -- Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ IoM TT.com , News , 28 December 2012 Retrieved 14 September 2015 References ( edit ) Barker , Stuart ( 2007 ) . 100 One Hundred Years of the TT . EMAP ISBN 1 - 84605 - 235 - 1 Duckworth , Mick ( 2007 ) . TT 100 -- The Authorised History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Racing . Lily Publications ISBN 9781899602674 Harris , Nick ( 1991 ) . Motocourse History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Races 1907 -- 1989 Hazelton Publishing ISBN 0 - 905138 - 71 - 6 Mac McDiarmid ( 2004 ) . The Magic of The TT . A Century of Racing over The Mountain Haynes Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84425 - 002 - 4 Noyes , Denis ( 1999 ) 50 Years of Moto Grand Prix . Hazelton Publishing Ltd ISBN 1 - 874557 - 83 - 7 Pidcock , Fred & Snelling , Bill ( 2007 ) History of the Isle of Man Clubman 's TT Races 1947 -- 1956 . Amulree Publications ISBN 1 - 901508 - 10 - 2 Savage , Mike ( 1997 ) TT Heroes . Amulree Publications ISBN 0 - 9521126 - 9 - 8 Snelling , Bill ( 1996 ) . The Tourist Trophy in Old Photographs Collected by Bill Snelling . Sutton Publishing ISBN 1 - 84015 - 059 - 9 Stroud , Jon ( 2007 ) . The Little Book of the TT. Green Umbrella Publishing ISBN 1 - 905828 - 24 - 1 Wright , David ( 2007 ) . 100 Years of the Isle of Man TT Races . A Century of Motorcycle Racing . Crowood Press ISBN 1 - 86126 - 906 - 4 Wright , David ( 2006 ) . TT Topics and Tales . Amulree Publications ISBN 1 - 901508 - 09 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isle of Man TT Races . Official website Route of Isle of Man TT ( Google Maps ) Motorcycle Classics article on the 100th anniversary of the Isle of Man TT Video of TT Access Road traffic TVIM Snaefell Mountain Course Start to Glen Helen TT Grandstand St Ninian 's Crossroads Bray Hill Quarterbridge Road Quarterbridge Braddan Bridge 2nd Milestone Union Mills Ballagarey Corner Glen Vine Crosby Cross-Roads Highlander Greeba Castle Appledene Greeba Bridge Gorse Lea Ballagarraghyn Ballacraine Ballaspur Ballig Doran 's Bend Laurel Bank Black Dub Glen Helen Glen Helen to Ballaugh Bridge Creg Willey 's Hill Sarah 's Cottage Lambfell Molyneux 's 11th Milestone Handley 's Corner Barregarrow Cronk Urleigh Douglas Road Corner Rhencullen Birkin 's Bend Bishopscourt Orrisdale North Dub Cottage Alpine Cottage Ballacobb Ballaugh Bridge Ballaugh Bridge to Ramsey Ballacrye Corner Quarry Bends Sulby Bridge Ginger Hall Kerrowmoar Glen Duff School House Corner Parliament Square Whitegates Ramsey Hairpin Ramsey to Bungalow Waterworks Tower Bends Gooseneck 26th Milestone ( Joey 's ) Guthrie 's Memorial Mountain Mile Stonebreakers Hut Verandah Bungalow Bridge Bungalow Bungalow to Cronk - ny - Mona Hailwood 's Height Brandywell Windy Corner Keppel Gate Kate 's Cottage Creg - ny - Baa Gob - ny - Geay Brandish Corner Hillberry Corner Cronk - ny - Mona Cronk - ny - Mona to Finish Signpost Corner Bedstead Corner The Nook Governor 's Bridge List of named corners of the Snaefell Mountain Course Isle of Man TT St John 's Short Course 1907 1908 1909 1910 Mountain Course 1911 1912 1913 1914 World War I 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 World War II 1947 1948 FIM Grand Prix World Championship 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 Isle of Man TT Festival 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 ( cancelled ) 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Classes : Senior TT Junior TT Superstock TT Lightweight TT Ultra-Lightweight TT Sidecar TT TT Zero TTXGP Races in the Grand Prix motorcycle World Championship Current Qatar Argentine Americas Spanish French Italian Catalan Dutch TT German Austrian Czech Republic British San Marino Aragon Thailand Japanese Australian Malaysian Valencian Future Finnish ( 2019 ) Former Baden - Württemberg Belgian Brazilian Canadian Chinese East German European Expo ' 92 FIM Hungarian Imola Indianapolis Indonesian Isle of Man TT Madrid Pacific Portuguese Rio de Janeiro South African Swedish Swiss Turkish Ulster United States Venezuelan Vitesse du Mans Yugoslavian Coordinates : 54 ° 10 ′ 02 '' N 4 ° 28 ′ 44 '' W / 54.16722 ° N 4.47889 ° W / 54.16722 ; - 4.47889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isle_of_Man_TT&oldid=846084096 '' Categories : Isle of Man TT Recurring sporting events established in 1907 1907 establishments in the Isle of Man Summer events in the Isle of Man Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages with ISBN errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 05 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the isle of man tt start this year	[]	[]
-1300291719198836880	Knight's & Magic	Knight 's & Magic - Wikipedia Knight 's & Magic See also : Knights and Magick Knight 's & Magic The cover of the first light novel volume . ナイツ & マジック ( Naitsu to Majikku ) Genre Fantasy , Mecha Novel series Written by Hisago Amazake - no Published by Shōsetsuka ni Narō Original run October 16 , 2010 -- present Volumes 10 Light novel Written by Hisago Amazake - no Illustrated by Kurogin Published by Shufunotomo Demographic Male Imprint Hero Bunko Original run January 30 , 2013 -- present Volumes 9 ( List of volumes ) Manga Written by Takuji Katō Published by Square Enix English publisher Crunchyroll Demographic Seinen Magazine Young Gangan Original run April 15 , 2016 -- present Volumes 5 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Yusuke Yamamoto Produced by Ryutaro Kawakami Ryota Ozaki Emi Kashimura Written by Michiko Yokote Music by Masato Kōda Studio 8 - Bit Licensed by Funimation Original network AT - X , Tokyo MX , KBS , Sun TV , BS11 Original run July 2 , 2017 -- September 24 , 2017 Episodes 13 Anime and Manga portal Knight 's & Magic ( Japanese : ナイツ & マジック , Hepburn : Naitsu to Majikku ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Hisago Amazake - no and illustrated by Kurogin . The series tells the story of a young Japanese man who dies in a car accident and reincarnates as a child in an alternate world where magic and giant robots are real , dedicating himself since then to fulfill his longtime dream of building and piloting his own mecha . It originated as a web novel before being picked up for print publication by Shufunotomo . A manga adaptation by Takuji Katō is published by Square Enix , and an anime television series adaptation by 8 - Bit aired from July to September 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Web novel 3.2 Light novel 3.2. 1 Volumes 3.3 Manga 3.3. 1 Volumes 3.4 Anime 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Knight 's & Magic is set in a world where medieval knights use giant robots called Silhouette Knights to fight against demon beasts , magical ravenous animals that devour everything on sight . The protagonist is Tsubasa Kurata , a mecha otaku from Japan who gets killed in a car accident . Tsubasa is reincarnated in this new parallel world as Ernesti `` Eru '' Echavalier , a boy born into a noble family . Tsubasa 's previous otaku memories inspire Ernesti into creating his own Silhouette Knights in order to defend his kingdom . Characters ( edit ) Ernesti `` Eru '' Echavalier ( エルネスティ・エチェバルリア ( エル ) , Erunesuti Echebaruria ( Eru ) ) Voiced by : Rie Takahashi ( Japanese ) ; Justin Briner ( Adult ) , Alexis Tipton ( Child ) ( English ) The main protagonist . Also known as Eru , he is a boy obsessed with Silhouette Knights since childhood and wants to become a designer and build his own Silhouette Knight in order to protect his kingdom . Because of his short stature and androgynous looks , he often gets confused for a girl . Thanks to his past life , he is a genius inventor that has created new inventions like a Gunblade - like magic rod that combines a sword and magic rod into one weapon . Adeltrud `` Addy '' Olter ( アデルトルート・オルター ( アディ ) , Aderutorūto Orutā ( Adi ) ) Voiced by : Ayaka Ōhashi ( Japanese ) ; Jeannie Tirado ( English ) Also known as Addy , she is one of Eru 's childhood friends and a illegitimate noble . She and her brother initially intend to run away from home but are motivated by Eru 's excellence and learned magic from him . She is very fond of Eru and loves to hug him . Archid `` Kid '' Olter ( アーキッド・オルター ( キッド ) , Ākiddo Orutā ( Kiddo ) ) Voiced by : Shinsuke Sugawara ( Japanese ) ; Stephen Fu ( English ) Also known as `` Kid '' , he is Addy 's brother and another of Eru 's childhood friend who also learn magic from him . Due to him and sister being illegitimate children of Marquis Serrati and his mistress , he does not get along with his father and his legal family , especially his older - half brother Baltsar who despises them as the latter fears their father might legitimate them and make Kid his heir . He forms a relationship with a princess by persuading as her knight . Edgar C. Blanche ( エドガー・ C ・ブランシュ , Edogā C Buranshu ) Voiced by : Yasuaki Takumi ( Japanese ) ; Christopher Wehkamp ( English ) Eru 's senior and considered the top Knight Runner in the school . His Silhouette Knight is armed with a shield . Dietrich Knitz ( ディートリヒ・クーニッツ , Dītorihi Kūnittsu ) Voiced by : Kazuyuki Okitsu ( Japanese ) ; Josh Grelle ( English ) Another of Eru 's seniors and a Knight Runner . He is rather arrogant but after running away during a fight against a behemoth , he changes his behavior and becomes more responsible . Helvi Oberi ( ヘルヴィ・オーバーリ , Heruvi Ōbāri ) Voiced by : Shizuka Itō ( Japanese ) ; Morgan Garrett ( English ) Another of Eru 's seniors and a Knight Runner . She is filled with a determination to win . Batson Termonen ( バトソン・テルモネン , Batoson Terumonen ) Voiced by : Natsumi Fujiwara ( Japanese ) ; Ryan Reynolds ( English ) A dwarf boy who wants to become a blacksmith and a friend of Eru . David Hepken ( ダーヴィド・ヘプケン , Dāvido Hepuken ) Voiced by : Atsushi Imaruoka ( Japanese ) ; Cris George ( English ) A dwarf engineer in training who is friends with Eru . Stefania Serrati ( ステファニア・セラーティ , Sutefania Serāti ) Voiced by : Sayaka Senbongi ( Japanese ) ; Tia Ballard ( English ) The Laihiala Academy 's Student Council President and Addy and Kid 's older half - sister . Despite their illegitimate status , she treats Addy and Kid as part of her family . Like Addy , she loves to dote on Ernesti . Lauri Echavalier ( ラウリ・エチェバルリア , Rauri Echebaruria ) Voiced by : Masaru Ikeda ( Japanese ) ; John Swasey ( English ) Eru 's grandfather and principal of the Laihiala Knights Academy . Mathias Echavalier ( マティアス・エチェバルリア , Matiasu Echebaruria ) Voiced by : Hidetaka Tenjin ( Japanese ) ; Aaron Roberts ( English ) Eru 's father and a Knight Runner . Celestina Echavalier ( セレスティナ・エチェバルリア , Seresutina Echebaruria ) Voiced by : Sayaka Ohara ( Japanese ) ; Rachael Messer ( English ) Eru 's mother who taught him magic . Olver Bromdal ( オルヴァー・ブロムダール ) Voiced by : Yoshitsugu Matsuoka ( Japanese ) ; Jerry Jewell ( English ) Director of Silhouette Knight Laboratory and member of the Alv race . Tsubasa Kurata ( 倉田翼 , Kurata Tsubasa ) Voiced by : Daisuke Sakaguchi ( Japanese ) ; Eric Vale ( English ) Eru 's original incarnation from Japan . Kurata was a programmer and hardcore otaku with robots , which explains Eru 's own interest in Silhouette Knights . He is killed in a car crash and reincarnated as Ernesti in the new world , starting the story in the first place . Media ( edit ) Web Novel ( edit ) Hisago Amazake - no began publishing the series as a web novel on the Shōsetsuka ni Narō website on October 16 , 2010 . As of June 7 , 2018 , ten novels have been published , comprising a total of 143 chapters . Light Novel ( edit ) Publisher Shufunotomo ( ja ) acquired the series for print publication , and published the first volume with illustrations by Kurogin under their Hero Bunko imprint in January 2013 . Eight volumes have been released as of September 2017 . Volumes ( edit ) No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN January 30 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 288159 - 0 May 31 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 289667 - 9 September 30 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 292729 - 8 April 28 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 296348 - 7 5 March 30 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 412412 - 1 6 March 30 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 416172 - 0 7 March 25 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 424154 - 5 8 September 30 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 427900 - 5 9 October 31 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 07 - 435471 - 9 Manga ( edit ) Artist Takuji Katō began serializing a manga adaptation of the novels in Square Enix 's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan on April 15 , 2016 . Crunchyroll will publish the manga digitally starting on July 5 , 2017 . Volumes ( edit ) No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN September 24 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 5108 - 4 March 23 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 5254 - 8 June 24 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 5389 - 7 September 25 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 5484 - 9 5 March 24 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 5670 - 6 6 July 25 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 5792 - 5 Anime ( edit ) An anime television series adaptation was announced via a wraparound band on the first volume of the manga on September 24 , 2016 . The anime aired from July 2 to September 24 , 2017 . It was directed by Yusuke Yamamoto at 8 - Bit , with scripts written by Michiko Yokote , and music composed by Masato Kōda . Fhána performed the opening theme song `` Hello ! MyWorld ! ! '' and Ayaka Ohashi performed the ending theme song `` You & I '' . Crunchyroll streamed the anime and Funimation has licensed the series in North America . No . Title Original air date `` Robots & Fantasy '' July 2 , 2017 Tsubasa Kurata , a company programmer and a mecha model fan , is killed in a car accident . Tsubasa is reincarnated as a young boy named Ernesti `` Eru '' Echavalier in the Fremmevilla Kingdom in a world where magic exist . After witnessing his father Mathias defeating a demon beast in a mech called Silhouette Knight , Eru is motivated to be a Silhouette Knight pilot - Knight Runner - so that he too can ride one as well . During his magic training which he excels , he befriends the twins , Adeltrud `` Addy '' and Archid `` Kid '' Olter and also teaches them his magic skills . When the trio finally enrolled at Laihiala Academy , directed by Eru 's grandfather , Eru learns he can not pilot a Silhouette Knight as he is too young and short but is allowed to skipped to middle school classes after impressing his teachers with his power thanks to his Gunblade magic rod to compensate a magic rod 's short range abilities . As Eru becomes 12 years old , he joins a class training trip between the middle and high school students at Cloquet Forest and meets Stefania Serrati , the Olters ' older half - sister who the siblings share a complicated relationship since Addy and Kid are illegitimate children . Later that night , the class camp is attacked by a swarm of demon beasts which Eru , Addy , and Kid rescue Stefania and the rest of the students with help of their high school seniors riding Silhouette Knights . Elsewhere , a surviving Silhouette Knight battles a giant demon beast tortoise . `` Hero & Beast '' July 9 , 2017 Behemoth , the giant demon beast tortoise , attacks the gates of Cloquet Forest where the guards die fighting it as one runs to the capital to request the Knights for help . Back at the students camp , Eru realizes something big must have scared the demon beasts into going to their camp and witness the Behemoth appearing . As the student 's evacuate , the senior students Silhouette Knights led by Edgar C. Blanche , Helvi Oberi and Dietrich Knitz fight and distract the Behemoth . After seeing one of his comrades killed by the Behemoth 's fire breath , Dietrich runs away in fear , which Eru follows him , knocks him out and steal his Guair Silhouette Knight . After improvising the Guair 's controls and improving its movements using his magic and programming , Eru rides the Guair into battle and rescuing his seniors by stabbing the Behemoth 's left eye with a sword . Despite help from the kingdom 's Silhouette Knights , the Behemoth is too strong due to its thick armor and fire breath . In order to defeat it , Eru jumps onto the Behemoth 's head and casts lighting into its wounded eye , which transmit to its brain , killing it . At sunrise , the surviving Knight Runners are shocked to discovered Guair 's pilot was not Dietrich but Eru . Having fun experienced riding a Silhouette Knight , Eru tells his friends that he plans to make a custom Silhouette Knight for himself . Meanwhile , the King of Fremmevilla takes an interest with Eru due to his deeds . `` Scrap & Build '' July 16 , 2017 Eru is summoned by the King who wants to reward him any prize for defeating the Behemoth . Much to the court and his grandfather 's shock , Eru asks for the classified schematics of an Ether Reactor , the heart of a Silhouette Knight . When Eru explains he wants to make his dream Silhouette Knight and ride it as his hobby , the King is amused with his answer and agrees to Eru 's request if he can built an improved Silhouette Knight first . One of the King 's advisors , Marquis Selati , Stefania , Addy and Kid 's father , tells his children to report to him if Eru is successful so he may inform the King . Meanwhile , Eru explains his plan to improve a Silhouette Knight 's performance to his dwarf friend , Batson , and his senior and Silhouette Knight engineer , David , who is impressed with Eru 's idea . Using Helvi 's Trandorkis as a testbed , Eru and the Dwarven engineers improves the Trandorkis strength by 30 % using stranded crystal tissues and adds two sidearms armed with magic rods behind its back so the Silhouette Knight can fight close range and cast spells at the same time . In the meantime , Eru and Batson also built Silhouette Gears , human size mech suits so that Addy and Kid can learn how to operate Silhouette Knights . With the improvements done , the Trandorkis , now renamed Telestale , performs well in its first test run . Later , Helvi 's Telestale battles Edgar 's Earlcumber in a mock match and almost win before the Telestale mana runs out . Later that night , the engineers celebrate the Telestale 's success and Eru thinks of more Silhouette Knight ideas , unaware that another group is spying on their work . `` Light & Shadow '' July 23 , 2017 While Eru and the engineers try to find a way to fix the Telestale 's high mana consumption , Eru also builds weapons for the Silhouette Gears including an automatic crossbow . Addy and Kid reports to their father about the Telestale 's performance which he in turn informs Marquis Dixgard . Under Marquis Dixgard orders , the Order of the Scarlet Rabbit has three Telestale Silhouette Knight brought to Fort Casadesus where the Marquis will inspect and test the Knights personally . During the journey , the Scarlet Rabbit convoy is ambushed by a Shaker Worm demon beast which Edgar , Helvi and Dietrich in their Telestales are able to defeat it which impresses Knight Commander Fredholm of the Scarlet Rabbits . Unaware by everyone , the ambush was set up by Order of the Bronze Fang , the spies who have been observing Eru 's work . At Fort Casadesus , Marquis Dixgard , who dislikes Eru for breaking the status Quo on Knight design , meets Eru personally . After telling Eru that he will be reporting all new Silhouette Knight design to the King , the Marquis is flabbergasted that Eru does n't mind nor is he interested with fame or riches since he wants to make newer and better Silhouette Knight and eventually relents . As Eru 's friends head to Fort Casadesus to get him , the Order of the Bronze Fang causes a demon beast attack at a nearby village to lure out the Order of the Scarlet Rabbit so they can attack Fort Casadesus . 5 `` Hide & Seek '' July 30 , 2017 Edgar and Dietrich accompany Batson , David , Kid and Addy in their Silhouette Knights to Fort Casadesus . Meanwhile , Lady Kerhilt and the Bronze Fang Knights managed to sneak into Fort Casadesus and hijack the Fort 's Silhouette Knights including the three Telestales . Despite Commander Fredholm and the Scarlet Rabbit Knights attempts to stop them , Lady Kerhilt and two of her subordinates escape the Fort with two of the Telestales . However , the Bronze Fang Knights encounter Edgar and Dietrich on the way which the latter two tries to stop them with Kid and Addy helping in their Silhouette Gears . Upon learning from Batson and David on what happened to the stolen Telestales , Eru dons a Silhouette Gear and helps Commander Fredholm defeat the intruders in the Fort . Elsewhere , Dietrich , Kid and Addy manages to defeat Lady Kerhilt subordinates while she herself defeats Edgar and escapes to Vendobadahla . Dietrich tries to follow her but he and the others are surrounded by demon beasts until Eru and Commander Fredholm arrives to help them . The next morning , Marquis Dixgard is shocked to discover the intruders that attacked the Fort and stole the Telestale were using cursed bait , a forbidden concoction that attracts demon beasts and turns them crazy and concludes this was the work of another nation . Days later , Eru and his friends are thanked by King Ambrosius for their work who also creates a new Order of Knights called the Order of the Silver Phoenix led by Eru to research and create better Silhouette Knights . A recovering Edgar promises Helvi that he will retrieve the stolen Telestale as it was actually her Silhouette Knight . 6 `` Trial & Error '' August 6 , 2017 As a Telestale is sent to the Silhouette Knight Laboratory , the Fremmevilla Kingdom top research lab , whose Directors hope to reverse engineer it and make their own mass produced Silhouette Knights to impress King Ambrosius , Eru and the Order of the Silver Phoenix begin their work on creating newer and improved Silhouette Knights with help from Marquis Dixgard who delivers two Silhouette Knight companies of Kaldatoahs as base models and Nora Frykberg and the Order of the Azure Hawk capturing the spies who help the Bronze Fang Knights and prevent any more leaks of information from the academy . Eru creates Silhouette Gears for the Knightsmiths to ease their workload and new Silhouette Knight designs and improvements to be added . However , David criticizes Eru for being too focus in his work when his test of using rockets on a Silhouette Knight almost gets him killed . After creating a two seater cockpit for Addy and Kid , a Silhouette Knight shaped like a centaur and magical daggers uses as keys to start a Silhouette Knight to prevent another hijacking attempt , Eru and the Order of the Silver Phoenix heads to the capital to face against the Silhouette Knight Laboratory 's Kaldatoah Darsch models in front of King Ambrosius and his ministers . 7 `` New & Old '' August 13 , 2017 The match between the Order of Silver Phoenix and the Laboratory Team ends in a draw , as with the new units ' increased power they reached a stalemate against units less advanced , but with more experienced pilots . Some time later , Eru and his friends graduate from Laihiala and move with the rest of the order to Fort Orobesius to dedicate themselves to Silhouette Knight development , and King Ambrosius decides to retire and leave the kingdom to his son , Leotamus . He then approaches Eru and asks him to develop new , exclusive Silhouette Knights for him and his grandson , Prince Emrys . The order then produces two units with the same capabilities , one colored silver , Jilbariga and the other colored gold , Goldleo . When both decide to choose Goldleo , Ambrosius and Emrys decide to settle it with a duel , with Emrys claiming the victory and Ambrosius accepting Jilbariga . Eru soon realizes that Ambrosius was actually testing his grandson 's skills . 8 `` Secret & Quest '' August 20 , 2017 When a large group of Shellcased beasts head for Alfheim , the city where the Ether Reactors are developed and home of the Alvs , the Order of Silver Phoenix is dispatched to help defend it , along with Ambrosius and Emrys . With the power of the new units , Eru and co . easily defeat the attackers , with Eru killing the Shellcased queen by himself . After the battle , Ambrosius finally accepts Eru 's request to let him learn the secret of how Ether Reactors are created , and takes him to Alfheim , where he is granted permission from the Great Elder Kitley , the leader of the Alvs . He then spends three months there to learn the process and returns with Ambrosius 's permission to use the catalysts of the Behemoth and the Shellcased Queen he killed to create a custom Ether Reactor and use it to complete his own , personal Silhouette Knight , Ikaruga . 9 `` Force & Justice '' August 27 , 2017 The Zaloudek Kingdom starts a war to conquer the entire western continent . Using their newest models of Silhouette Knights and transport airships , the forces of Zaloudek easily bypass the defenses of the Kingdom of Kuschpercha . With defeat inevitable , the king requests a duel with the commander of the Zaloudek forces , Prince Cristobal , to buy enough time for his daughter , Princess Eleonora , to escape . The king loses and is killed , but Eleonora ends up captured by the enemy forces , along with her aunt Martina and cousin Isadola , who are also King Leotamus ' sister and niece respectively . In response , Leotamus sends the Order of Silver Phoenix along with Emrys to investigate the situation , and after easily defeating the enemies guarding the border , they discover that their Silhouette Knights have the same technology as the Telestale stolen from Fort Casadesus , concluding that the thieves were tied with Zaloudek . Upon hearing that Eleonora is being forced to marry Cristobal , Eru and co . start making plans to rescue her , but news about their presence reach Cristobal , who sends Gustav Mardonnes to track them down . Upon meeting Eru 's party , Gustav attacks them , but when they prove themselves too strong for him , he retreats , assisted by Lady Kerhilt . 10 `` War & Princess '' September 3 , 2017 Using special Silhouette Gears , the Order of Silver Phoenix successfully rescue Eleonora , Martina and Isadola . Cristobal sends a party to chase after them , but their pursuers are easily defeated by Eru 's Ikaruga and forced to flee . Once reaching safety , Eru 's party establishes a base at Nishirie , and agree to provide the remaining Kuschperchan forces with upgrades to their Silhouette Knights in exchange for the scraps of all enemy units defeated by them . With these new upgrades , the Kuschperchan easily fend off an enemy attack on the city , and Lady Kerhilt is ordered to launch a surprise attack on the Silver Phoenix 's base to recapture the Princess , in exchange of having her family 's name restored . However , Eru and his friends were prepared and easily defeat and capture the Bronze Fang Knights , with Lady Kerhilt killed in a battle against Edgar . 11 `` Hit & Away '' September 10 , 2017 Cristobal leads a large force of Silhouette Knights and airships to crush the Kuschperchan forces at their stronghold and capture Eleonora . However , he falls into a trap made by the Order of Silver Phoenix who now possess Javelin missiles to take down their airships . With his forces routed due to the Silver Phoenix 's superior Silhouette Knights , Cristobal 's airship tries to escape only to be confronted by the Ikaruga . Eru easily defeats Cristobal in battle which the latter tries to bribe Eru to join his side . But when Eru rejects his offer , Cristobal falls to his death rather than suffer humiliation of being captured , demoralising his forces and making them retreat . Eleonora becomes Queen of Kuschperchan and declares the rebirth of their nation . As the combined Silver Phoenix and Kuschperchan forces retake their lands , Oratio Gojass , Zaloudek 's top scientist , promises Princess Catalina that he will build a new weapon to avenge her brother 's death . Months later , the Silver Phoenix and Kuschperchan forces finally retake a fortress held by Zaloudek , but Oratio 's new weapon , a giant airship shaped like a Drake , attacks them . 12 `` Knight & Dragon '' September 17 , 2017 The Vyver , Zaloudek 's newest weapon , battles the Ikaruga , whose Captain Doloteo Mardones wants to avenge Cristobal 's death . Meanwhile , a Zaloudek force led by Doloteo 's son , Gustavo , battles Dietrich and his men but Gustavo is forced to abandon his Silhouette Knight after Dietrich tricks him into exhausting his mana supply . Eru is unable take down the Vyver due to its defenses and is forced to land the Ikaruga after the Vyver 's chaff smoke damages its jet engines . The Vyver is forced to withdraw after exhausting its mana trying to destroy the Ikaruga . As Eru and his allies withdraw , Oratio repairs and installs a bigger Ether Reactor in the Vyver to give it more power and Gustavo receives the Zaloudek 's Royal Family Silhouette Knight , Alkeloryx , by Princess Catalina . Meanwhile , after discussing their battle plans , the Silver Phoenix and Kuschperchans agree to Eleonora 's strategy where she will lead the entire Kuschperchan army to recapture their capital Delvancul while Eru and the Silver Phoenix Knights battle the Vyver . As the Kuschperchans fight the Zaloudeks at the last fortress that leads to Delvancul , the Vyver arrives , with Oratio onboard , to attack Eleonora 's position only to discovered Eru has repaired and improved a captured airship to fight them . 13 `` Heaven & Earth '' September 24 , 2017 After drawing the Vyver away from the battlefield , Eru 's party launches an attack with Javelin missiles loaded with oil that once ignited , surrounds the enemy ship in flames . In response , Doloteo activates the Vyver 's Dragon Blood reactor that surrounds it with a massive energy shield . Meanwhile on land , an infiltration party hijacks the drawbridge controls , allowing the Kuschperchan forces to invade , while Gustavo is defeated by Edgar with Emrys ' help . Back to the sky , Eru breaks through the Vyver 's energy shield and attacks it direcly , defeating it . In a last effort , Doloteo takes control of the Vyver and attempts to ram it on the Kuschperchan base camp to kill Eleonora , but Eru and Kid stop him , taking down the Vyver for good . After the battle , the Kuschperchan forces take control of Delvancul and Catalina poisons herself to death to avoid capture , thus ending the war with Zaloudek 's defeat and Eleonora recognized as Kuschpercha 's de facto ruler . Once returning home , Eru is watched by far from Oratio , who survived the Vyver 's destruction and departs to look for another country to sell his services to , longing to face Eru in battle again . Back to Flemevilla , Ambrosius commends the Order of Silver Knights for their efforts , and awards Eru with his own laboratory , while the airship 's technology is spread along the neighboring countries , ushering a new era of trade and transportation across the continent . Reception ( edit ) The manga and the light novels had a combined 1.5 million copies in print as of March 16 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasy Mecha Light Novel `` Knight And Magic '' Major Announcement Planned `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knight 's & Magic TV Anime 's Promo Video Reveals Cast , Staff , Summer Debut '' . Anime News Network . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summer 2017 Simuldub on FunimationNow '' . Funimation . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knights & Magic Anime 's Video Reveals New Cast , Songs , July 2 Premiere '' . Anime News Network . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knight 's & Magic Anime Streams TV Ad , Reveals More Cast '' . Anime News Network . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You got Olver right . I 'll give you another try on the other 2 '' . Twitter . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knight 's & Magic Light Novel Series to Have ' Important Announcement ' Next Week '' . Anime News Network . September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knight 's & Magic '' . Shōsetsuka ni Narō ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasy Mecha Light Novel `` Knight And Magic '' Major Announcement Planned `` . Anime News Network . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 1 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 1 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 2 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 2 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 3 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 3 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 4 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 4 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 5 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 5 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 6 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 6 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 7 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 7 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 8 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 8 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 9 ( ヒーロー文庫 ) '' ( Knight 's & Magic 9 ( Hero Bunko ) ) . Amazon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ラノベ原作のロボットファンタジー「ナイツ & マジック」が加藤拓弐描くマンガに '' . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Publish Final Fantasy : Lost Stranger , Knight 's & Magic , Restaurant to Another World Manga Simultaneously With Japan '' . Anime News Network . July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 1 '' . Square Enix ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 2 '' . Square Enix ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 3 '' . Square Enix ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 4 '' . Square Enix ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 5 '' . Square Enix ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ナイツ & マジック 6 '' . Square Enix ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knight 's & Magic Light Novel Series Gets TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream Knight 's & Magic Anime '' . Anime News Network . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Summer Simuldub Lineup '' . Anime News Network . July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jennifer ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` Roundup of Newly Revealed Print Counts for Manga , Light Novel Series '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official web novel website at Shōsetsuka ni Narō ( in Japanese ) Official light novel website at Hero Bunko ( in Japanese ) Official manga website at Young Gangan ( in Japanese ) Official anime series website Knight 's & Magic ( light novel ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Gangan Comics Monthly Shōnen Gangan As Miss Beelzebub Likes B. Ichi Blast of Tempest A Certain Magical Index Corpse Princess Doubt Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō Fullmetal Alchemist Guilty Crown Haré + Guu He Is My Master Hero Tales Heroman High School ! Kimengumi Higurashi When They Cry Magical Circle Guru Guru Mamotte Shugogetten Material Puzzle Moribito : Guardian of the Spirit The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok Nagasarete Airantō Ninpen Manmaru O - Parts Hunter Pani Poni Papuwa Peacemaker Kurogane The Record of a Fallen Vampire Soul Eater Soul Eater Not ! 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-2444855845694070978	Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles	Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- women 's singles - wikipedia Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- women 's singles Badminton -- Women 's singles at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Venue Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast Dates 10 -- 15 April 2018 Medalists Saina Nehwal India P.V. Sindhu India Kirsty Gilmour Scotland ← 2014 2022 → Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Singles men women Doubles men women Mixed doubles team The women 's singles badminton event at the 2018 Commonwealth Games was held from 10 to 15 April 2018 at the Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre on the Gold Coast , Australia . The defending gold medalist was Michelle Li of Canada . The athletes were drawn into an elimination stage draw . Once a player lost a match , she will no longer be able to compete . Each match was contested as the best of three games . The draw for the competition was done on 2 April 2018 . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Results 2.1 Finals 2.2 Top Half 2.2. 1 Section 1 2.2. 2 Section 2 2.3 Bottom Half 2.3. 1 Section 3 2.3. 2 Section 4 3 References Seeds ( edit ) The seeds for the tournament were : 01 . P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) ( Silver medal ) 02 . Saina Nehwal ( IND ) ( Gold medal ) 03 . Michelle Li ( CAN ) ( Fourth place ) 04 . Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) ( Bronze medal ) 05 . Soniia Cheah ( MAS ) ( Quarterfinals ) 06 . Rachel Honderich ( CAN ) ( Quarterfinals ) 07 . Brittney Tam ( CAN ) ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . Gadde Ruthvika Shivani ( IND ) ( Quarterfinals ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Results ( edit ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 21 21 Michelle Li ( CAN ) 18 8 P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 18 21 Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 23 Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 14 21 17 Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 18 21 Bronze medal match Michelle Li ( CAN ) 11 16 Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 21 21 Top Half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 21 21 Andra Whiteside ( FIJ ) 6 P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 21 21 Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu ( AUS ) 15 9 Zoe Morris ( FAI ) Eyram Migbodzi ( GHA ) Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu ( AUS ) 21 21 Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu ( AUS ) 21 21 P.V. Sindhu ( IND ) 21 21 7 Brittney Tam ( CAN ) 14 17 7 Brittney Tam ( CAN ) 21 21 Palwasha Bashir ( PAK ) 18 12 Nicki Chan - Lam ( MRI ) 14 13 Nicki Chan - Lam ( MRI ) 21 21 7 Brittney Tam ( CAN ) 21 16 21 Kate Foo Kune ( MRI ) 16 21 16 Kate Foo Kune ( MRI ) 21 21 Hasini Ambalangodage ( SRI ) 21 21 Hasini Ambalangodage ( SRI ) 12 12 Emily Temple Redshaw ( JER ) 18 11 Section 2 ( edit ) Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Michelle Li ( CAN ) 21 21 Everlyn Siamupangila ( ZAM ) 11 9 Kimberley Clague ( IOM ) 7 7 Kimberley Clague ( IOM ) 21 21 Michelle Li ( CAN ) 21 21 Katherine Wynter ( JAM ) 10 7 Aisha Nakiyemba ( UGA ) 18 15 Katherine Wynter ( JAM ) 21 21 Katherine Wynter ( JAM ) 21 21 Chloe le Tissier ( GUE ) 18 16 Michelle Li ( CAN ) 21 21 5 Soniia Cheah ( MAS ) 12 19 5 Soniia Cheah ( MAS ) 21 21 Rachael Darragh ( NIR ) 21 21 Rachael Darragh ( NIR ) 5 12 Stella Ngadjui ( CMR ) 6 5 Soniia Cheah ( MAS ) 21 21 Grace Chua Hui Zen ( SGP ) 11 12 Michelle Butler - Emmett ( RSA ) 5 12 Cheryl March ( FAI ) 0 Grace Chua Hui Zen ( SGP ) 21 21 Grace Chua Hui Zen ( SGP ) 21 21 Bottom Half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Karyn Gibson ( FIJ ) 6 6 Yeo Jia Min ( SGP ) 21 21 Yeo Jia Min ( SGP ) w / o Shamim Bangi ( UGA ) Yeo Jia Min ( SGP ) 10 23 10 Grace Atipaka ( GHA ) 21 21 8 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani ( IND ) 21 21 21 Juliette Ah - Wan ( SEY ) 17 19 Grace Atipaka ( GHA ) 5 7 8 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani ( IND ) 21 21 8 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani ( IND ) 5 Chloe Birch ( ENG ) 21 21 Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 9 Johanita Scholtz ( RSA ) 5 8 Chloe Birch ( ENG ) 21 21 Elise Dixon ( JER ) 5 Chloe Birch ( ENG ) 20 12 Aurelie Marie Elisa Allet ( MRI ) 21 21 Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 22 21 Alana Bailey ( JAM ) 7 12 Aurelie Marie Elisa Allet ( MRI ) Kirsty Gilmour ( SCO ) 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Alissa Dean ( FIJ ) 12 Mahoor Shahzad ( PAK ) 21 21 Mahoor Shahzad ( PAK ) 21 21 Cristen Marritt ( IOM ) 14 10 Mahoor Shahzad ( PAK ) 17 10 Mercy Joseph ( KEN ) 6 Rachel Honderich ( CAN ) 21 21 Allisen Camille ( SEY ) w / o Allisen Camille ( SEY ) 6 Rachel Honderich ( CAN ) w / o 6 Rachel Honderich ( CAN ) 8 13 Ogar Siamupangila ( ZAM ) 21 21 Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 21 Stella Koteikai Amasah ( GHA ) 6 12 Ogar Siamupangila ( ZAM ) 9 13 Jessica Li ( IOM ) 21 21 Jessica Li ( IOM ) 0 Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 Elsie de Villiers ( RSA ) Saina Nehwal ( IND ) 21 21 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Badminton '' . gc2018.com . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Draw Jump up ^ Seeding List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badminton_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games_ -- _Women % 27s_singles&oldid = 836477068 '' Categories : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 01 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has won the women's single title of badminton in commonwealth games	[]	[]
5454225144279002335	United States Global AIDS Coordinator	United States Global AIDS Coordinator - Wikipedia United States Global AIDS Coordinator The Global AIDS Coordinator at the United States Department of State is the official responsible for overseeing U.S. - sponsored humanitarian aid programs to combat the AIDS epidemic around the world . The Global AIDS Coordinator has the rank of ambassador - at - large and Assistant Secretary . The current Global AIDS Coordinator is Ambassador Deborah L. Birx . The mission of the Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator ( OGAC ) is to lead the implementation of the U.S. President 's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) , the largest commitment ever by any nation for an international health initiative dedicated to a single disease. ( 1 ) Initiated in 2003 , PEPFAR has been reauthorized three times . What began as an emergency response has since developed into one of the largest international health initiatives . PEPFAR has supported countries in the development of national health and information systems to support the fight of HIV / AIDS and other diseases , and is collaborating with countries around the world to work towards epidemic control . OGAC is also one of the few offices at the State Department that reports directly to the Secretary of State , instead of going through a Deputy Secretary of State . List of Global AIDS Coordinators ( edit ) Randall L. Tobias ( October 6 , 2003 -- 2006 ) Mark R. Dybul ( 2006 - 2008 ; acting March to August 2006 ) Eric Goosby ( June 23 , 2009 to November 2013 ) Deborah L. Birx ( April 4 , 2014 to present ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Assistant Secretaries and Equivalent Rank '' . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Department Organization Chart '' . March 2014 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ An Interview with Randall L. Tobias -- Spearheading the U.S. Response to Global AIDS Jump up ^ Remarks at the Swearing - in Ceremony of the Honorable Mark Dybul as U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator Jump up ^ Ambassador Mark R. Dybul , United States Global AIDS Coordinator Jump up ^ Q and A with Ambassador Mark R. Dybul , MD Jump up ^ Ambassador Eric Goosby , U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator Jump up ^ Dr. Deborah Birx Sworn - In as New U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator External links ( edit ) Official website Ambassadors of the United States Current countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia - Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros DR Congo Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Defunct countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Hawaii Iran North Yemen Ottoman Empire Prussia South Vietnam South Yemen Soviet Union Tanganyika Two Sicilies United Arab Republic Texas Yugoslavia Other places Curaçao Hong Kong and Macau Jerusalem Taiwan International organizations AU APEC ASEAN SAARC CD EU ICAO NATO OAS OECD OIC OPCW OSCE UN UNESCO UNEP UN Food and Agriculture UNVIE UN in Geneva UN Human Rights WTO Ambassadors - 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Global_AIDS_Coordinator&oldid=801062231 '' Categories : HIV / AIDS United States Ambassadors - at - Large United States Department of State officials Health policy in the United States United States government stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 12 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	office of the u.s. global aids coordinator and health diplomacy	[]	[]
-6164398113195678210	Toronto Raptors	Toronto Raptors - Wikipedia Toronto Raptors This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Toronto Raptors 2017 -- 18 Toronto Raptors season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1995 History Toronto Raptors 1995 -- present Arena Air Canada Centre Location Toronto , Ontario Team colours Red , black , silver , gold , white Main sponsor Sun Life Financial President Masai Ujiri General manager Bobby Webster Head coach Vacant Ownership Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( MLSE ) Affiliation ( s ) Raptors 905 Championships 0 Conference titles 0 Division titles 5 ( 2007 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 ) Website www.nba.com/raptors Uniforms Home Away Third The Toronto Raptors are a Canadian professional basketball team based in Toronto , Ontario . The Raptors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division . The team was established in 1995 , along with the Vancouver Grizzlies , as part of the NBA 's expansion into Canada . When the Grizzlies relocated to Memphis , Tennessee to become the Memphis Grizzlies in 2001 , the Raptors became the only Canadian - based team in the NBA . They originally played their home games at SkyDome ( later renamed Rogers Centre in 2005 ) , before moving eastward along Bremner Boulevard to the Air Canada Centre in 1999 . Like most expansion teams , the Raptors struggled in their early years , but after the acquisition of Vince Carter through a draft day trade in 1998 , the team set league - attendance records and made the NBA playoffs in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 . Carter was instrumental in leading the team to 47 wins and their first playoff series win in 2001 , where they advanced to the Eastern Conference semifinals . During the 2002 -- 03 and 2003 -- 04 seasons , they failed to make significant progress , and Carter was traded in 2004 to the New Jersey Nets . After Carter left , Chris Bosh emerged as the team leader . In 2006 -- 07 , Bryan Colangelo 's first full season as President and General Manager , a combination of Bosh , 2006 first overall NBA draft pick Andrea Bargnani and a revamp of the roster helped the Raptors qualify for their first playoff berth in five years , capturing the Atlantic Division title with 47 wins . In the 2007 -- 08 season , they advanced to the playoffs again , but failed to make the playoffs in each of the next five seasons . In a bid to persuade Bosh to stay , Colangelo overhauled the team roster for the 2009 -- 10 season , but Bosh signed with the Miami Heat in July 2010 , ushering in yet another era of rebuilding for the Raptors . After Masai Ujiri was brought in as the new General Manager in 2013 , he traded Bargnani to the New York Knicks . With a backcourt led by Kyle Lowry and DeMar DeRozan , the Raptors returned to the playoffs , won their second Atlantic Division title , and won 48 games in the 2013 -- 14 season . However , they failed for a fourth consecutive time to advance beyond the first round of the playoffs . In the 2014 -- 15 season , they won 49 games , but failed for a second consecutive year to advance past the first round of the playoffs , getting swept by the Washington Wizards , 4 -- 0 . In the 2015 -- 16 season , they won 56 games , finishing in second place in the conference for the first time in franchise history . In the playoffs , they won their first playoff series since 2001 by defeating both the Indiana Pacers and Miami Heat in seven games , advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time against the Cleveland Cavaliers , only for the Raptors to lose to the eventual NBA champions in six games . In the 2016 -- 17 season , the Raptors made the playoffs again , this time defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round , but were swept by the defending champions in the second round . In the 2017 -- 18 season , they won a franchise record 59 games and sealed the top seed in the Eastern Conference for the first time in franchise history , guaranteeing the Raptors home advantage throughout the Eastern Conference half of the playoffs . However , their franchise record - breaking season was cut short when they were swept by LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers in the second round of the 2018 NBA playoffs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Creation 1.2 1995 -- 1999 : Struggles of a new franchise 1.3 1999 -- 2002 : Success during the Vince Carter era 1.4 2002 -- 2006 : Another period of struggle 1.5 2006 -- 2010 : The Chris Bosh era 1.6 2010 -- 2013 : Rebuilding 1.7 2013 -- present : The Lowry -- DeRozan era 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logos 2.1. 1 Court art 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform evolution 2.2. 2 2015 redesign 2.2. 3 Jersey sponsors 2.2. 4 Throwback jerseys 2.2. 5 Other jerseys 3 Arenas 4 Personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Retained draft rights 4.3 Management 4.4 Basketball Hall of Famers 4.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 5 Awards and records 6 Broadcasters 7 Fanbase and marketing 7.1 Partnership with Drake 7.1. 1 `` We The North '' re-branding 7.1. 2 Welcome Toronto 8 Rivalries 8.1 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 8.2 New York Knicks 9 Community service 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Franchise history Creation The Toronto Raptors were established on November 4 , 1993 , when the NBA , as part of its expansion into Canada , awarded its 28th franchise to a group headed by Toronto businessman John Bitove for a then - record expansion fee of $125 million USD . Bitove and Allan Slaight of Slaight Communications each owned 44 % , with the Bank of Nova Scotia ( 10 % ) , David Peterson ( 1 % ) , and Phil Granovsky ( 1 % ) being minority partners . Wagering on NBA games in Ontario nearly cost Toronto the expansion franchise , due to strict league rules at the time that prohibited gambling . However , an agreement was reached whereby the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation ( OLG ) , which is the provincial lottery corporation that regulates gambling in Ontario , agreed to stop offering wagering on all NBA games in exchange for a donation by the Raptors of $5 million in its first three years and $1 million annually afterwards to its charitable foundation to compensate OLG for its loss of revenue . The Raptors , along with the Vancouver Grizzlies , played their first game in 1995 , and were the first NBA teams based in Canada since the 1946 -- 47 Toronto Huskies of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA , being a forerunner league to the present - day NBA ) , though the Buffalo Braves had played a total of 16 regular season games at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto from 1971 to 1975 . The Raptors marked a return of professional basketball to the city after a 48 - year absence . Initial sentiment was in favour of reviving the Huskies nickname , but team management realized it would be nearly impossible to design a logo that did not substantially resemble that of the Minnesota Timberwolves . As a result , a nationwide contest was held to help name the team and develop their colours and logo . Over 2,000 entries were narrowed down to eleven prospects : Beavers , Bobcats , Dragons , Grizzlies , Hogs , Raptors , Scorpions , T - Rex , Tarantulas , Terriers and Towers ( the eventual runner - up ) . The final selection -- Toronto Raptors -- was unveiled on Canadian national television on May 15 , 1994 : the choice was influenced by the popularity of the 1993 film adaption of the 1990 science fiction novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton . The name `` Raptor '' is a common informal name for the Velociraptor , a swift medium - sized dromaeosaurid theropod non-avian dinosaur . On May 24 , 1994 , the team 's logo and first General Manager , Isiah Thomas , were revealed at a press conference . As part of the deal , Thomas received an option to purchase part of the team , reportedly for under market value . He would purchase 4.5 % in May 1995 and a further 4.5 % in December 1995 , half each from Bitove and Slaight , decreasing their share to 39.5 % . The team 's colours of bright red , purple , black , and silver were also revealed ; `` Naismith '' silver was chosen as an ode to Canadian James Naismith , the inventor of basketball . The team originally competed in the Central Division , and before the inaugural season began , sales of Raptors merchandise ranked seventh in the league , marking a successful return of professional basketball to Canada . As General Manager , Isiah Thomas quickly staffed the management positions with his own personnel , naming long - time Detroit Pistons assistant Brendan Malone as the Raptors ' head coach . The team 's roster was then filled as a result of an expansion draft in 1995 . Following a coin flip , Toronto was given first choice and selected Chicago Bulls point guard and three - point specialist B.J. Armstrong . Armstrong refused to report for training , and Thomas promptly traded him to the Golden State Warriors for power forwards Carlos Rogers and Victor Alexander . Thomas then selected a wide range of players in the expansion draft , including veterans Jerome Kersey , Willie Anderson and his former Pistons teammate John Salley . Subsequent to the expansion draft , the Raptors landed the seventh pick in the NBA draft lottery , behind their fellow 1995 expansion club , the Vancouver Grizzlies . Thomas selected Damon Stoudamire , a point guard out of Arizona , around whom the franchise would seek to construct its near future . However , the selection of Stoudamire was met with boos from fans at the 1995 NBA draft at the SkyDome in Toronto , many of whom wanted Ed O'Bannon of UCLA , an NCAA Final Four Most Valuable Player . 1995 -- 1999 : struggles of a New franchise SkyDome , known as Rogers Centre since 2005 , was the original venue for Raptors home games from 1995 to 1999 . In the team 's first official NBA game , Alvin Robertson scored the first NBA points in Raptors history , while Stoudamire recorded 10 points and 10 assists in a 94 -- 79 victory over the New Jersey Nets . The Raptors concluded their inaugural season with a 21 -- 61 win -- loss record , although they were one of the few teams to defeat the Chicago Bulls , who set a then all - time NBA best 72 -- 10 win -- loss regular season record . With averages of 19.0 points and 9.3 assists per game , Stoudamire also won the 1995 -- 96 Rookie of the Year Award . In November of the 1996 -- 97 season , Bitove sold his ownership interest in the team to Slaight for $65 million after Slaight had activated a shotgun clause in their partnership agreement , giving Slaight 79 % control of the team , and remaining minority partner of the Bank of Nova Scotia ( 10 % ) , Thomas ( 9 % ) Peterson ( 1 % ) and Granovsky ( 1 % ) . Slaight subsequently acquired the 1 % , which had been owned by both Peterson and Granovsky , who had died a year earlier . The team improved on its win record by nine games . They selected centre Marcus Camby with the second overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft . By the end of the season , Camby earned a berth on the NBA 's All - Rookie Team , while Stoudamire continued to play well , averaging 20.2 points and 8.8 assists per game . As in the previous season , the Raptors were one of only 11 teams to topple the eventual 1997 Champions , the Chicago Bulls . The Raptors also defeated the Houston Rockets , Utah Jazz and Miami Heat , all of which were eventual Conference finalists . However , the Raptors struggled against teams who were not of championship calibre , including three losses to the 15 -- 67 Boston Celtics . In the 1997 -- 98 season , the team suffered numerous injuries and slid into a 17 - game losing streak . After Thomas ' attempts to execute a letter of intent with Slaight to purchase the team failed , he resigned his position with the team in November and sold his 9 % stake in the team to Slaight . This left Slaight with 90 % and the Bank of Nova Scotia with 10 % . Thomas was replaced by Glen Grunwald as GM . With Thomas gone , Stoudamire immediately sought a trade . On February 13 , 1998 , he was shipped to the Portland Trail Blazers along with Walt Williams and Carlos Rogers for Kenny Anderson , Alvin Williams , Gary Trent , two first - round draft choices , a second - round draft choice and cash . Anderson refused to report to Toronto and was traded to the Celtics with Žan Tabak and Popeye Jones for Chauncey Billups , Dee Brown , Roy Rogers and John Thomas . When the trading deadline was over , the Raptors became the youngest team in the league with an average age of 24.6 years . They had five rookies on their roster , including the 18 - year - old Tracy McGrady , who at the time was the youngest player in the NBA . The inexperienced Raptors struggled throughout the season and their regular season record regressed to 16 -- 66 . On February 12 , 1998 , Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. , the owners of the Toronto Maple Leafs , purchased 100 % of the Raptors and the arena the team was building , Air Canada Centre , from Slaight and the Bank of Nova Scotia ; Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. later renamed itself Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( MLSE ) . MLSE paid a reported $467 million , made up of $179 million for the team and $288 million for the arena . During the 1998 NBA draft , in what became a defining move for the franchise , Grunwald traded the team 's 4th overall pick Antawn Jamison to the Golden State Warriors for Vince Carter , who was selected 5th overall . To bring further credibility to the Raptors , Grunwald traded Marcus Camby to the New York Knicks for Charles Oakley , a veteran with playoff experience . Kevin Willis , another veteran acquired from the trade , solidified the centre position , while the coaching staff temporarily rotated Brown , Williams and Doug Christie to play point guard . Both Christie and Williams became talented players in their own right ; Christie developed into one of the elite defenders in the NBA , while Williams improved his play on the offensive end . New coach Butch Carter was also credited with much of the team 's turnaround during the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season . Although the team did not make the playoffs , many were optimistic with the impressive performances of Rookie of the Year Carter and a much improved McGrady . 1999 -- 2002 : success during the Vince Carter era The Raptors moved to the Air Canada Centre in 1999 and set NBA attendance records for the following three seasons . During the 1999 NBA draft , believing that the Raptors still lacked a strong frontcourt presence , Grunwald traded first - round draft pick Jonathan Bender for power forward Antonio Davis of the Indiana Pacers . Davis quickly entered the Raptors starting lineup and he would develop into an All - Star in the coming years . Conversely , Bender would only play nine seasons and would be out of the league by age 29 . In the backcourt , Carter , Christie and Dell Curry played at the shooting guard position and Alvin Williams and Muggsy Bogues at point guard . The rotation of Davis , Oakley and Willis in the frontcourt and Carter 's and McGrady 's improvement helped the team make its first ever playoff appearance , fulfilling a promise Carter had made to fans in the previous season . Lacking significant post-season experience , Toronto was defeated 3 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in the first round . Nonetheless , team improvements and the rise of Carter -- who emphatically won the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest -- attracted many fans around Toronto , many of whom were previously not basketball fans . The season was also the first full year played at the Air Canada Centre , after having played four years at the cavernous SkyDome , which was better suited to baseball and Canadian football . Overall , the Raptors concluded the season with a 45 -- 37 record . Still , playoff failures and Butch Carter 's media altercations surrounding Camby led Grunwald to replace Carter prior to the 2000 -- 01 season with Lenny Wilkens , a Hall of Fame coach and player with more than 30 years of coaching experience . The team roster was also largely revamped , including the signing of veteran playmaker Mark Jackson on a four - year contract . When Alvin Williams later emerged as a clutch performer , Jackson was traded to allow Williams more playing time . In the 2000 off - season , free agent McGrady opted to leave the Raptors in a sign - and - trade deal worth $67.5 million over six years , while giving a conditional draft pick as part of the agreement to the Orlando Magic , for a first - round draft pick . Vince Carter , drafted fifth in the 1998 NBA draft , played his first six seasons in the NBA with the Raptors . As predicted by analysts , the team easily secured a berth in the 2001 NBA playoffs with a franchise high 47 wins . The Raptors won their first ever playoff series as they defeated New York 3 -- 2 , advancing to the Eastern Conference Semifinals for the first time in franchise history . Wilkens was praised for having Williams defend shooting guard Allan Houston and Carter defend small forward Latrell Sprewell , the two major Knicks offensive threats . The series with Philadelphia 76ers was a landmark for the Raptors in terms of performance and entertainment value . The Sixers relied on Allen Iverson and Dikembe Mutombo for their respective offensive and defensive abilities , along with steady help from Aaron McKie . Toronto was the more balanced team with Carter , Alvin Williams and Davis providing much of the offensive game and Chris Childs and Jerome Williams on defence . The series came down to the last few seconds of Game 7 , when Carter 's potential series - winning shot rolled off the rim . Carter was later widely criticized for attending his graduation ceremony at the University of North Carolina on the morning of Game 7 , as he scored only 20 points on 6 - for - 18 shooting , after a 39 - point performance in Game 6 . Despite the loss , the season is generally considered a watermark for the franchise , given the Raptors ' franchise high of 47 wins and advancing beyond the first round of the playoffs . The relocation of the Vancouver Grizzlies to Memphis , Tennessee in 2001 , as the Memphis Grizzlies , left Toronto as the NBA 's only Canadian team . In the summer of 2001 , long - term contracts were given to Alvin Williams , Jerome Williams and Davis , while former NBA MVP centre Hakeem Olajuwon was signed to provide Carter with good support . The Raptors appeared to be on their way to another competitive season , with a 29 -- 21 record going into the All - Star break and with Carter the top vote - getter for the All - Star game for the third consecutive year . Carter then suffered a bout of patellar tendinitis ( also known as `` jumper 's knee '' ) , forcing him to miss the All - Star game and the rest of the season , and without their franchise player , Toronto lost 13 consecutive games . However , they were able to win 12 of their last 14 games , clinching a playoff spot on the last day of the regular season . The comeback featured some of the Raptors ' best defence of the season , along with inspired performances by Davis and Keon Clark . Despite Toronto 's improved defensive performances , Carter 's offence was sorely missed in the first - round series against the second - seeded Detroit Pistons . In the first game , Detroit overwhelmed Toronto 83 -- 65 , largely due to Ben Wallace 's strong performance of 19 points , 20 rebounds , 3 blocks and 3 steals . Detroit also won Game 2 , but Toronto won the next two games at home to force a deciding and tightly contested Game 5 in Detroit . With 10.7 seconds left in the game , and the Raptors down 85 -- 82 with possession of the ball , Childs raced down the court and shot a three - pointer that missed badly , apparently trying to draw a foul on the play , instead of passing to a wide - open Curry . In a post-game locker room interview , Childs repeatedly insisted that the Raptors had been down four points , not three . The Raptors ' late - season surge was thus marred by a disappointing playoff exit ; the Olajuwon experiment was also a bust , with the 39 - year - old averaging career lows in minutes , points and rebounds . Furthermore , Childs , Clark and Curry left the team , ensuring a new - look team for the next season . 2002 -- 2006 : another period of struggle The 2002 -- 03 season began with the same optimism that the Raptors exhibited in three consecutive playoff seasons , although it faded early . Carter , while voted as a starter in the 2003 All - Star Game , suffered a knee injury , while Davis expressed disinterest in Toronto , and Wilkens ' laissez - faire attitude created a team that lacked the motivation and spirit of the previous years ' teams . The team was ravaged with injuries , losing an NBA record number of player games due to injury . Furthermore , the Raptors recorded the dubious honour of being the only team in NBA history not to dress 12 players for a single game in a season . Wilkens was criticized heavily by the Toronto media for his inability to clamp down on his players when necessary , especially given this was the year that Wilkens overtook Bill Fitch for the most losses by an NBA coach , with his loss total getting dangerously close to his win total . The Raptors ended the season with a 24 -- 58 record and Wilkens was fired . This turned out to be a blessing in disguise , when the Raptors were given the 4th overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft and brought another star to Toronto in Chris Bosh . A game between the Raptors and the Portland Trail Blazers during the 2004 -- 05 season . The Raptors were moved to the NBA 's Atlantic Division prior to the start of the season . Canadian country singer Shania Twain helped launch the new red Raptors alternate road uniform at the start of the 2003 -- 04 season , and the jerseys made their debut in a 90 -- 87 season - opening victory on October 29 , 2003 against the defending Conference Champion New Jersey Nets . Davis and Jerome Williams were traded early in the season for Jalen Rose and Donyell Marshall . After 50 games , Toronto was 25 -- 25 and in a position to make the playoffs , but injuries to key players sent the Raptors plummeting down the standings . Rose , Carter and Alvin Williams all suffered injuries as the Raptors struggled to a record of 8 -- 24 in their remaining games . The notable individual season performances were Carter 's 22.5 ppg , Marshall 's 10.7 rpg , and rookie Bosh , a 6 -- 10 forward - centre , averaging 11.5 ppg and 7.4 rpg and being named to the NBA All - Rookie Team . Williams ' knee injury turned out to be career - ending . For the 2004 -- 05 season , the team moved into the Atlantic Division and the Raptors decided to revamp the team . Raptors President and CEO of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Richard Peddie fired Grunwald on April 1 , 2004 , after the team ended the season three games short of the eighth and final playoff spot in the previous season . Head coach Kevin O'Neill and his four assistant coaches were also dismissed immediately after Grunwald 's termination . Toronto interim manager Jack McCloskey said : `` While the blame for that certainly does not rest on O'Neill and his staff alone , we need a change . '' Rob Babcock was named General Manager on June 7 , 2004 , alongside the appointments of Wayne Embry as senior advisor and Alex English as director of player development . Sam Mitchell , a former NBA forward and assistant coach of the Milwaukee Bucks , was hired as new head coach of the Raptors . After the trade of Vince Carter in 2004 , Chris Bosh became the face of the Raptors franchise until 2010 . Babcock 's first move as GM was drafting centre Rafael Araújo -- selected eighth overall -- in the 2004 NBA draft , in a move that was criticized by fans and analysts , considering highly touted swingman Andre Iguodala was drafted with the next pick . Babcock signed point guard Rafer Alston to a five - year deal . After Vince Carter 's annual charity game , Babcock implicitly revealed to the media that Carter 's agent had asked for a trade , confirming Carter 's discontent . The Toronto Sun reported that Carter felt he was being misled by the Raptors ' hierarchy during the General Manager search and had concluded that as long as the managerial structure at Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment Ltd. remained intact , the Raptors would never be an elite team . Carter was finally traded mid-season , ending his six - year tenure . Toronto received Alonzo Mourning , forwards Eric Williams and Aaron Williams and two mid-to - late future first round picks from the New Jersey Nets . Mourning chose not to report to Toronto , forcing Babcock to buy out the remainder of his contract at a reported $10 million , leaving him free to sign with the Miami Heat . Eric and Aaron Williams were supposed to add defensive toughness and rebounding , but were generally under - utilized for the entire season . Analysts had predicted Babcock got the bad end of the deal , and the trade eventually cost him his job . Carter 's departure heralded a new era for Toronto . Bosh stepped up to the role of franchise player and performed well in his sophomore campaign , ranking tenth in the league in defensive rebounds . In contrast to Bosh 's emergence , Araújo struggled to keep a spot in the line - up , and became unpopular with fans and local media . Although the ACC was often well - attended due to the Raptors ' 22 -- 19 home record , their inability to win on the road ( 11 -- 30 ) and poor defensive record made Mitchell 's first year as head coach unimpressive . Additionally , Mitchell had problems dealing with Alston , who openly expressed his unhappiness with Mitchell in a post-game interview . Later in the season , Alston was suspended two games for `` conduct detrimental to the team '' for reportedly walking out of a scrimmage during practice . Notwithstanding the unrest , in their first season competing in the Atlantic Division , Toronto maintained the same regular season record of 33 -- 49 as the previous season . Jose Calderon with the Raptors during the 2005 -- 06 season . The Raptors signed Calderon as a free agent in the 2005 off - season as a backup for Mike James . The Raptors continued to rebuild during the 2005 NBA draft , selecting Charlie Villanueva , Joey Graham , Roko Ukić and Uroš Slokar , with Villanueva 's selection being very controversial amongst basketball pundits and Raptors fans alike . The Raptors started their training camp by trading Alston to the Houston Rockets for Mike James and signing free agent José Calderón as a backup for James . Despite the infusion of new players , Toronto 's overall 2005 -- 06 season was a disappointment ; they set a franchise record by losing their first nine games and 15 out of their first 16 games . With losses mounting and media scrutiny intensifying , the Raptors hired ex-Purdue coach Gene Keady as an assistant off the bench to help develop the young Raptors team , as well as establish a defensive persona for the team . On January 15 , 2006 , the Raptors set a franchise points record in a 129 -- 103 win over the Knicks when Villanueva hit a three - pointer late in the game . But less than a week later , the Raptors gave up an 18 - point lead against the Los Angeles Lakers and allowed Lakers star Kobe Bryant to score 81 points , the second highest single - game total in NBA history . With media scrutiny intensifying once more and the Raptors entrenched at the bottom of the league in defensive field goal percentage , CEO Richard Peddie fired Babcock . The 2005 -- 06 season was not a total disaster . Villanueva 's play impressed both fans and former critics as he came in second in NBA Rookie of the Year and recorded 48 points in an overtime loss to Milwaukee Bucks , the most points scored by any rookie in franchise history and the most by a rookie in the NBA since 1997 . Bosh was also named a reserve forward for the Eastern All - Star Team in the 2006 game , becoming the third Raptor after Vince Carter and Antonio Davis to appear in an All - Star Game . On February 27 , 2006 , the team named Bryan Colangelo , the 2004 -- 05 NBA Executive of the Year , the President and General Manager of the Raptors . Known for his success in transforming a lottery Phoenix team into a 62 - win offensive juggernaut , his hiring gave hope to many fans . Still , Toronto ended the season weakly when Bosh suffered a season - ending thumb injury . The Raptors lost ten in a row after Bosh 's injury and finished the season with the fifth worst record ( 27 -- 55 ) in the NBA . 2006 -- 2010 : the Chris Bosh era The 2006 -- 07 season represented a watershed year for the Raptors franchise . The roster was overhauled , including the selection of 2006 NBA draft number one pick Andrea Bargnani , the acquisition of point guard T.J. Ford in exchange for Villanueva , and the signing of shooting guard Anthony Parker and small forward Jorge Garbajosa . Bosh was given a three - year contract extension , while Maurizio Gherardini of Benetton Treviso was hired as the club 's vice-president and assistant general manager . Anthony Parker ( # 18 ) and Jorge Garbajosa ( # 15 ) with the Raptors during the 2006 -- 07 season . Parker and Garbajosa were signed by the Raptors in the 2006 off - season . The first half of the season produced mixed results as Toronto struggled towards the . 500 mark . After the All - Star break , Bargnani continued to work on his defence and shooting ( averaging 14.3 points per game and 3.9 rebounds per game in 12 games for the month of February 2007 ) , and he was selected as the Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for the second straight time on March 1 , 2007 . Bargnani became the third Raptor ever to win the award twice , joining Vince Carter and Damon Stoudamire . Toronto ended the regular season with a 47 -- 35 record , securing the third seed in the Eastern Conference for the 2007 NBA Playoffs along with the Atlantic Division title , as well as homecourt advantage for the first time in franchise history . Bosh was voted to start in the 2007 NBA All - Star Game . The Raptors were also praised for their improved defence , ball - sharing and tremendous team chemistry . Colangelo , Gherardini and Mitchell were credited with Toronto 's turnaround this season , which was one of the best in NBA history in terms of league standing and defensive ranking . Mitchell was subsequently named the 2006 -- 07 NBA Coach of the Year , the first coach in Raptors history to receive the honour , while Colangelo was named 2006 -- 07 Executive of the Year . On April 24 , 2007 , the Raptors won their first playoff game in five seasons , with an 89 -- 83 victory over the New Jersey Nets , but lost the series 4 -- 2 . The series was notable for pitting ex-Raptor Vince Carter against his former team . The Nets took home court advantage in Game 1 , holding off a late Raptors rally in the fourth quarter . The Raptors pulled away in another tight game to even the series at one game apiece . When the series shifted to New Jersey , the Nets took charge of the series , winning games 3 and 4 in routs . New Jersey had a chance to win the series in game 5 in Toronto , but the Raptors took a 20 - point lead after one quarter . Still , New Jersey managed to chip away and had a chance to win the game , but Boštjan Nachbar 's three - pointer missed at the buzzer . Needing to win in New Jersey to force a game 7 , Toronto held a one - point lead with under a minute to play in game 6 , but Richard Jefferson hit a layup with eight seconds left to play . Toronto attempted to try for the game - winning shot , but Jefferson intercepted a pass to seal the series for the Nets . Jorge Garbajosa ( left ) and Chris Bosh ( right ) during the 2007 -- 08 season . Injuries to both players during the season derailed the possibility for the Raptors to defend their 2007 Atlantic Division title . Several changes to the roster were made before the 2007 -- 08 campaign as Toronto sought to reproduce the same form as the previous campaign . Most notably , the Raptors acquired Carlos Delfino in a trade with Detroit for two second round draft picks , and signed Jamario Moon and three - point specialist Jason Kapono as free agents . On the other hand , veteran swingman Morris Peterson joined the New Orleans Hornets . Despite being defending division champions , the Raptors were widely tipped as outside contenders for the division and conference titles . However , Toronto quickly fell behind Boston in the division , as Bargnani 's inability to play well consistently , along with injuries to Garbajosa ( 75 games ) , Bosh ( 15 games ) and Ford ( 31 games ) , derailed the possibility of a smooth campaign . The Raptors finished 41 - 41 , six fewer wins than the previous season , but still good enough for a playoff spot as the 6th seed . They were pitted against Dwight Howard and the resurgent Orlando Magic . In Game 1 , Dwight Howard gave the Magic their first playoff win since 2003 as they practically led the entire game . Howard would put up a 29 -- 20 in Game 2 , as Hedo Türkoğlu scored the final four go - ahead points to give the Magic a 2 -- 0 lead . The Raptors would respond with a strong Game 3 victory keyed by great point guard play from Ford and José Calderon . However , Jameer Nelson , Rashard Lewis and Keith Bogans keyed strong three point shooting in Game 4 and overcame Bosh 's 39 points and 15 rebounds to bring the Magic out of Toronto with a 3 -- 1 lead . Howard would finish off the series in Game 5 as impressively as he started : 21 points , 21 rebounds , 3 blocks . Whereas the preceding season was considered a success , the 2007 -- 08 campaign was considered a disappointment . Weaknesses in Toronto 's game -- rebounding , defence , and a lack of a swingman -- were brought into sharp focus during the playoffs , and changes were expected to be made to the roster . As it turned out , a blockbuster trade was agreed in principle before the 2008 -- 09 campaign : six - time All - Star Jermaine O'Neal was acquired from the Indiana Pacers in exchange for Ford ( who had become expendable with the emergence of Calderón ) , Rasho Nesterović , Maceo Baston , and Roy Hibbert , the 17th pick in the 2008 NBA draft , giving the Raptors a potential boost in the frontcourt . Meanwhile , Bargnani , who had spent the summer working on his interior game , was projected to come off the bench . The Raptors also introduced a black alternate road jersey for the season similar to the earlier purple design that was dropped a few seasons ago . It had a maple leaf featured on the back neck of the jersey , symbolizing the Raptors as `` Canada 's team '' . Despite the introduction of O'Neal , who brought home the rebounds and the blocks , and a much improved Bargnani , the Raptors were too inconsistent . Following an 8 -- 9 start to the season , Mitchell was fired and replaced by long - time assistant Jay Triano . Triano tweaked the starting line - up to no avail as the Raptors fell to 21 -- 34 prior to the All - Star break . O'Neal and Moon were then traded to Miami for Shawn Marion and Marcus Banks , but with the losses mounting , the Raptors soon fell out of the playoffs picture and were eliminated from contention with seven games of the regular season remaining . The Raptors eventually finished with a 33 -- 49 record and headed into the next season with a potential overhaul of the core : Marion could become a free agent ; Bosh could become one after 2009 -- 10 ; Parker would soon turn 35 ; and Bargnani had his breakthrough season . On May 12 , 2009 , Triano was given a three - year term for the position of head coach . Head coach Jay Triano ( right ) , with assistant coaches Alex English , and Marc Iavaroni during the 2009 -- 10 season . Triano was the Raptors ' head coach from 2008 to 2011 . The inevitable roster shakeup for the 2009 -- 10 season began when Kapono was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for the aggressive veteran forward Reggie Evans . Toronto then drafted DeMar DeRozan with the ninth pick , enabling them to fill a spot on the wings . This was followed by the signing of free agent Hedo Türkoğlu , which in turn led to a sign - and - trade agreement involving four teams , with Toronto landing wing players Devean George ( later traded for Marco Belinelli ) and Antoine Wright , while releasing Marion , Kris Humphries and Nathan Jawai . Around the same time , Parker headed for the Cleveland Cavaliers , while Indiana point guard Jarrett Jack was added and Nesterovič brought back to provide cover for the big men . Finally , Delfino and Ukić were moved to the Milwaukee Bucks for Amir Johnson and Sonny Weems . It became increasingly clear that Colangelo , in securing a credible nucleus for the future , was doing this to persuade Bosh to stay beyond 2010 . While the Raptors were off to a sluggish start , they picked up the pace around the All - Star break , reaching a season - high seven games above . 500 and standing fifth in the Eastern Conference . Bosh was recording career - highs in points and rebounds per game . However , a season - ending injury to Bosh after the break coincided with Toronto 's descent down the standings from the fifth seed to the eighth , and they ultimately relinquished their spot to Chicago a few games before the regular season ended . 2010 -- 2013 : rebuilding Kyle Lowry was acquired by the Raptors in a trade with the Houston Rockets during the 2012 off - season . Before the 2010 -- 11 season began , there was much anticipation around the league over the fates of an elite pack of free agents , featuring the likes of Bosh , Dwyane Wade , LeBron James , and Amar'e Stoudemire . Bosh and James eventually chose to converge in Miami with Wade , and the sign - and - trade transaction that ensued resulted in the Raptors receiving two first - round draft picks and a trade exception from Miami . Prior to this , Toronto had drafted Ed Davis , also a left - handed power forward like Bosh . After Bosh left , Colangelo sought to trade Calderón , Evans and the disenchanted Türkoğlu for Tyson Chandler , Leandro Barbosa , and Boris Diaw , but the trade involving Chandler collapsed at the last minute , as Chandler was traded to the Dallas Mavericks instead . Belinelli was then traded to New Orleans Hornets for Julian Wright , and 13 games into the season , Jack , David Andersen , and Marcus Banks to New Orleans for Peja Stojaković and Jerryd Bayless . Bosh 's first return to Toronto was received to a chorus of boos , but not as nearly as harsh as what former Raptors Tracy McGrady and Vince Carter received upon their respective returns . Without Bosh , Toronto as a team regressed and were only able to secure 22 wins in the regular season . Dwane Casey , an assistant coach with the Mavericks , was hired as the new head coach of Toronto before the 2011 -- 12 season . The Raptors used their number five pick to select Jonas Valančiūnas , a centre from Lithuania in the 2011 NBA draft . The season was shortened by 16 regular season games due to the 2011 NBA lockout , and the Raptors finished the season with a 23 -- 43 record . During the 2012 off - season , Colangelo tried to lure Canadian free agent and two - time MVP Steve Nash , who had become a free agent after playing for the Phoenix Suns , to play for the Raptors . When Nash joined the Los Angeles Lakers instead , the Raptors acquired point guard Kyle Lowry from the Houston Rockets for a future first round pick . Lowry , combined with Valančiūnas and the 8th pick in the 2012 draft Terrence Ross , represented the next phase of the re-building process . On January 30 , 2013 , the Raptors acquired Memphis Grizzlies star Rudy Gay and centre Hamed Haddadi as well as Pistons player Austin Daye in a three - way deal that sent Calderón to the Detroit Pistons and Davis , along with Pistons veteran Tayshaun Prince and a second round pick to the Grizzlies . Haddadi was later traded , along with a second round pick , to Phoenix in exchange for guard Sebastian Telfair . The 2012 -- 13 season was the first season since 2009 -- 10 that the Raptors finished the season with a winning home record ( 21 -- 20 ) , despite their overall losing record ( 34 -- 48 ) . 2013 -- present : the Lowry -- DeRozan era During the 2013 off - season , new General Manager Masai Ujiri traded Bargnani to the New York Knicks for Marcus Camby , Steve Novak , Quentin Richardson , a future first - round draft pick , and two future second - round picks ; Camby and Richardson were both waived shortly after the trade . The Raptors also added Tyler Hansbrough , D.J. Augustin , Dwight Buycks , and Austin Daye via free agency . On December 9 , 2013 , the Raptors traded Rudy Gay , Quincy Acy , and Aaron Gray to the Sacramento Kings for John Salmons , Greivis Vásquez , Patrick Patterson , and Chuck Hayes , and waived Augustin . The Air Canada Centre during Game 3 of the 2014 playoffs between the Raptors and the Brooklyn Nets . During the 2013 -- 14 season , the Raptors were 6 -- 12 before the Rudy Gay trade ; after the trade they went on a 10 -- 3 run , as they maintained their lead in the division and rose above the . 500 mark for the first time in almost three years . The Raptors entered the All - Star break with a 28 -- 24 record , and DeRozan was also selected to play in the All - Star game , being only the fourth ever Raptor to do so . On March 28 , 2014 , the Raptors clinched a playoff berth for the first time since 2008 after beating the Boston Celtics , 105 -- 103 . On April 11 , 2014 , the Raptors lost to the New York Knicks , 108 -- 100 , but since the division rival Brooklyn Nets lost to the Atlanta Hawks the same night , the Raptors became Atlantic Division champions for the first time since 2007 . They finished the regular season with a franchise - high 48 wins (. 585 ) , going 42 -- 22 (. 656 ) after the Gay trade , the third - best record in the Eastern Conference . The Raptors faced the Nets in the first round of the playoffs for the first time since 2007 , when the Nets were located in New Jersey . Toronto nearly advanced to the next round , but Paul Pierce blocked a potential game - winner by Lowry in Game 7 . During the 2014 -- 15 season , the Raptors were off to their best start in franchise history : a then - Eastern Conference - leading 24 -- 8 record by the end of 2014 . On March 27 , 2015 , the Raptors clinched the Atlantic division title with a 94 -- 83 win over the Los Angeles Lakers . This was the second consecutive year that the Raptors clinched the Atlantic Division title . On April 11 , 2015 , the Raptors beat the Miami Heat , Toronto 's first road win over the Heat since November 19 , 2008 , ending a ten - game slide on Miami 's home floor . The win was Toronto 's 48th of the season and 22nd on the road , both tying franchise records . Four days later , the Raptors broke their franchise record with their 49th win of the season . After the 2014 -- 15 season , Louis Williams won the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award , becoming the first Raptor to do so . The Raptors faced the Washington Wizards in the first round of the 2015 playoffs , and lost four straight games as the Wizards swept the Raptors . On June 25 , 2015 , the Raptors selected Delon Wright with their first - round pick in the 2015 NBA draft , along with Norman Powell in the second round . On June 29 , the Raptors announced their new NBA G League ( then known as the NBA D - League ) team , the Mississauga - based Raptors 905 , which began play in the 2015 -- 16 season . The Raptors added DeMarre Carroll , Cory Joseph , Bismack Biyombo , and Luis Scola via free agency . On January 1 , 2018 , DeMar DeRozan scored a franchise - record 52 points against the Milwaukee Bucks , and become the third player in franchise history to score 50 or more points in a single game . The Raptors opened a new practice facility , the BioSteel Centre in Exhibition Place , on February 10 , 2016 . The Raptors hosted the 2016 NBA All - Star Game on February 14 , 2016 and its associated weekend for the first time in its history . With a 105 -- 97 win at home against the Atlanta Hawks on March 30 , 2016 , the Raptors attained their first ever 50 - win season . The following day the Raptors clinched the Atlantic Division title for the third consecutive season as a result of a Boston Celtics loss against the Portland Trail Blazers . The 56 -- 26 record became the best Raptors regular season ever , fourth overall in the league and second only to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Eastern Conference . Entering the 2016 playoffs as the East 's second seed , the Raptors were pushed to seven games by the Indiana Pacers , but managed to win their first playoff series in 15 years . Another seven - game series against the Miami Heat ensued , which Toronto also won . The Raptors , who were one of the four teams that never reached the NBA Conference Finals in their histories , appeared in the third round for the first time in their twenty - first season , facing the Cleveland Cavaliers , in which they ultimately lost the series 4 -- 2 . The Cavaliers advanced to the NBA Finals and became champions . Serge Ibaka was acquired from a trade in 2017 . In preparation for their title push , the Raptors conducted a series of trades , including on February 14 , 2017 , when Terrence Ross and a first - round pick were traded for Serge Ibaka from the Orlando Magic , and on February 23 , 2017 , when Jared Sullinger and two second - round picks were traded for PJ Tucker . During the 2017 NBA Playoffs , the third - seeded Raptors defeated the Milwaukee Bucks during the first round 4 -- 2 , but lost to the defending champions Cavaliers in the second round 4 -- 0 . On January 1 , 2018 , DeMar DeRozan scored a franchise - record 52 points to help the Raptors beat the Milwaukee Bucks 131 -- 127 in overtime , matching the team record with their 12th consecutive home victory . DeRozan became the third player in Raptors history to score 50 or more in a single game -- the others being Vince Carter and Terrence Ross , who each had 51 . On March 7 , 2018 , Toronto became the first team in the league to clinch a playoff spot in the 2017 -- 18 season , with a 121 -- 119 overtime win over the Detroit Pistons in Detroit , and set a new franchise record in earliest playoff qualification , doing so in only their 64th game of the season . On April 6 , 2018 , the Raptors became Eastern Conference regular season champions , securing the number one seed for the first time in franchise history with a 92 -- 73 win over the Indiana Pacers , in the process also setting new records for single - season wins at 57 and home wins with 33 , with three games remaining on the schedule . The Raptors finished the regular season with a franchise - record 59 wins , which was the second best overall in the league behind only the Houston Rockets . The Raptors faced off the Washington Wizards in the first round of the 2018 NBA Playoffs , a rematch of the 2015 playoffs . The Raptors defeated the Wizards four games to two . The Raptors faced the Cleveland Cavaliers in the second round . The Raptors were swept by the Cavaliers , becoming the first # 1 seed to get swept before the Conference Finals since 1969 . Casey was subsequently fired as coach on May 11 . Logos and uniforms Logos Fueled by the success of the Jurassic Park film and the popularity of dinosaurs with younger audiences , who would grow up to be fans of the franchise , the team 's first logo originally featured an aggressive - looking , red Velociraptor dribbling a basketball ( albeit reminiscent of Jurassic Park 's featherless depiction of the creatures , rather than the actual , believed to be feathered dromaeosaurid since the mid-2000s ) . The team 's original colours were purple , bright red , black and `` Naismith silver '' ( in honour of the Canadian inventor of basketball , James Naismith ) . The logo proved to be very popular among fans , as by the end of 1994 , the Raptors were seventh in the league in merchandise sales . For the 2008 − 09 season , the franchise dropped the colour purple from the original logo , making bright red the predominant colour in both the logo and the team 's jerseys . On December 19 , 2014 , the Toronto Raptors unveiled a new primary logo , which the team described as `` a circular shield with a ball torn by the unmistakable attack of a Raptor '' . Wordmark logo ( 2015 -- present ) Court art The Toronto Raptors used various court art over the team 's existence . For retro games , the Raptors used the Huskies logo during retro games , given that the Raptors are among the newest NBA teams . Beginning in early 2018 , in some games , the Raptors use the Welcome Toronto logo , as the Raptors have strong connections with Toronto - based rapper Drake , as well as the 3D Raptors logo . Uniforms Uniform evolution The first , iconic uniforms the Raptors wore back in 1995 were extraordinarily busy , as they featured black and white tears as pin stripes , edgy asymmetric lettering , a raptor claw on one side of the shorts , a raptor biting the ' T ' of the ' TR ' franchise acronym on the other side , and were rounded up with a giant , aggressive - looking raptor dribbling a basketball ( as depicted on the franchise logo ) in the middle of the jersey . The Raptors unveiled new jerseys in 1999 − 2000 , launching a unique road jersey that had a purple front and a black back . In 2003 − 04 , the Raptors introduced a solid red alternate that would become the main road jersey in 2006 − 07 onward , as purple was dropped from the team 's colour scheme . From 2008 − 09 through 2014 − 15 , the Raptors unveiled their alternate black road uniforms , which were actually worn as often as the primary red ones . 1995 1999 2003 2008 Since 2015 2015 redesign On August 3 , 2015 , the Toronto Raptors unveiled four new uniforms . The uniforms were released in partnership with 2K Sports ' NBA 2K16 video game . The team said in a press release the new uniform designs were intended to pay tribute to the city of Toronto and to Canada as a whole , noting that the Raptors were the sole Canadian club in the NBA since the Grizzlies ' move to Memphis . The main colours would remain centred on Canada 's national colours of red and white , whereas black and silver will continue to be used for trim on the white home and red road uniforms . The uniforms themselves underwent changes . Most notably , the chevrons on the side panels now point up , which the team said aligns with its current slogan of `` We The North '' . Since being introduced as a uniform accent in 1999 , the chevrons had pointed downward , the team said . In addition , at the waist - level hem of the jersey is an upside - down tag with the team 's `` We The North '' slogan . The team said the slogan on the tag will be visible to players when they tuck in their jersey . Additionally , the shorts now feature a maple leaf logo on the front of the waistband , and the letter `` T '' is now on the sides of the shorts , with the Raptors ' basketball claw logo below it . This is a reference to the city of Toronto 's `` T - Dot '' nickname . Jersey sponsors In the 2017 off - season , the Raptors announced that Toronto - based Sun Life Financial is the jersey sponsor for the Raptors , starting in the 2017 -- 18 season . Throwback jerseys On December 8 , 2009 , the Raptors introduced a blue - and - white throwback jersey to commemorate the Toronto Huskies , regarded by many as the unofficial , geographical predecessor of the Raptors . The uniforms were the same as those worn by the Huskies during the 1946 -- 47 season , with the exception of the nickname and length of the shorts . These uniforms were worn in six games in the 2009 -- 10 season and have since been used as `` retro '' jerseys , worn during special `` Huskies Nights '' . In the 2016 -- 17 NBA season , the Raptors not only unveiled the season 's `` retro '' uniforms in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Toronto Huskies , but also revealed a Huskies - themed throwback court . The franchise also launched a special red Chinese New Year jersey in celebration of the event . The Chinese New Year jersey features a stylized rendering of `` Toronto '' in white traditional Chinese characters ( 多倫多 , Pinyin : Duōlúnduō ) , with the head of a leftward - facing Chinese dragon replacing the upper half of the first 多 character and the Raptors slashed basketball logo replacing much of the bottom half of the 倫 character . Other throwback jerseys worn by the Raptors include a green uniform worn from the 2007 − 08 season through to the 2011 − 12 season on St. Patrick 's Day . Other jerseys The Raptors also wear a camouflage uniform based on the temperate variant of CADPAT ( Canadian Disruptive Pattern ) during special events involving the Canadian Armed Forces , as well as jerseys themed by Drake , such as Welcome Toronto jerseys , which are black with gold text . Arenas Arenas Arena Games played Tenure SkyDome 117 1995 -- 1999 Maple Leaf Gardens 6 Copps Coliseum Air Canada Centre 710 1999 -- present BioSteel Centre ( Practice facility : 2016 -- present ) Personnel Current roster See also : Toronto Raptors all - time roster and Toronto Raptors draft history Toronto Raptors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Anunoby , OG 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1997 -- 07 -- 17 Indiana 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Brown , Lorenzo 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 189 lb ( 86 kg ) 1990 -- 08 -- 26 North Carolina State 1.5 ! G 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 DeRozan , DeMar ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1989 -- 08 -- 07 Southern California 4.0 ! F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ibaka , Serge 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1989 -- 09 -- 18 Republic of the Congo 1.5 ! G 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Lowry , Kyle ( C ) 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1986 -- 03 -- 25 Villanova 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 McKinnie , Alfonzo 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1992 -- 09 -- 17 Green Bay 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Miles , C.J. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1987 -- 03 -- 18 Skyline HS ( TX ) 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Miller , Malcolm ( TW ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 06 Holy Cross 6.0 ! C 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 Nogueira , Lucas 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1992 -- 07 -- 26 Brazil 6.0 ! C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Pöltl , Jakob 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1995 -- 10 -- 15 Utah 1.5 ! G 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Powell , Norman 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1993 -- 05 -- 25 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Richardson , Malachi 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1996 -- 01 -- 05 Syracuse 4.0 ! F 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Siakam , Pascal 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1994 -- 04 -- 02 New Mexico State 6.0 ! C 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Valančiūnas , Jonas 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 06 Lithuania 1.5 ! G 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 VanVleet , Fred 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1994 -- 02 -- 25 Wichita State 1.5 ! G 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Wright , Delon 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1992 -- 04 -- 26 Utah Head coach Vacant Assistant coach ( es ) Rex Kalamian Eric Khoury Alex McKechnie Jama Mahlalela Patrick Mutombo Nick Nurse Jim Sann Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 04 -- 11 Retained draft rights The Raptors hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA team . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2009 57 Preldžić , Emir Emir Preldžić G / F Turkey Galatasaray Odeabank ( Turkey ) Acquired from the Dallas Mavericks ( via Indiana ) Management General managers Bryan Colangelo ( right ) at a Raptors game in 2009 . He was the team 's general manager , and president of basketball operations from February 2006 to May 2013 . GM history GM Tenure Isiah Thomas 1995 -- March 1998 Glen Grunwald March 1998 -- April 2004 Jack McCloskey April 2004 -- June 2004 ( Interim ) Rob Babcock June 2004 -- January 2006 Wayne Embry January 2006 -- February 2006 ( Interim ) Bryan Colangelo February 2006 -- May 2013 Masai Ujiri May 2013 -- September 2016 Jeff Weltman September 2016 -- May 2017 Bobby Webster June 2017 -- present Presidents of basketball operations Presidents of basketball operations history President Tenure Richard Peddie 1999 -- February 2006 Bryan Colangelo February 2006 -- May 2013 Masai Ujiri May 2013 -- present Owners Ownership history Owner Tenure John Bitove , Allan Slaight , Isiah Thomas 1995 -- 1998 Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment 1998 -- present Head coaches Main article : List of Toronto Raptors head coaches Basketball Hall of famers Toronto Raptors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 34 Hakeem Olajuwon 2001 -- 2002 2008 Tracy McGrady G / F 1997 -- 2000 2017 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Lenny Wilkens Coach 2000 -- 2003 1998 Contributors Name Position Tenure Inducted Wayne Embry GM 2006 1999 Notes : In total , Wilkens was inducted into the Hall of Fame thrice -- as player , as coach and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . FIBA Hall of Famers Toronto Raptors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 34 Hakeem Olajuwon 2001 -- 2002 2016 Awards and records Main articles : List of Toronto Raptors seasons and Toronto Raptors accomplishments and records Since their inception in 1995 , the Raptors have made the playoffs ten times ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2014 -- 2018 , all inclusive ) , advancing past the first round four times ( 2001 and 2016 -- 2018 ) . The Raptors have won the Atlantic Division five times ( 2007 , 2014 -- 2016 , and 2018 ) , and the franchise record number of wins in the regular season is 59 ( 2018 ) . The Raptors advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals only once ( 2016 ) . Five Raptors have been selected to play in the All - Star game : Vince Carter , Antonio Davis , Chris Bosh , DeMar DeRozan and Kyle Lowry . Broadcasters Raptors games are primarily broadcast on television by Canadian sports channels TSN and Sportsnet . Through MLSE , the Raptors also operate the Canadian version of NBA TV ( formerly known as Raptors NBA TV ) , which airs reruns of Raptors telecasts along with other news and analysis programs focusing on the team and the rest of the NBA . Television John Saunders ( Play - by - play , 1995 -- 2001 ) Dan Shulman ( Play - by - play , 1995 -- 2001 , TSN ) Rod Black ( Play - by - play , 1995 -- 2005 , CTV , and TSN ) Chuck Swirsky ( Play - by - play , 2001 -- 2008 ) Jack Armstrong ( Colour , 1998 -- present , TSN ) Leo Rautins ( Colour , 1995 -- present , Sportsnet ) Matt Devlin ( Play - by - play , 2008 -- present ) Sherman Hamilton ( Colour , 2008 -- present , NBA TV Canada ) Radio Mike Inglis ( Play - by - play , 1995 -- 1998 , CFRB 1010 ) Earl Cureton ( Colour , 1997 -- 1998 , CFRB 1010 ) Chuck Swirsky ( Play - by - play , 1998 -- 2001 , Fan 590 ; TV simulcast of play - by - play , 2001 -- 2004 ) Jack Armstrong ( Colour , 1998 -- 2001 , Fan 590 ; 2013 -- present , TSN Radio 1050 ) Leo Rautins ( TV simulcast of colour , 2001 -- 2004 , Fan 590 ) Paul Romanuk ( Play - by - play , 2004 -- 2005 , Fan 590 ) Paul Jones ( Colour , 1995 -- 1997 , CFRB 1010 ; 2004 -- 2005 , 2015 -- present , Fan 590 ; Play - by - play , 2005 -- 2015 , Fan 590 ; 2013 -- present , TSN Radio 1050 ) Eric Smith ( Colour , 2005 -- 2015 , Fan 590 ; Play - by - play , 2015 -- present , Fan 590 ) Matt Devlin ( TV simulcast of play - by - play , 2013 -- present , TSN Radio 1050 ) Sherman Hamilton ( Colour , 2013 -- present , TSN Radio 1050 ) Fanbase and marketing The Raptors have enjoyed a consistent fanbase throughout their history . The Toronto Raptors set NBA attendance records in their 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 seasons when they made the playoffs . Attendance dipped slightly between 2003 and 2006 . This improved during the 2006 -- 07 regular season to an average of 18,258 fans ( 13th in the league ) , 92.2 % of capacity at the ACC . Following the success of the 2006 -- 07 season , Toronto became one of the league leaders in season ticket sales for the 2007 -- 08 season . Their television ratings , however , are considerably lower than other more established Toronto sports teams and most other sporting events shown on Canadian television . The Raptor mascot , a red featherless Velociraptor donning basketball shoes and a jersey numbered 95 , after the last two digits of the year of the Raptors ' establishment , rallying the crowd during a game . Another successful run starting in 2013 -- 14 led to a spike in the Raptors ' support . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the team sold out the 12,500 season tickets , the first time it occurred since 2011 . Public watchings of the Raptors games , particularly during the playoffs , started being held at Maple Leaf Square , which the fans nicknamed `` Jurassic Park '' . MLSE decided to endorse this practice by setting up concession stands and branded sponsorships at the square with naming rights sold to Ford , along with increased security . At times , footage from the square is broadcast to the Raptors locker room . The victorious Game 7 against the Indiana Pacers on the 2016 playoffs was the most watched Raptors broadcast ever , as well as the biggest television audience in Canada that day , averaging 1.53 million viewers with a peak of 2.63 million . The value of the Raptors franchise has risen over the years . In 1998 , the franchise was bought for US $125 million . With the continued popularity of the Raptors , the value of the franchise doubled from US $148 million in 2000 to $297 million in 2004 . The value of the franchise grew again from $315 million in 2006 to $373 million in 2007 , and $400 million in 2008 . By 2018 , Forbes estimated the Raptors were worth $1.4 billion , 12th in the NBA . See also : List of NBA mascots On game day , the fans are usually entertained by the Raptor mascot , the Raptors Dance Pak , and the 4 Korners Raptors Soundcrew during pre-game , time - outs , and intervals . During the 2013 -- 14 season , a new `` Drake Zone '' was created in the lower bowl . Limited edition shirts were given away to fans sitting in the Drake Zone . Giveaways are sometimes bundled with tickets to encourage attendance . Further , whenever Toronto scores more than 100 points in a home game and wins , fans can redeem their ticket for a cheese or pepperoni pizza slice at standalone Pizza Pizza locations throughout Ontario for the business day after the game that was played . This is part of a promotion made by the Raptors ' official pizza sponsor . Partnership with Drake `` We the North '' re-branding Toronto - based hip - hop musician Drake , stands courtside during the first round of the 2014 playoffs . Drake was named the `` global amabassador '' for the Raptors on September 2013 . In the lead - up to the team 's 20th anniversary season in 2015 and its hosting of the 2016 All - Star Game , the Raptors began the process of re-branding itself . On September 30 , 2013 , Toronto - based rapper Drake was announced as the new `` global ambassador '' for the Toronto Raptors , thereby joining the executive committee of his hometown 's NBA team . In April 2014 , the Raptors unveiled a new imaging campaign developed by the agency Sid Lee , `` We The North '' , built around a manifesto that was meant to embrace the team 's trait of being an `` outsider '' from the `` north side '' , and the accompanying feelings of players and fans . The `` We The North '' campaign was originally to be launched during the 2015 -- 16 season ; however , the launch was hastened so it would be ready in time for the 2014 playoffs , taking into account the poor performance of Canada 's other pro sports teams at the time . An introductory commercial was quickly filmed , which featured the manifesto as narration , scenes of local basketball players in various outdoor locations around the city , and ended with a scene displaying a black , waving flag with the motto written on it . The campaign was immediately embraced by fans during the playoffs and following season ; the launch commercial was viewed over 500,000 times in the two days following its release , `` We The North '' - branded shirts and flags became a common sight at games , while Ryerson University sports marketing professor Cheri Bradish compared the campaign to Molson 's former `` I Am Canadian '' alcohol advertising campaign in how it resonated with the country . On December 19 , 2014 , the Raptors soft - launched a new logo also designed by Sid Lee , which features a basketball with claw marks . The new logo was officially implemented during the 2015 -- 2016 season . The logo 's introduction was marred by a disorganized launch , which saw a black and white version initially shown before the eventual unveiling of colored versions later in the day , mixed reviews for the design itself , with some ( especially on the black and white version ) comparing it to that of the Brooklyn Nets , and despite teasing merchandise with the new logo , not releasing any until at least mid-2015 . There were also alleged tensions between MLSE staff and Drake surrounding the new design -- in particular , the performer had pushed for the team to change its primary colour from red to gold ( a colour seen in one of the official variants of the logo unveiled that day ) . In a response on Twitter , Drake distanced himself from the `` execution '' of the new logo . Welcome Toronto In 2018 , Drake unveiled the Welcome Toronto program with the Raptors . As a part of the program , the Raptors wore `` city edition '' uniforms for six home games throughout the 2017 -- 18 season . As a salute to the earlier We the North campaign , the uniforms feature a gold chevron with `` NORTH '' written across it . The six Welcome Toronto home games also featured an OVO - themed black and gold home court , with chevrons pointing north . In addition to the Welcome Toronto home games , it was also announced that the Raptors and OVO would donate $1 million in order to refurbish local community basketball courts , as well as another $2 million to Canada Basketball . Rivalries New jersey / Brooklyn Nets The New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets and the Raptors have been minor rivals since the trade of Vince Carter to the Nets during the 2004 -- 05 season . The rivalry began to heat up as the two teams faced each other in the opening round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs , with the Nets winning the series , 4 -- 2 , after a go - ahead shot by Richard Jefferson with 8 seconds left in Game 6 ensuring a 98 -- 97 defeat for the Raptors . The rivalry was rekindled during the 2013 -- 14 season when the Nets and Raptors battled for the Atlantic Division . The Raptors won the division final but then faced the Nets in the opening round of the 2014 NBA Playoffs . Prior to Game 1 of the series , Raptors GM Masai Ujiri spoke at a Raptors rally outside Air Canada Centre 's Maple Leaf Square . During the rally , Ujiri yelled `` Fuck Brooklyn ! '' which found its way onto various social media platforms within minutes . Masai was fined $25,000 by the NBA for the quote and later apologized for the excessive language . The hard - fought series lasted seven games , and was decided in the final seconds when Paul Pierce blocked Kyle Lowry 's shot giving the Nets the 104 -- 103 victory . New York Knicks The New York Knicks and the Raptors had a playoff rivalry in 2000 and 2001 . The Raptors made their first - ever playoff appearance during the 1999 -- 2000 season , in which they were swept by the Knicks in the first round , 3 -- 0 . The following season , the Raptors redeemed themselves , defeating the Knicks in the first round 3 -- 2 ; this effectively ended the Knicks ' run as perennial NBA championship contenders , which began in the early 1990s . Community service The Raptors Foundation was the charitable arm of the Raptors , dedicated to assisting Ontario 's registered charities that support programs and sports initiatives for at - risk children and youth . The Foundation strove to lift spirits and change lives for young people by supporting local and provincial organizations that provide recreational , educational and other youth - oriented activities . Through its community ties and with the help of its corporate partners , donors , Raptors players and volunteers , the Foundation had successfully raised more than $14 million between 1995 and 2007 , and reached out to thousands of other charities . The Raptors Foundation was one of three parts of the Raptors ' community service program . The other projects were Raptors Community Relations and Raptors Basketball Development , both of which focus on providing basketball development programs . The Toronto Raptors lead the NBA for amount of money donated to the community . In 2009 , the Raptors Foundation merged with the other charitable arms of MLSE 's other sports franchises to form the Team Up Foundation . In 2018 , the Raptors , in partnership with Drake , announced the Welcome Toronto program . The program will see the Raptors and OVO contribute $2 million to Canada Basketball over the next four years . In addition , the Raptors and OVO also announced a donation of $1 million over the next three years , in order to refurbish four community basketball courts within Toronto city limits . The four courts are located at Flemingdon Community Centre in the North York district in the north end of the city , Malvern Community Recreation Centre in the Scarborough district in the east end of the city , Matty Eckler Community Centre in the Riverdale neighbourhood of the Old Toronto district just to the east of downtown , and Thistletown Community Centre in the Etobicoke district in the west end of the city . See also Basketball portal Toronto portal Canada Basketball , the organization that oversees basketball in Canada Raptors 905 , the Toronto Raptors ' G League team in Mississauga References ^ Jump up to : `` Laying the Groundwork for the NBA in Toronto '' . NBA.com/Raptors . NBA Media Ventures , LLC. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Toronto Raptors seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . 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Jump up ^ Smith , Doug , `` Raptor rebuild decidedly Sun - ny '' , thestar.com , July 12 , 2010 , accessed July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bobcats send Tyson Chandler to Dallas , not Toronto , thestar.com , July 14 , 2010 , accessed July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maroco Belinelli Traded to New Orleans For Julian Wright , raptorsrepublic.com , August 11 , 2010 , accessed August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Doug , `` Raptors trade Jack for Stojakovic '' , thestar.com , November 20 , 2010 , accessed November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Doug , `` Bosh shrugs off boos as Heat down Raptors 103 -- 95 '' , thestar.com , February 16 , 2011 , accessed November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raptors hire Casey as head coach , globeandmail.com , June 21 , 2011 , accessed July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Acquire Vasquez , Salmons , Hayes & Patterson From Kings '' . NBA.com . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics at Raptors '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Holly ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Game Preview : Raptors vs. Rockets '' . nba.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . This is the earliest date Toronto has ever qualified for the postseason and the fewest number of games played ( 64 ) to qualify Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors beat Indiana Pacers to clinch top spot in NBA 's Eastern Conference '' . Global News . April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoegler , Alex ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Raptors Make History After Being Swept By The Cavaliers '' . TheSportster . Jump up ^ `` Dwane Casey Relieved Of Head Coaching Duties '' . Toronto Raptors . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Unveil New Uniforms '' ( Press release ) . Toronto Raptors . August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground - Breaking , Expanded Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . 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If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Complete Trade With Indiana '' . NBA.com . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors promote Bobby Webster to GM - NBA.com '' . Jump up ^ `` McGrady , Self , Lobo headline 2017 HOF class '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : Zelkovich , Chris , `` Raptors putting on a show -- who 's watching ? '' , thestar.com , March 30 , 2007 , accessed June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2006 -- 07 NBA Attendance , sports.espn.go.com , accessed June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Doug , `` Ticket sales put Raptors in model franchise territory '' , thestar.com , September 5 , 2007 , accessed September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Westhead , Rick . 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Official website Toronto Raptors Founded in 1995 Based in Toronto , Ontario Franchise Franchise Expansion draft All - time roster Seasons Records Draft history Head coaches Broadcasters Current season Arenas SkyDome Maple Leaf Gardens ( alternate and interim home ) Copps Coliseum ( alternate and interim home ) Air Canada Centre BioSteel Centre ( practice facility ) General managers Thomas Grunwald McCloskey ( interim ) Babcock Embry ( interim ) Colangelo Ujiri Weltman Webster G League affiliate Raptors 905 Administration Owner Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment President & General Manager Masai Ujiri Head coach Dwane Casey Division Championships ( 5 ) 2007 2014 2015 2016 2018 Culture and lore Naismith Cup Toronto Huskies Drake `` Jurassic Park '' Media TV NBA TV TSN TSN2 Sportsnet Sportsnet One Radio Sportsnet 590 TSN Radio 1050 Announcers Matt Devlin Leo Rautins Jack Armstrong Sherman Hamilton Paul Jones Eric Smith Links to related articles Toronto Raptors seasons Franchise History Seasons 1990s 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Founded in 1931 as Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd . 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-1709430399658437405	Bigg Boss Tamil 2	Bigg Boss Tamil 2 - Wikipedia Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Bigg Boss Tamil ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) show Housemates Name Entered Exited Riythvika Day 0 Day 105 Aishwarya Day 0 Day 105 Vijayalakshmi Day 67 Day 105 Janani Day 0 Day 105 Yashika Day 0 Day 98 Balaji Day 0 Day 98 Mumtaz Day 0 Day 91 Sendrayan Day 0 Day 84 Daniel Day 0 Day 77 Mahat Day 0 Day 70 Vaishnavi Day 0 Day 46 Day 42 Day 63 Ponnambalam Day 0 Day 56 Shariq Day 0 Day 49 Ramya Day 0 Day 35 Nithya Day 0 Day 28 Ananth Day 0 Day 21 Mamathi Day 0 Day 14 Winner Runner - up Evicted Finalist Bigg Boss Tamil 2 was the second season of the reality TV game show Bigg Boss Tamil , hosted by Kamal Haasan . This season had 17 housemates ( inclusive of wildcard entries ) with 60 cameras . The season commenced on 17 June 2018 and ended on 30 September 2018 after 105 days . The show aired on Star Vijay from 9 - 10 : 30 PM on weekdays and 9 - 11 PM on weekends . From Season 2 , Hotstar also provided content not aired on television , through segments such as Morning Masala , Midnight Masala , Unseen on TV and What 's Cooking and also a parallel weekly programme Fun Unlimited hosted by actor Rio Raj , which described the events in the Bigg Boss house in a humourous manner . A lavish house set , which was used in the first season was renovated just prior to the commencement of the programme . The set is located on the outskirts of the Chennai city in the EVP Film City at Chembarambakkam . The renovated house for the second season included special features including a jail room to increase the level of punishments to the contestants who commits mistakes . The winner of the second season of Bigg Boss Tamil was character actress Riythvika , who took home a trophy and a cash prize of ₹ 50 , 00,000 for her victory . Actress Aishwarya Dutta was the runner - up , while the other finalists included actresses Vijayalakshmi Feroz and Janani Iyer . Contents 1 Housemates 1.1 Original entrants 1.2 Wildcard entrant 2 Nominations 2.1 Notes 3 Guests 4 Weekly summary 5 Events 6 References 7 External links Housemates The housemates , in order of their entry to the house , are as follows : Original entrants Yashika Aannand , a model and actress known for her roles in the films Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru ( 2016 ) and Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu ( 2018 ) . Ponnambalam , an actor and stunt master who has appeared primarily in antagonist roles in Tamil films . Mahat Raghavendra , an actor known for his roles in the films Mankatha ( 2011 ) , Jilla ( 2014 ) and Chennai 600028 II ( 2016 ) . Daniel Annie Pope , an actor , theatre artist and television producer known for his role in the film Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara ( 2013 ) . Vaishnavi Prasad , a journalist , writer , activist and radio jockey , granddaughter of Tamil writer Saavi . Janani Iyer , an actress best known for playing the lead role in the films Avan Ivan ( 2011 ) , Thegidi ( 2014 ) and Adhe Kangal ( 2017 ) . Ananth Vaidyanathan , a voice expert best known for his role as a voice trainer in Star Vijay 's Super Singer and also known for playing a role in Avan Ivan ( 2011 ) . Ramya NSK , playback singer , granddaughter of N.S. Krishnan and T.A. Mathuram . Sendrayan , an actor known for his roles in the films Moodar Koodam ( 2013 ) and Metro ( 2016 ) . Riythvika , an actress known for her roles in the films Madras ( 2014 ) , Kabali ( 2016 ) and Iru Mugan ( 2016 ) . Mumtaz , an actress and dancer who has appeared primarily in character and item girl roles in Tamil films . Thadi Balaji , an actor who has primarily appeared as a comedian in Tamil films as well as in Tamil teleserials and is a judge in Star Vijay 's Kalakka Povathu Yaaru . Mamathi Chari , a television actress , anchor and video jockey , popular for hosting the shows Hello Tamizha and has acted in the Sun TV teleserial Vani Rani . Nithya Balaji , estranged wife of Thadi Balaji . Shariq Hassan Khan , an actor who appeared in the film Pencil ( 2016 ) , son of Riyaz Khan and Uma Riyaz Khan and grandson of Kamala Kamesh . Aishwarya Dutta , an actress who has appeared in the films Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum ( 2015 ) and Paayum Puli ( 2015 ) . Wildcard entrant Vijayalakshmi Feroz , an actress and producer known for playing the lead role in the films Chennai 600028 ( 2007 ) , Anjathe ( 2008 ) and Chennai 600028 II ( 2016 ) and had also acted in the lead role in the Sun TV teleserial Nayaki , daughter of director Agathiyan . Nominations Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Final House Captain Janani Nithya Vaishnavi Ramya Mahat No Captain Aishwarya Shariq Aishwarya Yashika Mahat Yashika Riythvika No Captain Nithya Yashika Sendrayan Captain 's Nomination Vaishnavi Ananth Mumtaz Daniel Mahat Balaji Daniel Sendrayan Vaishnavi Ponnambalam Riythvika Janani Riythvika Aishwarya No Nominations Balaji Sendrayan Vijayalakshmi Aishwarya Mumtaz Vote to : Save Win Riythvika Nithya Mumtaz Vaishnavi Ananth Balaji Mumtaz Nithya Aishwarya Ponnambalam Yashika Aishwarya Balaji Mahat Sendrayan Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Daniel Mahat No Nominations Mumtaz Aishwarya House Captain Nominated Winner ( Day 105 ) Aishwarya Nithya Riythvika Janani Riythvika Ponnambalam Balaji Yashika Janani Balaji No Nominations House Captain Janani Riythvika House Captain Mumtaz No Nominations Janani Vijayalakshmi No Nominations Nominated Runner - up ( Day 105 ) Vijayalakshmi Not in House Exempt No Nominations Mumtaz Aishwarya No Nominations Nominated Third Place ( Day 105 ) Janani House Captain Mumtaz Mamathi Balaji Mumtaz Balaji Aishwarya Shariq Yashika Aishwarya Mumtaz Shariq Sendrayan Balaji Daniel Vaishnavi Daniel Nominated Aishwarya Sendrayan No Nominations Immune Fourth Place ( Day 105 ) Yashika Ananth Mumtaz Ponnambalam Ananth Ponnambalam Balaji No Nominations Janani Balaji Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Balaji Riythvika House Captain Vaishnavi Janani House Captain No Nominations House Captain No Nominations Nominated Evicted ( Day 98 ) Balaji Ananth Ponnambalam Mumtaz Mamathi Shariq Aishwarya No Nominations Mumtaz Aishwarya Mumtaz Aishwarya Ponnambalam Shariq Daniel Sendrayan Mahat Janani Aishwarya Nominated Mumtaz Aishwarya No Nominations Nominated Evicted ( Day 98 ) Mumtaz Nithya Riythvika Vaishnavi Sendrayan Ponnambalam Janani Balaji Vaishnavi Janani Sendrayan Vaishnavi Mahat Janani Sendrayan Mahat Daniel Sendrayan Mahat No Nominations Vijayalakshmi Aishwarya No Nominations Evicted ( Day 91 ) Sendrayan Mamathi Ramya Mamathi Shariq Mumtaz Ponnambalam Ponnambalam Aishwarya Yashika Mumtaz Vaishnavi Mumtaz Ponnambalam Mahat Vaishnavi Mahat Janani Aishwarya House Captain Janani Mumtaz Evicted ( Day 84 ) Daniel Ananth Mumtaz Ponnambalam Ananth Balaji Mumtaz Nithya Balaji Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Ponnambalam Riythvika Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Janani Janani Vaishnavi Janani Nominated Evicted ( Day 77 ) Mahat Nithya Ananth Ponnambalam Ananth Ponnambalam Sendrayan Yashika House Captain Nominated Mumtaz Ponnambalam Sendrayan Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Sendrayan Mumtaz Evicted ( Day 70 ) Vaishnavi Mumtaz Aishwarya Mamathi Mumtaz House Captain Ponnambalam Aishwarya Ponnambalam Daniel Mumtaz In Secret Room Sendrayan Ponnambalam Sendrayan Daniel Evicted ( Day 63 ) Ponnambalam Mamathi Riythvika Daniel Mumtaz Mumtaz Aishwarya No Nominations Balaji Sendrayan Daniel Yashika Mahat Mumtaz Daniel Sendrayan Evicted ( Day 56 ) Shariq Riythvika Ponnambalam Mamathi Sendrayan Sendrayan Balaji Ponnambalam Janani Vaishnavi Vaishnavi Ponnambalam Mumtaz Ponnambalam Evicted ( Day 49 ) Ramya Ananth Riythvika Mamathi Ponnambalam Balaji Ponnambalam Nithya Ponnambalam Balaji Evicted ( Day 35 ) Nithya Ananth Mahat House Captain Mumtaz Balaji House Captain Evicted ( Day 28 ) Ananth Vaishnavi Mumtaz Daniel Mumtaz Ponnambalam Balaji Evicted ( Day 21 ) Mamathi Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Aishwarya Mahat Evicted ( Day 14 ) Notes 3 , 4 , 5 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 9 11 , 12 , 13 14 15 , 16 , 17 18 , 19 , 20 21 , 22 6 , 23 , 24 , 25 Against public vote Ananth Mumtaz Nithya Riythvika Ananth Mamathi Mumtaz Ponnambalam Ananth Balaji Mumtaz Nithya Ponnambalam Balaji Nithya Ponnambalam Yashika Aishwarya Balaji Janani Ponnambalam Ramya Aishwarya Mahat Mumtaz Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Yashika Balaji Mahat Mumtaz Ponnambalam Riythvika Shariq Janani Ponnambalam Sendrayan Daniel Janani Riythvika Sendrayan Vaishnavi Aishwarya Balaji Mahat Mumtaz Sendrayan Balaji Daniel Janani Aishwarya Janani Mumtaz Sendrayan Vijayalakshmi Aishwarya Mumtaz Riythvika Vijayalakshmi Aishwarya Balaji Riythvika Vijayalakshmi Yashika Aishwarya Janani Riythvika Vijayalakshmi Evicted No Eviction Mamathi Ananth Nithya Ramya Vaishnavi Shariq Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Mahat Daniel Sendrayan Mumtaz Balaji Janani Vijayalakshmi Yashika Aishwarya Riythvika Notes indicates the House Captain . indicates the former House Captain . ( former meaning that the House Captain would have been stripped of the captaincy , or else evicted after being nominated as the Captain ) indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . indicates that the housemate was granted immunity from nominations . indicates that the housemate moved to the Secret Room . ^ Note 1 : There was no eviction during the first week , though the housemates were unaware about it and each nominated two housemates for eviction . ^ Note 2 : Nithya and Ananth were nominated for Week 3 's eviction by male and female housemates , respectively as they had performed poorly during the second week 's luxury budget task . However , Daniel and Riythvika , who was nominated as the best performers of the same luxury budget task by the male and female housemates respectively , were saved from the following week eviction . ^ Note 3 : For the Week 4 eviction , housemates were divided into groups and each group had to decide among themselves who would be nominated for eviction . While Balaji , Ponnambalam and Yashika accepted the decision of their groups to nominate them for eviction and did not nominate anyone else in their groups , Nithya nominated Daniel even though the rest of her group nominated her for eviction . ^ Note 4 : Ramya was stripped of the Week 4 captaincy and nominated for the following week eviction by Bigg Boss after she refused to take part in the luxury budget task for the week . She was replaced by Nithya as captain for the rest of the week . ^ Note 5 : Even though Nithya became the captain in the middle of Week 4 , she was not granted immunity from eviction and was evicted at the end of the week with the least public votes . ^ Note 6 : There was no House Captain for Weeks 6 , 14 and 15 . ^ Note 7 : Mahat was sent to jail and directly nominated for eviction by Bigg Boss on Week 6 for frequently breaking the house rules . ^ Note 8 : Aishwarya was nominated for the Week 6 eviction , but she saved herself using the superpower she obtained after winning a daily task during the previous week ( Save from eviction shown in Italic in Against Public Vote ) . ^ Note 9 : Sendrayan and Yashika were nominated as the best performer for their teams during the Week 6 luxury budget task and hence were saved from the following week eviction . ^ Note 10 : Vaishnavi was evicted through the public voting process , but in accordance with the Secret Room twist , she was moved to a separate room and remained there for 4 days before returning to the house on Day 46 . ^ Note 11 : As a result of Aishwarya 's performance during the Week 7 luxury budget task , Bigg Boss granted her immunity from nomination for the following week eviction . ^ Note 12 : Shariq was supposed to be the house captain during Week 8 , but since he was evicted at the end of Week 7 , he chose Yashika as the Week 8 captain . ^ Note 13 : Janani was directly nominated for Week 8 eviction by house captain Yashika , who had the power to directly nominate a housemate for eviction . ( Direct nomination is shown in Bold ) ^ Note 14 : Riythvika was directly nominated for Week 9 eviction by house captain Aishwarya , who had the power to directly nominate a housemate for eviction . ( Direct nomination is shown in Bold ) ^ Note 15 : Balaji and Sendrayan were nominated as the worst performer for their teams during the Week 9 luxury budget task and hence were automatically nominated for the following week eviction . ^ Note 16 : Aishwarya was nominated for the Week 10 eviction , but she was saved by house captain for the week Yashika , who had the power to save a nominated housemate from the eviction . ( Save from eviction is shown in Bold Italic in Captain 's Nomination and in Italic in Against Public Vote ) ^ Note 17 : Vijayalakshmi was granted immunity from nominations for Week 10 as the new entrant . ^ Note 18 : Balaji , Daniel , Janani and Riythvika were nominated as the worst performers of the Week 10 luxury budget task and hence were directly nominated for the Week 11 eviction . However , Riythvika was granted immunity by Kamal Haasan as a prize for her honest opinions about her fellow housemates ' strategy during an interaction with Kamal which happened a week earlier . ^ Note 19 : Mahat was supposed to be the Week 11 house captain , but since he was evicted at the end of Week 10 , Kamal Haasan decided to nominate Sendrayan as the captain for Week 11 since he had not got the opportunity to be house captain and also as per the wishes of the other housemates . ^ Note 20 : There was no nomination process during Week 11 . Balaji , Daniel and Janani , who were directly nominated for the eviction after being adjudged as the worst performers of the previous week 's luxury budget task , faced the public vote . ^ Note 21 : Riythvika was directly nominated for the Week 13 eviction after failing to convince Mumtaz to perform the task assigned by the telephone caller to save herself from the direct nomination . She did not get immunity as well even though she was the house captain . ^ Note 22 : For the Week 13 nomination , housemates had to decide among themselves who would be nominated for the eviction . As none of them were able to come to a decision on who should be nominated , Riythvika , as the house captain , decided to nominate Vijayalakshmi , Aishwarya and Mumtaz for the eviction , which was accepted by the rest of the housemates . ^ Note 23 : Janani achieved immunity till the final week after winning the Ticket to Finale task . ^ Note 24 : There was a double - eviction during Week 14 . Both Balaji and Yashika were evicted during this double eviction process . ^ Note 25 : Except Janani , the remaining housemates were automatically nominated by Bigg Boss for the Week 14 eviction . Guests Week Day Guest ( s ) Purpose of Visit Day 0 Oviya ( Season 1 contestant ) To give the housemates a piece of advice and wish them luck . Day 26 Karthi , Soori and Pandiraj To promote their film Kadaikutty Singam . 5 Day 30 Snehan ( Season 1 runner - up ) To take a class as part of the Week 5 luxury budget task . Day 32 Children from some Chennai orphanages To enjoy and spend their time with the housemates . 6 Day 41 Pooja Kumar , Andrea Jeremiah , Sathyaprakash and Mohamaad Ghibran To promote their film Vishwaroopam 2 . 7 Day 47 Arya , Sathish , Dhivyadharshini and Santhosh P. Jayakumar To promote their film Ghajinikanth . 8 Day 54 Harish Kalyan and Raiza Wilson ( Season 1 contestants ) and Elan To promote their film Pyaar Prema Kaadhal . Day 56 Kamal Haasan ( host of the show ) To announce the evicted housemate for Week 8 . 11 Day 72 Mumtaz 's mother , brother and nephew To surprise Mumtaz , Janani and Yashika respectively as part of the week 's luxury budget task . Janani 's mother and sister Yashika 's brother and sister Day 73 Daniel 's mother and girlfriend To surprise Daniel , Aishwarya and Riythvika respectively as part of the week 's luxury budget task . Aishwarya 's mother Riythvika 's parents A joker To entertain the housemates as part of the week 's luxury budget task . Day 74 Sendrayan 's wife and parents To surprise Sendrayan , Balaji and Vijayalakshmi respectively as part of the week 's luxury budget task . Nithya Balaji ( ex-contestant ) and Poshika Balaji Vijayalakshmi 's husband and son 13 Day 85 - 91 Gayathri Raghuram , Harathi Ganesh , Snehan , Suja Varunee and Vaiyapuri ( Season 1 contestants ) They entered the house as guests for a week . Day 88 - 89 Aarav ( Season 1 winner ) To announce the Ticket to Finale task and to release the first look of his debut film Raja Bheema . 14 Day 97 Samvitha and Jayakumar ( Amazon SMS Contest winners ) To bring the items bought with the week 's luxury budget . 15 Day 99 Vaishnavi Prasad and Ramya NSK ( ex-contestants ) To spend time with the finalists , give them a piece of advice and wish them luck . Day 100 Shariq Hassan Khan and Nithya Balaji ( ex-contestants ) Day 101 Yashika Aannand and Thadi Balaji ( ex-contestants ) Day 102 Sendrayan and Mahat Raghavendra ( ex-contestants ) Day 103 All evicted housemates except Ponnambalam and Mumtaz Reunion with the finalists . Day 104 Aishwarya 's friend Swaroopa To spend time with Aishwarya , Riythvika , Janani and Vijayalakshmi respectively . Kalaiyarasan Ashok Selvan Kreshna and Sunaina Day 105 All evicted housemates except Ponnambalam Invited to the Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Grand Finale . Vijay Devarakonda To unveil the Bigg Boss Tamil 2 trophy . Dancers To escort Janani out of the Bigg Boss house after she finished fourth . Aarav ( Season 1 winner ) To escort Vijayalakshmi out of the Bigg Boss house after she finished third . Kamal Haasan ( host of the show ) To take the final two housemates - Riythvika and Aishwarya - from the Bigg Boss house to the stage . Weekly summary Week 1 Entrances hide Yashika Aannand , Ponnambalam , Mahat Raghavendra , Daniel Annie Pope , Vaishnavi Prasad , Janani Iyer , Ananth Vaidyanathan , Ramya NSK , Sendrayan , Riythvika , Mumtaz , Thadi Balaji , Mamathi Chari , Nithya Balaji , Shariq Hassan Khan and Aishwarya Dutta entered the house on Day 0 . House Captain Janani Captain 's Competition Mahat and Mumtaz In Jail None Nominations Ananth , Mumtaz , Nithya and Riythvika Luxury Budget Tasks Housemates providing feedback on each other . Feela Peela ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , one team tells a story and the other team must expose the lies in the story . ) Ivar Yaar Endru Therigiradha ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , with members of 1 team telling a story and the other team finding out who wrote the story . ) Sonnapadi Kelu ( Housemates are divided into 8 teams of 2 members each , each team has to follow what is written in an envelope . ) Exits None . Week 2 House Captain Nithya Captain 's Competition Chosen by Bigg Boss In Jail None Nominations Ananth , Mamathi , Mumtaz and Ponnambalam Luxury Budget Tasks Intha Veetil Yaar Sirapaaga Nirvaagam Seyya Koodiyavargal - Aangala Pengala ? ( Housemates were divided into 2 teams based on their gender . Initially , the male team acted as the owners with the female team acting as the servants . Each male housemate is assigned one female housemate as his servant , who has to obey the orders of the male owner . Later , the roles reversed , with the males acting as the servants and the females as the owners . ) Exits Mamathi was evicted on Day 14 . Week 3 House Captain Vaishnavi Captain 's Competition Sendrayan In Jail None Nominations Ananth , Balaji , Mumtaz , Nithya and Ponnambalam Luxury Budget Tasks Thanni La Kandam ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , each team must stop water flowing out of a tank with their hands . ) Exits Ananth was evicted on Day 21 . Week 4 House Captain Ramya , Nithya ( Former captain shown in Italic ) Captain 's Competition All housemates ( Ramya ) , self - nominated ( Nithya ) In Jail Ponnambalam , Yashika , Nithya and Mahat Nominations Balaji , Nithya , Ponnambalam and Yashika Luxury Budget Tasks Thittam Pottu Thirudara Kootam ( Housemates are divided into 3 teams . One team is made up of thieves , the other team police and the third team as common citizens . The police and common citizens need to stop the thieves from robbery and the police will determine the appropriate punishment for the thieves if they are caught . ) Exits Nithya was evicted on Day 28 . Week 5 House Captain Mahat Captain 's Competition Balaji and Shariq In Jail Balaji Nominations Aishwarya , Balaji , Janani , Ponnambalam and Ramya Luxury Budget Tasks Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal ( School - related tasks . ) Exits Ramya was evicted on Day 35 . Week 6 House Captain None Captain 's Competition N / A In Jail Mahat and Balaji Nominations Aishwarya , Mahat , Mumtaz , Ponnambalam , Vaishnavi and Yashika ( Housemate saved from eviction even though nominated shown in Italic ) Luxury Budget Tasks Enga Area Ulla Varadha ( Housemates are split into 2 teams and given tasks to win and rule over different parts of the house . ) Exits Vaishnavi was sent to the Secret Room on Day 42 . Week 7 Entrances Vaishnavi Prasad re-entered the house on Day 46 after spending 4 days in the Secret Room . House Captain Aishwarya Captain 's Competition All housemates In Jail All housemates except Aishwarya , Daniel , Janani and Balaji Nominations Balaji , Mahat , Mumtaz , Ponnambalam , Riythvika and Shariq Luxury Budget Tasks Rani Maharani ( Housemates must obey the orders of Aishwarya , who is assigned as the dictator of the house . ) Exits Shariq was evicted on Day 49 . Week 8 House Captain Shariq , Yashika ( Former captain shown in Italic ) Captain 's Competition Riythvika ( Shariq ) , Chosen by Shariq ( Yashika ) In Jail None Nominations Janani , Ponnambalam and Sendrayan Luxury Budget Tasks Yennaipol Oruvan ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , each team member must impersonate a housemate belonging to the other team . ) Exits Ponnambalam was evicted on Day 56 . Week 9 House Captain Aishwarya Captain 's Competition Janani In Jail None Nominations Daniel , Janani , Riythvika , Sendrayan and Vaishnavi Luxury Budget Tasks Bommalattam ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams and each team must make toys out of the raw material brought from outside . A supervisor from each team will then check the other team 's toys and accept / reject them . ) Exits Vaishnavi was evicted on Day 63 . Week 10 Entrances Vijayalakshmi Feroz entered the house on Day 67 . House Captain Yashika Captain 's Competition Mahat In Jail None Nominations Aishwarya , Balaji , Mahat , Mumtaz and Sendrayan ( Housemate saved from eviction even though nominated shown in Italic ) Luxury Budget Tasks Uthama Villaingal ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , one consisting of super-heroes and the other comprising super-villains . The superheroes need to save a dummy locked up in the jail , while the super-villains should irritate the super-heroes such that they retaliate . Both teams interchanged their roles a day after , where now the objective was for the super-heroes team to stop the super-villains team from making bombs . ) Exits Mahat was evicted on Day 70 . Week 11 House Captain Mahat , Sendrayan ( Former captain shown in Italic ) Captain 's Competition Aishwarya , Mumtaz , Sendrayan and Yashika ( Mahat ) , Chosen by Kamal Haasan ( Sendrayan ) In Jail None Nominations Balaji , Daniel and Janani Luxury Budget Tasks Freeze and Release ( Housemates must freeze in their positions when Bigg Boss says Freeze and should not move again until Bigg Boss says Release . Housemates will be punished for failure . ) Exits Daniel was evicted on Day 77 . Week 12 House Captain Yashika Captain 's Competition Aishwarya , Mumtaz , Riythvika , Sendrayan and Vijayalakshmi In Jail None Nominations Aishwarya , Janani , Mumtaz , Sendrayan and Vijayalakshmi Luxury Budget Tasks Housemates are told through telephone that they are directly nominated for the following week eviction process and must convince another housemate to perform a particular task in order to save themselves from the direct nomination . Exits Sendrayan was evicted on Day 84 . Week 13 House Captain Riythvika Captain 's Competition All housemates In Jail None Nominations Aishwarya , Mumtaz , Riythvika and Vijayalakshmi Luxury Budget Tasks Housemates played various tasks with some of the Season 1 contestants , who stayed in the house during the week as guests . Ticket to Finale task - Suthi Suthi Vandheenga ( Housemates have to walk on a circular platform continuously with a bowl of water in their hand . After each round , the water levels of the bowls are checked . The housemate with the least amount of water in his / her bowl will be disqualified . The last housemate standing will achieve immunity till the final week . ) Exits Mumtaz was evicted on Day 91 . Week 14 House Captain None Captain 's Competition N / A In Jail None Nominations Aishwarya , Balaji , Riythvika , Vijayalakshmi and Yashika Luxury Budget Tasks Housemates have to take part in various tasks to accumulate points . The housemate with the maximum points at the end of all the tasks will receive a special prize . Exits Balaji and Yashika were evicted on Day 98 . Week 15 Final House Captain None Captain 's Competition N / A In Jail None Luxury Budget Tasks N / A Finalists During the final week the public vote for who they want to win Bigg Boss . The finalists for the title are as following : Aishwarya Dutta Janani Iyer Riythvika Vijayalakshmi Feroz Winner Riythvika Runner - up Aishwarya Dutta Third place Vijayalakshmi Feroz Fourth place Janani Iyer Events The partial audio launch of the Kamal Haasan 's film Vishwaroopam 2 was held on 30 June 2018 during the ongoing season with Shruti Haasan invited as a special guest of the show to inaugurate the audio launch . In episode 53 ( Day 52 ) aired on 8 August 2018 , the Bigg Boss housemates were issued the notice of the death of 5 - time former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi who died on 7 August 2018 . They paid tribute to him and shared their memories of him during the show . On 10 September 2018 an air conditioning mechanic fell from the second floor of the set . His injuries resulted in death . On 26 September 2018 , the Bigg Boss 2 votings were viewed in Vijay TV . When viewed , the votes of actresses Janani Iyer and Vijayalakshmi Feroz had decreased after a couple of hours instead on increasing . A rumour spread that the voting process is fake and the deducted votes from them were transferred to actress Aishwarya Dutta 's votes in the final week of Bigg Boss 2 . References Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan returns to host ' Bigg Boss ' 2 '' . The News Minute. 2018 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` சேரெல்லாம் சைஸ் மாறிப் போச்சு ... பாத்ரூமுக்குள்ளேயே தம்மடிக்கலாம் ... புதுப் பொலிவுடன் பிக் பாஸ் வீடு ! '' . Filmibeat ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 : Kamal Haasan 's show opens on a high note '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Real Face of Yaashika & Ishwarya Dutta '' . PakkaTv. 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2 : New promo videos featuring Kamal Haasan released -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss House Photos ( New ) : Colourful Bigg Boss Tamil season 2 House visit '' . WORLDHAB. 2018 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` புதிய ஜெயில் அறைத்தலான செட் ! EXCLUSIVE புகைப்படங்கள் ! ! - NDTV Tamil Cinema '' . NDTV Tamil Cinema ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' பிக் பாஸ் 2 ' வீட்டுக்குள் ஜெயில் : இந்த முறை என்ன மாதிரியெல்லாம் தண்டனை இதோ ... '' ( in Tamil ) . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Finale Highlights : Riythvika wins Bigg Boss Tamil season 2 '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 : Meet the contestants of Kamal Haasan 's show Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Men 's team wins the task '' . 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 23 : Does sitting in the same bed as a man makes a woman characterless , asks Yaashika Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 : NSK Ramya 's leadership revoked ; Yaashika , Nithya , Ponnambalam , Balaji face elimination ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 37 : Aishwarya , Yaashika and Mahat get nominated ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 17 September 2018 : Vijayalakshmi and Yashika ace their tasks Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 27 July 2018 : Aishwarya Dutta becomes the captain of the house ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 43 : Vaishnavi Prasad sent to secret room , housemates think she is evicted ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 48 : Ghajinikanth team in house , Vaishnavi out of secret room Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 47 : Aishwarya 's rule ends in tears and recriminations ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 5 August 2018 : Shariq Hassan gets evicted from the house Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 6 August 2018 : Janani , Ponnambalam and Sendrayan get nominated Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 13 August 2018 : Daniel , Vaisnhavi , Sendrayan , Janani get nominated for eviction Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 16 August 2018 : Fights get uglier to win the task Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 20 August 2018 : Mumtaz , Mahat , Sendrayan and Bhalajie are nominated Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 24 August 2018 : Wildcard entrant Vijayalakshmi enters the house ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 71 : Mahat gets evicted , Yaashika wants to leave the show too Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 27 August 2018 : Housemates spent an emotional day Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 6 September 2018 : Riythvika to face direct nomination due to Mumtaz ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 10 September 2018 : Season 1 contestants visit the house ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates : Mumtaz evicted ; Arav launches first look of Raja Bheema ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 22 September 2018 : Bhalajie evicted from reality show hosted by Kamal Haasan ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 elimination : Yashika evicted ; Riythvika Aishwarya , Vijayalakshmi enter grand finale Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 highlights : Oviya re-enters , this time as a guest ; Kamal Haasan returns with a bang Jump up ^ `` ஓவியாவே இருக்காங்க ஓ. கே . ஆனா , பிக்பாஸ் - 2 ஓவியா யாரு பாஸ் ? # BiggBossTamil '' ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Actors Karthi , Soori and Director Pandiraj cheer up the inmates - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Karthi and Soori enter Bigg Boss house ! - Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com '' . IndiaGlitz.com . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Promo 2 - July 13 2018 '' . Behind Talkies. 2018 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ S , KARTHIKEYAN . `` பிக்பாஸ் வீட்டுக்குள் ' கடைக்குட்டி சிங்கம் ' ... ! '' . Eenadu English Portal ( in Tamil ) . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates : Ramya , Aishwarya , Balaji , Ponnambalam , Janani Iyer face elimination - Entertainment News , Firstpost '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` சினேகன் சொன்னதை கேட்டு பிக் பாஸ் பார்த்தவர்களுக்கு ஒரு நிமிஷம் தலையே சுத்திருச்சு '' . Filmibeat ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 30 Highlights : பள்ளி பருவத்திற்கே அழைத்துச் செல்லப்பட்ட பிக்பாஸ் குடும்பத்தினா் - Samayam Tamil '' . samayam Tamil ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2 Jul 19 Preview : Housemates Turn Emotional As Orphaned Kids Pay Them A Visit Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates : Contestants escape eviction ; Vishwaroopam 2 team visits the house Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 10 August 2018 : Aishwarya Dutta becomes captain for the second time ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction : Ponnambalam is the sixth contestant to be eliminated from Kamal Haasan 's show ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 28 August 2018 : Nithya 's letter leaves Bhalajie heartbroken ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 29 August 2018 : Aishwarya Dutta 's mom apologises to Bhalajie and Mumtaz Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 30 August 2018 : Sendrayan gets a pleasant surprise Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 24 September 2018 : Vaishnavi Prasad and Ramya NSK played a crazy prank with the inmates Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 25 September 2018 : Garbage throwing act leaves Nithya distressed over Aishwarya Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 26 September 2018 : Bhalajie enters the house ; Inmates revisit the controversial moments Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 27 September 2018 : Sendrayan and Mahat Raghavendra visit the house Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 day 104 highlights : Finalists and ex-contestants gather for a reunion - The Times of India ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 grand finale - Live updates : Janani Iyer eliminated from the show '' . IB Times . Retrieved 29 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Written update , 19 June 2018 : Janani Iyer finishes the luxury budget task successfully ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 21 June 2018 : Inmates lose points for breaking the rules Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 10 : Mumtaz refuses to obey her ' masters ' Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 28 June 2018 : Men 's team became assistants for the luxury budget task ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 15 : Kamal Haasan launches Vishwaroopam 2 audio , Mamathi evicted '' . hindustantimes.com. 2018 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 17 : Vaishnavi 's decision as captain questioned by Sharik Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction : Ananth Vaidyanathan eliminated from Kamal Haasan 's show Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 24 : Ponnambalam does n't understand double entendre , but delivers it well Jump up ^ Boss Tamil 2 third elimination : Nithya evicted from Kamal Haasan - hosted show Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 17 July 2018 : The housemates become students Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil elimination : Ramya evicted from Kamal Haasan 's show Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 38 : Aishwarya feels housemates are victimising her Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 45 : Aishwarya dumps trash on Balaji 's head Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 7 August 2018 : Housemates enjoy the role reversal task Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 14 August 2018 : Daniel and Mahat get into an ugly fight Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 64 : Vaishnavi is evicted , Mahat feels betrayed by Yaashika Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 22 August 2018 : Mahat takes upper hand on Mumtaz , Daniel during the new task Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 23 August 2018 : Daniel and Mahat get into a fight Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction : Danny is the ninth contestant to be eliminated from Kamal Haasan 's show Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 4 September 2018 : Aishwarya Dutta tricks Sendrayan Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 9 September 2018 : Sendrayan gets evicted Jump up ^ `` Episode 53 : தமிழ் என்றால் கலைஞர் கருணாநிதி தான் - ' பிக்பாஸ் ' போட்டியாளர்கள் உருக்கம் - Samayam Tamil '' . samayam Tamil ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 housemates informed about Karunanidhi 's death , news leaves them shocked - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , August 9 , 2018 : Housemates share the memories of Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Accident on Bigg Boss 2 Tamil sets , technician dead External links Official Website at Hotstar Bigg Boss Tamil 2 on IMDb Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Digital Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Marathi Malayalam Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Celebrity Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Loft Story Secret Story Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life Kamal Haasan Filmography Discography Unrealized projects Awards and honors As director Chachi 420 ( 1997 ) Hey Ram ( 2000 ) Virumaandi ( 2004 ) Vishwaroopam / Vishwaroop ( 2013 ) Vishwaroopam II / Vishwaroop II ( 2018 ) Sabaash Naidu ( TBA ) As screenwriter Raja Paarvai / Amavasya Chandrudu ( 1981 ) Vikram ( 1986 ) Apoorva Sagodharargal ( 1989 ) Michael Madana Kama Rajan ( 1990 ) Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) Mahanadhi ( 1994 ) Magalir Mattum ( 1994 ) Nammavar ( 1995 ) Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) Kaathala Kaathala ( 1998 ) Aalavandhan / Abhay ( 2001 ) Panchathantiram ( 2002 ) Anbe Sivam ( 2003 ) Nala Damayanthi ( 2003 ) Mumbai Xpress ( Tamil , 2005 ) Mumbai Xpress ( Hindi , 2005 ) Dasavathaaram ( 2008 ) Manmadan Ambu ( 2010 ) Uttama Villain ( 2015 ) Thoongaa Vanam / Cheekati Rajyam ( 2015 ) Related Bigg Boss season 1 season 2 Marudhanayagam Raaj Kamal Films International Family Shruti Haasan ( daughter ) Akshara Haasan ( daughter ) Charuhasan ( brother ) Chandrahasan ( brother ) hide Programs broadcast by Star Vijay Soap opera serials Kalyanamam Kalyanam Avalum Naanum Ponmagal Vanthal Eeramana Rojave Pagal Nilavu Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar Raja Rani Mouna Ragam Ponnukku Thanga Manasu Nenjam Marappathillai Aranmanai Kili Chinna Thambi Pandiyan Stores Talk shows Neeya Naana Sitcoms & Game shows Kalakka Povathu Yaaru ? Champions Divided Sagalai vs Ragalai List of Tamil language television shows Serials / Drama / Soap Opera 10 Mani Kathaigal ( Sun TV ) Aathira ( Sun TV ) Adhe Kangal ( Jaya TV ) Akka ( Jaya TV ) Agni Paravai ( Puthuyugam ) Amudha Oru Aacharyakuri ( Kalaignar TV ) Anandham ( Sun TV - Currently re-aired on Zee Tamizh ) Anjali ( Sun TV ) Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum ( Zee Tamizh ) Arangetam ( Puthuyugam ) Asoakavanam ( Puthuyugam ) Azhagi ( Sun TV ) Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval ( Sun TV ) Bharathi Kannamma ( TV series ) ( Vendhar TV ) Bhavani ( Kalaignar TV ) Bommalattam ( Sun TV ) Chandralekha ( Sun TV ) Chellamadi Nee Enakku ( Sun TV ) Chiti ( Sun TV ) Chinna Papa Periya Papa ( Sun TV ) Crossings ( NTV7 ) Devathai ( Sun TV ) Deivamagal ( Sun TV ) Deivam Thandha Veedu ( Star Vijay ) Dharmayutham ( Star Vijay ) En Iniya Thozhiye ( Raj TV ) Gayathri ( TV series ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Ilavarasi ( Sun TV ) Kalki ( Jaya TV ) Kalyanam ( Sun TV ) Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai ( Star Vijay ) Kalyana Parisu ( Sun TV ) Kana Kaanum Kaalangal ( Star Vijay ) Kasalavu Nesam ( Sun TV ) Lakshmi Vanthachu ( TV series ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Lollu Sabha ( Star Vijay ) Malli ( Puthuyugam ) Madipakkam Madhavan ( Kalaignar TV ) Mamiyar Thevai ( Zee Tamizh ) Mannan Magal ( Jaya TV ) Maragatha Veenai ( Sun TV ) Marmadesam ( Sun TV ) Metti Oli ( Sun TV ) Mohini ( Kalaignar TV ) Mudivalla Arambam ( Vendhar TV ) Mundhaanai Mudichu ( Sun TV ) Muthaaram ( Sun TV ) My Name Is Mangamma ( Zee Tamizh ) Naanal ( Kalaignar TV ) Nadaswaram ( Sun TV ) Nalla Neram ( TV series ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Nenjathai Killadhe ( TV series ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Nijangal ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Oru Kai Osai ( Zee Tamizh ) Office ( Star Vijay ) Paartha Gnabagam Illayo ( Kalaignar TV ) Pagal Nilavu ( Star Vijay ) Pasamalar ( Sun TV ) Pillai Nila ( Sun TV ) Ponnoonjal ( Sun TV ) Puguntha Veedu ( Zee Tamizh ) Puthu Kavithai ( Star Vijay ) Romapuri Pandian ( Kalaignar TV ) Roja Kootam ( Star Vijay ) Sakthi ( Sun TV ) Saravanan Meenatchi ( Star Vijay ) Siva Ragasiyam ( Zee Tamizh ) Sivasankari ( Sun TV ) Sondha Bandham ( Sun TV ) Sundharakandam ( Vendhar TV ) Thangam ( Sun TV ) ThenNilavu ( Sun TV ) Thiru Mangalyam ( Zee Tamizh ) Thirumathi Selvam ( Sun TV ) Uyirmei ( Zee Tamizh ) Valli ( Sun TV ) Vamsam ( Sun TV ) Vettai ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Vettai : Pledged to Hunt ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Maya ( Sun TV ) Game Shows Adhu Idhu Edhu ( Star Vijay ) Connexion ( Star Vijay ) Back to School ( Star Vijay ) Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Melam Kottu Thali Kattu ( Puthuyugam ) Naduvula Konjam Disturb Pannuvom ( Star Vijay ) Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi ( Star Vijay ) Odi Vilayadu Mummy ( Puthuyugam ) Oru Varthai Oru Latcham Juniors ( Star Vijay ) Super Challenge ( Sun TV ) Vina Vidai Vettai ( Puthuyugam ) Why This Kolaveri ( Zee Tamizh ) Genes ( season 1 ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Genes ( season 2 ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Genes ( season 3 ) ( Zee Tamizh ) ̈ Bigg Boss Tamil season 1 ( Star Vijay ) ̈ * Bigg Boss Tamil season 2 ( Star Vijay ) Talk shows Koffee with DD ( Star Vijay ) Neeya Naana ( Star Vijay ) Ninaithale Inikkum ( TV Shows ) ( Vendhar TV ) Ippadikku Rose ( Star Vijay ) Reality show Jodi Number One ( Star Vijay ) Kitchen Super Star ( Star Vijay ) Maanada Mayilada ( Kalaignar TV ) Sun Singer ( Sun TV ) Yuttha Medai All Stars ( Astro Vinmeen HD ) Cooking show Arokiya Unavu ( Jaya TV ) Arusuvai Neram ( Jaya TV ) Arusuvai Ithu Thani Suvai ( Jaya TV ) Kitchen Galatta ( Sun TV ) Nam Nattu Samayal ( Makkal TV ) Neengalum Samaikalam ( Jaya TV ) Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat ( Star Vijay ) Suvaiyo Suvai ( Jaya TV ) Award Shows Anugerah Industri Muzik Malaysian - Indian ( Astro Vaanavil / Astro Vinmeen HD ) Edison Award ( Astro Vaanavil ) Pradhana Vizha ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Pradhana Vizha 2014 ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Sun Kudumbam Awards ( Sun TV ) Vijay Awards ( Star Vijay ) Shows from outside India Anugerah Industri Muzik Malaysian - Indian ( Malaysia ) Crossings ( Malaysia ) Malaysia Kalai Ulagam Awards ( Malaysia ) Nijangal ( Singapore ) KL TO Karaikudi ( Malaysia ) Pradhana Vizha ( Singapore ) Pradhana Vizha 2014 ( Singapore ) Smart Wheel ( Malaysia ) Vettai ( Singapore ) Vettai : Pledged to Hunt ( Singapore ) Yuttha Medai All Stars ( Malaysia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Tamil_2&oldid=862933881 '' Categories : Vijay TV television series Tamil reality television series Tamil game shows Tamil Nadu drama television series 2010s Tamil television series 2018 Tamil - language television series endings Tamil - language television programs Big Brother ( TV series ) seasons Bigg Boss seasons Kamal Haasan Hidden categories : CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2018 Use Indian English from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 17 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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1026197701225973783	2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game	2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game - wikipedia 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Date July 11 , 2017 Venue Marlins Park City Miami , Florida Managers Brad Mills ( CLE ) Joe Maddon ( CHC ) MVP Robinson Canó ( SEA ) Attendance 37,188 First pitch Roberto Alomar , Rod Carew , Orlando Cepeda , Pedro Martínez , Tony Pérez , Iván Rodríguez Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci Radio ESPN Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton ← 2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2018 → The 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 88th edition of the Major League Baseball All Star Game . The game was hosted by the Miami Marlins and was played at Marlins Park on July 11 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by Fox . The game was the first since 2002 whose outcome did not determine home - field advantage for the World Series ; instead , the team with the better regular - season record will have home - field advantage . The Marlins were announced as the hosts on February 10 , 2015 , by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred ; the game was the Marlins ' first time hosting , leaving the Tampa Bay Rays as the only MLB franchise not to have hosted an All - Star game . The American League won , 2 -- 1 , in 10 innings . Robinson Canó , second baseman for the Seattle Mariners , hit the game winning home run for the American League and was named the 2017 All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fan balloting 1.1 Starters 1.2 Final roster spot 2 Rosters 2.1 American League 2.2 National League 2.2. 1 Roster notes 3 Game summary 3.1 Starting lineup 3.2 Line score 4 Ratings 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Fan balloting ( edit ) Starters ( edit ) Balloting for the 2017 All - Star Game starters began online May 1 and ended on June 29 . The top vote - getters at each position ( including the designated hitter for the American League ) and the top three among outfielders , would be starters for their respective leagues . The results were announced on July 2 . Bryce Harper was the leading vote - getter with 4,630,306 votes . Final roster spot ( edit ) After the rosters were finalized , a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All - Star Final Vote to determine the 33rd and final player of each roster . The online balloting was conducted from July 2 through July 6 . The winners of the All - Star Final Vote were Mike Moustakas of the American League 's Kansas City Royals and Justin Turner of the National League 's Los Angeles Dodgers . American League Player Team Pos . Elvis Andrus Rangers Shortstop Xander Bogaerts Red Sox Shortstop Didi Gregorius Yankees Shortstop Logan Morrison Rays First baseman Mike Moustakas Royals Third baseman National League Player Team Pos . Justin Bour Marlins First baseman Kris Bryant Cubs Third baseman Anthony Rendon Nationals Third baseman Mark Reynolds Rockies First baseman Justin Turner Dodgers Third baseman Rosters ( edit ) American League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Pérez , Salvador Salvador Pérez Royals 5 1B Smoak , Justin Justin Smoak Blue Jays 2B Altuve , José José Altuve Astros 5 3B Ramírez , José José Ramírez Indians SS Correa , Carlos Carlos Correa Astros OF Trout , Mike Mike Trout Angels 6 OF Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge Yankees OF Springer , George George Springer Astros DH Dickerson , Corey Corey Dickerson Rays Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Sánchez , Gary Gary Sánchez Yankees 1B Alonso , Yonder Yonder Alonso Athletics 2B Canó , Robinson Robinson Canó Mariners 8 2B Castro , Starlin Starlin Castro Yankees 2B Schoop , Jonathan Jonathan Schoop Orioles 3B Moustakas , Mike Mike Moustakas Royals 3B Sanó , Miguel Miguel Sanó Twins SS Lindor , Francisco Francisco Lindor Indians OF Betts , Mookie Mookie Betts Red Sox OF Brantley , Michael Michael Brantley Indians OF García , Avisail Avisail García White Sox OF Upton , Justin Justin Upton Tigers DH Cruz , Nelson Nelson Cruz Mariners 5 Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Archer , Chris Chris Archer Rays Betances , Dellin Dellin Betances Yankees Darvish , Yu Yu Darvish Rangers Devenski , Chris Chris Devenski Astros Fulmer , Michael Michael Fulmer Tigers Keuchel , Dallas Dallas Keuchel Astros Kimbrel , Craig Craig Kimbrel Red Sox 6 Kintzler , Brandon Brandon Kintzler Twins Kluber , Corey Corey Kluber Indians McCullers Jr. , Lance Lance McCullers Jr . Astros Miller , Andrew Andrew Miller Indians Osuna , Roberto Roberto Osuna Blue Jays Sale , Chris Chris Sale Red Sox 6 Santana , Ervin Ervin Santana Twins Severino , Luis Luis Severino Yankees Vargas , Jason Jason Vargas Royals National League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Posey , Buster Buster Posey Giants 5 1B Zimmerman , Ryan Ryan Zimmerman Nationals 2B Murphy , Daniel Daniel Murphy Nationals 3B Arenado , Nolan Nolan Arenado Rockies SS Cozart , Zack Zack Cozart Reds OF Blackmon , Charlie Charlie Blackmon Rockies OF Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Nationals 5 OF Ozuna , Marcell Marcell Ozuna Marlins Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Molina , Yadier Yadier Molina Cardinals 8 1B Goldschmidt , Paul Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks 5 1B Votto , Joey Joey Votto Reds 5 2B Harrison , Josh Josh Harrison Pirates 2B LeMahieu , DJ DJ LeMahieu Rockies 3B Lamb , Jake Jake Lamb Diamondbacks 3B Turner , Justin Justin Turner Dodgers SS Seager , Corey Corey Seager Dodgers OF Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger Dodgers OF Conforto , Michael Michael Conforto Mets OF Inciarte , Ender Ender Inciarte Braves OF Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Marlins Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Davis , Wade Wade Davis Cubs Greinke , Zack Zack Greinke Diamondbacks Hand , Brad Brad Hand Padres Holland , Greg Greg Holland Rockies Jansen , Kenley Kenley Jansen Dodgers Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Dodgers 7 Knebel , Corey Corey Knebel Brewers Martínez , Carlos Carlos Martínez Cardinals Neshek , Pat Pat Neshek Phillies Ray , Robbie Robbie Ray Diamondbacks Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Nationals 5 Strasburg , Stephen Stephen Strasburg Nationals Wood , Alex Alex Wood Dodgers Roster notes ( edit ) Mookie Betts was named starter in place of Mike Trout due to injury . Justin Upton was named as the roster replacement for Mike Trout due to injury . Chris Devenski was named as the roster replacement for Dallas Keuchel due to injury . Alex Wood was named as the roster replacement for Clayton Kershaw due to Kershaw starting on Sunday . Robinson Canó was named as the roster replacement for Starlin Castro due to injury . Roberto Osuna was named as the roster replacement for Yu Darvish due to Darvish starting on Sunday . Chris Archer was named as the roster replacement for Michael Fulmer due to Fulmer starting on Sunday . Brandon Kintzler was named as the roster replacement for Corey Kluber due to Kluber starting on Sunday . # : Indicates player would not play ( replaced as per reference notes above ) . Game summary ( edit ) The game was mostly pitching - dominated through the first four innings . After a two - out double by Jonathan Schoop , Miguel Sanó finally got the AL on the board with his fifth inning RBI bloop single . In the bottom of the sixth , Yadier Molina became the oldest catcher to hit a home run in an All - Star game , when he hit one off Ervin Santana in the sixth inning , tying the game at one . Reggie Smith was the last Cardinal to hit an All - Star Game home run in the 1974 game . Robinson Canó hit the game - winning home run in the tenth inning off Wade Davis , and was named the All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . He is the first second baseman since 1998 who was named All - Star Game MVP . Andrew Miller struck out Cody Bellinger swinging to end the night and earned his first career All - Star save . Starting lineup ( edit ) American Order Player Team Position Altuve , José José Altuve Astros 2B Ramírez , José José Ramírez Indians 3B Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge Yankees RF Springer , George George Springer Astros LF 5 Correa , Carlos Carlos Correa Astros SS 6 Smoak , Justin Justin Smoak Blue Jays 1B 7 Dickerson , Corey Corey Dickerson Rays DH 8 Pérez , Salvador Salvador Pérez Royals 9 Betts , Mookie Mookie Betts Red Sox CF Sale , Chris Chris Sale Red Sox National Order Player Team Position Blackmon , Charlie Charlie Blackmon Rockies CF Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Marlins DH Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Nationals RF Posey , Buster Buster Posey Giants 5 Murphy , Daniel Daniel Murphy Nationals 2B 6 Arenado , Nolan Nolan Arenado Rockies 3B 7 Zimmerman , Ryan Ryan Zimmerman Nationals 1B 8 Ozuna , Marcell Marcell Ozuna Marlins LF 9 Cozart , Zack Zack Cozart Reds SS Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Nationals Line score ( edit ) Tuesday , July 11 , 2017 8 : 22 pm ( EDT ) Marlins Park in Miami , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Starting pitchers : AL : Chris Sale NL : Max Scherzer WP : Craig Kimbrel ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Wade Davis ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Andrew Miller ( 1 ) Home runs : AL : Robinson Canó ( 1 ) NL : Yadier Molina ( 1 ) Umpires : Home Plate -- Joe West ( crew chief ) ; First Base -- Angel Hernandez ; Second Base -- Mark Carlson ; Third Base -- Chris Conroy ; Left Field -- Manny Gonzalez ; Right Field -- Mike Estabrook ; Replay Official -- Doug Eddings Weather : 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , roof closed . First pitch : 8 : 22pm EDT Time of Game : 3 : 16 Attendance : 37,188 Ratings ( edit ) The viewership ratings for the game on FOX were up slightly following the previous year 's all - time low , with a 5.5 national rating , an 11 share , and an estimated 9.28 million viewers . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball All - Star Games Major League Baseball All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award All - Star Futures Game Home Run Derby Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mills , the Indians ' bench coach , replaced Terry Francona as the American League 's manager after Francona underwent a catheter ablation to correct an irregular heartbeat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Indians ' Francona has heart procedure , out of All - Star Game '' . Associated Press . Cleveland : AP News . Associated Press . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game Ballot - With rules / instructions '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Doug ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Miami , here we come : ASG rosters unveiled '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Moose , Turner capture All - Star Final Vote '' . MLB.com . Miami : MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Latimer , Jolene ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Turner , Moustakas used teamwork to win All - Star final vote '' . Associated Press . Los Angeles : AP News . Associated Press . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer . `` Molina homers in memorable All - Star night '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frisaro , Joe . `` Do n't ya know ! Cano powers AL in extras '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeNicola , Christina . `` Cano hits decisive home run , named MVP '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cano 10th - inning homer gives AL 2 - 1 All - Star win '' . ESPN . 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Umpire Angel Hernandez , who 's suing MLB for alleged discrimination , to work All - Star Game '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 All - Star Game '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the baseball all-star game being played	[ "The 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 88th edition of the Major League Baseball All Star Game. The game was hosted by the Miami Marlins and was played at Marlins Park on July 11, 2017. It was televised nationally by Fox. The game was the first since 2002 whose outcome did not determine home-field advantage for the World Series; instead, the team with the better regular-season record will have home-field advantage. The Marlins were announced as the hosts on February 10, 2015, by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred; the game was the Marlins' first time hosting, leaving the Tampa Bay Rays as the only MLB franchise not to have hosted an All-Star game." ]	[ "July 11, 2017" ]
8497853019487833273	Dustin Pedroia	Dustin Pedroia - wikipedia Dustin Pedroia Jump to : navigation , search Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox -- No. 15 Second baseman Born : ( 1983 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1983 ( age 34 ) Woodland , California Bats : Right Throws : Right MLB debut August 22 , 2006 , for the Boston Red Sox MLB statistics ( through 2017 season ) Batting average . 301 Hits 1,787 Home runs 139 Runs batted in 716 Stolen bases 138 Teams Boston Red Sox ( 2006 -- present ) Career highlights and awards 4 × All - Star ( 2008 -- 2010 , 2013 ) 2 × World Series champion ( 2007 , 2013 ) Silver Slugger Award ( 2008 ) 4 × Gold Glove Award ( 2008 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 ) AL MVP ( 2008 ) AL Rookie of the Year ( 2007 ) Heart And Hustle Award ( 2012 ) Dustin Pedroia Medal record Men 's baseball Representing United States Pan American Games 2003 Santo Domingo Team Dustin Luis Pedroia ( born August 17 , 1983 ) is an American baseball second baseman for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He is a four - time All - Star and an American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player award winner , who has also received four Gold Glove Awards and a single Silver Slugger award . Pedroia was drafted by the Red Sox in 2004 , and made his major league debut in 2006 before becoming a full - time player in the 2007 season , and winning the AL Rookie of the Year award . He contributed to two Red Sox World Series championships in 2007 and 2013 , and he is the only player from the 2007 World Series team still with the club . Pedroia remains under contract with the Red Sox through the 2021 season . Pedroia is an above - average contact hitter with a very low strikeout rate and `` a surprising amount of power '' , whose defense at second base has been rated significantly above - average . Pedroia has achieved Major League success . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and high school 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Minor leagues 3.2 Boston Red Sox 3.2. 1 2006 - 2007 3.2. 2 2008 3.2. 3 2009 3.2. 4 2010 3.2. 5 2011 3.2. 6 2012 3.2. 7 2013 3.2. 8 2014 3.2. 9 2015 3.2. 10 2016 3.2. 11 2017 4 Honors and awards 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early Life and High School ( edit ) Pedroia was born in Woodland , California , on August 17 , 1983 . His parents operated a tire shop in the city where they would work fourteen hours per day . Debbie Pedroia played tennis at Sacramento City College . Pedroia 's older brother , Brett , played baseball as a catcher at Shasta College . Pedroia attended Woodland High School in Woodland , California where he played baseball and football . His football career ended when , as a freshman quarterback , a hit from future NFL linebacker Lance Briggs shattered his ankle . As a senior baseball player , Pedroia did not strike out all season , compiled a . 445 batting average and was chosen as his league 's most valuable player . College career ( edit ) Pedroia attended Arizona State University ( ASU ) , where he played college baseball for the Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team . He was teammates with Ian Kinsler and Andre Ethier . Kinsler and Pedroia competed for the shortstop position at ASU . Ultimately , Pedroia stayed at shortstop , while Kinsler ended up at second base before transferring to the University of Missouri . In three years at ASU , Pedroia never hit below . 347 and had a career average of . 384 , starting all 185 games . To help ASU recruit better pitchers , Pedroia also relinquished the last two years of his athletic scholarship . He was named ASU On Deck Circle Most Valuable Player ; other winners have included Ike Davis , Willie Bloomquist , Paul Lo Duca , and Barry Bonds . Professional career ( edit ) Minor leagues ( edit ) Pedroia was drafted by the Red Sox in the second round of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft , with the 65th pick overall . Pedroia , the eighth shortstop drafted , received a $575,000 signing bonus . In two years in the minors ( 2004 -- 06 ) , Pedroia batted . 308 while playing second base and shortstop . Boston Red Sox ( edit ) 2006 - 2007 ( edit ) After a brief call - up in 2006 , when he hit just . 191 in 89 at - bats , Pedroia became the regular second baseman for the Red Sox in 2007 replacing Mark Loretta . Pedroia suffered through an early - season hitting slump , but recovered , later putting up a 13 - game hitting streak and a five - hit game against the Giants . He notably made a diving stop to preserve fellow rookie Clay Buchholz 's no - hitter on September 1 . Pedroia won the AL Rookie of the Year award and was selected to the 2007 Topps Major League Rookie All - Star Team . The Red Sox played the Indians in the 2007 ALCS . In Game 7 of the series , Pedroia homered and doubled , collecting five RBI to secure the Red Sox ' spot in the World Series , to face the Rockies . Pedroia homered in the first at bat of the series , making him only the second player , and the first rookie , to lead off the Series with a home run . The Red Sox went on to win their second World Series title in four seasons -- and the first World Series championship for Pedroia . 2008 ( edit ) Pedroia performed very well during the 2008 regular season , and received AL MVP , Gold Glove and Silver Slugger awards . He was the first - ever Red Sox second baseman to win a Silver Slugger Award , the first Red Sox second baseman to win a Gold Glove since Doug Griffin in 1972 , and the first second baseman to win an MVP Award since Nellie Fox in 1959 . He hit . 326 with 17 homers over 726 PAs , for a 127 wRC+ . Pedroia was defensively great , making only six errors through 157 games , saving + 9.7 runs over the season , according to UZR. 2008 was also Pedroia 's most productive season on the basepaths ; he stole 20 bases in 21 attempts , for baserunning worth 4.9 runs above average . Dustin Pedroia in Houston , June 2008 Pedroia 's contribution in the regular season was rated 6.5 WAR by Fangraphs , a `` superstar '' level of performance . He became only the third player in MLB history to win Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in consecutive seasons joining Cal Ripken Jr. and Ryan Howard , and later was followed by Kris Bryant . Pedroia was hitless through the first three games of the 2008 ALDS , recording only an RBI double in Game 4 . The Red Sox defeated the Angels in four games . In the ALCS against the Tampa Bay Rays , Pedroia collected 9 hits in 26 plate appearances , including three home runs and a double . The rest of the team struggled to a . 234 batting average against the Tampa pitching staff , and the Red Sox lost the series . 2009 ( edit ) Dustin Pedroia bats against the Baltimore Orioles , August 2 , 2009 . On December 3 , 2008 , Pedroia signed a six - year contract extension worth $40.5 million , with an additional team option for 2015 worth $11 million . Pedroia announced on December 15 , 2008 that he would play for the United States team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic . He recorded the first Major League hit in Citi Field history during an April 3 exhibition game against the Mets . He hit a home run in his first at bat of the 2009 season . Pedroia was selected to start for the 2009 AL All Star Team . However , Pedroia had to withdraw from the team to stay with his wife Kelli , who was experiencing pregnancy complications with the couple 's first child . The same issue had caused him to miss a regular season game prior to the All Star break . Pedroia achieved his first multi-home run game on September 9 , 2009 , against the Orioles . In 2010 , MLB umpire Joe West made controversial statements regarding the speed of play between the Red Sox and Yankees , Pedroia responded by saying , `` What he does n't understand is that when we do n't do well in these games against the Yankees , we get killed . If he does n't want to do Red Sox and Yankee games , he should tell the umpires ' union . Then when we 're in the World Series , he 'll be out of that assignment , too . '' On June 24 , 2010 , Pedroia went 5 for 5 , with 5 RBI , and hit three home runs in a game against the Rockies that the Red Sox won , 13 -- 11 , in the tenth inning . The next day , Pedroia fouled a ball off his foot in an at - bat versus the Giants . MRI results the next day confirmed that he had a broken bone in his foot , and he was placed on the 15 - day disabled list . Pedroia was under doctor 's orders not to put weight on his injured foot for two weeks , but continued to practice fielding grounders while on his knees . Pedroia was named to be a reserve player on the 2010 AL All Star team , but did not participate due to this injury , and had former Arizona State teammate Ian Kinsler replace him on the roster . Pedroia returned to the lineup on August 17 against the Angels , only to be put back on the DL after playing 2 games . Pedroia would end the 2010 season having played only 75 games . 2011 ( edit ) In 2011 , Pedroia bounced back , batting . 307 and slugging 21 home runs over 159 games . He won a Fielding Bible Award in 2011 as the best fielding second baseman in MLB , and had his best defensive season by ultimate zone rating , with 18.1 runs saved . In June and July , Pedroia had a 25 - game hitting streak , the longest for a Red Sox second baseman . On August 16 , Pedroia was involved in throwing a triple play , started by Jed Lowrie . Pedroia 's 2011 season was rated at 7.6 Wins Above Replacement by Fangraphs , an `` MVP - caliber '' performance . 2012 ( edit ) On September 30 , 2012 , Pedroia broke his left ring finger but , after being reassured the injury would not degrade with use , he made the decision to play through the pain in the following season - ending series at Yankee Stadium . 2013 ( edit ) Play media Dustin Pedroia batting for the Red Sox against the Toronto Blue Jays On July 23 , 2013 , Pedroia and the Red Sox agreed to an 8 - year extension worth $110 million . Pedroia was represented in negotiations by Sam Levinson and Seth Levinson of ACES Inc . Pedroia bounced back from his injury - affected 2012 season to become the only player on the Red Sox to play more than 150 games during the team 's 2013 regular season , playing in 160 games . Pedroia posted a strong regular season performance , and was awarded his third Gold Glove , second Fielding Bible Award , and the Wilson Overall Defensive Player of the Year Award for the American League . The Red Sox won their division and went on to win the World Series . In November 2013 , Pedroia underwent thumb surgery to repair a torn UCL , an injury he suffered when sliding to first base on opening day . 2014 ( edit ) In May 2014 , Pedroia hit his 100th career home run and his 300th career double . Pedroia hit only four home runs before the 2014 All Star break , and his hitting productivity dropped to league average . However , his fielding numbers remained strong . For his defensive performance , Pedroia was honored with the American League Gold Glove award at second base -- his fourth in his nine - year career -- along with his third Fielding Bible Award . This made him the first Red Sox infielder to win four Gold Gloves . 2015 ( edit ) Pedroia began the 2015 MLB season with two home runs in the Red Sox opening game , on the road at Citizens Bank Park , Philadelphia . On June 25 , 2015 the Red Sox placed him on the 15 - day disabled list due to a right hamstring strain . 2016 ( edit ) Pedroia had a strong month as a hitter in August , culminating in a streak of three games , from August 25 through 27 , over which he hit safely in 11 consecutive at bats , falling one hit shy of tying the major league record of 12 consecutive at bats with a base hit ( shared by three players since 1902 ) . During the streak , Pedroia had 10 singles , one double , scored two runs and drove in three . He also walked once during the streak , thus reaching base safely over 12 consecutive plate appearances . Pedroia finished the 2016 season with a batting average of . 318 . In 154 games of 2016 , Pedroia finished the year with a . 318 batting average , 201 hits , 36 doubles , 105 runs scored , 15 home runs , and 74 RBI . The Red Sox finished the 2016 season with a 93 - 69 record , clinching the AL East division , but were swept in three games by the Indians in the 2016 ALDS . On October 13 , 2016 , Pedroia underwent left knee surgery , a partial medial meniscectomy and chondroplasty . Despite the surgery , he and teammate Mookie Betts won two of the ten 2016 Fielding Bible awards . He also won the 2016 Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award for second base , in all of MLB . 2017 ( edit ) On May 30 , Pedroia was placed on the 10 - day disabled list due to a left wrist sprain . On August 1 , he was again placed on the 10 - day disabled list due to left knee soreness . On August 12 , Pedroia was placed on the disabled list for the third time of the season due to soreness in the same knee . Limited to 105 games , Pedroia finished with a . 293 batting average , 7 home runs , and 62 RBI . On October 25 , it was revealed that Pedroia underwent surgery on his knee for a complete cartilage restoration , meaning that he would miss the start of the 2018 season . Honors and awards ( edit ) Pedroia in 2008 2004 Golden Spikes Award Finalist 2004 First - Team Baseball America and USA Today All - American 2003 Pac - 10 Co-Player of the Year 2003 NCAA Defensive Player of the Year Red Sox ML Base Runner of the Month ( April 2005 ) Red Sox Minor League `` Quality Plate Appearances '' Award ( June 2005 ) 2005 Post-Season Eastern League All - Star 2005 Minor League Player of the Year . 2005 Red Sox Minor League Offensive Player of the Year 2005 Minor League News MLN FAB50 Baseball 2005 -- No. 45 2006 Minor League News MLN FAB50 Baseball 2006 -- No. 23 2007 American League Rookie of the Month - May 2007 American League Player of the Week ( May 28 -- June 3 ) 2007 Players Choice American League Outstanding Rookie 2007 World Series Champion ( Boston Red Sox ) 2007 American League Rookie of the Year 2008 American League All - Star Starter 2008 American League Gold Glove Winner 2008 American League Silver Slugger Award 2008 American League Most Valuable Player Award 2009 American League All - Star Starter 2010 American League All - Star Reserve 2010 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2011 Fielding Bible Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) 2011 American League Gold Glove Winner 2011 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2012 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2013 American League All - Star Reserve 2013 Wilson Overall Defensive Player of the Year Award ( in entire American League ) 2013 Fielding Bible Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) 2013 American League Gold Glove Winner 2013 Heart & Hustle Award Winner 2013 World Series Champion ( Boston Red Sox ) 2014 Fielding Bible Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) 2014 American League Gold Glove Winner 2014 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2015 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2016 Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) 2016 Fielding Bible Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) Personal Life ( edit ) Pedroia has garnered multiple nicknames during his time in Boston , these include : Pedey , Laser Show , and the Muddy Chicken . Pedroia is of Swiss Italian ( Brione s / Minusio , Canton Ticino ) , Portuguese and Spanish heritage . He is the nephew of Temple University defensive coordinator Phil Snow . On January 9 , 2009 , Pedroia was named as the cover athlete of the baseball video game MLB 09 : The Show , and appeared in several commercials for the game . On August 18 , 2009 , Dustin 's wife , Kelli , gave birth to the couple 's first child , a boy named Dylan . On September 13 , 2012 , Dustin and Kelli welcomed their second son , Cole . On June 13 , 2014 , the couple had their third son , Brooks . Dustin Pedroia is a fan of the NBA 's Sacramento Kings , and the NFL 's San Francisco 49ers . In a 2009 interview given to Boston , Pedroia criticized his home town of Woodland , California , calling it a `` dump '' and a city that never embraced him . This generated backlash from his hometown and his family received death threats . Pedroia later clarified his comments saying he was only joking and his comments were taken out of context . The original article 's author , however , insisted that his use of the comment was not misleading . His transcript of the interview with Pedroia quoted Pedroia as saying `` It 's a dump . You can quote me on that . I do n't give a shit . '' Pedroia has expressed an interest in bigfoot , including tweeting about the show Finding Bigfoot from his Twitter account . Pedroia enjoys playing the game cribbage ; he and former manager , Terry Francona , used to play together . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ashbourne , Nick ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Should Dustin Pedroia 's bat be feared ? '' . Beyond the Box Score . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Pedroia ; Advanced Fielding '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Human url = https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/baseball/2003-02-27-size_x.htm title = The tall and short of college baseball stars accessdate = July 26 , 2008 work = USA Today publisher = date = February 27 , 2003 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia ASU '' . ASU Baseball . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dustin Pedroia Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( November 23 , 2008 ) . `` Small town shows MVP pride '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pedroia , Dustin ( 2009 ) . Born to Play : My Life in the Game . Simon & Schuster . p. 11 . ISBN 9781439164877 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fielding more than his share of bad hops '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hohler , Bob ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Most valuable half - pint '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Pedroia Comes Out Swinging '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 1 in College Sports '' . CSTV.com . May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baseball Reference Jump up ^ Speier , Alex ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` We 've seen this before from Dustin Pedroia '' . WEEI.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2B Pedroia makes the play that made the no - hitter possible . '' . boston.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dustin Pedroia wins 2007 American League Rookie of the Year Award from Baseball Writers ' Association of America Jump up ^ `` Topps announces the 49th annual Topps Major League Rookie All - Star Team '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Klingaman , Mike ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Catching Up With ... Don Buford '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 AL MVP '' . BBWAA.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rawlings Gold Glove award winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Pedroia wins Silver Slugger Award '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Pedroia '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UZR '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia ; Fielding '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia ; Standard '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is WAR ? '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox sign Pedroia to $40.5 M extension '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West : Rivals ' slow play ' embarrassing ' '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Francona calls comments ' troubling ' ESPN Jump up ^ Benjamin , Amalie ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Pedroia Rescues Red Sox '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Amalie ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Injury brings him to his knees '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 Awards '' . The Fielding Bible . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Longest Red Sox hitting streaks by position . Boston.com Jump up ^ Broken finger , broken team , but Red Sox ' Dustin Pedroia is playing masslive.com Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Pedroia agrees to extension through 2021 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox : 2013 American League East Champions '' . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom . `` Wilson honors Parra , Pedroia for unrivaled D '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia has thumb surgery '' . ESPN Boston . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia Career Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pini , Jeff ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Dustin Pedroia Makes Team History With Fourth Gold Glove Award '' . Boston.com . Boston.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox 's revamped lineup backs Buchholz 's gem vs. Phillies '' . MLB.com. April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy Player News & Updates '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian . `` Pedroia 's AB hit streak ends 1 shy of MLB record '' . redsox.mlb.com . MLB Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver . `` Dustin Pedroia headed to DL with left wrist sprain '' . MLB . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian . `` Inflamed left knee puts Dustin Pedroia on DL '' . MLB . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian . `` Dustin Pedroia returns to DL with ailing left knee '' . MLB . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia out seven months following knee surgery '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dustin Pedroia Statistics and History Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ Kilgore , Adam ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` Welcome , Dylan Pedroia '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Laurie ( September 15 , 2012 ) . `` Dustin Pedroia Wife Baby Boy Red Sox News '' . SB Nation . Jump up ^ `` The Woodland People vs. Dustin Pedroia '' . Dead Spin . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pedroia : Woodland Comments Taken Out Of Context '' . The Sacramento Bee. April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craggs , Tommy ( April 19 , 2009 ) . `` So About That Dustin Pedroia Story ... '' . Deadspin . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Michael ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dustin Pedroia continues his search for Bigfoot '' . The Boston Herald . Jump up ^ Pedroia , Dustin ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Post on Twitter account 15Lasershow '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vega , Michael . `` Playing his cards right '' . Boston.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon . `` ito 's return : No cribbage , but a curtain call '' . ESPN. Go . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Verducci , Tom ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Muddy Chicken Hits It Big : Loud swing , louder mouth , even louder results : That 's the story of Dustin Pedroia writ small . In a lineup of stars , nobody has played a larger role in the success of the Red Sox -- or inspired better nicknames -- than their 5 ' 8 '' second baseman `` . Sports Illustrated . p. 29 . Born to Play : My Life in the Game by Dustin Pedroia with Edward J. Pelaney External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dustin Pedroia . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Justin Verlander Sporting News AL Rookie of the Year 2007 Succeeded by Evan Longoria Preceded by Justin Verlander Players Choice AL Most Outstanding Rookie 2007 Succeeded by Evan Longoria Preceded by Ichiro Suzuki Major League Hits Champion 2008 ( with Ichiro Suzuki ) Succeeded by Ichiro Suzuki Preceded by Alex Rodriguez American League Runs Scored Champion 2008 & 2009 Succeeded by Mark Teixeira Preceded by Magglio Ordóñez Major League Doubles Champion 2008 Succeeded by Brian Roberts Pac - 12 Conference Baseball Player of the Year 1978 : Elder ( North ) & Tolman ( South ) 1979 : Dodd ( North ) & Auten ( South ) 1980 : Walker ( North ) & Francona ( South ) 1981 : Hunsinger ( North ) & Sodders ( South ) 1982 : Wilson ( North ) & Davis ( South ) 1983 : Reece ( North ) & Hardgrave ( South ) 1984 : Skurla ( North ) , McDowell ( South ) & McGwire ( South ) 1985 : Lovell ( North ) & Lundblade ( South ) 1986 : Brundage ( North ) , Lovullo ( South ) & Sanchez ( South ) 1987 : Bowen ( North ) , Lovullo ( South ) & Hale ( South ) 1988 : Olerud ( North ) & Ingram ( South ) 1989 : Kuykendall ( North ) , Erickson ( South ) & Zinter ( South ) 1990 : Walker ( North ) & Ellis ( South ) 1991 : Hatteberg ( North ) & McCarty ( South ) 1992 : Loomis ( North ) , Penix ( South ) & Zuber ( South ) 1993 : Christman ( North ) , LoDuca ( South ) & McGuire ( South ) 1994 : Smith ( North ) & Cruz ( South ) 1995 : Blood ( North ) , Hinch ( South ) & Jenkins ( South ) 1996 : Miller ( North ) & Hinch ( South ) 1997 : Miller ( North ) & Glaus ( South ) 1998 : Checketts ( North ) & Valent ( South ) 1999 : Bloomquist 2000 : Myers 2001 : Myers 2002 : Concepcion 2003 : Garko & Pedroia 2004 : Lowrie 2005 : Crowe & Ellsbury 2006 : Gillespie 2007 : Wallace 2008 : Wallace 2009 : Kipnis 2010 : MacPhee 2011 : Renda 2012 : Mejia 2013 : Conforto 2014 : Conforto 2015 : Kingery 2016 : Cumberland 2017 : Madrigal 2003 College Baseball All - America Team consensus selections P David Marchbanks P Jeff Niemann P Tim Stauffer P Jered Weaver RP Ryan Wagner C Ryan Garko 1B None 2B Rickie Weeks Jr . 3B Jamie D'Antona SS Dustin Pedroia O Dustin Majewski O David Murphy DH None U None American League Rookie of the Year Award 1949 : Sievers 1950 : Dropo 1951 : McDougald 1952 : Byrd 1953 : Kuenn 1954 : Grim 1955 : Score 1956 : Aparicio 1957 : Kubek 1958 : Pearson 1959 : Allison 1960 : Hansen 1961 : Schwall 1962 : Tresh 1963 : Peters 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Blefary 1966 : Agee 1967 : Carew 1968 : Bahnsen 1969 : Piniella 1970 : Munson 1971 : Chambliss 1972 : Fisk 1973 : Bumbry 1974 : Hargrove 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Fidrych 1977 : Murray 1978 : Whitaker 1979 : Castino & Griffin 1980 : Charboneau 1981 : Righetti 1982 : Ripken Jr . 1983 : Kittle 1984 : Davis 1985 : Guillén 1986 : Canseco 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Weiss 1989 : Olson 1990 : Alomar Jr . 1991 : Knoblauch 1992 : Listach 1993 : Salmon 1994 : Hamelin 1995 : Cordova 1996 : Jeter 1997 : Garciaparra 1998 : Grieve 1999 : Beltrán 2000 : Sasaki 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Hinske 2003 : Berroa 2004 : Crosby 2005 : Street 2006 : Verlander 2007 : Pedroia 2008 : Longoria 2009 : Bailey 2010 : Feliz 2011 : Hellickson 2012 : Trout 2013 : Myers 2014 : Abreu 2015 : Correa 2016 : Fulmer American League Second Baseman Silver Slugger Award 1980 : Randolph 1981 : Grich 1982 : García 1983 : Whitaker 1984 : Whitaker 1985 : Whitaker 1986 : White 1987 : Whitaker 1988 : Franco 1989 : Franco 1990 : Franco 1991 : Franco 1992 : Alomar 1993 : Baerga 1994 : Baerga 1995 : Knoblauch 1996 : Alomar 1997 : Knoblauch 1998 : Easley 1999 : Alomar 2000 : Alomar 2001 : Boone 2002 : Soriano 2003 : Boone 2004 : Soriano 2005 : Soriano 2006 : Canó 2007 : Polanco 2008 : Pedroia 2009 Hill 2010 : Canó 2011 : Canó 2012 : Canó 2013 : Canó 2014 : Altuve 2015 : Altuve 2016 : Altuve American League Second Baseman Gold Glove Award 1958 : Bolling 1959 : Fox 1960 : Fox 1961 : Richardson 1962 : Richardson 1963 : Richardson 1964 : Richardson 1965 : Richardson 1966 : Knoop 1967 : Knoop 1968 : Knoop 1969 : Johnson 1970 : Johnson 1971 : Johnson 1972 : Griffin 1973 : Grich 1974 : Grich 1975 : Grich 1976 : Grich 1977 : White 1978 : White 1979 : White 1980 : White 1981 : White 1982 : White 1983 : Whitaker 1984 : Whitaker 1985 : Whitaker 1986 : White 1987 : White 1988 : Reynolds 1989 : Reynolds 1990 : Reynolds 1991 : Alomar 1992 : Alomar 1993 : Alomar 1994 : Alomar 1995 : Alomar 1996 : Alomar 1997 : Knoblauch 1998 : Alomar 1999 : Alomar 2000 : Alomar 2001 : Alomar 2002 : Boone 2003 : Boone 2004 : Boone 2005 : Hudson 2006 : Grudzielanek 2007 : Polanco 2008 : Pedroia 2009 : Polanco 2010 : Canó 2011 : Pedroia 2012 : Canó 2013 : Pedroia 2014 : Pedroia 2015 : Altuve 2016 : Kinsler American League MVP Award 1931 : Grove 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Cochrane 1935 : Greenberg 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : Gehringer 1938 : Foxx 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : DiMaggio 1942 : Gordon 1943 : Chandler 1944 : Newhouser 1945 : Newhouser 1946 : Williams 1947 : DiMaggio 1948 : Boudreau 1949 : Williams 1950 : Rizzuto 1951 : Berra 1952 : Shantz 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Berra 1955 : Berra 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Mantle 1958 : Jensen 1959 : Fox 1960 : Maris 1961 : Maris 1962 : Mantle 1963 : Howard 1964 : B. Robinson 1965 : Versalles 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : McLain 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Powell 1971 : Blue 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Burroughs 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Munson 1977 : Carew 1978 : Rice 1979 : Baylor 1980 : Brett 1981 : Fingers 1982 : Yount 1983 : Ripken Jr . 1984 : Hernández 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Bell 1988 : Canseco 1989 : Yount 1990 : Henderson 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : Eckersley 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Thomas 1995 : Vaughn 1996 : González 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : González 1999 : I. Rodríguez 2000 : Giambi 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Tejada 2003 : A. Rodriguez 2004 : Guerrero 2005 : A. Rodriguez 2006 : Morneau 2007 : A. Rodriguez 2008 : Pedroia 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Trout 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Trout Second Baseman Fielding Bible Award 2006 : Hudson 2007 : Hill 2008 : Phillips 2009 : Hill 2010 : Utley 2011 : Pedroia 2012 : Barney 2013 : Pedroia 2014 : Pedroia 2015 : Kinsler 2016 : Pedroia Wilson Overall Defensive Player of the Year Award 2012 : Trout & Bourn 2013 : Pedroia & Parra 2014 : Heyward 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Betts Heart & Hustle Award 2005 : Eckstein 2006 : Biggio 2007 : Biggio 2008 : Sizemore 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Halladay 2011 : Hunter 2012 : Trout 2013 : Pedroia 2014 : Harrison 2015 : Rizzo 2016 : Frazier Boston Red Sox 2007 World Series champions 7 J.D. Drew 10 Coco Crisp 12 Eric Hinske 13 Alex Cora 15 Dustin Pedroia 17 Manny Delcarmen 18 Daisuke Matsuzaka 19 Josh Beckett ( ALCS MVP ) 20 Kevin Youkilis 23 Julio Lugo 24 Manny Ramirez 25 Mike Lowell ( World Series MVP ) 28 Doug Mirabelli 31 Jon Lester 32 Bobby Kielty 33 Jason Varitek 34 David Ortiz 36 Kevin Cash 37 Hideki Okajima 38 Curt Schilling 39 Kyle Snyder 46 Jacoby Ellsbury 48 Javier López 49 Tim Wakefield 50 Mike Timlin 51 Julián Tavárez 58 Jonathan Papelbon 83 Éric Gagné Manager 47 Terry Francona Coaches Bench Coach 2 Brad Mills First Base Coach 16 Luis Alicea Hitting Coach 29 Dave Magadan Third Base Coach 35 DeMarlo Hale Pitching Coach 52 John Farrell Bullpen Coach 57 Gary Tuck Bullpen Catcher 65 Ino Guerrero Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Boston Red Sox 2013 World Series champions 2 Jacoby Ellsbury 3 David Ross 5 Jonny Gomes 7 Stephen Drew 11 Clay Buchholz 12 Mike Napoli 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Will Middlebrooks 18 Shane Victorino 19 Koji Uehara ( ALCS MVP ) 22 Félix Doubront 29 Daniel Nava 31 Jon Lester 32 Craig Breslow 34 David Ortiz ( World Series MVP ) 36 Junichi Tazawa 37 Mike Carp 39 Jarrod Saltalamacchia 41 John Lackey 44 Jake Peavy 46 Ryan Dempster 50 Quintin Berry 56 Franklin Morales 67 Brandon Workman 72 Xander Bogaerts Manager 53 John Farrell Third base coach 13 Brian Butterfield Bench coach 17 Torey Lovullo Hitting coach 28 Greg Colbrunn First Base coach 43 Arnie Beyeler Pitching coach 47 Juan Nieves Assistant hitting coach 57 Vic Rodriguez Bullpen coach 58 Dana LeVangie Bullpen catcher 83 Brian Abraham Bullpen catcher 88 Alex Martinez Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series United States roster -- 2009 World Baseball Classic -- 4th place 1 Jimmy Rollins 2 Derek Jeter 4 David Wright 6 Brian Roberts 7 Mark DeRosa 10 Chipper Jones 13 Evan Longoria 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Brian McCann 17 Adam Dunn 18 Ryan Braun 21 Kevin Youkilis 22 Jake Peavy 23 J.J. Putz 26 Chris Iannetta 28 Curtis Granderson 29 Matt Lindstrom 31 Brad Ziegler 33 Ted Lilly 34 John Grabow 37 Matt Thornton 38 Joel Hanrahan 39 J.P. Howell 42 LaTroy Hawkins 44 Roy Oswalt 46 Jeremy Guthrie 50 Shane Victorino 51 Jonathan Broxton 62 Scot Shields 99 Heath Bell Manager 5 Davey Johnson Batting Coach 8 Reggie Smith Pitching Coach 27 Marcel Lachemann Coach 11 Barry Larkin Coach 3 Billy Ripken Coach 20 Mike Schmidt Bullpen Coach 30 Mel Stottlemyre Boston Red Sox current roster Active roster 2 Xander Bogaerts 3 Sandy León 5 Tzu - Wei Lin 7 Christian Vázquez 11 Rafael Devers 12 Brock Holt 13 Hanley Ramírez 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Andrew Benintendi 17 Deven Marrero 18 Mitch Moreland 19 Jackie Bradley Jr . 22 Rick Porcello 23 Blake Swihart 24 David Price 25 Rajai Davis 29 Roenis Elías 30 Chris Young 31 Drew Pomeranz 36 Eduardo Núñez 37 Heath Hembree 38 Doug Fister 39 Carson Smith 41 Chris Sale 43 Addison Reed 46 Craig Kimbrel 50 Mookie Betts 51 Blaine Boyer 52 Eduardo Rodríguez 56 Joe Kelly 58 Fernando Abad 59 Sam Travis 60 Henry Owens 61 Brian Johnson 63 Robby Scott 64 Ben Taylor 67 Brandon Workman 68 Matt Barnes 71 Austin Maddox 76 Héctor Velázquez Disabled list 28 Robbie Ross Jr . 32 Josh Rutledge 35 Steven Wright 40 Marco Hernández 47 Tyler Thornburg Coaching staff Manager Vacant Bench 10 Gary DiSarcina First base 20 Rubén Amaro Jr . Hitting 44 Chili Davis Pitching 54 Carl Willis Third base 55 Brian Butterfield Asst . hitting 57 Vic Rodriguez Bullpen 60 Dana LeVangie Asst . pitching 86 Brian Bannister VIAF : 83501198 LCCN : n2009018713 ISNI : 0000 0000 5862 2452 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dustin_Pedroia&oldid=807115929 '' Categories : 1983 births Living people Boston Red Sox players 2009 World Baseball Classic players American League All - Stars American people of Portuguese descent American people of Italian descent Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players Baseball players from California Gold Glove Award winners Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners People from Woodland , California Scottsdale Scorpions players Sarasota Red Sox players Augusta GreenJackets players Portland Sea Dogs players Pawtucket Red Sox players Baseball second basemen American League Most Valuable Player Award winners Silver Slugger Award winners Baseball players at the 2003 Pan American Games Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States Pan American Games medalists in baseball Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Монгол 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays second base for the boston red sox	[ "Dustin Luis Pedroia (born August 17, 1983) is an American baseball second baseman for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He is a four-time All-Star and an American League (AL) Most Valuable Player award winner, who has also received four Gold Glove Awards and a single Silver Slugger award." ]	[ "Dustin Luis Pedroia" ]
8469420433420798979	The Lost World: Jurassic Park	The Lost World : Jurassic Park - wikipedia The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jump to : navigation , search The Lost World : Jurassic Park Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Gerald R. Molen Colin Wilson Screenplay by David Koepp Based on The Lost World by Michael Crichton Starring Jeff Goldblum Julianne Moore Pete Postlethwaite Arliss Howard Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 19 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 23 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $73 million Box office $618.6 million The Lost World : Jurassic Park is a 1997 American science - fiction adventure film and the second installment in the Jurassic Park film series . A sequel to 1993 's Jurassic Park , the film was directed by Steven Spielberg and written by David Koepp , loosely based on Michael Crichton 's 1995 novel The Lost World . The film was produced by Gerald R. Molen and Colin Wilson . Actor Jeff Goldblum returns as the chaos - theorist and eccentric mathematician Ian Malcolm , leading a cast that includes Julianne Moore , Pete Postlethwaite , Vince Vaughn , Vanessa Lee Chester and Arliss Howard . Goldblum is the only actor from the previous film to return with a major role . Cameos feature return appearances by Richard Attenborough as John Hammond and a brief appearance by Joseph Mazzello and Ariana Richards as Hammond 's grandchildren Tim and Lex . The story is set four years after the events of the original film and centers around the fictional Isla Sorna , a deserted island located off Central America 's Pacific Coast , near Costa Rica , where the cloned dinosaurs made by John Hammond 's InGen have been roaming free in their own ecosystem . Learning that his nephew , who took control of InGen , is planning to capture the Isla Sorna dinosaurs and bring them to the mainland , Hammond sends an expedition led by Dr. Ian Malcolm to arrive there before InGen 's squad . The two groups confront each other in the face of extreme danger and then team up in order to survive . After the original book 's release and the first film 's success , Crichton was pressured by fans for a sequel novel . After the book was published in 1995 , production began on a film sequel . Filming occurred from September to December 1996 , primarily in California , while also including a shoot in Kauai , Hawaii , where the previous film had shot . The Lost World 's plot and imagery is substantially darker than the previous film , and the film has more extensive usage of computer - generated imagery to depict the dinosaurs , along with life - sized animatronics . The film received mixed reviews and grossed over $618 million worldwide . A sequel , Jurassic Park III , was released on July 18 , 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Creatures on screen 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing and promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On Isla Sorna , a young girl named Cathy Bowman wanders around during a family vacation , and survives an attack by a swarm of Compsognathus . Her parents file a lawsuit against the genetics company InGen , now headed by John Hammond 's nephew , Peter Ludlow , who plans to use Isla Sorna to alleviate the financial losses imposed by the incident that occurred at Jurassic Park four years earlier . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm meets Hammond at his mansion . Hammond explains that Isla Sorna , abandoned years earlier during a hurricane , is where InGen created their dinosaurs before moving them to Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar . Hammond hopes to stop InGen by sending a team to Isla Sorna to document the dinosaurs , thus causing public support against human interference on the island . Ian , who survived the Jurassic Park disaster , is reluctant . After learning that his girlfriend , paleontologist Dr. Sarah Harding , is part of the team and is already on Isla Sorna , Ian agrees to go to the island , but only to retrieve her . Ian meets his teammates , Eddie Carr , an equipment specialist and engineer , and Nick Van Owen , a video documentarian and activist . After arriving on the island , they locate Sarah and discover that Ian 's daughter , Kelly , had stowed away in a trailer being used as a mobile base . They then watch as another InGen team -- consisting of mercenaries , hunters , paleontologists , and Ludlow -- arrive to capture several dinosaurs . Meanwhile , team leader Roland Tembo , a big - game hunter , hopes to capture a male Tyrannosaurus by luring it to the cries of its injured infant . That night , Ian 's team sneak into the InGen camp and learn the captured dinosaurs will be brought to a newly proposed theme park in San Diego . This prompts Nick and Sarah to free the caged dinosaurs , wreaking havoc upon the camp . Nick also frees the infant T. rex and takes it to the trailer to mend its broken leg . After securing Kelly with Eddie , Ian realizes the infant 's parents are searching for it and rushes to the trailer . As soon as Ian arrives , the infant 's parents emerge on both sides of the trailer . The infant is released to the adult T. rexes , which then attack the trailer , pushing it over the edge of a nearby cliff . Eddie soon arrives , but as he tries to pull the trailer back over the edge with an SUV , the adult T. rexes return and devour him . The trailer and the SUV plummet off the cliff . Ian , Sarah , and Nick are rescued by the InGen team , along with Kelly . With both groups ' communications equipment and vehicles destroyed , they team up to search for the old InGen compound 's radio station on foot . Dieter , a member of the InGen hunter team , is killed by Compsognathus . The next night , the two adult T. rexes find the group 's camp , as they had followed the infant 's blood scent on Sarah 's jacket . The female T. rex chases the group to a waterfall cave and devours the hunter team 's dinosaur expert , Dr. Robert Burke , while Roland tranquilizes the male . Much of the remaining InGen team is killed by Velociraptors while fleeing through a tall grass savannah . Nick runs ahead to the communications center at the InGen Worker 's Village to call for rescue . After Ian , Sarah and Kelly reach the village , they evade raptors until a helicopter arrives and transports them off the island . A freighter ship transports the male T. rex to San Diego , but crashes into the dock - the crew was killed . A guard opens the cargo hold , accidentally releasing the T. rex , which escapes into the city and goes on a destructive rampage . Ian and Sarah retrieve the infant T. rex from InGen 's unfinished Jurassic Park San Diego facility , and use it to lure the adult back to the ship . Ludlow tries to intervene but is trapped in the cargo hold by the adult T. rex and is subsequently mauled to death by the infant . Before the adult can escape again , Sarah tranquilizes it while Ian closes the cargo hold doors . The T. rexes are escorted back to Isla Sorna , and Hammond says that the American and Costa Rican governments have agreed to declare the island a nature preserve , securing the island from any human interference , affirming that `` life will find a way '' . Cast ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm , a mathematician and chaos theorist , and a survivor of the events on Isla Nublar from the first film . Julianne Moore as Dr. Sarah Harding , a behavioral paleontologist and Ian 's girlfriend . Pete Postlethwaite as Roland Tembo , a big - game hunter from Kenya and the leader of the second InGen team . Arliss Howard as Peter Ludlow , InGen 's current CEO and Hammond 's conniving and greedy nephew . He is the main antagonist of the film . Richard Attenborough as John Hammond , InGen 's former CEO and the park 's original visionary . Vince Vaughn as Nick Van Owen , a well - traveled and experienced documentarian and environmentalist . Vanessa Lee Chester as Kelly Curtis , Ian 's teenage daughter from a failed relationship . Peter Stormare as Dieter Stark , the InGen team 's second - in - command , under Roland Tembo . Harvey Jason as Ajay Sidhu , Roland 's immensely loyal and long - time best friend and hunting partner from India . Richard Schiff as Eddie Carr , a timid and sardonic field equipment expert . Thomas F. Duffy as Dr. Robert Burke , the InGen team 's dinosaur expert . Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy , Lex 's younger brother who was with her on Isla Nublar . Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy , John Hammond 's granddaughter and a survivor of the events on Isla Nublar . Camilla Belle as Cathy Bowman , a girl attacked by Compsognathus . Creatures on screen ( edit ) See also : List of cloned animals in Jurassic Park While Jurassic Park featured mostly the animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston 's team , The Lost World had a higher emphasis on the computer - generated imagery of Industrial Light & Magic . This led to the film featuring larger shots that offered plenty of space for the digital artists to add the dinosaurs . Although technology had not advanced much since the release of the first film , Spielberg noted that `` the artistry of the creative computer people '' had advanced : `` There 's better detail , much better lighting , better muscle tone and movement in the animals . When a dinosaur transfers weight from his left side to his right , the whole movement of fat and sinew is smoother , more physiologically correct . '' Winston said , `` I wanted to show the world what they did n't see in ' Jurassic Park ' : more dinosaurs and more dinosaur action . ' More , bigger , better ' was our motto . '' Some of the animatronics cost $1 million and weighed nine and a half tons . Michael Lantieri , the special effects supervisor , said , `` The big T. rex robot can pull two Gs of force when it 's moving from right to left . If you hit someone with that , you 'd kill them . So , in a sense , we did treat the dinosaurs as living , dangerous creatures . '' Compsognathus , nicknamed `` Compies '' by Stan Winston 's crew , are a small carnivorous theropod which attacks in packs . Visual effects supervisor Dennis Muren considered them the most complex digital dinosaur , given their small size meant the Compys had their whole body visible and thus needed a higher sense of gravity and weight . A simple puppet Compsognathus was featured in the opening scene , and the part where Dieter Stark was killed by the pack had Peter Stormare wearing a jacket onto which various rubber Compies were attached . Gallimimus was shown fleeing from the InGen Hunters . Mamenchisaurus was shown in a cameo when Ian 's team landed on the island . Pachycephalosaurus was shown being hunted down by the InGen hunters . Parasaurolophus was shown being hunted down by the InGen hunters . Stegosaurus was , according to Spielberg , included `` by popular demand '' . Stan Winston 's team built full - sized versions of both the infant and adult Stegosaurus , but Spielberg eventually opted to employ a digital version for the adults so they could be more mobile . Triceratops was shown being hunted down by the InGen hunters . The T. rex wreaking havoc in San Diego . Tyrannosaurus is featured as a whole family , with two adults and an infant . Featuring two practical T. rexes required double the work and puppeteers , and also to have the sets built around the animatronics so they would not need to leave the soundstage . The baby T. rex had two different practical versions , a `` fully contained '' remote controlled version the actors could carry , and a hybrid operated by both hydraulics and cables which lay on the operating table , and had the added complexity of moving as Vince Vaughn held its head . Velociraptor had a mechanical version which depicted the upper half of its body , and a digital full - motion computer raptor . Pteranodon makes a very brief appearance at the film 's end . Production ( edit ) Pre-Production ( edit ) After the release of the novel Jurassic Park in 1990 , Michael Crichton was pressured by fans for a sequel novel . Having never written a sequel , he initially refused . While filming the novel 's film adaptation , Jurassic Park , director Steven Spielberg believed that if a sequel film were made , it would involve the retrieval of a canister that contained dinosaur DNA and that was lost during the events of the first film . Discussions about a sequel film began after the 1993 release of Jurassic Park , which became a financial success . Spielberg held discussions with David Koepp and Crichton -- who both wrote the previous film -- to discuss possible ideas for a sequel film . The production schedule for a second Jurassic Park film was dependent on whether Crichton would write a sequel to the first novel . In March 1994 , Crichton said there would probably be a sequel novel and sequel film , stating that he had a story idea for another novel , which would then be adapted into a film sequel . By that time , Spielberg had not committed to directing the new novel 's film adaptation , as he planned to take a year off from directing . In March 1995 , Crichton announced that he was nearly finished writing the novel sequel , scheduled for release later that year , although he declined to specify its title or plot . At the time of the announcement , Spielberg had signed on to produce the film adaptation , with filming to begin in summer 1996 for release in 1997 . Spielberg , who was busy with his new DreamWorks studio , had not yet decided if he would direct the film , stating , `` I 'd love to direct it , but I just have to see . My life is changing . '' Joe Johnston , who offered to direct the sequel , later directed the next film , Jurassic Park III . A production team was assembled in spring 1995 , as Crichton was finishing the second novel , titled The Lost World ; simultaneously , Spielberg and Koepp were developing ideas for the screenplay . Crichton 's novel was published in September 1995 , while Spielberg was announced as director for the film adaptation in November 1995 . Production designer Rick Carter traveled to the Caribbean , New Zealand , and Central America to scout possible locations for filming . By February 1996 , northern New Zealand had been chosen as a filming location rather than Kauai , Hawaii , where the previous film was shot , as the filmmakers desired to shoot the new film in a different location that would not be recognized from its predecessor . New Zealand was also chosen because it was believed to have better represented an actual dinosaur environment . Crichton had wished for the film to be shot on Kauai . In August 1996 , it was announced that Humboldt County , California had been chosen as a filming location instead of New Zealand , where filming would have been too costly . Humboldt County was chosen because of financial incentives that would keep the film 's production costs low . Other locations that had been considered were Costa Rica and Oregon . Filming locations in Humboldt County were to include the redwood forests of Eureka , California . The location was picked because research indicated dinosaurs did not inhabit tropical habitats , but forests like the ones in Eureka . Writing ( edit ) The plot for Crichton 's Lost World novel involved a second island of dinosaurs , with no reference to the canister of dinosaur DNA ( the canister was later used as a plot aspect in a rejected early draft for Jurassic Park IV ) . After the novel was finished , Crichton was not consulted about the sequel , and it was not until he declined to approve certain merchandising rights that he received a copy of the script . Kathleen Kennedy , the film 's executive producer who previously produced Jurassic Park , said , `` In the same way Michael does n't see writing as a collaboration , Steven went off and did his own movie . When Michael turned the book over to Steven , he knew his work was finished . '' Spielberg and Koepp discarded much of the novel 's scenes and ideas , choosing to devise a new story instead while including the two ideas from the novel that Spielberg liked : a second island populated with dinosaurs , and a scene in which a trailer dangles from a cliff after being attacked by T. rexes . To prepare for writing the script , Spielberg was more insistent on having Koepp watch the 1925 film , The Lost World , than he was on having him read Crichton 's novel , which Koepp also did . During an early meeting with Koepp , Spielberg determined that while the primary conflict of the original film involved herbivorous dinosaurs vs. carnivorous dinosaurs , the script for the new film should involve humans who are `` gatherers '' ( observers of the dinosaurs ) and `` hunters '' ( who capture the dinosaurs for a zoo ) . Koepp said the plot of the 1962 film Hatari ! -- about African animals being captured for zoos -- had `` a big influence '' on The Lost World 's script . Koepp named the characters of Roland Tembo and Nick Van Owen as a reference to one of his favorite songs , `` Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner '' , by Warren Zevon . Koepp said `` since Roland is a mercenary in the song , that seemed like a good name for the hunter - for - hire in our movie . While I was at it , I thought it would be fun to make his nemesis ' last name Van Owen , like in the song . '' Crichton 's novel revolves around Malcolm 's team and a rival team led by InGen 's corporate rival , Biosyn , which was written out of the film adaptation in favor of two competing InGen teams . Several characters from the novel were excluded from the film adaptation , including Lewis Dodgson , the leader of the Biosyn team ; and field equipment engineer Doc Thorne , whose characteristics were partially implemented into the film 's version of Eddie . Spielberg regretted excluding a scene from the script that would have depicted characters on motorcycles attempting to flee velociraptors , similar to a sequence in the novel . An alternate version of the scene was later added into the 2015 film , Jurassic World . Dieter 's death scene was ultimately inspired by John Hammond 's death in the first novel , in which Procompsognathus kill him . The film 's opening scene was also inspired by an early chapter in the first novel that was ultimately excluded from its film adaptation , in which a girl on a beach is bitten by a Procompsognathus . The first novel also included a scene in which characters hide behind a waterfall from a T. rex ; this scene was briefly excluded from the first film as well , and was ultimately added into The Lost World : Jurassic Park . According to paleontologist Jack Horner , the film 's technical advisor , part of the waterfall scene was written in as a favor for him by Spielberg . Burke greatly resembles Horner 's rival Robert Bakker . In real life , Bakker argues for a predatory T. rex while Horner views it as primarily a scavenger . Spielberg had Burke written into this part to have him killed by the T. rex as a favor for Horner . After the film came out , Bakker , who recognized himself in Burke and loved it , actually sent Horner a message saying , `` See , I told you T. rex was a hunter ! '' In the original script , the film would briefly end with an aerial battle , where Pteranodons attack the helicopter trying to escape Isla Sorna . Three weeks before filming began , Spielberg ultimately suggested to instead have the T. rex 's attack through San Diego , as he was interested in seeing dinosaurs attacking the mainland . Spielberg had initially wanted such a scene to be saved for a third film , but later decided to add it into the second film after realizing that he would probably not direct another film in the series . The sequence was inspired by a similar attack scene involving a Brontosaurus in London in the 1925 version of The Lost World , which was adapted from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1912 novel of the same name , both of which inspired the title for Crichton 's novel . Koepp wrote a total of nine drafts for the film . Casting ( edit ) In November 1994 , Richard Attenborough said that he would reprise his role as John Hammond from the previous film . In 1995 , Spielberg met Vanessa Lee Chester at the premiere of A Little Princess , in which she appeared . Chester later recalled , `` As I was signing an autograph for him , he told me one day he 'd put me in a film . '' Spielberg met with Chester the following year to discuss The Lost World : Jurassic Park before ultimately casting her as Malcolm 's daughter , Kelly . In April 1996 , Julianne Moore was in discussions to star in the film alongside Jeff Goldblum . Spielberg had admired Moore 's performance in The Fugitive . In June 1996 , Peter Stormare was in final negotiations to join the cast . In August 1996 , Vince Vaughn was announced to have joined the cast . Spielberg was impressed with Vaughn 's performance in the film Swingers , which he saw after the filmmakers requested his permission to use music from his earlier film , Jaws . After meeting with Spielberg , Vaughn was subsequently cast without having to do a screen test . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on September 5 , 1996 , at Fern Canyon , a part of California 's Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park . Filming continued for two weeks in other state parks and on private land in northern California , including Eureka . Throughout the fall of 1996 , filming continued on stages at Universal Studios Hollywood . The Site B workers village was constructed there and left intact after filming to become a part of the theme park tour . For the scene where a trailer dangles from a cliff , a whole mountainside was built over the structure of Universal 's multi-storey car park . In October 1996 , it was announced that filming would take place over five days in December at New Zealand 's Fiordland National Park , where the film 's opening sequence was to be shot . Scenes involving Hammond 's residence were shot during the final week of filming , at Mayfield Senior School in Pasadena , California . Also shot in Pasadena was a scene in which Vaughn 's character emerges from a lake . In early December 1996 , plans to film in Fiordland were abruptly cancelled . Principal photography concluded ahead of schedule on December 11 , 1996 . However , in mid-December 1996 , plans were approved to shoot the opening sequence on a beach in Kauai after the cancellation of the New Zealand shoot . Filming in Kauai was underway on December 20 , 1996 , with plans to conclude two days later . Although Spielberg was in Kauai at the time and had visited the production , the opening sequence was filmed by a second unit crew . The film was shot on a budget of $73 million . The Mercedes - Benz W163 used in the film , on display at the Mercedes - Benz Museum in Germany Although the T. rex 's rampage takes place in San Diego , only one scene is actually shot there , where the InGen helicopter flies over the wharf and banks towards the city . The other sequences were all shot in Burbank , California . Scenes set in San Diego were shot behind barricades to maintain secrecy ; Spielberg noted that , `` It looked like road - repair work was going on . '' Various members of the film crew were featured running from the Tyrannosaurus , with screenwriter David Koepp playing the `` Unlucky Bastard '' who gets eaten during a scene set in San Diego . Inspired by how Jurassic Park featured the Ford Explorer , Mercedes - Benz signed an endorsement deal to introduce in the film its first sports utility vehicle , the M320 . Spielberg did not allow for rehearsals among the cast , stating , `` You want to capture the actors when they taste the words for the first time , when they look at each other for the first time -- that 's the sort of magic you can only get on a first or second take . '' Cinematographer Janusz Kamiński , who had worked with Spielberg in Schindler 's List , was brought onto the project to give a darker , more artistic look to the film , leading to a `` more elegant and rich '' approach focused on contrast and shadow . Music ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2015 ) Main article : The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( film score ) For the sequel , composer John Williams avoided using most of the previous film 's main themes , writing a more action oriented score . The soundtrack was released on May 20 , 1997 . It , along with the soundtrack to the first movie , was re-released and remastered on November 29 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park premiered on May 19 , 1997 , at a Cineplex Odeon theater in Universal City , California . The Los Angeles Times called the premiere `` low - key '' . The film received a wider release on May 23 , 1997 . Fox Network paid $80 million for the broadcasting rights of The Lost World , which debuted on November 1 , 1998 . The television version was expanded with deleted scenes , that included John Hammond 's ouster by InGen executives . Marketing and promotion ( edit ) Both covers for the first issue of Topps Comics adaptation . On February 10 , 1997 , Universal announced a $250 million marketing campaign with 70 promotional partners . The marketing campaign was even more extensive than with Jurassic Park . The leading partners were Burger King , whose promotion was concurrent with one for another Universal dinosaur - based franchise , The Land Before Time ; JVC and Mercedes - Benz , whose products are featured in the movie ; and Timberland Co. , making its first film tie - in . Another partner was a then - sister company of Universal under Seagram , Tropicana Products . Other promotional partners included Hamburger Helper and Betty Crocker , while General Mills introduced Jurassic Park Crunch cereal . Derivative works included various video games , including both a pinball machine and an arcade game by Sega , and a four - part comic series released by Topps Comics . Other promotional items included a toy line of action figures by Kenner and remote - controlled vehicles by Tyco , as well as a board game by Milton Bradley Company . Also produced were Hershey 's chocolate bars that featured holographic dinosaur patterns . Universal hoped for promotional profits to exceed $1 billion . In December 1996 , a special version of the film 's teaser trailer debuted at 42 theaters in the United States and Canada , at a cost of $14,000 for each theater ; the trailer made use of synchronized strobe lights that mimicked lightning during a rain scene . The film 's first trailer was aired on January 26 , 1997 , during Super Bowl XXXI . A detailed website for the film was also created , and provided backstory for characters and events that were not referenced in the film . Shortly after the film 's release , hackers broke into the website and briefly changed the film 's logo to feature a duck instead of a T. rex . The film 's title in the logo was also changed to The Duck World : Jurassic Pond . Universal denied that the hacking was a publicity stunt to promote the film , stating that it was traced to a `` 16 - year - old hacker kid from back East . '' The website was still online as of 2015 . Home media ( edit ) The film made its VHS and LaserDisc debut on October 21 , 1997 . The DVD was first released on October 10 , 2000 , and also made available in a package with predecessor Jurassic Park . The films were also featured in a deluxe limited edition box set featuring both the DVDs and soundtrack albums of the two films , two lenticulars , stills from both films , and a certificate of authenticity signed by all three producers of the set , all inside a collector case . After the release of sequel Jurassic Park III , box sets including all three movies were also made available , as Jurassic Park Trilogy on December 11 , 2001 , and as the Jurassic Park Adventure Pack on November 29 , 2005 . The Lost World was first made available on Blu - ray on October 25 , 2011 as part of a trilogy release . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Following four years of growing anticipation and hype , The Lost World broke many box office records upon its release . It took in $72,132,785 on its opening weekend ( $92.6 million for the four - day Memorial Day holiday ) in the U.S. , which was the biggest opening weekend at the time , surpassing the previous record - holder Batman Forever at $52.8 million . It held onto this record for four and a half years , until the release of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone in November 2001 . The Lost World took the record for highest single - day box office take of $26,083,950 on May 25 , a record held until the release of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . It also became the fastest film to pass the $100 million mark , achieving the feat in just six days . However , despite these records , its total box office gross fell below the total of the original film . With grossing $229,086,679 domestically and $389,552,320 internationally , the film ended up grossing $618,638,999 worldwide , becoming the second highest - grossing film of 1997 behind Titanic . The film sold an estimated 49,910,000 tickets in North America . Critical response ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 53 % ; 36 out of 68 reviewers gave it a positive review . The consensus summary reads : `` The Lost World demonstrates how far CG effects have come in the four years since Jurassic Park ; unfortunately , it also proves how difficult it can be to put together a truly compelling sequel . '' Another aggregator Metacritic gives the film a weighted average rating of 59 / 100 based on reviews from 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Roger Ebert , who gave the first film three stars , gave The Lost World only two , writing that `` It can be said that the creatures in this film transcend any visible signs of special effects and seem to walk the earth , but the same realism is n't brought to the human characters , who are bound by plot conventions and action formulas . '' Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune also gave the film two stars and said , `` I was disappointed as much as I was thrilled because ' The Lost World ' lacks a staple of Steven Spielberg 's adventure films : exciting characters . ( ... ) Even in the original ' Jurassic Park , ' the dinosaurs -- not to mention the human beings -- had more distinct personalities than they have here . Save for superior special effects , ' The Lost World ' comes off as recycled material . '' Conversely , Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times saw improved character development over the original , saying , `` It seemed such a mistake in Jurassic Park to sideline early on its most interesting character , the brilliant , free - thinking and outspoken theorist Ian Malcolm ( Jeff Goldblum ) with a broken leg , but in its most inspired stroke , The Lost World brings back Malcolm and places him front and center , '' calling it `` a pleasure to watch such wily pros as Goldblum and Attenborough spar with each other with wit and assurance . '' The dinosaurs were even more developed as characters , with Stephen Holden of The New York Times saying , `` The Lost World , unlike Jurassic Park , humanizes its monsters in a way that E.T. would understand . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade ; he remarked , `` Mr. T - Rex was cool in the first Spielberg flick , sure , but it was n't until ( it was in ) San Diego that things got crazy - cool . It 's the old ' tree falling in the woods ' conundrum : Unless your giant monster is causing massive property damage , can you really call it a giant monster ? '' Spielberg confessed that during production he became increasingly disenchanted with the film , admitting , `` I beat myself up ... growing more and more impatient with myself ... It made me wistful about doing a talking picture , because sometimes I got the feeling I was just making this big silent - roar movie ... I found myself saying , ' Is that all there is ? It 's not enough for me . ' '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Award Subject Nominee Result Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Dennis Muren , Stan Winston , Randal M. Dutra and Michael Lantieri Nominated Saturn Awards Best Special Effects Nominated Best Supporting Actor Pete Postlethwaite Nominated Best Young Actress Vanessa Lee Chester Nominated Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best DVD Collection Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Rembrandt Awards Won MTV Movie Awards Best Action Sequence Nominated Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture -- Animated or Mixed Media Nominated Image Awards Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress Vanessa Lee Chester Nominated Grammy Awards Best Instrumental Composition John Williams Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actor -- Sci - Fi Jeff Goldblum Nominated Favorite Actress -- Sci - Fi Julianne Moore Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Remake or Sequel Nominated Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property Nominated Worst Screenplay David Koepp , based on the book by Michael Crichton Nominated Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100 Million Worldwide Using Hollywood Math Nominated Worst Sequel Nominated See also ( edit ) List of films featuring dinosaurs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World - Jurassic Park '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Holden ( 1997 - 05 - 23 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 6 , 1997 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park review '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( 2015 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Ranking Every Jurassic Park Dino - Death , from Lamest to Coolest '' . Paste . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jost , Elise ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Death By Dinosaur : The Dumbest Decisions Ever Made By Jurassic Park Characters '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Grubbs , Jefferson ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` 12 Un-Adapted Scenes From Michael Crichton 's Novels That Should Totally Be In ' Jurassic World ' '' . Bustle . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Jurassic Park : Finding The Lost World '' , The Lost World : Jurassic Park Blu - Ray ^ Jump up to : Ressner , Jeffrey ( 1997 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Cinema : I Wanted to See a T. rex Stomping Down a Street '' . Time . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Crisafulli , Chuck ( 1997 - 05 - 11 ) . `` How to Build a Better Dino '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Jurassic Park : Something Survived '' , The Lost World : Jurassic Park Blu - Ray ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost World '' . MichaelCrichton.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Spielberg ( director ) ( October 25 , 2011 ) . The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( `` Return to Jurassic Park : Finding The Lost World '' segment ) ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Universal . ^ Jump up to : `` Encore section '' . www.Lost-World.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Susan ( 1994 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Crichton is plotting ' Jurassic 2 ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Susan ( 1995 - 03 - 22 ) . `` ' Jurassic ' sequel in sight : Crichton says book will be out this year '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji 's Joe Johnston Joins Jurassic '' . www.About.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pre-Production section '' . www.Lost-World.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( 1995 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Spielberg Signs On to Direct Sequel to ' Jurassic Park ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Harada , Wayne ( 1996 - 02 - 08 ) . `` ' Jurassic ' sequel to pass up Kauai '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ TenBruggencate , Jan ( 1996 - 03 - 11 ) . `` ' World ' may have been lost , but films still come to Kauai '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii wo n't get a part in ' Jurassic ' follow - up '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . 1996 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Wartzman , Rick ( 1996 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Multimedia spins out '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Brode , Douglas ( 2000 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Citadel Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0806519517 . Jump up ^ Lamble , Ryan ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Examining the Jurassic Park 4 script that was never filmed '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( 1997 - 06 - 08 ) . `` The First ' Lost World ' ( Page 2 of 2 ) '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Smith , Steven ( 1997 - 05 - 29 ) . `` In ' The Lost World ' , Bits of Old Movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1998 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Movie Answer Man '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Nick ( September 2013 ) . `` Jurassic Park 20th Anniversary : When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth '' ( PDF ) . Empire . p. 3 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg speaks at USC ! Updates on Indy 4 , Jurassic Park 4 and a remake of one of his own films '' . AintItCool.com. 2005 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Interview : Producer Frank Marshall Talks ' Jurassic World , ' ' Indiana Jones 5 , ' and ' Back to the Future ' '' . / Film . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Vlastelica , Ryan ( 2015 - 06 - 04 ) . `` In Jurassic Park , Spielberg made a family favorite from an adult book '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gritton , Lance . Personal interview . 14 Apr 2007 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . `` The Lost World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( 1997 - 06 - 08 ) . `` The First ' Lost World ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Srcherd , Army ( 1994 - 11 - 14 ) . `` South African welcomes Attenborough -- this time '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park 's Kelly Explains How She Landed The Role 20 Years Ago '' . MTV . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment News '' . St. Petersburg Times . 1996 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 -- via NewsBank . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's The Lost World : Jurassic Park Viewer 's Guide '' . Empire . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Stormare May Speak Up '' . Rocky Mountain News . 1996 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Woodson , Michelle ( 1996 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Vince Vaughn is starring in `` Lost World '' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Out of Nowhere : Vince Vaughn in Swingers '' . Movieline . 1997 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview - Vince Vaughn '' . GamesRadar. 2005 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Schruers , Fred ( 1997 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Vince Vaughn : He takes on Dinosaurs in the sequel to ' Jurassic Park ' , but in the bruising world of Hollywood , the new star gives as good as he gets '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production section '' . www.Lost-World.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Francesca ( October 18 , 1996 ) . `` Fergie Casting About For A Midwest Pad ? '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Scene Is Set For ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . Sun - Sentinel . October 25 , 1996 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : TenBruggencate , Jan ( 1996 - 12 - 20 ) . `` ' Jurassic ' sequel films on Kauai '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kauai is last - minute location for ' Lost World ' picnic scene '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . 1996 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` A ' World ' Apart '' . Premiere . May 1997 . Archived from the original on 1999 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mercedes is going ' Jurassic ' Jump up ^ `` The Lizard King '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1997 - 05 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Audissino , Emilio ( 2014 ) . John Williams 's film music : Jaws , Star Wars , Raiders of the Lost Ark , and the return of the classical Hollywood music style . University of Wisconsin Pres . p. 215 . ISBN 0299297330 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unreleased Music Set to be Released in New John Williams 4 CD Set '' Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Premiere of ' The Lost World : Jurassic Park ' '' . Getty Images . 1997 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lost World ' Premiere '' . Jet. 1997 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( 1997 - 08 - 26 ) . `` You and a Guest Are Not Invited '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . In May , the premiere for `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' was held in similar low - key style at Universal City 's Cineplex Odeon theaters . Lots of stars turned out anyway , and the film made a record - breaking $90.2 million on its opening four - day weekend and went on to become one of the year 's biggest hits to date . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( 1998 - 11 - 04 ) . `` TV Notes ; Jurassic Banquet Or Just a Snack ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gross , Darren . `` Lost World : Found Footage ! '' Video Watchdog # 49 , January / February 1999 ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( 1997 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park . '' ' Jurassic ' Sequel Set to be Promo Monster : ' Lost World ' Gains $250 Mil in Support , Including BK , JVC `` . Advertising Age . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Robert ( 1997 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Universal Plans a Mammoth ' Lost World ' Marketing Blitz '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 1997 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Promo Partners of ' Lost World ' Stress Own Brands : Multiple Efforts Seek to Marry New Movie to Marketing Base '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( 1997 - 10 - 09 ) . `` The Art of the Tie - In '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( 1997 - 06 - 09 ) . `` The battle of summer blockbusters extends from theaters to fast - food chains to grocery aisles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creature Features '' . Supermarket News . 1997 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Galindo , Brian ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) . `` 26 Cereals From The ' 90s You 'll Never Be Able To Eat Again '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures and Sega bring The Lost World : Jurassic Park to Sega Saturn , Sega Genesis , Game Gear and the arcade '' . Sega of America ( press release ) . 1997 - 06 - 19 . Archived from the original on 1998 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park comics '' . Jurassic Park Legacy . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . Comic Vine . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merchandise '' . Dan 's Lost World Page . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World '' . JPToys.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World Jurassic Park Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey 's dinosaur holograms roam the market '' . Packaging World . 1997 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hindes , Andrew ( 1996 - 12 - 18 ) . `` DTS F / X Out of This ' World ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mirapaul , Matthew ( 1997 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Click , Click , Bang , Bang : The Summer Movie Wrap - Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` The ' Jurassic Park II ' Website From The ' 90s Still Exists '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers fowl up ' Lost World ' site '' . CNN . 1997 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Karen ( 1997 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Hunting the Hypeosaurus : Some Say Defacing of ' Lost World ' Web Site Looks Like a PR Stunt '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Brett ( 1997 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Enter - Active '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ IGN staff ( 2000 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Jurassic Park '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park / The Lost World : The Collection '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com ( 2005 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Jurassic Park / The Lost World limited boxset -- Amazon.com '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park Trilogy '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ IGN DVD ( 2005 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Jurassic Park Adventure Pack '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` JURASSIC PARK Trilogy Hits Blu - ray October 25th , Trailer Released '' . Collider . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo. 1997 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in a Single Day at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Movies to $100 m '' . The Numbers. 2007 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster / Warner Bros. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( May 30 , 1997 ) . `` Characters Extinct In ' Lost World ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kevin Thomas ( 1997 - 05 - 23 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marc Bernadin ( 2008 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Attack of the Giant Movie Monsters ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Joseph McBride ( 2011 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography ( Second ed . ) . The University Press of Mississippi . p. 455 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 837 - 7 . Jump up ^ Katz , Richard ( 1998 - 04 - 14 ) . `` MTV - watchers pick their pix '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Winners by Category '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 20th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards '' . Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lost World : Jurassic Park Official website Jurassic Park & The Lost World official website The Lost World : Jurassic Park on IMDb The Lost World : Jurassic Park at AllMovie The Lost World : Jurassic Park at Rotten Tomatoes The Lost World : Jurassic Park at Box Office Mojo The Lost World : Jurassic Park at Metacritic The Lost World : Jurassic Park navigation boxes Films produced by Gerald R. Molen Hook ( 1991 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) The Other Side of Heaven ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) The Legend of Johnny Lingo ( 2003 ) 2016 : Obama 's America ( 2012 ) America : Imagine the World Without Her ( 2014 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Water rides Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Amber Rock Climb Miscellaneous Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Works by Michael Crichton Novels The Andromeda Strain ( 1969 ) The Terminal Man ( 1972 ) The Great Train Robbery ( 1975 ) Eaters of the Dead ( 1976 ) Congo ( 1980 ) Sphere ( 1987 ) Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) Rising Sun ( 1992 ) Disclosure ( 1994 ) The Lost World ( 1995 ) Airframe ( 1996 ) Timeline ( 1999 ) Prey ( 2002 ) State of Fear ( 2004 ) Next ( 2006 ) Pirate Latitudes ( 2009 ) Micro ( 2011 ) Dragon Teeth ( 2017 ) Novels written under pseudonyms Odds On ( 1966 ) Scratch One ( 1967 ) Easy Go ( 1968 ) A Case of Need ( 1968 ) Zero Cool ( 1969 ) The Venom Business ( 1969 ) Drug of Choice ( 1970 ) Dealing : or the Berkeley - to - Boston Forty - Brick Lost - Bag Blues ( 1970 ) Grave Descend ( 1970 ) Binary ( 1972 ) Non-fiction Five Patients ( 1970 ) Jasper Johns ( 1977 ) Electronic Life ( 1983 ) Travels ( 1988 ) Film adaptations The Andromeda Strain ( 1971 ) Dealing : Or the Berkeley - to - Boston Forty - Brick Lost - Bag Blues ( 1972 ) The Carey Treatment ( 1972 ) Pursuit ( 1972 ) The Terminal Man ( 1974 ) The First Great Train Robbery ( 1979 ) Rising Sun ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Disclosure ( 1994 ) Congo ( 1995 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Sphere ( 1998 ) The 13th Warrior ( 1999 ) Timeline ( 2003 ) The Andromeda Strain ( 2008 ) Film writer or director Pursuit ( 1972 ) Extreme Close - Up ( 1973 ) Westworld ( 1973 ) Coma ( 1978 ) The First Great Train Robbery ( 1979 ) Looker ( 1981 ) Runaway ( 1984 ) Physical Evidence ( 1989 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Rising Sun ( 1993 ) Twister ( 1996 ) Television series Beyond Westworld ( 1980 ) ER ( 1994 -- 2009 ) Westworld ( 2016 -- present ) Video games Amazon ( 1984 ) List of Jurassic Park video games ( 1993 -- present ) Timeline ( 2000 ) Published posthumously , Unfinished and completed by another author Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Dinosaurs portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal 1990s portal Speculative fiction portal VIAF : 177516637 LCCN : n97091655 GND : 4472069 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lost_World:_Jurassic_Park&oldid=799789801 '' Categories : 1997 films English - language films American films 1990s adventure films 1990s science fiction films 1990s sequel films American adventure films American science fiction films American sequel films Dinosaur films Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films set in Costa Rica Films set in San Diego Films set on islands Films using computer - generated imagery Jungle adventure films Jurassic Park films Pterosaurs in fiction Science fiction adventure films Amblin Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Film scores by John Williams Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Gerald R. 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1704065357744511374	2016 Seattle Seahawks season	2016 Seattle Seahawks season - wikipedia 2016 Seattle Seahawks season Jump to : navigation , search 2016 Seattle Seahawks season Head coach Pete Carroll General manager John Schneider Owner Paul Allen Home field CenturyLink Field Results Record 10 -- 5 -- 1 Division place 1st NFC West Playoff finish Won NFC Wild Card Playoff ( Lions ) 26 -- 6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoff ( at Falcons ) 20 -- 36 Pro Bowlers 7 ( show ) DE Cliff Avril DE Michael Bennett TE Jimmy Graham CB Richard Sherman LB Bobby Wagner LB K.J. Wright WR Doug Baldwin AP All - Pros 2 ( show ) LB Bobby Wagner ( 1st team ) KR Tyler Lockett ( 2nd team ) ← 2015 Seahawks seasons 2017 → The 2016 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise 's 41st season in the National Football League and the seventh under head coach Pete Carroll . On October 23 , the team played the Arizona Cardinals in a game that ended in a 6 -- 6 tie , the Seahawks ' first tie in franchise history . With their win against the Los Angeles Rams in Week 15 , the Seahawks claimed their third NFC West title in the last four years . The Seahawks defeated the Detroit Lions in the Wild Card Round , but lost to the eventual NFC champion Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round . Contents ( hide ) 1 Roster changes 1.1 Free agents 1.2 Signings 1.3 Departures 1.4 Trades 1.5 Draft 1.6 Undrafted free agents 2 Staff 3 Final roster 4 Preseason 5 Regular season 5.1 Schedule 5.2 Game summaries 5.2. 1 Week 1 : vs. Miami Dolphins 5.2. 2 Week 2 : at Los Angeles Rams 5.2. 3 Week 3 : vs. San Francisco 49ers 5.2. 4 Week 4 : at New York Jets 5.2. 5 Week 6 : vs. Atlanta Falcons 5.2. 6 Week 7 : at Arizona Cardinals 5.2. 7 Week 8 : at New Orleans Saints 5.2. 8 Week 9 : vs. Buffalo Bills 5.2. 9 Week 10 : at New England Patriots 5.2. 10 Week 11 : vs. Philadelphia Eagles 5.2. 11 Week 12 : at Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5.2. 12 Week 13 : vs. Carolina Panthers 5.2. 13 Week 14 : at Green Bay Packers 5.2. 14 Week 15 : vs. Los Angeles Rams 5.2. 15 Week 16 : vs. Arizona Cardinals 5.2. 16 Week 17 : at San Francisco 49ers 6 Postseason 6.1 Schedule 6.2 Game summaries 6.2. 1 NFC Wild Card Playoffs : vs. ( # 6 ) Detroit Lions 6.2. 2 NFC Divisional Playoffs : at ( # 2 ) Atlanta Falcons 7 Standings 7.1 Division 7.2 Conference 8 References 9 External links Roster changes ( edit ) Free agents ( edit ) Position Player Tag 2016 team Notes G / T Alvin Bailey RFA Cleveland Browns Signed with the Browns on March 11 RB Bryce Brown UFA TBD CB Marcus Burley ERFA Seattle Seahawks Signed tender on April 19 TE Chase Coffman UFA Indianapolis Colts Signed with the Colts on July 26 FB Derrick Coleman RFA TBD DE Demarcus Dobbs UFA TBD DT A.J. Francis ERFA Seattle Seahawks Signed tender on April 18 TE Cooper Helfet RFA Seattle Seahawks Signed tender on April 18 LB Bruce Irvin UFA Oakland Raiders Signed with the Raiders on March 9 RB Fred Jackson UFA TBD QB Tarvaris Jackson UFA TBD Lemuel Jeanpierre UFA Detroit Lions Signed with the Lions on August 17 WR Jermaine Kearse UFA Seattle Seahawks Re-signed on March 10 CB Jeremy Lane UFA Seattle Seahawks Re-signed on March 9 Patrick Lewis RFA Seattle Seahawks Signed tender on April 18 WR Ricardo Lockette UFA Retired Retired on May 12 TE Anthony McCoy UFA TBD DT Brandon Mebane UFA San Diego Chargers Signed with the Chargers on March 9 RB Christine Michael RFA Seattle Seahawks Re-signed on March 17 LB Nick Moody RFA TBD LB Mike Morgan UFA Seattle Seahawks Re-signed on March 19 Russell Okung UFA Denver Broncos Signed with the Broncos on March 17 LB Eric Pinkins ERFA Seattle Seahawks Re-signed on March 16 DT Ahtyba Rubin UFA Seattle Seahawks Re-signed on March 7 Jon Ryan UFA Seattle Seahawks Re-signed on March 11 CB Mohammed Seisay ERFA Seattle Seahawks Signed tender on April 18 CB DeShawn Shead ERFA Seattle Seahawks Signed tender on April 14 J.R. Sweezy UFA Tampa Bay Buccaneers Signed with the Buccaneers on March 9 Steven Terrell ERFA Seattle Seahawks Signed tender on April 18 FB Will Tukuafu UFA Seattle Seahawks Re-signed on August 20 Signings ( edit ) Position Player 2015 Team Notes WR Jeff Fuller Calgary Stampeders ( CFL ) Signed February 11 , waived June 28 RB Cameron Marshall Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( CFL ) Signed February 11 , waived May 4 , signed August 4 , waived August 15 DT Sealver Siliga New England Patriots Signed March 14 , placed on injured reserve August 29 , released on September 3 OT Bradley Sowell Arizona Cardinals Signed March 14 OT J'Marcus Webb Oakland Raiders Signed March 15 LS Drew Ferris None Signed March 23 , waived August 4 DE Chris Clemons Jacksonville Jaguars Signed April 1 , retired July 28 CB Brandon Browner New Orleans Saints Signed April 17 , released August 29 DE Tavaris Barnes New Orleans Saints Signed April 28 TE Brandon Williams Miami Dolphins Signed April 28 QB Jake Heaps None Signed May 2 , waived on September 3 LB Khairi Fortt None Signed May 16 , released June 28 SS Keenan Lambert Oakland Raiders Signed August 4 , waived on September 3 RB Jonathan Amosa None Signed August 6 , waived August 20 WR Uzoma Nwachukwu BC Lions ( CFL ) Signed August 6 , waived on September 3 Jahri Evans New Orleans Saints Signed August 6 , released on September 3 LB Quayshawn Nealy Tampa Bay Buccaneers Signed August 15 , waived August 30 DT Tony McDaniel Tampa Bay Buccaneers Signed August 16 DT Garrison Smith San Francisco 49ers Signed off waivers September 4 Indicates that the player was a free agent at the end of his respective team 's 2015 season . Departures ( edit ) Position Player Notes LS Clint Gresham Released March 16 DT Jesse Williams Waived March 8 LS Andrew East Waived March 24 QB Phillip Sims Waived April 28 Drew Nowak Waived May 4 TE Ronnie Shields Waived May 4 DE Josh Shirley Waived May 4 , signed August 9 , placed on injured reserve August 30 , waived on September 5 WR Tyler Slavin Waived May 4 OT Kona Schwenke Waived August 6 WR Deshon Foxx Placed on injured reserve August 30 , waived on September 6 DE DeAngelo Tyson Waived August 29 RB Zac Brooks Waived August 30 RB George Farmer Placed on injured reserve August 30 , waived on September 3 Patrick Lewis Waived August 30 CB Trovon Reed Placed on injured reserve August 30 , waived on September 3 Kristjan Sokoli Waived August 30 WR Kevin Smith Placed on injured reserve August 30 , waived on September 3 CB Marcus Burley Waived on September 3 WR Antwan Goodley Waived on September 3 WR Kenny Lawler Waived on September 3 WR Douglas McNeil Waived on September 3 Will Pericak Waived on September 3 DE Ryan Robinson Waived on September 3 CB Tye Smith Waived on September 3 FB Will Tukuafu Released on September 3 WR Kasen Williams Waived on September 3 DT Justin Hamilton Waived on September 4 Trades ( edit ) September 3 : The Seahawks acquired strong safety Dewey McDonald in a trade that sent a conditional 7th - round draft pick to the Oakland Raiders . Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NFL draft 2016 Seattle Seahawks Draft Round Selection Player Position College Trades 31 Germain Ifedi G / T Texas A&M 49 Jarran Reed DT Alabama 90 C.J. Prosise RB Notre Dame 94 Nick Vannett TE Ohio State 97 * Rees Odhiambo Boise State None 5 147 Quinton Jefferson DT Maryland 171 * Alex Collins RB Arkansas 6 215 * Joey Hunt TCU 7 243 Kenny Lawler WR California 247 Zac Brooks RB Clemson * Compensatory selection Draft trades ^ Jump up to : The Seahawks traded their first - round selection ( No. 26 overall ) to the Denver Broncos in exchange for the Broncos ' first - and third - round selections ( Nos. 31 and 94 overall , respectively ) . ^ Jump up to : The Seahawks traded their second - and fourth - round selections ( Nos. 56 and 124 overall , respectively ) to the Chicago Bears in exchange for the Bears ' second - round selection ( No. 49 overall ) . ^ Jump up to : The Seahawks acquired the No. 147 and 243 overall selections ( fifth - and seventh - rounds , respectively ) in a trade that sent one of their seventh - round selections ( No. 225 overall -- previously acquired in a 2015 trade that sent running back Christine Michael to the Dallas Cowboys ) and a 2017 fourth - round selection to the New England Patriots . Jump up ^ The Seahawks traded their original fifth - round selection ( No. 162 overall ) to the Kansas City Chiefs in exchange for safety Kelcie McCray . Jump up ^ The Seahawks traded their original sixth - round selection ( No. 202 overall ) to the Detroit Lions in exchange for cornerback Mohammed Seisay . Undrafted free agents ( edit ) All undrafted free agents were signed after the 2016 NFL draft concluded on April 30 , unless noted otherwise . Position Player College Notes QB Trevone Boykin TCU FB / DT Brandin Bryant Florida Atlantic waived September 3 LB Kyle Coleman Arkansas -- Pine Bluff signed June 2 , waived August 29 TE Clayton Echard Missouri signed July 31 , waived September 3 CB DeAndre Elliott Colorado State TE George Fant Western Kentucky LB Christian French Oregon placed on injured reserve May 18 , waived August 11 LS Nolan Frese Houston signed June 28 DE Tylor Harris Wake Forest signed August 11 , waived September 3 WR Montario Hunter Elizabeth City State signed July 29 , waived August 29 DT Lars Koht Florida International waived May 9 LB Steve Longa Rutgers waived September 3 RB Tre Madden USC placed on injured reserve August 7 OT Lene Maiava Arizona waived July 29 CB Jamal Marshall North Texas signed May 9 , waived June 1 WR Tanner McEvoy Wisconsin DE Montese Overton East Carolina waived August 11 LB Kache Palacio Washington State signed August 6 , waived September 3 DE David Perkins Illinois State placed on injured reserve August 7 , waived September 5 RB Troymaine Pope Jacksonville State signed August 6 , waived September 3 Tyvis Powell Ohio State LB Pete Robertson Texas Tech signed May 9 , waived August 30 TE Joe Sommers Wisconsin -- Oshkosh signed August 6 FB Taniela Tupou Washington signed May 9 , waived September 3 , signed September 5 Staff ( edit ) 2016 Seattle Seahawks staff Front office Chairman -- Paul Allen President -- Peter McLoughlin Executive Vice President / General Manager -- John Schneider Vice President of Football Administration -- Matt Thomas Co-Director of Player Personnel -- Scott Fitterer Co-Director of Player Personnel -- Trent Kirchner Director of College Scouting -- Matt Berry Director of Pro Personnel -- Dan Morgan Senior Personnel Executive -- Ed Dodds Head coaches Head Coach / Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Pete Carroll Assistant Head Coach / Offensive Line -- Tom Cable Assistant Head Coach / Defense -- Rocky Seto Offensive coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Darrell Bevell Quarterbacks -- Carl Smith Assistant Quarterbacks -- Will Harriger Running Backs -- Sherman Smith Wide Receivers -- Dave Canales Assistant Wide Receivers -- Nate Carroll Tight Ends -- Pat McPherson Assistant Offensive Line -- Pat Ruel Assistant Offensive Line -- Brennan Carroll Defensive coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Kris Richard Defensive Line -- Travis Jones Assistant Defensive Line -- Dwaine Board Linebackers -- Micheal Barrow Assistant Linebackers -- Lofa Tatupu Defensive Backs -- Andre Curtis Assistant Defensive Backs -- Ricky Manning Jr . Defensive Assistant -- John Glenn Special teams coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Brian Schneider Assistant Special Teams / Assistant Running Backs -- Chad Morton Assistant Special Teams / Assistant Defensive Backs -- Nick Sorensen Strength and conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Chris Carlisle Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mondray Gee Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jamie Yancher Final roster ( edit ) 2016 Seattle Seahawks final roster Quarterbacks 2 Trevone Boykin 3 Russell Wilson Running backs 36 Alex Collins 26 Terrence Magee 30 J.D. McKissic 22 C.J. Prosise 34 Thomas Rawls 44 Marcel Reece FB Wide receivers 89 Doug Baldwin 17 Devin Hester 15 Jermaine Kearse 19 Tanner McEvoy 10 Paul Richardson 18 Kasen Williams Tight ends 88 Jimmy Graham * 81 Nick Vannett 86 Brandon Williams 82 Luke Willson Offensive linemen 68 Justin Britt C 74 George Fant T 79 Garry Gilliam T 63 Mark Glowinski G 53 Joey Hunt C 76 Germain Ifedi G 70 Rees Odhiambo G 78 Bradley Sowell T Defensive linemen 56 Cliff Avril DE * 72 Michael Bennett DE * 55 Frank Clark DE 93 Tony McDaniel DT 90 Jarran Reed DT 77 Ahtyba Rubin DT 92 John Jenkins DT Linebackers 52 Brock Coyle MLB 91 Cassius Marsh OLB 41 Dewey McDonald OLB 57 Mike Morgan OLB 58 Kevin Pierre - Louis OLB 59 Ronald Powell OLB 54 Bobby Wagner MLB * 50 K.J. Wright OLB * Defensive backs 31 Kam Chancellor SS 21 DeAndre Elliott CB 32 Jeron Johnson SS 20 Jeremy Lane CB 33 Kelcie McCray SS 35 DeShawn Shead CB 25 Richard Sherman CB * 23 Steven Terrell FS 27 Neiko Thorpe CB Special teams 4 Steven Hauschka K 69 Tyler Ott LS 9 Jon Ryan P Reserve lists 95 Tavaris Barnes DE ( IR ) 42 Brandon Cottom TE ( IR ) 48 Nolan Frese LS ( IR ) 30 Stanley Jean - Baptiste CB ( IR ) 99 Quinton Jefferson DT ( IR ) 16 Tyler Lockett WR / RS ( IR ) 38 Tre Madden RB ( IR ) 97 Damontre Moore DE ( IR ) 43 Troymaine Pope RB ( IR ) 26 Mohammed Seisay CB ( IR ) 87 Ronnie Shields TE ( IR ) 13 Tyler Slavin WR ( IR ) 98 Garrison Smith DT ( IR ) 40 Joe Sommers TE ( IR ) 29 Earl Thomas FS ( IR ) 46 Will Tukuafu FB ( IR ) Practice squad 66 Ross Burbank C 28 Pierre Desir FS 39 George Farmer RB 94 Justin Hamilton DT 64 Tylor Harris DE ( Injured ) 67 Shaneil Jenkins DT 44 Malcolm Johnson FB 11 Kenny Lawler WR 85 Marcus Lucas WR 62 Robert Myers G ( Injured ) 49 Kache Palacio LB ( Injured ) 75 Will Pericak G 37 Kelvin Taylor RB Rookies in italics 53 Active , 16 Inactive , 13 Practice squad Starters in bold . ( * ) denotes players that were selected to the 2017 Pro Bowl . Preseason ( edit ) The Seahawks ' preliminary preseason schedule was announced on April 7 . Exact dates and times were finalized on April 14 , when the regular season schedule was announced . Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 13 at Kansas City Chiefs W 17 -- 16 1 -- 0 Arrowhead Stadium Recap August 18 Minnesota Vikings L 11 -- 18 1 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap August 25 Dallas Cowboys W 27 -- 17 2 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap September 1 at Oakland Raiders W 23 -- 21 3 -- 1 Oakland Alameda Coliseum Recap Regular season ( edit ) Schedule ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap September 11 Miami Dolphins W 12 -- 10 1 -- 0 CenturyLink Field Recap September 18 at Los Angeles Rams L 3 -- 9 1 -- 1 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Recap September 25 San Francisco 49ers W 37 -- 18 2 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap October 2 at New York Jets W 27 -- 17 3 -- 1 MetLife Stadium Recap 5 Bye 6 October 16 Atlanta Falcons W 26 -- 24 4 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap 7 October 23 at Arizona Cardinals T 6 -- 6 ( OT ) 4 -- 1 -- 1 University of Phoenix Stadium Recap 8 October 30 at New Orleans Saints L 20 -- 25 4 -- 2 -- 1 Mercedes - Benz Superdome Recap 9 November 7 Buffalo Bills W 31 -- 25 5 -- 2 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap 10 November 13 at New England Patriots W 31 -- 24 6 -- 2 -- 1 Gillette Stadium Recap 11 November 20 Philadelphia Eagles W 26 -- 15 7 -- 2 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap 12 November 27 at Tampa Bay Buccaneers L 5 -- 14 7 -- 3 -- 1 Raymond James Stadium Recap 13 December 4 Carolina Panthers W 40 -- 7 8 -- 3 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap 14 December 11 at Green Bay Packers L 10 -- 38 8 -- 4 -- 1 Lambeau Field Recap 15 December 15 Los Angeles Rams W 24 -- 3 9 -- 4 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap 16 December 24 Arizona Cardinals L 31 -- 34 9 -- 5 -- 1 CenturyLink Field Recap 17 January 1 at San Francisco 49ers W 25 -- 23 10 -- 5 -- 1 Levi 's Stadium Recap Note : Intra-division opponents are in bold text . Game summaries ( edit ) Week 1 : vs. miami dolphins ( edit ) Week One : Miami Dolphins at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Dolphins 0 0 7 10 Seahawks 0 6 12 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : September 11 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,012 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 39 - yard field goal , 5 : 11 . Seahawks 3 -- 0 . Drive : 12 plays , 46 yards , 6 : 08 . Second quarter MIA -- Andrew Franks 41 - yard field goal , 8 : 45 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 19 yards , 2 : 06 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 38 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Seahawks 6 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 72 yards , 1 : 52 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter MIA -- Ryan Tannehill 2 - yard run ( Andrew Franks kick ) , 4 : 08 . Dolphins 10 -- 6 . Drive : 7 plays , 86 yards , 3 : 01 . SEA -- Doug Baldwin 2 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( kick blocked ) , 0 : 31 . Seahawks 12 -- 10 . Drive : 14 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 37 . Top passers MIA -- Ryan Tannehill -- 16 / 29 , 186 yards SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 27 / 43 , 258 yards , TD , INT Top rushers MIA -- Arian Foster -- 13 rushes , 38 yards SEA -- Christine Michael -- 15 rushes , 66 yards Top receivers MIA -- Jarvis Landry -- 7 receptions , 59 yards SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 9 receptions , 92 yards , TD Week 2 : at Los Angeles Rams ( edit ) Week Two : Seattle Seahawks at Los Angeles Rams -- Game summary Total Seahawks 0 0 0 Rams 0 9 at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles , California Date : September 18 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 91,046 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter LA -- Greg Zuerlein 39 - yard field goal , 10 : 38 . Rams 3 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 54 yards , 4 : 22 . Second quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 23 - yard field goal , 14 : 45 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 14 plays , 76 yards , 7 : 08 . LA -- Greg Zuerlein 28 - yard field goal , 1 : 04 . Rams 6 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 15 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter LA -- Greg Zuerlein 47 - yard field goal , 14 : 10 . Rams 9 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 58 yards , 4 : 28 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 22 / 35 , 254 yards LA -- Case Keenum -- 18 / 30 , 239 yards Top rushers SEA -- Christine Michael -- 10 rushes , 60 yards LA -- Todd Gurley -- 19 rushes , 51 yards Top receivers SEA -- Tyler Lockett -- 4 receptions , 99 yards LA -- Kenny Britt -- 6 receptions , 94 yards Week 3 : vs. San francisco 49ers ( edit ) Week Three : San Francisco 49ers at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total 49ers 0 0 15 18 Seahawks 14 10 6 7 37 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : September 25 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,010 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , John Lynch and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- Russell Wilson 41 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 14 : 24 . Seahawks 7 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 0 : 43 . SEA -- Russell Wilson 4 -- yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 4 : 11 . Seahawks 14 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 62 yards , 8 : 24 . Second quarter SF -- Phil Dawson 22 - yard field goal , 9 : 44 . Seahawks 14 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 26 yards , 1 : 58 . SEA -- Jimmy Graham 18 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 8 : 00 . Seahawks 21 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 73 yards , 1 : 48 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 33 - yard field goal , 1 : 16 . Seahawks 24 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 42 yards , 2 : 39 . Third quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 33 - yard field goal , 6 : 56 . Seahawks 27 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 12 yards , 4 : 08 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 22 - yard field goal , 2 : 32 . Seahawks 30 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 16 yards , 3 : 34 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Doug Baldwin 16 - yard pass from Trevone Boykin ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 12 : 59 . Seahawks 37 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 58 yards , 3 : 37 . SF -- Carlos Hyde 8 - yard run ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 7 : 53 . Seahawks 37 -- 10 . Drive : 11 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 03 . SF -- Carlos Hyde 8 - yard run ( Carlos Hyde run ) , 1 : 01 . Seahawks 37 -- 18 . Drive : 8 plays , 47 yards , 2 : 44 . Top passers SF -- Blaine Gabbert -- 14 / 25 , 119 yards , INT SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 15 / 23 , 243 yards , TD Top rushers SF -- Carlos Hyde -- 21 rushes , 103 yards , 2 TD SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 20 rushes , 39 yards , 2 TD , fumble Top receivers SF -- Torrey Smith -- 3 receptions , 35 yards SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 8 receptions , 164 yards , TD Week 4 : at New york Jets ( edit ) Week Four : Seattle Seahawks at New York Jets -- Game summary Total Seahawks 0 14 10 27 Jets 7 0 7 17 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : October 2 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT / 10 : 00 a.m. PDT Game weather : 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 78,160 Referee : Carl Cheffers TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , John Lynch and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter NYJ -- Nick Folk 34 - yard field goal , 6 : 27 . Jets 3 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 62 yards , 8 : 33 . Second quarter SEA -- C.J. Spiller 8 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 11 : 34 . Seahawks 7 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 92 yards , 3 : 32 . SEA -- Tanner McEvoy 42 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 3 : 44 . Seahawks 14 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 85 yards , 3 : 58 . NYJ -- Brandon Marshall 17 - yard pass from Ryan Fitzpatrick ( Nick Folk kick ) , 0 : 13 . Seahawks 14 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 31 . Third quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 33 - yard field goal , 4 : 13 . Seahawks 17 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 41 yards , 3 : 30 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Christine Michael 6 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 12 : 20 . Seahawks 24 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , 61 yards , 2 : 07 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 53 - yard field goal , 4 : 04 . Seahawks 27 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , − 15 yards , 1 : 38 . NYJ -- Charone Peake 42 - yard fumble recovery ( Nick Folk kick ) , 2 : 15 . Seahawks 27 -- 17 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 49 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 23 / 32 , 309 yards , 3 TD NYJ -- Ryan Fitzpatrick -- 23 / 41 , 261 yards , TD , 3 INT Top rushers SEA -- Christine Michael -- 18 rushes , 58 yards NYJ -- Matt Forte -- 14 rushes , 27 yards Top receivers SEA -- Jimmy Graham -- 6 receptions , 113 yards NYJ -- Brandon Marshall -- 4 receptions , 89 yards , TD Week 6 : vs. Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) Week Six : Atlanta Falcons at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Falcons 0 21 0 24 Seahawks 7 10 0 9 26 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : October 16 Game time : 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Game weather : 54 ° F ( 12 ° C ) , rain Game attendance : 69,071 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( Fox ) : Chris Myers , Ronde Barber and Jennifer Hale Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- Christine Michael 9 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 2 : 02 . Seahawks 7 -- 0 . Drive : 1 play , 9 yards , 0 : 05 . Second quarter ATL -- Matt Bryant 33 - yard field goal , 8 : 38 . Seahawks 7 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays , 52 yards , 4 : 37 . SEA -- Alex Collins 2 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 4 : 32 . Seahawks 14 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 06 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 42 - yard field goal , 0 : 42 . Seahawks 17 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 22 yards , 1 : 16 . Third quarter ATL -- Julio Jones 36 - yard pass from Matt Ryan ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 11 : 01 . Seahawks 17 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 59 . ATL -- Mohamed Sanu 10 - yard pass from Matt Ryan ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 6 : 11 . Tied 17 -- 17 . Drive : 8 plays , 79 yards , 3 : 23 . ATL -- Levine Toilolo 46 - yard pass from Matt Ryan ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 0 : 17 . Falcons 24 -- 17 . Drive : 6 plays , 97 yards , 3 : 27 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Christine Michael 1 - yard run ( kick blocked ) , 4 : 43 . Falcons 24 -- 23 . Drive : 9 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 51 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 44 - yard field goal , 1 : 57 . Seahawks 26 -- 24 . Drive : 7 plays , 24 yards , 1 : 51 . Top passers ATL -- Matt Ryan -- 27 / 42 , 335 yards , 3 TD , INT SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 25 / 37 , 270 yards Top rushers ATL -- Devonta Freeman -- 12 rushes , 40 yards SEA -- Christine Michael -- 18 rushes , 64 yards , 2 TD Top receivers ATL -- Julio Jones -- 7 receptions , 139 yards , TD SEA -- Jimmy Graham -- 6 receptions , 89 yards Week 7 : at Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) Week Seven : Seattle Seahawks at Arizona Cardinals -- Game summary OT Total Seahawks 0 0 0 6 Cardinals 0 0 0 6 at University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Date : October 23 Game time : 5 : 30 p.m. PDT Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 65,089 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter No scoring plays Second quarter ARI -- Chandler Catanzaro 46 - yard field goal , 3 : 11 . Cardinals 3 -- 0 . Drive : 15 plays , 53 yards , 8 : 24 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 40 - yard field goal , 4 : 00 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 0 yards , 0 : 33 . Overtime ARI -- Chandler Catanzaro 45 - yard field goal , 11 : 23 . Cardinals 6 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 48 yards , 3 : 37 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 36 - yard field goal , 6 : 42 . Tied 6 -- 6 . Drive : 9 plays , 57 yards , 4 : 41 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 24 / 37 , 225 yards ARI -- Carson Palmer -- 29 / 49 , 342 yards Top rushers SEA -- Christine Michael -- 16 rushes , 52 yards ARI -- David Johnson -- 33 rushes , 113 yards Top receivers SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 6 receptions , 69 yards ARI -- J.J. Nelson -- 3 receptions , 84 yards Chandler Catanzaro and Steven Hauschka both missed chip - shot field goals in overtime as the Seahawks and Cardinals played to a 6 -- 6 draw , the first tie in Seattle Seahawks history . Week 8 : at New Orleans saints ( edit ) Week Eight : Seattle Seahawks at New Orleans Saints -- Game summary Total Seahawks 7 7 20 Saints 0 13 9 25 at Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana Date : October 30 Game time : 12 : 00 p.m. CDT / 10 : 00 a.m. PDT Game weather : Played indoors ( dome stadium ) Game attendance : 73,188 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( Fox ) : Justin Kutcher , Charles Davis , Chris Spielman and Peter Schrager Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- Earl Thomas 34 - yard fumble return ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 7 : 53 . Seahawks 7 -- 0 . Second quarter NO -- Wil Lutz 22 - yard field goal , 11 : 33 . Seahawks 7 -- 3 . Drive : 15 plays , 83 yards , 7 : 00 . SEA -- Christine Michael 2 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 9 : 53 . Seahawks 14 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 40 . NO -- Wil Lutz 53 - yard field goal , 5 : 15 . Seahawks 14 -- 6 . Drive : 10 plays , 40 yards , 4 : 38 . NO -- Drew Brees 1 - yard run ( Wil Lutz kick ) , 0 : 49 . Seahawks 14 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 37 yards , 4 : 13 . Third quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 44 - yard field goal , 8 : 56 . Seahawks 17 -- 13 . Drive : 11 plays , 49 yards , 6 : 04 . NO -- Wil Lutz 21 - yard field goal , 3 : 14 . Seahawks 17 -- 16 . Drive : 11 plays , 74 yards , 5 : 42 . Fourth quarter NO -- Brandin Cooks 2 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( pass failed ) , 12 : 24 . Saints 22 -- 17 . Drive : 9 plays , 71 yards , 4 : 27 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 21 - yard field goal , 6 : 38 . Saints 22 -- 20 . Drive : 13 plays , 72 yards , 5 : 46 . NO -- Wil Lutz 41 - yard field goal , 1 : 57 . Saints 25 -- 20 . Drive : 11 plays , 52 yards , 4 : 41 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 22 / 34 , 253 yards , INT NO -- Drew Brees -- 27 / 35 , 265 yards , TD Top rushers SEA -- Christine Michael -- 10 rushes , 40 yards , TD NO -- Tim Hightower -- 26 rushes , 102 yards Top receivers SEA -- C.J. Prosise -- 4 receptions , 80 yards NO -- Michael Thomas -- 6 receptions , 63 yards Week 9 : vs. buffalo bills ( edit ) Week Nine : Buffalo Bills at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Bills 14 0 8 25 Seahawks 7 21 0 31 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : November 7 Game time : 5 : 30 p.m. PST Game weather : 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 69,084 Referee : Walt Anderson TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Jon Gruden and Lisa Salters Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter BUF -- Tyrod Taylor 3 - yard run ( Dan Carpenter kick ) , 13 : 32 . Bills 7 -- 0 . Drive : 1 play , 3 yards , 0 : 04 . SEA -- Russell Wilson 3 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 12 : 21 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 58 yards , 1 : 11 . BUF -- Justin Hunter 5 - yard pass from Tyrod Taylor ( Dan Carpenter kick ) , 2 : 21 . Bills 14 -- 7 . Drive : 17 plays , 75 yards , 10 : 00 . Second quarter SEA -- Jimmy Graham 17 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 14 : 54 . Tied 14 -- 14 . Drive : 5 plays , 65 yards , 2 : 27 . BUF -- Dan Carpenter 31 - yard field goal , 9 : 32 . Bills 17 -- 14 . Drive : 12 plays , 62 yards , 5 : 22 . SEA -- Christine Michael 3 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 4 : 29 . Seahawks 21 -- 17 . Drive : 3 plays , 40 yards , 1 : 42 . SEA -- Jimmy Graham 18 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 1 : 00 . Seahawks 28 -- 17 . Drive : 6 plays , 68 yards , 1 : 19 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter BUF -- Mike Gillislee 1 - yard run ( Tyrod Taylor run ) , 14 : 26 . Seahawks 28 -- 25 . Drive : 13 plays , 82 yards , 6 : 49 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 49 - yard field goal , 9 : 49 . Seahawks 31 -- 25 . Drive : 8 plays , 44 yards , 4 : 37 . Top passers BUF -- Tyrod Taylor -- 27 / 38 , 289 yards , TD , INT SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 20 / 26 , 282 yards , 2 TD Top rushers BUF -- LeSean McCoy -- 21 rushes , 85 yards SEA -- Tyler Lockett -- 1 rush , 13 yards Top receivers BUF -- Robert Woods -- 10 receptions , 162 yards SEA -- Jimmy Graham -- 8 receptions , 103 yards , 2 TD With the win , the Seahawks have now recorded at least one victory at CenturyLink Field against each of the 31 other franchises . Week 10 : at New England Patriots ( edit ) Week Ten : Seattle Seahawks at New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Seahawks 6 13 9 31 Patriots 7 7 7 24 at Gillette Stadium , Foxborough , Massachusetts Date : November 13 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST / 5 : 30 p.m. PST Game weather : 43 ° F ( 6 ° C ) , clear and cool Game attendance : 66,829 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter NE -- LeGarrette Blount 1 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 10 : 19 . Patriots 7 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 41 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 27 - yard field goal , 7 : 10 . Patriots 7 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 52 yards , 3 : 09 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 31 - yard field goal , 1 : 33 . Patriots 7 -- 6 . Drive : 10 plays , 66 yards , 4 : 13 . Second quarter SEA -- Doug Baldwin 6 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( kick blocked ) , 10 : 52 . Seahawks 12 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 65 yards , 4 : 10 . NE -- LeGarrette Blount 1 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 1 : 05 . Patriots 14 -- 12 . Drive : 11 plays , 81 yards , 4 : 59 . SEA -- Doug Baldwin 18 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 0 : 06 . Seahawks 19 -- 14 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 , 0 : 50 . Third quarter NE -- LeGarrette Blount 13 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 7 : 52 . Patriots 21 -- 19 . Drive : 10 plays , 91 yards , 5 : 34 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 41 - yard field goal , 2 : 52 . Seahawks 22 -- 21 . Drive : 9 plays , 52 yards , 5 : 00 . Fourth quarter NE -- Stephen Gostkowski 30 - yard field goal , 13 : 00 . Patriots 24 -- 22 . Drive : 10 plays , 63 yards , 4 : 52 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 23 - yard field goal , 8 : 56 . Seahawks 25 -- 24 . Drive : 8 plays , 58 yards , 4 : 04 . SEA -- Doug Baldwin 15 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( pass failed ) , 4 : 24 . Seahawks 31 -- 24 . Drive : 8 plays , 48 yards , 4 : 05 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 25 / 37 , 348 yards , 3 TD NE -- Tom Brady -- 23 / 32 , 316 yards , INT Top rushers SEA -- C.J. Prosise -- 17 rushes , 66 yards NE -- LeGarrette Blount -- 21 rushes , 69 yards , 3 TD Top receivers SEA -- C.J. Prosise -- 7 receptions , 87 yards NE -- Martellus Bennett -- 7 receptions , 102 yards Over one and half year after Super Bowl XLIX , the Seahawks were trying to get their revenge against the Patriots after the heartbreaking interception . They successfully got their revenge by stopping the Patriots from getting into the end zone , and won the game 31 - 24 . The Seahawks were the only team to defeat the Patriots under Tom Brady during this season . This also marks Pete Carroll 's first return to Boston since 1999 after he got fired from the Patriots organization . Week 11 : vs. Philadelphia eagles ( edit ) Week Eleven : Philadelphia Eagles at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Eagles 0 7 0 8 15 Seahawks 6 10 7 26 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : November 20 Game time : 1 : 25 p.m. PST Game weather : 54 ° F ( 12 ° C ) , rain Game attendance : 69,190 Referee : Carl Cheffers TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- C.J. Prosise 72 - yard run ( kick blocked ) , 11 : 02 . Seahawks 6 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 80 yards , 0 : 48 . Second quarter PHI -- Zach Ertz 4 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 14 : 13 . Eagles 7 -- 6 . Drive : 13 plays , 68 yards , 7 : 35 . SEA -- Jimmy Graham 35 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 8 : 20 . Seahawks 13 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 92 yards , 5 : 53 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 21 - yard field goal , 3 : 47 . Seahawks 16 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 74 yards , 1 : 45 . Third quarter SEA -- Russell Wilson 15 - yard pass from Doug Baldwin ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 7 : 31 . Seahawks 23 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 59 yards , 2 : 16 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 35 - yard field goal , 13 : 34 . Seahawks 26 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 24 yards , 2 : 42 . PHI -- Dorial Green - Beckham 5 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Carson Wentz -- Nelson Agholor pass ) , 3 : 42 . Seahawks 26 -- 15 . Drive : 10 plays , 66 yards , 3 : 33 . Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 23 / 45 , 218 yards , 2 TD , 2 INT SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 18 / 31 , 272 yards , TD Top rushers PHI -- Wendell Smallwood -- 13 rushes , 48 yards SEA -- C.J. Prosise -- 4 rushes , 76 yards , TD Top receivers PHI -- Jordan Matthews -- 5 receptions , 59 yards SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 4 receptions , 104 yards Week 12 : at Tampa Bay buccaneers ( edit ) Week Twelve : Seattle Seahawks at Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- Game summary Total Seahawks 0 5 0 0 5 Buccaneers 14 0 0 0 14 at Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida Date : November 27 Game time : 4 : 05 p.m. EST / 1 : 05 p.m. PST Game weather : 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 63,674 Referee : Bill Vinovich TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kenny Albert , Daryl Johnston and Laura Okmin Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter TB -- Mike Evans 3 - yard pass from Jameis Winston ( Roberto Aguayo kick ) , 7 : 41 . Buccaneers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 78 yards , 7 : 26 . TB -- Mike Evans 23 - yard pass from Jameis Winston ( Roberto Aguayo kick ) , 3 : 00 . Buccaneers 14 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 62 yards , 3 : 01 . Second quarter SEA -- Penalty on Luke Stocker enforced in the end zone for a safety , 13 : 29 . Buccaneers 14 -- 2 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 43 - yard field goal , 10 : 43 . Buccaneers 14 -- 5 . Drive : 8 plays , 47 yards , 2 : 44 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter No scoring plays Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 17 / 33 , 151 yards , 2 INT TB -- Jameis Winston -- 21 / 28 , 220 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 8 rushes , 80 yards TB -- Doug Martin -- 23 rushes , 87 yards Top receivers SEA -- Jimmy Graham -- 6 receptions , 67 yards TB -- Mike Evans -- 8 receptions , 104 yards , 2 TD Week 13 : vs. Carolina Panthers ( edit ) Week Thirteen : Carolina Panthers at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Panthers 0 7 0 0 7 Seahawks 10 13 7 10 40 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : December 4 Game time : 5 : 30 p.m. PST Game weather : 37 ° F ( 3 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 69,104 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 23 - yard field goal , 13 : 23 . Seahawks 3 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 3 yards , 1 : 23 . SEA -- Thomas Rawls 8 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 6 : 42 . Seahawks 10 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 92 yards , 3 : 55 . Second quarter CAR -- Ted Ginn Jr. 55 - yard pass from Cam Newton ( Graham Gano kick ) , 10 : 32 . Seahawks 10 -- 7 . Drive : 3 plays , 48 yards , 1 : 26 . SEA -- Thomas Rawls 45 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 9 : 44 . Seahawks 17 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 57 yards , 0 : 48 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 37 - yard field goal , 1 : 45 . Seahawks 20 -- 7 . Drive : 11 plays , 56 yards , 5 : 43 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 31 - yard field goal , 0 : 07 . Seahawks 23 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 72 yards , 1 : 12 . Third quarter SEA -- Tyler Lockett 75 - yard run ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 14 : 48 . Seahawks 30 -- 7 . Drive : 1 play , 75 yards , 0 : 12 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Jimmy Graham 1 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 11 : 09 . Seahawks 37 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 84 yards , 5 : 15 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 28 - yard field goal , 3 : 28 . Seahawks 40 -- 7 . Drive : 11 plays , 70 yards , 6 : 00 . Top passers CAR -- Cam Newton -- 14 / 32 , 182 yards , TD SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 26 / 36 , 277 yards , TD , INT Top rushers CAR -- Jonathan Stewart -- 11 rushes , 50 yards SEA -- Thomas Rawls -- 15 rushes , 106 yards , 2 TD Top receivers CAR -- Ted Ginn Jr. -- 5 receptions , 80 yards , TD SEA -- Jermaine Kearse -- 5 receptions , 68 yards Sunday Night Football featured a Divisional Playoff rematch from 2015 as the Seattle Seahawks faced the Carolina Panthers in CenturyLink field . Russell Wilson threw for 277 yards with one touchdown and one interception while Cam Newton was held to 182 yards and one touchdown . This was the first time that Seattle had scored 40 points in a regular season game since the 2013 season . Seattle improved their record to 8 - 3 - 1 of season . The win was not without cost , however , as star safety Earl Thomas broke his leg early in the second quarter , knocking him out for the rest of the season . Week 14 : at Green Bay Packers ( edit ) Week Fourteen : Seattle Seahawks at Green Bay Packers -- Game summary Total Seahawks 0 0 7 10 Packers 7 14 7 10 38 at Lambeau Field , Green Bay , Wisconsin Date : December 11 Game time : 3 : 25 p.m. CST / 1 : 25 p.m. PST Game weather : 26 ° F ( − 3 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 78,057 Referee : Walt Coleman TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter GB -- Davante Adams 66 - yard pass from Aaron Rodgers ( Mason Crosby kick ) , 13 : 41 . Packers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 30 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 28 - yard field goal , 6 : 19 . Packers 7 -- 3 . Drive : 13 plays , 64 yards , 7 : 14 . Second quarter GB -- Ty Montgomery 1 - yard run ( Mason Crosby kick ) , 9 : 41 . Packers 14 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 26 yards , 2 : 17 . GB -- Jordy Nelson 9 - yard pass from Aaron Rodgers ( Mason Crosby kick ) , 5 : 21 . Packers 21 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 48 yards , 2 : 44 . Third quarter GB -- Jordy Nelson 3 - yard pass from Aaron Rodgers ( Mason Crosby kick ) , 4 : 31 . Packers 28 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 32 yards , 3 : 16 . Fourth quarter GB -- Mason Crosby 38 - yard field goal , 10 : 12 . Packers 31 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 19 yards , 1 : 15 . SEA -- Tanner McEvoy 21 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 8 : 26 . Packers 31 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 10 . GB -- Jeff Janis 19 - yard run ( Mason Crosby kick ) , 5 : 50 . Packers 38 -- 10 . Drive : 1 plays , 19 yards , 0 : 07 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 22 / 39 , 240 yards , TD , 5 INT GB -- Aaron Rodgers -- 18 / 23 , 246 yards , 3 TD Top rushers SEA -- Thomas Rawls -- 12 rushes , 67 yards GB -- Ty Montgomery -- 9 rushes , 41 yards , TD Top receivers SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 6 receptions , 46 yards GB -- Davante Adams -- 4 receptions , 104 yards , TD Russell Wilson had his worst game of his career , throwing only one touchdown and a career - high five picks against a red - hot Packers team , causing the Seahawks to fall to their worst loss in the last six years . Seattle 's defense was without safety Earl Thomas , who is now out for the year with a broken leg . They only managed one sack on the final play in the third quarter , ending a streak of 10 consecutive quarters without a sack . Aaron Rodgers , with a 3 : 0 TD - INT ratio , posted a 150.8 passer rating in this game , the highest allowed by the Seattle defense since Pete Carroll became head coach in 2010 . Week 15 : vs. Los Angeles Rams ( edit ) Week Fifteen : Los Angeles Rams at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Rams 0 0 0 Seahawks 0 10 7 7 24 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : December 15 Game time : 5 : 25 p.m. PST Game weather : 36 ° F ( 2 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 69,067 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( NBC / NFLN / Twitter ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Heather Cox Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter No scoring plays Second quarter SEA -- Luke Willson 8 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 12 : 21 . Seahawks 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 93 yards , 6 : 47 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 48 - yard field goal , 8 : 45 . Seahawks 10 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 0 yards , 2 : 03 . LA -- Greg Zuerlein 36 - yard field goal , 0 : 55 . Seahawks 10 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 51 yards , 3 : 39 . Third quarter SEA -- Doug Baldwin 1 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 3 : 12 . Seahawks 17 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 62 yards , 4 : 37 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Tyler Lockett 57 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 14 : 49 . Seahawks 24 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 67 yards , 1 : 43 . Top passers LA -- Jared Goff -- 13 / 25 , 135 yards SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 19 / 26 , 229 yards , 3 TD , INT Top rushers LA -- Todd Gurley -- 14 rushes , 38 yards SEA -- Thomas Rawls -- 21 rushes , 34 yards Top receivers LA -- Kenny Britt -- 4 receptions , 50 yards SEA -- Tyler Lockett -- 7 receptions , 130 yards , TD With their 24 -- 3 victory over the Rams , the Seahawks moved to 9 -- 4 -- 1 and clinched the NFC West title . Week 16 : vs. Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) Week Sixteen : Arizona Cardinals at Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Cardinals 7 7 0 20 34 Seahawks 0 7 21 31 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : December 24 Game time : 1 : 25 p.m. PST Game weather : 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , partly cloudy Game attendance : 69,050 Referee : Ronald Torbert TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , John Lynch and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter ARI -- David Johnson 2 - yard run ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 7 : 52 . Cardinals 7 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 23 yards , 2 : 54 . Second quarter ARI -- J.J. Nelson 80 - yard pass from Carson Palmer ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 3 : 53 . Cardinals 14 -- 0 . Drive : 3 plays , 91 yards , 1 : 30 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 27 - yard field goal , 0 : 15 . Cardinals 14 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 0 yards , 0 : 17 . Third quarter SEA -- Jermaine Kearse 2 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 8 : 20 . Cardinals 14 -- 10 . Drive : 13 plays , 66 yards , 6 : 40 . Fourth quarter ARI -- David Johnson 1 - yard run ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 13 : 32 . Cardinals 21 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 61 yards , 4 : 59 . SEA -- Doug Baldwin 42 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Russell Wilson -- Marcel Reece pass ) , 8 : 49 . Cardinals 21 -- 18 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 43 . ARI -- David Johnson 1 - yard run ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 6 : 47 . Cardinals 28 -- 18 . Drive : 4 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 02 . ARI -- Chandler Catanzaro 42 - yard field goal , 4 : 10 . Cardinals 31 -- 18 . Drive : 4 plays , 6 yards , 0 : 59 . SEA -- Jimmy Graham 37 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 2 : 48 . Cardinals 31 -- 25 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 22 . SEA -- Paul Richardson 5 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( kick failed , wide left ) , 1 : 00 . Tied 31 -- 31 . Drive : 6 plays , 45 yards , 1 : 22 . ARI -- Chandler Catanzaro 43 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Cardinals 34 -- 31 . Drive : 8 plays , 50 yards , 1 : 00 . Top passers ARI -- Carson Palmer -- 16 / 26 , 284 yards , TD SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 29 / 45 , 350 yards , 4 TD Top rushers ARI -- David Johnson -- 28 rushes , 95 yards , 3 TD SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 10 rushes , 36 yards Top receivers ARI -- J.J. Nelson -- 3 receptions , 132 yards , TD SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 13 receptions , 171 yards , TD Week 17 : at San francisco 49ers ( edit ) Week Seventeen : Seattle Seahawks at San Francisco 49ers -- Game summary Total Seahawks 16 25 49ers 7 7 7 23 at Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California Date : January 1 , 2017 Game time : 1 : 25 p.m. PST Game weather : 54 ° F ( 12 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 70,178 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Davis , Brady Quinn and Holly Sonders Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 31 - yard field goal , 13 : 03 . Seahawks 3 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 8 yards , 1 : 16 . SF -- Shaun Draughn 1 - yard run ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 9 : 35 . 49ers 7 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 28 . Second quarter SF -- Shaun Draughn 1 - yard run ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 14 : 56 . 49ers 14 -- 3 . Drive : 14 plays , 79 yards , 8 : 10 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 32 - yard field goal , 10 : 32 . 49ers 14 -- 6 . Drive : 9 plays , 46 yards , 4 : 24 . SEA -- Luke Willson 11 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 6 : 55 . 49ers 14 -- 13 . Drive : 2 plays , 15 yards , 0 : 49 . SEA -- Thomas Rawls 1 - yard run ( kick blocked ) , 3 : 00 . Seahawks 19 -- 14 . Drive : 5 plays , 91 yards , 1 : 50 . Third quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 33 - yard field goal , 8 : 14 . Seahawks 22 -- 14 . Drive : 6 plays , 44 yards , 1 : 47 . SF -- Nolan Frese fumble out of bounds in the end zone for a safety , 5 : 04 . Seahawks 22 -- 16 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 28 - yard field goal , 14 : 08 . Seahawks 25 -- 16 . Drive : 9 plays , 62 yards , 3 : 58 . SF -- Garrett Celek 9 - yard pass from Colin Kaepernick ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 5 : 42 . 49ers 25 -- 23 . Drive : 4 plays , 35 yards , 2 : 22 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 19 / 32 , 258 yards , TD SF -- Colin Kaepernick -- 17 / 22 , 215 yards , TD Top rushers SEA -- Alex Collins -- 7 rushes , 55 yards SF -- Shaun Draughn -- 21 rushes , 41 yards , 2 TD Top receivers SEA -- Jimmy Graham -- 4 receptions , 64 yards SF -- Jeremy Kerley -- 6 receptions , 61 yards Postseason ( edit ) Schedule ( edit ) See also : 2016 -- 17 NFL playoffs Playoff round Date Opponent ( seed ) Result Record Game site NFL.com recap Wild Card January 7 , 2017 Detroit Lions ( 6 ) W 26 -- 6 1 -- 0 CenturyLink Field Recap Divisional January 14 , 2017 at Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) L 20 -- 36 1 -- 1 Georgia Dome Recap Game summaries ( edit ) NFC Wild Card playoffs : vs. ( # 6 ) Detroit Lions ( edit ) NFC Wild Card Playoffs : ( # 6 ) Detroit Lions at ( # 3 ) Seattle Seahawks -- Game summary Total Lions 0 0 6 Seahawks 0 10 0 16 26 at CenturyLink Field , Seattle , Washington Date : January 7 , 2017 Game time : 5 : 15 p.m. PST Game weather : 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 68,788 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya and Heather Cox Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter No scoring plays Second quarter SEA -- Paul Richardson 2 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 7 : 07 . Seahawks 7 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 60 yards , 7 : 45 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 43 - yard field goal , 1 : 55 . Seahawks 10 -- 0 . Drive : 7 play , 51 yards , 2 : 53 . DET -- Matt Prater 51 - yard field goal , 0 : 20 . Seahawks 10 -- 3 . Drive : 7 play , 42 yards , 1 : 35 . Third quarter DET -- Matt Prater 53 - yard field goal , 4 : 03 . Seahawks 10 -- 6 . Drive : 10 play , 61 yards , 5 : 33 . Fourth quarter SEA -- Steven Hauschka 27 - yard field goal , 14 : 12 . Seahawks 13 -- 6 . Drive : 10 play , 66 yards , 4 : 51 . SEA -- Thomas Rawls 4 - yard run ( kick failed , hit right upright ) , 8 : 49 . Seahawks 19 -- 6 . Drive : 8 plays , 82 yards , 4 : 08 . SEA -- Doug Baldwin 13 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 3 : 36 . Seahawks 26 -- 6 . Drive : 11 plays , 84 yards , 4 : 15 . Top passers DET -- Matthew Stafford -- 18 / 32 , 205 yards SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 23 / 30 , 224 yards , 2 TD Top rushers DET -- Zach Zenner -- 11 rushes , 34 yards SEA -- Thomas Rawls -- 27 rushes , 161 yards , TD Top receivers DET -- Zach Zenner -- 6 receptions , 54 yards SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 11 receptions , 104 yards , TD NFC Divisional playoffs : at ( # 2 ) Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) NFC Divisional Playoffs : ( # 3 ) Seattle Seahawks at ( # 2 ) Atlanta Falcons -- Game summary Total Seahawks 7 7 20 Falcons 0 19 7 10 36 at Georgia Dome , Atlanta , Georgia Date : January 14 , 2017 Game time : 4 : 35 p.m. EST / 1 : 35 p.m. PST Game weather : Played indoors ( dome stadium ) Game attendance : 71,155 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , John Lynch , Pam Oliver and Peter Schrager Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SEA -- Jimmy Graham 7 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 6 : 26 . Seahawks 7 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 89 yards , 8 : 34 . Second quarter ATL -- Julio Jones 7 - yard pass from Matt Ryan ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 14 : 14 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 12 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 33 - yard field goal , 11 : 20 . Seahawks 10 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 40 yards , 2 : 54 . ATL -- Russell Wilson sacked in endzone by Ben Garland for a safety , 9 : 22 . Seahawks 10 -- 9 . ATL -- Matt Bryant 35 - yard field goal , 6 : 06 . Falcons 12 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 40 yards , 3 : 16 . ATL -- Tevin Coleman 14 - yard pass from Matt Ryan ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 0 : 53 . Falcons 19 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 99 yards , 2 : 55 . Third quarter ATL -- Devonta Freeman 1 - yard run ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 9 : 12 . Falcons 26 -- 10 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 48 . SEA -- Steven Hauschka 26 - yard field goal , 3 : 03 . Falcons 26 -- 13 . Drive : 14 plays , 80 yards , 6 : 09 . Fourth quarter ATL -- Matt Bryant 31 - yard field goal , 14 : 57 . Falcons 29 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 62 yards , 3 : 06 . ATL -- Mohamed Sanu 3 - yard pass from Matt Ryan ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 3 : 40 . Falcons 36 -- 13 . Drive : 8 plays , 46 yards , 4 : 36 . SEA -- Doug Baldwin 31 - yard pass from Russell Wilson ( Steven Hauschka kick ) , 3 : 21 . Falcons 36 -- 20 . Drive : 1 plays , 31 yards , 0 : 19 . Top passers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 17 / 30 , 225 yards , 2 TD , 2 INT ATL -- Matt Ryan -- 26 / 37 , 338 yards , 3 TD Top rushers SEA -- Russell Wilson -- 6 rushes , 49 yards ATL -- Tevin Coleman -- 11 rushes , 57 yards Top receivers SEA -- Doug Baldwin -- 5 receptions , 80 yards , TD ATL -- Julio Jones -- 6 receptions , 67 yards , TD Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) NFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Seattle Seahawks 10 5 . 656 3 -- 2 -- 1 6 -- 5 -- 1 354 292 W1 Arizona Cardinals 7 8 . 469 4 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 5 -- 1 418 362 W2 Los Angeles Rams 12 0 . 250 2 -- 4 3 -- 9 224 394 L7 San Francisco 49ers 14 0 . 125 2 -- 4 2 -- 10 309 480 L1 Conference ( edit ) NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Dallas Cowboys East 13 0 . 813 3 -- 3 9 -- 3 . 471 . 440 L1 Atlanta Falcons South 11 5 0 . 688 5 -- 1 9 -- 3 . 480 . 452 W4 Seattle Seahawks West 10 5 . 656 3 -- 2 -- 1 6 -- 5 -- 1 . 441 . 425 W1 Green Bay Packers North 10 6 0 . 625 5 -- 1 8 -- 4 . 508 . 453 W6 Wild Cards 5 New York Giants East 11 5 0 . 688 4 -- 2 8 -- 4 . 486 . 455 W1 6 Detroit Lions North 9 7 0 . 563 3 -- 3 7 -- 5 . 475 . 392 L3 Did not qualify for the playoffs 7 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 9 7 0 . 563 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 492 . 434 W1 8 Washington Redskins East 8 7 . 531 3 -- 3 6 -- 6 . 516 . 430 L1 9 Minnesota Vikings North 8 8 0 . 500 2 -- 4 5 -- 7 . 492 . 457 W1 10 Arizona Cardinals West 7 8 . 469 4 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 5 -- 1 . 463 . 366 W2 11 New Orleans Saints South 7 9 0 . 438 2 -- 4 6 -- 6 . 523 . 393 L1 12 Philadelphia Eagles East 7 9 0 . 438 2 -- 4 5 -- 7 . 559 . 518 W2 13 Carolina Panthers South 6 10 0 . 375 1 -- 5 5 -- 7 . 518 . 354 L2 14 Los Angeles Rams West 12 0 . 250 2 -- 4 3 -- 9 . 504 . 500 L7 15 Chicago Bears North 13 0 . 188 2 -- 4 3 -- 9 . 521 . 396 L4 16 San Francisco 49ers West 14 0 . 125 2 -- 4 2 -- 10 . 504 . 250 L1 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Detroit finished ahead of Tampa Bay for the No. 6 seed and qualified for the last playoff spot based on record vs. common opponents -- Detroit 's cumulative record against Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles and New Orleans was 3 -- 2 , while Tampa Bay 's cumulative record against the same four teams was 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : New Orleans finished ahead of Philadelphia based on better record vs. conference opponents . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kickers miss short field goals , Seahawks , Cards tie 6 - 6 '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks lose Alvin Bailey to Cleveland as offensive - line makeover continues '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks notes : Marcus Burley officially signed , Frank Clark has new position , Brandon Browner gets his number back , and more '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Zac ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Colts sign Chase Coffman '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks officially sign Brandon Browner , Patrick Lewis , three others '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks LB Bruce Irvin to sign with Raiders '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reisman , Jeremy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lions sign OL Lemuel Jeanpierre , waive WR Alex Chisum '' . PrideOfDetroit.com . SB Nation . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Receiver Jermaine Kearse to return to the Seahawks '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks re-sign cornerback Jeremy Lane '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks receiver Ricardo Lockette retires : ' I love my family , and I 'd rather walk ' '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Mebane now a former Seahawk , signs with San Diego Chargers '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks re-sign running back Christine Michael '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 19 , 2016 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks re-sign free agent linebacker Mike Morgan '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks left tackle Russell Okung agrees to huge deal with Denver Broncos '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks waive long snapper Clint Gresham , sign LB Eric Pinkins '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks reach agreement with DT Ahtyba Rubin to three - year deal '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Punter Jon Ryan staying with Seahawks '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Derek ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks officially re-sign DeShawn Shead '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks OL J.R. Sweezy signs with Tampa Bay '' . 247Sports . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks re-sign fullback Will Tukuafu , waive FB Jonathan Amosa '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign CFL receiver Jeff Fuller and running back Cameron Marshall '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michell , Scott ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Two Canadian receivers eyeing bigger roles for Stampeders in Week 2 '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks waive 5 players , including former starting center Drew Nowak and former Husky Josh Shirley '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Drovetto , Tony ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks Sign Strong Safety Keenan Lambert , Running Back Cameron Marshall '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks Sign LB Quayshawn Nealy , Waive RB Cameron Marshall '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign Sealver Siliga to add depth on defensive line '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Arthur , Kenneth ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks roster cuts 2016 : Down to 75 - man roster limit after these Tuesday moves '' . FieldGulls.com . SB Nation . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Cutdown day arrives for Seahawks : Seattle acquires two safeties in getting down to 53 '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign free - agent offensive lineman Bradley Sowell '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign J'Marcus Webb to add to offensive line '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks add long snapper Drew Ferris '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks re-sign defensive end Chris Clemons '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Clemons informs Seahawks he plans to retire '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks bring back cornerback Brandon Browner '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign DL Tavaris Barnes before NFL draft '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign free agent TE Brandon Williams , former Oregon Duck '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Former Skyline High QB Jake Heaps signs with Seahawks '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks waive LB Christian French , sign LB Khairi Fortt '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign long snapper Nolan Frese , release LB Khairi Fortt '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks waive 5 as injured , including TE Cooper Helfet , and sign 5 more , including a former Husky and Cougar '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign veteran guard Jahri Evans '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks Sign Defensive Tackle Tony McDaniel , Waive / Injured Cornerback Stanley Jean - Baptiste '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks add defensive tackle Garrison Smith while Troymaine Pope gets claimed by Jets and team begins to fill out practice squad '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks release DT Jesse Williams , tender CB Marcus Burley '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks waive Andrew East as team continues to make long - snapping moves '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks waive Phillip Sims , one of only two quarterbacks on roster '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Josh Shirley back with Seahawks , Thomas Rawls back on field , and other personnel notes '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Gregg ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Lane plans on continuing to sit during national anthem '' . Bellingham Herald . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign veteran guard Jahri Evans '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks round out practice squad , waive Foxx off of Injured Reserve '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks Sign 13 Undrafted Free Agents and 9 of 10 Draft Picks '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign Kyle Coleman to fill out roster '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks Sign TE Clayton Echard , Waive / Injured WR Tyler Slavin '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Derek ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks LB Christian French returns on Injured Reserve list '' . 247Sports.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drovetto , Tony ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks Sign DE Tylor Harris , Waive DE Montese Overton '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks Thursday early practice notes : LB Montese Overton waived , DE Tylor Harris signed '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks Make Roster Move '' . Seahawks.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign 5 , including FB Taniela Tupou , and release 5 others , including CB Mohammed Seisay '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks waive 5 as injured , including TE Cooper Helfet , and sign 5 more , including a former Husky and Cougar '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` A few quick notes from Seahawks ' Wednesday OTA '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Condotta , Bob ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Seahawks sign fullback Tani Tupou to fill open roster spot '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . 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-8384932954671660747	Soviet Union in World War II	Soviet Union in World war II - wikipedia Soviet Union in World war II Jump to : navigation , search For additional information , see Military history of the Soviet Union Soviet soldiers of the Eastern Front during a short rest after fighting , 1 April 1944 Stalin , Roosevelt and Churchill at the Tehran Conference , November 1943 Timeline and military casualties of the USSR in Europe and Asia , during the War . Part of a series on the History of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Soviet Union ) 1917 -- 1927 Revolutionary Beginnings Revolution Civil War New Economic Policy 1922 Treaty National delimitation 1927 -- 1953 Stalinist rule Socialism in One Country Great Purge Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 ( Holodomor Kazakhstan famine of 1932 - 1933 ) World War II ( Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact Great Patriotic War Operation Barbarossa Occupation of the Baltic states Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Battle of Berlin Soviet invasion of Manchuria ) Soviet deportations Soviet famine of 1946 -- 47 Cold War Korean War 1953 -- 1964 Post-Stalin era Berlin blockade 1954 transfer of Crimea Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences We will bury you 9 March riots Wage reforms Cuban Revolution Sino - Soviet split Space program Cuban Missile Crisis 1964 -- 1982 Stagnated economy Brezhnev Doctrine Era of Stagnation 50th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests Prague Spring Vietnam War ( Laotian Civil War Operation Menu Cambodian Civil War Fall of Saigon ) Six - Day War Détente Yom Kippur War Dirty War Wars in Africa ( Angolan War of Independence Angolan Civil War Mozambican War of Independence Mozambican Civil War South African Border War Rhodesian Bush War ) Cambodian - Vietnamese War Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 Summer Olympics Olympic Boycotts ( 1980 Olympic Boycott 1984 Olympic Boycott ) Polish strike Death and Funeral 1982 -- 1991 Leadership changes and collapse Invasion of Grenada Glasnost Perestroika Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Singing Revolution ( Baltic Way Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia Estonian Sovereignty Declaration ) Revolutions of 1989 ( Pan-European picnic Die Wende Peaceful Revolution Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution End of communist rule in Hungary Romanian Revolution German reunification ) Dissolution ( Jeltoqsan Nagorno - Karabakh War 9 April tragedy Black January Osh riots War of Laws Dushanbe riots January Events The Barricades Referendum Union of Sovereign States August Coup Ukrainian Independence ( referendum ) Belavezha Accords Alma - Ata Protocol ) History of Russia Moscow Kiev Minsk Former Soviet Republics Soviet leadership 1 . Lenin 2 . Stalin 3 . Malenkov 4 . Khrushchev 5 . Brezhnev 6 . Andropov 7 . Chernenko 8 . Gorbachev Culture Economy Education Geography Politics Soviet Union portal The Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany on 23 August 1939 . In addition to stipulations of non-aggression , the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia and Finland into German and Soviet `` spheres of influence '' , anticipating potential `` territorial and political rearrangements '' of these countries . Stalin and Hitler later traded proposals after a Soviet entry into the Axis Pact . Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 . Joseph Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland . Part of southeastern ( Karelia ) and the Salla region of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War . This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and parts of Romania ( Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and the Hertza region ) . It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the Nazi - Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories . The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , as it went beyond the Soviet sphere agreed with the Axis . In 1940 - 41 , Stalin ignored reports of an Axis invasion . On 22 June 1941 , Hitler launched an invasion of the Soviet Union . Stalin was confident that the total Allied war machine would eventually stop Germany , and with Lend Lease from the West , the Soviets stopped the Wehrmacht some 30 kilometres from Moscow . Over the next four years , the Soviet Union repulsed Axis offensives , such as at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk , and pressed forward to victory in large Soviet offensives , such as the Vistula - Oder Offensive . Stalin began to listen to his generals more after Kursk . The bulk of Soviet fighting took place on the Eastern Front -- including a continued war with Finland -- but it also invaded Iran ( August 1941 ) in cooperation with the British and late in the war attacked Japan ( August 1945 ) , with which the Soviets had border wars earlier up until in 1939 . Stalin met with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference and began to discuss a two - front war against Germany and the future of Europe after the war . Berlin finally fell in April 1945 , but Stalin was never fully convinced that Adolf Hitler , had committed suicide . Fending off the German invasion and pressing to victory in the East required a tremendous sacrifice by the Soviet Union , which suffered the highest military casualties in the war , losing more than 20 million men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pact with Adolf Hitler 2 The division of Eastern Europe and other invasions 3 Termination of the pact 4 Soviets stop the Germans 5 The Frontoviks 6 Soviet push to Germany 7 Final victory 8 Repressions 9 Soviet War crimes 10 War crimes by Nazi Germany 11 Survival in Leningrad 12 War with Japan 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Homefront 14.1. 1 Primary sources Pact with Adolf Hitler ( edit ) Main articles : Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet -- German relations before 1941 Stalin and Ribbentrop at the signing of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August 1939 . In August 1939 , Stalin accepted Hitler 's proposal into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany , negotiated by the foreign ministers Vyacheslav Molotov for the Soviets and Joachim von Ribbentrop for the Germans . Officially a non-aggression treaty only , an appended secret protocol , also reached on 23 August , divided the whole of eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence . The USSR was promised the eastern part of Poland , then primarily populated by Ukrainians and Belarusians , in case of its dissolution , and Germany recognised Latvia , Estonia and Finland as parts of the Soviet sphere of influence , with Lithuania added in a second secret protocol in September 1939 . Another clause of the treaty was that Bessarabia , then part of Romania , was to be joined to the Moldovan SSR , and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow . The pact was reached two days after the breakdown of Soviet military talks with British and French representatives in August 1939 over a potential Franco - Anglo - Soviet alliance . Political discussions had been suspended on 2 August , when Molotov stated that they could not be resumed until progress was made in military talks late in August , after the talks had stalled over guarantees for the Baltic states , while the military talks upon which Molotov insisted started on 11 August . At the same time , Germany -- with whom the Soviets had started secret discussions on 29 July -- argued that it could offer the Soviets better terms than Britain and France , with Ribbentrop insisting , `` there was no problem between the Baltic and the Black Sea that could not be solved between the two of us . '' German officials stated that , unlike Britain , Germany could permit the Soviets to continue their developments unmolested , and that `` there is one common element in the ideology of Germany , Italy and the Soviet Union : opposition to the capitalist democracies of the West '' . By that time , Molotov had obtained information regarding Anglo - German negotiations and a pessimistic report from the Soviet ambassador in France . Soviet cavalry on parade in Lviv ( then Lwów ) , after the city 's surrender during the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland After disagreement regarding Stalin 's demand to move Red Army troops through Poland and Romania ( which Poland and Romania opposed ) , on 21 August , the Soviets proposed adjournment of military talks using the pretext that the absence of the senior Soviet personnel at the talks interfered with the autumn manoeuvres of the Soviet forces , though the primary reason was the progress being made in the Soviet - German negotiations . That same day , Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would grant the Soviets land in Poland , the Baltic states , Finland and Romania , after which Stalin telegrammed Hitler that night that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August . Regarding the larger issue of collective security , some historians state that one reason that Stalin decided to abandon the doctrine was the shaping of his views of France and Britain by their entry into the Munich Agreement and the subsequent failure to prevent German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Stalin may also have viewed the pact as gaining time in an eventual war with Hitler in order to reinforce the Soviet military and shifting Soviet borders westwards , which would be militarily beneficial in such a war . Stalin and Ribbentrop spent most of the night of the pact 's signing trading friendly stories about world affairs and cracking jokes ( a rarity for Ribbentrop ) about Britain 's weakness , and the pair even joked about how the Anti-Comintern Pact principally scared `` British shopkeepers . '' They further traded toasts , with Stalin proposing a toast to Hitler 's health and Ribbentrop proposing a toast to Stalin . The division of Eastern Europe and other invasions ( edit ) German and Soviet soldiers in victory parade in Brest in front of a picture of Stalin On 1 September 1939 , the German invasion of its agreed upon portion of Poland started the Second World War . On 17 September the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it by the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland . Eleven days later , the secret protocol of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact was modified , allotting Germany a larger part of Poland , while ceding most of Lithuania to the Soviet Union . The Soviet portions lay east of the so - called Curzon Line , an ethnographic frontier between Russia and Poland drawn up by a commission of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . In early 1940 , the Soviets executed over 25,000 Polish PoWs and political prisoners in the Katyn Forrest . Planned and actual territorial changes in Eastern and Central Europe 1939 -- 1940 ( click to enlarge ) Part of the 5 March 1940 memo from Lavrentiy Beria to Stalin proposing execution of Polish officers After taking around 300,000 Polish prisoners in 1939 and early 1940 , NKVD officers conducted lengthy interrogations of the prisoners in camps that were , in effect , a selection process to determine who would be killed . On March 5 , 1940 , pursuant to a note to Stalin from Lavrenty Beria , the members of the Soviet Politburo ( including Stalin ) signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish PoWs , labelled `` nationalists and counterrevolutionaries '' , kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus . This became known as the Katyn massacre . Major - General Vasili M. Blokhin , chief executioner for the NKVD , personally shot 6,000 of the captured Polish officers in 28 consecutive nights , which remains one of the most organized and protracted mass murders by a single individual on record During his 29 - year career Blokhin shot an estimated 50,000 people , making him ostensibly the most prolific official executioner in recorded world history . In August 1939 , Stalin declared that he was going to `` solve the Baltic problem , and thereafter , forced Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia to sign treaties for `` mutual assistance . '' After unsuccessfully attempting to install a communist puppet government in Finland , in November 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Finland . The Finnish defence defied Soviet expectations , and after stiff losses , Stalin settled for an interim peace granting the Soviet Union less than total domination by annexing only the eastern region of Karelia ( 10 % of Finnish territory ) . while Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million . After this campaign , Stalin took actions to bolster the Soviet military , modify training and improve propaganda efforts in the Soviet military . In mid-June 1940 , when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France , Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania , Estonia and Latvia . Stalin claimed that the mutual assistance treaties had been violated , and gave six - hour ultimatums for new governments to be formed in each country , including lists of persons for cabinet posts provided by the Kremlin . Thereafter , state administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres , followed by mass repression in which 34,250 Latvians , 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed . Elections for parliament and other offices were held with single candidates listed , the official results of which showed pro-Soviet candidates approval by 92.8 percent of the voters of Estonia , 97.6 percent of the voters in Latvia and 99.2 percent of the voters in Lithuania . The resulting peoples assemblies immediately requested admission into the USSR , which was granted by the Soviet Union . In late June 1940 , Stalin directed the Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina , proclaiming this formerly Romanian territory part of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic . But in annexing northern Bukovina , Stalin had gone beyond the agreed limits of the secret protocol . Stalin and Molotov on the signing of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact with the Empire of Japan , 1941 After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany , Japan and Italy , in October 1940 , Stalin personally wrote to Ribbentrop about entering an agreement regarding a `` permanent basis '' for their `` mutual interests . '' Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact . At Stalin 's direction , Molotov insisted on Soviet interest in Turkey , Bulgaria , Romania , Hungary , Yugoslavia and Greece , though Stalin had earlier unsuccessfully personally lobbied Turkish leaders to not sign a mutual assistance pact with Britain and France . Ribbentrop asked Molotov to sign another secret protocol with the statement : `` The focal point of the territorial aspirations of the Soviet Union would presumably be centred south of the territory of the Soviet Union in the direction of the Indian Ocean . '' Molotov took the position that he could not take a `` definite stand '' on this without Stalin 's agreement . Stalin did not agree with the suggested protocol , and negotiations broke down . In response to a later German proposal , Stalin 's stated that the Soviets would join the Axis if Germany foreclosed acting in the Soviet 's sphere of influence . Shortly thereafter , Hitler issued a secret internal directive related to his plan to invade the Soviet Union . Photo from 1943 exhumation of mass grave of Polish officers killed by NKVD in the Katyn Forest in 1940 In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany , on 13 April 1941 , Stalin oversaw the signing of a neutrality pact with the Axis power Japan . Since Treaty of Portsmouth , Russia had been competing with Japan for spheres of influence in the Far East , where there was a power vacuum with the collapse of Imperial China . Although similar to the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact with the Third Reich , that Soviet Union signed Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact with the Empire of Japan , to maintain the national interest of Soviet 's sphere of influence in the European continent as well as the Far East conquest , whilst among the few countries in the world diplomatically recognising Manchukuo , and allowed the rise of German invasion in Europe and Japanese aggression in Asia , but the Japanese defeat of Battles of Khalkhin Gol was the forceful factor to the temporary settlement before Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945 as the result of Yalta Conference . While Stalin had little faith in Japan 's commitment to neutrality , he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism , to reinforce a public affection for Germany , before military confrontation when Hitler controlled Western Europe and for Soviet Union to take control Eastern Europe . Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union , though Stalin was not aware of Hitler 's further military ambition . Termination of the pact ( edit ) Further information : Operation Barbarossa During the early morning of 22 June 1941 , Hitler terminated the pact by launching Operation Barbarossa , the Axis invasion of Soviet - held territories and the Soviet Union that began the war on the Eastern Front . Before the invasion , Stalin thought that Germany would not attack the Soviet Union until Germany had defeated Britain . At the same time , Soviet generals warned Stalin that Germany had concentrated forces on its borders . Two highly placed Soviet spies in Germany , `` Starshina '' and `` Korsikanets '' , had sent dozens of reports to Moscow containing evidence of preparation for a German attack . Further warnings came from Richard Sorge , a Soviet spy in Tokyo working undercover as a German journalist who had penetrated deep into the German Embassy in Tokyo by seducing the wife of General Eugen Ott , the German ambassador to Japan . German soldiers march by a burning home in Soviet Ukraine , October 1941 . Seven days before the invasion , a Soviet spy in Berlin , part of the Rote Kapelle ( Red Orchestra ) spy network , warned Stalin that the movement of German divisions to the borders was to wage war on the Soviet Union . Five days before the attack , Stalin received a report from a spy in the German Air Ministry that `` all preparations by Germany for an armed attack on the Soviet Union have been completed , and the blow can be expected at any time . '' In the margin , Stalin wrote to the people 's commissar for state security , `` you can send your ' source ' from the headquarters of German aviation to his mother . This is not a ' source ' but a dezinformator . '' Although Stalin increased Soviet western border forces to 2.7 million men and ordered them to expect a possible German invasion , he did not order a full - scale mobilisation of forces to prepare for an attack . Stalin felt that a mobilisation might provoke Hitler to prematurely begin to wage war against the Soviet Union , which Stalin wanted to delay until 1942 in order to strengthen Soviet forces . Viktor Suvorov suggested that Stalin had made aggressive preparations beginning in the late 1930s and was preparing to invade Germany in the summer 1941 . He believes that Hitler forestalled Stalin and the German invasion was in essence a pre-emptive strike , precisely as Hitler claimed . This theory was supported by Igor Bunich , Joachim Hoffmann , Mikhail Meltyukhov ( see Stalin 's Missed Chance ) and Edvard Radzinsky ( see Stalin : The First In - Depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia 's Secret Archives ) . Other historians , especially Gabriel Gorodetsky and David Glantz , reject this thesis . General Fedor von Boch 's diary says that the Abwehr fully expected a Soviet attack against German forces in Poland no later than 1942 . In the initial hours after the German attack began , Stalin hesitated , wanting to ensure that the German attack was sanctioned by Hitler , rather than the unauthorised action of a rogue general . Accounts by Nikita Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan claim that , after the invasion , Stalin retreated to his dacha in despair for several days and did not participate in leadership decisions . But , some documentary evidence of orders given by Stalin contradicts these accounts , leading historians such as Roberts to speculate that Khrushchev 's account is inaccurate . Stalin soon quickly made himself a Marshal of the Soviet Union , then country 's highest military rank and Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces aside from being Premier and General - Secretary of the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union that made him the leader of the nation , as well as the People 's Commissar for Defence , which is equivalent to the U.S. Secretary of War at that time and the U.K. Minister of Defence and formed the State Defense Committee to coordinate military operations with himself also as Chairman . He chaired the Stavka , the highest defense organisation of the country . Meanwhile , Marshal Georgy Zhukov was named to be the Deputy Supreme Commander in Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces . Soviet PoWs starving in a Nazi camp KZ Mauthausen . In the first three weeks of the invasion , as the Soviet Union tried to defend itself against large German advances , it suffered 750,000 casualties , and lost 10,000 tanks and 4,000 aircraft . In July 1941 , Stalin completely reorganised the Soviet military , placing himself directly in charge of several military organisations . This gave him complete control of his country 's entire war effort ; more control than any other leader in World War II . A pattern soon emerged where Stalin embraced the Red Army 's strategy of conducting multiple offensives , while the Germans overran each of the resulting small , newly gained grounds , dealing the Soviets severe casualties . The most notable example of this was the Battle of Kiev , where over 600,000 Soviet troops were quickly killed , captured or missing . By the end of 1941 , the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties and the Germans had captured 3.0 million Soviet prisoners , 2.0 million of whom died in German captivity by February 1942 . German forces had advanced c. 1,700 kilometres , and maintained a linearly - measured front of 3,000 kilometres . The Red Army put up fierce resistance during the war 's early stages . Even so , according to Glantz , they were plagued by an ineffective defence doctrine against well - trained and experienced German forces , despite possessing some modern Soviet equipment , such as the KV - 1 and T - 34 tanks . Soviets stop the Germans ( edit ) Further information : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Battle of Moscow , and Battle of Stalingrad While the Germans made huge advances in 1941 , killing millions of Soviet soldiers , at Stalin 's direction the Red Army directed sizable resources to prevent the Germans from achieving one of their key strategic goals , the attempted capture of Leningrad . They held the city at the cost of more than a million Soviet soldiers in the region and more than a million civilians , many of whom died from starvation . While the Germans pressed forward , Stalin was confident of an eventual Allied victory over Germany . In September 1941 , Stalin told British diplomats that he wanted two agreements : ( 1 ) a mutual assistance / aid pact and ( 2 ) a recognition that , after the war , the Soviet Union would gain the territories in countries that it had taken pursuant to its division of Eastern Europe with Hitler in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . The British agreed to assistance but refused to agree to the territorial gains , which Stalin accepted months later as the military situation had deteriorated somewhat by mid-1942 . In November 1941 , Stalin rallied his generals in a speech given underground in Moscow , telling them that the German blitzkrieg would fail because of weaknesses in the German rear in Nazi - occupied Europe and the underestimation of the strength of the Red Army , and that the German war effort would crumble against the Anglo - American - Soviet `` war engine '' . On 6 November 1941 , Stalin addressed the Soviet Union for the second time ( the first was on 2 July 1941 ) . Correctly calculating that Hitler would direct efforts to capture Moscow , Stalin concentrated his forces to defend the city , including numerous divisions transferred from Soviet eastern sectors after he determined that Japan would not attempt an attack in those areas . By December , Hitler 's troops had advanced to within 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of the Kremlin in Moscow . On 5 December , the Soviets launched a counteroffensive , pushing German troops back c. 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from Moscow in what was the first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in the war . Iconic photo of a Soviet officer ( thought to be Ukrainian Alexei Yeryomenko ) leading his soldiers into battle against the invading German army , 12 July 1942 , in Soviet Ukraine In early 1942 , the Soviets began a series of offensives labelled `` Stalin 's First Strategic Offensives '' . The counteroffensive bogged down , in part due to mud from rain in the spring of 1942 . Stalin 's attempt to retake Kharkov in the Ukraine ended in the disastrous encirclement of Soviet forces , with over 200,000 Soviet casualties suffered . Stalin attacked the competence of the generals involved . General Georgy Zhukov and others subsequently revealed that some of those generals had wished to remain in a defensive posture in the region , but Stalin and others had pushed for the offensive . Some historians have doubted Zhukov 's account . At the same time , Hitler was worried about American popular support after the U.S. entry into the war following the Attack on Pearl Harbor , and a potential Anglo - American invasion on the Western Front in 1942 ( which did not occur until the summer of 1944 ) . He changed his primary goal from an immediate victory in the East , to the more long - term goal of securing the southern Soviet Union to protect oil fields vital to the long - term German war effort . While Red Army generals correctly judged the evidence that Hitler would shift his efforts south , Stalin thought it a flanking move in the German attempt to take Moscow . The German southern campaign began with a push to capture the Crimea , which ended in disaster for the Red Army . Stalin publicly criticised his generals ' leadership . In their southern campaigns , the Germans took 625,000 Red Army prisoners in July and August 1942 alone . At the same time , in a meeting in Moscow , Churchill privately told Stalin that the British and Americans were not yet prepared to make an amphibious landing against a fortified Nazi - held French coast in 1942 , and would direct their efforts to invading German - held North Africa . He pledged a campaign of massive strategic bombing , to include German civilian targets . Estimating that the Russians were `` finished , '' the Germans began another southern operation in the autumn of 1942 , the Battle of Stalingrad . Hitler insisted upon splitting German southern forces in a simultaneous siege of Stalingrad and an offensive against Baku on the Caspian Sea . Stalin directed his generals to spare no effort to defend Stalingrad . Although the Soviets suffered in excess of more than 2 million casualties at Stalingrad , their victory over German forces , including the encirclement of 290,000 Axis troops , marked a turning point in the war . Within a year after Barbarossa , Stalin reopened the churches in the Soviet Union . He may have wanted to motivate the majority of the population who had Christian beliefs . By changing the official policy of the party and the state towards religion , he could engage the Church and its clergy in mobilising the war effort . On 4 September 1943 , Stalin invited the metropolitans Sergius , Alexy and Nikolay to the Kremlin . He proposed to reestablish the Moscow Patriarchate , which had been suspended since 1925 , and elect the Patriarch . On 8 September 1943 , Metropolitan Sergius was elected Patriarch . One account said that Stalin 's reversal followed a sign that he supposedly received from heaven . The frontoviks ( edit ) Over 75 % of Red Army divisions were listed rifle divisions , as infantry divisions were known in the Red Army . In the Imperial Russian Army , the strelkovye ( rifle ) divisions were considered more prestigious than pekhotnye ( infantry ) divisions , and in the Red Army , all infantry divisions were labeled strelkovye divisions . The Soviet riflemen were known as a peshkom ( `` on foot '' ) or more frequently as a frontovik ( front fighter ) . The term frontovik was not equivalent to the German term Landser , the American G.I Joe or the British Tommy Atkins , all of which referred to soldiers in general , as the term frontovik was used only to describe those infantrymen who fought at the front . All able - bodied males in the Soviet Union were eligible for conscription at the age of 19 and those attending university or a technical school were able to escape conscription , and even then could defer military service for a period ranging from 3 months to a year . Deferments could be only offered three times . The Soviet Union was divided into 20 military districts , which corresponded with the borders of the oblasts , and were further divided into raions ( counties ) . It was from the raions that quotas were assigned to the number of men that had been produced for the Red Army every year . The vast majority of the frontoviks had been born in the 1920s and grown up knowing nothing other than the Soviet system . Every year , men received draft notices in the mail informing to report at a collection , usually a local school , and customarily reported to duty with a bag or suitcase carrying some spare clothes , underwear , and tobacco . The conscripts then boarded a train to take to a military reception center where they were issued uniforms , underwent a physical test , had their heads shaven and were given a steam bath to rid them of lice . A typical soldier was given ammo pouches , shelter - cape , ration bag , cooking pot , water bottle and an identity tube containing papers listing pertinent personal information . During training , conscripts woke up between 5 - 6 am and training lasted for 10 - 12 six days of the week . Much of the training was done by rote and consisted of instruction . Before 1941 training had lasted for six months , but after the war , training was shorted to a few weeks . After finishing training , all men had to take the Oath of the Red Army which read : I______ , a citizen of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics , entering into the ranks of the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants ' , take this oath and solemnly promise to be a honest , brave , disciplined , vigilant fighter , staunchly to protect military and state secrets , and unquestioningly to obey all military regulations and orders of commanders and superiors . I promise conscientiously to study military affairs , in every way to protect state secrets and state property , and to my last breath to be faithful to the people , the Soviet Motherland , and the Workers - Peasants ' Government . I am always prepared on order of the Workers and Peasants Government to rise to the defense of my Motherland , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ; and as a fighting man of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants ' , I promise to defend it bravely , skillfully , with dignity and honor , sparing neither my blood nor my life itself for the achievement of total victory over our enemies . If by evil intent I should violate this , my solemn oath , then let the severe punishment of Soviet law and the total hatred and contempt of the working classes befall me . Tactics were based on the 1936 training manual and the revised edition of 1942 . Small unit movements and how to build defensive positions were laid out in a manner that was easy to understand and memorize . The manuals had the force of law and violations of the manuals were legal offenses . Soviet tactics always had the platoons attacking in the same way with the platoons usually broke into four sections occupying about 100 yards on average . The only complex formation was the diamond formation with one section advancing , two behind and one in the rear . Unlike the Wehrmacht , the Red Army did not engage in leap - frogging of sections with one section providing fire support to the sections that were advancing , and instead all of the sections and platoons attacked en masse . The other only variation was for the sections to `` seep '' into a position by infiltration . When the order Na shturm , marshch ! ( Assault , march ! ) was given , the Soviet infantry would charge the enemy with shouting the traditional Russian battle cry Urra ! ( pronounced oo - rah , which comes from the Turkish word to kill ) , the sound of which many German veterans found terrifying . During the charge , the riflemen would fire with rifles and submachine guns while throwing grenades before closing in for blizhnii boi ( close combat ) as close quarter fighting with guns , bayonets , rifle butts , knives , digging tools and their fists were known , a type of fighting that the Red Army excelled at . On the defensive , the frontovik were well known for their skill at camouflaging their positions and for being disciplined enough to withhold fire until the Germans were at close range . Before 1941 Red Army doctrine had called for opening fire at maximum range , but it was quickly discovered that it was preferable to ambush the Germans with surprise fire at close ranges from multiple positions . The typical frontovik during the war was ethnic Russian aged 19 -- 24 whose average height was 5 feet 6 inches ( 1.68 m ) . Most of the men were shaven bald to prevent lice and the few who did grow their hair kept it very short . The American historian Gordon Rottman described the uniforms as `` simple and functional '' . In combat , the men wore olive - brown helmets or the pilotka ( side cap ) . Officers wore a shlem or furazhka ( peaked cap ) , a round service hat with a black visor and a red star . Rottman described Soviet weapons as being `` ... known for their simplicity , ruggedness and general reliability '' . The standard rifle was Mosin - Nagant 7.62 mm M 1891 / 30 rifle , and although heavy , it was an effective weapons that crucially was not affected by the cold . Every rifle section had one or two 7.62 mm Degtyarev DP light machine guns to provide fire support . By 1944 , one of every four frontovik was armed with the 7.62 mm PPSh - 41 ( Pistolet - Pulemet Shapagina - Pistol Automatic Shpagin ) , a type of submachine gun known as a `` rugged and reliable weapon '' , if somewhat underpowered . The frontovik usually carried all he had in a simple bag . Most of the frontovik had a perevgzochnii paket ( wound dressing packet ) , a razor , a shovel and would be very lucky to have a towel and toothbrush . Toothpaste , shampoo and soap were extremely rare . Usually sticks with chewed ends were used for brushing teeth . To relieve themselves latrine pits were dug , as portable toilets were rare in the Red Army . Soldiers frequently slept outdoors , even during the winter . Food was usually abysmal and often in short supply , especially in 1941 and 1942 . The frontoviks detested the rear service troops who did not face the dangers of combat as krysa ( rats ) . The frontovik lived on a diet of black rye bread ; canned meats like fish and tushonka ( stewed pork ) ; shchi ( cabbage soup ) and kasha ( porridge ) . '' . Kasha and shchi were so common that a popular slogan in the Red Army was `` shchi ee kasha , pisha nasha '' ( `` schchi and kasha , that 's our fare . '' ) . Chai ( hot sugared tea ) was an extremely popular beverage together with beer and vodka . Makhorka , a type of cheap tobacco roiled in handmade cigarettes was the standard cigarette . Rottmann described medical care as `` marginal '' . A shortage of doctors , medical equipment and drugs meant those wounded often died , usually in immense pain . Morphine was unknown in the Red Army . Most Red Army soldiers had not received preventive inoculations and diseases were major problems with malaria , pneumonia , diphtheria , tuberculosis , typhus , dysentery , and meningitis in particular regularly sickening Red Army men . In the winter frostbite often sent soldiers to the medical system while in the spring and fall rains made trench foot a common aliment . The frontovik were paid once every month , but often did not receive their wages . All soldiers were exempt from taxes . In 1943 , a private was paid 600 roubles per month , a corporal 1,000 roubles , a junior sergeant 2,000 roubles and a sergeant 3,000 roubles . There was special pay for those serving in guards units , paratroopers , tank , anti-tank and those decorated for bravery in combat . Those units that greatly distinguished in combat had the prefix Guards attached to their unit title , a title of great respect and honor that brought better pay and rations . In the Imperial Russian Army , the elite was always the Imperial Guards Regiments , and the title Guards when applied to a military unit in Russia still has elitist connotations . Discipline was harsh and men could be executed for desertion , treason , cowardice , retreating without orders and ordering a retreat without orders . To maintain morale , the men were often entertained with films shown on outdoor screens together with musical troupes performing music , singing and dancing . The balalaika was often featured as part of the entertainment as it was considered to be a Russian `` national instrument '' . The position of the Soviet regime was that essentially sex did not exist and there were no references to matters sexual in any official publications . When the 16 - year old partisan heroine Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged by the Germans on 29 November 1941 , the photo of her corpse hanging from the gallows caused a sensation when published in early 1942 as she was topless , which ensured that the photo attracted much prurient interest . Unlike the German and French armies , the Red Army had no system of field brothels and the frontovik were not issued condoms as men in the British and American armies were . Venereal diseases were a major problem and those soldiers afflicted were harshly punished if discovered . The widespread rapes committed by the Red Army when entering Germany had little to do with sexual desire , but were instead acts of power , in the words of Rottman `` the basest form of revenge and humiliation the soldiers could inflict on the Germans '' . It was a common practice for officers to take `` campaign wives '' or PPZh ( pokhodno - polevy zheny - `` field marching wives '' ) as any women serving in the Red Army were told that they were now the mistresses of the officers regardless of what they felt about the matter or for the officers to `` adopt '' a civilian woman as their `` campaign wife '' , who often entered into the unit rosters so that they could receive pay . The `` campaign wives '' were often nurses , signallers and clerks who wore a black beret and despite being forced to become the concubines of the officers were widely hated by the frontoviks , who saw the `` campaign wives '' as trading sex for more favorable positions . The writer Vasily Grossman recorded typical remarks about the `` campaign wives '' in 1942 : `` Where 's the general ? '' ( someone asks ) . `` Sleeping with his whore . '' And these girls had once wanted to be ' Tanya ' , or Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya . '' The frontoviks had to live , fight and die in small circular foxholes dug into the earth with enough room for one or two men with slit trenches being to connect what the Germans called `` Russian holes '' . The soldiers were usually not issued blankets or sleeping bags , even in the winter . Instead , the frontovik slept in their coats and shelter - capes usually on pine , evergreen needles , fir boughs , piled leaves or straw . In the winter , the temperature could drop as low as - 60 ° F ( - 50 ° C ) , making General Moroz ( General Frost ) as much an enemy as the Germans . Spring started in April and with it came rains and snowmelt , making the battlefields into a muddy quagmire . Summers were dusty and hot while with the fall came the rasputitsa ( time without roads ) as heavy autumn rains once again turned the battlefields into muddy quagmires that made the spring rains look tame by comparison . The Soviet Union comprised over 150 different peoples , but Russians comprised the majority of the Red Army and Russian was the language of command . The Red Army had very few ethnic units as the policy was one of sliianie ( blending ) in which men from the non-Russian groups were assigned to units with Russian majorities . One of the few exceptions to this rule were the Cossack units together with the troops from the Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , who however were few in number . The experience of combat tended to bind the men regardless of their language or ethnicity together with one Soviet veteran recalling : `` We were all bleeding the same blood '' . Despite a history of anti-Semitism in Russia , Jewish veterans serving in the frontovik units described anti-Semitism as rare , instead recalling a sense of belonging . During the first six months of Operation Barbarossa , the Wehrmacht and the SS had a policy of shooting all of the `` Asiatics '' ( a term which was defined to include all Red Army personal who looked Asian ) , commissars , Jews and Georgians serving in the Red Army who were taken prisoner by German forces . For this reason , Georgians , Jews and the various Asian peoples like the Kalmyks , the Buryats , the Kazakhs , the Kyrgyz , etc. fought especially fiercely . During the war , the atheist propaganda was toned down and Eastern Orthodox priests blessed units going into battle , though chaplains were not allowed . However , Muslims from Central Asia , the Caucasus , the Volga and the Crimea were allowed to practice their religion discreetly , though like the Eastern Orthodox no chaplains were allowed . Most soldiers carried lucky talismans . Despite the official atheism , many soldiers wore crosses around their necks and crossed themselves in the traditional Eastern Orthodox manner before going into battle , through the British historian Catherine Merridale cautioned these were more `` totemic '' gestures meant to ensure good luck rather than expressions of real faith . One of the most popular talismans was the poem Wait for Me by Konstantin Simonov , which he wrote in October 1941 for his fiancee Valentina Serova . The popularity of Wait for Me was such that almost all ethnic Russians in the Red Army knew the poem by heart , and carried a copy of the poem together with photographs of their girlfriends or wives back home to reflect their desire to return to their loved ones . `` Political work '' done by politruks and kommissars took much of the soldier 's spare time as at least one hour every day was given to political indoctrination into Communism for soldiers who not engaged in combat . The term Nazi was never used to describe the enemy as the term was an acronym for National - Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ( National Socialist German Workers ' Party ) as the politruks and kommissars found explaining why the enemy called themselves National Socialists to be too confusing for the frontoviks . The preferred terms for the enemy were fascists , Gitlerits ( Hitlerites - Russian has no H ) , Germanskii and nyemetzi ( a derogatory Russian term for Germans ) . The commissars had the duty of monitoring the officers for any sign of disloyalty and a network of informers known as seksots within the ranks . In October 1942 , the system of dual command , which dated back to the Russian Civil War , where the officers shared authority with the commissars , was abolished and henceforward only officers had the power of command . Many commissars after the Stalin 's Decree 307 of 9 October 1942 were shocked to find how much they were hated by the officers and men . The commissars now become the politruks or deputy commanders for political affairs . The politruks no longer had the power of command , but still evaluated both officers and men for their political loyalty , carried out political indoctrination and had the power to order summary executions of anyone suspected of cowardice or treason . Such executions were known as devyat gram ( nine grams - a reference to the weight of a bullet ) , pustit v rakhod ( to expend someone ) or vyshka ( a shortened form of vysshaya mera nakazanija - extreme penalty ) . Despite these fearsome powers , many of the frontoviks were often openly contemptuous of the politruks if subjected to excessively long boring lectures on the finer points of Marxism -- Leninism and officers tended to win conflicts with the poltitruks as military merit started to count more in the Great Patriotic War than did political zeal . Relations between the officers and men were usually good with junior officers in particular being seen as soratnik ( comrade in arms ) as they lived under the same conditions and faced the same dangers as the frontovik . Officers usually had only a high school education as very few had gone to university , and coming from the same social milieu as their men ensured that they could relate to them . The frontovik usually addressed their company commanders as Batya ( father ) . Soviet push to Germany ( edit ) Further information : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Battle of Kursk , Operation Bagration , Battle of Warsaw ( 1944 ) , and Vistula - Oder Offensive The Soviets repulsed the important German strategic southern campaign and , although 2.5 million Soviet casualties were suffered in that effort , it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front . Stalin personally told a Polish general requesting information about missing Polish officers that all of the Poles were freed , and that not all could be accounted because the Soviets `` lost track '' of them in Manchuria . After Polish railroad workers found the mass grave , the Nazis used the massacre to attempt to drive a wedge between Stalin and the other Allies , including bringing in a European commission of investigators from twelve countries to examine the graves . In 1943 , as the Soviets prepared to retake Poland , Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels correctly guessed that Stalin would attempt to falsely claim that the Germans massacred the victims . As Goebbels predicted , the Soviets had a `` commission '' investigate the matter , falsely concluding that the Germans had killed the PoWs . The Soviets did not admit responsibility until 1990 . In 1943 , Stalin ceded to his generals ' call for the Soviet Union to take a defensive stance because of disappointing losses after Stalingrad , a lack of reserves for offensive measures and a prediction that the Germans would likely next attack a bulge in the Soviet front at Kursk such that defensive preparations there would more efficiently use resources . The Germans did attempt an encirclement attack at Kursk , which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets after Hitler cancelled the offensive , in part , because of the Allied invasion of Sicily , though the Soviets suffered over 800,000 casualties . Kursk also marked the beginning of a period where Stalin became more willing to listen to the advice of his generals . By the end of 1943 , the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 -- 42 . Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the East of the front , safe from German invasion and air attack . The strategy paid off , as such industrial increases were able to occur even while the Germans in late 1942 occupied more than half of European Russia , including 40 percent ( 80 million ) of its population , and approximately 2,500,000 square kilometres ( 970,000 sq mi ) of Soviet territory . The Soviets had also prepared for war for more than a decade , including preparing 14 million civilians with some military training . Accordingly , while almost all of the original 5 million men of the Soviet army had been wiped out by the end of 1941 , the Soviet military had swelled to 8 million members by the end of that year . Despite substantial losses in 1942 far in excess of German losses , Red Army size grew even further , to 11 million . While there is substantial debate whether Stalin helped or hindered these industrial and manpower efforts , Stalin left most economic wartime management decisions in the hands of his economic experts . While some scholars claim that evidence suggests that Stalin considered , and even attempted , negotiating peace with Germany in 1941 and 1942 , others find this evidence unconvincing and even fabricated . Soviet advances from 1 August 1943 to 31 December 1944 : to 1 December 1943 to 30 April 1944 to 19 August 1944 to 31 December 1944 In November 1943 , Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran . Roosevelt told Stalin that he hoped that Britain and America opening a second front against Germany could initially draw 30 -- 40 German division from the Eastern Front . Stalin and Roosevelt , in effect , ganged up on Churchill by emphasising the importance of a cross-channel invasion of German - held northern France , while Churchill had always felt that Germany was more vulnerable in the `` soft underbelly '' of Italy ( which the Allies had already invaded ) and the Balkans . The parties later agreed that Britain and America would launch a cross-channel invasion of France in May 1944 , along with a separate invasion of Southern France . Stalin insisted that , after the war , the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact with Germany , which Churchill tabled . In 1944 , the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany , including Operation Bagration , a massive offensive in Belarus against the German Army Group Centre . Stalin , Roosevelt and Churchill closely coordinated , such that Bagration occurred at roughly the same time as American and British forces initiation of the invasion of German held Western Europe on France 's northern coast . The operation resulted in the Soviets retaking Belarus and western Ukraine , along with the successful effective destruction of the Army Group Centre and 300,000 German casualties , though at the cost of more than 750,000 Soviet casualties . Romanians greet the Soviet army entering the city of Bucharest on 31 August 1944 . Successes at Operation Bagration and in the year that followed were , in large part , due to an operational improve of battlehardened Red Army , which has learned painful lessons from previous years battling the powerful Wehrmacht : better planning of offensives , efficient use of artillery , better handling of time and space during attacks in contradiction to Stalin 's order `` not a step back '' . To a lesser degree , the success of Bagration was due to a weakened Wehrmacht that lacked the fuel and armament they needed to operate effectively , growing Soviet advantages in manpower and materials , and the attacks of Allies on the Western Front . In his 1944 May Day speech , Stalin praised the Western allies for diverting German resources in the Italian Campaign , Tass published detailed lists of the large numbers of supplies coming from Western allies , and Stalin made a speech in November 1944 stating that Allied efforts in the West had already quickly drawn 75 German divisions to defend that region , without which , the Red Army could not yet have driven the Wehrmacht from Soviet territories . The weakened Wehrmacht also helped Soviet offensives because no effective German counter-offensive could be launched , Beginning in the summer of 1944 , a reinforced German Army Centre Group did prevent the Soviets from advancing in around Warsaw for nearly half a year . Some historians claim that the Soviets ' failure to advance was a purposeful Soviet stall to allow the Wehrmacht to slaughter members of a Warsaw Uprising by the Polish home army in August 1944 that occurred as the Red Army approached , though others dispute the claim and cite sizable unsuccessful Red Army efforts to attempt to defeat the Wehrmacht in that region . Earlier in 1944 , Stalin had insisted that the Soviets would annex the portions of Poland it divided with Germany in the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , while the Polish government in exile , which the British insisted must be involved in postwar Poland , demanded that the Polish border be restored to prewar locations . The rift further highlighted Stalin 's blatant hostility toward the anti-communist Polish government in exile and their Polish home army , which Stalin felt threatened his plans to create a post-war Poland friendly to the Soviet Union . Further exacerbating the rift was Stalin 's refusal to resupply the Polish home army , and his refusal to allow American supply planes to use the necessary Soviet air bases to ferry supplies to the Polish home army , which Stalin referred to in a letter to Roosevelt and Churchill as `` power - seeking criminals '' . Worried about the possible repercussions of those actions , Stalin later began a Soviet supply airdrop to Polish rebels , though most of the supplies ended up in the hands of the Germans . The uprising ended in disaster with 20,000 Polish rebels and up to 200,000 civilians killed by German forces , with Soviet forces entering the city in January 1945 . Soviet soldiers of the 1st Baltic Front during an attack in the Latvian city of Jelgava , 16 August 1944 Other important advances occurred in late 1944 , such as the invasion of Romania in August and Bulgaria . The Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria in September 1944 and invaded the country , installing a communist government . Following the invasion of these Balkan countries , Stalin and Churchill met in the autumn of 1944 , where they agreed upon various percentages for `` spheres of influence '' in several Balkan states , though the diplomats for neither leader knew what the term actually meant . The Red Army also expelled German forces from Lithuania and Estonia in late 1944 at the cost of 260,000 Soviet casualties . In late 1944 , Soviet forces battled fiercely to capture Hungary in the Budapest Offensive , but could not take it , which became a topic so sensitive to Stalin that he refused to allow his commanders to speak of it . The Germans held out in the subsequent Battle of Budapest until February 1945 , when the remaining Hungarians signed an armistice with the Soviet Union . Victory at Budapest permitted the Red Army to launch the Vienna Offensive in April 1945 . To the northeast , the taking of Belarus and western Ukraine permitted the Soviets to launch the massive Vistula -- Oder Offensive , where German intelligence had incorrectly guessed the Soviets would have a 3 - to - 1 numerical superiority advantage that was actually 5 - to - 1 ( over 2 million Red Army personnel attacking 450,000 German defenders ) , the successful culmination of which resulted in the Red Army advancing from the Vistula River in Poland to the German Oder River in Eastern Germany . Stalin 's shortcomings as a strategist are frequently noted regarding the massive Soviet loss of life and early Soviet defeats . An example of it is the summer offensive of 1942 , which led to even more losses by the Red Army and the recapture of initiative by the Germans . Stalin eventually recognised his lack of know - how and relied on his professional generals to conduct the war . Additionally , Stalin was well aware that other European armies had utterly disintegrated when faced with Nazi military efficacy and responded effectively by subjecting his army to galvanising terror and nationalist appeals to patriotism . He also appealed to the Russian Orthodox church . Final victory ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Berlin , East Prussian Offensive , and Battle of the Oder - Neisse American and Soviet troops meet east of the Elbe River , April 1945 By April 1945 , Germany faced its last days with 1.9 million German soldiers in the East fighting 6.4 million Red Army soldiers while 1 million German soldiers in the West battled 4 million Western Allied soldiers . While initial talk existed of a race to Berlin by the Allies , after Stalin successfully lobbied for Eastern Germany to fall within the Soviet `` sphere of influence '' at Yalta , no plans were made by the Western Allies to seize the city by a ground operation . Stalin still remained suspicious that western Allied forces holding at the Elbe River might move on the capital and , even in the last days , that the Americans might employ their two airborne divisions to capture the city . Stalin directed the Red Army to move rapidly in a broad front into Germany because he did not believe the Western Allies would hand over territory they occupied , while he made the overriding objective capturing Berlin . After successfully capturing Eastern Prussia , three Red Army fronts converged on the heart of Eastern Germany , with one of the last pitched battles of the war putting the Soviets at the virtual gates of Berlin . By April 24 , Berlin was encircled by elements of two Soviet fronts , one of which had begun a massive shelling of the city on April 20 that would not end until the city 's surrender . On 30 April , Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide , after which Soviet forces found their remains , which had been burned at Hitler 's directive . German forces surrendered a few days later . Some historians argue that Stalin delayed the last final push for Berlin by two months in order to capture other areas for political reasons , which they argue gave the Wehrmacht time to prepare and increased Soviet casualties ( which exceeded 400,000 ) , though this is contested by other historians . Mass murder of Soviet civilians near Minsk . The Nazis murdered civilians in 5,295 different localities in occupied Soviet Belarus . Despite the Soviets ' possession of Hitler 's remains , Stalin did not believe that his old nemesis was actually dead , a belief that remained for years after the war . Stalin also later directed aides to spend years researching and writing a secret book about Hitler 's life for his own private reading . Fending off the German invasion and pressing to victory over Nazi Germany in the Second World War required a tremendous sacrifice by the Soviet Union ( more than any other country in human history ) . Soviet military casualties totaled approximately 35 million ( official figures 28.2 million ) with approximately 14.7 million killed , missing or captured ( official figures 11.285 million ) . Although figures vary , the Soviet civilian death toll probably reached 22 million . Millions of Soviet soldiers and civilians disappeared into German detention camps and slave labour factories , while millions more suffered permanent physical and mental damage . Economic losses , including losses in resources and manufacturing capacity in western Russia and Ukraine , were also catastrophic . The war resulted in the destruction of approximately 70,000 Soviet cities , towns and villages . Destroyed in that process were 6 million houses , 98,000 farms , 32,000 factories , 82,000 schools , 43,000 libraries , 6,000 hospitals and thousands of kilometres of roads and railway track . Stalin soon conferred himself with the rank of the Generalissimus of the Soviet Union , which becomes the country 's highest military rank followed by Marshal for his role in the Soviet victory of the war . His personal military leadership was emphasised as part of the `` cult of personality '' after the publication of Stalin 's ten victories extracted from 6 November 1944 speech `` 27th anniversary of the Great October socialist revolution '' ( Russian : `` 27 - я годовщина Великой Октябрьской социалистической революции '' ) during the 1944 meeting of the Moscow 's Soviet deputies . Repressions ( edit ) On 16 August 1941 , in attempts to revive a disorganised Soviet defense system , Stalin issued Order No. 270 , demanding any commanders or commissars `` tearing away their insignia and deserting or surrendering '' to be considered malicious deserters . The order required superiors to shoot these deserters on the spot . Their family members were subjected to arrest . The second provision of the order directed all units fighting in encirclements to use every possibility to fight . The order also required division commanders to demote and , if necessary , even to shoot on the spot those commanders who failed to command the battle directly in the battlefield . Thereafter , Stalin also conducted a purge of several military commanders that were shot for `` cowardice '' without a trial . In June 1941 , weeks after the German invasion began , Stalin directed that the retreating Red Army also sought to deny resources to the enemy through a scorched earth policy of destroying the infrastructure and food supplies of areas before the Germans could seize them , and that partisans were to be set up in evacuated areas . This , along with abuse by German troops , caused starvation and suffering among the civilian population that was left behind . Stalin feared that Hitler would use disgruntled Soviet citizens to fight his regime , particularly people imprisoned in the Gulags . He thus ordered the NKVD to handle the situation . They responded by murdering approximately 100,000 political prisoners throughout the western parts of the Soviet Union , with methods that included bayoneting people to death and tossing grenades into crowded cells . Many others were simply deported east . In July 1942 , Stalin issued Order No. 227 , directing that any commander or commissar of a regiment , battalion or army , who allowed retreat without permission from his superiors was subject to military tribunal . The order called for soldiers found guilty of disciplinary infractions to be forced into `` penal battalions '' , which were sent to the most dangerous sections of the front lines . From 1942 to 1945 , 427,910 soldiers were assigned to penal battalions . The order also directed `` blocking detachments '' to shoot fleeing panicked troops at the rear . In the first two months following the order , over 1,000 troops were shot by blocking units and blocking units sent over 130,000 troops to penal battalions . Despite having some effect initially , this measure proved to have a deteriorating effect on the troops ' morale , so by October 1942 the idea of regular blocking units was quietly dropped By 20 November 1944 the blocking units were officially disbanded . Beria 's proposal of 29 January 1942 , to execute 46 Soviet generals . Stalin 's resolution : `` Shoot all named in the list . -- J. St . '' Soviet POWs and forced labourers who survived German captivity were sent to special `` transit '' or `` filtration '' camps meant to determine which were potential traitors . Of the approximately 4 million to be repatriated , 2,660,013 were civilians and 1,539,475 were former POWs . Of the total , 2,427,906 were sent home , 801,152 were reconscripted into the armed forces , 608,095 were enrolled in the work battalions of the defence ministry , 272,867 were transferred to the authority of the NKVD for punishment , which meant a transfer to the Gulag system and 89,468 remained in the transit camps as reception personnel until the repatriation process was finally wound up in the early 1950s . Soviet war crimes ( edit ) Further information : Soviet war crimes After the capture of Berlin , Soviet troops reportedly raped German women and girls , with total victim estimates ranging from tens of thousands to two million . During and after the occupation of Budapest , ( Hungary ) , an estimated 50,000 women and girls were raped . Regarding rapes that took place in Yugoslavia , Stalin responded to a Yugoslav partisan leader 's complaints saying , `` Ca n't he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometres through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle ? '' In former Axis countries , such as Germany , Romania and Hungary , Red Army officers generally viewed cities , villages and farms as being open to pillaging and looting . For example , Red Army soldiers and NKVD members frequently looted transport trains in 1944 and 1945 in Poland and Soviet soldiers set fire to the city centre of Demmin while preventing the inhabitants from extinguishing the blaze , which , along with multiple rapes , played a part in causing over 900 citizens of the city to commit suicide . In the Soviet occupation zone of Germany , when members of the SED reported to Stalin that looting and rapes by Soviet soldiers could result in negative consequences for the future of socialism in post-war East Germany , Stalin reacted angrily : `` I shall not tolerate anybody dragging the honour of the Red Army through the mud . '' Accordingly , all evidence of looting , rapes and destruction by the Red Army was deleted from archives in the Soviet occupation zone . According to recent figures , of an estimated 4 million POWs taken by the Russians , including Germans , Japanese , Hungarians , Romanians and others , some 580,000 never returned , presumably victims of privation or the Gulags , compared with 3.5 million Soviet POW who died in German camps out of the 5.6 million taken . War crimes by Nazi Germany ( edit ) During the rapid German advances in the early months of the war , nearly reaching the cities of Moscow and Leningrad , the bulk of Soviet industry which could not be evacuated was either destroyed or lost due to German occupation . Agricultural production was interrupted , with grain harvests left standing in the fields that would later cause hunger reminiscent of the early 1930s . In one of the greatest feats of war logistics , factories were evacuated on an enormous scale , with 1523 factories dismantled and shipped eastwards along four principal routes to the Caucasus , Central Asian , Ural , and Siberian regions . In general , the tools , dies and production technology were moved , along with the blueprints and their management , engineering staffs and skilled labour . The whole of the Soviet Union became dedicated to the war effort . The population of the Soviet Union was probably better prepared than any other nation involved in the fighting of World War II to endure the material hardships of the war . This is primarily because the Soviets were so used to shortages and coping with economic crisis in the past , especially during wartime -- World War I brought similar restrictions on food . Still , conditions were severe . World War II was especially devastating to Soviet citizens because it was fought on their territory and caused massive destruction . In Leningrad , under German siege , over one million people died of starvation and disease . Many factory workers were teenagers , women and the elderly . The government implemented rationing in 1941 and first applied it to bread , flour , cereal , pasta , butter , margarine , vegetable oil , meat , fish , sugar , and confectionery all across the country . The rations remained largely stable in other places during the war . Additional rations were often so expensive that they could not add substantially to a citizen 's food supply unless that person was especially well - paid . Peasants received no rations and had to make do with local resources that they farmed themselves . Most rural peasants struggled and lived in unbearable poverty , but others sold any surplus they had at a high price and a few became rouble millionaires , until a currency reform two years after the end of the war wiped out their wealth . Despite harsh conditions , the war led to a spike in Soviet nationalism and unity . Soviet propaganda toned down extreme Communist rhetoric of the past as the people now rallied by a belief of protecting their Motherland against the evils of German invaders . Ethnic minorities thought to be collaborators were forced into exile . Religion , which was previously shunned , became a part of Communist Party propaganda campaign in the Soviet society in order to mobilize the religious elements . The social composition of Soviet society changed drastically during the war . There was a burst of marriages in June and July 1941 between people about to be separated by the war and in the next few years the marriage rate dropped off steeply , with the birth rate following shortly thereafter to only about half of what it would have been in peacetime . For this reason mothers with several children during the war received substantial honours and money benefits if they had a sufficient number of children -- mothers could earn around 1,300 roubles for having their fourth child and earn up to 5,000 roubles for their 10th . Survival in Leningrad ( edit ) Further information : Siege of Leningrad Soviet soldiers on the front in Leningrad The city of Leningrad endured more suffering and hardships than any other city in the Soviet Union during the war , as it was under siege for 900 days , from September 1941 -- January 1944 . Hunger , malnutrition , disease , starvation , and even cannibalism became common during the siege of Leningrad ; civilians lost weight , grew weaker , and became more vulnerable to diseases . Citizens of Leningrad managed to survive through a number of methods with varying degrees of success . Since only 400,000 people were evacuated before the siege began , this left 2.5 million in Leningrad , including 400,000 children . More managed to escape the city ; this was most successful when Lake Ladoga froze over and people could walk over the ice road -- or `` Road of Life '' -- to safety . Soviet anti-aircraft defending Leningrad , 1941 Most survival strategies during the siege , though , involved staying within the city and facing the problems through resourcefulness or luck . One way to do this was by securing factory employment because many factories became autonomous and possessed more of the tools of survival during the winter , such as food and heat . Workers got larger rations than regular civilians and factories were likely to have electricity if they produced crucial goods . Factories also served as mutual - support centers and had clinics and other services like cleaning crews and teams of women who would sew and repair clothes . Factory employees were still driven to desperation on occasion and people resorted to eating glue or horses in factories where food was scarce , but factory employment was the most consistently successful method of survival , and at some food production plants not a single person died . Survival opportunities open to the larger Soviet community included bartering and farming on private land . Black markets thrived as private barter and trade became more common , especially between soldiers and civilians . Soldiers , who had more food to spare , were eager to trade with Soviet citizens that had extra warm clothes to trade . Planting vegetable gardens in the spring became popular , primarily because citizens got to keep everything grown on their own plots . The campaign also had a potent psychological effect and boosted morale , a survival component almost as crucial as bread . Some of the most desperate Soviet citizens turned to crime as a way to support themselves in trying times . Most common was the theft of food and of ration cards , which could prove fatal for a malnourished person if their card was stolen more than a day or two before a new card was issued . For these reasons , the stealing of food was severely punished and a person could be shot for as little as stealing a loaf of bread . More serious crimes , such as murder and cannibalism , also occurred , and special police squads were set up to combat these crimes , though by the end of the siege , roughly 1,500 had been arrested for cannibalism . War with Japan ( edit ) Further information : Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) and Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : chathamhouse.org , 2011 Jump up ^ Goldman 2012 , pp. 163 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Brackman , Roman The Secret File of Joseph Stalin : A Hidden Life ( 2001 ) p. 341 Jump up ^ Stalin as War Leader History Today ^ Jump up to : Roberts 1992 , pp. 57 -- 78 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , German - Soviet Nonaggression Pact , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Text of the Nazi - Soviet Non-Aggression Pact , executed 23 August 1939 Jump up ^ Christie , Kenneth , Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe : Ghosts at the Table of Democracy , RoutledgeCurzon , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1599 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 30 -- 32 Jump up ^ Lionel Kochan . The Struggle For Germany . 1914 -- 1945 . New York , 1963 Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , p. 504 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Watson 2000 , p. 709 Jump up ^ Michael Jabara Carley ( 1993 ) . End of the ' Low , Dishonest Decade ' : Failure of the Anglo - Franco - Soviet Alliance in 1939 . Europe - Asia Studies 45 ( 2 ) , 303 -- 341 . JSTOR 152863 ^ Jump up to : Watson 2000 , p. 715 ^ Jump up to : Watson 2000 , p. 713 Jump up ^ Fest , Joachim C. , Hitler , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 602754 - 2 , page 588 Jump up ^ Ulam , Adam Bruno , Stalin : The Man and His Era , Beacon Press , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 8070 - 7005 - X , page 509 - 10 Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 , page 503 ^ Jump up to : Fest , Joachim C. , Hitler , Harcourt Brace Publishing , 2002 ISBN 0 - 15 - 602754 - 2 , page 589 - 90 Jump up ^ Vehviläinen , Olli , Finland in the Second World War : Between Germany and Russia , Macmillan , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 80149 - 0 , page 30 Jump up ^ Bertriko , Jean - Jacques Subrenat , A. and David Cousins , Estonia : Identity and Independence , Rodopi , 2004 , ISBN 90 - 420 - 0890 - 3 page 131 Jump up ^ Murphy 2006 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 , pages 528 Jump up ^ Max Beloff The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia . vol. II , I936 - 41 . Oxford University Press , 1949 . p. 166 , 211 . Jump up ^ For example , in his article From Munich to Moscow , Edward Hallett Carr explains the reasons behind signing a non-aggression pact between USSR and Germany as follows : Since 1934 the U.S.S.R. had firmly believed that Hitler would start a war somewhere in Europe : the bugbear of Soviet policy was that it might be a war between Hitler and the U.S.S.R. with the western powers neutral or tacitly favourable to Hitler . In order to conjure this bugbear , one of three alternatives had to be envisaged : ( i ) a war against Germany in which the western powers would be allied with the U.S.S.R. ( this was the first choice and the principal aim of Soviet policy from 1934 -- 38 ) ; ( 2 ) a war between Germany and the western powers in which the U.S.S.R. would be neutral ( this was clearly hinted at in the Pravda article of 21 September 1938 , and Molotov 's speech of 6 November 1938 , and became an alternative policy to ( i ) after March 1939 , though the choice was not finally made till August 1939 ) ; and ( 3 ) a war between Germany and the western powers with Germany allied to the U.S.S.R. ( this never became a specific aim of Soviet policy , though the discovery that a price could be obtained from Hitler for Soviet neutrality made the U.S.S.R. a de facto , though non-belligerent , partner of Germany from August 1939 till , at any rate , the summer of 1940 ). , see E.H. Carr. , From Munich to Moscow . I. , Soviet Studies , Vol. 1 , No. 1 , ( June , 1949 ) , pp. 3 -- 17 . Taylor & Francis , Ltd . Jump up ^ This view is disputed by Werner Maser and Dmitri Volkogonov Jump up ^ Yuly Kvitsinsky . Russia - Germany : memoirs of the future , Moscow , 2008 ISBN 5 - 89935 - 087 - 3 p. 95 Jump up ^ Watson 2000 , pp. 695 -- 722 ^ Jump up to : Shirer , William L. , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , 1990 ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 , pages 541 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Sanford , George ( 2005 ) . Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940 : Truth , Justice And Memory . London , New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33873 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 45 Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) obozy jenieckie zolnierzy polskich ( Prison camps for Polish soldiers ) Encyklopedia PWN . Last accessed on 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku. 1 / 2005 . Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego . ISSN 1734 - 6584 . ( Official publication of the Polish Army ) Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Молотов на V сессии Верховного Совета 31 октября цифра `` примерно 250 тыс . '' ( Please provide translation of the reference title and publication data and means ) Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Отчёт Украинского и Белорусского фронтов Красной Армии Мельтюхов , с. 367 . ( 1 ) ( Please provide translation of the reference title and publication data and means ) ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Benjamin B. , `` The Katyn Controversy : Stalin 's Killing Field '' , Studies in Intelligence , Winter 1999 -- 2000 . Jump up ^ Excerpt from the minutes No. 13 of the Politburo of the Central Committee meeting , shooting order of 5 March 1940 online , last accessed on 19 December 2005 , original in Russian with English translation Jump up ^ Sanford , Google Books , p. 20 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Stalin 's Killing Field '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Parrish , Michael ( 1996 ) . The Lesser Terror : Soviet state security , 1939 -- 1953 . Westport , CT : Praeger Press . pp. 324 -- 325 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95113 - 8 . Jump up ^ Montefiore , Simon Sebag ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) . Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar . New York : Vintage Books . pp. 197 -- 8 , 332 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7678 - 9 . Jump up ^ Katyn executioners named Gazeta Wyborcza . December 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe , Caroline , Stalin 's Cold War , New York : Manchester University Press , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4201 - 1 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Mosier , John , The Blitzkrieg Myth : How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II , HarperCollins , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 000977 - 2 , page 88 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore . Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar . p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Brackman 2001 , p. 341 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Brackman 2001 , p. 343 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2005 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Stalin 's Intelligence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Murphy 2006 , p. xv Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 70 Jump up ^ see e.g. Teddy J. Uldricks . `` The Icebreaker Controversy : Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler ? '' Slavic Review , Vol. 58 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1999 ) , pp. 626 -- 643 . JSTOR 2697571 or Gabriel Gorodetsky . Grand Delusion : Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia p. 5 . Published by Yale University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08459 - 5 Jump up ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore . Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar , Knopf , 2004 ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4230 - 5 ) Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 97 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 99 -- 100 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 116 -- 7 Jump up ^ Glantz , David , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 45 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , October 11 , 2001 , page 7 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 124 -- 5 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 117 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 135 -- 140 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Сталинградская битва Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 154 Jump up ^ ( Radzinsky 1996 , p. 472 - 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 5 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 8 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 9 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 10 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 11 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 12 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 13 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 16 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 16 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 17 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 18 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 23 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 24 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 25 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 32 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 41 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 42 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 43 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 44 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 47 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 46 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony & Vinogradova , Luba A Writer at War Vasily Grossman With the Red Army 1941 - 1945 , New York : Alfred Knopf , 2005 page 120 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony & Vinogradova , Luba A Writer at War Vasily Grossman With the Red Army 1941 - 1945 , New York : Alfred Knopf , 2005 page 121 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 48 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 49 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 49 - 50 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 50 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , New York : Viking page 953 Jump up ^ North , Jonathan ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` Soviet Prisoners of War : Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II '' . History.net . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Longerich , Peter The Holocaust The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2010 page 241 . ^ Jump up to : Merridale , Catherine Ivan 's War The Red Army 1939 - 1945 , London : Faber and Faber , 2005 page 168 Jump up ^ Merridale , Catherine Ivan 's War The Red Army 1939 - 1945 , London : Faber and Faber , 2005 pages 168 - 169 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 pages 50 - 51 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 51 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony & Vinogradova , Luba A Writer at War Vasily Grossman With the Red Army 1941 - 1945 , New York : Alfred Knopf , 2005 page 219 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 53 ^ Jump up to : Rottman , Gordon Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 45 , London : Osprey 2007 page 53 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 155 Jump up ^ ( in Polish ) Various authors . Biuletyn `` Kombatant '' nr specjalny ( 148 ) czerwiec 2003 Special Edition of Kombatant Bulletin No. 148 6 / 2003 on the occasion of the Year of General Sikorski . Official publication of the Polish government Agency of Combatants and Repressed Jump up ^ Ромуальд Святек , `` Катынский лес '' , Военно - исторический журнал , 1991 , No 9 , ISSN 0042 - 9058 Jump up ^ Brackman 2001 Jump up ^ Barbara Polak ( 2005 ) . `` Zbrodnia katynska '' ( pdf ) . Biuletyn IPN ( in Polish ) : 4 -- 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Engel , David . `` ( 2 ) Facing a Holocaust : The Polish Government - In - Exile and the Jews , 1943 -- 1945 ) '' . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2069 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Eddy . `` The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War II '' . Marshall Cavendish , 1985 Jump up ^ Goebbels , Joseph . The Goebbels Diaries ( 1942 -- 1943 ) . Translated by Louis P. Lochner . Doubleday & Company . 1948 Jump up ^ `` CHRONOLOGY 1990 ; The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe . '' Foreign Affairs , 1990 , pp. 212 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 156 -- 7 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Peter , Panzerkrieg : The Rise and Fall of Hitler 's Tank Divisions , Carroll & Graf Publishers , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1264 - 3 , page 196 Jump up ^ Russian Central Military Archive TsAMO , f . ( 16 VA ) , f. 320 , op . 4196 , d. 27 , f. 370 , op . 6476 , d. 102 , ll. 6 , 41 , docs from the Russian Military Archive in Podolsk . Loss records for 17 VA are incomplete . It records 201 losses for 5 -- 8 July . From 1 -- 31 July it reported the loss of 244 ( 64 in air - to - air combat , 68 to AAA fire . It reports a further 108 missing on operations and four lost on the ground . 2 VA lost 515 aircraft missing or due to unknown / unrecorded reasons , a further 41 in aerial combat and a further 31 to AAA fire , between 5 -- 18 July 1943 . Furthermore , another 1,104 Soviet aircraft were lost between 12 July and 18 August . Bergström , Christer ( 2007 ) . Kursk -- The Air Battle : July 1943 . Chervron / Ian Allen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903223 - 88 - 8 , page 221 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 159 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 164 -- 5 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 165 -- 7 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 181 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 186 -- 7 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 194 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 199 -- 201 Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew , D - Day to Berlin . Hodder , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 340 - 83397 - 1 , page 213 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 202 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 205 -- 7 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 208 -- 9 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 214 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 216 -- 7 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 218 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Erickson , John , The Road to Berlin , Yale University Press , 1999 ISBN 0 - 300 - 07813 - 7 , page 396 - 7 . Jump up ^ Duffy , C. , Red Storm on the Reich : The Soviet March on Germany 1945 , Routledge , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 22829 - 8 Jump up ^ Glantz , David , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 45 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , October 11 , 2001 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking , Penguin Books , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88695 - 5 , page 194 Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew ( 2005 ) . D - Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 0 - 340 - 83397 - 1. , page 310 - 1 Jump up ^ Erickson , John , The Road to Berlin , Yale University Press , 1999 ISBN 0 - 300 - 07813 - 7 , page 554 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking , Penguin Books , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88695 - 5 , page 219 Jump up ^ Ziemke , Earl F ( 1969 ) , Battle for Berlin End of the Third Reich Ballantine 's Illustrated History of World War II ( Battle Book # 6 ) , Ballantine Books , page 71 Jump up ^ Ziemke , Earl F , Battle For Berlin : End Of The Third Reich , NY : Ballantine Books , London : Macdonald & Co , 1969 , pages 92 -- 94 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Revealed '' Hitler 's Secret Bunkers ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Bullock , Alan , Hitler : A Study in Tyranny , Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 013564 - 2 , 1962 , pages 799 -- 800 Jump up ^ Glantz , David , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 45 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , October 11 , 2001 , pages 91 -- 93 Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian , Hitler , 1936 -- 1945 : Nemesis , W.W. Norton & Company , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32252 - 1 , pages 1038 -- 39 Jump up ^ Dolezal , Robert , Truth about History : How New Evidence Is Transforming the Story of the Past , Readers Digest , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7621 - 0523 - 2 , page 185 - 6 Jump up ^ Eberle , Henrik , Matthias Uhl and Giles MacDonogh , The Hitler Book : The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler 's Personal Aides , PublicAffairs , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 456 - 7 . A reprint of one of only two existing copies . This copy was Nikita Khrushchev 's , and was deposited in the Moscow Party archives where it was later found by Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl , and made public for the first time in 2006 . As of 2006 , the only other known copy is in kept in a safe by Vladimir Putin . ^ Jump up to : Glantz , David , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 45 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , October 11 , 2001 , page 13 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Text of Order No. 270 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Anne Applebaum . Gulag : A History , Doubleday , 2003 ( ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0056 - 1 ) Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes ( 2002 ) . Masters of Death : The SS - Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40900 - 9 . See also : Allen Paul . Katyn : Stalin 's Massacre and the Seeds of Polish Resurrection , Naval Institute Press , 1996 , ( ISBN 1 - 55750 - 670 - 1 ) , p. 155 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 132 ^ Jump up to : G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 Jump up ^ Catherine Merridale . Ivan 's War : Life and Death in the Red Army , 1939 -- 1945 . Page 158 . Macmillan , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7455 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 202 Jump up ^ ( `` Военно - исторический журнал '' ( `` Military - Historical Magazine '' ) , 1997 , No 5 . page 32 ) Jump up ^ Земское В. Н . К вопросу о репатриации советских граждан. 1944 -- 1951 годы / / История СССР. 1990 . No 4 ( Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 Jump up ^ Schissler , Hanna The Miracle Years : A Cultural History of West Germany , 1949 -- 1968 Jump up ^ Mark , James , `` Remembering Rape : Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 1944 -- 1945 '' , Past & Present -- Number 188 , August 2005 , page 133 ^ Jump up to : Naimark , Norman M. , The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . Cambridge : Belknap , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 , pages 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Penguin Books , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88695 - 5 . Specific reports also include Report of the Swiss legation in Budapest of 1945 and Hubertus Knabe : Tag der Befreiung ? Das Kriegsende in Ostdeutschland ( A day of liberation ? The end of war in Eastern Germany ) , Propyläen 2005 , ISBN 3 - 549 - 07245 - 7 German ) . Jump up ^ Urban , Thomas , Der Verlust , Verlag C.H. Beck 2004 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 54156 - 9 , page 145 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking , Penguin Books , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88695 - 5 Jump up ^ Buske , Norbert ( Hg . ) : Das Kriegsende in Demmin 1945 . Berichte Erinnerungen Dokumente ( Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Mecklenburg - Vorpommern . Landeskundliche Hefte ) , Schwerin 1995 Jump up ^ Wolfgang Leonhard , Child of the Revolution , Pathfinder Press , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 906133 - 26 - 2 Jump up ^ Norman M. Naimark . The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . Harvard University Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 Jump up ^ Wolfgang Leonhard , Child of the Revolution , Pathfinder Press , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 906133 - 26 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy , The Dictators Hitler 's Germany , Stalin 's Russia p. 568 -- 569 Jump up ^ Walter Scott Dunn ( 1995 ) . The Soviet Economy and the Red Army , 1930 -- 1945 . Greenwood . p. 34 . Jump up ^ John Barber and Mark Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 : a social and economic history of the USSR in World War II ( Longman , 1991 ) , 77 , 81 , 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Barber and Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Robert Forczyk ( 2009 ) . Leningrad 1941 -- 44 : The epic siege . Osprey . Jump up ^ Barber and Harrison , The Soviet Home Front , 1941 -- 1945 pp 86 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Bidlack ; Nikita Lomagin ( 26 June 2012 ) . The Leningrad Blockade , 1941 -- 1944 : A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives . Yale U.P. p. 406 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad pp 90 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad p 97 . Jump up ^ Bidlack , `` Survival Strategies in Leningrad p 98 References ( edit ) Brackman , Roman ( 2001 ) , The Secret File of Joseph Stalin : A Hidden Life , Frank Cass Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5050 - 1 Brent , Jonathan ; Naumov , Vladimir ( 2004 ) , Stalin 's Last Crime : The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors , 1948 -- 1953 , HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 093310 - 0 Henig , Ruth Beatrice ( 2005 ) , The Origins of the Second World War , 1933 -- 41 , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33262 - 1 Lewkowicz Nicolas , The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War ( IPOC , Milan ) ( 2008 ) ISBN 8895145275 Merridale , Catherine ( 2007 ) . Ivan 's War : Life and Death in the Red Army , 1939 -- 1945 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42652 - 1 . Murphy , David E. ( 2006 ) , What Stalin Knew : The Enigma of Barbarossa , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 11981 - X Nekrich , Aleksandr Moiseevich ; Ulam , Adam Bruno ; Freeze , Gregory L. ( 1997 ) , Pariahs , Partners , Predators : German - Soviet Relations , 1922 -- 1941 , Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 10676 - 9 Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) , Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2002 ) , Stalin , the Pact with Nazi Germany , and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography , 4 ( 4 ) Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) , `` The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany '' , Soviet Studies , 55 ( 2 ) , JSTOR 152247 Rottman , Gordon ( 2007 ) , Soviet Rifleman 1941 - 1945 , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1846031274 Soviet Information Bureau ( 1948 ) , Falsifiers of History ( Historical Survey ) , Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House , 272848 Department of State ( 1948 ) , Nazi - Soviet Relations , 1939 -- 1941 : Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office , Department of State Taubert , Fritz ( 2003 ) , The Myth of Munich , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag , ISBN 3 - 486 - 56673 - 3 Watson , Derek ( 2000 ) , `` Molotov 's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy : The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939 '' , Europe - Asia Studies , 52 ( 4 ) , JSTOR 153322 Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 Homefront ( edit ) Abramov , Vladimir K. `` Mordovia During the Second World War , '' Journal of Slavic Military Studies ( 2008 ) 21 # 2 pp 291 -- 363 . Annaorazov , Jumadurdy . `` Turkmenistan during the Second World War , '' Journal of Slavic Military Studies ( 2012 ) 25 # 1 pp 53 -- 64 . Barber , John , and Mark Harrison . The Soviet Home Front : A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II , Longman , 1991 . Berkhoff , Karel C. Harvest of Despair : Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule . Harvard U. Press , 2004 . 448 pp . Braithwaite , Rodric . Moscow 1941 : A City and Its People at War ( 2006 ) Thurston , Robert W. , and Bernd Bonwetsch ( Eds ) . The People 's War : Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union ( 2000 ) Dallin , Alexander . Odessa , 1941 -- 1944 : A Case Study of Soviet Territory under Foreign Rule . Portland : Int . Specialized Book Service , 1998 . 296 pp . Ellmana , Michael , and S. Maksudovb . `` Soviet deaths in the great patriotic war : A note , '' Europe - Asia Studies ( 1994 ) 46 # 4 pp 671 -- 680 doi : 10.1080 / 09668139408412190 Glantz , David M. ( 2001 ) . The Siege of Leningrad , 1941 -- 1944 : 900 Days of Terror . Zenith . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0941 - 4 . Hill , Alexander . `` British Lend - Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort , June 1941 -- June 1942 , '' Journal of Military History ( 2007 ) 71 # 3 pp 773 -- 808 . Overy , Richard . Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 ( 1998 ) 432pp excerpt and txt search Reese , Roger R. `` Motivations to Serve : The Soviet Soldier in the Second World War , '' Journal of Slavic Military Studies ( 2007 ) 10 # 2 pp 263 -- 282 . Thurston , Robert W. & Bernd Bonwetsch ( 2000 ) . The People 's War : Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union . U. of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02600 - 3 . Vallin , Jacques ; Meslé , France ; Adamets , Serguei ; and Pyrozhkov , Serhii . `` A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s . '' Population Studies ( 2002 ) 56 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 264 . JSTOR 3092980 Reports life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males in the period 1941 -- 44 . Primary sources ( edit ) Bidlack , Richard , and Nikita Lomagin , eds . The Leningrad Blockade , 1941 -- 1944 : A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives . Yale U.P. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hill , Alexander , ed . The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union , 1941 -- 45 : A Documentary Reader ( 2011 ) 368pp History of World War II by region and country Africa Belgian Congo Egypt French West Africa French Somaliland Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Nyasaland South Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland Panama United States Arizona Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil British Guiana Colombia Latin America Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Dutch East Indies Hong Kong India Indochina Iran Iraq Japan Manchukuo Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Nordic states Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Belarus Ukraine Spain Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Category Portal Joseph Stalin History and politics Overviews Early life Russian Revolution , Russian Civil War , Polish - Soviet War Rise Rule as Soviet leader Cult of personality Chronology August Uprising Anti-religious campaign ( 1921 -- 1928 ) / ( 1928 -- 1941 ) Collectivization Kolkhoz Sovkhoz Chinese Civil War First Five - Year Plan Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) 16th / 17th Congress of the All - Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) Second Five - Year Plan Spanish Civil War Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 1937 Soviet Union legislative election 18th Congress of the All - Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Invasion of Poland Winter War Moscow Peace Treaty Occupation of the Baltic states German -- Soviet Axis talks Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact World War II Soviet atomic bomb project Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Ili Rebellion Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1946 Iran crisis 1946 Soviet Union legislative election Turkish Straits crisis First Indochina War Cold War Sino - 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956192736757308880	History of the India national football team	History of the India national football team - wikipedia History of the India national football team Jump to : navigation , search The history of the India national football team dates back to the 1930s . They have never played in the World Cup , although they qualified for one in 1950 , but withdrew later on for certain reasons . They have had no entries in the tournament from 1950 onwards . India have never won the final of the Asian Championship but managed their best ever finish by making it to the final in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup . They have only made three appearances since . Contents ( hide ) 1 1930 -- 1970 2 1971 -- 2000 3 2000 -- 2010 4 2011 4.1 AFC Asian Cup 4.2 After Asia Cup 5 Kit history ( 2002 -- present ) 5.1 Home 5.2 Away 5.3 Third 6 Notable players 7 References 8 External links 1930 -- 1970 ( edit ) Indian teams started touring Australia , Japan , Indonesia and Thailand in the late 1930s . Soon after the success of several Indian football clubs , the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) was formed in 1937 . The 1948 London Olympics was India 's first major international tournament , where a predominately barefooted Indian team lost 2 -- 1 to France , failing to convert two penalties . The Indian team was greeted and appreciated by the crowd for their sporting manner . India qualified by default for the 1950 FIFA World Cup finals as a result of the withdrawal of all of their scheduled opponents . But the governing body AIFF decided against going to the World Cup , being unable to understand the importance of the event at that time . Reasons shown by the AIFF included the cost of travel ( despite the fact that FIFA agreed to bear a major part of the travel expenses ) lack of practice time , team selection issues and valuing the Olympics over the FIFA World Cup . Although FIFA imposed a rule banning barefoot play following the 1948 Olympics where India had played barefoot , the popular belief that the Indian team refused to play because they were not allowed to play barefoot is not entirely true , according to the then Indian captain Sailen Manna , it was just a story to cover up the disastrous decision of the AIFF . The team has never since come close to qualifying for the World Cup . The period from 1951 to 1964 is considered the golden era in Indian football . Under the tutelage of legendary Syed Abdul Rahim India became the best team in Asia . The Indian team started the 1950s with their triumph in the 1951 Asian Games which they hosted . India beat both Indonesia and Afghanistan 3 -- 0 to reach the final where they beat Iran 1 -- 0 . In 1952 , India continued their form by winning the Colombo Quadrangular Cup held in Sri Lanka . Later that year they went on to participate in the 1952 Olympics , but lost 10 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . As four years earlier , many of the team played without boots . After the result AIFF immediately made it mandatory to wear boots . India also won three further editions of the Quadrangular Cup Colombo Cup , which were held in Burma , Calcutta and Dhaka in 1953 , 1954 and 1955 respectively . India then went on to finish second in the 1954 Asian Games held in Manila . At the 1956 Olympic Games they finished fourth , which is regarded as one of finest achievements in Indian football . India first met hosts Australia , winning 4 -- 2 with Neville D'Souza becoming the first Asian to score a hatrick in the Olympics and also making India the first Asian team to reach the Olympic semi-finals . They lost 4 -- 1 to Yugoslavia , and lost the third place play - off match 3 -- 0 to Bulgaria . India later participated in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo where they finished fourth , and the Merdeka Cup 1959 in Malaysia finishing second . India started off 1960 with Asian Cup qualifiers in which they failed to qualify . India went on to win the 1962 Asian Games where they beat South Korea 2 -- 1 in the final , and two years later finished second in the Asian Cup which was held in round - robin format . India played in the Merdeka Cup in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 where they finished 2nd , 3rd and 3rd respectively . India later played in the Asian Games in 1966 in Bangkok but were eliminated in first round . India took third place in the 1970 Asian Games , beating Japan 1 -- 0 in the third place , play - off but have since qualified for other major tournaments , other than as host , only once after that . 1971 -- 2000 ( edit ) Failure in a series of qualification tournaments meant that the next time India reach a quarter - final stage was as host in the 1982 Asian Games . Indian Team during Asian Cup 2007 Qualifiers In 1984 India qualified for the Asian Cup again , but failed to make any impact . India won gold medals in the SAF Games of both 1984 ( in Dhaka ) and 1987 ( Calcutta ) . They won the inaugural SAARC Cup in 1993 in Lahore , and finished runner - up in Colombo two years later . By 1997 the competition had been renamed as the SAFF Cup , and India won it in both 1997 and 1999 edition , when they hosted it in Goa . 2000 -- 2010 ( edit ) Although India failed to qualify for the 2004 Asian Cup , the senior team shone in a silver medal - winning performance in the inaugural Afro Asian Games , with victories over Rwanda and Zimbabwe ( then 85 places ahead of India in the world rankings ) along the way , losing the final by just 1 -- 0 to Uzbekistan . As a result , Indian football has steadily earned greater recognition and respect , both within the country and abroad . In November 2003 , Stephen was named AFC Manager of the Month . India could not do much not when they lost to Pakistan and Bangladesh in the 2003 SAFF Cup and defeats in the 2006 World Cup qualifiers meant Stephen Constantine was sacked . The LG Cup win in Vietnam under Stephen Constantine was one of the few bright spots in the early part of the 2000s . It was India 's first victory in a football tournament outside the subcontinent after 1974 . India defeated hosts Vietnam 3 -- 2 in the final despite trailing 2 -- 0 after 30 minutes . In 2005 Syed Nayeemuddin was appointed as India coach but he was sacked the following year after heavy defeats in 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers . Bob Houghton was later appointed coach of team in 2006 . 2007 ONGC Nehru Cup India vs Syria His appointment saw a general progress in India 's performances crowned by victory in 2007 Nehru Cup in August 2007 . Houghton led India to the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup title as they beat Tajikistan 4 -- 1 in August 2008 . Winning the AFC challenge cup eventually qualified them for the AFC Asian Cup for the first time since 1984 . He also oversaw the Indian team to its second consecutive Nehru Cup trophy by winning 2009 Nehru Cup . 2011 ( edit ) AFC Asian Cup ( edit ) In 2011 , India started off their campaign by participating in 2011 AFC Asian Cup for which they qualified after 24 years . They were placed in strong Group C along with South Korea , Australia and Bahrain . India lost all three matches but did manage to perform well in patches . Goalkeeper Subrata Pal won a lot of accolades for his performances . Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Australia 0 6 + 5 7 South Korea 0 7 + 4 7 Bahrain 0 6 5 + 1 India 0 0 13 − 10 0 10 January 2011 16 : 15 India 0 -- 4 Australia Cahill 11 ' , 65 ' Kewell 24 ' Holman 45 + 1 ' Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium , Doha Attendance : 11,749 Referee : Ali Al Badwawi ( UAE ) 14 January 2011 19 : 15 Bahrain 5 -- 2 India Aaish 8 ' ( pen . ) Abdullatif 16 ' , 19 ' , 36 ' , 77 ' Gouramangi 9 ' Chhetri 52 ' Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium , Doha Attendance : 11,032 Referee : Subkhiddin Mohd Salleh ( Malaysia ) 18 January 2011 16 : 15 South Korea 4 -- 1 India Ji Dong - Won 6 ' Koo Ja - Cheol 9 ' Ji Dong - Won 23 ' Son Heung - Min 81 ' Chhetri 12 ' ( pen . ) Al Gharafa Stadium , Doha Attendance : 11,366 Referee : Khalil Al Ghamdi ( Saudi Arabia ) After Asia Cup ( edit ) India played its first match in 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification on March 21 winning 3 -- 0 against Chinese Taipei , with Jewel Raja Shaikh , Sunil Chhetri and Jeje Lalpekhlua scoring the goals . On March 23 they faced Pakistan . India came from behind and defeated Pakistan 3 -- 1 with Jeje Lalpekhlua scoring 2 goals and Steven Dias scoring one . On March 25 they faced Turkmenistan in their last 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualifying game and . India drew the game 1 -- 1 . The result meant that they finished on top of Group B and qualified for the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup . The Indian senior football team defeated Qatar 2 -- 1 in an international friendly before the start of the world cup qualifier against UAE ( United Arab Emirates ) . India went on to lose the qualifying encounter by 5 - 2 on aggregate over two legs , having contentiously suffered two red cards and two converted penalties in the first 23 minutes of the opening leg , which the UAE won by 3 - 0 . Ever since the Indian national team went on a friendly tour to the Caribbean Islands , which turned out to be very unsuccessful . India then participated in 2011 SAFF Championship in December 2011 and came out as champions after beating Afghanistan 4 -- 0 . This then followed up with India playing a testimonial match for Baichung Bhutia against Bayern Munich on 10 January 2012 with India being beaten 4 -- 0 by the German team . Kit history ( 2002 -- present ) ( edit ) Home ( edit ) 2002 ( Adidas ) 2004 -- 2005 ( Adidas ) 2006 ( Nike ) 2006 -- 2007 ( Nike ) 2008 -- 2009 ( Nike ) 2009 -- 2010 ( Nike ) 2010 -- 2013 ( Nike ) 2013 -- 2015 ( Nike ) 2015 -- present ( Nike ) Away ( edit ) 2002 ( Adidas ) 2004 -- 2005 ( Adidas ) 2006 ( Nike ) 2006 -- 2007 ( Nike ) 2008 -- 2009 ( Nike ) 2009 -- 2010 ( Nike ) 2010 -- 2013 ( Nike ) 2013 -- 2015 ( Nike ) 2015 -- present ( Nike ) Third ( edit ) 2008 ( Nike ) Notable players ( edit ) `` Mohammed Salim Sailen Manna Gostha Pal P.K. Banerjee VP Sathyan Chuni Goswami Tulsidas Balaram Jarnail Singh Yousuf Khan Peter Thangaraj Neville D'Souza Inder Singh Syed Nayeemuddin Magan Singh Rajvi Gurdev Singh Gill Prasun Banerjee Mohammed Habib Shabbir Ali Shyam Thapa Brahmanand Sankhwalkar I.M. Vijayan Baichung Bhutia Bruno Coutinho Sunil Chhetri Steven Dias Clifford Miranda Gurpreet Singh Sandhu Mehtab Hossain Syed Rahim Nabi Subrata Pal Lalrindika Ralte Jeje Lalpekhlua References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AFC Asian Cup History - South Korean Monopoly & India 's Best Finish ^ Jump up to : `` Triumphs and Disasters : The Story of Indian Football , 1889 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Barefoot in Bengal and Other Stories '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lisi ( 2007 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Overview '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Article written by Somnath Sengupta ( 2010 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Legends of Indian Football : Rahim Saab '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1951 New Delhi Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Article written by Somnath Sengupta ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` India in Asian Games : From Riches to Rags '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Quadrangle Cup '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian National Team in International Football '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1954 Manila Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1958 Tokyo Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1959 Merdeka Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1960 Seoul Asia Cup Qualifiers '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1962 D'Jakarta Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1964 Tel Aviv Asia Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1966 Bangkok Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1970 Bangkok Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1982 New Delhi Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1984 Singapore Asia Cup Qualifiers '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1984 Singapore Asia Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Constantine , Sudan National Team Head Coach , UEFA PRO Licence holder , USSF C Licence , USSF A Licence '' . Stephenconstantine.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Article written by Somnath Sengupta ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) . `` High Five : Glorious Victories Of The Indian Football Team '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Houghton The Catalyst Behind The Progress Of Indian Football '' . The Sports Mirror . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Asian Cup 2011 : India drawn in Group C '' . SportzPower . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Article written by Somnath Sengupta ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) . `` India in AFC Asian Cup 2011 : Performance Review '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Turkmenistan 1 - 1 India '' . The-afc.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` India coach buoyant despite 3 - 0 loss to UAE '' . Fox News . July 26 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) India national football team General All India Football Federation History Kits Notable players Managers Results Venues Salt Lake Stadium J.N. Stadium , New Delhi J.N. Stadium , Kochi J.N. Stadium , Chennai Ambedkar Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Trivandrum International Stadium Records Competitive record Player records Other teams Men 's U-23 U-20 U-17 Women 's W U-19 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_India_national_football_team&oldid=826032652 '' Categories : India national football team History of Indian Football Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 20 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-3786514064280391338	The End of the F***ing World	The End of the F * * * ing World - wikipedia The End of the F * * * ing World The End of the F * * * ing World Title card from the premiere episode Genre Dark comedy Comedy - drama Based on The End of the Fucking World by Charles S. Forsman Written by Charlie Covell Directed by Jonathan Entwistle Lucy Tcherniak Starring Alex Lawther Jessica Barden Gemma Whelan Wunmi Mosaku Steve Oram Christine Bottomley Navin Chowdhry Barry Ward Composer ( s ) Graham Coxon Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ed Macdonald Murray Ferguson Andy Baker Petra Fried Dominic Buchanan Jonathan Entwistle Producer ( s ) Kate Ogborn Cinematography Justin Brown Ben Fordesman Running time 19 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Clerkenwell Films Dominic Buchanan Productions Release Original network Channel 4 All 4 Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Stereo 5.1 Original release 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The End of the F * * * ing World is a British dark comedy - drama television programme , based on a graphic novel of the same name by Charles Forsman . The eight - part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017 , after which all eight episodes were released on All 4 . It was a co-production with Netflix , who released it internationally on 5 January 2018 . The programme follows James ( Alex Lawther ) , a 17 - year - old who believes himself to be a psychopath , and Alyssa ( Jessica Barden ) , a rebellious classmate who sees in James a chance to escape from her tumultuous home life . The show is based on Forsman 's mini-comics The End of the Fucking World , which were collected into a book in 2013 . Series creator Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about making a film , and a short was made in 2014 . Instead , an eight - part serial was commissioned , with filming beginning in April 2017 . It was written by Charlie Covell , and episodes were directed by Entwistle and Lucy Tcherniak . In August 2018 , Netflix renewed the programme for a second series . The programme has been met with critical acclaim , and has been praised for its writing , execution and subject matter , as well as for Lawther and Barden 's performances . It was nominated for the 2018 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 4.3 Continuation 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) James is a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath . He kills animals as a hobby , but grows bored of the practice . He decides he wants to try killing a human . He settles on Alyssa , a mouthy , rebellious 17 - year - old classmate with issues of her own . She proposes they run away together , hoping for an adventure away from her turbulent home - life , and James agrees with the intention of finding an opportunity to kill her . They embark on a road trip across England , and begin to develop a relationship after a series of mishaps . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alex Lawther as James , a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath ; the disturbed love interest of Alyssa . Jack Veal portrays a young James . Jessica Barden as Alyssa , a rebellious teenage girl . Initially James ' intended victim but later his love interest . Holly Beechey portrays a young Alyssa . Gemma Whelan as DC Eunice Noon , Darego 's police partner . Wunmi Mosaku as DC Teri Darego , Noon 's stern police partner . Steve Oram as Phil , James ' caring father . Christine Bottomley as Gwen , Alyssa 's mother . Navin Chowdhry as Tony , Alyssa 's abusive stepfather . Barry Ward as Leslie Foley , Alyssa 's estranged drug - dealing father . Guest ( edit ) Kierston Wareing as Debbie , Leslie 's ex-girlfriend with whom he has a child . Geoff Bell as Martin , a family man and creep who gives Alyssa and James a ride . Alex Sawyer as Topher , a young man Alyssa meets and attempts to engage in sexual activity with . Jonathan Aris as Dr. Clive Koch , an author , professor , serial killer and James ' first human victim . Eileen Davies as Flora , Clive 's mother . Earl Cave as Frodo , a miserable petrol station employee . Felicity Montagu as the manager of the petrol station . Alex Beckett as Jonno , one of Leslie 's buyers . Leon Annor as Emil , an imposing store security guard whom Alyssa is caught by . Matt King as DC Eddie Onslow . Kelly Harrison as James ' dead mother . Zerina Imsirovic as Alyssa 's baby sister . Episodes ( edit ) No . Episode Directed by Written by Original release date Episode 1 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James is a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath , having once intentionally burned his hand in a deep fryer in order to feel something , and has been killing animals since he was 8 years old . At school , he encounters Alyssa , a rebellious new schoolmate and decides that he will kill her next . He gets closer to her by feigning romantic interest and the two start dating . When Alyssa asks James to perform cunnilingus on her the next day , he begins preparing his knife and working out how he will kill her . However she arrives late as she was stuck at a party at her house where her stepfather tells her how it will be better if she just left . After this incident , she reaches James 's home later than planned , and blurts out her desire to leave town with or without him and asks if he is in , wanting him to say yes . Resolving that he could kill her later , he accepts and steals his father Phil 's car and punches him in the face , something he has always wanted to do . Episode 2 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) With their newfound freedom , Alyssa and James go play laser tag but end up having to dine and dash at a restaurant after realising they have spent all their money . After crashing their car , they hitchhike in the van of Martin , a middle - aged man who Alyssa does not take kindly to . While in the toilets of the restaurant they have stopped at for food , Martin follows James and asks about his burnt hand , before smelling it and putting it on his crotch ; James is submissive , despite being disgusted by it . Alyssa sees this and blackmails Martin into giving her his wallet . After booking a hotel room , Alyssa goes to the bathroom and cries , while James waits with his knife by the door , hesitantly . He does not try to kill her . Alyssa calls home and her stepfather Tony answers . He denies her request to speak to her mother , Gwen , implying his dominance over her mother . Alyssa asks James whether he wants her or just goes along with her ; he replies that he wants her . She decides to go see her biological father , Leslie , who she has not seen since she was 8 years old and James agrees to join her . Episode 3 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) After leaving the hotel , Alyssa argues against buying train tickets to her father 's house , internally fearing that he will not recognise or welcome her . The duo break into the spacious and empty house of author Clive Koch . Later that day , Alyssa attempts to give James a blowjob but leaves , angrily , when a picture of Koch puts him off . During her walk , Alyssa meets Topher and brings him to the house , vindictively announcing to James that she will have sex with Topher . Distraught , he looks around the house and finds Polaroids and a camcorder with footage of victims , revealing Koch to be a serial rapist . Meanwhile , Alyssa becomes disinterested in Topher and stops before intercourse . Topher leaves angrily . While Alyssa is asleep , James tries to kill her , but he can not because he knows he is falling in love with her . Koch returns home and suspecting a break - in , arms himself ; James hides under the bed . When Koch questions Alyssa upon finding her in bed , she lies and says she is alone . Koch becomes malevolent , attempting to rape her . James stabs him in the neck with a knife , killing Koch , and saving Alyssa . Episode 4 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) After unsuccessfully trying to move Koch 's body out of the bedroom , James and Alyssa meticulously clean the house to remove evidence of their stay . James shows Alyssa the Polaroids and footage proving that Koch might have hurt her , and they resolve to leave the evidence by his body . James hides the knife in the pool drain . When she questions him about the knife , he does not answer . Koch 's mother , Flora , arrives at the house and discovers his body ; she destroys the Polaroids but not the footage . The police , led by detective constables Eunice Noon and Teri Darego , investigate and later question Topher where he reveals Alyssa 's and James 's identity and presence at the house . They decide to put out a request for sightings or crimes `` involving two teenagers '' while putting Alyssa and James on the Missing Persons list . Despite James 's attempts , Alyssa becomes distrustful of him and deserts him . He begins to realise the increasing influence of his emotions . Paying a group of teenagers to beat him up , he also realises his growing interest in her . James decides to report a murder to police , coming to the realization that he is not in fact a psychopath . 5 Episode 5 Jonathan Entwistle & Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) At the police station , James changes his mind about reporting Koch 's murder and instead describes his mother 's suicide as the `` murder '' he was referring to . In a flashback , his mother , Vanessa , killed herself in front of him eleven years before by driving her car into a pond . Thinking of Alyssa , James leaves the police station and returns to the cafe . Meanwhile , Phil is questioned by Noon and Darego about James , as well as informed about his car . He also confirms the inclusion of Alyssa . They also question Tony , who is rather nonchalant and self - absorbed , before moving to Gwen about Alyssa . Concurrently , Alyssa is caught by Emil , a security officer , while attempting to shoplift clean underwear , but is eventually let go . She returns to the cafe to find James waiting . Although without money , both reconcile and decide to go to Leslie . Meanwhile , investigators find James 's knife at Koch 's house . 6 Episode 6 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James hotwires a car and the duo begin making their way to Alyssa 's father 's house . They stop at a petrol station after running low on fuel . When Jocelyn , the petrol station manager , begins suspecting that they stole the car and have no money , James fakes carrying a gun to lock her in the toilet with the help of Jocelyn 's co-worker , Frodo . However , when he wants to join , they wait until he is distracted to dash . Noon and Donaghue question Flora again about Clive , this time with years - old accusations of sexual assault against him . She rejects the allegations as lies and insists that the two leave . On their way to Leslie 's , Alyssa calls Gwen and tells her that she will never return home . At the police station , Flora gives Noon the camcorder , having a change of heart . When Noon raises the possibility that the killing was in self - defence , Darego says that this would result in a count of manslaughter instead . After finding Leslie has moved out of his previous home , James and Alyssa eventually make it to his coastside mobile home . 7 Episode 7 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James gives Alyssa and Leslie space while they reconcile with each other . Leslie is revealed to be a drug dealer , as well as a non-conforming individual himself . Meanwhile , Tony , Gwen and Phil are emotionally shaken after being shown CCTV footage of the petrol station robbery . Both Darego and Noon plan for the police to stakeout Leslie 's former residence , assuming that both have not arrived . On the drive to Leslie 's former residence , it becomes clear that Darego 's law - abiding morality and stubbornness are clashing against Noon 's open - minded and sympathetic morals . As Alyssa and Leslie reconnect at a nearby bar , James begins feeling distant to Alyssa . At Leslie 's former residence , Debbie denies seeing the duo or knowing Leslie 's whereabouts to Noon and Darego . She goes to the bar to demand support for their illegitimate son , Milton . When questioned by Alyssa , Leslie takes off in his truck , running over a dog in the process . Although he has killed many animals before , James is unable to euthanise it with a rock ; Alyssa does it instead . Bitter , Debbie reveals to Noon Leslie 's location , later , and she drives there without Darego . Leslie sees a news report about Alyssa and James on the television . 8 Episode 8 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James and Alyssa bury the dog at the beach , then passionately and sincerely make out . At dawn , ruminating about their current situation , they decide to take the boat owned by Leslie and leave the country . When they ask Leslie for the boat keys , he reveals to them his knowledge of their crime then secretly calls 999 and tries to induce their confession . James deduces this and confesses while taking the blame upon himself . Noon , listening in , arrives at the scene and tries to convince both to be willingly arrested for manslaughter while Leslie tries to convince Alyssa to let James be arrested instead . Alyssa asks Noon if she were to go with her idea , would James and her still be together . When Noon tells that that would be unlikely , Alyssa knocks her out with Leslie 's shotgun , takes his boat keys and runs to the boat with James , only to find that the tide had gone out . With the police armed response unit closing in , James knocks Alyssa down with the gun in an attempt to take all the blame and runs across the beach . In a voiceover , James claims that he has realized what people mean to each other . A gunshot is heard as the episode then fades to black . Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on Channel 4 alongside its release on All 4 with the rest of the programme . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was based on the work of the same name by Charles Forsman . Originally self - published as a series of mini-comics , the series was published as a graphic novel by Fantagraphics Books in 2013 . It was republished in hardback in 2017 , in anticipation of the television series . While Forsman was publishing the mini-comics , Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about adapting it to a visual format -- the original idea was to make an American film , and later a web series was considered . A film was pitched to Film4 , and Entwistle was given funding for a short . Made in 2014 , it featured some cast and crew who continued their roles for the television series . Entwistle directed and Dominic Buchanan was producer ; Jessica Barden played Alyssa . However , instead of Alex Lawther , James was played by Craig Roberts . Though the short was well - received , no production companies wanted to invest in the idea as a full - length film . Entwistle and Buchanan decided to make a television series with Clerkenwell Films , following which Channel 4 and then Netflix became involved . Forsman had no official role in the show 's production , wanting to continue working on his comics , though Entwistle would regularly consult him and keep him updated . The programme 's plot differs from that of Forsman 's comics . In print , the two kill a satanist serial killer , whose wife was a police officer ; instead the television series features police officers Eunice Noon and Teri Darego , and does not show the serial killer to be a satanist . Another major difference is the ending of the graphic novel : the satanist police officer chases after James , and the two begin to attack each other , while police try to break up the fight . There is then a gunshot . In the final scene , Alyssa 's mother talks about her daughter being safe from James , while Alyssa is seen carving the name `` JAMES '' into her arm . Some critics interpreted this to mean that James was dead , but Forsman sees the ending as ambiguous . Filming ( edit ) The first series began filming in April 2017 and concluded a few weeks before the show 's release in October 2017 . Though filmed in England , the programme has an American tone to it ; Entwistle was inspired by Twin Peaks and Fargo . Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey , with locations such as Woking , Bracknell and Longcross Studios . Another filming location was Leysdown - on - Sea on the Isle of Sheppey . Entwistle uses mostly close - up shots , particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character . He uses this for deadpan humour , by moving from face to face to get shots of characters ' reactions . The series is set in the present day , but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set `` any time from 1988 to 2006 '' . Additionally , diners have a 1970s - style design , and the soundtrack features songs from the 1950s , 60s and 70s , along with original music from Graham Coxon , the founding member of Blur . Entwistle describes Coxon 's scores as `` guitar - based suburban noir '' , and notes that more of his music is used in later episodes for the police officers . Continuation ( edit ) The first series covered the entirety of the storyline in Forsman 's original comics . On 25 January 2018 , Jonathan Entwistle spoke of the potential for a second series . He confirmed that `` We 're exploring and we 're seeing what we can do to expand the world and see where we get to . '' Entwistle then went on to say that Netflix was enthusiastic about a second series of the show if one could be conceived . Writer Charlie Covell said `` I think there are a number of stories we could tell '' and that she would `` love to write more '' . Actor Alex Lawther stated in an interview that he would be `` very excited '' for a second series , as it would give Covell `` a chance to explore something from her imagination '' . A second series was announced on 21 August 2018 on the official Channel 4 Twitter account . Release ( edit ) The eight - part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017 , after which all eight episodes were released on All 4 . The End of the F * * * ing World was a co-production with Netflix who exclusively released it internationally on 5 January 2018 . On that weekend , sales of the graphic novel rose considerably , with Fantagraphics Books selling out of the current print run according to Forsman . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The End of the F * * * ing World currently holds an approval rating of 98 % on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 44 reviews , with an average rating of 8.21 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Misanthropy and humor blend perfectly in this romantically nihilistic show that proves that falling in love can feel like The End of the F * * * ing World . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Reviewer Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the programme 's writing , characters , and soundtrack , as well as praising the performances of Alex Lawther and Jessica Barden , calling it a `` pitch - black , eight - episode comedy gem of a UK import '' . Kelly Lawler of USA Today called it `` batty fun '' , also praising Lawther and Barden 's performances while praising the programme 's surreal concept and execution . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2018 British Academy Television Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( Half - Hour ) Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2018 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` E4 and Netflix cast Black Mirror 's Alex Lawther in dark teen thriller The End of the F * * * ing World '' . Digital Spy. 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The End of the F * * * ing World press pack '' . Channel 4 . 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of The F * * * ing World -- Reprinted ! '' . Fantagraphics Books . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Steven , Rachael ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Making The End of the F * * * ing World '' . Creative Review . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's the End Of The F * * * ing World for E4 '' . Chortle. 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( 12 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World Star Jessica Barden on Paying Homage to the Pulp Fiction Dance '' . Vulture . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` Did you know that The End of the F * * * ing World on Netflix is based on a short film ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riesman , Abraham ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World 's Charles Forsman on His Indie Comic Turning Into a Netflix Hit '' . Vulture . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( 9 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World had a darker alternate ending in the original comic '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office The End of the F * * * ing World Article '' . ^ Jump up to : Houghton , Rianne ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World season 2 IS possible , says star Alex Lawther '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` ' The End of the F * * * ing World ' Creator on Season 2 Conversations and Expanding the Story '' . Collider . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * king World 's Alyssa May Be the Best Teen Heroine of 2018 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` ' The End of the F * * * ing World ' Renewed for Second Season '' . Variety . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Joest , Mick ( 2 January 2018 ) . `` The End Of The F * * * ing World Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's New Dark Comedy '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the F * * ing World : Series 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the F * * * ing World '' , Metacritic , retrieved 6 January 2018 Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 9 January 2018 ) . `` Critics are in love with a new Netflix show that its CEO calls the ' most engaging addictive original ' in a long time '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` ' The End of the F * * * ing World ' review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Review : Why Netflix 's ' The End of the ... World ' is batty fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Television Drama Series in 2018 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End Of The F * * * Ing World '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . 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6074627055360976442	First Transcontinental Railroad	First Transcontinental railroad - wikipedia First Transcontinental railroad Jump to : navigation , search First Transcontinental Railroad The ceremony for the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , Utah , May 10 , 1869 Overview Locale United States Termini Omaha , Nebraska ( Council Bluffs , Iowa ) Oakland Long Wharf ( San Francisco Bay ) Operation Opened May 10 , 1869 ; 149 years ago ( 1869 - 05 - 10 ) Owner U.S. Government Operator ( s ) Central Pacific Union Pacific Technical Line length 3,007 km ( 1,868 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Map of the line Transcontinental Railroad 75th Anniversary Issue stamp of 1944 The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit . The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10 , 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold `` Last Spike '' ( later often referred to as the `` Golden Spike '' ) with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit . The coast - to - coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West . It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast - to - coast considerably quicker and less expensive . Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869 , when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade ( which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867 -- 68 ) to Alameda and Oakland . The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad 's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6 , 1869 where they transferred to the steamer Alameda for transport across the Bay to San Francisco . The road 's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north . Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry . The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles of UPRR - built grade from Promontory Summit ( MP 828 ) to Ogden , U.T. ( MP 881 ) , which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads . The transcontinental line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Preliminary exploration 1.2 Possible routes 2 Key individuals 2.1 Asa Whitney 2.2 Theodore Judah 2.3 The Big Four 2.4 Thomas Durant 3 Authorization and funding 3.1 Federal financing 3.2 Union Pacific financing 3.3 Central Pacific financing 3.4 Land grants 3.5 Railroad self - dealing 3.6 Labor and wages 4 Transcontinental route 4.1 Construction begun 4.2 Rail standards 4.3 Time zones and telegraph usage 4.4 Union Pacific route 4.5 Central Pacific route 5 Construction 5.1 Labor 5.2 Central Pacific construction 5.3 Union Pacific construction 5.4 The `` Last Spike '' ceremony 6 Aftermath 6.1 Railroad developments 6.2 Crédit Mobilier 6.3 Visible remains 6.4 Current passenger service 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Title page of Dr. Hartwell Carver 's 1847 Pacific Railroad proposal to Congress Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast - to - coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon . In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' , seeking a congressional charter to support his idea . Preliminary exploration ( edit ) The official poster announcing the Pacific Railroad 's grand opening . Congress agreed to support the idea . Under the direction of the Department of War , the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855 . These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes . A report on the explorations described alternative routes and included an immense amount of information about the American West , covering at least 400,000 sq mi ( 1,000,000 km ) . It included the region 's natural history and illustrations of reptiles , amphibians , birds , and mammals . The report failed however to include detailed topographic maps of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility , cost and select the best route . The survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the Gila River boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert , through the future territories of Arizona and New Mexico . This in part motivated the United States to complete the Gadsden Purchase . In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill : The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument ; it is conceded by every one . In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific , we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power . Possible routes ( edit ) The U.S. Congress was strongly divided on where the eastern terminus of the railroad should be -- in a southern or northern city . Three routes were considered : A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present - day northern Montana to Oregon Territory . This was considered impractical due to the rough terrain and extensive winter snows . A central route following the Platte River in Nebraska through to the South Pass in Wyoming , following most of the Oregon Trail. Snow on this route remained a concern . A southern route across Texas , New Mexico Territory , the Sonora desert , connecting to Los Angeles , California . Surveyors found during a 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico . This was resolved by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . Once the central route was chosen , it was immediately obvious that the western terminus should be Sacramento . But there was considerable difference of opinion about the eastern terminus . Three locations along 250 miles ( 400 km ) of Missouri River were considered : St. Joseph , Missouri , accessed via the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad . Kansas City , Kansas / Leavenworth , Kansas accessed via the Leavenworth , Pawnee and Western Railroad , controlled by Thomas Ewing Jr. and later by John C. Fremont . Council Bluffs , Iowa / Omaha , Nebraska , accessed via an extension of Union Pacific financier Thomas C. Durant 's proposed Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and the new Union Pacific Railroad , also controlled by Durant . Council Bluffs had several advantages : It was well north of the Civil War fighting in Missouri ; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming ; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement . Durant had hired Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri . Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus , and he relied on Durant 's counsel . Durant advocated for Omaha , and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska . Key individuals ( edit ) Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870 Asa Whitney ( edit ) One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney . He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California , paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route . Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians , printed maps and pamphlets , and submitted several proposals to Congress , all at his own expense . In June 1845 , he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility . Legislation to begin construction of the Pacific Railroad ( called the Memorial of Asa Whitney ) was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt . Congress did not immediately act on Whitney 's proposal . Theodore Judah ( edit ) Main article : Theodore Judah Theodore Judah , architect of the Transcontinental Railroad and first chief engineer of the Central Pacific . Lewis M. Clement , Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track Theodore Judah was a fervent supporter of the central route railroad . He lobbied vigorously in favor of the project and undertook the survey of the route through the rugged Sierra Nevada , one of the chief obstacles of the project . In 1852 , Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad , the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River . Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville , California were depleted , Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East . In 1856 , Judah wrote a 13,000 - word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries , congressmen and other influential people . In September 1859 , Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention , which indeed approved his plan to survey , finance and engineer the road . Judah returned to Washington in December 1859 . He had a lobbying office in the United States Capitol , received an audience with President James Buchanan , and represented the Convention before Congress . Judah returned to California in 1860 . He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad . In mid-1860 , local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road , which he realized would also suit a railroad . He described his discovery in a letter to Judah . Together , they formed an association to solicit subscriptions from local merchants and businessmen to support their proposed railroad . From January or February 1861 until July , Judah and Strong led a 10 - person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap and Emigrant Gap , over Donner Pass , and south to Truckee . They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad , although it still needed a lot of work . The Big four ( edit ) Main articles : The Big Four and Central Pacific Railroad Leland Stanford 's official gubernatorial portrait Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad : Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , President ; Collis Potter Huntington , ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Vice President ; Mark Hopkins , ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Treasurer ; Charles Crocker , ( 1822 -- 1888 ) , Construction Supervisor . All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad . Thomas Durant ( edit ) Main articles : Thomas C. Durant and Union Pacific Railroad Dr. Thomas C. Durant Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark `` Doc '' Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific , so he installed a series of respected men like John Adams Dix as president of the railroad . Durant and its financing arrangements were , unlike those of the CPRR , mired in controversy and scandals . Authorization and funding ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Railroad Act In February 1860 , Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad . It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel . Curtis tried and failed again in 1861 . After the southern states seceded from the Union , the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6 , 1862 , and the Senate on June 20 . Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1 . It authorized creation of two companies , the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west , to build the railroad . The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs , Iowa , west to Sacramento , California , and on to San Francisco Bay . A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864 . Federal financing ( edit ) To finance the project , the act authorized the federal government to issue 30 - year U.S. government bonds ( at 6 % interest ) . The railroad companies were paid $16,000 / mile ( approximately $436,000 today ) for track laid on a level grade , $32,000 / mile ( about $872,000 today ) for track laid in foothills , and $48,000 / mile ( or about $1,307,000 today ) for track laid in mountains . The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company - backed bonds and stock . Union Pacific financing ( edit ) While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock , the UP had problems selling its stock . One of the few subscribers was Mormon leader Brigham Young , who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah . Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names . This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock . The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant . Durant 's railroad was paid by the mile , and to further inflate its profits , the UP built oxbows of unneeded track , and by July 4 , 1865 , it had only reached 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Omaha after 21⁄2 years of construction . Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific . First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works , while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad . Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific , at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices . It 's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts . Central Pacific financing ( edit ) Collis Huntington , a Sacramento hardware merchant , heard Judah 's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860 . He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail . Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others : Mark Hopkins , his business partner ; James Bailey , a jeweler ; Leland Stanford , a grocer ; and Charles Crocker , a dry - goods merchant . They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors . These investors became known as The Big Four , and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad . Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad . Before major construction could begin , Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four . However , shortly after arriving in New York , Judah died on November 2 , 1863 , of yellow fever that he had contracted while traveling over the Panama Railroad 's transit of the Isthmus of Panama . The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by his successor Samuel S. Montegue , as well as Canadian trained Chief Assistant Engineer ( later Acting Chief Engineer ) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track . Land grants ( edit ) To allow the companies to raise additional capital , Congress granted the railroads a 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way corridor , lands for additional facilities like sidings and maintenance yards . They were also granted alternate sections of government - owned lands -- 6,400 acres ( 2,600 ha ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- for 10 miles ( 16 km ) on both sides of the track , forming a checkerboard pattern , leaving federal land between those of the railroad . The exception was in cities , at rivers , or on non-government property . The railroads sold bonds based on the value of the lands , and in areas with good land like the Sacramento Valley and Nebraska sold the land to settlers , contributing to a rapid settlement of the West . The total area of the land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific was larger than the area of the state of Texas : federal government land grants totaled about 203,128,500 square miles , and state government land grants totaled about 76,565,000 square miles . It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly - settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation . If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years , they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for homesteads : $1.25 per 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) . If they failed to repay the bonds , all remaining railroad property , including trains and tracks , would revert to the U.S. government . To encourage settlement in the west , Congress ( 1861 -- 1863 ) passed the Homestead Acts which granted an applicant 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land . This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west . Railroad self - dealing ( edit ) The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability . The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves . Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government , the railroad capitalists knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months , possibly years . They determined to make a profit on the construction itself . Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project , and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures . This self - dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies . In the west , the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company , the `` Contract and Finance Company . '' In the east , the Union Pacific selected a foreign name , calling their construction firm `` Crédit Mobilier of America . '' The latter company was later implicated in a far - reaching scandal , described later . Labor and wages ( edit ) Most of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union Pacific had been employed during the U.S. Civil War to repair and operate the over 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of railroad line the U.S. Military Railroad controlled by the end of the war . The UP also utilized their experience repairing and building truss bridges during the war . Most of the semi-skilled workers on the Union Pacific were recruited from the many soldiers discharged from the Union and Confederate armies along with emigrant Irishmen . Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , 1865 After 1864 , the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad , along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco . The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads , but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor . Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture . The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers , many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China . When they proved themselves as workers , the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese , and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton . Despite their small stature and lack of experience , the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor , since only a very limited amount of that work could be done by animals , simple machines , or black powder . The railroad also hired some black people escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War . Most of the black and white workers were paid $30 per month and given food and lodging . Most Chinese were initially paid $31 per month and provided lodging , but they preferred to cook their own meals . In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35 ( equivalent to $610 in 2017 ) per month after a strike . Transcontinental route ( edit ) Profile of the Pacific Railroad from Council Bluffs / Omaha to San Francisco . Harper 's Weekly December 7 , 1867 Construction begun ( edit ) The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8 , 1863 . Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast , virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails , railroad switches , railroad turntables , freight and passenger cars , and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports . They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America 's Cape Horn , or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama , where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad . The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft ( 1524 mm ) , which was incompatible with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1435mm ) gauge used by the CPRR equipment . The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound . Once the machinery and tools reached the San Francisco Bay area , they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles ( 210 km ) of the Sacramento River to the new state capital in Sacramento . Many of these steam engines , railroad cars , and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled . Wooden timbers for railroad ties , trestles , bridges , firewood , and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site . The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865 . They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War . Their start point in the new city of Omaha , Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River . The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased . After the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22 , 1865 , the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south , and prices rose . Rail standards ( edit ) First Day Cover for the 75th Anniversary of the Driving of the Last Spike ( May 10 , 1944 ) At that time in the United States , there were two primary standards for track gauge , as defined by the distance between the two rails . In England , the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1.435 m ) , and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways . But much of the south had adopted a 5 - foot gauge . Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the wheel trucks . Alternatively , cargo was offloaded and reloaded , a time - consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments . For the transcontinental railroad , the builders adopted the English standard , what is now called standard gauge . The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel - making were in use by 1865 , but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated . The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat - bottomed modified I - beam profile weighing 56 pounds ( 25 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) or 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost . Within a few years , nearly all railroads converted to steel rails . Time zones and telegraph usage ( edit ) Time was not standardized across the United States until about 1883 . In 1865 , each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors . To communicate easily up and down the line , the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad . These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada . The telegraph lines along the railroad were easier to protect and maintain . Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines . Union Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento , California , to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Other railroads connected at Council Bluffs to cities throughout the East and Midwest . The Union Pacific 's 1,087 miles ( 1,749 km ) of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs , Iowa , on the eastern side of the Missouri River . Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west . Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha , Nebraska Territory . The river froze in the winter , and the ferries were replaced by sleighs . A bridge was not built until 1872 , when the 2,750 - foot - long ( 840 m ) Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed . After the rail line 's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley , the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails . By December 1865 , the Union Pacific had only completed 40 miles ( 64 km ) of track , reaching Fremont , Nebraska , and a further 10 miles ( 16 km ) of roadbed . At the end of 1865 , Peter A. Dey , Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific , resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant , one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific . With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing , Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad , and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west . Former Union General John `` Jack '' Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific . He equipped several railroad cars to serve as portable bunkhouses for the workers and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west . Among the bunkhouses Casement added a galley car to prepare meals , and he even provided for a herd of cows to be moved with the railhead and bunk cars to provide fresh meat . Hunters were hired to provide buffalo meat from the large herds of American bison . The small survey parties who scouted ahead to locate the roadbed were sometimes attacked and killed by raiding Native Americans . In response , the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Native Americans grew more aggressive . Temporary , `` Hell on wheels '' towns , made mostly of canvas tents , accompanied the railroad as construction headed west . The Platte River was too shallow and meandering to provide river transport , but the Platte river valley headed west and sloped up gradually at about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) per 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , often allowing to lay a mile ( 1.6 km ) of track a day or more in 1866 as the Union Pacific finally started moving rapidly west . Building bridges to cross creeks and rivers was the main source of delays . Near where the Platte River splits into the North Platte River and South Platte River , the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a 2,600 - foot - long ( 790 m ) bridge ( nicknamed 1⁄2 mile bridge ) . It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers . Here they built the `` railroad '' town of North Platte , Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about 240 miles ( 390 km ) of track that year . In late 1866 , former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific , but hard working General `` Jack '' Casement continued to work as chief construction `` boss '' and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer . The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails , after progressing up the Platte River valley , went up the North Platte River valley through Casper , Wyoming , along the Sweetwater River and over the Continental Divide at 7,412 feet ( 2,259 m ) South Pass . The original westward travellers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible -- gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them . The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off - road vehicles in their day , since nearly all of the Emigrant Trails went cross country over rough , un-improved trails . The route over South Pass 's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an `` easy '' pass to cross and its `` easy '' connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass . The emigrant trails were closed in winter . The North Platte / South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad , as it was about 150 miles ( 240 km ) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow , steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte . The route along the North Platte was also further from Denver , Colorado , and went across difficult terrain , while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed . Efforts to survey a new , shorter , `` better '' route had been under way since 1864 . By 1867 , a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming , ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) Evans pass ( also called Sherman 's Pass ) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer , James Evans , in about 1864 . This pass now is marked by the Ames Monument ( 41.131281 , - 105.398045 lat. , long . ) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad . From North Platte , Nebraska ( elevation 2,834 feet ( 864 m ) ) , the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the Nebraska Territory and Wyoming Territory ( then part of the Dakota Territory ) along the north bank of the South Platte River and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine , Wyoming . Evans Pass was located between what would become the new `` railroad '' towns of Cheyenne and Laramie . Connecting to this pass , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Cheyenne , was the one place across the Laramie Mountains that had a narrow `` guitar neck '' of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so - called `` gangplank '' ( 41.099746 , - 105.153205 lat. , long . ) discovered by Major General Grenville Dodge in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army . The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles ( 240 km ) shorter , had a flatter profile , allowed for cheaper and easier railroad construction , and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the Wasatch and Laramie Ranges . The railroad gained about 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) in the 220 miles ( 350 km ) climb to Cheyenne from North Platte , Nebraska -- about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- a very gentle slope of less than one degree average . This `` new '' route had never become an emigrant route because it lacked the water and grass to feed the emigrants ' oxen and mules . Steam locomotives did not need grass , and the railroad companies could drill wells for water if necessary . Coal had been discovered in Wyoming and reported on by John C. Frémont in his 1843 expedition across Wyoming , and was already being exploited by Utah residents from towns like Coalville , Utah and later Kemmerer , Wyoming by the time the Transcontinental railroad was built . Union Pacific needed coal to fuel its steam locomotives on the almost treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming . Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income -- this potential is still being realized . Dale Creek Bridge The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867 , having laid about 270 miles ( 430 km ) that year . They paused over the winter , preparing to push the track over Evans ( Sherman 's ) pass . At 8,247 feet ( 2,514 m ) , Evans / Sherman 's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad . About 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) beyond Evans / Sherman 's pass , the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon ( 41.103803 , − 105.454797 , lat. , long . ) . The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges . Dale Creek Bridge was 650 - foot ( 200 m ) long and 125 feet ( 38 m ) above Dale Creek . The bridge components were pre-built of timber in Chicago , Illinois and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly . The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site , near the highest elevation on the transcontinental railroad , required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side . The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) per hour across the bridge . Beyond Dale Creek , railroad construction paused at what became the town of Laramie , Wyoming to build a bridge across the Laramie River . Located 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Evans pass , Union Pacific connected the new `` railroad '' town of Cheyenne to Denver and its Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company railroad line in 1870 . Elevated 6,070 feet ( 1,850 m ) above sea level , and sitting on the new Union Pacific route with a connection to Denver , Cheyenne was chosen to become a major railroad center and was equipped with extensive railroad yards , maintenance facilities and a Union Pacific presence . Its location made it a good base for helper locomotives to couple to trains with snowplows to help clear the tracks of snow or help haul heavy freight over Evans pass . The Union Pacific 's junction with the Denver Railroad with its connection to Kansas City , Kansas , Kansas City , Missouri and the railroads east of the Missouri River again increased Cheyenne 's importance as the junction of two major railroads . Cheyenne later became Wyoming 's largest city and the capital of the new state of Wyoming . The railroad established many townships along the way : Fremont , Elkhorn , Grand Island , North Platte , Ogallala and Sidney as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory . The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of Colorado after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the South Platte River west into what would become Julesburg before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming . In the Dakota Territory ( Wyoming ) the new towns of Cheyenne , Laramie , Rawlins ( named for Union General John Aaron Rawlins , who camped in the locality in 1867 . ) , Green River and Evanston ( named after James Evans ) were established , as well as many more fuel and water stops . The Green River was crossed with a new bridge , and the new `` railroad '' town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1 , 1868 -- the last big river to cross . On December 4 , 1868 , the Union Pacific reached Evanston , having laid almost 360 miles ( 580 km ) of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year . By 1871 , Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives . In the Utah Territory , the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon ( Summit County , Utah ) and Weber River canyon . To speed up construction as much as possible , Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut , fill , trestle , bridge , blast and tunnel its way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden , Utah , ahead of the railroad construction . The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present - day border between Utah and Wyoming . The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was 757 - foot - long ( 231 m ) Tunnel 2 . Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later . Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 ( 508 feet ( 155 m ) ) , 4 ( 297 feet ( 91 m ) ) and 5 ( 579 feet ( 176 m ) ) to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels . The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive , which expedited work but caused some fatal accidents . While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon , Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Omaha . A historic marker has been placed there . The tracks reached Ogden , Utah , on March 27 , 1869 , although finishing work would continue on the tracks , tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year . From Ogden , the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers , before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10 , 1869 . Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon , and beyond , claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal . Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific . The portion of the original railroad around the north shore of the Great Salt Lake is no longer used . In 1904 , the Lucin Cutoff , a causeway across the center of the Great Salt Lake to Promontory Point , bypassed Promontory Summit . The cutoff shortened the rail route by approximately 43 miles ( 69 km ) . Central Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Pacific Rail road at Cape Horn circa 1880 The Central Pacific laid 690 miles ( 1,110 km ) of track , starting in Sacramento , California , in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000 - foot ( 2,100 m ) Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada . The elevation change from Sacramento ( elev. 40 ft or 12 m ) to Donner Summit ( elev . 7,000 ft or 2,100 m ) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles ( 140 km ) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile ( 14 meters per km ) , and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of `` ramp '' existed . The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to Theodore Judah , chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863 . This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the American River on the south and Bear River ( Feather River ) and South Yuba River on the north . As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit , there was only one 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) section near `` Cape Horn CPRR '' where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent . 1864 advertisement for the opening of the Dutch Flat Wagon Road . In June 1864 , the Central Pacific railroad entrepreneurs opened Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( DFDLWR ) . Costing about $300,000 and a years worth of work , this toll road wagon route was opened over much of the route the Central Pacific railroad ( CPRR ) would use over Donner Summit to carry freight and passengers needed by the CPRR and to carry other cargo over their toll road to and from the ever advancing railhead and over the Sierra to the gold and silver mining towns of Nevada . As the railroad advanced , their freight rates with the combined rail and wagon shipments would become much more competitive . The volume of the toll road freight traffic to Nevada was estimated to be about $13,000,000 a year as the Comstock Lode boomed , and getting even part of this freight traffic would help pay for the railroad construction . When the railroad reached Reno , it had the majority of all Nevada freight shipments , and the price of goods in Nevada dropped significantly as the freight charges to Nevada dropped significantly . The rail route over the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail , going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley . The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863 . Judah 's deputy , Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific 's new Chief Engineer , with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant . To build the new railroad , detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts , fills , trestles , bridges and tunnels would have to be built . Work that was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews , supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead . Tunnels , trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way . The spread - out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions , with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border . Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge , tunnel or trestle which was done by the workers under experienced supervisors . The CPRR grade at Donner Summit as it appeared in 1869 and 2003 In total , the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects ( Nos. 3 through 13 ) under construction in the Sierra from 1865 -- 68 , with seven tunnels located in a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) stretch on the east side of Donner Summit . The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face , filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free . The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz , California . These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black powder from the East to the mining and railroad industry of California and Nevada . The Central Pacific was a prolific user of black powder , often using up to 500 kegs of 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) each per day . The summit tunnel ( Number 6 ) , 1,660 feet ( 510 m ) , was started in late 1865 , well ahead of the railhead . Through solid granite , the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about 0.98 feet ( 0.30 m ) per day per face as it was being worked by three eight - hour shifts of workers , hand drilling holes with a rock drill and hammer , filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose . One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion . The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865 -- 66 as there was no way to supply them , nor quarters they could have lived in . The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon . The vertical central shaft of the CPRR `` Summit Tunnel '' ( Tunnel # 6 ) at Donner Summit which allowed drilling and excavation to be carried out on four faces at once In 1866 they put in a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces , giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress . A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces . By the winter of 1866 -- 67 , work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue . The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16 - foot - wide ( 4.9 m ) , 16 - foot - high ( 4.9 m ) oval with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) vertical wall . Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin -- manufactured near the tunnel . They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) height after the four tunnel faces met , and made even faster progress . Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle . Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated , they were left unlined or lined with brick , rock walls or timber and post . Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature . Despite this potential complication , nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or so . The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement , the CPRR 's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track , and his assistants . Hills or ridges in front of the railroad road bed would have to have a flat - bottomed , V shaped `` cut '' made to get the railroad through the ridge or hill . The type of material determined the slope of the V and how much material would have to be removed . Ideally , these cuts would be matched with valley fills that could use the dug out material to bring the road bed up to grade -- cut and fill construction . In the 1860s there was no heavy equipment that could be used to make these cuts or haul it away to make the fills . The options were to dig it out by pick and shovel , haul the hillside material by wheelbarrow and / or horse or mule cart or blast it loose . To blast a V shaped cut out , they had to drill several holes up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) deep in the material , fill them with black powder , and blast the material away . Since the Central Pacific was in a hurry , they were profligate users of black powder to blast their way though the hills . The only disadvantage came when a nearby valley needed fill to get across it . The explosive technique often blew most of the potential fill material down the hillside , making it unavailable for fill . Initially , many valleys were bridged by `` temporary '' trestles that could be rapidly built and were later replaced by much lower maintenance and permanent solid fill . The existing railroad made transporting and putting material in valleys much easier -- load it on railway dump cars , haul where needed and dump it over the side of the trestle . The Summit Tunnel at Donner Summit , West Portal ( Composite image with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored ) The route down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain . The Truckee River , which drains Lake Tahoe , had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras . The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon , including required bridges , was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion . To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon , the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives , railcars , rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now Truckee , California and worked the winter of 1867 -- 68 on their way down Truckee canyon ahead of the tracks being completed to Truckee . In Truckee canyon , five Howe truss bridges had to be built . This gave them a head start on getting to the `` easy '' miles across Nevada . In order to keep the higher portions of the Sierra grade open in the winter , 37 miles ( 60 km ) of timber snow sheds were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee in addition to utilizing snowplows pushed by locomotives , as well as manual shovelling . With the advent of more efficient oil fired steam and later diesel electric power to drive plows , flangers , spreaders , and rotary snow plows , most of the wooden snowsheds have long since been removed as obsolete . Tunnels 1 -- 5 and 13 of the original 1860s tunnels on Track 1 of the Sierra grade remain in use today , while additional new tunnels were later driven when the grade was double tracked over the first quarter of the twentieth century . In 1993 , the Southern Pacific Railroad ( which operated the CPRR - built Oakland -- Ogden line until its 1996 merger with the UP ) closed and pulled up the 6.7 - mile ( 10.8 km ) section of Track # 1 over the summit running between the Norden complex ( Shed 26 , MP 192.1 ) and the covered crossovers in Shed # 47 ( MP 198.8 ) about a mile east of the old flyover at Eder , bypassing and abandoning the tunnel 6 -- 8 complex , the concrete snowsheds just beyond them , and tunnels 9 -- 12 ending at MP 195.7 , all of which had been located on Track 1 within two miles of the summit . Since then all east - and westbound traffic has been run over the Track # 2 grade crossing the summit about one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322 - foot - long ( 3,146 m ) Tunnel # 41 ( aka `` The Big Hole '' ) running under Mt . Judah between Soda Springs and Eder , which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked . This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters . On June 18 , 1868 , the Central Pacific reached Reno , Nevada , after completing 132 miles ( 212 km ) of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento , California . By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth , Nevada , where they bridged the Truckee for the last time . From there , they struggled across a forty mile desert to the end of the Humboldt river at the Humboldt Sink . From the end of the Humboldt , they continued east over the Great Basin Desert bordering the Humboldt River to Wells , Nevada . One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at Palisade Canyon ( near Carlin , Nevada ) , where for 12 miles ( 19 km ) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs . From Wells , Nevada to Promontory Summit , the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert . Water for the steam locomotives was provided by wells , springs , or pipelines to nearby water sources . Water was often pumped into the water tanks with windmills . Train fuel and water spots on the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles ( 16 km ) . On one memorable occasion , not far from Promontory , the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material , and laid 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track on a prepared rail bed in one day -- - a record that still stands today . The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible , and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles ( 900 km ) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10 , 1869 . Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869 , with more under construction in their Sacramento yard . Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard . Near the end of 1869 , Central Pacific had 162 locomotives , of which 2 had two drivers ( drive wheels ) , 110 had four drivers , and 50 had six drivers . The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea . Thirty - six additional locomotives were built and coming west , and twenty - eight more were under construction . There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered . The first Central Pacific sleeper , the `` Silver Palace Sleeping Car '' , arrived at Sacramento on June 8 , 1868 . The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California , Reno , Wadsworth , Winnemucca , Battle Mountain , Elko and Wells in Nevada ( with many more fuel and water stops ) , before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory . When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870 , it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory , extended the Central Pacific tracks about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad , as passengers and freight switched railroads there . CPRR issued ticket for passage from Reno to Virginia City , NV on the V&TRR , 1878 Subsequent to the railhead 's meeting at Promontory Summit , U.T. , the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing ( near present - day Lathrop , California ) was completed on September 8 , 1869 . As a result , the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda , California , and shortly thereafter , to the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point in Oakland , California , and on to San Jose , California . Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco . Before the CPRR was completed , developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City , Nevada , and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there . Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps , cooking stoves , heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the `` hot '' Comstock Lode ore body . In the mines , temperatures could get above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at the work face and a miner often used over 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of ice per shift . This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno , and went through Carson City , the new capital of Nevada . After the transcontinental railroads were completed , many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah , Wyoming , Kansas , Colorado , Oregon , Washington territories , etc . In 1869 , the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge , a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river . After completion , this became another major east - west railroad . To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver , construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city . The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing , Kansas Territory , on August 15 , 1870 . Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of Colorado . The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870 . The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so - called Great American Desert -- Denver , Colorado , and Salt Lake City , Utah . Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route . Modern - day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California , Nevada , Wyoming and Nebraska , with a few exceptions . Most significantly , the two routes are different between Wells , Nevada and Echo , Utah . In this area the freeway passes along the south shore of the Great Salt Lake and passes through Salt Lake City , cresting the Wasatch Mountains at Parley 's Summit . The railroad was originally routed along the north shore , and later with the Lucin Cutoff directly across the center of the Great Salt Lake , passing through the city of Ogden instead of Salt Lake City . The railroad crosses the Wasatch Mountains via a much gentler grade through Weber Canyon . Most of the other deviations are in mountainous areas where interstate highways allow for grades up to six - percent grades , which allows them to go many places the railroads had to go around , since their goal was to hold their grades to less than two percent . Construction ( edit ) The Jupiter , which carried Leland Stanford ( one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific ) and other railway officials to the Last Spike Ceremony . Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government - guaranteed bonds ( granted per mile of completed track ) to interested investors . The Federal donation of right - of - way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others . The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad . The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government - granted land , as well as prospective passenger and freight income . Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained . Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans ( including two generals ) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War . After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team , the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors . Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on - the - job training , knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done . After the key personnel were hired , the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor . The engineering team 's main job was to tell the workers where to go , what to do , how to do it , and provide the construction material they would need to get it done . Survey teams were put out to produce detailed contour maps of the options on the different routes . The engineering team looked at the available surveys and chose what was the `` best '' route . Survey teams under the direction of the engineers closely led the work crews and marked where and by how much hills would have to be cut and depressions filled or bridged . Coordinators made sure that construction and other supplies were provided when and where needed , and additional supplies were ordered as the railroad construction consumed the supplies . Specialized bridging , explosive and tunneling teams were assigned to their specialized jobs . Some jobs like explosive work , tunneling , bridging , heavy cuts or fills were known to take longer than others , so the specialized teams were sent out ahead by wagon trains with the supplies and men to get these jobs done by the time the regular track - laying crews arrived . Finance officers made sure the supplies were paid for and men paid for their work . An army of men had to be coordinated and a seemingly never - ending chain of supplies had to be provided . The Central Pacific road crew set a track - laying record by laying 10 mi ( 16 km ) of track in a single day , commemorating the event with a signpost beside the track for passing trains to see . In addition to the track - laying crews , other crews were busy setting up stations with provisions for loading fuel , water and often also mail , passengers and freight . Personnel had to be hired to run these stations . Maintenance depots had to be built to keep all of the equipment repaired and operational . Telegraph operators had to be hired to man each station to keep track of where the trains were so that trains could run in each direction on the available single track without interference or accidents . Sidings had to be built to allow trains to pass . Provision had to be made to store and continually pay for coal or wood needed to run the steam locomotives . Water towers had to be built for refilling the water tanks on the engines , and provision made to keep them full . Labor ( edit ) The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies , as well as many recent immigrants . Brigham Young , President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah . Church members built most of the road through Utah . Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon . The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont , Wyoming until he paid them for their work . Representatives of Brigham Young had less success , and failed in court to force him to honor the contract . Chinese railroad workers greet a train on a snowy day . The manual labor to build the Central Pacific 's roadbed , bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors . The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as `` Celestials '' and China as the `` Celestial Kingdom . '' Labor - saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows , horse or mule pulled carts , and a few railroad pulled gondolas . The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor . Initially , Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line , as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere . Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker , one of the `` big four '' and a general contractor , that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work , they decided to try them anyway . After the first few days of trial with a few workers , with noticeably positive results , Crocker decided to hire as many as he could , looking primarily at the California labor force , where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries ( e.g. : laundries and kitchens ) . Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese `` boss '' who translated , collected salaries for his crew , kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor . Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English , and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese . Many more workers were imported from the Guangdong Province of China , which at the time , beside great poverty , suffered from the violence of the Taiping Rebellion . Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their new found `` wealth '' when the work was completed . Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day , the same as unskilled white workers ; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less . A diligent worker could save over $20 per month after paying for food and lodging -- a `` fortune '' by Chinese standards . A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad . Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese . Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed , cutting and / or blasting through or around hills , filling in washes , building bridges or trestles , digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) mountains . Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range , progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground . In those days , the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in one day as a `` demonstration '' of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska . The track laying was divided up into various parts . In advance of the track layers , surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go . Workers then built and prepared the roadbed , dug or blasted through hills , filled in washes , built trestles , bridges or culverts across streams or valleys , made tunnels if needed , and laid the ties . The actual track - laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed , drive the spikes , and bolt the fishplate bars to each rail . At the same time , another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade , while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts , records , using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with supervisors . Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site . Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail , possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead . Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance . Later , as the railroad started moving long distances every few days , some railroad cars had bunkhouses built in them that moved with the workers -- the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866 . Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually , using shovels , picks , axes , two - wheeled dump carts , wheelbarrows , ropes , scrapers , etc. , with initially only black powder available for blasting . Carts pulled by mules , and horses were about the only labor saving devices available then . Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut , hauled and sawed the timber as required . CPRR Tunnel # 3 near Cisco , California ( MP 180.1 ) opened in 1866 and remains in daily use today . Tunnels were blasted through hard rock by drilling holes in the rock face by hand and filling them with black powder . Sometimes cracks were found which could be filled with powder and blasted loose . The loosened rock would be collected and hauled out of the tunnel for use in a fill area or as roadbed , or else dumped over the side as waste . A foot or so advance on a tunnel face was a typical day 's work . Some tunnels took almost a year to finish and the Summit Tunnel , the longest , took almost two years . In the final days of working in the Sierras , the recently invented nitroglycerin explosive was introduced and used on the last tunnels including Summit Tunnel . Supply trains carried all the necessary material for the construction up to the railhead , with mule or horse - drawn wagons carrying it the rest of the ways if required . Ties were typically unloaded from horse - drawn or mule - drawn wagons and then placed on the track ballast and levelled to get ready for the rails . Rails , which weighed the most , were often kicked off the flatcars and carried by gangs of men on each side of the rail to where needed . The rails just in front of the rail car would be placed first , measured for the correct gauge with gauge sticks and then nailed down on the ties with spike mauls . The fishplates connecting the ends of the rails would be bolted on and then the car pushed by hand to the end of the rail and rail installation repeated . Track ballast was put between the ties as they progressed . Where a proper railbed had already been prepared , the work progressed rapidly . Constantly needed supplies included `` food , water , ties , rails , spikes , fishplates , nuts and bolts , track ballast , telegraph poles , wire , fire wood ( or coal on the UP ) and water for the steam train locomotives , etc . '' After a flatcar was unloaded , it would usually be hooked to a small locomotive and pulled back to a siding , so another flatcar with rails etc. could be advanced to the railhead . Since juggling railroad cars took time on flat ground , where wagon transport was easier , the rail cars would be brought to the end of the line by steam locomotive , unloaded , and the flat car returned immediately to a siding for another loaded car of either ballast or rails . Temporary sidings were often installed where it could be easily done to expedite getting needed supplies to the railhead . The railroad tracks , spikes , telegraph wire , locomotives , railroad cars , supplies etc. were imported from the east on sailing ships that sailed the about 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) and about 200 day trip around Cape Horn . Some freight was put on Clipper ships which could do the trip in about 120 days . Some passengers and high priority freight were shipped over the newly ( 1855 ) completed Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama . Using paddle steamers to and from Panama , this short cut could be done in as little as 40 days . Supplies were normally offloaded at the Sacramento , California docks where the railroad started . Central Pacific construction ( edit ) On January 8 , 1863 , Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento , California , to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad . After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley , construction was slowed , first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves . As they progressed higher in the mountains , winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems . Consequently , after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully , the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers -- mostly Chinese . Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China , many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion , seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction , and progress on the railroad continued . The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again . Example of hand drilled granite from within Tunnel # 6 , the `` Summit Tunnel '' . The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations , tunnels and bridges would be needed . Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations . Supplies and workers were brought up to the work locations by wagon teams and work on several different sections proceeded simultaneously . One advantage of working on tunnels in winter was that tunnel work could often proceed since the work was nearly all `` inside '' . Unfortunately , living quarters would have to be built outside and getting new supplies was difficult . Working and living in winter in the presence of snow slides and avalanches caused some deaths . To carve a tunnel , one worker held a rock drill on the granite face while one to two other workers swung eighteen - pound sledgehammers to sequentially hit the drill which slowly advanced into the rock . Once the hole was about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) deep , it would be filled with black powder , a fuse set and then ignited from a safe distance . Nitroglycerin , which had been invented less than two decades before the construction of the first transcontinental railroad , was used in relatively large quantities during its construction . This was especially true on the Central Pacific Railroad , which owned its own nitroglycerin plant to ensure it had a steady supply of the volatile explosive . This plant was operated by Chinese laborers as they were willing workers even under the most trying and dangerous of conditions . However , Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific . Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad 's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains . These tunnels were about 32 feet ( 10 m ) high and 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide . When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed , and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel , at first hand - powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts . These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work progressed . By using vertical shafts , four faces of the tunnel could be worked at the same time , two in the middle and one at each end . The average daily progress in some tunnels was only 0.85 feet ( 26 cm ) a day per face , which was very slow , or 1.18 feet ( 36 cm ) daily according to historian George Kraus . J.O. Wilder , a Central Pacific - Southern Pacific employee , commented that `` The Chinese were as steady , hard - working a set of men as could be found . With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6 , the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen and a `` boss / translator '' . A single foreman ( often Irish ) with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel ; of these , 12 to 15 men worked on the heading , and the rest on the bottom , removing blasted material . When a gang was small or the men were needed elsewhere , the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going . '' The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day , while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each , managing the laborers . Once out of the Sierras , construction was much easier and faster . Horace Hamilton Minkler , track foreman for the Central Pacific , laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven . CPRR snow gallery under construction in 1868 . In order to keep the CPRR 's Sierra grade open during the winter months , beginning in 1867 , 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee , covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches . 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work , which was completed in 1869 . The sheds were built with two sides and a steep peaked roof , mostly of locally cut hewn timber and round logs. Snow galleries had one side and a roof that sloped upward until it met the mountain side , thus permitting avalanches to slide over the galleries , some of which extended up the mountainside as much as two hundred feet ( 60 m ) . Masonry walls such as the `` Chinese Walls '' at Donner Summit were built across canyons to prevent avalanches from striking the side of the vulnerable wooden construction . A few concrete sheds ( mostly at crossovers ) are still in use today . Union Pacific construction ( edit ) Grenville M. Dodge wearing a major general 's uniform The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant , who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge . Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land , and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings . He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled , Crédit Mobilier , manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune . Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss . In the East , the progress started in Omaha , Nebraska , by the Union Pacific Railroad which initially proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the Great Plains . This changed , however , as the work entered Indian - held lands . The Native Americans saw the railroad as a violation of their treaties with the United States . War parties began to raid the moving labor camps that followed the progress of the line . Union Pacific responded by increasing security and hiring marksmen to kill American Bison , which were both a physical threat to trains and the primary food source for many of the Plains Indians . The Native Americans then began killing laborers when they realized that the so - called `` Iron Horse '' threatened their existence . Security measures were further strengthened , and progress on the railroad continued . The `` Last Spike '' ceremony ( edit ) Main article : Golden spike Golden spike , one of four ceremonial spikes driven at the completion ( but not the final one ) The Last Spike by Thomas Hill ( 1881 ) Six years after the groundbreaking , laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . It was here on May 10 , 1869 , that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike ( or golden spike ) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad . The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , while a second `` Last '' Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . In perhaps the world 's first live mass - media event , the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide -- the hammer strokes were missed , so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator . As soon as the ceremonial `` Last Spike '' had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike , a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read , `` DONE . '' Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week . Aftermath ( edit ) Railroad developments ( edit ) Display ads for the CPRR and UPRR the week the rails were joined on May 10 , 1869 UPRR & CPRR `` Great American Over-Land Route '' Timetable cover 1881 When the last spike was driven , the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento . To get from Sacramento to the Pacific , the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad ( unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route ) and resumed construction on it , which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles . In November 1869 , the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland , California , where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city by ferry . The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale , then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon . The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose , but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead , as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests . The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south , roughly paralleling what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5 , 205 , and 580 . A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad , crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia , where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry , then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland ( paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80 ) . In 1930 , a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries . Very early on , the Central Pacific learned that it would have trouble maintaining an open track in winter across the Sierras . At first they tried plowing the road with special snowplows mounted on their steam engines . When this was only partially successful , an extensive process of building snow sheds over some of the track was instituted to protect it from deep snows and avalanches . These eventually succeeded at keeping the tracks clear for all but a few days of the year . Both railroads soon instituted extensive upgrade projects to build better bridges , viaducts and dugways as well as install heavier duty rails , stronger ties , better road beds etc . The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability . The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies , which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years . Frontispiece of Crofutt 's Great Trans - Continental Tourist 's Guide , 1870 The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . Several years after the end of the Civil War , the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued . In July 1869 , the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River . This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver , which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific . In August 1870 , the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg , Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed . Kansas City 's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago . The Kansas Pacific became part of the Union Pacific in 1880 . On June 4 , 1876 , an express train called the Transcontinental Express arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City . Only ten years before , the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship , possibly all the way around South America . The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885 . The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901 but was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to divest it because of monopoly concerns . The two railroads would once again unite in 1996 when the Southern Pacific was sold to the Union Pacific . Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904 , the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort . This process began with a ceremonial `` undriving '' at the Last Spike location . In 1957 , Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last ( Golden ) Spike . Crédit Mobilier ( edit ) Oakes Ames Main article : Crédit Mobilier of America scandal Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies , the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad . The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election , 1872 , which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age . It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it . Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work . Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $10,000 . Under Durant 's guidance , Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work ( thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad ) . The process mired down Union Pacific work . Lincoln asked Massachusetts Congressman Oakes Ames , who was on the railroad committee , to clean things up and get the railroad moving . Ames got his brother Oliver Ames Jr. named president of the Union Pacific , while he himself became president of Crédit Mobilier . Ames then in turn gave stock options to other politicians while at the same time continuing the lucrative overcharges . The scandal was to implicate Vice President Schuyler Colfax ( who was cleared ) and future President James Garfield among others . The scandal broke in 1872 when the New York Sun published correspondence detailing the scheme between Henry S. McComb and Ames . In the ensuing Congressional investigation , it was recommended that Ames be expelled from Congress , but this was reduced to a censure and Ames died within three months . Durant later left the Union Pacific and a new rail baron Jay Gould became the dominant stockholder . As a result of the Panic of 1873 , Gould was able to pick up bargains , among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union . Visible remains ( edit ) Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located -- hundreds of miles are still in service today , especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming . While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear , and the roadbed upgraded and repaired , the lines generally run on top of the original , handmade grade . Vista points on Interstate 80 through California 's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds which made winter train travel safe and practical . In areas where the original line has been bypassed and abandoned , primarily in Utah , the road grade is still obvious , as are numerous cuts and fills , especially the Big Fill a few miles east of Promontory . The sweeping curve which connected to the east end of the Big Fill now passes a Thiokol rocket research and development facility . The Last Spike site is preserved as a National Historical Site , with replica engines of Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific Jupiter having been built by O'Connor Engineering Laboratories . The engines are fired up periodically by the National Park Service for the public . Current passenger service ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr , a daily passenger service from Emeryville , California ( San Francisco Bay Area ) to Chicago , uses the First Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento to central Nevada . Because this rail line currently operates in a directional running setup across most of Nevada , the California Zephyr will switch to the Central Corridor at either Winnemucca or Wells . In popular culture ( edit ) The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit , Utah , was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne 's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days , published in 1873 . While not exactly accurate , John Ford 's 1924 silent movie The Iron Horse captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project . Among the cooks serving the film 's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad . Poster for the film Union Pacific . The feat is depicted in various movies , including the 1939 film Union Pacific , starring Joel McCrea and Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Cecil B. DeMille , which depicts the fictional Central Pacific investor Asa Barrows obstructing attempts of the Union Pacific to reach Ogden , Utah . The 1939 movie is said to have inspired the Union Pacific Western television series starring Jeff Morrow , Judson Pratt and Susan Cummings which aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959 . The 1962 film How the West Was Won has a whole segment devoted to the construction ; one of the movie 's most famous scenes , filmed in Cinerama , is of a buffalo stampede over the railroad . The construction of what presumably is -- or is suggested to be -- the Transcontinental Railroad provides the backdrop of the 1968 epic spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West , directed by Italian director Sergio Leone . Kristiana Gregory 's book The Great Railroad Race ( part of the `` Dear America '' series ) is written as the fictional diary of Libby West , who chronicles the end of the railroad construction and the excitement which engulfed the country at the time . Graham Masterton 's 1981 novel A Man of Destiny ( published in the UK as Railroad ) is a fictionalized account of the line 's construction . In the 1999 Will Smith film , Wild Wild West , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless . The building of the railway is covered by the 2004 BBC documentary series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in episode 6 , `` The Line '' . The series American Experience also documents the railway in the episode titled `` Transcontinental Railroad '' . The main character in The Claim ( 2000 ) is a surveyor for the Central Pacific Railroad , and the film is partially about the efforts of a frontier mayor to have the railroad routed through his town . The popular British television show Doctor Who featured the Transcontinental Railroad in a BBC audio book entitled The Runaway Train , read by Matt Smith and written for audio by Oli Smith . The children 's book Ten Mile Day by Mary Ann Fraser tells the story of the record setting push by the Central Pacific in which they set a record by laying 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in a single day on April 28 , 1869 , to settle a $10,000 bet . The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad provides the setting for the AMC television series Hell on Wheels . Thomas Durant is a regular character in the series and is portrayed by actor Colm Meaney . In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the Golden Spike Ceremony , the event that symbolically marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad , was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . In the 2002 DreamWorks Animation movie , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , the main character , the horse Spirit , is delivered with other horses to pull a steam locomotive at a work site for the Transcontinental Railroad . Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . See also ( edit ) History portal Trains portal United States portal History of rail transportation in California Chin Lin Sou Interstate 80 -- contemporary New York - to - San Francisco transport link ( highway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States Overland Route ( Union Pacific Railroad ) Transcontinental railroad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total value of the thirty year 6 % US Government subsidy bonds issued to the three companies was $55,092,192 and the amount of federal lands specified by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 to which the UPRR , CPRR and WPRR were entitled was 21,100,000 acres ( 8,500,000 hectares ) of which 2,390,009 acres ( 967,202 hectares ) had been patented as of March 1876 . Jump up ^ `` The charter of the last - named Company ( Western Pacific Railroad ) contemplated a line from Sacramento toward San Francisco , making the circuit of the Bay of that name ( to San José ) . Their franchise has recently ( late 1867 ) been assigned to parties in the interest of the Central Pacific Railroad Company ; and it is probable that this line will be formally incorporated with the Central Pacific Railroad , and the road extended from Sacramento to San Francisco by the `` best , most direct and practicable route '' so soon as the overland connection is completed . In the meantime the travel is abundantly accommodated by first - class steamers . '' -- Central Pacific Railroad Company of California `` Railroad Across the Continent , with an account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California '' , pp. 9 - 10 , New York : Brown & Hewitt , Printers . September 1868 . Jump up ^ The legal `` date of completion '' of the WPRR grade was subsequently designated to be January 22 , 1870 . The formal consolidation of the Central Pacific Railroad of California with the Western Pacific Railroad Co. , San Joaquin Valley Railroad Co. , and San Francisco , Oakland & Alameda Railroad Co. under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad Company became effective on June 22 , 1870 with the filing of Articles of Consolidation drawn under the laws of California with the California Secretary of State . Jump up ^ The new terminus opened on November 8 , later deemed to be two days after the official `` completion date '' of the Pacific Railroad . Section 6 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq . required that an official date of completion be determined for the purpose of determining how other provisions of the Acts would be carried out . November 6 , 1869 was confirmed as being that date by the US Supreme Court in Part I of the Court 's Opinion and Order dated January 27 , 1879 , in re Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States ( 99 U.S. 402 ) . Jump up ^ Later , the Northern Pacific Railway ( NP ) found and built a better route across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast . It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres ( 160,000 km ) of land grants , which it used to raise money in Europe . Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean on September 8 , 1883 . Jump up ^ The southern route was constructed in 1880 when the Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon , Edward ( Ed ) `` Travelers ' Official Railway Guide of the United States and Canada '' Philadelphia : The National General Ticket Agents ' Association . June , 1870 , Tables 215 , 216 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 2 & § 3 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 5 & § 6 Jump up ^ `` FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD , Business Prospects and Operations of the Company . Remarkable Exhibit of Earnings , &c. , for Quarter Ending Sept. 30 , 1867 CPRR.org Jump up ^ $1,000 Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , June 24 , 1864 CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Report on the Pacific Railroads '' , US House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary , House Ex . Doc . # 440 , 44th Congress , First Session , April 25 , 1876 , pp. 3 , 6 ^ Jump up to : Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln , President of the United States , Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs , Iowa , dated March 7 , 1864 ( 38th Congress , 1st Session SENATE Ex . Doc . No. 27 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia , ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Appleton 's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide '' . New York : D. Appleton & Co. , December 1870 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hill , Thomas `` The Last Spike '' San Francisco : Thomas Hill ( privately published ) . January 1881 . Jump up ^ Letter from Charles F. Conant , Assistant Secretary , US Department of the Treasury , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , March 9 , 1876 Jump up ^ Letter from Z.B. Sturgus , Chief , Lands and Railroad Division , Office of the Secretary , US Department of the Interior , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , April 28 , 1876 Jump up ^ Speech by Rep. William A. Piper ( D - CA1 ) in the US House of Representatives , April 8 , 1876 Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 2001 ) . San Francisco in the 1930s : The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780520948877 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mel ( 1985 ) . The San Francisco Bay Area : A Metropolis in Perspective ( second ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520055124 . Jump up ^ The Official `` Date of Completion '' of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq. , as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6 , 1869 . ( 99 U.S. 402 ) 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States , 99 U.S. 402 , 25 L. Ed . 274 , 1878 U.S. LEXIS 1556 -- CourtListener.com '' . CourtListener . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , The Classic Western American Railroad Routes . New York : Chartwell Books ( US ) / Bassingbourn : Worth Press ( UK ) ; 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carver , Dr. Hartwell `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' Washington , DC , January 18 , 1847 Centpacrr.com Jump up ^ `` Dr. Hartwell Carver 's Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Reports of Explorations and Surveys , to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean , made under the direction of the Secretary of War , in 1853 - 4 . '' 12 Volumes . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1855 -- 61 Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann `` Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 1991 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph '' US House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , No. 358 . August 16 , 1856 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Julian E. ( Ed ) `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Kerr , K. Austin , Chapter 17 : Railroad Policy ( pp. 286 - 297 ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 288 Jump up ^ Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Whitney , Asa `` A project for a railroad to the Pacific '' . New York : George W. Wood ( 1849 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Whitney Biography '' . Jump up ^ Markham , Edwin `` The Romance of the ' C.P. ' '' SUCCESS ( magazine ) . New York : The Success Company , Vol . VI , Number 106 , March , 1903 . pp. 127 - 130 ^ Jump up to : `` A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California : Illustrated . Containing a History of This Important Section of the Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of Its Occupancyand Biographical Mention of Many of Its Most Eminent Pioneers and Also of Prominent Citizens of Today '' . Chicago : Lewis Publishing Company . ( 1891 ) pp. 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Acts accessed March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Maury . `` Financing the Transcontinental Railroad '' . New York City , New York : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , John J. `` The Iron Trail to the Golden Spike '' Chapter 7 `` Utah 's Role in the Pacific Railroad '' p. 175 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Co. ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Durant Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam , Theodore D. Judah , Died November 2 , 1863 '' . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Bruce C. Lewis Metzler Clement : A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen , 2000 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Map of Land Grants to Railroads accessed January 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Silent Spikes : Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads , comp. and ed . Huang Annian , trans . Zhang Juguo ( n.p. : China Intercontinental Press , 2006 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Military Bridges : With Suggestions for New Expedients and Constructions for Crossing Streams and Chasms ; Including , Also , Designs for Trestle and Truss Bridges for Military Railroads , Adapted Especially to the Wants of the Service in the United States . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Workers of the Union Pacific Railroad accessed March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , George ( 1969 ) . `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Utah Historical Quarterly . 37 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Reef , Catherine `` Working in America '' , p. 79 . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of black workers on the CPR '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Robert L. , `` THE PACIFIC RAILROAD -- UNOPEN '' . The Overland Monthly , September 1869 . pp. 244 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Central Pacific Railroad : Statement Made to the President of the United States , and Secretary of the Interior , of the Progress of the Work . Sacramento : H.S. Crocker & Company . October 10 , 1865 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Daspit , Tom . `` The Days They Changed the Gauge '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transcontinental Telegraph Line ( U.S. ) '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Union Pacific Timeline accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) ( 1987 ) . Union Pacific : Volume I , 1862 -- 1893 . U of Minnesota press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 1452908737 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In the World . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ North Platte Bridge accessed March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Evans Pass accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gankplank discovery accessed March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pride and pitfalls along a coast to coast track , by Michael Kenney . Boston Globe . January 10 , 2000 . A book review : Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , by David Haward Bain . Jump up ^ `` UP construction '' . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E ( 2001 ) . Nothing like it in the world : the men who built the transcontinental railroad , 1863 -- 1869 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1970 ) American Place - Names , p. 401 , New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Mormon workers on UP transcontinental tracks ( 1 ) accessed August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Construction on Echo and Weber Canyon ( 2 ) accessed March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ F.V. Hayden & Daniel M. Davis . `` Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery , Photographic Collection '' . Utah State University Special Collections and Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Promotory Summit - NPS ( 3 ) accessed February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cape Horn CPRR ( 4 ) accessed March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( 5 ) Accessed July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Powder Works ( 6 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the Transcontinental Railroad ( 7 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Newspapers , 1865 -- 66 ( 8 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norden at 39 ° 19 ′ 03 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 30 '' W / 39.3176 ° N 120.3584 ° W / 39.3176 ; - 120.3584 Jump up ^ Shed 47 visible at 39 ° 18 ′ 42 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 39.3116 ° N 120.269 ° W / 39.3116 ; - 120.269 Jump up ^ East end of Tunnel 41 at 39 ° 18 ′ 04 '' N 120 ° 18 ′ 01 '' W / 39.301 ° N 120.3003 ° W / 39.301 ; - 120.3003 with former track 1 passing above . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. ( August 2003 ) . `` Summit Tunnel & Donner Pass '' . CPRR.org . Jump up ^ Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad ( 9 ) accessed March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Railroad Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PBS -- General Article : Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Arrington , Leonard J. ( 2005 ) . Great Basin Kingdom : An Economic History of the Latter - day Saints , 1830 - 1900 ( New ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07283 - 3 . LCCN 2004015281 . Under the terms of the contract the Mormons were to do all the grading , tunneling , and bridge masonry on the U.P. line for the 150 - odd miles from the head of Echo Canyon through Weber Canyon to the shores of the Great Salt Lake . Jump up ^ Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Wesley A Work of Giants . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1962 . pg. 109 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Alta California ( San Francisco ) , November 9 , 1868 . Jump up ^ Kraus , High Road to Promontory , p. 110. ; Robert West Howard , The Great Iron Trail : The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Nothing Like It in the World , pp. 160 , 201 . Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 ^ Jump up to : Tzu - Kuei , `` Chinese Workers and the First Transcontinental Railroad of the United States of America '' , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific , '' p. 49 . Jump up ^ John R. Gillis , `` TUNNELS OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD . '' Van Nostrand 's Eclectic Engineering Magazine , January 5 , 1870 , pp. 418 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Galloway , C.E. , John Debo The First Transcontinental Railroad . New York : Simmons - Boardman , ( 1950 ) . Ch. 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` CPRR Summit Tunnel ( # 6 ) , Tunnels # 7 & # 8 , Snowsheds , `` Chinese '' Walls , Donner Trail , and Dutch Flat Donner - Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Period construction images of snowsheds at Cisco and Donner Summit '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Thomas Clark Durant ( 1820 -- 1885 ) '' . American Experience : Transcontinental Railroad . PBS . 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` See the `` Lost '' Golden Spike at the Museum '' California State Railroad Museum . Jump up ^ Central Pacific snow sheds ( 10 ) accessed January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha '' . The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer . Wheeling , West Virginia . March 26 , 1872 . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ United States National Park Service ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Promontory After May 10 , 1869 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Oakes Ames ( 1804 -- 1873 ) -- American Experience Transcontinental Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Panic on Wall Street : A History of America 's Financial Disasters , p. 193 , Robert Sobel , Beard Books , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 893122 - 46 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pentrex , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Colored Steam Locomotives , '' SteamLocomotive.com ( http://www.steamlocomotive.com/colored/ ) Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Question : Engineering Drawings for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' CPRR Discussion Group ( http://discussion.cprr.net/2005/10/question-engineering-drawings-for.html ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike , '' National Park Service , Dept. of the Interior , Golden Spike National Historic Site , Brigham City , UT ( http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific 's 119 '' Golden Spike Pictures ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Gest , Gerald M. , Promontory 's Locomotives , pp. 12 -- 43 , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , UT , 6 - 8 - 09 '' . video . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dowty , Robert R. , Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike , pp. 5 -- 46 , Southwest Parks & Monuments Ass'n. , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory Locomotive Project : Plans for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' DVD , Western National Parks Ass'n . Jump up ^ `` Eureka County , Yucca Mountain Existing Transportation Corridor Study '' . Eureka County -- Yucca Mountain Project . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Man wants Utah railroad moment to get the Lego treatment '' . Further reading ( edit ) External video Booknotes interview with David Haward Bain on Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , March 5 , 2000 , C - SPAN Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In The World ; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84609 - 8 . Bain , David Haward ( 1999 ) . Empire Express ; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80889 - X . Beebe , Lucius ( 1969 ) . The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads : Centennial Edition . Howell - North . ISBN 0 - 8310 - 7034 - X . Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , `` The Classic Western American Railroad Routes '' . New York : Chartwell Books / Worth Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . Duran , Xavier , `` The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad : Expected Profits and Government Intervention , '' Journal of Economic History , 73 ( March 2013 ) , 177 -- 200 . Lee , Willis T. ; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale ( 1916 ) . Guidebook of the Western United States , Part B . The Overland Route . USGS Bulletin 612 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . White , Richard . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2010 ) Willumson , Glenn . Iron Muse : Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad ( University of California Press ; 2013 ) 242 pages ; studies the production , distribution , and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photography see : Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum CPRR Railroad Map collection / museum 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map `` Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections '' published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser , Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Oct -- Nov. 1871 . accessed May 1 , 2013 . Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum Excursion to the 100th Meridian -- 1866 accessed March 1 , 2013 . The Pacific Tourist Williams , Henry T. ; published by Adams & Bishop , New York , 1881 ed . Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad . `` I Hear the Locomotives : The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad '' Golden Spike National Historical Site in Utah Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Union Pacific Railroad History The Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress Chinese - American Contribution to transcontinental railroad Linda Hall Library 's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free , full - text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals Maps Route map at the Library of Congress Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah ( with map ) Rail transport in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands List of United States railroads by political division Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico Railroads in Omaha Depots 34th Street Station Amtrak Station Burlington Station Florence Depot Gibson Station Omaha Quartermaster Depot Ralston Station Union Station Webster Street Station Major carriers Union Pacific Burlington North Western Missouri Pacific Rock Island Milwaukee Illinois Central Great Western Wabash Minor carriers Brandon Railroad Amtrak Omaha Traction Company Omaha Belt Line Omaha Zoo Railroad Omaha Road Omaha and Republican Valley Railway South Omaha Terminal Railway Omaha Southern Railway Chicago Great Western Railway Omaha , Lincoln and Beatrice Railway Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Facilities First Transcontinental Railroad Original Union Pacific Headquarters Union Pacific Center Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center Union Pacific Shops Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District Kenefick Park Burlington Headquarters Building Public transportation Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway Omaha and Southern Interurban Railway Omaha Cable Tramway Omaha Horse Railway Omaha Traction Company Bridges Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge East Omaha Bridge O Street Viaduct Manufacturing McKeen Motor Car Company Nebraska Rail Car Related templates Transportation Boulevards Bridges Streetcars Streets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Transcontinental_Railroad&oldid=843637864 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad History of rail transportation in the United States Railway lines in the United States Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad American Old West History of United States expansionism History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Rail lines receiving land grants Rail transportation in California Rail transportation in Nevada Railway lines in Omaha , Nebraska Rail transportation in Utah 1869 in the United States 1860s in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the transcontinental railroad start being built	[ "The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8, 1863. Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast, virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails, railroad switches, railroad turntables, freight and passenger cars, and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports. They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America's Cape Horn, or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama, where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad. The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft (1524 mm), which was incompatible with the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 inch (1435mm) gauge used by the CPRR equipment. The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound.[citation needed] Once the machinery and tools reached the San Francisco Bay area, they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles (210 km) of the Sacramento River to the new state capital in Sacramento. Many of these steam engines, railroad cars, and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled.[citation needed] Wooden timbers for railroad ties, trestles, bridges, firewood, and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site." ]	[ "January 8, 1863" ]
424406225891576904	List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes	List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes Jump to : navigation , search Japanese promotional poster for Dragon Ball Z Kai Dragon Ball Z Kai ( known in Japan as Dragon Ball Kai ) is a revised version of the anime series Dragon Ball Z . It was produced in commemoration of the original series ' 20th and 25th anniversaries . Produced by Toei Animation , the series was broadcast in Japan on Fuji TV from April 5 , 2009 to March 27 , 2011 . It later continued with the final story arc from April 6 , 2014 to June 28 , 2015 . It features remastered high definition picture , sound , and special effects as well as a re-recorded voice track by most of the original cast . As most of the series ' sketches and animation cels had been discarded since the final episode of Dragon Ball Z in 1996 , new frames were produced by digitally tracing over still frames from existing footage and filling them with softer colors . This reduced visible damage to the original animation . Some frames were selectively cropped , while other frames feature new portions added to scenes that were hand drawn to conform to the designated picture ratio . Much of the material from the Dragon Ball Z anime that was not featured in the Dragon Ball manga has been left out in Kai , which reduced the total episode count from 291 to 167 . However , the second part of the series , titled Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters by Toei Europe , lasted 61 episodes in Japan , which was fewer than the previously planned 69 . This brought the total number of episodes to 159 in Japan . The first Blu - ray and DVD compilation was released in Japan on September 18 , 2009 . Individual volumes and Blu - ray box sets were released monthly . In France , all 167 episodes were released on Blu - ray and DVD , while the bypassed episodes remain unreleased in Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 1 : Saiyan Saga ( 2009 ) 1.2 Season 2 : Frieza Saga ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 1.3 Season 3 : Androids Saga ( 2010 ) 1.4 Season 4 : Cell Saga ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 1.5 Season 5 : World Tournament Saga ( 2014 ) 1.6 Season 6 : Majin Buu Saga ( 2014 ) 1.7 Season 7 : Evil Buu Saga ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1.8 Notes 2 Blu - ray and DVD release 2.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 2.1. 1 Volumes 2.1. 2 Seasons 3 References Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : Saiyan saga ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No . Translated title / Dub title Original airdate American airdate `` Prologue to Battle ! The Return of Son Goku '' / `` Prologue to Battle ! The Return of Goku ! '' `` Tatakai no Makuake ! Kaette Kita zo Son Gokū '' ( 闘いの幕開け ! 帰ってきたぞ孫悟空 ) April 5 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 The series begins with a flashback of the destruction of Planet Vegeta at the hands of Frieza , and the upbringing of Goku on Earth as depicted in the original Dragon Ball series . Five years have passed since Goku 's victory over Piccolo at the 23rd World Martial Arts Tournament , and he has since married Chi - Chi and now has a son named Gohan . Goku and Gohan are heading towards a reunion with Goku 's friends at Master Roshi 's island . Elsewhere , an odd - looking spacecraft crash lands on Earth . A man in battle armor emerges from the vessel and flies off to scout out a powerful life form he locates with the help of an apparatus on his eye . Piccolo is nearly killed by the stranger , but this is averted when the man leaves to scout out a more powerful life form . The other strong life form is Goku , who at the Kame House presents his son to Roshi , Krillin , and Bulma . The stranger arrives and surprises everyone when they notice he has a monkey - like tail , just like Goku used to have . `` The Enemy is Goku 's Brother ? ! The Secret of the Mighty Saiyan Warriors '' `` Teki wa Gokū no Ani ! ? Saikyō Senshi Saiyajin no Himitsu '' ( 敵は悟空の兄 ! ? 最強戦士サイヤ人の秘密 ) April 12 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 The stranger says that his name is Raditz , and that he is Goku 's older brother . Goku can not remember this , as he had suffered from brain damage caused by a fall when he was a child . Raditz reports that he and Goku are of an alien race called the Saiyans and that he and Goku are among the last four remaining . Raditz then asks Goku to join them in exterminating the population of Earth , taking Gohan hostage when Goku refuses . Piccolo appears and offers to help Goku defeat Raditz ; Goku accepts his offer and together they follow after Raditz . Goku and Piccolo confront the Saiyan at his space pod 's crash site , but Raditz is not impressed and tells them that the other two remaining Saiyans are even stronger than he is . `` A Life - or - Death Battle ! Goku and Piccolo 's Ferocious Suicide Attack '' / `` A Life or Death Battle ! Goku and Piccolo 's Desperate Attack ! '' `` Inochi o Kaketa Tatakai ! Gokū to Pikkoro Sutemi no Mōkō '' ( 命をかけた闘い ! 悟空とピッコロ捨て身の猛攻 ) April 19 , 2009 May 25 , 2010 Goku and Piccolo are no match for Raditz in direct conflict , so they decide to have Goku distract Raditz while Piccolo gathers energy for an attack strong enough to defeat Raditz . This plan fails , as does Goku 's attempt to stop Raditz by grabbing his tail ends when Goku gets tricked by his brother . Raditz tortures Goku , causing Gohan to unleash his latent abilities in a fit of rage , and he strikes Raditz in the chest . Goku uses this opportunity to grab Raditz from behind , allowing Piccolo to use his Makankosappo technique on Raditz - killing them both . Before he succumbs to his wound , Raditz tells his enemies that the other Saiyans will arrive on Earth within a year . Bulma , Krillin , and Master Roshi arrive to witness Goku 's death . `` Run in the Afterlife , Son Goku ! The Million Kilometer Serpent Road ! '' / `` Run in the Afterlife , Goku ! The One Million Mile Snake Way '' `` Anoyo de Hashire Son Gokū ! Hyaku - man Kiro no Hebi no Michi '' ( あの世で走れ孫梧空 ! 100 万キロの蛇の道 ) April 26 , 2009 May 25 , 2010 Kami takes Goku along with his body to the Other World . Bulma takes Raditz 's scouter in order to repair it and find Yamcha , Tien Shinhan , and Chiaotzu . Piccolo takes Gohan into his custody and flies off , intending to train the boy in preparation for the two Saiyans ' arrival . In Other World , Kami arranges for Goku to be allowed to travel to King Kai via the million - mile - long Snake Way ; King Kai will then train Goku in advanced fighting techniques , in hopes that by the time he is re-animated Goku will be strong enough to face the new Saiyans who are heading towards Earth . While Goku starts his journey along the long road , Krillin unsuccessfully attempts to tell Chi - Chi of her husband 's death and her son 's kidnapping . Meanwhile , Piccolo tells Gohan of his father 's fate . Gohan doubts that he has any significant intrinsic power , so Piccolo uses a dramatic method to demonstrate Gohan 's hidden power - he throws Gohan at a rock , which Gohan destroys reflexively . 5 `` Wilderness Survival ! A Moonlit Night Awakens Gohan '' `` Kōya no Sabaibaru ! Tsukiyo ga Gohan o Yobisamasu '' ( 荒野のサバイバル ! 月夜が悟飯を呼び覚ます ) May 3 , 2009 May 26 , 2010 Gohan 's survival training begins . After a length of time spent alone on a mountaintop , Gohan looks at the full moon , which causes him to transform into a Saiyan `` Great Ape . '' Rather than let him rampage unchecked , Piccolo destroys the moon , making any further transformations impossible for both Gohan and the other Saiyans , and removes Gohan 's Saiyan tail , before leaving to begin his own training . Meanwhile , Bulma repairs the scouter , and Yajirobe delivers a summons to Krillin , telling him that the two of them , along with Yamcha , Tien , and Chiaotzu , are to report to Kami 's Lookout for training . 6 `` The End of the Line is Reached ! Playful Trials of Kaiosama '' / `` The End of Snake Way ! King Kai 's Bizarre Test ! '' `` Tadori Tsuita Shūten ! Kaiōsama no Ochame na Shiren '' ( 辿り着いた終点 ! 界王様のおちゃめな試練 ) May 10 , 2009 May 26 , 2010 Six months have passed since Gohan 's incident with the full moon , and he has since become much more adept at surviving in the wilderness . Piccolo then begins training the boy personally in martial arts . Meanwhile , Goku has arrived at the end of Snake Way , meeting King Kai on his planet , which , despite its small size , has ten - times Earth 's gravity . In order for Goku to train under King Kai 's teachings , he must attempt to make the master laugh . After Goku 's accomplishment of making him laugh , King Kai tells Goku to catch his pet monkey , Bubbles . This proves to be a difficult task for Goku due to the planet 's intense gravity , but he is persistent and refuses to give up . 7 `` The Battle With 10 - Times Gravity ! Goku , Your Training is a Race '' / `` The Battle with Ten - Times Gravity ! Goku 's Race Against the Clock ! '' `` Jū - bai Jūryoku to Tatakae ! Gokū yo Shugyō wa Kakekko da '' ( 10 倍重力と闘え ! 悟空よ修行はかけっこだ ) May 17 , 2009 May 27 , 2010 After three weeks , Goku succeeds in catching Bubbles . He is then issued his second challenge , to hit Gregory , the flying grasshopper , with a large mallet . After two weeks of trying , Goku succeeds and fully masters the planet 's gravity in the process . King Kai then proceeds to teach Goku his signature technique : the Kaio - ken . On Earth , Gohan 's training with Piccolo comes to a close , while the rest of the Z Fighters finish their training with Kami and go their separate ways . 8 `` Come Forth , Shenlong ! The Saiyans Finally Arrive on Earth '' / `` Shenron Appears ! The Saiyans Arrive Sooner than Expected ! '' `` Ide yo Shenron ! Saiyajin Tsui ni Chikyū Tōchaku '' ( いでよ神龍 ! サイヤ人ついに地球到着 ) May 24 , 2009 May 27 , 2010 King Kai has also taught Goku the Spirit Bomb technique , and tests Goku 's ability to create a Spirit Bomb with a large brick as a target ; Goku destroys it with no problems . However , King Kai warns Goku of the potential danger of creating a Spirit Bomb on Earth . So Goku decides to only use it as a last resort . With his training complete , Goku is ready to be resurrected . Only then is it revealed that the Saiyans will be arriving sooner than the expected ; additionally , King Kai had forgotten to allow sufficient time for Goku to travel back along Snake Way to reach Earth before the Saiyans arrive there . Goku sends an urgent telepathic message to Master Roshi via King Kai 's telepathy , insisting that the Dragon Balls be used to resurrect him with all possible haste . On Earth , Roshi , Bulma , and Oolong summon the Eternal Dragon Shenron and fulfill Goku 's wish . Goku then begins the long journey back along Snake Way ; fortunately , with all of his training , increased strength and speed , and new techniques , the return journey will be far quicker than the original . The next day , the Saiyans Vegeta and Nappa land on Earth to begin their search for the Dragon Balls . 9 `` Yamucha 's Struggle ! The Terrible Saibaimen '' / `` Yamcha 's Struggle ! The Terrible Saibamen ! '' `` Yamucha Funtō ! Osoru Beshi Saibaiman '' ( ヤムチャ奮闘 ! おそるべし栽培マン ) May 31 , 2009 June 1 , 2010 Vegeta and Nappa emerge from their two space pods and Nappa wipes out Metro East with a single blast . The two Saiyans then fly off towards the island where Piccolo and Gohan have been training . Krillin arrives first , and the three face off with Vegeta and Nappa . Piccolo learns for the first time that he is a Namekian , a member of an alien race from the planet called Namek , when told by Nappa . At Vegeta 's order , Nappa plants seeds in the ground , and six Saibamen are born . Tien , Chiaotzu , and then Yamcha fly in to join in the battle . Vegeta suggests they have a game of one - on - one and instructs the Saibamen to use all of their power during their fights . Tien faces off first against a Saibaman . Tien overpowers the Saibaman , but before he 's able to finish it off , Vegeta accuses the Saibaman of having held back his full power and subsequently destroys the Saibaman as incentive to the remaining five to obey the order to use their full strength . Next , Yamcha decides to fight in place of Krillin ; the Saibaman latches onto him and self - destructs , killing Yamcha . 10 `` Sit Tight , Chaozu ! The Screaming Kikoho of Tenshinhan '' / `` Sit Tight , Chiaotzu ! Tien 's Screaming Tri-Beam ! '' `` Matte ro Chaozu ! Tenshinhan Zekkyō no Kikōhō '' ( 待ってろ餃子 ! 天津飯絶叫の気功砲 ) June 7 , 2009 June 2 , 2010 Nappa faces off against the Z Fighters and proves to be a formidable opponent . During Nappa 's attack , Tien loses his arm . In an act of desperation , Chiaotzu attaches himself to Nappa 's back and sacrifices himself using a kamikaze technique , but Nappa is unharmed by it . Grief stricken by Chiaotzu 's sacrifice , Tien uses his Tri-Beam technique on Nappa , but this also fails , and Tien dies of exhaustion as a result . With the Z Fighters now down three , the team can do nothing but hope for Goku 's arrival , which is expected in three hours . The Saiyans soon learn of this trump card and scoff at the notion that any one new fighter could change the course of the battle , until Krillin informs the duo of Goku 's special training . Intrigued by the possibility of challenging a newly strengthened Goku , Vegeta issues a three - hour reprieve to wait for Goku to arrive . 11 `` Will Son Goku Be in Time ? ! 3 Hours Until the Battle Resumes '' / `` Will Goku Make it in Time ? ! Three Hours Until the Battle Resumes ! '' `` Maniau ka Son Gokū ! ? Sentō Saikai Made Sanjikan '' ( 間に合うか孫悟空 ! ? 戦闘再開まで 3 時間 ) June 14 , 2009 June 3 , 2010 Goku fails to arrive within the three - hour reprieve and the battle with the Saiyans recommences . At that moment however , Goku finally reaches the end of Snake Way , is teleported back to Earth by Kami , and flies straight to the battlefield on the Nimbus Cloud . Upon sensing Goku 's impending arrival on his scouter and discovering that Goku 's power level is now far greater than before , Vegeta orders Nappa to kill the remaining Z Fighters , including Piccolo . The Saiyans reveal that they came to Earth for the specific purpose of obtaining and using Earth 's Dragon Balls , which they learned about by monitoring Raditz 's conversations while he was on Earth . Vegeta says that he and Nappa can later go to Planet Namek and use the original Namekian Dragon Balls to wish for immortality for Vegeta , since Earth 's Dragon Balls have already been recently used . Nappa fires a powerful ki blast at Gohan , but Piccolo jumps in the way at the last second to shield Gohan from the blast . 12 `` Tears Shed by Piccolo ... Son Goku 's Furious Counterattack ! '' / `` Farewell , Piccolo ! Goku 's Furious Counterattack ! '' `` Pikkoro ga Nagashi ta Namida ... Son Gokū Ikari no Dai Hangeki ! '' ( ピッコロが流した涙 ... 孫悟空怒りの大反撃 ! ) June 21 , 2009 June 7 , 2010 Piccolo dies from Nappa 's ki blast , resulting in Kami 's death and the destruction of Earth 's Dragon Balls . However , Goku finally arrives at the battlefield just in time to save Gohan and Krillin . After healing the two with a Senzu bean from Korin , Goku engages Nappa in battle . Despite the mighty Nappa 's efforts , it quickly becomes clear that he is no match for Goku 's new level of power . Realizing this , Vegeta finally decides to step into the fight . 13 `` This is the Kaioken ! The Critical Battle of Goku vs. Vegeta '' / `` The Power of the Kaio - Ken ! Goku vs. Vegeta ! '' `` Kore ga Kaiōken da ! ! Genkai Batoru no Gokū tai Bejīta '' ( これが界王拳だ ! ! 限界バトルの悟空 VS べジータ ) June 28 , 2009 June 8 , 2010 With Vegeta ready to enter the fight , Nappa realizes that he has lost , and prepares to attack Gohan and Krillin . However , Goku disables Nappa by using his new Kaio - ken technique . With his partner now useless , Vegeta launches Nappa into the sky and mercilessly kills him with a powerful ki blast . Goku tells Gohan and Krillin to leave so he can fight Vegeta without distraction . After moving to a new battleground , the last two Saiyans begin their epic battle . However , Vegeta is much more powerful than Nappa was , and Goku eventually realizes that even the two - times Kaio - ken is n't enough to defeat his opponent . He then decides to break his promise to King Kai and use the three - times Kaio - ken . 14 `` The Impact of the Kamehameha ! Vegeta 's Tenacious Transformation '' / `` An All - Out Kamehame - Ha ! Vegeta 's Terrible Transformation ! '' `` Gekitotsu Kamehameha ! Bejīta Shūnen no Dai - henshin '' ( 激突かめはめ波 ! ベジータ執念の大変身 ) July 5 , 2009 June 9 , 2010 Goku powers up with the three - times Kaio - ken and attacks Vegeta with his increased power and speed . Vegeta is filled with rage as he 's realized that Goku 's power level exceeds his own , so he attempts to destroy Earth with his Galick Gun technique . Goku counters this with the Kamehameha blast and overcomes Vegeta 's blast by using the four - times Kaio - ken . Vegeta then searches for the moon to transform into a Great Ape and increase his power level . Realizing the moon has been destroyed , Vegeta releases a ball of ki that simulates the moon , and absorbs its Blutz Waves to transform into a Great Ape , which multiplies his power level by 10 . Krillin and Gohan sense Vegeta 's increased power and decide to return to help Goku . 15 `` Goku in Absolute Peril ! Entrust Your Wishes to the Genki Dama '' / `` Goku on the Ropes ! Pin Your Hopes on the Spirit Bomb ! '' `` Zettai Zetsumei no Gokū ! Genki Dama ni Negai o Takuse '' ( 絶体絶命の悟空 ! 元気玉に願いを託せ ) July 12 , 2009 June 10 , 2010 Goku uses Tien 's Solar Flare technique to blind the Great Ape Vegeta in order to buy time to create a Spirit Bomb , but Vegeta attacks Goku the instant he finishes gathering ki . Even in his battered state , Goku manages to wound Vegeta 's eye , but he ends up with Vegeta crushing him in his hand and breaking most of his body and bones in the process . While hiding , Gohan and Krillin watch the fight and try to come up with a plan to cut off Vegeta 's tail . They fail , but Yajirobe seizes an opening and severs Vegeta 's tail with his sword , forcing Vegeta to revert into his original form . Vegeta then angrily confronts Gohan , who is reluctant to fight at first , until he gets support from Goku . Goku then entrusts Krillin with the remaining ki from the Spirit Bomb . 16 `` The Invincible Vegeta Defeated ! Son Gohan Summons a Miracle '' / `` Defeat the Invincible Vegeta ! Work a Miracle , Gohan ! '' `` Datō Fujimi no Bejīta ! Kiseki o Okose Son Gohan '' ( 打倒不死身のベジータ ! 奇跡を起こせ孫悟飯 ) July 19 , 2009 June 14 , 2010 Krillin throws the Spirit Bomb at Vegeta , but the Saiyan Prince manages to dodge it at the last second . Following Goku 's advice , Gohan rebounds the Spirit Bomb back at Vegeta , though , surprisingly , Vegeta survives the hit . Before Vegeta can finish the Z Fighters off , however , Gohan 's tail suddenly grows back , and he transforms into a Great Ape , thanks to the artificial moon Vegeta had created earlier . After being thrashed around by the Great Ape , Vegeta cuts Gohan 's tail off in mid-air , but Gohan falls on top of him as he turns back to normal , crushing the Saiyan Prince to the brink of death . Finally defeated , Vegeta summons his space pod and attempts to escape , but Krillin grabs Yajirobe 's sword and prepares to finish Vegeta off . 17 `` Dawn of the Fierce Battle ... The Star of Hope Is Piccolo 's Homeland / Dawn of the Fierce Battle ! The Star of Hope is Piccolo 's Homeland ! '' `` Gekisen no Yoake ... Kibō no Hoshi wa Pikkoro no Furusato '' ( 激戦の夜明け ... 希望の星はピッコロの故郷 ) August 2 , 2009 June 15 , 2010 Before Krillin deals the final blow to Vegeta , Goku intercedes . He asks Krillin to allow Vegeta to live , as Goku wishes to train harder and challenge Vegeta again in honorable combat . Krillin reluctantly agrees and Vegeta leaves Earth . Master Roshi , Bulma , Chi - Chi , and Korin fly to where Goku , Gohan , and Krillin are . They gather their injured , and the bodies of their deceased friends , and set off to the hospital . Krillin informs them that Kami is a Namekian , and that the planet Namek should have more inhabitants able to create Dragon Balls . After brainstorming on how to get there in a reasonable amount of time , they realize that Nappa 's space pod is still a working vessel . Bulma decides to run it through some tests and see if it 's still viable . 18 `` The Spaceship that Sleeps in Yunzabit ! Blast Off for Planet Namek '' / `` The Ship Resting in Yunzabit ! Time to Blast Off for Planet Namek ! '' `` Yunzabitto ni Nemuru Uchūsen ! Namekkusei e Iza Hasshin '' ( ユンザビットに眠る宇宙船 ! ナメック星へいざ発進 ) August 9 , 2009 June 16 , 2010 Goku , Krillin , and Gohan are in the hospital recovering from the battle with Vegeta . Their friends and family come visit . When the television is turned on , they see a report about Nappa 's space pod . Bulma presses a button on the spaceship 's remote control which she thinks will summon it to them , but instead it self - destructs the pod . Before everyone gives up hope , Mr. Popo arrives , and tells them that he knows of another spaceship . It 's the Namekian ship that Kami used to come to earth when he was a boy . Bulma reluctantly agrees to inspect it up in Yunzabit Heights with him . They realize the craft is voice - activated in the native Namekian language . Bulma converts the language to English in a few weeks and learns how to use the ship ; Gohan and Krillin deciding to accompany her on her journey to Planet Namek in search for the Namekian Dragon Balls . 19 `` A Formidable New Enemy ! Emperor of the Universe , Freeza '' / `` A Powerful New Foe ! Frieza , Ruler of the Universe ! '' `` Arata Naru Kyōteki ! Uchū no Teiō Furīza '' ( 新たなる強敵 ! 宇宙の帝王フリーザ ) August 16 , 2009 June 17 , 2010 While on their month - long journey to Namek , Gohan and Krillin practice image training . Meanwhile , Vegeta has landed on Planet Frieza No. 79 , and after being healed from the injuries sustained on Earth , Kui tells him Frieza is currently on Namek attempting to retrieve the Dragon Balls . Vegeta is incensed and decides to chase Frieza to Namek to try to use the Dragon Balls for himself . After 30 days aboard Kami 's old spaceship , Bulma , Krillin , and Gohan arrive on Namek . Bulma uses her radar and notices that four of the seven Dragon Balls are together already . Gohan senses an evil presence , but Bulma is more optimistic and believes that the Namekians probably are the ones who have them . They notice Vegeta 's space pod fly overhead and land in the distance , along with a second space pod shortly thereafter . Vegeta is not too thrilled to find out that Frieza 's henchmen Zarbon and Dodoria are accompanying Frieza . 20 `` Rebellion Against Freeza ! Vegeta , Burning with Ambition '' / `` The Rebellion Against Frieza ! Vegeta 's Burning Ambition ! '' `` Furīza e no Hangyaku ! Yabō ni Moeru Bejīta '' ( フリーザへの反逆 ! 野望に燃えるベジータ ) August 23 , 2009 June 21 , 2010 Frieza continues to collect the Namekian Dragon Balls , while Vegeta goes to Frieza 's ship and slaughters Kui . Meanwhile , Krillin and Gohan battle more of Frieza 's minions , but not before they destroy the spaceship they used to reach the planet . Back on Earth , Yajirobe delivers Korin 's new batch of Senzu beans to Goku at the hospital . After eating one of the beans , making a complete recovery from his injuries in the process , Goku immediately prepares to journey towards Planet Namek himself . 21 `` Protect the Dragon Balls ! The Namekian Offensive '' / `` Protect the Dragon Balls ! The Namekians ' All - Out Attack ! '' `` Mamore Doragon Bōru ! Namekkuseijin Sōkōgeki '' ( 守れドラゴンボール ! ナメック星人総攻撃 ) August 30 , 2009 June 22 , 2010 Goku arrives at the Capsule Corporation , where Bulma 's father Dr. Briefs has prepared a spaceship for him to travel to Namek in six days , and which also contains sophisticated battle training equipment , the most of important of which is an artificial gravity device which allows for increasing the gravity in the ship up to 100 - times Earth gravity . Goku begins to train at 20 - times Earth 's gravity as he takes off for Namek . Meanwhile , the Namekians begin to fight back against Frieza 's men , however Zarbon and Dodoria prove too powerful . Discovering that their people are being located via their scouters , the Namekians destroy the scouters . Dodoria , filled with rage , vows to make the locals regret the day they ever crossed Frieza . 22 `` Dodoria in Terrifying Hot Pursuit ! Vegeta Learns the Truth '' / `` Dodoria 's Terrifying Chase ! A Truth Revealed to Vegeta ! '' `` Mōtsui Dodoria no Kyōfu ! Bejīta ni Akasu Shinjitsu '' ( 猛追ドドリアの恐怖 ! ベジータに明かす真実 ) September 6 , 2009 June 23 , 2010 Krillin and Gohan save a young Namekian boy named Dende from Dodoria 's attack . The three fly away and manage to hide from the pursuing Dodoria ; shortly after this he is attacked by Vegeta . The two fight briefly . Dodoria begs for his life , offering to tell Vegeta the true story of his home planet 's destruction . Vegeta releases Dodoria from his grip , and Dodoria reveals that it was Frieza who destroyed Planet Vegeta out of fear for the Saiyan race 's potential . Vegeta is furious at being lied to and being used by Frieza , and kills a fleeing Dodoria . 23 `` Vegeta 's Secret Plan ! Tragic Attack Upon the Namekians '' / `` Vegeta 's Covert Maneuvers ! A Tragic Assault on the Namekians ! '' `` Anyaku no Bejīta ! Namekkuseijin wo Osō Higeki '' ( 暗躍のベジータ ! ナメック星人を襲う悲劇 ) September 13 , 2009 June 24 , 2010 During his time on Earth , Vegeta has learned to sense energy without needing a scouter ; he senses Gohan , Krillin , and Dende in the distance . Gohan and Krillin lower their ki enough to avoid being detected further , but Dende does n't know how to . Before Vegeta can home in on Dende 's power , though , a giant Namekian fish appears , giving Vegeta the thought that it was the source of ki he detected - he has not yet completely mastered all of the subtlties of sensing energy without a scouter . He later comes across a village of 20 or so Namekians , and demands to be given the Dragon Ball . When the elder Namekian of the village denies him the Dragon Ball , Vegeta slays all the Namekians and finds the Dragon Ball in one of the huts . He then proceeds to throw it in a nearby lake so that Frieza and his men can not find it . Meanwhile , Dende takes Krillin with him to see the Grand Elder of Namek . 24 `` Resurrected Companions ! The Beauty Soldier Zarbon 's Demon Transformation '' / `` Friends Reborn ! Zarbon 's Hideous Transformation ! '' `` Yomigaeru Nakama - tachi ! Bisenshi Zābon Akuma no Henshin '' ( 甦る仲間たち ! 美戦士ザーボン悪魔の変身 ) September 20 , 2009 June 28 , 2010 Krillin and Dende continue their trek toward the Grand Elder 's home , while Vegeta begins battling Frieza 's right - hand man Zarbon . Vegeta appears to be winning when Zarbon reveals a transformation that powers him up immensely , shifting the battle in his favor . Meanwhile , King Kai informs Goku via telepathy that Yamcha , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Piccolo have arrived at his planet in the Other World to receive training , much as Goku did when he died . After learning that Frieza is the tyrant terrorizing Planet Namek , King Kai warns Goku to stay away at all costs as he fears that no one is powerful enough to defeat the mighty Frieza . 25 `` Kuririn 's Power - Up ! The Foreboding Squirming of Freeza '' / `` Power Up , Krillin ! Frieza 's Mounting Apprehension ! '' `` Pawā Appu da Kuririn ! Ugomeku Furīza no Yokan '' ( パワーアップだクリリン ! うごめくフリーザの予感 ) September 27 , 2009 June 29 , 2010 Krillin and Dende arrive at the Grand Elder 's location - a conspicuous tower out in the open - and are greeted by Nail , one of the strongest Namekian warriors and a bodyguard to the Elder . The Elder speaks with them about the dragon balls , his ailing health , and the need for someone to help his Namekian children . He telepathically reads Krillin 's past and learns of the history of Kami , including how Piccolo is the evil portion of Kami which Kami shed in order to become the Guardian of Earth . The Elder also learns that Krillin 's intentions are pure , and that he has dormant power , which the Elder awakens . Krillin 's power increases dramatically and he asks the Elder if Gohan can also have his dormant power awakened , to which the Elder replies yes . Meanwhile , Zarbon reports to Frieza that he has defeated Vegeta , even though Vegeta 's corpse was not found . Frieza condemns Zarbon for destroying Vegeta as he thinks Vegeta has a Dragon Ball hidden and needs Vegeta to reveal its location , so he sends Zarbon to retrieve Vegeta and bring him back to the ship to heal . Zarbon finds Vegeta still alive and places him in a rejuvenation chamber inside Frieza 's spaceship . 26 `` The Conspiracy Completely Shatters ! Vegeta 's Counterattack vs. Zarbon '' / `` The Scheme Is Shattered ! Vegeta Strikes Back at Zarbon ! '' `` Kudake Chire Inbō ! Gyakushū no Bejīta tai Zābon '' ( 砕け散れ陰謀 ! 逆襲のベジータ VS ザーボン ) October 4 , 2009 June 30 , 2010 Vegeta is fully rejuvenated and conceives a plan to steal the five Dragon Balls where Frieza has been keeping them . He severely damages the ship with a single blast and throws all five dragon balls out of the ship . Meanwhile , Krillin arrives back at the Capsule House with a Dragon Ball that the Grand Elder had given him . Unfortunately , both Vegeta and Zarbon have followed him ; the two quickly begin battling over possession of the dragon ball . Meanwhile , Gohan heads toward the village Vegeta attacked , discovering that there is still a Dragon Ball there . Eventually , Zarbon is killed by Vegeta , and Gohan retrieves the Dragon Ball which Vegeta had hidden in the lake and begins heading back to Bulma and the camp . Season 2 : Frieza saga ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) No . Translated title / Dub title Original airdate American airdate 27 `` A Hair - Trigger Pinch ! Gohan , Protect the Four Star Ball '' / `` A Touch - and - Go Situation ! Gohan , Protect the Four - Star Ball ! '' `` Isshokusokuhatsu no Pinchi ! Gohan yo Sūshinchū o Mamore '' ( 一触即発のピンチ ! 悟飯よ四星球を守れ ) October 11 , 2009 July 1 , 2010 Krillin surrenders his Dragon Ball to Vegeta after Zarbon is killed , knowing he does n't stand a chance against Vegeta . While returning to his stashed Dragon Balls , Vegeta senses Gohan . Gohan also senses Vegeta , so he masks his ki and hides his newly found Dragon Ball . Vegeta eventually coaxes Gohan out but does n't see the hidden Dragon Ball . Thinking he has all seven Dragon Balls , Vegeta lets Gohan live and takes off . After returning to the nearby Namekian lake , Vegeta realizes Gohan had taken his hidden Dragon Ball and goes berserk . Meanwhile , Frieza is informed that the Ginyu Force , an elite fighting team , will be arriving shortly , bringing much needed state - of - the art scouters as well as extensive fighting strength . Goku continues his training at intense gravity levels within his spaceship . 28 `` The Super Decisive Battle Draws Near ! The Ginyu Special - Squad Has Arrived ! '' / `` The Countdown to Battle Begins ! Enter , The Ginyu Force ! '' `` Semaru Chōkessen ! Ginyū Tokusentai Tadaima Sanjō ! '' ( 迫る超決戦 ! ギニュー特戦隊只今参上ッ ! ) October 18 , 2009 July 7 , 2010 Krillin takes Gohan to see the Grand Elder to have his inner power released . However , Vegeta senses them while they are flying toward the tower , and confronts them . Nail informs the trio of a powerful evil force approaching the planet . Vegeta knows it is the Ginyu Force , Frieza 's five most elite henchmen . Reluctantly , Gohan and Krillin agree to ally with Vegeta to use the Dragon Balls to make Vegeta immortal so that he can defeat the Ginyu Force , and Frieza , more easily . Krillin , Gohan , and Vegeta rush to retrieve the Dragon Ball which Gohan had left with Bulma ( who wonders why Vegeta stole the Dragon Ball ) and meanwhile , the Ginyu Force lands on the planet and meets up with Frieza . Goku completes his training at 100 - times Earth 's gravity on the way to Namek and discovers his results are much more impressive than he anticipated . 29 `` The Special - Squad 's Frontline Man ! Break Gurudo 's Spell '' / `` First Up for the Ginyu Force ! Guldo 's Time Freeze ! '' `` Tokusentai no Ichibante ! Gurudo no Jubaku o Uchi Kuzuse '' ( 特戦隊の一番手 ! グルドの呪縛を打ち崩せ ) October 25 , 2009 July 8 , 2010 Vegeta , Krillin , and Gohan race to the remaining five Dragon Balls that Vegeta had hidden , in an attempt to grant Vegeta the wish of eternal life in order to stand a chance against the Ginyu Force . The Ginyu Force beats them there , and with speed and a time freeze , swipe the two remaining Dragon Balls . Captain Ginyu takes the seven Dragon Balls to Frieza , and allows the other members to play Rock - Paper - Scissors to decide who gets to fight who . Recoome wins a fight with Vegeta and Guldo wins a fight with Krillin and Gohan . Krillin and Gohan fight Guldo first . After realizing that they are no easy match for him , Guldo paralyzes the two with his ESP - based `` time freeze '' technique . Vegeta , however , kills Guldo before any harm is done to the Earthlings , so Recoome decides he 's next to fight . Meanwhile , Goku is ten minutes away from landing on Namek . 30 `` The Hellish Recoome ! Keep Me Entertained , Vegeta - chan '' / `` The Nightmare Recoome ! Come Out and Play , Vegeta ! '' `` Jigoku no Rikūmu ! Tanoshimasero yo Bejīta - chan '' ( 地獄のリクーム ! 楽しませろよベジータちゃん ) November 1 , 2009 July 14 , 2010 Vegeta begins battling Recoome , the big brute of the Ginyu Force . While the Saiyan prince manages to get in a few good blows , ultimately Recoome does n't seem to be suffering any damage . Gohan and Krillin enter battle after Vegeta becomes too badly injured to continue fighting , but quickly find themselves similarly beaten and outclassed by the hulking Ginyu Force member . Elsewhere , Frieza attempts to use the Dragon Balls but nothing happens , prompting him to leave Ginyu to guard the balls while he himself goes to look for Namekians to tell him how to activate the Dragon Balls so he can use a wish to become immortal . Just when all seems lost in Vegeta , Krillin and Gohan 's fight with Recoome , Goku 's Capsule Corporation ship finally touches down on Planet Namek . 31 `` Son Goku Finally Arrives ! Knock the Ginyu Special - Squad Around '' / `` Goku Arrives At Last ! Take Down the Ginyu Force ! '' `` Son Gokū Tsuini Tōchaku ! Kechirase Ginyū Tokusentai '' ( 孫悟空ついに到着 ! 蹴散らせギニュー特戦隊 ) November 8 , 2009 July 15 , 2010 Goku enters the battle after giving Senzu beans to Krillin , Gohan , and Vegeta , and things quickly take a turn for the better . Recoome , charging up a deadly attack , is defeated by a single blow from Goku . Jeice and Burter leap into battle trying a variety of techniques - none of which have the least bit of effect on Goku . Burter is knocked out by a few swift attacks from Goku , as Jeice stares in awe at his latest opponent - having never faced someone so powerful . Vegeta comes to suspect that Goku has become the first `` Super Saiyan '' in over 1000 years , but has difficulty accepting the idea that a `` low - class '' Saiyan like Goku could become a Super Saiyan more easily than an `` elite - class '' warrior like himself . 32 `` Star Performer Entry ! ? Commander Ginyu vs. Son Goku '' / `` The Star Player Appears ! Ginyu vs. Goku ! '' `` Shin'uchi Tōjō ! ? Ginyū Taichō VS Son Gokū '' ( 真打ち登場 ! ? ギニュー隊長 VS 孫悟空 ) November 15 , 2009 July 21 , 2010 Goku tells Jeice to take the beaten Recoome and Burter and leave the planet forever . Jeice flees to Captain Ginyu and tells him what has happened . Ginyu has Frieza 's men bury the Dragon Balls then sets out with Jeice towards Goku . Meanwhile , Vegeta kills Burter and then Recoome . Also , Krillin and Gohan realize that Frieza is heading towards the Grand Elder in order to obtain the password to summon the Namekian Dragon . Shortly after this , Ginyu and Jeice arrive to battle Goku . Goku tells Krillin and Gohan to leave . Vegeta tricks Goku and flies away , leaving Goku to fight alone . Goku and Captain Ginyu fight , and after a while Ginyu asks Goku to release his true power . Goku abides and begins to power up via the Kaio - ken . 33 `` Son Goku at Full Power ! There 's a Secret Plan in the Shaking Ginyu ! ? '' / `` Full Power , Goku ! Captain Ginyu 's Desperate Attack ! '' `` Furu Pawā da Son Gokū ! Ononoku Ginyū ni Hisaku Ari ! ? '' ( フルパワーだ孫悟空 ! おののくギニューに秘策あり ! ? ) November 22 , 2009 July 22 , 2010 Using the mighty Kaio - ken technique , Goku powers up to his maximum level - which is far greater than Ginyu expected . The captain can do nothing but tremble in fear at his more powerful opponent . The Grand Elder unlocks Dende 's hidden powers and sends him off to meet the Earthlings - the Elder has realized the Earth warriors do not know how to use the Namekian Dragon Balls - and Nail begins battling Frieza to stall for time while Dende travels . While Frieza is clearly the stronger of the two , he is surprised at Nail 's ability to regenerate lost limbs . Gohan and Krillin rescue Bulma from a dinosaur attack , and take the dragon radar to find where Frieza stashed the Dragon Balls . As the episode ends , Ginyu makes the strange move of wounding himself , and firing a strange beam at Goku . 34 `` Surprise ! Goku is Ginyu and Ginyu is Goku ! ? '' `` Bikkuri ! Gokū ga Ginyū de Ginyū ga Gokū ! ? '' ( ビックリ ! 悟空がギニューでギニューが悟空 ! ? ) November 29 , 2009 July 28 , 2010 The beam Ginyu fires at Goku causes the two of them to switch bodies . Goku is now trapped in Ginyu 's wounded body . Krillin and Gohan arrive at Frieza 's ship and dig up the Dragon Balls . Ginyu , in Goku 's body , and Jeice arrive back at the ship as well , but when Ginyu tries to power up his level is only 23,000 , far less than the 180,000 level Goku had before the body switch . Realizing that great strength requires unity of mind and body , Goku ( in Ginyu 's body ) arrives and shouts to Krillin and Gohan that they can easily defeat Ginyu . Vegeta kills Jeice and boasts that he is close to becoming a Super Saiyan . 35 `` A Great Turnabout for Goku ? ! Super Shenlong , Come Out Right Now ! '' / `` Goku 's Comeback ! Call Forth Porunga ! '' `` Gokū Dai - Gyakuten ! ? Ima Koso Ide yo Chō - Shenron ! '' ( 悟空大逆転 ! ? 今こそいでよ超神龍 ! ) December 6 , 2009 July 29 , 2010 After killing Jeice , Vegeta sets his sights on Ginyu ( still in Goku 's body ) . Vegeta effortlessly pummels Ginyu , and an attempt by Ginyu to switch into Vegeta 's body is thwarted by Goku who intercepts the beam , sending Ginyu and Goku back to their respective original bodies . Ginyu tries again to switch with Vegeta , but Goku , although wounded by Krillin and Gohan attacking his body when it was taken over by Ginyu , throws a Namekian frog in the path , resulting in Ginyu switching into the frog 's body . With the Ginyu Force completely defeated , Vegeta places Goku in a rejuvenation chamber inside Frieza 's spaceship , and gives battle armor to Krillin and Gohan . Krillin leaves to find the Grand Elder to learn the appropriate summoning ritual for the Namekian Dragon Balls . Krillin meets up with Dende on the way over , as Dende had been heading for the Earth team already . It is revealed that the summoning has to be done in the Namekian language , so Dende will act as the translator to summon the dragon and request the wishes . Meanwhile , Nail continues to fight Frieza to stall for the time needed for Dende to reach Krillin and Gohan . Nail eventually reveals this to Frieza after realizing he will never last if he continues ; the enraged tyrant immediately charges back towards his spaceship to try to regain control of the Dragon Balls . Krillin , Gohan , and Dende take advantage of the fact that Vegeta is napping , and take the Dragon Balls away from the ship and successfully summon Porunga , the Eternal Dragon of Namek . 36 `` An Enraged Freeza Approaches ! Porunga ... Please Grant Our Wish ! '' / `` Frieza Closes In ! Mighty Porunga , Grant Our Wish ! '' `` Gekikō Furīza ga Semaru ! Porunga yo ... Negai o Kanae Tamae ! '' ( 激昂フリーザが迫る ! ポルンガよ ... 願いを叶えたまえ ! ) December 13 , 2009 September 6 , 2010 Krillin and Gohan discover that although the Namekian Dragon Balls can grant three wishes , they can resurrect only one person per wish , unlike the Earth 's Dragon Balls . After consulting with their dead friends via King Kai 's telepathic abilities , they use the first wish to revive Piccolo , which also brings Kami and the Earth 's Dragon Balls back . They then use the second wish to teleport Piccolo to Namek so he can assist them in their fight with Frieza , but they are not specific enough in their wish ; as a result Piccolo is indeed transported to Namek , but ends up quite a distance away from his friends and the imminent battle with Frieza . At this point Vegeta awakens and learns he 's been duped , and speeds angrily to where Porunga is hovering over Namek . He is about to attack Krillin and Gohan until they tell him there is still one wish left ; after some debate it is decided to let Vegeta use the wish to become immortal , as it seems to be the only possible way to defeat Frieza . Dende speaks the wish , but just before it can be granted , the Grand Elder dies and the Namekian Dragon Balls become useless ; Porunga disintegrates and the balls turn to plain stone . Just as Vegeta thinks his luck could n't get any worse , Frieza finally arrives , and is not happy at all that his own plans for immortality have been thwarted . 37 `` A Tormenting Super Transformation ! Freeza 's One Million Fighting Power '' / `` A Nightmare Transformation ! Frieza 's Power Level - One Million ! ? '' `` Akumu no Chō Henshin ! Sentōryoku Hyaku - man no Furīza '' ( 悪夢の超変身 ! 戦闘力 100 万のフリーザ ) December 20 , 2009 October 20 , 2010 Piccolo arrives on Planet Namek following being resurrected and wished there . He begins rushing towards the battlefield , and along the way encounters an ailing Nail , on the brink of death . Piccolo reluctantly performs Namekian fusion with Nail , which increases his power substantially , and begins rushing back to the battlefield . Meanwhile , Frieza , after battling the Earthlings and Vegeta in his first form , transforms to his second form following some goading from Vegeta - and this increases the tyrant 's power level to over a million . With his increased power , Frieza charges at Krillin in the air , impaling him on one of his horns . 38 `` Freeza Bares His Fangs ! Gohan 's Transcendent Power Attacks '' / `` Frieza Bares His Fangs ! Gohan 's Overwhelming Attack ! '' `` Kiba o Muku Furīza ! Chōzetsu Pawā ga Gohan o Osō '' ( 牙をむくフリーザ ! 超絶パワーが悟飯を襲う ) December 27 , 2009 October 21 , 2010 After impaling Krillin , Frieza slings him into the water . Gohan rushes to rescue his friend , but his path is blocked by the tyrant . Gohan 's rage from seeing a friend in pain gets the better of him , and he immediately starts unloading on Frieza , much to Vegeta 's surprise ; Vegeta had never seen how strong emotion dramatically increases Gohan 's power levels . As Gohan knocks Frieza out of the air , Dende saves Krillin from drowning and heals him - this was one of his hidden powers that the Grand Elder had unlocked . Frieza charges towards Gohan to get his revenge , only to be blasted in the back by Vegeta - which , to the Saiyan prince 's disappointment , does absolutely nothing . Frieza begins thrashing Gohan , but is rescued by the healed Krillin , who distracts the tyrant with numerous attacks and escapades - buying just enough time for Dende to heal Gohan . Unfortunately , it becomes clear that Frieza outclasses them all , so the three warriors begin blasting him with everything they 've got . Once again , it has no effect , but as they are about to charge him in their moment of desperation , Piccolo finally arrives on the battlefield , announcing that he will be the one to win the battle . 39 `` The Reborn Piccolo Shows Himself ! An Enraged Freeza 's Second Transformation '' / `` Piccolo Reborn ! Frieza 's Second Transformation '' `` Shinsei Pikkoro Arawaru ! Gekido Furīza Dai Ni no Henshin '' ( 新生ピッコロあらわる ! 激怒フリーザ第 2 の変身 ) January 10 , 2010 October 27 , 2010 Fortified by his combining with Nail , Piccolo begins battling Frieza - and surprisingly manages to hold his own . The two exchange blows pretty evenly for a good portion of the fight . Piccolo eventually realizes Frieza slightly holds the upper hand , so Piccolo removes his weighted training clothing and begins winning against the tyrant . Frieza finds himself backed into a corner , so he decides it is best to transform again to fight Piccolo . Becoming his grotesque , ugly third form , Frieza once again gains the upper hand and begins obliterating Piccolo with a rapid finger beam blast . Gohan rushes to rescue his mentor , and when Krillin tries to follow suit , Vegeta stops him - revealing to Krillin that he may have a strategy that will allow him to defeat the tyrant . 40 `` Freeza 's Final Transformation ! The Ultimate Nightmare Begins ! '' / `` Frieza 's Final Transformation : The Ultimate Nightmare Begins '' `` Furīza Saigo no Chō Henshin ! Jigoku Ijō no Kyōfu ga Hajimaru '' ( フリーザ最後の超変身 ! 地獄以上の恐怖がはじまる ) January 17 , 2010 October 28 , 2010 Frieza dodges Gohan 's attack but quickly finds himself on the receiving end once again - the young half Saiyan unleashes a massive ki blast that even the tyrant himself has difficulty deflecting . Frieza then decides to transform to his fourth form - the final and most powerful . Vegeta 's plan to defeat Frieza involves having himself mortally wounded and then being healed by Dende - which the Saiyan prince achieves by having Krillin shoot a ki blast through his chest . Vegeta has realized that each time a Saiyan is badly injured , his power level will increase substantially after he is healed . Vegeta lowers his shields to allow Krillin 's attack to succeed , and Krillin proceeds to deliver a devastating blow to Vegeta . What nobody realizes is that Dende has no interest in healing Vegeta ; Dende runs from Vegeta and instead heals Piccolo , who eventually convinces him to heal Vegeta as well . Frieza eventually reaches his final form , and immediately kills Dende with his Death Beam technique - having witnessed his healing abilities while transforming , Frieza realizes this may be the key to defeating the others . Krillin , Gohan , and Piccolo go on the attack but the tyrant dodges every single attack they throw his way . Vegeta watches them fight from a hill , preparing to charge up to his newfound power level as Gohan finds himself on a direct collision course with another one of Frieza 's blasts . 41 `` The Moment We 've Waited For ! Son Goku is Revived '' / `` The Moment of Truth Approaches ! Goku Back in Action ! '' `` Machinimatta ze Kono Shunkan ! Son Gokū ga Fukkatsu da '' ( 待ちに待ったぜこの瞬間 ! 孫悟空が復活だ ) January 24 , 2010 November 3 , 2010 Vegeta intervenes , using his newfound power and speed to rescue Gohan from Frieza 's blast . While Gohan is grateful , Vegeta tells him he does n't care about him as a person and only did it as a demonstration of his abilities - now that he has declared himself a Super Saiyan . The Saiyan prince powers up to unbelievable levels of strength , which leave Gohan , Krillin , and Piccolo in awe - but no matter how much he powers up , and how many deadly attacks he dishes out , Frieza dodges and deflects everything . Vegeta quickly finds himself on the wrong end of the tyrant 's attacks , and is quickly beaten once he realizes he has not actually achieved Super Saiyan status . Gohan attempts to help but is stopped by Piccolo , who says Gohan would not be able to do anything anyway . However , just as all hope seems lost , Goku emerges from the rejuvenation chamber inside Frieza 's spaceship - fully recovered and with his power once again increased beyond his expectations . 42 `` Defeat Freeza , Son Goku ! The Proud Vegeta 's Tears '' / `` Defeat Frieza , Goku ! The Tears of the Proud Saiyan Prince ! '' `` Furīza o Taose Son Gokū ! Hokori - Takaki Bejīta no Namida '' ( フリーザを倒せ孫悟空 ! 誇り高きベジータの涙 ) January 31 , 2010 November 4 , 2010 Vegeta is no match for Frieza and is quickly incapacitated . Piccolo , Gohan and Krillin are forced to stand idly by while Frieza continues to thrash the Saiyan prince . However , Goku finally arrives at the battlefield and confronts the tyrant . Surprisingly , Frieza finds Goku 's appearance very familiar . When Vegeta mocks Frieza , saying that Goku is the `` real '' Super Saiyan , the tyrant fires his Death Beam through Vegeta 's heart , giving him just seconds to live . Before his death , Vegeta informs Goku that Frieza was responsible for the destruction of the Saiyan planet and the entire Saiyan race ; Vegeta begs Goku to defeat the tyrant and avenge their people , and even sheds true tears , which greatly moves Goku . Goku then makes a grave and buries Vegeta , before setting his sights on Frieza himself - vowing that he will defeat the merciless tyrant . 43 `` Son Goku vs. Freeza ! The Curtain Opens on the Super Decisive Battle ! '' / `` Goku vs. Frieza ! The Super Showdown Begins ! `` Son Gokū tai Furīza ! Chō - Kessen no Makuake da ! '' ( 孫悟空 VS フリーザ ! 超決戦の幕開けだ ! ) February 7 , 2010 November 10 , 2010 Goku jumps into battle against Frieza , and quickly proves to be more of a challenge than Frieza thought . The two exchange powerful blows and discover their levels of strength are nearly equal . As Goku and Frieza attempt to one - up each other , Gohan , Krillin , and Piccolo back away to watch the battle from a safe distance , while Yamcha , Tien , and Chiaotzu watch from King Kai 's planet in the Other World . At one point during the battle , Goku is able to take advantage of Frieza 's inability to sense another 's ki , but Frieza counters this by trapping Goku in an exploding ball of energy that nearly kills him . However , Piccolo states that even after all this , neither Goku nor Frieza is fighting at full power just yet . 44 `` A Physical War That Exceeds All Limits ! Goku and Freeza and Ginyu , Again ? ! '' / `` A Boundary - Pushing Brawl ! Goku , Frieza , and Ginyu Again ? '' `` Genkai Toppa no Nikudansen ! Gokū to Furīza to Ginyū Futatabi ! ? '' ( 限界突破の肉弾戦 ! 悟空とフリーザとギニュー再び ! ? ) February 14 , 2010 November 11 , 2010 Goku and Frieza 's battle continues , with the two pretty evenly exchanging blows . However Goku is in for a shock when he discovers the tyrant has only been using a small amount of his total power . Frieza then boosts his power up to 50 % , and Goku is quickly overwhelmed , even with the use of the 10 - times Kaio - ken . Meanwhile , Bulma meets the frog Ginyu , and Ginyu steals her body , leaving Bulma in the frog form . Ginyu heads for the battlefield ; Bulma has managed to accompany him and both soon arrive at the battlefield where Goku and Frieza are continuing to duke it out - with Goku quickly outclassed by the powered - up tyrant . 45 `` It 's a 20-Fold Kaioken ! A Kamehameha with Everything on the Line '' / `` Kaio - Ken Times Twenty ! An All - Or - Nothing Kamehame - Ha ! '' `` Nijū - bai Kaiōken da ! Subete o Kaketa Kamehameha '' ( 20 倍界王拳だ ! すべてを賭けたかめはめ波 ) February 21 , 2010 November 17 , 2010 Ginyu tries to steal Piccolo 's body , but is foiled by Gohan who throws the frog body containing Bulma 's personality back in the way , putting Bulma back in her own body and once again trapping Ginyu in the frog body . Meanwhile , Goku continues to be thrashed by Frieza . However , he sees a vision of how Frieza could destroy everyone he loves - and as a result , he uses the 20 - times Kaio - ken alongside a massive Kamehameha against Frieza . However , even this is not enough to defeat the tyrant , and the use of the 20 - times Kaio - ken severely weakens Goku . He then has another vision , this time of Vegeta and other Saiyans of the past , reminding him that should he fail , Frieza will finally succeed in exterminating the entire Saiyan race . Motivated once again , Goku stands his ground as Frieza lunges at him . 46 `` This Is the Last Trump Card ! Goku 's Extra-Large Genki Dama '' / `` The Final Trump Card ! Goku 's Ultimate Spirit Bomb ! '' `` Kore ga Saigo no Kirifuda da ! Gokū no Tokudai Genki Dama '' ( これが最後の切り札だ ! 悟空の特大元気玉 ) February 28 , 2010 November 18 , 2010 Despite his renewed confidence , Goku realizes he still has no chance of victory using direct physical attacks against Frieza , who is still using only 50 % of his full power . At this point , Goku decides to use his ultimate technique - the Spirit Bomb . With so little ki from living things left to absorb on Namek , Goku absorbs ki from neighboring worlds as well . Creating a Spirit Bomb of this size takes extensive time and concentration , and Frieza continues to pummel him . Piccolo decides to intervene , taking what energy Gohan and Krillin have left and attacking Frieza to draw attention away from Goku and the Spirit Bomb he is creating . Before Frieza can obliterate Goku with a beam to the forehead , Piccolo stops him with a full - force kick to the head . The now - distracted Frieza goes after Piccolo , whose attacks do nothing to faze him . The Namekian is quickly floored by Frieza as Goku continues charging the Spirit Bomb . 47 `` Awaken Warrior of Legend ... Super Saiyan , Son Goku ! '' / `` Awaken , Legendary Warrior ! Goku the Super Saiyan ! '' `` Mezamero Densetsu no Senshi ... Sūpā Saiyajin , Son Gokū ! '' ( 目覚めろ伝説の戦士 ... 超サイヤ人、孫悟空 ! ) March 7 , 2010 November 27 , 2010 Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and hurls it down upon Frieza . The tyrant manages to catch it , but is unable to stop it from exploding on him . The Z Fighters celebrate their apparent victory and start making plans to return to Earth . However , Frieza reappears and , though badly damaged from the Spirit Bomb , he is still powerful enough to take them all out . Frieza fires his Death Beam straight at Goku , but Piccolo jumps in the way and takes the beam to the chest , which knocks him unconscious . Frieza next sets his sights on Krillin and causes Krillin 's body to explode from the inside , killing him . Enraged by these sacrifices , Goku undergoes a radical transformation in which his eyes turn from black to green , his black hair turns blonde , and his body is surrounded in an aura of golden light . With his powers now greatly enhanced , Goku orders Gohan to take Piccolo to his spaceship , find Bulma , and leave Namek , while he handles Frieza . 48 `` The Angry Super Saiyan ! Throw Your Hat in the Ring Son Goku ! '' / `` The Angry Super Saiyan ! Goku Throws Down the Gauntlet ! '' `` Okoreru Sūpā Saiyajin ! Nanori o Agero Son Gokū ! '' ( 怒れる超サイヤ人 ! 名乗りを上げろ孫悟空 ! ) March 14 , 2010 November 27 , 2010 The transformed Goku renews his battle with Frieza and proves to now be far superior to Frieza 's power . Frieza launches several counter-attacks at Goku , but they have no effect at all . As the tyrant stares in awe at his more - powerful opponent , he realizes that his worst nightmare has come true - a legendary Super Saiyan , which Frieza had long secretly feared , has finally been born . In a desperate attempt to defeat Goku , Frieza hurls an attack down upon Namek itself , in an effort to destroy the planet and everyone on it . 49 `` Exact Vengeance Son Goku ! The Countdown to the Planet 's Collapse '' / `` Avenge the Fallen , Goku ! Countdown to the Planet 's Destruction ! '' `` Ada o Ute Son Gokū ! Wakusei Hōkai no Kauntodaun '' ( 仇を討て孫悟空 ! 惑星崩壊のカウントダウン ) March 21 , 2010 December 16 , 2010 Frieza 's attack on Namek detonates the planet 's core , and he says that Namek will explode in five minutes . Super Saiyan Goku is confident that he can defeat Frieza within that time , however , Frieza then decides to power up to 100 % of his full power . Much to King Kai 's amazement , Goku allows Frieza to reach his full power rather than attacking while Frieza powers up , wishing to defeat the tyrant at his best . 50 `` Do - or - Die Full Power of Freeza ! Shenlong , Heed This Wish '' / `` Full Power Frieza ! Shenron , Grant Our Wish ! '' `` Furīza Kesshi no Furu Pawā ! Negai o Todokete Kure Shenron '' ( フリーザ決死のフルパワー ! 願いを届けてくれ神龍 ) March 28 , 2010 December 16 , 2010 As the epic battle between Goku and Frieza rages on the dying Planet Namek , King Kai is informed by Kami on Earth that Mr. Popo has gathered all seven of Earth 's Dragon Balls . Upon learning of the Earth 's Dragon Balls ' ability to resurrect multiple people despite being limited to one wish per use , King Kai asks that they be used to bring back to life all those on Namek who were killed by Frieza and his minions , thus also bringing back the Grand Elder , as well as the Namekian Dragon Balls , which still have one more wish to be used . King Kai plans to use this final wish to teleport everyone on Namek to Earth except for Frieza , leaving the tyrant to be the only one present when Namek explodes . Mr. Popo then summons Shenron and fulfills King Kai 's first wish . 51 `` Furious Battle Cry of Goku ! Make It in Time ... The Resurrection Wish ! '' / `` Goku 's Furious Roar ! A Last - Minute Wish ! '' `` Gokū Gekido no Osakebi ! Ma ni Ae ... Kishi - Kaisei no Negai ! '' ( 悟空激怒の雄叫び ! 間に合え ... 起死回生の願い ! ) April 4 , 2010 February 5 , 2011 Shenron succeeds in resurrecting everyone killed by Frieza and his henchmen on Namek ( minus Krillin ) , and the Grand Elder and the Namekian Dragon Balls are also brought back . King Kai immediately contacts the Elder and quickly informs him of the situation . The Elder then sends Dende to Porunga in order to use the final wish to teleport everyone on Namek to Earth , except for Frieza . However , Goku requests that he remain on Namek as well , so he can finish Frieza once and for all . Porunga fulfills this wish and teleports everyone to Earth except Goku and Frieza . The two combatants then prepare themselves for the final round before Namek 's explosion . 52 `` Two Remain on a Vanishing Planet ! This Is the Final Showdown '' / `` Duel on a Vanishing Planet ! The Final Showdown ! '' `` Kieyuku Hoshi ni Nokotta Futari ! Kore ga Saishū Kessen da '' ( 消えゆく星に残った 2 人 ! これが最終決戦だ ) April 11 , 2010 February 9 , 2011 As the battle continues , it seems neither warrior is going to win before Namek 's explosion . However , Goku soon notices that Frieza 's power is quickly decreasing , due to his 100 % full power taking its toll on his body . Satisfied that he has won , Goku decides to call it quits and begins to depart towards his spaceship . Unable to accept this , Frieza launches a pair of heat - seeking ki disks at Goku . The Super Saiyan manages to avoid this , however , and eventually Frieza is sliced in half by his own attack . Season 3 : androids saga ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . Translated title / Dub title Original airdate American airdate 53 `` The Final Blow , Son Goku ... Planet Namek Scatters Throughout Space '' / `` Goku 's Final Attack ! Countdown to Planet Namek 's Destruction ! '' `` Son Gokū , Saigo no Ichigeki ... Namekku - sei Uchū ni Chiru '' ( 孫悟空、最後の一撃 ... ナメック星宇宙に散る ) April 18 , 2010 February 10 , 2011 On Earth , the Grand Elder dies again , but before his death , he gives his power to Moori , one of his eldest sons , making him the new Grand Elder , and thereby preserving the power of the Namekian Dragon Balls . Meanwhile , on Namek , the dying Frieza begs for mercy from Goku . Despite his better judgement , Goku can not ignore Frieza 's pleas for help and gives the tyrant some of his own ki before departing . However , Frieza lets his pride get the better of him and unleashes one final ki blast at Goku , but the Super Saiyan easily repels the blast right back at the tyrant and seemingly destroys Frieza in the process . Goku then attempts to escape in Frieza 's spaceship , but is unable to make it take off . Namek finally explodes and it appears that Goku perishes along with the planet . 54 `` Goku Vanishes in Space ... Return to Life ! Super Warriors '' / `` Goku Vanishes Into Space ! Welcome Home , Super Warriors ! '' `` Uchū ni Kieta Gokū ... Yomigaere ! Chō Senshi - tachi '' ( 宇宙に消えた悟空 ... 甦れ ! 超戦士たち ) April 25 , 2010 February 16 , 2011 Following Namek 's destruction , King Kai informs Bulma and the others on Earth of Goku 's apparent death , and that even though the Namekian Dragon Balls can resurrect Goku and Krillin , they will be brought back to where Namek used to be and die again in the vacuum of space . However , Vegeta comes up with the idea of using the Dragon Balls to first bring Goku and Krillin 's souls to the Earth 's check - in station in the Other World , from where they can be resurrected on Earth . 130 days after their use on Namek , the Namekian Dragon Balls become re-active , and the first two wishes are used to successfully revive Krillin ; it is revealed that Goku is actually still alive and that he will return to Earth on his own later . Yamcha is then brought back to life with the third wish . Another 130 days later , the Namekian Dragon Balls are used to revive both Tien and Chiaotzu , and are then used to teleport all of the native Namekians to a new planet . The Z Fighters then return to their peaceful lives , waiting patiently for Goku to return . 55 `` That 's Earth , Papa ... Freeza and His Father Strike Back '' / `` There Is Planet Earth , Father ! Frieza and King Cold Strike Back ! '' `` Are ga Chikyū da yo Papa ... Furīza - Oyako no Gyakushū '' ( あれが地球だよパパ ... フリーザ親子の逆襲 ) May 2 , 2010 February 17 , 2011 A year has passed and still Goku has not returned to Earth . However , it is revealed that Frieza managed to survive his battle with the Super Saiyan , has been rebuilt into a cyborg by his father King Cold , and is heading towards Earth , intending to exact revenge on Goku . The rest of the Z Fighters gather to defend the Earth from Frieza , despite knowing the odds are against them . However , as soon as Frieza , King Cold , and their army of soldiers arrive on Earth , they are met by a mysterious teenager wielding a sword , who says that he has come to kill them . 56 `` I 'll Defeat Freeza ! Another Super Saiyan '' / `` I Will Defeat Frieza ! Another Super Saiyan ! '' `` Furīza wa Boku ga Taosu ! Mō Hitori no Sūpā Saiyajin '' ( フリーザはボクが倒す ! もう一人の超サイヤ人 ) May 9 , 2010 February 23 , 2011 The mysterious teenager easily takes out Frieza 's soldiers , then surprises Frieza by transforming into a Super Saiyan . The evil tyrant attempts to destroy this second Super Saiyan , but is unsuccessful . Eventually , the teenager slices Frieza into pieces with his sword , before blasting him away . King Cold tries to defeat the Super Saiyan himself , but the teenager easily kills him and destroys his ship . After reverting to his normal state , the teenager spots the Z Fighters and says that Goku will be arriving nearby soon . Despite their skepticism , the Z Fighters agree to join him in awaiting Goku 's arrival . 57 `` Welcome Back Son Goku ! The Confession of the Mysterious Young Boy Trunks '' / `` Welcome Back , Goku ! Confessions of the Mysterious Youth , Trunks ! '' `` Okaeri Son Gokū ! Nazo no Shōnen Torankusu no Kokuhaku '' ( おかえり孫悟空 ! 謎の少年トランクスの告白 ) May 16 , 2010 February 24 , 2011 After three hours of waiting , a space pod crash lands on Earth and Goku emerges from it . There is no time for celebration , however , as the mysterious teenager pulls Goku aside to talk with him in private . After testing Goku 's Super Saiyan powers , the teenager reveals that his name is Trunks and that he comes from an apocalyptic future 20 years from the present , as well as that he is the future son of Bulma and Vegeta . He further informs Goku that in three years from now , a pair of deadly androids , built by Doctor Gero of the former Red Ribbon Army , will begin a rampage on Earth and kill all of the Z Fighters , except for Goku , who will have died from a heart virus six months before their assault . Trunks then supplies Goku with a heart antidote made in his future timeline , instructing him to take it when the virus attacks him . Piccolo hears the whole conversation using his special hearing . Goku promises that he and the other Z Fighters will train hard for the next three years to prepare for the androids ' assault , and Trunks then returns to the future in his time machine . 58 `` New Technique of Goku , Instant Movement ! Special Training Staked on 3 Years From Now '' / `` Goku 's New Move , Instant Transmission ! The Three - Year Training Session Begins ! '' `` Gokū no Shin Waza , Shunkan Idō ! San - nen Go ni Kaketa Tokkun '' ( 悟空の新ワザ、瞬間移動 ! 3 年後に賭けた特訓 ) May 23 , 2010 March 2 , 2011 At Vegeta 's request , Goku explains to the others that he managed to survive Planet Namek 's destruction by escaping in one of the Ginyu Force 's space pods just seconds before Namek exploded . He further explains that he eventually landed on a planet called Yardrat and was nursed back to health by the friendly inhabitants of the planet . He also reveals that he learned from them a special teleportation technique called Instant Transmission . The Z Fighters then go their separate ways to each begin preparing themselves for the androids ' assault . After three years of intense training , they all head off to meet on the island on which Trunks had indicated that the androids would begin their attack . 59 `` The Pair Who Do n't Leave a Trace ! The Artificial Humans Appear '' / `` Undetectable Monsters ! The Androids Appear ! '' `` Kehai o Motanu Futari - gumi ! Jinzōningen , Arawaru '' ( 気配を持たぬ 2 人組 ! 人造人間、あらわる ) May 30 , 2010 March 8 , 2011 The Z Fighters gather at the island in anticipation of the androids ' attack . However , as the time approaches , the androids are nowhere to be seen . Yajirobe arrives to deliver Korin 's new batch of Senzu beans to the others , but as soon as he departs , the androids shoot down his ship and immediately descend into the nearby city before the Z Fighters can get a glimpse of them . Gohan goes to rescue Yajirobe , while the rest of the Z Fighters fly down to the city as well to search out their enemies . After a period of searching , Yamcha becomes the first victim of the androids , after having his energy absorbed by Android # 20 , and then being impaled . The others arrive just in time to save him , and Goku eventually persuades the androids to move to a new location to fight after a large portion of the city is destroyed . 60 `` Attacked on Both Sides by an Internal Enemy ? ! Son Goku vs Artificial Human # 19 '' / `` The Unbeatable Enemy Within ! Goku vs. Android 19 ! '' `` Uchi - naru Teki to no Hasami - Uchi ! ? Son Gokū tai Jinzōningen Jūkyū - gō '' ( 内なる敵との挟み撃ち ! ? 孫悟空 VS 人造人間 19 号 ) June 6 , 2010 March 9 , 2011 As Goku , Piccolo , and Tien take the androids to a new location to battle , Krillin revives Yamcha with a Senzu bean . However , once Yamcha reveals the androids ' ability to absorb energy , he , Krillin , and Gohan head off to warn the others . Meanwhile , it is revealed to Goku that the androids are a result of years of research conducted by Dr. Gero , in which miniature spy robots were used to analyze Goku 's fighting techniques and developments in strength , all in an attempt to exact revenge on Goku for destroying the Red Ribbon Army . However , Gero did not analyze Goku during his time on Planet Namek , and thus the androids are unaware of his ability to transform into a Super Saiyan , which Goku gladly demonstrates in front of them . A battle then ensues between Goku and Android # 19 , and though Goku clearly has the upper hand , he soon appears to be losing energy . Eventually , Goku is seen clutching the left side of his chest , which Gohan immediately recognizes as a symptom of the heart virus that Trunks had warned Goku of . However , the virus is attacking Goku 's heart much later than Trunks had predicted . As Goku struggles to stay conscious , # 19 prepares to finish the battle by absorbing Goku 's remaining energy . Piccolo tries to intervene , however , Android # 20 blasts Piccolo with his eye beams , which sends him crashing to the ground . 61 `` No Chance of Victory Against # 19 ! Super Vegeta Arrives Late '' / `` No Victory for Android 19 ! Enter Super Vegeta ! '' `` Jūkyū - gō ni Shōki Nashi ! Okurete Kita Sūpā Bejīta '' ( 19 号に勝機なし ! 遅れてきた超ベジータ ) June 13 , 2010 March 10 , 2011 Before Android # 19 can finish draining Goku 's energy , Vegeta finally arrives , saving Goku by kicking the android in the face . Yamcha then escorts Goku back home in order to administer the heart antidote to him . Vegeta then faces off with the androids , and much to everyone 's surprise , transforms into a Super Saiyan . It is revealed that , whereas Goku 's first transformation was triggered by his rage over Frieza 's murder of Krillin , Vegeta 's was triggered by his rage at simply being unable to surpass Goku . The battle then begins , and it 's clear that Vegeta has the edge over # 19 . Even the android 's energy absorption attack proves futile , as Vegeta tears off the android 's hands , making it impossible for it to absorb anymore energy from its opponents . As the android runs away in fear , Vegeta launches his Big Bang Attack and finishes the battle , leaving nothing but the android 's head intact . Android # 20 then escapes into the nearby cliffs , planning to use the terrain to launch a surprise attack on the Z Fighters . 62 `` Piccolo 's Assault ! The Missing # 20 and the Future Gone Askew '' / `` Piccolo 's Assault ! Android 20 and the Twisted Future ! '' `` Pikkoro Kyōshū ! Kieta Nijū - ō to Nejireru Mirai '' ( ピッコロ強襲 ! 消えた 20 号とねじれる未来 ) June 20 , 2010 March 16 , 2011 The Z Fighters split up to search the area for Android # 20 . Frustrated at his enemy 's deceptiveness , Vegeta fires a large ki blast at the cliffs , planning to level the area . Seeing this opportunity , # 20 emerges from his hiding place , only to absorb Vegeta 's blast and run away before Vegeta can catch up . The android then attacks Piccolo from behind and begins to drain his energy , although this is thwarted by Gohan , who senses Piccolo 's fading ki and attacks Android # 20 . After receiving a Senzu bean , Piccolo then faces off against his attacker , and proves to be more than a match for the android . Meanwhile , Trunks finally returns from the future , and is disturbed to find that the remains of Android # 19 are different from the androids that he faced in his own timeline . He then arrives at the current battlefield , and also seems not to recognize # 20 . Realising that he has no chance of victory , # 20 decides to retreat to his laboratory , but not before launching a huge blast that engulfs most of the area - including Bulma 's ship , which plummets towards the ground . 63 `` Pursue ! Doctor Gero ... The Search for the Mysterious Laboratory ! '' / `` The Hunt for Doctor Gero ! Discover the Hidden Laboratory ! '' `` Tsuigeki ! Dokutā Gero ... Nazo no Kenkyūjo o Sagase ! '' ( 追撃 ! ドクター・ゲロ ... 謎の研究所を探せ ! ) June 27 , 2010 March 17 , 2011 As the dust settles , Android # 20 is nowhere to be seen , and it is assumed that he plans to return to the laboratory to awaken Androids # 17 and # 18 - the androids causing havoc in Trunk 's timeline . Meanwhile , Trunks rescues his mother and young self , and berates Vegeta for failing to protect his family . Bulma then reveals that # 20 may actually be the androids ' creator , Dr. Gero , who has seemingly converted himself into one as well . The group then plan to find the lab and destroy the androids before Gero can activate them . Vegeta also sets off to find the lab , but with the intentions of fighting the androids as a demonstration of his power . Trunks leaves to stop his father , while Piccolo finally unveils the truth of Trunks ' origin to the rest of the group . He knew this because he overheard the conversation between Trunks and Goku . Meanwhile , Piccolo , Krillin and Tien split up and search the mountains where Gero 's lab is rumoured to be located , while Gohan takes Bulma , baby Trunks , and Yajirobe home . Meanwhile , Krillin is attacked by the doctor , but is spared when Gero senses Piccolo nearby and escapes . 64 `` # 17 and # 18 , and ... ! The Artificial Humans Awaken '' / `` Number 17 and Number 18 ! The Androids Awaken ! '' `` Jūnana Gō to Jūhachi Gō , Soshite ... ! Mezameru Jinzōningen - tachi '' ( 17 号と 18 号、そして ... ! 目覚める人造人間たち ) July 11 , 2010 May 30 , 2011 Dr. Gero finally makes it to his laboratory , with Krillin in hot pursuit . Tien , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Trunks soon locate him and break into the lab , although by this point Gero has already awakened Androids # 17 and # 18 . Although initially appearing loyal , the duo demonstrate their independence when # 17 destroys Gero 's remote , ensuring that he can not deactivate them should they disobey him , and # 18 attempts to activate Android # 16 - a fully mechanical model deemed a failure by Gero. # 17 then kills Gero , by severing and then crushing his head . In an act of desperation , Trunks launches a large ki blast at the androids , hoping to destroy # 16 before he is activated . Although the entire lab is decimated , both androids and # 16 's pod remain intact , and he is awakened anyway . The trio then decide to carry out their initial orders , and set out to kill Goku . However , their plans are disrupted when Vegeta intervenes , challenging the three androids to a battle . After # 16 and # 17 refuses to fight , # 18 steps up to face Vegeta . 65 `` A Cute Face and Super Power ? ! # 18 vs Vegeta '' / `` A Sweet Face and Super Power ? ! Android 18 vs Vegeta ! '' `` Kawaī Kao de Chō Pawā ! ? Jūhachi Gō tai Bejīta '' ( かわいい顔で超パワー ! ? 18 号 VS べジータ ) July 18 , 2010 June 2 , 2011 Android # 18 fights with Super Saiyan Vegeta and wins easily . Super Saiyan Trunks tries to help his father , but is also easily defeated and gets his sword broken in the process . Piccolo and Tien then get beaten down effortlessly by Android # 17 , while Krillin stays behind and watches the horror , and Android # 16 simply observes the nearby birds . After the fight , the androids leave , but before they do # 18 kisses Krillin on the cheek . 66 `` The Time has Come to Become One Again ... Piccolo 's Decision for Ultimate Power ! '' / `` The Time for Reunification Has Come ! Piccolo 's Unshakeable Resolve ! '' `` Hitotsu ni Modoru Toki ga Kita ... Pikkoro Saikyō he no Ketsui ! '' ( 1 つに戻る時がきた ... ピッコロ最強への決意 ! ) August 1 , 2010 June 9 , 2011 Krillin feeds the remaining Senzu beans to each of his fallen comrades . Vegeta flies off in anger , having been beaten , while Trunks explains to the others how the androids of the future are different from the ones they just fought . The androids of the present are apparently more powerful , but they seem to be less cruel . There also was not an Android # 16 in Trunks ' time period . Piccolo then flies off to try to convince Kami to merge with him once again , believing that it is the only way to stop the androids . However , Kami believes that the androids are not entirely evil and that the only reason they fought against the Z Fighters was because the Z Fighters attacked first . Kami then decides to wait and see what happens as Piccolo sits down waiting until Kami agrees to merge with him . 67 `` One More Time Machine ? ! Bulma Unveils a Mystery '' / `` Another Time Machine ? ! Bulma Uncovers a Mystery ! '' `` Mō Hitotsu no Taimu Mashin ! ? Buruma ga Shiraseta Misuterī '' ( もう 1 つのタイムマシン ! ? ブルマが知らせたミステリー ) August 8 , 2010 June 16 , 2011 Bulma receives a phone call about one of her company 's products from Capsule Corporation . She is sent a photograph of what appears to be Trunks ' time machine that he travelled in . Trunks investigates this with the others only to discover that it is the exact time machine that he came in but three years later in his world . He recognizes it because of the word ' Hope ' that Bulma wrote on the time machine . Kami realizes that the evil he felt four years ago was n't the androids but it was the monster that travelled back in the time machine . 68 `` And So the Monster Makes its Move ... Take Off ! It 's the Super Namekian ! '' / `` The Monster Goes into Motion ... Strike of the Super Namekian ! '' `` Soshite Kaibutsu ga Ugokidasu ... Shutsugeki ! Sūpā Namekku - seijin da ! '' ( そして怪物が動き出す ... 出撃 ! 超ナメック星人だ ! ) August 15 , 2010 June 23 , 2011 Trunks , Gohan , and Bulma are investigating the other time machine when Gohan notices a strange shell that has been cast off by an unknown creature . On the way back to her house , Bulma watches a news broadcast about thousands of people in nearby Gingertown who have inexplicably disappeared , as if they simply melted away in their clothes . Kami also watches in horror as the people are killed , and finally decides to merge with Piccolo . After the merging , Piccolo states that he is neither Piccolo nor Kami anymore , but a Namekian `` who has long since forgotten his name . '' He departs from the lookout and arrives at an empty , ghostly - quiet Gingertown , where the monster steps out of the shadows to confront him . 69 `` I am Your Sibling ! The Monster with the Ki of Goku '' / `` I Am Your Brother ! The Monster With Goku 's Energy ! '' `` Ore wa Omae no Kyōdai da ! Goku no Ki wo Motsu Monsutā '' ( オレはお前の兄弟だ ! 悟空の気を持つモンスター ) August 22 , 2010 June 30 , 2011 While staring down Piccolo , the monster pierces the man he 'd been dragging and appears to absorb him , leaving only his clothing . The others are confused , saying that the android is emanating multiple ki readings characteristic of Frieza , King Cold , Vegeta , and Goku . Krillin and Trunks head toward Gingertown , where Piccolo and the monster begin fighting . Piccolo has the advantage , but is surprised when the monster uses Piccolo 's own Makankosappo technique on him . The two exchange blows , and then the monster states that Piccolo only has the upper hand because he ( the monster ) has not yet reached his `` perfect form . '' He then surprises everyone by powering up a Kamehameha and launching it point - blank . Piccolo 's dodge leaves him open to the monster 's follow - up attack , which he uses to trap Piccolo in a hold and pierce his arm . Piccolo manages to escape , but his left arm has been completely incapacitated . Sensing he has won , the monster states that his name is Cell and reveals that he is an android . 70 `` Escape Tactic , Taiyoken ! Chase after the Artificial Human Cell '' / `` The Dizzying Deception and the Daring Escape ! Defeat the Android Cell ! '' `` Uzumaku Senryaku , Taiyōken ! Jinzōningen Seru o Oe '' ( 渦巻く策略、太陽拳 ! 人造人間セルを追え ) August 29 , 2010 July 6 , 2011 Sensing that he has defeated Piccolo , Cell explains that he was created from the cells of the greatest warriors -- including Goku 's , Piccolo 's , Vegeta 's , King Cold 's , and Frieza 's -- as a project started by Dr. Gero and continued for 24 years by his computer . Cell furthermore reveals that by absorbing Androids # 17 and # 18 , he will achieve his `` Perfect Form , '' making him `` invincible , '' since Dr. Gero 's computer predicted that in his Perfect Form , Cell would be the most powerful being in the known universe . With the androids destroyed in his own timeline , he was forced to travel to the present one in Trunks ' time machine , after killing him . Having learned Cell 's identity and intentions , Piccolo regenerates his arm and prepares to fight . At this point , Trunks and Krillin arrive , and Cell realizes he has no chance of winning . He surprises everyone by using Tien 's Solar Flare technique to blind them , and then flees . Vegeta and Tien arrive , and Piccolo explains everything he 's learned . Meanwhile , Cell heads toward Nickytown to absorb more people , until his power exceeds that of the androids ' . 71 `` Attack the Elusive Cell ! Son Goku , Finally Revived ! '' / `` The Hunt for Cell Is On ! Goku , Back in Action ! '' `` Shinshutsu - Kibotsu no Seru o Ute ! Tsui - ni Fukkatsu , Son Gokū ! '' ( 神出鬼没のセルを討て ! ついに復活、孫悟空 ! ) September 5 , 2010 July 7 , 2011 After Piccolo debriefs everyone on Cell 's objective , Vegeta states that he intends to develop a power that surpasses even that of a Super Saiyan . Trunks and Krillin go to Dr. Gero 's laboratory , where they discover a set of blueprints for Android # 17 . In hopes that the prints will allow Bulma and Dr. Briefs to uncover a weakness in the androids , they take the prints before destroying the developing Cell and the rest of the laboratory . Trunks goes to find Vegeta while Krillin delivers the prints to Bulma . Several days go by , during which Piccolo and the others are unable to locate Cell . However , back at the Kame House , Chi - Chi and Master Roshi start hearing thunderous booms on the island and rush to the window to find a fully recovered Goku launching Kamehameha blasts into the horizon . The three share a joyous moment before Goku turns serious and states that he 'd fare no better against the androids than Vegeta did . Also like Vegeta , he states his goal of surpassing the level of Super Saiyan . 72 `` Surpass Super Saiyan ! Now , Into the Room of Spirit and Time '' / `` Break the Super Saiyan Barrier ! Into the Hyperbolic Time Chamber ! '' `` Sūpā Saiyajin o Koero ! Iza , Seishin to Toki no Heya e '' ( 超サイヤ人を超えろ ! いざ、精神と時の部屋へ ) September 12 , 2010 July 13 , 2011 Goku uses his Instant Transmission ability to take Gohan , Vegeta , and Trunks with him to the Hyperbolic Time Chamber inside Kami 's Lookout . The chamber only has a capacity of two so Goku allows Vegeta and Trunks to go in first . Goku explains a years worth of training in the chamber is actually only one day in the outside world . When Trunks and Vegeta step inside the chamber , all they see is a vast amount of nothingness . While this is going on , the androids arrive at the Kame House and ask for Goku 's whereabouts . Piccolo refuses to tell them , which results in a fight between Piccolo and Android # 17 . Piccolo overpowers # 17 and tries to finish him off , but # 17 manages to dodge the attack . Back at Kami 's Lookout , Vegeta and Trunks are due to be coming out of the time chamber any second now , which will reveal if it is possible to go beyond the level of a Super Saiyan . 73 `` This is the Power of a Super-Namekian ! # 17 vs. Piccolo ! '' / `` The Super Namekian Powers Up ! Piccolo vs. Android 17 ! '' `` Kore ga Sūpā Namekku - seijin no Chikara ! Jūnana Gō Tai Pikkoro '' ( これは、超ナメック星人の力 ! 17 号対ピッコロ ! ) September 19 , 2010 July 14 , 2011 Bulma is hard at work trying to figure out Dr. Gero 's prints . Meanwhile , Piccolo and Android # 17 are fighting each other . After # 17 gets serious , it turns out that he and Piccolo are evenly matched . Cell senses the two fighting and starts making his way towards them , stating that his power level is now higher than theirs . Krillin , and the others on a nearby island , receive a call from Bulma saying that she has completed the switch to shut down the androids and prepares to deliver it to the others . # 17 states that since his stamina and power level will never drop , he will be the victor of the battle . However , Cell arrives at the scene of the battle , leaving Piccolo shocked . Meanwhile , Goku and Gohan are still waiting for Vegeta and Trunks to come out of the Hyperbolic Time Chamber . 74 `` Run # 17 ! Piccolo , A Battle for Suicidal Resistance '' / `` Run Android 17 ! Piccolo 's All - or - Nothing Struggle ! '' `` Nigero Jūnana Gō ! Pikkoro , Kenmei no Kōsen '' ( 逃げろ 17 号 ! ピッコロ、懸命の抗戦 ) September 26 , 2010 July 20 , 2011 At Chi - Chi 's suggestion , Krillin leaves the Kame House to intercept Bulma so he can obtain her shut - down device before Cell absorbs Androids # 17 and # 18 . Unwilling to wait helplessly , Tien leaves the Kame House , as well , to help Piccolo on the battlefield . Meanwhile , # 17 refuses to heed Piccolo 's warnings about Cell , and is quickly defeated . Piccolo tries to ward off Cell , but Cell has become too powerful for him to handle . Cell quickly breaks Piccolo 's neck , before blasting him through the chest at point - blank range , and then Cell tosses Piccolo 's body into the sea . Then , Cell turns his attention to absorb Android # 17 . 75 `` Unmeasured Power ! The Silent Warrior # 16 , Makes his Move '' / `` Power Unknown ! Android 16 Breaks His Silence ! '' `` Jitsu - ryoku Mi - chisū ! Kamoku na Senshi Jūroku Gō , Ugoku '' ( 実力未知数 ! 寡黙な戦士 16 号、動く ) October 3 , 2010 July 21 , 2011 Android # 16 decides to enter the fight in order to prevent Cell from reaching his Perfect Form , because Cell 's goal is not to kill Goku , but to destroy life . The two fight at an even level , with # 16 landing a massive blast on Cell . However , Cell survives and uses the opportunity to absorb Android # 17 . Cell transforms into his Semi-Perfect Form and gains incredible power , after which # 16 's attacks prove utterly ineffective . Just when all hope is lost , Tien appears and uses his Tri-Beam technique to hold off Cell so Android # 16 and # 18 can escape . 76 `` Tenshinhan 's Do - or - Die Shin Kikoho ! Save Your Brother - in - Arms , Son Goku '' / `` Tien 's Desperate Attack ! Save Your Friends , Goku ! '' `` Tenshinhan , Kesshi no Shin Kikōhō ! Senyū o Sukue , Son Gokū '' ( 天津飯、決死の新気功砲 ! 戦友を救え、孫悟空 ) October 10 , 2010 July 27 , 2011 To Goku and Gohan 's great concern , Tien repeatedly fires his Tri-Beam , drastically draining his ki in order to hold Cell down while Androids # 16 and # 18 escape . Tien eventually runs out of ki and collapses , at the mercy of a furious Cell . Unwillingly to wait idly at Kami 's Lookout anymore , Goku uses his Instant Transmission to come to Tien 's aid . While confronting Cell , Goku also notices that Piccolo is still alive , and teleports back to the Lookout with the two fallen warriors . Shortly afterward , Trunks and Vegeta emerge from the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , stating that they have successfully surpassed the level of Super Saiyan . They leave to confront Cell , while Goku and Gohan prepare to enter the time chamber for their own training . Meanwhile , Cell begins destroying islands in a bid to make # 18 show herself . 77 `` Super Saiyan Surpassed ! The Daring Vegeta Strikes Cell '' / `` Beyond Super Saiyan ! Vegeta Confronts the Monster Cell ! '' `` Sūpā Saiyajin o Koeta ! Futeki na Bejīta , Seru o Utsu '' ( 超サイヤ人を超えた ! 不敵なべジータ、セルを討つ ) October 17 , 2010 July 28 , 2011 Cell continues to destroy islands until only one remains , the one on which Androids # 16 and # 18 are hiding . Before he can launch his attack , Vegeta and Trunks arrive as Super Saiyans . After some taunting , Vegeta initiates a transformation that produces a form beyond that of Super Saiyan - evidenced by increased muscle size and an intense golden aura . As an Ascended Super Saiyan , Vegeta makes easy work of Cell while Trunks watches from the sidelines . Meanwhile , Goku and Gohan begin their training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , where Goku states that he will not only make Gohan a Super Saiyan , but that he will make Gohan stronger than even himself . Season 4 : Cell saga ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) No . Translated title / Dub title Original airdate American airdate 78 `` The Surging Resentment of Cell ! Kuririn , Destroy # 18 '' / `` Cell on the Verge of Defeat ! Krillin , Destroy Android 18 ! '' `` Seru Dotō no Kuyashigari ! Kuririn , Jūhachi Gō o Hakai se yo '' ( セル怒涛の悔しがり ! クリリン、 18 号を破壊せよ ) October 24 , 2010 August 3 , 2011 Goku continues to train Gohan , who is still trying to achieve the Super Saiyan form . Meanwhile , Vegeta effortlessly pushes Cell around and inflicts significant damage . When Cell uses Vegeta 's own Galick Gun to no effect , he realizes that he will not be able to absorb Android # 18 . Enraged , Cell goes on about how if he was able to absorb # 18 then he would become his perfect form and be able to defeat Vegeta easily . He attempts to persuade Vegeta into letting him absorb # 18 by appealing to the Saiyan 's passion for fighting strong opponents . Not far away , Krillin contemplates whether or not to use the emergency shutdown controller , and he has trouble deciding due to his embarrassing moment with Android # 18 during their first encounter ( when Android # 18 kissed Krillin ) . 79 `` And So the Situation Takes a Turn for the Worst ... Cell Attacks # 18 ! '' / `` The Battle Turns for the Worst ... Cell Attacks Android 18 ! '' `` Soshite Sai'aku no Jitai he ... Seru , Jūhachi Gō ni Osoikakaru ! '' ( そして最悪の事態へ ... セル、 18 号に襲いかかる ! ) October 31 , 2010 August 4 , 2011 Krillin decides not to destroy # 18 , and stomps on the controller , which shocks Android # 18 . Krillin tells her that now is their chance to get off the island , and that she and Android # 16 must leave now . Cell successfully persuades Vegeta to let him find and absorb Android # 18 , but Trunks is determined to prevent this and delivers his own beating to Cell . During a break in the action , Cell spots the androids and Krillin , who are distracted by their own awkward meeting . Vegeta attempts to keep Trunks from interfering , forcing Trunks to attack his own father in order to prevent him from allowing Cell to reach his perfect form . While this is going on , Cell is savoring the moment and leisurely going about picking off Android # 16 and Krillin . Despite their best efforts and a sound beating from Trunks , Cell is ultimately able to blind everyone via the Solar Flare , absorb # 18 , and achieve his Perfect Form . 80 `` The Tables Have Turned ! Perfect Form Cell , Finally Goes into Action '' / `` The Tables Are Turned ! Witness the Power of Perfection ! '' `` Keisei Gyakuten ! Kanzentai Seru , Tsui ni Shidō '' ( 形勢逆転 ! 完全体セル、ついに始動 ) November 7 , 2010 October 10 , 2011 Gohan asks Goku to get serious in his training , so Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan and fires a Kamehameha on Gohan . Gohan thinks of all the times he has let his friends down and gets angry , resulting in him finally turning into a Super Saiyan for the first time . Back at the battlefield , Vegeta disregards Cell 's Perfect Form as nothing special and he is just the same as before . Meanwhile , Krillin is angry at Cell for absorbing Android # 18 , so he charges towards Cell and attempts to attack him by using his Kienzan technique , but the attack has no effect whatsoever . Cell then lightly kicks Krillin to one side , leaving him almost dead , but Trunks rushes to his aid and feeds him a Senzu bean , saving him from near death . Vegeta starts his fight with Cell and after a short while he soon realizes Cell 's power far exceeds his own . In the background , Krillin and Trunks are talking about how Trunks has hidden his own true power , one even greater than Vegeta 's but kept secret from him due to Vegeta 's towering pride . Trunks plans to fight Cell when Vegeta is unconscious in order to hide his powers from Vegeta to prevent his father from losing his pride . 81 `` Full - Power Strike of Vegeta ! But the Terror of Cell Grows and Grows '' / `` Vegeta 's Final Push ! Defeat the Invincible Cell ! '' `` Bejīta Zenryoku no Ichigeki ! Shikashi Takamaru Seru no Kyōfu '' ( ベジータ全力の一撃 ! しかし高まるセルの恐怖 ) November 14 , 2010 October 19 , 2011 Desperate to kill Cell , Vegeta resorts to using his ultimate attack , the Final Flash . Vegeta calculates his attack and avoids destroying the entire Earth and also manages to take off Cell 's right arm , but with Piccolo 's genes Cell easily regenerates his arm . Cell knocks Vegeta unconscious and Trunks takes this chance to unleash his hidden powers onto Cell . Trunks momentarily lets Cell push him around a little in order to create a chance for Krillin to take the unconscious Vegeta to a safe location . Now that Vegeta is out of commission , Trunks and Cell can begin their real fight . 82 `` Super Power Awakening ! Trunks Surpasses his Father '' / `` The Strongest Super Saiyan ! Trunks ' Power Unleashed ! '' `` Chō Pawā Kakusei ! Chichi o Koeta Torankusu '' ( 超パワー覚醒 ! 父を超えたトランクス ) November 21 , 2010 October 20 , 2011 Trunks powers up to Ultra Super Saiyan , which appears to make him significantly stronger than Vegeta . Trunks and Cell seem to be evenly matched at first , but after a while Trunks ' attack cease to hit Cell . Trunks decides to power up even more but he is still unable to connect his attacks to hit Cell . In the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , Goku manages to power up to the same bulked - up transformation as Trunks , but decides not to use that form , because in order to achieve that form , even though great power is gained , Goku concludes the decrease in speed is too much - and having power but not being able to hit your opponent is useless , so he decides to focus on mastering his normal Super Saiyan form instead . This turns out to be the same reason why Trunks can not defeat Cell , and Trunks power level begins to drop due to the strain of maintaining his transformation . Cell learns that Goku is training to defeat him , so in order to waste time he decides to hold his own World Martial Arts Tournament where anyone can enter to fight him . 83 `` The Television Has Been Hijacked ! A Live Broadcast of the Cell Games Press Conference '' / `` Cell Invades the Airwaves ! Announcing , '' The Cell Games `` . '' `` Terebi ga Nottorareta ! Seru Gēmu Kaiken Namahō '' ( テレビが乗っ取られた ! セルゲーム会見生放 ) November 28 , 2010 October 26 , 2011 When Krillin and Vegeta arrive , Trunks informs everyone of the tournament to be held by Cell and Android # 16 asks to be taken back to Capsule Corporation where he can be repaired . Bulma also notifies everyone at Kami 's Lookout to go there to meet up . After Cell finishes arranging his tournament , he then heads off to a news station to broadcast his message via television announcing details about his tournament , the `` Cell Games , '' and states if that all the warriors lose to him , he will kill every single last human being . Meanwhile Goku and Gohan are still training . 84 `` Training Completed ! Does Goku , have the Composure to Defeat Cell ? ! '' / `` Training Complete ! Goku Sizes Up the Competition ! '' `` Shūgyou Kanryō ! Gokū , Datō Seru ni Yoyō Ari ? ! '' ( 修行完了 ! 悟空、打倒セルに余裕あり ! ? ) December 5 , 2010 October 27 , 2011 The people of Earth are in a panic after Cell 's announcement of the Cell Games . Meanwhile , Goku and Gohan finish their training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , and emerged as Full Power Super Saiyans . Goku immediately requests that Mr. Popo prepare a meal and Trunks explains the latest Cell developments . Goku then teleports to the site of the Cell Games and confronts Cell . After returning to the Lookout , Goku announces he and Gohan will not be entering the time chamber again . Instead , for the remaining nine days until the Cell Games , they will train in the real world . Goku and Gohan then fly down to the Kame House to greet Chi - Chi and their remaining friends . 85 `` An Interrupted Rest ! The Self - Defense Army , Launches a General Offensive Against Cell '' / `` The Truce is Broken ! The Defense Force Strikes Back at Cell ! '' `` Yaburareta Kyūsoku ! Bōeigun , Seru ni Sōkōgeki '' ( 破られた休息 ! 防衛軍、セルに総攻撃 ) December 12 , 2010 November 2 , 2011 As Piccolo completes his training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , and Vegeta takes his place , Goku and Gohan are spending their days relaxing at home . Meanwhile , the Self - Defense Army attempt to launch an offensive strike against Cell , but they are completely wiped out . Hearing about this over the radio , Goku asks Piccolo if it is possible to separate with Kami , so he can use the Dragon Balls to revive all the people Cell killed . Since Piccolo ca n't separate , Goku theorises that he can convince another Namekian to stay on Earth and create a new set of Dragon Balls , and goes to King Kai 's planet so he can find the Namekians . 86 `` A New God ! The Dragon Balls are Finally Revived '' / `` A New Guardian ! The Return of the Dragon Balls ! '' `` Atarashī Kamisama ! Doragon Bōru Tsui ni Fukkatsu '' ( 新しい神様 ! ドラゴンボール遂に復活 ) December 19 , 2010 November 3 , 2011 After getting help from King Kai in locating the new planet where the Namekians are living on , Goku travels there via Instant Transmission and explains the situation . The Grand Elder Moori offers Dende to be the new Kami , and Goku takes him back to Earth . Dende revives the Dragon Balls , revealing that this time they can grant two wishes . During the remaining days leading up to the Cell Games , Goku searches for the newly awakened Dragon Balls , Vegeta and the others finish their training , and the 24th World Martial Arts Tournament champion Mr. Satan announces to the world that he will defeat Cell . On the day of the Cell Games , it is revealed that if the new Dragon Balls are used to revive a mass of people , people who died before wo n't be revived . Despite the others ' concern , Goku remains positive and they all head towards the Cell Games . 87 `` Satan 's Legion Runs Wild ! The Curtain Rises on the Cell Games '' / `` Mr. Satan Takes the Stage ! The Curtain Rises on the Cell Games `` Satan Gundan Ōabare ! Seru Gēmu no Makuaki '' ( サタン軍団大暴れ ! セルゲームの幕開 ) December 26 , 2010 November 9 , 2011 As Mr. Satan hypes himself in front of the media , Vegeta , Android # 16 , Goku , Gohan , Piccolo , Trunks , Krillin , Tien , and Yamcha arrive at the stage . Mr. Satan insists he goes before him first , though when his students Caroni and Piroshki arrive , he allows them to go first , but they are defeated without Cell needing to move . Mr. Satan tries to intimidate Cell by breaking some tiles and then goes on the attack , but Cell knocks him out of the ring with a single blow , not even bothering to kill him . Cell wishes to take on a proper opponent , and Goku steps into the ring . 88 `` Decisive Battle ! Cell vs Son Goku '' / `` Showdown ! Cell vs. Goku ! '' `` Kessen ! Seru Tai Son Gokū '' ( 決戦 ! セル対孫悟空 ) January 9 , 2011 November 10 , 2011 Full Power Super Saiyan Goku and Cell begin to fight , and despite putting on an impressive performance , Gohan and Vegeta both realize that neither of them is using their full power yet . Both fighters then raise their power level to their maximum . After a brief battle , Cell begins to attack using techniques ' inherited ' from other characters -- first Tien 's Multi-Form technique , then Piccolo 's Makankosappo , and finally Frieza 's heat - seeking Kienzan attack . When Goku overcomes each of these techniques , Cell prepares a full - power Kamehameha capable of destroying the Earth . Goku diverts the attack away from the planet by taking to the sky , and then uses the Instant Transmission to escape back to the ring . However , when Cell utilizes his full speed , he becomes too fast for Goku to keep up with him . 89 `` A Battle of the Highest Level ! Defeat Cell , Son Goku '' / `` Battle at the Highest Level ! Goku Goes All Out ! '' `` Saikō Reberu no Tatakai ! Seru o Taose , Son Gokū '' ( 最高レベルの戦い ! セルを倒せ、孫悟空 ) January 16 , 2011 November 16 , 2011 The battle between Goku and Cell continues , and Goku begins fighting at his max , with the two fighters reaching a pace that is barely visible to most of the onlookers . The power levels of both fighters are equal , and they land powerful blows on each other . Cell then decides to destroy the tournament ring , ensuring that their battle can not be ended by a ring out and can continue until one of them either dies or surrenders . The battle becomes even more intense , culminating with Goku flying high into the sky building up a powerful Kamehameha . Cell and everyone else states that Goku is bluffing , since from his position in the sky , such an attack would easily destroy the Earth . Goku then unexpectedly uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself right in front of Cell and executes the blast at point - blank range . While the rest of the world celebrates what they believe to be Cell 's ultimate defeat , Goku and company watch as Cell 's remaining lower half rises and regenerates his missing parts . While the ki of both fighters has depleted considerably , the battle continues on . Although Goku told Cell that Cell had depleted much of his power to regenerate himself , Goku has used up even more of his power , and the battles begins to turn in favor of Cell . Goku then launches a barrage of ki blasts at Cell in a desperate attempt to finish him . 90 `` Conclusion to the Death Match ! Time for Goku 's Decision '' / `` The Opening Round Is Concluded ! Goku 's Moment of Decision ! '' `` Shitō ni Ketchaku ! Gokū Ketsudan no Toki '' ( 死闘に決着 ! 悟空決断の時 ) January 23 , 2011 November 17 , 2011 Despite everyone 's hopes , Goku 's barrage of ki blasts fails to destroy Cell when the android activates his energy barrier at the last second . Furthermore , it is clear to the rest of the Z Fighters that Goku has spent the last of his own energy . With all eyes and ears glued to this moment of truth for Goku 's mysterious plan , the battle - worn Super Saiyan surprises everyone by surrendering . Adding further shock , he announces that Gohan will be the next and last contestant to fight Cell . Piccolo and Krillin protest this decision , but Gohan agrees and takes Cell on . Gohan impresses everyone with his power - which proves indeed to be on par with Goku 's - but nevertheless finds himself on the losing side of the fight against Cell . 91 `` Get Angry Gohan ! Release Your Dormant Power '' / `` Get Angry , Gohan ! Release Your Hidden Power ! '' `` Ikare Gohan ! Nemureru Chikara o Hodoki '' ( 怒れ悟飯 ! 眠れる力を解き ) January 30 , 2011 November 25 , 2011 Full Power Super Saiyan Gohan shows no willingness to fight , and tries to convince Cell to end the Cell Games by explaining that if his hidden powers are brought to the surface , he will lose control and kill Cell . Counter to Gohan 's intentions , this actually intrigues Cell , who decides to deliberately enrage Gohan by inflicting enough pain to force him to unleash his true strength . After watching Gohan take Cell 's punishment , Android # 16 intervenes . Taking advantage of the fact that he emits no detectable ki , # 16 grabs Cell from behind and declares that he is going to trigger his self - destruct bomb . 92 `` The Tears that Disappeared into the Sky ! The Angry Super Awakening of Gohan '' / `` Tears For An Android ! Gohan 's Inner Rage Bursts Forth ! '' `` Sora ni Kieta Namida ! Gohan , Ikari no Chō Kakusei '' ( 空に消えた涙 ! 悟飯、怒りの超覚醒 ) February 6 , 2011 December 19 , 2011 To Android # 16 's surprise , Krillin reveals that Bulma had removed his self - destruct bomb during his repairs . With the risk of setting off the bomb gone , Cell blasts through # 16 -- causing his body to shatter and leaving only his head intact . Cell realizing that Gohan can not unleash his hidden powers in response to physical pain , he devises a plan to kill Gohan 's friends by spawning seven offspring -- the ' Cell Juniors ' . Only Vegeta , Trunks , and Piccolo are able to hold their own against the Cell Juniors , while Krillin , Yamcha , Tien , and the fatigued Goku are unable to fight back . Gohan wants to unleash his power , but can not figure out how . Meanwhile , # 16 's head has Mr. Satan carry him to Gohan . He sympathizes with Gohan 's desire not to kill , but encourages him that it is okay to unleash his anger to save those that he loves . Cell crushes # 16 's head -- an action that finally pushes Gohan over the edge , and triggers his transformation into a Super Saiyan 2 . 93 `` Fighting Spirit Free from Hesitation ! Gohan , Pulverizes the Cell Juniors '' / `` Unleash the Warrior Within ! Gohan Takes the Offensive ! '' `` Mayoi - naki Tōshi ! Gohan , Seru Junia Funsai '' ( 迷いなき闘志 ! 悟飯、セルジュニア粉砕 ) February 13 , 2011 December 20 , 2011 After witnessing the death of Android # 16 at the hands of Cell , Gohan 's anger is ignited and causes him ascend to the level of Super Saiyan 2 . Cell is excited that the fight will be more interesting , but Gohan is unamused and snatches the stolen Senzu beans from Cell . Gohan then proceeds to take on all of the Cell Juniors , proving himself impervious to their attacks and effortlessly destroying them . He then throws the Senzu beans to Trunks , who distributes them to his injured comrades . Gohan now focuses his attention on Cell , and from the onset of the battle , it is clear that Gohan holds the advantage . 94 `` The Perfect Form Breaks Down ! Explosion , the Super Iron Fist of Rage '' / `` Perfection 's End ! A Fury , Beyond Super Saiyan ! '' ' `` Kanzentai Hōkai ! Sakuritsu , Ikari no Chō Tekken '' ( 完全体崩壊 ! 炸裂、怒りの超鉄拳 ) February 20 , 2011 December 21 , 2011 Cell finally unleashes his full power against Gohan , but even at maximum strength his attacks have no effect on the Super Saiyan 2 . Gohan cripples Cell with 2 powerful punches , leaving him in shock . Cell resorts to using two heat - seeking Kienzans , but Gohan is able to catch and destroy them . Then , Cell uses his Makankosappo , which Gohan easily deflects , and Cell 's Death Beams are absorbed by Gohan . After being easily bested in battle , Cell attempts to destroy Gohan and the Earth with a giant , full - power Kamehameha , but Gohan produces an even stronger wave and reflects Cell 's attack with ease . Gohan 's attack absorbs Cell 's , and the blast eventually overcomes Cell when he fails to deflect it . As the rest of the fighters predict an easy victory , Goku recalls that even in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , Gohan displayed strength far beyond that of a normal Super Saiyan , recalling how Gohan had briefly transformed into a Super Saiyan 2 during their training ( before passing out ) . Gohan 's attack has also taken off Cell 's legs , and parts of his arm and head . Goku then tells Gohan to deliver the finishing blow to Cell , but Gohan insists that Cell must suffer first . Cell regenerated his missing limbs , then utilizes his bulked - up form , but the increase in muscle mass lowers his speed greatly , and as a result none of his attacks connect with Gohan . Gohan counters with a powerful blow to Cell 's head , and to his stomach , causing Cell to regurgitate Android # 18 and revert to his Semi-Perfect Form . As the fighters assume that this means victory for Gohan , Cell 's body begins to expand to a gigantic size . 95 `` Bye - Bye Everyone ! This is the Only Way to Save the Earth '' / `` A Hero 's Sacrifice ! Last Chance to Save the World ! '' `` Bai - Bai Min'na ! Kore ga Chikyū o Sukū Yui'itsu no Michi '' ( バイバイみんな ! これが地球を救う唯一の道 ) March 6 , 2011 December 22 , 2011 In a desperate attempt to destroy Earth , Cell begins to self - destruct . With mere seconds left , Goku says goodbye to everyone and his son and teleports himself and Cell to King Kai 's planet , the only safe place he could think of . Upon arrival , Cell finally explodes , destroying the planet and killing everyone there . As Gohan and the rest of the Z Fighters are left on Earth to grieve , Goku and King Kai realize that Cell has n't accompanied them to the Other World , and therefore must have survived the explosion . Using Goku 's Instant Transmission technique , Cell returns to Earth , where he kills Trunks with a single blast through the chest , using his Full Power Death Beam . Cell then reveals that not only did his nucleus survive the explosion , but he was able to regenerate into his Perfect Form - and thanks to his Saiyan genetics , he is far stronger than ever before ( Cell 's Super Perfect Form ) . Enraged by the death of his son , Vegeta unleashes a furious barrage of ki blasts at Cell , but is easily defeated , and is only saved from certain death when Gohan intercepts Cell 's blast and takes the full force of the attack . With Gohan injured and his left arm broken , and nobody left to challenge Cell , Cell prepares one final Kamehameha to destroy Gohan and the Earth once and for all . 96 `` Combine Our Power ! The Mightiest Final Kamehameha '' / `` Combine Your Strength ! The Final Kamehame - Ha ! '' `` Chikara Awasero ! Saikyō Saigo no Kamehameha '' ( 力合わせろ ! 最強最後のかめはめ波 ) March 20 , 2011 December 23 , 2011 Super Perfect Cell continues to charge his Kamehameha , and reveals that not only has he gathered enough energy to destroy the Earth , but he also now has enough power to destroy the entire solar system with this blast . Cell also reveals that he will be able to use Instant Transmission to teleport away to safety before the blast detonates , allowing him to escape the Earth 's destruction unscathed . Meanwhile , Vegeta apologizes to Gohan for his recklessness . As Gohan and the others watch on hopelessly , Goku contacts his son from the Other World via King Kai 's telepathy and tells him that even in his injured state he has enough power to defeat Cell . Reinvigorated , Gohan prepares a final , one - handed Kamehameha to repel Cell 's blast . As the two warriors struggle to overpower each other , Piccolo , Tien , Yamcha , and Krillin bombard Cell with ki blasts in a knowingly futile attempt to help , but are easily repelled . As Goku coaxes Gohan to release his full power against Cell , Vegeta returns to the battlefield and launches one final Big Bang Attack , which temporarily distracts Cell . Seeing the opportunity , Gohan finally releases his full strength , and Goku briefly returns from Other World to help boost Gohan 's power . Together , they overpower Cell 's blast , obliterating Cell and saving the Earth from destruction . Gohan has won and the Cell Games are finally over . 97 `` Farewell with a Smile ! Heading for New Days ... '' / `` A Bittersweet Victory ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Egao no Wakare ! Atarashī Hibi e ... '' ( 笑顔の別れ ! 新しい日々へ ... ) March 27 , 2011 January 1 , 2012 Following Cell 's defeat , Gohan and the others return to Kami 's Lookout . Mr. Satan , however , takes credit for defeating Cell , and the public celebrates Mr. Satan 's `` victory . '' At the Lookout , Dende heals Gohan of his injuries and then summons Shenron . The first wish is used to successfully revive everyone killed by Cell , including Trunks . However , Goku can not be revived , as Shenron has already brought him back to life once before . Dende suggests they can use the Namekian Dragon Balls , but at that moment , Goku contacts them from Other World through King Kai once more . Goku states his wish to remain dead , believing that the Earth will be safer without him attracting anymore villains there . With that , Goku bids his son and friends a final fond farewell . Krillin then asks Shenron to use the second wish to remove the bombs from inside Androids # 17 and # 18 . The Z Fighters go their separate ways , and Gohan informs a heartbroken Chi - Chi of Goku 's fate . The next day , Trunks bids farewell to everyone and begins his journey back to the future . As Trunks departs in his time machine , Gohan is seen smiling at his father 's spirit in the sky . 98 `` Bring Peace to the Future ! Goku 's Spirit is Eternal '' / `` Peace For the Future ! The Spirit of Goku is Forever ! '' `` Mirai ni Heiwa o ! Gokū no Tamashii yo Eien ni '' ( 未来に平和を ! 悟空の魂よ永遠に ) August 2 , 2011 ( Blu - Ray / DVD only ) February 8 , 2013 Trunks returns to the future and is reunited with Bulma . As tranquility seems to return , the androids are attacking again . Trunks saves an elderly man from being killed by Androids # 17 and # 18 . Thanks to his training in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber , Trunks easily destroys the two androids . Three years later , Trunks prepares to head back into the past to tell everyone of his victory . However , there is still one more android to stop : Cell , in his Imperfect Form . After a brief fight , Trunks launches Cell into the air and destroys him with ease as well . Peace is finally restored to the future timeline . Back in the present , Goku begins his new `` life '' in the Other World . Season 5 : World tournament saga ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Original translated title / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 99 `` 7 Years Since That Event ! Starting Today , Gohan 's a High Schooler '' / `` Seven Years Later ! Starting Today , Gohan Is a High School Student '' `` Are kara Shichi - nen ! Kyō kara Gohan wa Kōkōsei '' ( あれから 7 年 ! 今日から悟飯は高校生 ) April 6 , 2014 January 7 , 2017 Seven years have passed since the battle with Cell . Gohan is now a high school student attending Orange Star High School , in Satan City . Gohan also has a younger brother named Goten , who was born after Goku died . On his way to his first day of high school , he comes across a bank robbery in the city and stops it with his Super Saiyan form . As rumors spread about a `` Golden - Haired Warrior '' , Gohan gets to know his new classmate and Mr. Satan 's daughter , Videl . After a day of trying not to act suspicious in front of his classmates , Gohan travels to Capsule Corporation to talk to Bulma about his problem . 100 `` Found Out ! The New Hero is Son Gohan '' / `` A New Hero , Great Saiyaman , Is Born ! '' `` Barechatta ! Nyū Hīrō wa Son Gohan '' ( バレちゃった ! 新 ( ニュー ) ヒーローは孫悟飯 ) April 13 , 2014 January 14 , 2017 Gohan approaches Bulma , who gives him a transformation watch to hide his true identity . On his way home , Gohan encounters two people driving recklessly . This is where he comes up with the alias `` Great Saiyaman '' , and scares the people into driving more safely on the road . Gohan returns home later that night , where Chi - Chi and Gohan 's little brother , Goten , discover that Gohan now has a costume to conceal his identity while fighting crime . The next day , Videl is called in to stop a bus hijacking and handles the criminals , but the bus falls off a cliff , as nobody is driving the vehicle . Gohan uses the alias `` Great Saiyaman '' once again and pitches in to save Videl and the passengers . 101 ( N / A ) `` Videl 's Crisis ? Gohan 's Urgent Call - out ! '' -- January 21 , 2017 Soon after , Gohan saves the passengers of a plane about to crash and extinguished a fire that caught fire in a building in the city by destroying the water container . On his way to school , Gohan is chased by Videl in her helicopter , who is trying to find out who is hiding under the mask of Great Saiyaman . Gohan escapes by placing Videl 's helicopter on the roof of a building . Both of them arrive to school late , which leads Videl to be even more suspicious of Gohan . Later , kidnappers from the Red Shark gang take the mayor of Satan City hostage . The police warn Videl of the situation . Videl confronts the leader of the gang . Great Saiyaman comes to the rescue , but Videl manages to beat him . Gohan saves the mayor of the city while stopping the attempts of the rest of the gang . Videl learns that Gohan was out of school at the same time . Videl is led to believe that Gohan and Great Saiyaman could really be the same person . 102 ( N / A ) `` A Monster is Taken Away ! The Culprit is Great Saiyaman ? '' -- January 28 , 2017 The next day , Gohan learns that Chobi , who is the child of Toto the pterodactyl , has been captured by a circus and put on display . In his attempt to rescue Chobi , Gohan is portrayed as a criminal . Videl pursues Gohan as a suspect . When Chobi 's parents attack the city in search of their child , Gohan manages to handle the situation and return Chobi to his parents . Videl discovers the truth that Gohan is Great Saiyaman . Videl blackmails Gohan into participating in the 25th World Martial Arts Tournament . As some of the other Z Fighters express interest in the tournament , Goku calls out from the Other World and says he will return to Earth for a single day to participate . 103 ( N / A ) `` Entering the World Martial Arts Tournament ! Goten Shows Off His Explosive Power During Training ! '' -- February 4 , 2017 After Gohan spreads word of the tournament to the others as well as managing to convince Chi - Chi to let him participate himself , Gohan takes a leave of absence from school and begins training with Goten . Gohan is surprised to find that Goten not only possesses great strength , but he is also already capable of transforming into a Super Saiyan even though he has yet to learn how to fly . Videl comes around to have Gohan make good on his promise to teach her how to fly . 104 ( 101 ) `` Gohan is the Teacher ! Videl 's Introduction to Flight '' / `` Gohan the Teacher ! Videl 's Flying Technique Tutorial '' `` Gohan ga Sensei ! Bīderu no Bukū - jutsu Nyūmon '' ( 悟飯が先生 ! ビーデルの舞空術入門 ) April 20 , 2014 February 11 , 2017 Gohan starts her off with the basics of learning how to control her energy . Within a day , Videl has managed to learn how to float , while Goten has managed to learn how to fly . Following a remark from Gohan , Videl comes back the next day with her hair cut . Videl is determined to learn more from Gohan . Meanwhile , Vegeta is also surprised to find that Trunks is also capable of becoming a Super Saiyan , whose strength is slightly higher than Goten 's . Goku trains fiercely in anticipation for the tournament . 105 ( 102 ) `` The Dragon Team , All Assembled ! Son Goku has Returned ! ! '' / `` The Dragon Team Fully Assembled ! Goku Has Come Back ! '' `` Doragon Chīmu Zen'in Shūgō ! Kaettekita Son Gokū ! ! '' ( ドラゴンチーム全員集合 ! 帰ってきた孫悟空 ! ! ) April 27 , 2014 February 18 , 2017 After ten days of training , Videl manages to master flight . This finally gives Gohan and Goten the opportunity to resume their training for the tournament . On the day of the tournament , Gohan suggests to Vegeta , Goten , and Trunks that they do not use their Super Saiyan forms during the tournament in order to avoid hassle from the press . Arriving at the island where the tournament will take place , Gohan and the others are greeted by Goku , whom Fortuneteller Baba had granted 24 hours visit to Earth . Goku meets Goten for the first time , while Piccolo destroys all the cameras in the area to keep Gohan 's identity a secret . After the participating fighters register for the tournament , Goten and Trunks are forced to participate in the juniors division . 106 ( N / A ) `` Who Is the World 's Greatest ? The Tournament Preliminaries Begin ! '' -- February 25 , 2017 The preliminary rounds begin . The fighters must hit a punching machine to rank their strength . The Dragon Team effortlessly qualifies for the tournament . Vegeta destroys the machine with a single punch . Afterwards , Goku and the others decide to go and watch the tournament of the juniors division . 107 ( 103 ) `` Everyone is Shocked ! Goten and Trunks ' Super Battle ! ! '' / `` Everyone is Surprised ! Goten and Trunks ' Super Battle ! '' `` Minna Bikkuri ! Goten to Toranksu no Chō Batoru ! ! '' ( みんなビックリ ! 悟天とトランクスの超バトル ! ! ) May 4 , 2014 March 4 , 2017 While Gohan and Videl wait to take their preliminaries , Goku , Vegeta , and the others go to spectate the junior division , where Goten and Trunks effortlessly progress through each round until they face each other in the final round . The battle gets more intense . Goten and Trunks surprise the audience with advanced techniques . The fight between Goten and Trunks continues . 108 ( N / A ) `` The Junior Champ Is Finally Decided ! Who Will Fight Against Mr. Satan ? '' -- March 11 , 2017 While Trunks seems to have the advantage , Goten turns Super Saiyan to free himself from his opponent 's grasp when he was not allowed to do so . Trunks takes on a challenge by trying to beat Goten with only his right arm . The latter also becomes a Super Saiyan and sends an energy ball to hit Goten , which lands on a part of the bleachers . The final juniors division match eventually comes to an end , where a sneak attack by Trunks causes Goten to lose by ring out . Trunks wins the battle as well as the juniors division tournament . Trunks will fight Mr. Satan in an exhibition match . Mr. Satan watched the fight between Goten and Trunks . He is reminded of the battle with Cell . Mr. Satan faces a problem because he has to fight against Trunks . After various attempts to try to get out of the fight , Mr. Satan decides to pretend to lose and have Trunks hold back his attack in order to keep up his public appearance . Trunks ' weakest punch manages to send Mr. Satan flying out of the ring . 109 ( 104 ) `` A Troubling Premonition ! The Appearance of a Mysterious Warrior ! ! '' / `` Restless Foreboding ; A Mysterious Warrior Appears ! '' `` Haran no Yokan ... Nazo no Senshi Arawaru ! ! '' ( 波乱の予感 ... 謎の戦士現る ! ! ) May 11 , 2014 March 18 , 2017 During an intermission , Trunks and Goten decide to take out one of the participants and steal his clothes . Trunks and Goten take his place in the adult division . As Goku and the others get something to eat , they encounter a pair of mysterious participants named Shin and Kibito , who Piccolo determines as not being from Earth . As the sixteen qualifying participants gather together to decide the drawings for the first round , Gohan is paired up against Kibito . Goku gets paired up against Vegeta . 110 ( 105 ) `` What 's the Matter , Piccolo ? ! An Unexpected Conclusion to the First Round '' / `` What Happened , Piccolo ? An Unexpected Outcome in the First Round '' `` Dōshita Pikkoro ! ! Ikkai - sen de no igai na ketsumatsu '' ( どうしたピッコロ ! ! 一回戦での意外な結末 ) May 18 , 2014 March 25 , 2017 As the drawings come to a close , Piccolo is put up against Shin . Android 18 is put up against Mr. Satan . After Krillin wins his first match against his opponent , Piccolo and Shin face off against each other . As Piccolo senses an overwhelming power coming from Shin , he decides to forfeit the match before it even begins . Piccolo feels Shin 's power is far beyond his own . Videl prepares to go up against a man named Spopovitch . 111 ( N / A ) `` An Eerie Entity ; Who Exactly Is Spopovitch ? '' -- April 1 , 2017 Piccolo abandons his fight against Shin . Piccolo learns from Kibito that Shin is actually the Supreme Kai . The Supreme Kai is believed to be even more powerful than the Grand Kai . Videl is fighting against Spopovitch . Videl appears to get the upper hand in her match , but Spopovitch keeps getting up no matter how many times he is knocked down . He eventually fights back . Goku suspects that something is amiss about Spopovitch . Goku realizes that Spopovitch is no longer the same person as in the past and thinks that Videl must abandon the fight . The last time Spopovitch participated in the tournament , he barely lasted 5 seconds in front of Mr. Satan . Something has changed in him . He has acquired new powers . This proves true when he continues fighting even after Videl breaks his neck . Seeing his opponent tired , Spopovitch regains the lead over Videl . Videl attempts to use her flight to regain her strength , but Spopovitch follows her into the air and uses an energy blast against her . As Videl refuses to give up despite the beating she is taking , Goku wonders where Spopovitch got his power from . 112 ( 106 ) `` Videl is Worn Ragged , Gohan 's Anger at its Limits ! ! '' / Videl Battered ! Gohan 's Fury Reaches Its Limit ! `` Bīderu boroboro , Gohan no ikari mo genkai da ! ! '' ( ビーデルボロボロ悟飯の怒りも限界だ ! ! ) May 25 , 2014 April 8 , 2017 With Spopovitch nearly beating Videl to death , Gohan loses his temper and prepares to storm onto the field . Spopovitch 's partner , Yamu , convinces Spopovitch to end the fight by pushing Videl out of the ring . With Videl heavily injured , Goku uses his Instant Transmission to gather some Senzu beans from Korin . Videl is sent to the infirmary to recover from her injuries . Gohan prepares to fight against Kibito . 113 ( N / A ) `` A Creeping Conspiracy ! The Target is Gohan '' -- April 15 , 2017 Goku uses his Instant Transmission to deliver some Senzu beans from Korin . He gives the Senzu beans to Gohan . Gohan rushes to the infirmary to give one to Videl . Gohan gives a Senzu bean to Videl to restore her to full health . Gohan 's identity as Great Saiyaman is revealed to his classmates after his bandana was blown off during his outburst . Gohan steps up to face against Kibito , who requests to see Gohan 's Super Saiyan transformation . After Piccolo informs the other Z - Fighters of Shin 's identity as the Supreme Kai , he orders Gohan to transform . Shin asks Goku and the others not to intervene . Right after Gohan transforms , Spopovitch and Yamu appear and hold Gohan down . Spopovitch and Yamu use a device to drain his Super Saiyan energy . Spopovitch and Yamu 's mission is accomplished . Spopovitch and Yamu fly away . Gohan is left weakened . As Kibito offers to heal Gohan to full health , the Supreme Kai asks Goku and the others to join him in pursuing the culprits . 114 ( 107 ) `` A Slithering Conspiracy ! ! Secrets of the Terrible Majin '' / `` The Terrifying Secret of the Majin ; The Mastermind Revealed ! '' `` Osoroshiki Majin no Himitsu Kuromaku Shutugen ! ! '' ( 恐ろしき魔人の秘密黒幕出現 ! ! ) June 1 , 2014 April 22 , 2017 As Goku and the others set off to join the Supreme Kai , Kibito uses his unique ability to restore Gohan 's energy . Kibito , Gohan , and Videl set off after the others . Along the way , the Supreme Kai and Kibito explain to the others about how an evil wizard named Babidi is seeking to revive an evil being known as Majin Buu , who was responsible for the death of four Supreme Kais long ago . To accomplish this , he manipulated Spopovitch and Yamu to join the tournament and steal the Super Saiyan energy needed to break the seal placed on Buu . Unable to push her flight any further , Videl places her faith in Gohan and returns to the tournament grounds . Videl comes to understand that Gohan was the one who defeated Cell seven years ago . Gohan and Kibito catch up to Goku 's group . They arrive at the site of a buried spaceship . The Supreme Kai , Kibito , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , and Krillin watch as Spopovitch and Yamu deliver Gohan 's energy to Babidi and his partner , Dabura , the Demon King . 115 ( 108 ) `` The Heinous Mage Babidi and King of the Underworld Dabura 's Trap '' / `` The Nefarious Wizard Babidi And Demon King Dabura 's Trap '' `` Gokuaku Madōshi Babidi to Ankoku Makai no Ō Dābura no Wana '' ( 極悪魔導師バビディと暗黒魔界の王ダーブラの罠 ) June 8 , 2014 April 29 , 2017 Supreme Kai and Kibito warn Goku and the others about the malicious pair . Dabura is the strongest being of the Demon world . Babidi possesses magic powerful enough to sway Dabura to become his henchman . Babidi obtained the energy from Spopovitch and Yamu . Babidi deems Spopovitch and Yamu to be of no further use to him . Babidi kills Spopovitch with his magic . Babidi 's other henchman , Pui Pui , kills Yamu . Babidi , Pui Pui , and Dabura detected the presence of the Z fighters . Babidi and Pui Pui head inside the spaceship . Dabura attacks Goku and the others . He immediately kills Kibito . Dabura fires his spit at Krillin and Piccolo , which turns them into stone . Goku and the others learn that they can only free Krillin and Piccolo by killing Dabura . Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , and the Supreme Kai chase after Dabura into the spaceship despite the Supreme Kai 's warnings . Upon reaching the first floor , they are confronted by Pui Pui , who informs them they must face several floors before they can reach Babidi at the bottom . Goku , Vegeta , and Gohan do not think much of their opponent and play a game of rock - paper - scissors to decide who should fight him . Vegeta prepares to fight Pui Pui . 116 ( 109 ) `` Do n't Underestimate a Super Saiyan ! Vegeta and Goku 's Full Throttle Power ! '' / `` Do n't Sell Super Saiyans Short ! Vegeta and Goku 's Full - Bore Power ! '' `` Sūpā Saiya - jin o Nameru na ! Bejīta to Gokū no Zenkai Pawā ! '' ( 超サイヤ人をナメるな ! ベジータと悟空の全開パワー ! ) June 15 , 2014 May 6 , 2017 Vegeta outmatches Pui Pui in terms of fighting skill . Babidi changes the stage to match that of the high gravity planet , Zun , where Pui Pui is at his top fighting form . This makes no difference to Vegeta , who obliterates his opponent and opens the way to the next floor . Believing that the Saiyans should not be underestimated , Babidi sends in his next warrior , Yakon . Babidi changes the stage to match that of Planet Ankoku . Even with the aid of the pitch black darkness , Yakon is no match for Goku 's keen senses . When Goku turns Super Saiyan , Yakon uses his ability to consume light and sucks in Goku 's energy , which causes Goku to revert to his normal state . Rather than finding an alternative way to fight , Goku feeds him more Super Saiyan energy until Yakon explodes from being overloaded . This allows Goku and the others to move onto the next stage . 117 ( 110 ) `` Who is the World 's Greatest ? ! A Battle Royal Match to Decide ! ! '' / `` Whither Victory ? A Battle Royal Championship Match ! '' `` Tenka'ichi wa Dare no Te ni ! Batoru Roiyaru Kettei - sen ! ! '' ( 天下一は誰の手に ! ? バトルロイヤル決定戦 ! ! ) June 22 , 2014 May 13 , 2017 As Babidi fears the power of the Saiyans , Dabura decides to face them himself . He goes inside a meditation chamber to raise his power before his battle . Meanwhile , back at the tournament , Goten and Trunks take a break from their Mighty Mask disguise to get some drinks . They barely avoid having their cover blown . With Goku and the other members still missing , Mr. Satan suggests that a battle royal be held between the remaining contestants . As the match begins , Killa and Jewel are quickly dispatched by Android # 18 and Mighty Mask . Android # 18 and Mighty Mask ignore Mr. Satan and fight each other . 118 ( 111 ) `` The Fearsome Children ! ! # 18 's Great Struggle '' / `` Stunning Youngsters ! No. 18 's Uphill Battle '' `` Chibikko Osorubeshi ! ! Dai - Kusen no Jūhachi - Gō '' ( チビッコ恐るべし ! ! 大苦戦の 18 号 ) June 29 , 2014 May 20 , 2017 As the battle between Android # 18 and Mighty Mask continues to escalate , Android # 18 struggles to keep up with her opponent 's unpredictable moves . She manages to land a critical hit against Goten and Trunks and knocks them into the center of the stage . Goten and Trunks decide to switch places with Goten now on top and Trunks now on the bottom . This pushes Android # 18 to the point , where she starts using energy blasts against them . Android # 18 manages to hit back with support from her daughter Marron . Goten and Trunks decide to go Super Saiyan and launch a powerful blast at Android # 18 . She manages to dodge it and reveal their true identity . This results in the disqualification of Goten and Trunks , who was disguised as Mighty Mask . Android # 18 and Mr. Satan are the only remaining fighters left in the battle royal . Goten and Trunks come across Videl upon her return . Dabura emerges from his meditation chamber . He is ready to face off against Gohan . 119 ( 112 ) `` The Star Performer Takes the Stage ! Take Down the Demon King ! ! '' / `` Enter the Headliner ! The Looming Demon King ! '' `` Shin'uchi Tōjō ! Tachihadakaru Maō ! ! '' ( 真打ち登場 ! 立ちはだかる魔王 ! ! ) July 6 , 2014 June 3 , 2017 Noticing his complete lack of fighting skills after putting Mr. Satan in a headlock , Android # 18 makes a deal with Mr. Satan to let him win the match and maintain his dignity in exchange for twice the prize money . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks heard about the current situation from Videl . They become interested and head towards the action . Back at the spaceship , Dabura appears before Gohan and decides to give him a handicap by choosing an arena similar to Earth 's environment . As the fight gets underway , both Gohan and Dabura bring out their full power against each other . Despite being hit by some of Dabura 's powerful attacks , Gohan refuses to lose against him . 120 ( 113 ) `` A Wicked Heart is Revived , Prince of Destruction Vegeta ! '' / `` A Heart of Evil Awakened ; Vegeta , Prince of Destruction '' `` Yomigaeru Jashin Hakai ōji Bejīta ! '' ( よみがえる邪心破壊王子ベジータ ! ) July 13 , 2014 June 10 , 2017 As the battle between Gohan and Dabura continues , Vegeta 's impatience to settle things with Goku catches the attention of Dabura . Dabura decides to abandon the fight and report to Babidi . Babidi and Dabura learn Vegeta still retains a lot of evil in his heart . Babidi uses his magic to target Vegeta 's mind and sway him over to his side . To make matters worse , Babidi transports everyone to the tournament grounds , where Vegeta is still focused on his desire to defeat Goku . Majin Vegeta prepares to face off against Goku even with innocent bystanders watching . 121 ( 114 ) `` I 'm the Strongest ! The Clash of Goku VS Vegeta '' / `` I am the Strongest ! The Clash of Goku vs. Vegeta '' `` Saikyō wa Ore da ! Gekitotsu Gokū Tai Bejīta '' ( 最強はオレだ ! 激突悟空 VS ベジータ ) July 20 , 2014 June 17 , 2017 Majin Vegeta begins his attack on Goku . Majin Vegeta kills many innocent people in the crowd without any remorse . Goku realizes that Vegeta had fallen under Babidi 's spell on purpose for the sake of his grudge against Goku . Goku is left with no choice but to fight against him despite Supreme Kai 's attempt to stop him . Goku asks Babidi to warp them to someplace else , where they can fight alone . Supreme Kai and Gohan decide to go on ahead and leave Goku and Majin Vegeta to their fight . Babidi attempts to command Majin Vegeta to kill them . Majin Vegeta 's pride allows him to defy even Babidi 's demands . 122 ( 115 ) `` Countdown to Revival : Crush Babidi 's Ambitions ! '' `` Fukkatsu e no Kauntodaun , Babidi no Yabō o Uchikudake ! '' ( 復活へのカウントダウンバビディの野望を打ち砕け ! ) August 3 , 2014 June 24 , 2017 While Goku and Majin Vegeta 's fight gets underway , energy builds up for Majin Buu each time Goku takes damage . Gohan and Supreme Kai arrive at Majin Buu 's egg , where they are confronted by Babidi and Dabura . Before the fight between them can begin , Majin Buu 's egg reaches full power because of the energy released during Goku and Majin Vegeta 's battle . Season 6 : Majin Buu saga ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 123 ( 116 ) `` The Seal is Broken ! ? Gohan 's Kamehameha of Resistance '' / `` The Seal is Released ! ? Gohan 's Kamehame - Ha of Resistance '' `` Toketa Fūin ! ? Gohan no Teikō no Kamehameha '' ( 解けた封印 ! ? 悟飯抵抗のかめはめ波 ) August 10 , 2014 July 8 , 2017 Goku and Majin Vegeta 's fight continues to escalate . Majin Vegeta reveals he chose to go under Babidi 's control in order to gain the strength to face off against Goku . Majin Vegeta feels he needs to get rid of his gentle side . As the seal containing Majin Buu starts to break , Gohan attempts to stop Majin Buu from reaching full power by shooting multiple Kamehameha blasts at the egg in an attempt to destroy it . The egg splits apart . Only pink smoke comes out of it . Supreme Kai is lead to presume Majin Buu had been destroyed . However , Gohan senses a powerful energy from the pink smoke , which coalesces together to form Majin Buu . Majin Buu appears to be nothing more than a mere fat child . 124 ( 117 ) `` A Straight Line to Despair ! ? Terror of Majin Buu '' / `` Straightaway Into Despair ? The Terror of Majin Buu '' `` Zetsubō e Itchokusen ! ? Majin Bū no Kyōfu '' ( 絶望へ一直線 ! ? 魔人ブウの恐怖 ) August 17 , 2014 July 15 , 2017 Everyone seems to be bewildered by Majin Buu 's childlike behavior . They are curious as to whether his rebirth was actually unsuccessful . However , Majin Buu soon shows off his frightening strength when he effortlessly beats Dabura . The rise in Majin Buu 's power level catches the attention of the other Saiyans . Although Goku tries to convince Majin Vegeta to postpone the fight in order to stop Majin Buu , Majin Vegeta knocks out Goku when he drops his guard . Majin Vegeta takes Goku 's last Senzu bean and sets off to fight Majin Buu himself . Gohan and Supreme Kai attempt to flee from Majin Buu , but he easily catches up to them . Majin Buu proves himself immune to Supreme Kai 's attacks . 125 ( 118 ) `` Turn Into Sweets ! A Hungry Majin 's Weird Power '' / `` Turn Into Candy ! A Hungry Majin 's Bizarre Power ! '' `` Okashi ni Nacchae ! Harapeko Majin no Bukimi Pawā '' ( お菓子になっちゃえ ! 腹ペコ魔人の不気味パワー ) August 24 , 2014 July 22 , 2017 Majin Buu completely overwhelms Supreme Kai and Gohan . Supreme Kai uses the last of his strength to make sure Gohan survives Majin Buu 's attack . Before Majin Buu can destroy Supreme Kai , he is attacked by Dabura , who believes he can not be made to obey anyone . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks arrive nearby . Trunks inadvertently breaks the petrified Piccolo . Unfazed by Dabura 's attacks , Majin Buu uses his unique ability to turn Dabura into a cookie and eats him . This nullifies the petrification on Krillin and Piccolo . Piccolo survived being broken thanks to his regenerative abilities . Before Majin Buu can do the same to Supreme Kai , Vegeta arrives on the scene . 126 ( 119 ) `` I 'll Take Care of the Majin , Vegeta 's Final Desperate Battle ! '' / `` I Will Deal With the Majin ! Vegeta 's Final Mortal Combat ! '' `` Majin wa Ore ga Katadzukeru , Bejīta Saigo no Kesshi - sen ! '' ( 魔人はオレがかたづけるベジータ最期の決死戦 ! ) August 31 , 2014 July 29 , 2017 Majin Vegeta is willing to put his life on the line . Majin Vegeta begins his assault on Majin Buu . He manages to blast a hole through him . However , Majin Buu manages to regenerate himself and builds up his anger to create a giant explosion . This deals a great amount of damage to Majin Vegeta . 127 ( 120 ) `` For Those Whom He Loves ... The Last Moment of the Proud Warrior ! '' / `` For His Beloved Ones ... The End of the Proud Warrior ! '' `` Aisu Beki Mono no Tame ni ... Hokori Takaki Senshi no Saigo ! '' ( 愛すべき者のために ... 誇り高き戦士の最期 ! ) September 7 , 2014 August 5 , 2017 As Majin Vegeta is ensnared by Majin Buu , Trunks and Goten can no longer stand by . They rush to the scene to rescue him . Piccolo attacks the defenseless Babidi and rips him to pieces . Feeling he can not defeat Majin Buu with conventional means , Majin Vegeta says his farewells to Trunks before knocking both children out . Majin Vegeta instructs Piccolo to take them far away . Once everyone is cleared from the scene , Majin Vegeta uses his last resort move . Majin Vegeta overloads his Super Saiyan form and sacrifices himself in a massive self - destructive explosion in order to obliterate Majin Buu . 128 ( 121 ) `` The Nightmare Returns , The Immortal Monster , Majin Buu ! '' / `` A Nightmare Revisited : The Immortal Monster Majin Buu ! '' `` Akumu Sairai , Fujimi no Kaibutsu , Majin Bū ! '' ( 悪夢再来不死身の怪物魔人ブウ ! ) September 14 , 2014 August 12 , 2017 As Bulma and the others from the stadium follow Videl 's directions in pursuit of Goten and Trunks , they are hit by the shock wave from Majin Vegeta 's attack and almost crash . They are saved by Android # 18 . Piccolo leaves Goten and Trunks with Krillin . Piccolo tells Krillin to inform the others that Majin Vegeta and possibly Gohan have been killed . He investigates the site of Majin Vegeta 's sacrificial attack and finds various charred fragments of Majin Buu . Babidi narrowly survived the explosion . However , Piccolo is shocked to witness Majin Buu 's fragments suddenly come to life and reassemble to bring Majin Buu back to his normal form . Majin Buu uses his power to heal Babidi , who vows to make the planet suffer . Piccolo decides to take Goten and Trunks up to Dende 's Lookout . Goku regains consciousness and tries to determine the situation . A weakened Supreme Kai searches for Gohan , whose fate is still unknown . 129 ( 122 ) `` Secret Plan to Defeat Buu , Its Name is Fusion ! '' / `` A Secret Plan to Defeat Buu ! Its Name is Fusion '' `` Bū o Taosu Hisaku , Sono Na wa Fyūjon ! '' ( ブウを倒す秘策その名はフュージョン ! ) September 21 , 2014 August 19 , 2017 Bulma 's group goes to seek out the Dragon Balls so they can revive all the spectators that Majin Vegeta killed . They come up against a large dragon while trying to get the last Dragon Ball . Piccolo and Krillin leave Goten and Trunks in the care of Dende and Mr. Popo . They are soon joined by Goku , who learns about the situation . Goku states he is not strong enough to defeat Majin Buu . He mentions having learned a technique known as Fusion , which allows two similarly built fighters to merge together to become a single powerful fighter . Goku had originally planned to do this himself with either Gohan or Vegeta . Goku realizes from Mr. Popo that he can instead teach this technique to Goten and Trunks due to their similar size . 130 ( 123 ) `` A Faint Hope in Sight ! The Warriors Wake Up ! ! '' / `` Found ! A Ray of Hope ! Awaken , Warriors ! '' `` Mieta ! Kasukana Kibō , Me o Samase Senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 見えた ! かすかな希望目を覚ませ戦士達 ! ! ) September 28 , 2014 August 26 , 2017 Bulma uses the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . She uses one of its wishes to bring back everyone who had been killed that day . As using all three wishes would mean they would have to wait another year before they can use the Dragon Balls again , Goku warps over to Bulma 's group and convinces Shenron to postpone the other two wishes . This shortens the time to four months when summoning Shenron again . Kibito was revived by the wish . Kibito manages to find Supreme Kai and heal his injuries . Supreme Kai and Kibito manage to find Gohan . They decide to bring him to the Sacred World of the Kais . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport Bulma and the others to Dende 's Lookout , where he informs them of the grim situation concerning Gohan and Vegeta . Afterwards , Babidi announces his message to the world . 131 ( 124 ) `` Find the Nuisances , Babidi 's Revenge Plan Begins ! ! '' / `` Find the Nuisances : Babidi 's Retaliation Begins ! '' `` Jama - sha o Sagase , Babidi no Fukushū Sakusen Kaishi ! '' ( 邪魔者を探せバビディの復讐作戦開始 ! ) October 5 , 2014 September 9 , 2017 Babidi announces that he will have Majin Buu destroy the planet unless Piccolo , Goten , and Trunks are brought to them within five days . Piccolo almost sets off , but Goku convinces him to stay . He says they can bring back everyone who dies with the Dragon Balls . Supreme Kai , Kibito , and Gohan arrive in the Sacred World of the Kais , where Supreme Kai reveals he wants Gohan to master the legendary Z - Sword in order to defeat Majin Buu . Back at Dende 's Lookout , Goten and Trunks wake up and are given a crash course in Fusion by Goku . 132 ( 125 ) `` The Time of Ordeal , Attain the Legendary Power ! '' / `` A Time of Trials ! Lay Hold of Legendary Powers ! '' `` Shiren no Toki , Densetsu no Chikara o te ni Irero ! '' ( 試練の時伝説の力を手に入れろ ! ) October 12 , 2014 September 16 , 2017 Using his Super Saiyan strength , Gohan manages to pull the Z - Sword from its resting place . He finds it to be incredibly heavy . Meanwhile , Babidi makes another broadcast of Majin Buu laying waste to another city . This prompts Goten and Trunks to contact him . Goten and Trunks inform him that they will soon grow strong enough to defeat them . Goten and Trunks begin their Fusion training . They learn how to match their Super Saiyan energy with each other . Meanwhile , Babidi learns where Trunks lives . He announces his plans to attack Capsule Corporation in West City . 133 ( 126 ) `` Delay Majin Buu , The Limit ! Super Saiyan 3 ! ! '' / `` Hold Majin Buu in Check ! Limit : Super Saiyan 3 ! '' `` Majin Bū o Kuitomero , Rimitto ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Surī ! ! '' ( 魔人ブウを食い止めろ限界 ! 超サイヤ人 3 ! ! ) October 19 , 2014 September 23 , 2017 Realizing that they wo n't be able to find the Dragon Balls if the Dragon Radar is destroyed , Goku orders Trunks to head to West City to retrieve the Dragon Radar from Capsule Corporation , while he heads off to delay Buu and Babidi . In order to buy Trunks some time , Goku builds up a large amount of energy , which also uses some of his remaining time on Earth , to transform into his ultimate form , Super Saiyan 3 , with its immense power being felt even in the world of the Kais . 134 ( 127 ) `` Standing Up For Himself , Buu 's Rebellion ! '' / `` True Worth Beginning to Show The Treacherous Buu ! '' `` Mie Hajimeta Shinka , Hangyaku no Bū '' ( 見え始めた真価反逆のブウ ) October 26 , 2014 TBA As Goku begins his battle against Buu , who demonstrates an ability to copy other people 's techniques , Trunks arrives at Capsule Corporation , but struggles to find where the Dragon Radar is . Bulma soon realizes that she had left the Dragon Radar in her aeroplane , and manages to inform Trunks about it . Sensing Trunks has accomplished his mission , Goku undoes his Super Saiyan 3 transformation once more , and takes his leave after informing Buu that Trunks and Goten will be ready to fight him in two days . Shortly after Goku leaves , Buu , deciding he has no further use for Babidi , and wanting to be free of Babidi 's control , turns against him and kills him . 135 ( 128 ) `` Awful Looking ! ? Special Training , Fusion Pose ! '' / `` Silly Looking ? Drilling the Fusion Pose ! '' `` Kakko Warui ! ? Tokkun , Fyūjon Pōzu ! '' ( カッコ悪い ! ? 特訓、フュージョンポーズ ! ) November 2 , 2014 TBA Without Babidi to order him around , Buu continues to freely destroy cities while waiting for his opponents . With less than thirty minutes left on Earth due to the energy spent in Super Saiyan 3 , Goku wastes no time teaching Goten and Trunks the key to the Fusion technique , the somewhat embarrassing - looking Fusion Dance . 136 ( 129 ) `` Bye - Bye Everyone ! ! Son Goku Returns to the Other World '' / `` Bye - bye , Everyone ! Goku Returns to the Next World '' `` Bai Bai Min'na ! ! Son Gokū Ano Yo ni Kaeru '' ( バイバイみんな ! ! 孫悟空あの世に帰る ) November 9 , 2014 TBA Buu lays waste to another village , turning its citizens into clay in order to build himself a house for a brief rest . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks , slightly bored from their training , ask Goku to show them his Super Saiyan 3 transformation . However , upon doing this , Goku uses up the remainder of his time on Earth . After saying goodbye to everyone , Goku returns to the afterlife , leaving the Fusion training in the hands of Piccolo . Meeting up with Yemma , Goku is relieved to hear that Gohan is n't dead and decides to follow his energy trail . 137 ( 130 ) `` Found You , Gohan ! Harsh Training in the Realm of the Kais ! '' / `` Gohan Located ! Intensive Training in the World of the Kais ! '' `` Mitsuketa , Gohan ! Kaiōshin - kai de Mōtokkun ! '' ( 見つけた、悟飯 ! 界王神界で猛特訓 ! ) November 16 , 2014 TBA Goku arrives in the Realm of the Kais where Gohan is training with the Z - Sword , deciding to help him with his training . Meanwhile , Buu , who has already killed two thirds of Earth 's population , comes across a blind young boy and heals his vision , becoming surprised when he thanks him instead of being afraid . With Gohan growing more proficient with the Z - Sword , Goku tests out the sword 's sharpness by throwing a metal cube at it , only to inadvertently break the sword in half instead . However , from the broken sword emerges the Supreme Kai of fifteen generations ago , Old Kai . 138 ( 131 ) `` Birth ! Combine Super Warrior , His Name is Gotenks ! ! '' / `` Birth of a Merged Superwarrior His Name is Gotenks ! '' `` Tanjō ! Gattai Chō Senshi Sono na wa , Gotenkusu ! ! '' ( 誕生 ! 合体超戦士その名は、ゴテンクス ! ! ) November 23 , 2014 TBA After some dubious persuasion from Goku , Old Kai reveals he has the ability to draw out someone 's true power beyond their limits , though this turns out to be a lengthy process that can take over a day to complete . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks try out the Fusion Pose for real , but an error in the Fusion Pose results in the merged fighter , Gotenks , ending up with a failed transformation . After another failure , the pair eventually perform a successful fusion and transform into the true Gotenks who , confident that he can defeat Buu with his current power level , goes off in search of Buu , despite Piccolo 's warnings . 139 ( 132 ) `` Who Will Be the One to Defeat the Majin ? The Beginning of the Strongest Man ! ! '' / `` Who Will Defeat Majin Buu ? The Mightiest of Men Moves Out ! '' `` Majin o Taosu no wa Dareda ? Saikyō no Otoko Shidō ! ! '' ( 魔人を倒すのは誰だ ? 最強の男始動 ! ! ) November 30 , 2014 TBA Gotenks arrives to fight against Buu but , despite showing a great amount of strength , is overwhelmed by his power , barely managing to escape from him after he launches an all - out attack against the armed forces . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan reluctantly confronts Buu , who becomes amused with his traps disguised as presents , and decides to make him his servant . 140 ( 133 ) `` The Power - Up Continues ! ? Perfected ! Super Gotenks ! '' / `` The Powering Up Continues ? Super Gotenks is Achieved ! '' `` Pawā appu wa tsudzuku ! ? Kansei ! Sūpā Gotenkusu ! '' ( パワーアップは続く ! ? 完成 ! 超ゴテンクス ! ) December 7 , 2014 TBA After completing his ceremony , Old Kai instructs Gohan to sit still for the next 20 hours in order to complete the power - up . Meanwhile , Goten and Trunks learned how to perform the fusion while in Super Saiyan form , becoming Super Gotenks . Gotenks ' cockiness almost leads him to confront Buu again , but ends up retreating when the Fusion time runs out . Elsewhere , Buu inadvertently befriends a small dog after healing its injured leg , while Mr. Satan almost manages to convince Buu to stop killing humans . However , a hunter looking to take down Buu for himself relentlessly shoots the dog , leaving Buu shocked and infuriated . Season 7 : evil Buu saga ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) No . English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 141 ( 134 ) `` Born From Anger - Another Majin ! '' / `` What Anger Gives Rise To Another Majin ! '' `` Ikari ga Umidashita mono , Mō Hitori no Majin ! '' ( 怒りが産み出したモノもうひとりの魔人 ! ) December 14 , 2014 TBA After managing to calm down Buu 's rage by dealing with the thugs himself , Mr. Satan discovers that the dog is barely alive , with Buu managing to heal him just in time . As Buu , Mr. Satan , and the dog start becoming closer , Mr. Satan decides to stop taking advantage of Buu 's innocence and become his earnest friend . However , the thugs from earlier show up and shoot Mr. Satan , once again causing Buu to be overcome with anger . After healing Mr. Satan , Buu instructs him and the dog to get away from him , as the evil in his body escapes and transforms into a tall , grey , emaciated version of Majin Buu . 142 ( 135 ) `` Buu Eats Buu - A New Majin Attacks ! ! '' / `` Buu Gobbles Up Buu ! Onlsaught of a New Majin ! '' `` Bū ga Bū o Tabechatta , Aratana Majin Shūrai ! ! '' ( ブウがブウを食べちゃった新たな魔人襲来 ! ! ) December 21 , 2014 TBA Buu attempts to fight against the Evil Buu , but out that finds he is much weaker , as most of his power had been transferred over to his evil side . As such , Evil Buu manages to reflect Buu 's candy attack back at him , turning him into chocolate before eating him and gaining his power , giving him a more complete form . Sensing the energy of Piccolo and the others , Evil Buu arrives at Kami 's Palace , demanding to fight against Gotenks . Piccolo attempts to stall for time by telling Evil Buu to wait until all earthlings are killed , instructing Krillin to bring Goten and Trunks to the Hyperbolic Time Chamber to make use of what little time they have . 143 ( 136 ) `` Head Straight towards the Catastrophe ! One Hour Time Limit ! ! '' / `` Headlong Rush Into Catastrophe ! A One - Hour Time Limit ! '' `` Hakyoku e Masshigura ! Taimu Rimitto wa Ichi Jikan ! ! '' ( 破局へまっしぐら ! タイムリミットは 1 時間 ! ! ) December 28 , 2014 TBA Piccolo 's hopes of being able to buy some time are dashed when Evil Buu unleashes a powerful homing attack which targets and kills every human on the earth , with the exception of Mr. Satan , Tien , and Chiaotzu . Piccolo , along with Videl , manages to convince Evil Buu to wait for an hour so that Goten and Trunks can train . Meanwhile , Gohan , tired of waiting any longer for Old Kai 's power - up , discovers that he has indeed managed to increase his power and agrees to wait for the power - up to be completed . Becoming further angered when Evil Buu kills an impatient Chichi , Goten barely holds in his anger and joins Trunks in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber . With Evil Buu growing impatient after only thirty minutes , Piccolo tries to buy as much time as possible as he slowly leads Evil Buu to the chamber , believing that even if Goten and Trunks fail , they can destroy the chamber 's entrance and trap him there . 144 ( 137 ) `` Special Training Completed ! You 're Finished Now , Majin Buu ! ! '' / `` Training Complete ! You 're Finished Now , Majin Buu ! '' `` Tokkun Kanryō ! Kore de Owari da Majin Bū ! ! '' ( 特訓完了 ! これで終わりだ魔人ブウ ) January 11 , 2015 TBA Piccolo continues to lead Evil Buu to the Time chamber , when Goten and Trunks train hard to avenge the loved ones that they have lost . After rerouting Buu through Kami 's palace , due to Buu being extremely unhappy and throwing tantrums every now and then , Piccolo takes Buu to the Time chamber , and Gotenks fights Buu after a warm - up round and playing around . 145 ( 138 ) `` Buu Eliminated With Ghosts ! A Surefire Kamikaze Attack ! ! '' `` Obake de Bū Taiji Hissatsu ! Kamikaze Atakku ! ! '' ( オバケでブウ退治必殺 ! カミカゼアタック ! ! ) January 18 , 2015 TBA Super Buu and Gotenks begin to fight , and Gotenks decides to use some of his new special moves . The problem is that these moves , while flashy , are ineffective against Buu , not to mention they have ridiculous names , like the `` Screaming Angry Wombat '' . After it is clear that these moves have no effect , Gotenks talks strategy with Piccolo . He then creates a ring of energy , the `` Galactic Doughnut '' and uses it to trap Buu . After a brief struggle , Buu is able to break the ring . The two then do a bit of real fighting . Gotenks decides to use another one of his special moves , called the Super Ghost Kamikaze Attack . He spits out a ghost of himself , and plans to use it against Buu . Gotenks creates ten ghosts that detonate with explosive force when they are touched . He sends all but one at Super Buu , and they reduce him to a deformed puddle of his former self . Gotenks sends the final one down Buu 's mouth , blowing him into tiny pieces . Gotenks and Piccolo destroy all of the pieces , but the smoke coming from the pieces gathers above their heads and reforms Super Buu . To play up the drama of the situation , Gotenks acts like he 's out of ideas , and Buu begins beating up the fused Saiyan . Thinking that Gotenks can not stop Buu , Piccolo destroys the door to the outside world , which traps the three of them in the Chamber for all eternity . 146 ( 139 ) `` The Reserved Transformation of Gotenks ! Super Gotenks 3 ! ! '' `` Gotenkusu no Totte Oki Henshin ! Sūpā Gotenkusu Surī ! ! '' ( ゴテンクスのとっておき変身 ! 超ゴテンクス 3 ! ! ) January 25 , 2015 TBA Hysterically upset at the prospect of being trapped in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber forever , with nothing to destroy and no candy to eat , Super Buu starts to scream . To everyone 's surprise including his own , his screams become so powerful that they create a hole in the barrier between the dimensions of the chamber and Earth . Buu changes shape in order to fit through it , and the hole closes , leaving Piccolo and Gotenks trapped . Back on The Lookout , Buu is hungry and excited at the prospect of turning more people into food , and so he turns everyone on the lookout into chocolate . Piccolo and Gotenks have been attempting to scream loud enough to create an inter-dimensional hole like Buu did , but they have no success . Gotenks decides to play his trump card , transforming into a Super Saiyan 3 . In this state , he has the power necessary to create a hole for him and Piccolo to jump through . Upon their return to the lookout , Buu tells Gotenks that he ate all of his friends , and enraged , Gotenks promises Buu that he will pay . 147 ( 140 ) `` In High Spirits ! Buu - Buu Volleyball ! '' `` Nori - Nori ! Bū - Bū Barēbōru ! '' ( ノリノリ ! ブウブウバレーボール ! ) February 1 , 2015 TBA Gotenks and Super Buu begin to fight , and the collateral damage from the battle begins to destroy The Lookout . Buu slams Gotenks down through The Lookout itself . Down on earth , Gotenks tries another Super Ghost Kamikaze attack , but it once again fails . Buu lands a powerful hit on Gotenks that sends him flying back into The Lookout . Buu then folds himself into a ball , and begins repeatedly shooting himself through The Lookout until all that 's left is rubble floating in the air . While still in a ball , Gotenks is able to trap him in a little sphere . He and Piccolo then play some volleyball with Buu , and Gotenks spikes him down to earth . Just when it seems like Buu is dead , a powerful blast of energy comes from the crater . With Buu once again ready to fight , Gotenks only has a few minutes until he separates . 148 ( 141 ) `` You Kept Everyone Waiting ! A Reborn Gohan Returns to Earth ! ! '' `` O Matase Min'na ! Shinsei Gohan , Chikyū e ! ! '' ( お待たせみんな ! 新生悟飯、地球へ ! ! ) February 8 , 2015 TBA Gotenks and Buu continue their fight . Gotenks seems to be wearing Buu down , and he now has the upper hand in the fight . Just as he 's about to hit Buu with his final move , Gotenks unexpectedly returns straight to his normal state from his Super Saiyan 3 form . The power was too high for him to sustain . Buu begins beating up Gotenks , who is now no match for him . Gohan has finally finished his training , and is ready to return to earth . After saying goodbye to Goku for what they both believe will be the last time , Kibito takes him back , and Gohan asks him to change his clothes . He 's now wearing clothes just like Goku 's , and arrives just in time , because Gotenks has separated . 149 ( 142 ) `` Buu is Overwhelmed ! Ultimate Gohan 's Superpower ! ! '' `` Bū o Attō ! Arutimetto Gohan no Sūpā Pawā ! ! '' ( ブウを圧倒 ! 究極悟飯の超パワー ! ! ) February 15 , 2015 TBA Gohan arrives at the scene , and everyone is shocked at how much power he has . After Gohan expertly pounds him to a pulp , Buu heals himself and steps up the intensity , but Gohan still has the upper hand . He is easily picking Buu apart . Realizing that he 's totally outmatched , Buu decides to self - destruct , hoping to take Gohan with him . Gohan escapes before Buu explodes , and he takes the others with him out of the blast radius . Afterwards , there is no sign of Buu , but Gohan knows that he 's still around . They suddenly detect Dende 's energy signal , and they go to find him . On the way , they pick up Mr. Satan and the dog , Bee . Dende explains that as Buu was escaping through the interdimensional hole , Mr. Popo threw him from the lookout , because without Dende , there would be no Dragon Balls to grant the wishes they intend to use to reverse all the damage . Buu tracks them down , but instead of having a rematch with Gohan , he calls out Goten and Trunks . 150 ( 143 ) `` Buu 's Trick - Gotenks is Absorbed ? ! '' `` Bū no Warudakumi Gotenkusu Kyūshū ! ? '' ( ブウの悪巧みゴテンクス吸収 ! ? ) March 1 , 2015 TBA Unknown to the others , Buu secretly separates two chunks from his back , and the two pink blobs creep around behind the others . As soon as Goten and Trunks fuse , one of the blobs encases Gotenks . Piccolo , too , has been covered by a pink blob . Buu calls each of the blobs back to him , which merge with him , changing his appearance and giving him access to all of Piccolo 's and Gokenks ' memories , abilities and power . The new and improved Super Buu then fights Gohan , and it 's clear that Buu has the advantage . Gohan is unable to keep up with Buu 's new speed and strength . Buu taunts Gohan by telling him what his three friends that were absorbed think of him . 151 ( 144 ) `` The Great Kaiōshin 's Bright Idea ! Son Goku is Revived ! ! '' `` Dai Kaiōshin no Myōan ! Yomigaere Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 大界王神の妙案 ! よみがえれ孫悟空 ! ! ) March 15 , 2015 TBA Gohan is no match for the new Super Buu . Buu now possesses new skills , such as the Super Ghost Kamikaze Attack and the Special Beam Cannon , each of which he uses on Gohan . He is about to finish Gohan , when Bee comes running up . Mr. Satan tries to save Bee , but is only several times stronger than the average human - nothing compared to Buu . Buu is about to blast each of them when Gohan saves them . Buu then uses Gotenks ' Galactic Doughnut trick on Gohan , and aims a Kamehameha at him , but Gohan is able to summon enough strength to break free and move out of the way in time . Meanwhile , in Other World , King Yemma decides to send Vegeta back to earth to help in the fight against Majin Buu . On the world of the Kais , Old Kai decides to give his life to Goku so he can return to Earth and fight Buu . The now deceased Old Kai gives Goku his Potara Earrings . He explains to Goku that if he and another person each wear one , they will fuse together . 152 ( 145 ) `` One Time Only Miracle ... Will the Super Combination With That Guy Come About ? '' `` Kiseki wa Ichido ... Naru ka Gokū to Aitsu Chō - Gattai '' ( 奇跡は一度 ... なるか悟空とアイツの超合体 ) March 22 , 2015 TBA Old Kai tells Supreme Kai and Kibito to try a fusion with their earrings , but only after they fuse together does he reveal that it is a permanent fusion . Dende heals Gohan 's injuries , so to prevent this from happening again , Buu creates a giant energy ball and aims it at Dende . Just before it hits , it is deflected by Tien 's Tri-Beam attack , who has decided to help , even though he is terribly outclassed . Buu tries again , but Goku suddenly appears and sends a disk of energy at the monster . It cuts off his legs and part of his head . His legs deal Tien a crushing kick which completely incapacitates him and then they return to Buu . Desperate to stop Majin Buu , Goku throws Gohan the other earring , but his aim is off and the earring is lost in the rubble . Goku goes Super Saiyan 3 in an attempt to hold Buu off while Gohan searches for the earring . Inside Super Buu , Gotenks ' fusion wears off , splitting back into Trunks and Goten , causing Buu to lose well over a third of his power and his appearance to change . Realizing what 's happened , Goku declares he can now defeat Majin Buu without fusing with Gohan and prepares to fight . Knowing he needs a massive power increase , Buu causes the part of his head that was cut off earlier to suddenly engulf Gohan , just like Piccolo and Gotenks . He reabsorbs the blob containing Gohan , and is now even more powerful than he was with Gotenks absorbed . Now back in control , Buu toys with Goku , telling him he has some time to find someone to fuse with . He considers fusions with Dende and Mr. Satan , but neither of them are appealing possibilities . He suddenly senses that Vegeta has returned , and uses Instant Transmission to teleport to his location . While Buu is distracted , Dende heals Tien . After Goku finds Vegeta , Goku tries to convince him to fuse , but Vegeta is angry at Goku because he knows Goku was holding back his Super Saiyan 3 transformation when they fought . With Vegeta refusing to cooperate , they are forced to take on Buu as individuals , but are clearly outclassed . Goku tells Vegeta that Buu absorbed Trunks and killed Bulma and asks him to put their differences aside to save their people . Vegeta finally agrees , and only when he puts on the earring does Goku mention that the fusion is permanent . The two last surviving Saiyans fuse and a new being is created . 153 ( 146 ) `` Invincible ! Ultimate Warrior Vegito ! '' `` Muteki ! Kyūkyoku no senshi Bejitto ! '' ( 無敵 ! 究極の戦士ベジット ! ) March 29 , 2015 TBA The new being names himself Vegito , and begins to fight Buu . He clearly is far superior to even the new Super Buu . In Other World , Bulma , Videl , Chi Chi , and Dabura are looking for Gohan , whom they mostly believe to be dead . When Dabura arrived at the Check - in Station , he resisted the guards attempts to subdue his aggressive behavior , and knowing Dabura would enjoy being sent to hell , King Yemma turned him good . Back on earth , Dende and Mr. Satan arrive at the battle scene , just as Buu has decided to destroy the earth . He creates a massive ball of energy , and throws it towards the earth . Vegito easily catches it , and deflects it back out into space . Buu says that he has yet to fight at his full power . Vegito says the same , and powers up to a Super Saiyan . Now calling himself Super Vegito , he continues to thrash Super Buu . Buu tries to hide himself with his own steam to gain an advantage , but Vegito continues to batter him . On the Grand Kai 's planet , Krillin and Yamcha are training with King Kai . Back on earth , Buu is starting to become desperate . He liquifies himself , and shoots down Vegito 's mouth , entering his body and turning him into what looks like a super-muscular version of himself . While inside Vegito , Buu takes control of his body and boasts that he will use his body to destroy him from the inside , but Vegito uses his energy to isolate all of Buu into one spot and pound him . Buu moves around but Vegito simply continues to pound him . Buu is forced to exit Vegito 's body . Realizing he does n't know how he can save himself , Super Majin Buu begins to freak out , and the immense amount of energy he releases into his surroundings threatens to tear apart the universe itself . Realizing this , Vegito tries to stop him , but Buu has put up a shield around himself . After a long struggle , Vegito breaks through the shield and stops Buu . 154 ( 147 ) `` The Ace up Buu 's Sleeve ! The Warriors are Absorbed ! ! '' `` Buu no Oku no Te ! Kyūshū Sareta Senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( ブウの奥の手 ! 吸収された戦士たち ! ! ) April 5 , 2015 TBA Vegito and Buu continue to fight , but Vegito is still far more powerful than his opponent . He repeatedly dominates Buu , which makes Buu angrier and angrier . Vegito is just toying with him . Buu hatches a plan , and calls Vegito out . Vegito comes closer , and Buu turns him into candy . As Buu celebrates his apparent victory , the Vegito candy unexpectedly begins to attack Buu . It turns out that Vegito is somehow still in full control of his new , candy body , and that he is just as powerful as he was before , and can even still talk . The candy Vegito is just as fast as Super Vegito , and due to its tiny size , is impossible for Buu to hit . Infuriated at being toyed with by a piece of candy , Buu changes it back into Vegito , who then continues to beat him up . Vegito literally starts tearing Buu apart . He gives Buu until the count of ten until he destroys him , and during this countdown , Buu notices a part of himself that Vegito tore off down on the ground . This part rises up behind Vegito , and before Vegito reaches ten , he is engulfed by the pink blob . Buu calls the blob back to him and absorbs it . 155 ( 148 ) `` Rescuing Gohan and Company ! Goku and Vegeta 's Infiltration Mission ! '' `` Gohan - tachi o Tasukedase ! Gokū to Bejīta no Sennyū Sakusen ( Misshon ) ! '' ( 悟飯たちを助け出せ ! 悟空とベジータの潜入作戦 ( ミッション ) ! ) April 12 , 2015 TBA After absorbing Vegito , Buu notices that he has not taken on any of his characteristics . He guesses this is because he has n't digested Vegito yet . Inside Buu , Vegito still exists intact , separate from Buu . It turns out that Vegito had planned this , putting up a barrier during the absorption , and letting himself be shrunk by Buu 's magic absorption process , but not incorporated into his being . Once he dispels the barrier , Vegito unexpectedly splits back into Goku and Vegeta ( since non-deities will only remain fused for about 1 hour with the Potara Earrings ) . Taking advantage of this unexpected event , Vegeta crushes his fusion earring , not wanting to give up his independence from Goku by permanently fusing with him . He cites that once they free their absorbed friends , Buu will lose most of his power and they wo n't need to be fused to defeat him . Goku and Vegeta cut down the cocoons of Gohan , Goten , Trunks , and Piccolo , and as they do , Super Buu regresses to his normal form . Dende and Mr. Satan continue to follow Buu . Back inside Majin Buu , Goku and Vegeta also find the fat Majin Buu . They read his thoughts to find out what happened to him . Suddenly , a thought form of Super Buu himself appears . The two join forces to defeat it , but once they do , another one appears . They realize that this is a battle they can not win . Buu finally decides that he 's had enough , and he tries to absorb Goku and Vegeta . 156 ( 149 ) `` Emergency Escape from Inside the Body ! Buu 's Reverse - Transformation is the Worst ! ! '' `` Tainai Kara Kinkyū Dasshutsu ! Bū Saiaku e no Gyaku - Henshin ! ! '' ( 体内から緊急脱出 ! ブウ最悪への逆変身 ! ! ) April 19 , 2015 TBA Goku saves Vegeta from being absorbed . As Vegeta recovers , Goku continues to fight the thought form of Super Buu . Goku is rapidly losing energy , and just as Super Buu is about to defeat Goku , Vegeta cuts down the pod containing the fat Majin Buu . This causes Super Buu to go mad , as without the fat Majin Buu absorbed , Super Buu can not exist . As Super Buu 's insides begin to change , Goku and Vegeta realize they must leave , and so they grab the pods containing Gohan , Goten , Piccolo and Trunks and try to find a way out . On their way through his body , they notice one of the tunnels that leads to one of the holes in Buu 's skin where the steam escapes . They are able to fly out through here , and when they emerge on the other side , all six of them return to their normal size . As Goku and Vegeta set the pods down , they observe Super Buu changing into a different being . He first transforms into a hulking form , and then shrinks into a childlike version of himself . 157 ( 150 ) `` Earth Disappears ! ! The Original Buu 's Single Cruel Blast ! ! '' `` Chikyū Shōmetsu ! ! Hajimari no Bū no Hidōna Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 地球消滅 ! ! 始まりのブウの非道な一撃 ! ! ) April 26 , 2015 TBA Supreme Kai explains to Old Kai that there were once one five Supreme Kais . He was one of the four that each ruled over a quadrant of the universe , and the fifth was their leader . He says that this latest , childlike version ( Kid Buu ) , is the original , true Majin Buu , and by far the most powerful of them all . Supreme North and West Kai perished against him . Supreme South Kai was absorbed , changing the original Majin Buu into the hulking form that was seen briefly in the previous episode . The leader , Dai Kaio , was then absorbed by that form , but this absorption changed Buu into the fat , happy Buu that came out of the ball . This absorption of the Kais actually weakened Buu , making him less focused and less destructive . Back on earth , Kid Buu creates a powerful ball of energy and throws it at the earth , intending to destroy it . Goku and Vegeta deflect it . In retaliation , Kid Buu then a creates a ball ten times more powerful than the previous one and throws it . Knowing that they currently do not have enough strength left to stop it , Goku and Vegeta try to grab everyone and teleport away , but are only able to grab Dende , Mr. Satan , and Bee . As the Earth is about to be destroyed , Supreme Kai appears and instantly transmits Goku , Vegeta , Dende , Mr. Satan , and Bee to the world of the Kais . 158 ( 151 ) `` Final Decisive Battle ! A Conclusion in the Realm of the Kais ! ! '' `` Saigo no Chōjō Kessen ! Kaiōshin - kai de Ketchaku da ! ! '' ( 最後の頂上決戦 ! 界王神界で決着だ ! ! ) May 3 , 2015 TBA Kid Buu is blasted apart by the explosion , but he reforms after the destruction of the Earth , and goes on a rampage throughout the galaxy . He goes from planet to planet , looking for Goku and Vegeta , and then destroys each planet when he does n't find them . He goes to the Grand Kai 's planet , and starts to toy with everyone there . When he becomes bored , he creates an energy ball , intending to destroy the Grand Kai 's planet . Supreme Kai offers Goku and Vegeta his fusion earrings , but they both refuse them . They raise their power levels so Buu will know where to find them . Buu abandons his attempt to destroy the Grand Kai 's planet and teleports to the world of the Kais . The Supreme Kai transports himself , Dende , and Old Kai to a distant planet so they will be out of Goku and Vegeta 's way , along with a crystal ball that allows them to watch the battle . Unfortunately , they forget to take Mr. Satan and Bee along . Goku and Vegeta play rock , paper , scissors to decide who will fight first , and Goku wins . He powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and starts beating up Buu . Goku blasts him apart , but he reforms . Buu creates another massive energy ball and throws it down at the planet . Goku is able to deflect it , but Buu guides the ball back around and into the planet . Powerful shock waves rock the entire planet , disfiguring its shape and leaving the surface ragged and uneven . Goku decides to power up to Super Saiyan 3 . 159 ( 152 ) `` Do Your Best , Kakarot ! You Are No. 1 ! ! '' `` Ganbare Kakarotto ! Omae ga Nanbā Wan da ! ! '' ( 頑張れカカロット ! お前が No. 1 だ ! ! ) May 10 , 2015 TBA Goku and Kid Buu continue to fight , each taking powerful blows from each other . Kid Buu folds himself into a ball again , and hits Goku hard . Goku puts all of his energy into a massive Kamehameha , but Buu just reforms afterward . Goku returns to his normal state , collapsing from exhaustion . Vegeta then steps in , but that finds he is no match for Buu . Buu cleans his clock , and just as he 's about to deal Vegeta the finishing blow , Goku pushes him out of the way . He then powers back up to Super Saiyan 3 and continues their furious fight . Vegeta reminisces about all of the fights he and Goku were in . He finally admits to himself that Goku is stronger . 160 ( 153 ) `` A One Minute Battle - Vegeta 's Life - risking Stall Tactics ! '' `` Shōbu wa Ippunkan Bejīta Inochigake no Jikan Kasegi ! '' ( 勝負は 1 分間ベジータ命懸けの時間稼ぎ ! ) May 17 , 2015 TBA Goku continues to fight Buu , and he seems to have the upper hand . He deals a lot of damage to Buu , but as the fight goes on , his hits become weaker and weaker until they have virtually no effect at all . He tells Vegeta that it 's his turn , but Vegeta declines , deciding that he is no match for Buu . He tells Goku that Buu is too powerful for him and that Goku stands a much better chance of destroying him . Goku is shocked and unsettled by this admission , telling Vegeta that he deliberately let the fight drag on so that Vegeta could have a turn , and that now he is exhausted . Vegeta is horrified by this , because now they can not stop Buu . Goku unsuccessfully attempts to reassure Vegeta , telling him that he needs one uninterrupted minute to power up enough to destroy Buu . Despite the fact that Vegeta recognizes that he will need a miracle to survive a minute against Buu now , he reluctantly steps in while Goku is powering up , even though Goku tells him that if he is destroyed when he is already dead , Vegeta will no longer exist in any form . Buu thrashes Vegeta , but every time he gets knocked down , Vegeta gets up , ready for more . Buu stretches out his arm , wraps it around Vegeta 's neck , and begins choking him for fun . It 's been more than one minute , but Goku still has n't generated the power he needs . 161 ( 154 ) `` A Secret Plan Comes Together in a Flash - Please Grant These Two Wishes ! '' `` Hirameita Hisaku Futatsu no Negai o Kanaetamae ! '' ( 閃いた秘策 2 つの願いを叶えたまえ ! ) May 24 , 2015 TBA Fat Majin Buu enters the fight , saving Vegeta from death . However , he is no match for Kid Buu , who begins to severely beat him . Mr. Satan tries to help Fat Buu , but is ineffective . Vegeta suddenly comes up with a plan . He communicates with Dende , telling him to go to New Namek and gather the Dragon Balls . The Supreme Kai and Old Kai take Dende there , and the Namekians are waiting with the seven balls . Porunga is summoned , and Vegeta tells Dende his two wishes : bring back the earth and restore it to its undamaged state , and bring back all of the non-evil people that died since the morning of the World Martial Arts Tournament . These wishes are granted , and even Vegeta himself comes back to life , proving that he is no longer evil . He finally reveals the main part of his plan to destroy Buu : the Spirit Bomb . 162 ( 155 ) `` Give Me Energy ! We 'll Make a Huge Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Ora ni Genki o Waketekure ! Tsukuru ze Dekkai Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( オラに元気を分けてくれ ! 作るぜでっかい元気玉 ! ! ) May 31 , 2015 TBA The people of earth come back to life , including the Z Fighters and their friends . Goku gets into position to create the Spirit Bomb , and with the help of King Kai , Vegeta speaks to the entire population of earth . He tells them what 's going on , and that to defeat Buu , they need to raise their hands up and offer their energy . Only Goku and Vegeta 's family and friends comply . No one else is willing to listen to a mysterious voice from the sky . Vegeta repeatedly pleads with the earthlings , but to no avail . While this is going on , Fat Buu is buying them time by fighting Kid Buu , but it 's not going well . Goku has n't gathered nearly enough energy to destroy Buu . 163 ( 156 ) `` The Savior of the World is You ! Everyone 's Spirit Bomb is Completed ! ! '' `` Sekai no Kyūseishu wa Omaeda ! Min'na no Genki - Dama Kansei ! ! '' ( 世界の救世主はおまえだ ! みんなの元気玉完成 ! ! ) June 7 , 2015 TBA Vegeta continues to plead with the people of earth , but no one will listen to him . Fat Buu has finally lost all of his energy , so Vegeta is forced to fight Kid Buu . He is no match for him , and gets severely beaten . Now Goku asks the earthlings to raise up their arms and donate some of their energy , and small pockets of people who recognize his voice or just like the sound of it do so , but the vast majority remain uninterested . Piccolo , Gohan , Goten , and Trunks spread out into the city , hoping to convince people to raise their arms . Mr. Satan has finally had enough , and he speaks to the people of earth . When they hear the familiar voice of the `` World Champion , '' all of the people of earth raise their arms and offer their energy . The Spirit Bomb is finally ready . Goku is ready to throw the Spirit Bomb , but Vegeta is in the way , and , despite Vegeta 's pleas otherwise , he refuses to take out Vegeta along with Buu . Suddenly , Fat Buu gets up and holds Kid Buu down long enough for Mr. Satan to pull Vegeta to safety . Kid Buu kicks Fat Buu aside , and Goku throws the Spirit Bomb . 164 ( 157 ) `` Son Goku Is the Strongest After All ! ! Majin Buu Is Annihilated '' `` Yappari Saikyō Son Gokū ! ! Majin Bū Shōmetsu '' ( やっぱり最強孫悟空 ! ! 魔人ブウ消滅 ) June 14 , 2015 TBA The Spirit Bomb hits Kid Buu , but he starts pushing it back . Goku uses all of the remaining energy he has left trying to push it back into Kid Buu , but he is too powerful . After a brief panic , Vegeta suddenly remembers that they still have a third wish with Porunga . He instructs Dende to wish for Goku 's power level to be restored to its normal , healthy level . The wish is granted , and upon turning into a Super Saiyan , Goku is easily able to force the Spirit Bomb back at Kid Buu . As he does so , he silently wishes that Buu had been a better person , and hopes to fight him as a different person , some day in the future . The Spirit Bomb hits with full force , finally destroying the evil , childlike Majin Buu permanently . After billions of years of destruction , he has finally been brought to justice . 165 ( N / A ) `` Peace Has Returned . It 's Time to Party ! '' -- TBA 166 ( 158 ) `` And So , After 10 Years ... The First World Martial Arts Tournament in a Long Time ! '' `` Soshite Jūnengo ... Hisashiburi no Tenka'ichi Budōkai ! '' ( そして 10 年後 ... 久しぶりの天下一武道会 ! ) June 21 , 2015 TBA Ten years have passed , and much has changed . Gohan has become a scholar , and Trunks and Goten are in their late teens . Goku is training with Goten when Bulma and Vegeta , who have a new daughter , Bulla , show up after not seeing him in five years . Goku says that he and Goten will be entering the World Martial Arts Tournament , so Vegeta says that he and Trunks will do the same . The day of the tournament comes , and old friends catch up . Everyone has arrived to watch . Gohan , who is now married to Videl , has decided not to enter , but his daughter , Pan , will fight . Since there is no junior division this time , she will be fighting with the adults . Mr. Satan and Buu will also be fighting . However , Goku says that there is someone who is 100 % human that can threaten to beat him and Vegeta . The seeding draw for the tournament begins , and Goku asks Majin Buu to use his magic to rig it so that he faces the powerful mystery fighter he had talked about . In the first match , Pan faces Wild Tiger , and the four - year - old easily dispatches him . Next up is Goku against a ten - year - old boy named Uub . Uub is the reincarnation of the evil Kid Majin Buu . King Yemma apparently heard Goku 's wish right before the evil Buu was destroyed , and he reincarnated him as a good person named Uub . Uub is apprehensive , so to bait him into fighting , Goku eventually resorts to taunting the young boy . After a particularly nasty insult and a kick to the face , Uub has snapped , and is now ready to fight . 167 ( 159 ) `` Even Stronger ! Goku 's Dream Never Ends ! ! '' `` Motto Tsuyoku ! Gokū no Yume wa Owaranai ! ! '' ( もっと強く ! 悟空の夢は終わらない ! ! ) June 28 , 2015 TBA Goku and Uub begin to fight , and it is clear that Uub does not know much about fighting . But as the match goes on , he grows more and more accustomed to his hidden power , and it is finally released , so he is able to go toe - to - toe with Goku in his base state . When Goku does power up slightly , Uub nearly falls out of the ring , but Goku saves him from hitting the ground . He realizes that Uub does n't even know how to fly , so Goku decides to train him . Despite his friends and family pleading with Goku to stay , he flies away with Uub on his back . Goku decides to train Uub to defend the Earth when he 's gone . He hopes one day , when Uub 's training is complete , to have a real all - out match with him , to test their power . Goku and Uub fly off into the distance , with whoops of joy . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode was originally scheduled to air in Japan on March 27 , 2011 as the 98th episode , but Fuji TV postponed its broadcast to air news coverage on the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The episode was eventually released as an `` extra '' episode on Blu - ray and DVD in Japan on August 2 , 2011 , and in North America on June 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The International airing of the Buu Sagas of Dragon Ball Kai features 8 episodes worth of footage cut from the Japanese airing . The episodes listed without a Japanese counterpart date or title were cut to such a degree in Japan that the episodes had to have another title to be consistent internationally . Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Volumes ( edit ) Name Date Blu Ray Discs DVD Discs Episodes Part One May 18 , 2010 01 -- 13 Part Two September 14 , 2010 14 -- 26 Part Three December 14 , 2010 27 -- 39 Part Four March 8 , 2011 40 -- 52 Part Five June 28 , 2011 53 -- 65 Part Six September 13 , 2011 66 -- 77 Part Seven March 20 , 2012 78 -- 88 Part Eight June 5 , 2012 89 -- 98 The Final Chapters - Part One April 25 , 2017 99 -- 121 The Final Chapters - Part Two May 23 , 2017 122 -- 144 The Final Chapters - Part Three June 20 , 2017 145 -- 167 Seasons ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Season One October 18 , 2011 ( original ) March 15 , 2012 ( re-release ) 01 -- 26 Season Two March 15 , 2012 27 -- 52 Season Three June 22 , 2012 53 -- 77 Season Four March 12 , 2013 78 -- 98 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 今週のアニ基地 ! トピッコスきの 1 : 4 月 5 日 ( 日 ) よリ放送開始のアニメ「ドラゴンボール Z 」正式タイルがついに決定 ! ! その名は ... Dragon Ball Kai '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha : 326 . February 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Kai '' . Anime News Network . February 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 Anime News Network ( February 17 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 今週のアニ基地 ! トピッコスきの 1 : 「ドラゴンボール Z 」放送開始 20 周年記念 ! 最新デヅタル技術を便い Z 伝説が TV アニメで復活 ! ! '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha : 338 . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 「ドラゴンボール Z 」放送開始 20 周年記念 ! HD リマスター坂でテレビアニメが堂々復活 ! ! 孫悟空伝説再び ! ! その名も ... Dragon Ball Kai '' . V Jump ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha : 10 . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Listed at 69 Episodes Anime News Network ( April 17 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ドラゴンボール改 1 ( Dragon Ball Kai 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved November 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール改 1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) '' ( Dragon Ball Kai 1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール改 BOX1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) '' ( Dragon Ball Kai BOX 1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved November 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Box 4 / 4 - The Final Chapters '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 各話あらすじドラゴンボール改東映アニメーション '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z Kai - Part One ( Inside Blu - ray case ) . Nowata Yasuhiro . Flower Mound , Texas , United States : Funimation Entertainment . 2010 ( 2009 ) . FN - 08781 . Jump up ^ ドラゴンボール改人造人間・セル編 15 ( Dragon Ball Kai Artificial Human / Cell Volume 15 ( DVD ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Happinet Pictures . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール改人造人間・セル編 BOX4 '' ( Dragon Ball Kai Artificial Human / Cell BOX4 ( Blu - ray ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Happinet Pictures . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` エピソードドラゴンボール改東映アニメーション '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener Jump up ^ TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part One - Blu - ray home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part One - DVD home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part Two - Blu - ray home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part Two - DVD home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part Three - Blu - ray home - video Jump up ^ The Final Chapter - Part Three - DVD home - video ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_Kai_episodes&oldid=800003052 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 02 : 23 . 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4296782550139042040	Post-translational modification	Post-translational modification - wikipedia Post-translational modification Jump to : navigation , search Post-translational modification of insulin . At the top , the ribosome translates a mRNA sequence into a protein , insulin , and passes the protein through the endoplasmic reticulum , where it is cut , folded and held in shape by disulfide ( - S-S - ) bonds . Then the protein passes through the golgi apparatus , where it is packaged into a vesicle . In the vesicle , more parts are cut off , and it turns into mature insulin . Post-translational modification ( PTM ) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis . Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains , which may then undergo PTM to form the mature protein product . PTMs are important components in cell signaling . Post-translational modifications can occur on the amino acid side chains or at the protein 's C - or N - termini . They can extend the chemical repertoire of the 20 standard amino acids by modifying an existing functional group or introducing a new one such as phosphate . Phosphorylation is a very common mechanism for regulating the activity of enzymes and is the most common post-translational modification . Many eukaryotic proteins also have carbohydrate molecules attached to them in a process called glycosylation , which can promote protein folding and improve stability as well as serving regulatory functions . Attachment of lipid molecules , known as lipidation , often targets a protein or part of a protein attached to the cell membrane . Other forms of post-translational modification consist of cleaving peptide bonds , as in processing a propeptide to a mature form or removing the initiator methionine residue . The formation of disulfide bonds from cysteine residues may also be referred to as a post-translational modification . For instance , the peptide hormone insulin is cut twice after disulfide bonds are formed , and a propeptide is removed from the middle of the chain ; the resulting protein consists of two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds . Some types of post-translational modification are consequences of oxidative stress . Carbonylation is one example that targets the modified protein for degradation and can result in the formation of protein aggregates . Specific amino acid modifications can be used as biomarkers indicating oxidative damage . Sites that often undergo post-translational modification are those that have a functional group that can serve as a nucleophile in the reaction : the hydroxyl groups of serine , threonine , and tyrosine ; the amine forms of lysine , arginine , and histidine ; the thiolate anion of cysteine ; the carboxylates of aspartate and glutamate ; and the N - and C - termini . In addition , although the amide of asparagine is a weak nucleophile , it can serve as an attachment point for glycans . Rarer modifications can occur at oxidized methionines and at some methylenes in side chains . Post-translational modification of proteins can be experimentally detected by a variety of techniques , including mass spectrometry , Eastern blotting , and Western blotting . Additional methods are provided in the external links sections . Contents ( hide ) 1 PTMs involving addition of functional groups 1.1 Addition by an enzyme in vivo 1.1. 1 Hydrophobic groups for membrane localization 1.1. 2 Cofactors for enhanced enzymatic activity 1.1. 3 Modifications of translation factors 1.1. 4 Smaller chemical groups 1.2 Non-enzymatic additions in vivo 1.3 Non-enzymatic additions in vitro 2 Other proteins or peptides 3 Chemical modification of amino acids 4 Structural changes 5 Statistics 5.1 Common PTMs by frequency 5.2 Common PTMs by residue 6 Case examples 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Ptms involving addition of functional groups ( edit ) Addition by an enzyme in vivo ( edit ) Hydrophobic groups for membrane localization ( edit ) myristoylation ( a type of acylation ) , attachment of myristate , a C saturated acid palmitoylation ( a type of acylation ) , attachment of palmitate , a C saturated acid isoprenylation or prenylation , the addition of an isoprenoid group ( e.g. farnesol and geranylgeraniol ) farnesylation geranylgeranylation glypiation , glycosylphosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) anchor formation via an amide bond to C - terminal tail Cofactors for enhanced enzymatic activity ( edit ) lipoylation ( a type of acylation ) , attachment of a lipoate ( C ) functional group flavin moiety ( FMN or FAD ) may be covalently attached heme C attachment via thioether bonds with cysteines phosphopantetheinylation , the addition of a 4 ' - phosphopantetheinyl moiety from coenzyme A , as in fatty acid , polyketide , non-ribosomal peptide and leucine biosynthesis retinylidene Schiff base formation Modifications of translation factors ( edit ) diphthamide formation ( on a histidine found in eEF2 ) ethanolamine phosphoglycerol attachment ( on glutamate found in eEF1α ) hypusine formation ( on conserved lysine of eIF5A ( eukaryotic ) and aIF5A ( archaeal ) ) beta - Lysine addition on a conserved lysine of the elongation factor P ( EFP ) in most bacteria . EFP is an homolog to eIF5A ( eukaryotic ) and aIF5A ( archaeal ) ( see above ) . Smaller chemical groups ( edit ) acylation , e.g. O - acylation ( esters ) , N - acylation ( amides ) , S - acylation ( thioesters ) acetylation , the addition of an acetyl group , either at the N - terminus of the protein or at lysine residues . See also histone acetylation . The reverse is called deacetylation . formylation alkylation , the addition of an alkyl group , e.g. methyl , ethyl methylation the addition of a methyl group , usually at lysine or arginine residues . The reverse is called demethylation . amidation at C - terminus . Formed by oxidative dissociation of a C - terminal Gly residue . amide bond formation amino acid addition arginylation , a tRNA - mediation addition polyglutamylation , covalent linkage of glutamic acid residues to the N - terminus of tubulin and some other proteins . ( See tubulin polyglutamylase ) polyglycylation , covalent linkage of one to more than 40 glycine residues to the tubulin C - terminal tail butyrylation gamma - carboxylation dependent on Vitamin K glycosylation , the addition of a glycosyl group to either arginine , asparagine , cysteine , hydroxylysine , serine , threonine , tyrosine , or tryptophan resulting in a glycoprotein . Distinct from glycation , which is regarded as a nonenzymatic attachment of sugars . polysialylation , addition of polysialic acid , PSA , to NCAM malonylation hydroxylation : addition of an oxygen atom to the side - chain of a Pro or Lys residue iodination : addition of an iodine atom to the aromatic ring of a tyrosine residue ( e.g. in thyroglobulin ) nucleotide addition such as ADP - ribosylation phosphate ester ( O - linked ) or phosphoramidate ( N - linked ) formation phosphorylation , the addition of a phosphate group , usually to serine , threonine , and tyrosine ( O - linked ) , or histidine ( N - linked ) adenylylation , the addition of an adenylyl moiety , usually to tyrosine ( O - linked ) , or histidine and lysine ( N - linked ) uridylylation , the addition of an uridylyl - group ( i.e. uridine monophosphate , UMP ) , usually to tyrosine propionylation pyroglutamate formation S - glutathionylation S - nitrosylation S - sulfenylation ( aka S - sulphenylation ) , reversible covalent addition of one oxygen atom to the thiol group of a cysteine residue S - sulfinylation , normally irreversible covalent addition of two oxygen atoms to the thiol group of a cysteine residue S - sulfonylation , normally irreversible covalent addition of three oxygen atoms to the thiol group of a cysteine residue , resulting in the formation of a cysteic acid residue succinylation addition of a succinyl group to lysine sulfation , the addition of a sulfate group to a tyrosine . Nonenzymatic additions in vivo ( edit ) glycation , the addition of a sugar molecule to a protein without the controlling action of an enzyme . carbamylation the addition of Isocyanic acid to a protein 's N - terminus or the side - chain of Lys . carbonylation the addition of carbon monoxide to other organic / inorganic compounds . spontaneous isopeptide bond formation , as found in many surface proteins of Gram - positive bacteria . Nonenzymatic additions in vitro ( edit ) biotinylation : covalent attachment of a biotin moiety using a biotinylation reagent , typically for the purpose of labeling a protein . carbamylation : the addition of Isocyanic acid to a protein 's N - terminus or the side - chain of Lys or Cys residues , typically resulting from exposure to urea solutions . oxidation : addition of one or more Oxygen atoms to a susceptible side - chain , principally of Met , Trp , His or Cys residues . Formation of disulfide bonds between Cys residues . pegylation : covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) using a pegylation reagent , typically to the N - terminus or the side - chains of Lys residues . Pegylation is used to improve the efficacy of protein pharmaceuticals . Other proteins or peptides ( edit ) ISGylation , the covalent linkage to the ISG15 protein ( Interferon - Stimulated Gene 15 ) SUMOylation , the covalent linkage to the SUMO protein ( Small Ubiquitin - related MOdifier ) ubiquitination , the covalent linkage to the protein ubiquitin . Neddylation , the covalent linkage to Nedd Pupylation , the covalent linkage to the Prokaryotic ubiquitin - like protein Chemical modification of amino acids ( edit ) citrullination , or deimination , the conversion of arginine to citrulline deamidation , the conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid or asparagine to aspartic acid eliminylation , the conversion to an alkene by beta - elimination of phosphothreonine and phosphoserine , or dehydration of threonine and serine Structural changes ( edit ) disulfide bridges , the covalent linkage of two cysteine amino acids proteolytic cleavage , cleavage of a protein at a peptide bond isoaspartate formation , via the cyclisation of asparagine or aspartic acid amino - acid residues racemization of serine by protein - serine epimerase of alanine in dermorphin , a frog opioid peptide of methionine in deltorphin , also a frog opioid peptide protein splicing , self - catalytic removal of inteins analogous to mRNA processing Statistics ( edit ) Common ptms by frequency ( edit ) In 2011 , statistics of each post-translational modification experimentally and putatively detected have been compiled using proteome - wide information from the Swiss - Prot database . The 10 most common experimentally found modifications were as follows : Frequency Modification 58383 Phosphorylation 6751 Acetylation 5526 N - linked glycosylation 2844 Amidation 1619 Hydroxylation 1523 Methylation 1133 O - linked glycosylation 878 Ubiquitylation 826 Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid 504 Sulfation More details can be found at http://selene.princeton.edu/PTMCuration/ . Common ptms by residue ( edit ) Some common post-translational modifications to specific amino - acid residues are shown below . Modifications occur on the side - chain unless indicated otherwise . Amino Acid Abbrev . Modification Alanine Ala N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Arginine Arg deimination to citrulline , methylation Asparagine Asn deamidation to Asp or iso ( Asp ) , N - linked glycosylation Aspartic acid Asp isomerization to isoaspartic acid Cysteine Cys disulfide - bond formation , oxidation to sulfenic , sulfinic or sulfonic acid , palmitoylation , N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) , S - nitrosylation Glutamine Gln cyclization to Pyroglutamic acid ( N - terminus ) , deamidation to Glutamic acid or isopeptide bond formation to a lysine by a transglutaminase Glutamic acid Glu cyclization to Pyroglutamic acid ( N - terminus ) , gamma - carboxylation Glycine Gly N - Myristoylation ( N - terminus ) , N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Histidine His Phosphorylation Isoleucine Ile Leucine Leu Lysine Lys acetylation , Ubiquitination , SUMOylation , methylation , hydroxylation Methionine Met N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) , oxidation to sulfoxide or sulfone Phenylalanine Phe Proline Pro hydroxylation Serine Ser Phosphorylation , O - linked glycosylation , N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Threonine Thr Phosphorylation , O - linked glycosylation , N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Tryptophan Trp mono - or di - oxidation , formation of Kynurenine Tyrosine Tyr sulfation , phosphorylation Valine Val N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Case examples ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cleavage and formation of disulfide bridges during the production of insulin PTM of histones as regulation of transcription : RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure PTM of RNA polymerase II as regulation of transcription Cleavage of polypeptide chains as crucial for lectin specificity See also ( edit ) Protein targeting Post-translational regulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pratt , Donald Voet ; Judith G. Voet ; Charlotte W. ( 2006 ) . Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level ( 2 . ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 21495 - 7 . Jump up ^ Khoury , GA ; Baliban , RC ; Floudas , CA ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Proteome - wide post-translational modification statistics : frequency analysis and curation of the swiss - prot database '' . 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Jump up ^ Roy , H ; Zou , SB ; Bullwinkle , TJ ; Wolfe , BS ; Gilreath , MS ; Forsyth , CJ ; Navarre , WW ; Ibba , M. `` The tRNA synthetase paralog PoxA modifies elongation factor - P with ( R ) - β - lysine '' . Nat Chem Biol. 7 : 667 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nchembio. 632 . PMC 3177975 . PMID 21841797 . Jump up ^ Polevoda B , Sherman F ; Sherman ( 2003 ) . `` N - terminal acetyltransferases and sequence requirements for N - terminal acetylation of eukaryotic proteins '' . J Mol Biol. 325 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 622 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 02 ) 01269 - X . PMID 12507466 . Jump up ^ Yang XJ , Seto E ; Seto ( 2008 ) . `` Lysine acetylation : codified crosstalk with other posttranslational modifications '' . Mol Cell. 31 ( 4 ) : 449 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2008.07. 002 . PMC 2551738 . PMID 18722172 . Jump up ^ Bártová E , Krejcí J , Harnicarová A , Galiová G , Kozubek S ; Krejcí ; Harnicarová ; Galiová ; Kozubek ( 2008 ) . `` Histone modifications and nuclear architecture : a review '' . J Histochem Cytochem. 56 ( 8 ) : 711 -- 21 . doi : 10.1369 / jhc. 2008.951251 . PMC 2443610 . PMID 18474937 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Glozak MA , Sengupta N , Zhang X , Seto E ; Sengupta ; Zhang ; Seto ( 2005 ) . `` Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins '' . Gene . 363 : 15 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2005.09. 010 . PMID 16289629 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bradbury AF , Smyth DG ( 1991 ) . `` Peptide amidation '' . Trends Biochem Sci. 16 ( 3 ) : 112 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / 0968 - 0004 ( 91 ) 90044 - v. PMID 2057999 . Jump up ^ Eddé B , Rossier J , Le Caer JP , Desbruyères E , Gros F , Denoulet P ; Rossier ; Le Caer ; Desbruyères ; Gros ; Denoulet ( 1990 ) . `` Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha - tubulin '' . Science . 247 ( 4938 ) : 83 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1990Sci ... 247 ... 83E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1967194 . PMID 1967194 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walker CS , Shetty RP , Clark K , et al. ( 2001 ) . `` On a potential global role for vitamin K - dependent gamma - carboxylation in animal systems . Animals can experience subvaginal hemototitis as a result of this linkage . Evidence for a gamma - glutamyl carboxylase in Drosophila '' . J. Biol. Chem. 276 ( 11 ) : 7769 -- 74 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M009576200 . PMID 11110799 . ^ Jump up to : Chung HS ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Cysteine Oxidative Posttranslational Modifications : Emerging Regulation in the Cardiovascular System '' . Circ . Res. 112 : 382 -- 392 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 112.268680 . PMC 4340704 . Jump up ^ Jaisson S , Pietrement C , Gillery P ( 2011 ) . `` Carbamylation - Derived Products : Bioactive Compounds and Potential Biomarkers in Chronic Renal Failure and Atherosclerosis '' . Clin Chem. 57 ( 11 ) : 1499 -- 1505 . doi : 10.1373 / clinchem. 2011.163188 . PMID 21768218 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kang HJ , Baker EN ( 2011 ) . `` Intramolecular isopeptide bonds : protein crosslinks built for stress ? '' . Trends Biochem Sci. 36 ( 4 ) : 229 -- 237 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2010.09. 007 . PMID 21055949 . Jump up ^ Stark GR , Stein WH , Moore X ( 1960 ) . `` Reactions of the Cyanate Present in Aqueous Urea with Amino Acids and Proteins '' . J Biol Chem. 235 ( 11 ) : 3177 -- 3181 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Malakhova , Oxana A. ; Yan , Ming ; Malakhov , Michael P. ; Yuan , Youzhong ; Ritchie , Kenneth J. ; Kim , Keun Il ; Peterson , Luke F. ; Shuai , Ke & Dong - Er Zhang ( 2003 ) . `` Protein ISGylation modulates the JAK - STAT signaling pathway '' . Genes & Development . 17 ( 4 ) : 455 -- 60 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1056303 . PMC 195994 . PMID 12600939 . Jump up ^ Van G. Wilson ( Ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Sumoylation : Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Archived 2005 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Horizon Bioscience . ISBN 0 - 9545232 - 8 - 8 . Jump up ^ Klareskog L ; Rönnelid J ; Lundberg K ; Padyukov L ; Alfredsson L ( 2008 ) . `` Immunity to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis '' . Annu Rev Immunol. 26 : 651 -- 675 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. immunol. 26.021607. 090244 . PMID 18173373 . Jump up ^ Brennan DF , Barford D ; Barford ( 2009 ) . `` Eliminylation : a post-translational modification catalyzed by phosphothreonine lyases '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 34 ( 3 ) : 108 -- 114 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2008.11. 005 . PMID 19233656 . Jump up ^ Khoury , George A. ; Baliban , Richard C. & Christodoulos A. Floudas ( 2011 ) . `` Proteome - wide post-translational modification statistics : frequency analysis and curation of the swiss - prot database '' . Scientific Reports . 1 ( 90 ) : 90 . Bibcode : 2011NatSR ... 1E ... 90K . doi : 10.1038 / srep00090 . PMC 3201773 . PMID 22034591 . External links ( edit ) dbPTM - database of protein post-translational modifications List of posttranslational modifications in ExPASy Browse SCOP domains by PTM -- from the dcGO database Statistics of each post-translational modification from the Swiss - Prot database AutoMotif Server - A Computational Protocol for Identification of Post-Translational Modifications in Protein Sequences Functional analyses for site - specific phosphorylation of a target protein in cells Detection of Post-Translational Modifications after high - accuracy MSMS Overview and description of commonly used post-translational modification detection techniques Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications General Peptide bond Protein biosynthesis Proteolysis Racemization N-O acyl shift N terminus Acetylation Carbamylation Formylation Glycation Methylation Myristoylation ( Gly ) C terminus Amidation Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) O - methylation Detyrosination Single specific AAs Serine / Threonine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Glycosylation Methylidene - imidazolone ( MIO ) formation Tyrosine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Sulfation Porphyrin ring linkage Adenylylation Flavin linkage Topaquinone ( TPQ ) formation Detyrosination Cysteine Palmitoylation Prenylation Aspartate Succinimide formation Glutamate Carboxylation Methylation Polyglutamylation Polyglycylation Asparagine Deamidation Glycosylation Glutamine Transglutamination Lysine Methylation Acetylation Acylation Adenylylation Hydroxylation Ubiquitination Sumoylation ADP - ribosylation Deamination Oxidative deamination to aldehyde O - glycosylation Imine formation Glycation Carbamylation Succinylation Arginine Citrullination Methylation ADP - ribosylation Proline Hydroxylation Histidine Diphthamide formation Adenylylation Tryptophan C - mannosylation Crosslinks between two AAs Cysteine - Cysteine Disulfide bond Methionine - Hydroxylysine Sulfilimine bond Lysine - Tyrosylquinone Lysine tyrosylquinone ( LTQ ) formation Tryptophan - Tryptophylquinone Tryptophan tryptophylquinone ( TTQ ) formation Three consecutive AAs ( chromophore formation ) Serine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine p - Hydroxybenzylidene - imidazolinone formation Histidine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine 4 - ( p - hydroxybenzylidene ) - 5 - imidazolinone formation Crosslinks between four AAs Allysine - Allysine - Allysine - Lysine Desmosine Posttranslational modification Chaperones / protein folding Heat shock proteins / Chaperonins Hsp10 / GroES Hsp27 Hsp47 HSP60 / GroEL Hsp40 / DnaJ A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B11 B4 B6 B9 C1 C3 C5 C6 C7 C10 C11 C13 C14 C19 Hsp70 1A 1B 1L 4L 5 6 7 8 9 12A 14 Hsp90 α α β ER TRAP1 Other Alpha crystallin Clusterin Survival of motor neuron SMN1 SMN2 Protein targeting Signal peptide Mitochondrial targeting signal Ubiquitin E1 Ubiquitin - activating enzyme UBA1 UBA2 UBA3 UBA5 UBA6 UBA7 ATG7 NAE1 SAE1 E2 Ubiquitin - conjugating enzyme D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3 G1 G2 J1 J2 L1 L2 L3 L4 L6 O Q1 Q2 R1 ( CDC34 ) R2 V1 V2 Z E3 Ubiquitin ligase VHL Cullin CBL MDM2 FANCL UBR1 Deubiquitinating enzyme : Ataxin 3 USP6 CYLD ATG3 BIRC6 UFC1 Other Ubiquitin - like modifiers SUMO protein ISG15 URM1 NEDD8 FAT10 ATG8 ATG12 FUB1 MUB UFM1 UBL5 Prokaryotic ubiquitin - like protein Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-translational_modification&oldid=842080001 '' Categories : Gene expression Protein structure Protein biosynthesis Posttranslational modification Cell biology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 02 : 50 . 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-9222666025873183901	Reign (TV series)	Reign ( TV series ) - wikipedia Reign ( TV series ) Reign Genre Historical drama Romantic drama Created by Laurie McCarthy Stephanie SenGupta Starring Adelaide Kane Megan Follows Torrance Coombs Toby Regbo Jenessa Grant Celina Sinden Caitlin Stasey Anna Popplewell Alan van Sprang Jonathan Keltz Sean Teale Craig Parker Rose Williams Rachel Skarsten Charlie Carrick Ben Geurens Spencer MacPherson Dan Jeannotte Jonathan Goad Will Kemp Opening theme `` Scotland '' by The Lumineers Composer ( s ) Trevor Morris Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 78 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Laurie McCarthy Stephanie SenGupta Brad Silberling John Weber Frank Siracusa Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Joyful Girl Productions Take 5 Productions Whizbang Films Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) -- June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) External links Official website Reign is an American historical romantic drama television series following the early exploits of Mary , Queen of Scots . The series , created by Stephanie SenGupta and Laurie McCarthy , premiered on October 17 , 2013 , on The CW , and concluded after four seasons on June 16 , 2017 . The principal cast consists of North American , Australian , New Zealand and British actors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notes 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Editing for sexual content 4 Broadcasts 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 5.2 Ratings 6 Home media releases 7 Other media 7.1 Novels 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Further information : List of Reign episodes The highly fictionalized series follows the early exploits of Mary , Queen of Scots . The first season opens in 1557 , with Mary living in French court and awaiting her marriage to Prince Francis , to whom she has been engaged since they were six . Mary has to contend with changing politics and power plays , as well as her burgeoning feelings for Francis and the romantic attentions of Francis 's bastard half - brother , Bash . Francis 's mother , Catherine de ' Medici , secretly tries to prevent the marriage following Nostradamus 's confidential prediction that the marriage will lead to Francis 's death . The series also follows the affairs of Mary 's Scottish handmaidens Kenna , Aylee , Lola , and Greer , who are searching for husbands of their own at French Court . The second season opens after the death of King Henry II , and follows the rise of Francis and Mary as King and Queen of France and Scotland . Together they have to balance their marriage with their roles as monarchs , and deal with the rising religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants , as well as the ambitions of the rival House of Bourbon for the throne of France . The third season follows Francis 's declining health and his death partway through the season , leaving Mary a widow and struggling to find new footing since she 's no longer bound to France as its queen . Francis 's brother Charles is crowned the new underaged king , with Catherine as regent . The third season also introduces the court of Queen Elizabeth of England , who plots against Mary , fends off marital prospects , and deals with her secret love affair with Robert Dudley . The fourth and final season has Mary returned to Scotland and trying to regain power in her homeland . She has to manage her allies , such as her bastard half - brother James and the outspoken Lord Bothwell , as well as her enemies , such as the Protestant preacher John Knox . Tensions mount between Mary and Elizabeth , with Mary marrying Lord Darnley , an English Catholic claimant to the English throne , in the hopes of taking England . In France , Catherine has to protect her son , King Charles IX , from the ambitions of her daughter Queen Leeza of Spain and her younger son , Henry . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 22 October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 18 October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 16 February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Adelaide Kane as Mary , Queen of Scots Megan Follows as Catherine de ' Medici Celina Sinden as Greer of Kinross Toby Regbo as Francis II of France ( main seasons 1 -- 3 ; guest season 4 ) Torrance Coombs as Sebastian `` Bash '' de Poitiers ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Anna Popplewell as lady Lola ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Caitlin Stasey as lady Kenna ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan van Sprang as Henry II of France ( main season 1 ; recurring season 2 ) Jenessa Grant as lady Aylee ( season 1 ) Jonathan Keltz as Leith Bayard ( recurring season 1 ; main seasons 2 -- 4 ) Craig Parker as Stéphane Narcisse ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Rose Williams as Claude of France ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Sean Teale as Louis , Prince of Condé ( season 2 ) Rachel Skarsten as Elizabeth I of England ( guest season 2 ; main seasons 3 -- 4 ) Ben Geurens as Gideon Blackburn ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Charlie Carrick as Robert Dudley ( season 3 ) Spencer MacPherson as Charles IX of France ( recurring seasons 1 , 3 ; main season 4 ) Dan Jeannotte as James Stewart ( recurring season 3 ; main season 4 ) Jonathan Goad as John Knox ( recurring season 3 ; main season 4 ) Will Kemp as Darnley ( season 4 ) Recurring ( edit ) Rossif Sutherland as Nostradamus ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Anastasia Phillips as Leeza of Spain ( guest seasons 1 ; season 4 ) Amy Brenneman as Marie de Guise ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Nick Slater as Henri of Valois ( guest seasons 1 , 3 ; season 4 ) Michael Therriault as Aloysius Castleroy ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest seasons 3 -- 4 ) Anna Walton as Diane de Poitiers ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Katie Boland as Clarissa ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Gil Darnell as Christian , Duke of Guise ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Yael Grobglas as Olivia D'Amencourt ( season 1 ) Kathryn Prescott as Penelope ( season 1 ) Giacomo Gianniotti as `` Lord Julien '' / Remy ( season 1 ) Alexandra Ordolis as Delphine ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Ben Aldridge as Antoine of Navarre ( season 2 ; guest season 3 ) Vince Nappo as Renaude ( season 2 ) Mark Ghanimé as Don Carlos of Spain ( season 3 ; guest season 4 ) Clara Pasieka as Amy Dudley ( season 3 ) Tom Everett Scott as William ( season 3 ) Nick Lee as Nicholas ( season 3 ) Nathaniel Middleton as Christophe ( season 3 ) Nola Augustson as Lady Lennox ( season 4 ) Steve Lund as Luc Narcisse ( season 4 ) Adam Croasdell as Bothwell ( season 4 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Toby Regbo was credited as main cast until the fifth episode of season 3 . Jump up ^ Jenessa Grant was credited as main cast until the eighth episode of season 1 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Keltz was credited as main cast until the sixth episode of season 4 . Jump up ^ The role was previously portrayed by Peter DaCunha in season 1 . Jump up ^ The role was previously portrayed by Caoimhe O'Malley in season 1 . Jump up ^ The role was previously portrayed by Jackson Hodge - Carter in season 1 and Tomaso Sanelli in season 3 . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) In February 2013 , The CW announced its order of a pilot for a TV series based on the life of Mary , Queen of Scots , created by Stephanie Sengupta and Laurie McCarthy , and produced by CBS Studios . Part of the reason McCarthy chose Mary Stuart as the subject is because of her life history and multiple husbands , which makes her story `` sexier '' . The pilot was directed by Brad Silberling , with Sengupta and McCarthy as the writers and executive directors ; Sengupta left the team in May 2013 , leaving Laurie McCarthy as the sole showrunner . On February 9 , 2013 , it was announced that Australian actress Adelaide Kane would be playing the main character . In interviews preceding the premiere , showrunner McCarthy described the show as deliberately taking liberties with history , and that it 's more `` entertainment '' than history , while actress Anna Popplewell referred to the show as `` fantasy history '' , exploring the characters in hypothetical situations . Actress Megan Follows described the show as `` 24 for the pre-Renaissance '' , as the show tends to extend historical events over a longer period of time . McCarthy added that the show is designed to be interesting to a contemporary audience , so viewers who are n't familiar with history will be able to watch and relate to the characters . Among the creative choices is the use of modern music in the show soundtrack , and its costumes . The show 's costumes are designed by Meredith Markworth - Pollack , who worked on the CW 's other shows Hart of Dixie and Gossip Girl , who created different looks for Mary and her ladies , each to complement their differing personalities . The ladies : Lola , Kenna , Greer , and Aylee , are loosely based on Mary Beaton , Mary Seton , Mary Fleming , and Mary Livingston who were ladies - in - waiting to Mary , Queen of Scots . Casting ( edit ) Kane auditioned when she was filming a recurring role on the third season of MTV TV series Teen Wolf . When Kane got the part , the Teen Wolf writers wrote her character off the show . Kane is part Scottish on both her mother and father 's sides , and is possibly a descendant of the real Mary , Queen of Scots through her mother . Kane did research on the historical Mary Stuart in preparing for the role . Toby Regbo was cast as Dauphin Francis before March 1 , 2013 , and British newcomer Celina Sinden was cast as Mary 's lady - in - waiting Greer on that date . Torrance Coombs was announced as having been cast as Sebastian , one of the leading characters , in March 2013 . Sebastian is an original character created for the show , so Coombs did n't have as much research in preparation for the role , though he faced the challenge of changing his performance from that in The Tudors , another historical TV series he 'd been involved in . Alan Van Sprang , who was cast as Henry II of France , modeled his performance after Bill Clinton . In November 2013 , Amy Brenneman was announced as having been cast as Mary Stuart 's mother , Mary de Guise , a role that initially went to Brenneman 's Private Practice co-star Kate Walsh , who was unable to commit due to conflicting filming commitments . On March 10 , 2015 , it was announced that Rachel Skarsten has been cast as Queen Elizabeth , a role that debuted in finale of season two and become a regular in season three . Showrunner McCarthy described the addition of Elizabeth as expanding the scope of the series , and that she will be part of season three 's focus on the show 's three queens . Filming ( edit ) A large part of the filming for the first season took place in Toronto and the Republic of Ireland . The third and fourth seasons were also largely filmed in Toronto . Rockwood Conservation Area near Guelph , Ontario and Parkwood Estate in Oshawa , Ontario have also been used to mimic 16th - century Scotland for the show 's production . Most of the other interior scenes , including bedchambers , the Great Hall , and the Throne Room , were filmed in vast sets primarily at Cinespace Film Studios ' Kipling Avenue facility . Editing for sexual content ( edit ) The show 's pilot was distributed on May 20 , 2013 , to advertisers and critics for promotion and to generate hype . The pilot was edited before its final airing on October 13 , trimming the sexual content of the scene where Kenna masturbates after witnessing a bedding ceremony . A later episode of the season , 1.13 `` The Consummation '' , has two versions : an on - air cut for television broadcast , and an online streaming version with additional sexual content that was made available on the CW 's website a few hours later . This action was criticized by the Parents Television Council for putting sexual content online `` where presumably children will be able to watch them with no rating or blocking capability '' . Broadcasts ( edit ) Reign was announced on The CW 's 2013 autumn line - up on May 10 , 2013 , placing it in the Thursday timeslot following The Vampire Diaries , its biggest hit in young women demographic . The show had its series premiere on October 17 , 2013 , in the U.S. In Canada , the series airs a day earlier on M3 , in simulcast with The CW on CTV Two , and in reruns on E ! Canada . Beginning with season three , the show will move to the latter network . In New Zealand , Prime premiered the show Thursdays at 9 : 30 pm , starting November 21 , 2013 . In Australia , Reign was originally scheduled to premiere on Eleven , but premiered on Fox8 on August 5 , 2014 . In Ireland the show broadcasts in the early mornings on RTÉ2 each Thursday at 02 : 15 . The first two seasons of Reign are available for online streaming on Netflix in the UK and Ireland . New episodes from Season 3 onwards are uploaded weekly to Netflix in the United Kingdom as the exclusive broadcaster hours after they air in the US , but not Ireland where they are exclusive to RTÉ until the season finishes airing . All four seasons are available for streaming on Netflix in the U.S. and a great part of Europe . Reception ( edit ) Response to the show was mixed , with various critics highlighting the show 's focus on romance and teenage drama instead of historical accuracy . A number of reviewers compared it to Gossip Girl , with similar emphasis on fashion , drama , and soap opera antics . The review of the pilot by The New York Times described Reign a strong candidate as a `` camp classic '' , calling it fun and acknowledging its historical inaccuracies . The reviewer of The A.V. Club described the show as more `` an alternate - universe fanfiction than anything pretending to approach history '' , calling the show camp and fun . The Miami Herald described the show 's opening episodes as `` surprisingly entertaining '' , with Adelaide Kane 's portrayal of Mary as `` a teenager with a dawning realization that her royal caprices can have unexpectedly grim consequences offers an interesting take on the traditional coming - of - age story '' . The review of Flavorwire described the show as `` fantastical princess wish - fulfilment '' , a guilty pleasure that is relaxing to watch , and that its historical inaccuracy is to its advantage : `` There is something about abandoning all pretense of authenticity that gives this story a lightness it badly needs ; dead - seriousness just is n't something that plays all that well at the moment . '' Community Voices highlighted Reign as an interesting departure from The CW 's other shows , but described it as stuck in a rut , making it difficult to sustain a show that 's `` built on a binary premise : either Mary and Francis are coming together or they are drifting apart . '' A review by a The Los Angeles Times critic was more critical , saying that the `` sexed - up version of high school with horses '' show `` does not deserve '' its main character , who is described as a `` The Princess Diaries knock - off '' , but acknowledged that the show is self - aware of its position as a guilty pleasure . USA Today is also critical , describing the show as anachronistic and `` dumbing down '' history for the sake of entertainment . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Refs 2014 Hollywood Post Alliance Awards Outstanding Color Grading -- Television `` Pilot '' David Cole -- Modern VideoFilm Won The Joey Awards Young Actress age 9 or younger in a TV Series Drama or Comedy Guest Starring or Principal Role Vanessa Carter Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Show Reign Nominated Choice TV : Female Breakout Star Adelaide Kane Nominated Choice TV : Male Breakout Star Toby Regbo Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Torrance Coombs Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Adelaide Kane Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama Reign Won 2015 Golden Maple Awards Best Actor in a TV series broadcast in US Torrance Coombs & Jonathan Keltz Nominated Canadian Screen Awards Best Achievement in Make - Up `` Consummation '' Jenny Arbour , Linda Preston Nominated Canadian Screen Awards Shaw Media Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role Megan Follows Nominated 2016 Canadian Screen Awards Best Production Design or Art Direction in a Fiction Program or Series `` Acts of War '' Phillip Barker , Robert Hepburn , Brad Milburn Nominated Canadian Screen Awards Shaw Media Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role `` Three Queens '' Megan Follows Nominated Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 22 October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 1.98 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 1.24 2013 -- 14 158 1.94 0.9 / 3 22 October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 1.01 May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 0.83 2014 -- 15 164 1.72 0.7 / 2 Friday 8 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 10 ) Monday 8 : 00 pm ( 11 -- 18 ) 18 October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) 0.95 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.93 2015 -- 16 186 0.97 0.5 / 2 Friday 9 : 00 pm 16 February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 0.78 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 0.75 2016 -- 17 161 1.10 TBD Home media releases ( edit ) Complete Season DVD / Blu - ray Release dates Additional info Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / C September 23 , 2014 N / A January 14 , 2015 Deleted Scenes Two featurettes : - The Making of a Queen - The Authenticity of Reign : Recreating the 16th Century October 6 , 2015 N / A October 7 , 2015 Deleted Scenes Featurette : Playing By Her Rules : A Day on Set with a Queen and Her Court September 27 , 2016 N / A TBA 4 - Disc - Set No additional Featurette October 10 , 2017 TBA TBA No Special Features Other Media ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Novels based on the series authored by Lily Blake have been published by Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Title Published Type ISBN Darkness Rises May 20 , 2014 Digital Short Story ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 29611 - 3 The Prophecy September 23 , 2014 Novel ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33459 - 4 The Haunting December 9 , 2014 E-Novella ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33455 - 6 Hysteria May 12 , 2015 Novel ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33462 - 4 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` CW sets Riverdale premiere date ; Supernatural , Legends of Tomorrow moving timeslots '' . EW . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Reign ' To End After 4 Seasons On the CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2013 ) . `` Alex Graves , Bharat Nalluri & Brad Silberling To Direct CW Pilots '' . deadline . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , An ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Interviewing CW 's ' Reign ' Cast And Executive Producer '' . StarPulse.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Reign ' Co-Creator Stephanie SenGupta Exits '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Casts Its Mary Queen of Scots '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : De Moraes , Lisa ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` TCA : CW 's First Crunchy - Gravel Drama ' Reign ' Flirts With History '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Mary Queen of Scots : ' Reign ' Stars Separate Historical Fact From Fiction '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Megan Follows on Anne of Green Gables and Her Racy New CW Series , Reign '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hinckley , David ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Reign , ' a prime - time soap about Mary , Queen of Scots , is a royal departure for CW '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` All Hail Reign 's Fashion ! The CW Hit 's Costume Designer Breaks Down Mary and Her Ladies - in - Waiting 's Looks '' . E !. Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Adelaide Kane Talks REIGN , How She Joined the Series , How the Role Affects Her Part on TEEN WOLF , and Her Character 's Sense of Duty and Loyalty '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jason Lynch . `` Reign 's Adelaide Kane Takes on Mary , Queen of Scots : ' It 's Fun -- Not the History Channel ! ' '' . Parade . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` CW 's ' Tomorrow People ' & ' Reign ' Cast Duo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Torrance Coombs To Co-Star in CW Pilot ' Reign ' , Thomas McDonell Joins ' The 100 ' , Lane Garrison Cast In ' Bonnie & Clyde ' Mini '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Reign : Torrance Coombs on The CW 's New Historical Drama '' . Fan TV . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glennan , Morgan ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Reign ' Interview : Toby Regbo and Torrance Coombs Discuss The Royal Love Triangle '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wilford , Denette ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Reign ' Cast Gets Down And Dirty With Details on Royal TV Show '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Brenneman Joins CW 's ' Reign ' '' . Variety . November 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Surprise ! Kate Walsh Was Supposed to Play the Mom on This Amazing CW Show ... '' Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` CW 's ' Reign ' Finds Its Queen Elizabeth in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Alum '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Reign ' filming at the Parkwood Estate in Ontario - On Location Vacations '' . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Whizbang Films and Take 5 Productions to Co-Produce CW 's ' Reign ' '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases -- Bell Media '' . www.bellmediapr.ca . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Dierdre ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` The CW makes it Reign '' . She Knows Entertainment . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` The CW trims ' Reign ' masturbation scene '' . InsideTV.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sex on Broadcast TV Needs Plot : Networks that use intimacy merely to titillate are stripping themselves of integrity '' . Variety . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` CW 's ' Reign ' Streams Racy Episode for a Network TV First '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` The CW puts a racier version of a ' Reign ' episode online , and the Parents Television Council is fuming '' . NYDaily.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Moves Up ' The Originals ' Premiere to Follow ' The Vampire Diaries ' + ' Supernatural ' Gets Earlier Start '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Hail The Queen ! M3 Premieres Exclusive , Racy , Period Drama REIGN , Oct 16 '' . Bell Media Press Room . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reign on CTV '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ EonlineCanada ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Reign - Season 3 Premiere - E ! '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` TEN Upfronts : Sport , Kylie Kwong , and 6pm entertainment '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Airdate : Reign '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide - Listings For All Irish Television Channels - RTÉ '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Picks Up UK Rights To ' Reign ' Season 3 - TVWise '' . TVWise . October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Valentine , Genevieve ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Reign : `` Chosen '' `` . A.V. Club . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Garvin , Glenn ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Think of CW 's ' Reign ' as ' Mary , Teen of Scots ' '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Robert , Bianco ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wrong as ' Reign ' : CW ignores history , insults viewers '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` There will be no reining in of ' Reign ' '' . Community Voices . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Even a Doomed Queen Just Wants to Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dean , Michelle ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` The CW 's ' Reign ' Is the Guilty - Pleasure Period Drama You 've Been Waiting For '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The CW 's ' Reign ' sexes up , dumbs down Mary , Queen of Scots '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Hollywood Post Alliance Award Winners Announced '' . Hollywood Post Alliance . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NOMINATIONS & WINNERS '' . Joeyawards.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Wave of Nominations for ' Teen Choice 2014 ' Announced '' . TV by the Numbers . July 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The winners '' . USA Today . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 GOLDEN MAPLE AWARDS Nomintations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 CANADIAN SCREEN AWARDS Television Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 CANADIAN SCREEN AWARDS Television Winners '' . ET Canada . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . TVbynumbers . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusted up ; ' Reign , ' ' Undateable ' and other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' adjusts up , ' Spartan ' and ' Mistresses ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' and ' AGT ' rerun adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline . May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reign : season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reign - Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reign : The Complete Second Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reign : The Complete Second Season '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REIGN Season 2 DVD Release Details '' . Seat42F . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Various ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) , Reign : The Complete Third Season , Warner Home Video , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 Jump up ^ `` Reign DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 3rd Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reign DVD news : Press Release for the 4th and Final Season and the Complete Series '' . TV Shows on DVD . December 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reign : Darkness Rises '' . hachettebookgroup.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reign : The Prophecy '' . hachettebookgroup.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reign : The Haunting '' . hachettebookgroup.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reign : Hysteria '' . hachettebookgroup.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . 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-4930734841523998296	Marcus Morris (basketball)	Marcus Morris ( basketball ) - wikipedia Marcus Morris ( basketball ) Marcus Morris Morris with Kansas in 2009 No. 13 -- Boston Celtics Position Forward League NBA ( 1989 - 09 - 02 ) September 2 , 1989 ( age 29 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Listed weight 235 lb ( 107 kg ) Career information High school Prep Charter ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) APEX Academy ( Pennsauken , New Jersey ) College Kansas ( 2008 -- 2011 ) NBA draft 2011 / Round : 1 / Pick : 14th overall Selected by the Houston Rockets Playing career 2011 -- present Career history 2011 -- 2013 Houston Rockets 2012 → Rio Grande Valley Vipers 2013 -- 2015 Phoenix Suns 2015 -- 2017 Detroit Pistons 2017 -- present Boston Celtics Career highlights and awards Consensus second - team All - American ( 2011 ) Big 12 Player of the Year ( 2011 ) First - team All - Big 12 ( 2011 ) Big 12 All - Rookie Team ( 2009 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Marcus Morris Sr. ( born September 2 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 6'9 '' forward played college basketball at Kansas before being drafted 14th overall by the Houston Rockets in the 2011 NBA draft . Contents 1 Early life 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Houston Rockets ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 3.2 Phoenix Suns ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Detroit Pistons ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Boston Celtics ( 2017 -- present ) 4 Career statistics 4.1 NBA 4.1. 1 Regular season 4.1. 2 Playoffs 4.2 College 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Morris was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to Thomasine `` Angel '' Morris . He has four brothers , Donte , Blake , David and twin Markieff , who plays in the NBA for the Washington Wizards . Considered a four - star recruit by Rivals.com , Morris was listed as the No. 10 power forward and the No. 29 player in the nation in 2008 . College career ( edit ) Morris attended the University of Kansas , where he majored in American studies . He was named the 2010 -- 11 Big 12 Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year . He also was named a second team All - American for his play in the 2010 -- 11 basketball season by both the Associated Press and the National Association of Basketball Coaches , and a third team All - America by Fox Sports . On March 30 , 2011 , Morris was named to the ten - member John R. Wooden Award Men 's All American team . Morris and his brother signed with a sports agent from Los Angeles , and announced that they would enter the 2011 NBA draft . Professional career ( edit ) Houston Rockets ( 2011 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Morris was selected by the Houston Rockets with the 14th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft , five minutes after his brother Markieff was taken with the 13th pick by the Phoenix Suns . He was assigned to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League on January 2 , 2012 . In his first game in the D - League on January 6 , 2012 , Morris recorded 33 points and 16 rebounds in a narrow 105 -- 103 loss to the Dakota Wizards. Morris returned to the Rockets on January 16 , was reassigned to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers on February 3 , and returned to the Rockets again on February 20 . After an injury to Patrick Patterson , Rockets head coach Kevin McHale named Morris the opening day starter at power forward for the 2012 -- 13 season . When told he would be starting , Morris thought McHale was kidding , since he rarely played his rookie season and was hurt during the preseason . During the course of the season , Morris was the backup power forward to Patterson , and started 17 games while Patterson was injured . His three - point shot was much improved from his rookie season , more than tripling the percentage from 12 % to 38 % . Phoenix Suns ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) On February 21 , 2013 , Morris was traded to the Phoenix Suns , reuniting him with his twin brother . A day later , he played his first game with his brother in the last 6 minutes of a loss to the Boston Celtics , as he recorded 7 points , 2 steals , and a rebound , despite having no formal training from the Suns before entering the game . This marked the second time that twin brothers played for the same NBA team ; Dick and Tom Van Arsdale also played together for the Suns during the 1976 -- 77 season . On March 1 , 2013 , Morris scored 16 points to help the Suns defeat the Atlanta Hawks 92 -- 87 . He made four out of five three - point attempts . He went on to start alongside Markieff on March 10 , 2013 against his former team , the Rockets , which made the Morris twins the first set of twin brothers to ever start for the same NBA team . On September 29 , 2014 , Morris signed a multi-year contract extension with the Suns . In the Suns ' 2014 -- 15 season opener on October 29 , 2014 , Morris recorded 21 points in the 119 -- 99 win over the Los Angeles Lakers . During the Suns ' January 7 game against the Minnesota Timberwolves , Morris received a technical foul and was caught on national TV berating head coach Jeff Hornacek about the situation . It resulted in Morris not playing for the rest of the game . His other antics during his final season with the Suns and afterwards , though , led to AZCentral.com labeling him one of Arizona 's biggest sports villains . On February 6 , 2015 , Morris recorded his first career double - double with career highs of 34 points and 12 rebounds in a 100 -- 93 win over the Utah Jazz . His double - double off the bench marked him as just the second player after Brook Lopez in 2014 -- 15 to record a 30 - point , 10 - rebound game off the bench . The last Suns player to do it was Danny Manning in 1997 . In a March 22 game against the Dallas Mavericks , the Morris twins had double - doubles in the same game for the first time in their professional careers . Detroit Pistons ( 2015 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Morris battling for the ball with his brother Markieff Morris of the Washington Wizards . On July 9 , 2015 , Morris was traded to the Detroit Pistons , along with Reggie Bullock and Danny Granger , in exchange for a 2020 second - round draft pick . He made his debut for the Pistons on October 27 , 2015 , in the team 's season opener against the Atlanta Hawks . In 37 minutes of action as a starter , he recorded 18 points and 10 rebounds in a 106 -- 94 win . On April 1 , 2016 , he scored a season - high 31 points in a 98 -- 89 loss to the Dallas Mavericks . The Pistons finished the regular season as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference with a 44 -- 38 record , earning a playoff berth for the first time since 2009 . In their first - round series against the top - seeded , eventual champion Cleveland Cavaliers , the Pistons were swept 4 -- 0 . On February 3 , 2017 , Morris scored a career - high 36 points in a 116 -- 108 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . On February 28 , Morris set a new career high with 37 points in a 120 -- 113 overtime win over the Portland Trail Blazers . Boston Celtics ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) On July 7 , 2017 , Morris was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Avery Bradley and a 2019 second - round draft pick . On March 31 , 2018 , he scored 25 points in a 110 -- 99 win over the Toronto Raptors . It was his fourth straight game with at least 20 points , setting a career high . Career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high NBA ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2011 -- 12 Houston 17 0 7.4 . 296 . 118 . 750 . 9 . 2 . 1 . 1 2.4 2012 -- 13 Houston 54 17 21.4 . 428 . 381 . 653 4.1 . 9 . 5 . 3 8.6 2012 -- 13 Phoenix 23 6 16.1 . 405 . 308 . 405 2.5 . 7 . 8 . 2 5.7 2013 -- 14 Phoenix 82 22.0 . 442 . 381 . 761 3.9 1.1 . 9 . 2 9.7 2014 -- 15 Phoenix 81 35 25.2 . 434 . 358 . 628 4.8 1.6 . 8 . 2 10.4 2015 -- 16 Detroit 80 80 35.7 . 434 . 362 . 749 5.1 2.5 . 8 . 3 14.1 2016 -- 17 Detroit 79 79 32.5 . 418 . 331 . 784 4.6 2.0 . 7 . 3 14.0 2017 -- 18 Boston 54 21 26.8 . 429 . 368 . 805 5.4 1.3 . 6 . 2 13.6 Career 470 239 26.3 . 428 . 357 . 731 4.4 1.5 . 7 . 3 11.2 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2016 Detroit 36.0 . 468 . 389 . 870 3.3 2.5 . 5 . 0 17.8 2018 Boston 19 29.6 . 368 . 417 . 712 5.4 1.1 . 4 . 3 12.4 Career 23 8 30.7 . 385 . 411 . 756 5.0 1.3 . 4 . 2 13.3 College ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2008 -- 09 Kansas 35 22 18.5 . 495 . 400 . 604 4.7 1.1 1.0 . 3 7.4 2009 -- 10 Kansas 36 33 24.7 . 570 . 375 . 660 6.1 1.0 . 9 . 3 12.8 2010 -- 11 Kansas 38 36 28.3 . 570 . 342 . 688 7.6 1.6 . 8 . 6 17.2 Career 109 91 24.0 . 555 . 358 . 660 6.2 1.3 . 9 . 4 12.6 Personal life ( edit ) Morris is seven minutes younger than his identical twin brother , Markieff . He is a fan of his hometown Philadelphia Eagles while Markieff roots for the rival Dallas Cowboys . His nickname is `` Mook '' . Morris and his girlfriend Amber Soulds gave birth to a son on March 20 , 2018 . The Morris brothers and former teammates Goran and Zoran Dragić all briefly played for the Suns during the fourth quarter of the team 's January 2 , 2015 112 -- 96 victory over the Philadelphia 76ers . It marked the first time in the NBA 's history that two pairs of brothers were on the court for the same team at the same time . On February 26 , 2012 , after watching the final Border War basketball match between Kansas and Missouri , the state of Kansas filed battery charges against Morris and another assailant , Julius K. Harris , for punching an employee of the Cave , a bar and nightclub in Lawrence , Kansas . Morris and Harris entered a diversion agreement for the battery charge , with Morris paying a $300 diversion fee , $60 in court fees , and agreeing not to come in contact with the victim or The Cave for one year . On January 24 , 2015 , Marcus and Markieff Morris were involved in two aggravated assault cases as five different men ( including the twins and former Baltimore Ravens safety Gerald Bowman ) allegedly assaulted 36 - year - old Eric Hood outside the Nina Mason Pulliam Recreation Center in Phoenix , Arizona . Hood mentored the Morris twins from high school until the end of their college careers ; the brothers assaulted Hood for `` sending an inappropriate text message '' to their mother . The case against the Morris brothers was first brought on August 3 , 2015 ; the trial concluded on October 3 , 2017 , with the twins and Gerald Bowman found not guilty and the accused Julius Kane and Christopher Melendez Jr. confessing their guilt on September 2017 . In spite of the resolution the incident was considered a catalyst for the Suns trading Marcus to the Pistons on July 9 , 2015 and a factor in dealing his brother to the Washington Wizards on February 18 , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : University of Kansas . `` Player Bio : Marcus Morris '' . Kansas Athletics . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kansas ' Marcus Morris named Big 12 Player of the Year The Sporting News , March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( Mar 7 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman 's 2010 -- 11 All - America teams '' . Fox Sports . Fox Sports Interactive Media . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ J-W Staff ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Marcus Morris tapped 2nd - team All - America '' . Lawrence Journal - World . The World Company . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bedore , Gary ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Kansas basketball signee Naadir Tharpe praised '' . Lawrence Journal - World . The World Company . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ J-W Staff Reports ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Morris twins sign with agent , will declare for draft '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets to send first - round draft pick Marcus Morris to D - League '' . 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Clay ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` Marcus Morris impresses in 1st D - League game '' . KGBT . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Morris recalled from D - League ; Cole Aldrich replaces Nick Collison for a night - ' Hawks in the NBA - KUsports.com '' . www2.kusports.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Morris gets starting nod in place of injured Patterson '' . 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SUNS ACQUIRE MARCUS MORRIS - THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE PHOENIX SUNS '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Houston Rockets trade Marcus Morris to Phoenix Suns Jump up ^ Info , ESPN Stats &. `` Morris twins started for Suns tonight ... first twins to start for a team in NBA history '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Sign Marcus and Markieff Morris to Extensions - Phoenix Suns '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers at Suns '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ mike sham ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Marcus Morris technical and yelling at Jeff Hornacek ( 1 - 7 - 15 ) '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Morris gets in shouting match with Jeff Hornacek '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Andrew ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` The 10 biggest villains in Arizona sports '' . AZCentral.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz at Suns '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns down Utah Jazz on strength of Marcus Morris ' 34 points '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns Game Notes '' ( PDF ) . NBA.com . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Acquire Marcus Morris , Reggie Bullock And Danny Granger From Phoenix '' . NBA.com . July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons vs Hawks '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks vs Pistons '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morris , Leuer lead Pistons over Timberwolves 116 - 108 '' . ESPN.com . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morris , Pistons outlast Portland 120 - 113 in OT '' . ESPN.com . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Acquire Marcus Morris '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morris scores 25 as Celtics beat East - leading Raptors 110 - 99 '' . ESPN.com . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Marcus Morris '' . THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE HOUSTON ROCKETS . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morris Twins Get Fan - Decided Tattoos '' . NBA.com . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Butler , Alex ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Celtics ' Marcus Morris welcomes newborn son , predicts he 'll make the Hall of Fame '' . upi.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers at Suns '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-KU basketball player Marcus Morris enters diversion agreement for battery charge '' . KUsports.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Morris twins charged with felony assault '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2017/09/12/aggravated-assault-trial-begins-marcus-markieff-morris-twins-phoenix/657369001/ Jump up ^ `` Morris assault case could extend to late in season '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/heat-index/2015/07/02/markieff-morris-reacts-to-suns-trade-of-marcus-morris/29634811/ Jump up ^ `` Wizards get Markieff Morris from Suns at deadline '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Marcus Morris at kuathletics.com Marcus Morris deserves place in pantheon Boston Celtics current roster 0 Tatum 7 Brown 9 Wanamaker 11 Irving 12 Rozier 13 Morris 20 Hayward 26 Bird 27 Theis 30 Yabusele 36 Smart 37 Ojeleye 42 Horford 44 Williams 45 Lemon ( TW ) 46 Baynes 50 Dozier ( TW ) Head coach : Stevens Assistant coaches : Allen Larrañaga Morrison Shrewsberry Young Links to related articles 2011 NBA draft First round Kyrie Irving Derrick Williams Enes Kanter Tristan Thompson Jonas Valančiūnas Jan Veselý Bismack Biyombo Brandon Knight Kemba Walker Jimmer Fredette Klay Thompson Alec Burks Markieff Morris Marcus Morris Kawhi Leonard Nikola Vučević Iman Shumpert Chris Singleton Tobias Harris Donatas Motiejūnas Nolan Smith Kenneth Faried Nikola Mirotić Reggie Jackson MarShon Brooks Jordan Hamilton JaJuan Johnson Norris Cole Cory Joseph Jimmy Butler Second round Bojan Bogdanović Justin Harper Kyle Singler Shelvin Mack Tyler Honeycutt Jordan Williams Trey Thompkins Chandler Parsons Jeremy Tyler Jon Leuer Darius Morris Dāvis Bertāns Malcolm Lee Charles Jenkins Josh Harrellson Andrew Goudelock Travis Leslie Keith Benson Josh Selby Lavoy Allen Jon Diebler Vernon Macklin DeAndre Liggins Milan Mačvan E'Twaun Moore Chukwudiebere Maduabum Tanguy Ngombo Ater Majok Ádám Hanga Isaiah Thomas 2011 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Jimmer Fredette JaJuan Johnson Nolan Smith Jared Sullinger Kemba Walker Second Team Kenneth Faried Jordan Hamilton Ben Hansbrough Kawhi Leonard Marcus Morris Jordan Taylor Derrick Williams Big 12 Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1997 : LaFrentz 1998 : LaFrentz 1999 : Hamilton 2000 : Fizer 2001 : Tinsley 2002 : Gooden 2003 : Collison 2004 : Allen 2005 : Simien 2006 : Tucker 2007 : Durant 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Anderson 2011 : Morris 2012 : Robinson 2013 : Smart 2014 : Ejim 2015 : Hield 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Graham Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Morris_(basketball)&oldid=865934971 '' Categories : 1989 births Living people African - American basketball players All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players from Pennsylvania Boston Celtics players Detroit Pistons players Houston Rockets draft picks Houston Rockets players Identical twins Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball players Phoenix Suns players Power forwards ( basketball ) Rio Grande Valley Vipers players Sportspeople from Philadelphia Twin people from the United States Twin sportspeople Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Монгол 日本語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 04 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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1364032589403933280	Chip on shoulder	Chip on shoulder - wikipedia Chip on shoulder Look up chip on one 's shoulder in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . To have a chip on one 's shoulder refers to the act of holding a grudge or grievance that readily provokes disputation . It can also mean a person thinking too much of oneself ( often without the credentials ) . History ( edit ) Cover of sheet music for the song titled : `` Do n't Try to Knock a Chip from Riley 's Shoulder . '' ( J.W. Wheeler ) which alludes to the expression , `` A chip on the shoulder '' comes from the ancient right of shipwrights within the Royal Navy Dockyards to take home a daily allowance of offcuts of timber , even if good wood was cut up for this purpose . The privilege was instated as a prescriptive right from 1634 . By 1756 , this privilege had been abused and was costing taxpayers too much in lost timber for warship repair and construction . The decision was then made by the Navy Board to limit the quantity a shipwright could carry home . A warrant was issued to the Royal Dockyards to reduce the quantity of chips by ordering shipwrights to carry their bundles under their arms instead of on their shoulders , as one could not carry as much timber in this fashion . The specific incident from which the expression derives is as follows : `` Master Shipwright and his Assistant , Chatham Dockyard , to Navy Board , 17 June 1756 . On Tuesday a petition was brought to the Honourable Thomas Cooper , Esq. , Commissioner of this yard , by John Bissenden and Robert Woodriff , shipwrights , in behalf of the whole body of shipwrights , relating to their carrying chips out of the yard on their shoulders . The next day the Commissioner sent for them in the presence of the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant and represented to them the ill consequence of such proceedings , and read to them your Honourable Board 's warrant of the 4 May 1753 on which the said two men withdrew the petition and said they would talk to all the people and believe everybody would be satisfied with what had been said to them . And in the afternoon the Master Shipwright sent for all the foremen and quartermen and read the Order to them of the 4th May 1753 , and give every quarterman a particular charge to tell all his men separately what the order was relating to their lowering their chips and carrying them under their arm out of the yard . This day at twelve of the clock some few of the workmen about one hundred and fifty came up first to the gate without any chips , afterwards about twenty more came and lowered their chips agreeable to the Board 's warrant . Then came John Miller , shipwright , about thirty feet before the main body of the people , on which the Master Shipwright ordered him to lower his chips . He answered he would not , with that the Master Shipwright took hold of him , and said he should . He , the said Miller replied , ' Are not the chips mine ? I will not lower them . ' Immediately the main body pushed on with their chips on their shoulders , crowded and forced the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant through the gateway , and when out of the yard give three huzzas . '' An American wartime poster alluding to the expression . This custom is known in North America since the early 19th century . The New York newspaper Long Island Telegraph reported on 20 May 1830 `` when two churlish boys were determined to fight , a chip would be placed on the shoulder of one , and the other demanded to knock it off at his peril '' . A similar notion is mentioned in the issue of the Onondaga Standard of Syracuse , New York on 8 December 1830 : `` ' He waylay me ' , said I , ' the mean sneaking fellow -- I am only afraid that he will sue me for damages . Oh ! if I only could get him to knock a chip off my shoulder , and so get round the law , I would give him one of the soundest thrashings he ever had ' . '' Some time later in 1855 , the phrase `` chip on his shoulder '' appeared in the Weekly Oregonian , stating `` Leland , in his last issue , struts out with a chip on his shoulder , and dares Bush to knock it off '' . In American author Mark Twain 's 1898 manuscript of Schoolhouse Hill , character Tom Sawyer states his knowledge of the phrase and custom when he says , `` ( I ) f you want your fuss , and ca n't wait till recess , which is regular , go at it right and fair ; put a chip on your shoulder and dare him to knock it off . '' In Canada , the custom is well described at St. Peter Claver 's Indian Residential School for Ojibway boys in the town of Spanish , Ontario : `` By custom , the challenger , usually one of the intermediates , anxious to prove his worth or avenge some wrong , would deliberately seek out his foe with a wood chip or flat stone on his shoulder , placed there either by his own hand or by that of somebody else . '' The challenger might further provoke his opponent by issuing a dare for him to knock off the chip . The opponent might then display his bravery and contempt by brushing the cheek of the challenger lightly as he did so . In more formal cases , a second might take the chip and present the chip to his man who would then place it on his own shoulder . The boys would then square off and fistfight like boxers . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1970s a commercial for a household battery used Robert Conrad who dared the viewer to knock an eveready battery off his shoulder . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Korach , Myron ( 1 September 2002 ) . Common Phrases : And Where They Come From . New York : The Lyon Press . ISBN 1585746827 . Jump up ^ Linebaugh , Peter ( 2003 ) . The London Hanged : Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century . Verso . pp. 378 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8598 - 4638 - 4 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lunn , Kenneth ; Day , Ann , eds. ( 1999 ) . History of Work and Labour Relations in the Royal Dockyards . Psychology Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7201 - 2349 - 4 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Richardson , H.E. , ' Wages of Shipwrights in H.M. Dockyards , 1496 - 1788 ' , Mariner 's Mirror , Vol. 33 ( 1947 ) , p. 266 . Jump up ^ National Maritime Museum , Greenwich , London , ADM / B / 153 : Admiralty In - Letters , transcribed in Hattendorf , J.B. et al. , British Naval Documents ( London , Naval Records Society , 1993 ) , pp. 528 - 529 Jump up ^ William M. Gibson , ed. , Mark Twain 's Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts ( Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , 1969 ) , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Basil H. ( 1995 ) . Indian school days ( 1st printing , University of Oklahoma Press ed . ) . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806126104 . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ A dictionary of slang and unconventional English , Eric Partridge , Paul Beale , p. 210 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chip_on_shoulder&oldid=848935335 '' Categories : Traditions English - language idioms Combat Metaphors referring to body parts Metaphors referring to objects Metaphors referring to war and violence Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 10 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	a chip on your shoulder meaning in malayalam	[]	[]
-5043417735685677919	War of the Pacific	War of the Pacific - wikipedia War of the Pacific Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 19th - century war between Bolivia , Chile and Peru . For the Pacific theater of World War II , see Pacific War . War of the Pacific Map showing changes of territory due to the War of the Pacific . Former maps ( 1879 ) show different lines of the border between Bolivia - Peru and Bolivia - Argentina . Date April 5 , 1879 -- October 20 , 1883 ( Chile - Peru Peace ) Bolivia - Chile armistice in 1884 ; peace with Bolivia signed October 20 , 1904 Location Peru and Bolivia in Pacific coast of South America Result Chilean victory . Bolivia becomes a landlocked country . Territorial changes Litoral Department ( Antofagasta ) ceded by Bolivia to Chile in 1904 . Tarapacá Department ceded by Peru to Chile in 1884 . Puna de Atacama ceded by Bolivia to Chile and Argentina in 1889 / 1899 Tacna Region occupied by Chile in 1885 , returned to Peru in 1925 . Arica Province and Tacna Province occupied by Chile in 1884 , Tacna returned to Peru in 1929 . Belligerents Bolivia Peru Chile Commanders and leaders Presidents of Bolivia H. Daza ( 1876 -- 1879 ) P.J.D. de Guerra ( 1879 ) N. Campero ( 1879 -- 1884 ) Presidents of Peru M.I. Prado ( 1876 -- 1879 ) L. La Puerta ( 1879 ) N. de Piérola ( 1879 -- 1881 ) F. García C. ( 1881 ) L. Montero F. ( 1881 -- 1883 ) M. Iglesias ( 1882 -- 1885 ) Presidents of Chile A. Pinto ( 1876 -- 1881 ) D. Santa María ( 1881 -- 1886 ) Strength 1879 ( prewar ) Bolivian Army : 1,687 men Peruvian Army : 5,557 men Peruvian Navy : 4 ironclads , 7 Wooden ships 2 Torpedo boats ( Bolivia had no Navy ) 1880 ( Bolivia not militarily active ) Peruvian Army : 25 -- 35,000 men ( Army of Lima ) Peruvian Navy : 3 ironclads , 7 wooden ships 2 torpedo boats 1879 ( prewar ) Chilean Army : 2,440 , men Chilean Navy : 2 ironclads , 9 wooden ships 4 torpedo boats 1880 Chilean Army : 27,000 Ante Lima 8,000 Occupation Troops . 6,000 Mainland Chilean Navy : 3 ironclads , 8 Wooden ships 10 Torpedo boats Casualties and losses Killed : 12,934 -- 18,213 Wounded : 7,891 -- 7,896 Killed in action and Wounded : 4,367 -- 10,467 Killed : 2,425 -- 2,791 Wounded : 6,247 -- 7,193 War of the Pacific Naval Campaign Chipana Iquique Punta Gruesa Angamos El Callao Land Campaign Topáter San Francisco Tarapacá Los Ángeles Tacna Arica Chorrillos Miraflores Lima Sangrar Concepción Huamachuco The War of the Pacific ( Spanish : Guerra del Pacífico ) ( 1879 to 1884 ) was the result of Chile 's border claims of coastal Bolivian territory of the Atacama Desert . Bolivia was allied with Peru against Chile . The war ended with victory for Chile , which gained a significant resource - rich territory from Peru and Bolivia . Chile 's army took Bolivia 's nitrate rich coastal region and Peru was defeated by Chile 's navy . Battles were fought in the Pacific Ocean , the Atacama Desert , Peru 's deserts , and mountainous regions in the Andes . For the first five months the war played out in a naval campaign , as Chile struggled to establish a sea - based resupply corridor for its forces in the world 's driest desert . In February 1878 , Bolivia imposed a new tax on a Chilean mining company ( `` Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta '' , CSFA ) despite Bolivian express warranty in the 1874 Boundary Treaty that it would not increase taxes on Chilean persons or industries for twenty - five years . Chile protested and solicited to submit it to mediation , but Bolivia refused and considered it a subject of Bolivia 's courts . Chile insisted and informed the Bolivian government that Chile would no longer consider itself bound by the 1874 Boundary Treaty if Bolivia did not suspend enforcing the law . On February 14 , 1879 when Bolivian authorities attempted to auction the confiscated property of CSFA , Chilean armed forces occupied the port city of Antofagasta . Peru , bound to Bolivia by their secret treaty of alliance between Peru and Bolivia of 1873 , tried to mediate , but on 1 March 1879 Bolivia declared war on Chile and called on Peru to activate their alliance , while Chile demanded that Peru declare its neutrality . On April 5 , after Peru refused this , Chile declared war on both nations . The following day , Peru responded by acknowledging the casus foederis . Ronald Bruce St. John in The Bolivia -- Chile -- Peru Dispute in the Atacama Desert states : Even though the 1873 treaty and the imposition of the 10 centavos tax proved to be the casus belli , there were deeper , more fundamental reasons for the outbreak of hostilities in 1879 . On the one hand , there was the power , prestige , and relative stability of Chile compared to the economic deterioration and political discontinuity which characterised both Peru and Bolivia after independence . On the other , there was the ongoing competition for economic and political hegemony in the region , complicated by a deep antipathy between Peru and Chile . In this milieu , the vagueness of the boundaries between the three states , coupled with the discovery of valuable guano and nitrate deposits in the disputed territories , combined to produce a diplomatic conundrum of insurmountable proportions . Afterwards , Chile 's land campaign bested the Bolivian and Peruvian armies . Bolivia withdrew after the Battle of Tacna on May 26 , 1880 . Chilean forces occupied Lima in January 1881 . Peruvian army remnants and irregulars waged a guerrilla war that did not change the war 's outcome . Chile and Peru signed the Treaty of Ancón on October 20 , 1883 . Bolivia signed a truce with Chile in 1884 . Chile acquired the Peruvian territory of Tarapacá , the disputed Bolivian department of Litoral ( cutting Bolivia off from the sea ) , as well as temporary control over the Peruvian provinces of Tacna and Arica . In 1904 , Chile and Bolivia signed the `` Treaty of Peace and Friendship '' establishing definite boundaries . The 1929 Tacna -- Arica compromise gave Arica to Chile and Tacna to Peru . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Background 2.1 Boundary Treaty of 1866 2.2 Secret Alliance Treaty of 1873 2.3 Boundary Treaty of 1874 2.4 Causes of the war 3 Crisis 3.1 The Ten Cents Tax 3.2 Occupation of Antofagasta 3.3 Peruvian mediation and Bolivian declaration of war 4 War 4.1 Forces at war 4.2 Struggle for sea control 4.3 Land war 4.3. 1 Campaign of Tarapacá 4.3. 2 Domestic policies until the fall of Iquique 4.3. 3 Campaign of Tacna and Arica 4.3. 3.1 Lynch 's Expedition 4.3. 4 Campaign of Lima 4.3. 5 Domestic policies until the Fall of Lima 4.3. 6 War in the Peruvian Sierra 4.3. 6.1 Letelier 's expedition 4.3. 6.2 1882 Sierra Campaign 4.3. 6.3 1883 Sierra Campaign 4.4 Last days of the war 5 Peace 5.1 Peace treaty between Chile and Peru 5.2 Peace treaty between Bolivia and Chile 6 Military analysis 6.1 Military strength comparison 6.2 Strategy 6.3 Technology 6.4 Flow of information 6.5 Atrocities 7 Foreign intervention 8 Looting , damages and war reparations 9 Consequences 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Chilean lieutenant Solo de Zaldívaricus and two soldiers burying three Bolivian soldiers after the Battle of Tacna . The elevation behind them is also a burial ground of victims . It is also known as the Saltpetre War , The Ten Cents War in reference to the controversial ten - centavo tax imposed by the Bolivian government , and as The Second Pacific War . Not to be confused with the Saltpeter War ( Mexico ) , a pre-Columbian war nor the `` Guano War '' as the Chincha Islands War is sometimes named . Wanu ( Hispanicized guano ) is a Quechua word for fertilizer . Potassium nitrate ( ordinary saltpeter ) and sodium nitrate ( Chile saltpeter ) are nitrogen - containing compounds collectively referred to as salpeter , saltpetre , salitre , caliche , or nitrate . They are used as fertilizer with also other important uses . The word Atacama had two meanings . It was and is a Chilean region , then province , ( 1 . meaning ) South of the Atacama desert ( 2 . meaning ) . The Atacama desert mostly coincides with the disputed Antofagasta province , also named Litoral in Bolivia . Background ( edit ) The Atacama border dispute between Bolivia and Chile concerning the sovereignty over the coastal territories between approximately the parallels 23 ° S and 24 ° S was just one of several long - running border conflicts in South America after the independence throughout the nineteenth century , since uncertainty characterized the demarcation of frontiers according to the Uti possidetis 1810 . The dry climate of the Peruvian and Bolivian coasts had permitted the accumulation and preservation of vast amounts of high - quality guano deposits and sodium nitrate . In the 1840s , Europeans knew the guano and nitrate 's value as fertilizer and saltpeter 's role in explosives . The Atacama Desert became economically important . Bolivia , Chile , and Peru were located in the area of the largest reserves of a resource the world demanded . During the Chincha Islands War ( 1864 -- 1866 ) , Spain , under Queen Isabella II , attempted to exploit an incident involving Spanish citizens in Peru to re-establish Spanish influence over the guano - rich Chincha Islands . Starting from the Chilean silver rush in the 1830s , the Atacama desert was prospected and populated by Chileans . Chilean and foreign enterprises in the region eventually extended their control to the Peruvian saltpeter works . In the Peruvian region of Tarapacá , Peruvian people constituted a minority behind both Chileans and Bolivians . Boundary treaty of 1866 ( edit ) Further information : Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia Bolivia and Chile negotiated the `` Boundary Treaty of 1866 '' ( `` Treaty of Mutual Benefits '' ) . The treaty established the 24th parallel south , `` from the littoral of the Pacific to the eastern limits of Chile '' , as their mutual boundary . The two countries also agreed to share the tax revenue from mineral exports from the territory between the 23rd and 25th parallel south . The bipartite tax collecting caused discontent , and the treaty lasted only 8 years . Secret alliance treaty of 1873 ( edit ) Main article : Secret treaty of alliance between Peru and Bolivia of 1873 In February 1873 , Peru and Bolivia signed a treaty of alliance against Chile . Its last clause kept it secret as long as both parties considered its publication unnecessary ; it was revealed in 1879 . Argentina , involved in a long - standing dispute with Chile over the Strait of Magellan and Patagonia , was secretly invited to join the pact , and in September 1873 the Argentine Chamber of Deputies approved the treaty and $6,000,000 for war preparations Eventually Argentina and Bolivia did not agree about the territories of Tarija and Chaco , and the former feared a Chile - Brazil axis . The Argentine Senate postponed and later rejected the approval , but in 1875 and 1877 , after border disputes with Chile flared up anew , Argentina sought to join the treaty . At the onset of the war , in a renewed attempt , Peru offered Argentina the Chilean territories from 24 ° to 27 ° if Argentina adhered to the pact and fought the war . Historians including G. Bulnes , Basadre , and Yrigoyen agree that the real intention of the treaty was to compel Chile to modify its borders according to the geopolitical interests of Argentina , Peru and Bolivia as Chile was militarily weak , that is , before the arrival of the Chilean ironclads Cochrane and Blanco Encalada . Chile was not informed about the pact , but learned of it first cursorily through a leak in the Argentine Congress in September 1873 , when Argentina 's senate discussed the invitation to join the Peru - Bolivia alliance . Peruvian mediator Antonio de Lavalle stated in his memoirs that he did not learn of it until March 1879 and Hilarion Daza was only informed of the pact in December 1878 . Peruvian historian Basadre states that one of Peru 's reasons for signing the treaty was to impede a Chile - Bolivia alliance against Peru that would have given to Bolivia the region of Arica ( the vast majority of Bolivian commerce went through Peruvian ports of Arica before the war ) and transferred Antofagasta to Chile . These Chilean offers to Bolivia , to change allegiance , were made several times even during the war and also from the Bolivian side at least six times . On December 26 , 1874 , the recently built ironclad Cochrane arrived in Valparaíso ; it remained in Chile until the completion of the Blanco Encalada . It threw the balance of south Pacific power toward Chile . Historians disagree about how to interpret the treaty . Some Peruvian and Bolivian historians assess it as rightful , defensive , circumstantial , and known by Chile from the very onset . Conversely , some Chileans historians assess the treaty as aggressive against Chile , causative of the war , designed to take control by Peru of the Bolivian salitreras and hidden from Chile . The reasons for its secrecy , its invitation to Argentina to join the pact , and Peru 's refusal to remain neutral are still being discussed . Boundary treaty of 1874 ( edit ) Main article : Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia In 1874 , Chile and Bolivia replaced the 1866 boundary treaty , keeping the boundary at 24th parallel but granting Bolivia the authority to collect all tax revenue between the 23rd and 24th parallels south . As compensation for the relinquishment of its rights , Chile did receive a 25 - year guarantee against tax increases on Chilean commercial interests and their exports . Article 4 explicitly forbade further tax on Chilean enterprises for 25 years : The duties of exportation that may be levied on minerals exploited in the zone referred to in the preceding articles shall not exceed those now in force , and Chilean citizens , industry , and capital shall not be subjected to any other contributions what ever except those now existing . The stipulations in this article shall last for twenty - five years . -- Article 4 , Chile - Bolivia Boundary Treaty of 1874 All disputes arising under the treaty would be settled by arbitration . Causes of the war ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( January 2016 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American historian William F. Sater gives several possible and noncontradictory reasons for the beginning of the war . He states that there are domestic , economic , and geopolitical reasons for going to war . Several authors agree with these reasons but others only partially support his arguments . Some historians argue that Chile was devastated by the economic crisis of the 1870s and was looking for a replacement for its silver , copper and wheat exports . It has been argued that the economic situation and the view of new wealth in nitrate was the true reason for the Chilean elite to go to war against Peru and Bolivia . The holder of the Chilean nitrate companies , says Sater , `` bulldozed '' Chilean president Aníbal Pinto into declaring war in order to protect the owner of the CSFA and later to seize Bolivia 's and Peru 's salitreras . ( Several members of the Chilean government were stock holders of CSFA and it is believed that they hired the services of one of the country 's newspapers to push their case ) . Another US historian , David Healy , refutes this , and Fredrick B. Pike calls this allegation `` absurd '' : The economic development that accompanied and followed the War of the Pacific was so remarkable that Marxist writers feel justified in alleging that Chile 's great military adventure was instigated by self - seeking capitalists in order to bring their country out of the business stagnation that had begun in 1878 . However absurd this allegation , the truth is that the war did provide Chile with the economic means for coming of age . Sater states that this interpretation overlooks certain important facts . The Chilean investors in Bolivia feared that Daza , the Bolivian dictator , would use , as he did , the war as an excuse to expropriate his investments . Among them were Melchor de Concha y Toro , the politically powerful president of Chile 's Camara de Diputados , Jerónimo Urmeneta , and Lorenzo Claro , a Chilean founder of the Banco de Bolivia and a prominent member of the National Party ( Chile , 1857 -- 1933 ) . A Santiago newspaper claimed that Melchor de Concha y Toro offered president Pinto $2,000,000 to end the dispute and return to the 1874 boundary line . `` In other words '' , writes W. Sater , `` there were as many powerful interests opposed to helping the Compañía de Salitres as there were those seeking to aid the corporation '' Also , B. Farcau objects to the argument : `` On the other hand , the sorry state of the Chilean armed forces at the outbreak of the war , as will be discussed in the following chapter , hardly supports a theory of conscious , premeditated aggression '' . Sater cites other sources that state that the true causes of the conflict were not economic but geopolitical : a struggle for control of the Southeastern portion of the Pacific Ocean . So in 1836 the Peruvian government tried to monopolize commerce in the South Pacific by rewarding ships which sailed direct to Callao to the detriment of Valparaíso , and Peru tried to impede the agreement that had been reached between Spain and Chile in order to free its new warships built and embargoed in Britain during the Chincha War . Sater cites Germany 's minister in Chile who argued that the war with Peru and Bolivia would `` have erupted sooner or later , ( and ) on any pretext '' . He opined that Bolivia and Peru had developed a `` bitter envy '' against Chile and its material progress and good government . Frederik B. Pike states : `` The fundamental cause for the eruption of hostilities was the mounting power and prestige and the economic and political stability of Chile , on one hand , and the weakness and the political and economic deterioration of Bolivia , on the other ... The war -- and its outcome -- was as inevitable as the 1846 -- 1848 conflict between the United States and Mexico . In both instances , a relatively well - governed , energetic , and economically expanding nation had been irresistibly tempted by neighboring territories that were underdeveloped , malgoverned , and sparsely occupied . '' Another reason , states Sater , was Peru 's desire to monopolize and appropriate the nitrate works to strengthen its nitrate monopoly ; in order to achieve it , the Bolivian and Chilean salitreras had to be controlled by Peru . As unenviable as Chile 's situation was in the 1870s , that of Peru was much worse . The 1870s was for Peru 's economy `` a decade of crisis and change '' . Nitrate extraction rose while guano exports , the source of substantial revenue for the Peruvian state , declined from 575,000 tons in 1869 to less than 350,000 tons in 1873 , and the Chincha Islands and other guano islands were depleted or nearly so . William Edmundson states in A History of the British Presence in Chile `` Peru has its own reasons to enter the dispute . Rory Miller ( 1993 ) argues that the depletion of guano resources and poor management of the economy in Peru had provoked a crisis . This has caused Peru to default on its external debt in 1876 , ... In that year ( 1875 ) the Peruvian government decided to procure a loan of seven millions pounds of which four millions pounds were earmarked to purchase privately owned oficinas ( salitreras ) ... and Peru defaulted again in 1877 '' . To increase guano revenue , Peru created a monopoly on nitrate commerce in 1875 . The aims of the monopoly were to increase prices , curb exports , and to impede competition . But most larger nitrate firms opposed the monopoly on sales of nitrate . When this was unsuccessful , in 1876 , Peru began to expropriate nitrate producers , and to buy nitrate concessions such as that of Henry Meiggs in Bolivia ( `` Toco '' , south of the Loa River ) . But the CSFA was too expensive and could not be purchased . As Peruvian historian Alejandro Reyes states , this also needed control over the Bolivian salitreras , and that resulted in the internationalization of the conflict , because they were in the hands of Chilean and British capitalists . Later , as the Chilean company was to be auctioned on 14 February 1879 in Antofagasta , it was considered that the Peruvian consul would be the highest bidder . But some sources , says Sater , see the declarations of war between Chile and Peru as a product of popular domestic forces , that is , the president had to enter into war or to abandon and cede . Sater cites the British minister in Lima , Spencer St. John : `` the rival parties may try to make political capital out of jealousy for the national honor , and His Excellency ( Peruvian President Prado ) may be forced to give way to the popular sentiment . '' Pinto was under similar pressures . For Bruce Farcau , this seems to be the main cause for the war outbreak , as he states : `` The argument that the attitude of the peoples of the region was just ripe for war seems best to fit the bill . '' Crisis ( edit ) Miguel Iglesias , later President of Peru . His son Alejandro was killed during the Battle of Miraflores . Juan José Latorre participated in the shelling of Callao , where his brother , Elías Latorre , defended the forts of the harbor . The ten cents tax ( edit ) The license of 27 November 1873 Since 1866 Chilean entrepreneurs José Santos Ossa and Francisco Puelma exploited deposits of sodium nitrate in Bolivian territories ( salitreras `` Las Salinas '' and `` Carmen Alto '' 122 kilometres ( 76 mi ) and 128 kilometres ( 80 mi ) from Antofagasta respectively ) secured by concessions from the then President of Bolivia Mariano Melgarejo . Later , in 1868 , British capital was associated and founded the Compañía Melbourne Clark . The company obtained a license to construct a railroad from Antofagasta to Salinas , and the company was renamed to Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta ( CSFA ) , with a minority of British capital of 34 % from the Antony Gibbs & Sons of London , which were also shareholder of salitreras in Peru . The company was established in Valparaíso , Chile . Its shareholders included a number of leading Chilean politicians . In 1871 a new Bolivian Government invalidated all contracts signed by Melgarejo . But on 22 November 1872 a Bolivian decree allowed the government to renegotiate the contracts , which is what the company and the Bolivian Government did . On 27 November 1873 the CSFA obtained from the Bolivian executive a license to exploit saltpeter duty - free for 15 years , but it was disputed whether the decree needed the authorization of the Bolivian Congress . Some lawyers placed emphasis on con cargo a dar cuenta a la próxima legislatura ( Spanish for : `` to be accepted by the parliament '' ) , while others on sólo en los casos de no avenimiento ( Spanish for `` only in conflict cases '' ) . The Peruvian Monopoly of saltpeter Main article : Peruvian Saltpeter Monopoly In 1873 , the Peruvian government dictated the Ley del estanco del salitre , which limited the salitre production and authorized the government to purchase the whole production to a fixed price . But the plan failed and the law was withdrawn . In 1875 , Peru 's government expropriated the salitreras of Tarapacá in order to secure revenue from guano and nitrate by means of a monopoly , and in 1876 Antony Gibbs & Sons became consignee of the nitrate trade for the Peruvian government . President Mariano Ignacio Prado was `` determined to complete the monopoly '' and in 1876 Peru bought the nitrate licenses for `` El Toco '' auctioned by Bolivian decree of 13 January 1876 . But the Chilean CSFA remained the most serious competitor and clearly weakened Peru 's monopoly . President Pardo , Prado 's predecessor , had urged Gibbs to secure the monopoly by limiting CSFA 's output , and in fact , Henry Gibbs had warned the CSFA 's board of directors , in a letter on 16 April 1878 , that CSFA 's refusal to limit the output would bring administrative trouble with Peru and Bolivia as long and as intensive as it is made more and more to the interest of a neighboring Government that they should be so . The Gibbs house made repeated unsuccessful efforts in 1876 and 1877 to persuade Edwards ( Chilean majority shareholder ) to accept a limit in CFSA 's production . The historian Ronald Bruce St. John in Foreign Policy of Peru states that `` Although persuasive evidence linking Peru to either the ten - centavo tax or Bolivia 's decision to confiscate Chilean holdings in Antofagasta never surfaced , it must be recognized that Peruvian interests had deep - seated economical and political reasons for going to war . '' The tax and the Chilean refusal In 1875 , the city of Antofagasta had attempted to impose a 3 cents tax on the CSFA , but the Bolivian State Council ( Consejo de Estado ) headed by Serapio Reyes Ortiz , later Foreign Affairs Minister during the crisis , refused the tax , because it violated the license of 1873 and the Boundary Treaty of 1874 . On 14 February 1878 , the National Congress of Bolivia and a National Constituent Assembly approved the 1873 license under the condition that the company would pay a 10 cents per quintal tax , but the company objected , citing the 1874 treaty , that the increased payments were illegal and demanded an intervention from the Chilean government . The CSFA 's directory board perceived the tax as a Peruvian move in order to displace Chileans from the nitrate production as occurred in Tarapacá in 1875 as the Peruvian Government expropriated the salitreras . Having surrendered its claim to the disputed territories in return for a Bolivian promise not to increase tax , Chile responded that the treaty did not allow for such a tax hike . Bolivia suspended the tax in April 1878 . In November Chile proposed a mediation and cautioned that Daza 's refusal to cancel the tax would force Chile to declare null the 1874 Treaty . In December 1878 , Bolivia , counting in its military alliance with Peru , challenged Chile and said the tax was unrelated to the treaty and that the claim of the CSFA should be addressed in Bolivian courts , and revived the tax . When the company refused to pay the tax , Bolivia confiscated its property on 11 February and threatened to sell it on 14 February in order to liquidate the tax 's debt . Occupation of Antofagasta ( edit ) In December 1878 , Chile dispatched a warship to the area . On 6 February , the Bolivian government nullified the CSFA 's license of exploitation and confiscated the property . This news reached Valparaíso on 11 February and on this account the Chilean government decided on the occupation of the region of Antofagasta south of 23 ° S. On the day of the planned auction , 200 Chilean soldiers arrived by ship at the port city of Antofagasta , and seized it having received no resistance . The occupying forces received widespread support from the local population , the majority of whom were Chilean . Antofagasta 's population was 93 -- 95 % Chilean . The Bolivian territory between the 23 ° S and the Loa River ( Peruvian Boundary ) remained unoccupied by Chilean forces almost one month after the Bolivian declaration of war . On 21 March , Cobija and successively Calama , Tocopilla and other hamlets were occupied ; the Chilean government asked the Bolivian public officers to remain in office which they refused to do . Peruvian mediation and Bolivian declaration of war ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Martiniano Urriola ( with kepi ) , who in 1883 commanded the occupation of Ayacucho , and Marcos Maturana ( with poncho ) , General staff chief of the Expeditionary Army during the Lima Campaign , viewed the dead bodies of a Peruvian gun crew after the Battle of Chorrillos . On 22 February , Peru sent a diplomatic team headed by José Antonio de Lavalle to Santiago , to act as mediator between the Chilean and Bolivian governments ; meanwhile , Peru ordered its fleet and army to prepare for war . De Lavalle arrived in Valparaíso on 4 March . On February 27 , Daza had made a public manifesto informing Bolivians about the occupation of Antofagasta and calling for patriotic support . The same day , the Bolivian legislature authorized a formal declaration of war upon Chile , although it was not immediately announced . On March 1 , Daza issued instead a decree which prohibited all commerce and communications with Chile `` while the state - of - war provoked upon Bolivia lasts , '' provided Chileans ten days to leave Bolivian territory unless gravely ill or handicapped , embargoed Chilean furniture , property , and mining produce , allowed Chilean mining companies to continue operating under a government - appointed administrator and provided all embargoes as temporary `` unless the hostilities exercised by Chilean forces requires an energetic retaliation from Bolivia . '' In Santiago , Lavalle asked for Chile 's withdrawal from Antofagasta in order to transfer the province to a tripartite administration ( Bolivia , Chile and Peru ) without a Bolivian warranty to end the embargo nor of canceling the new tax . Then , on March 14 , in a meeting with foreign powers in Lima , Bolivia announced that a state of war existed with Chile . This declaration was aimed to impede further Chilean arms purchase in Europe and to scuttle the Peruvian mediation in Chile . Bolivia called on Peru to activate the alliance treaty , arguing that Chile 's invasion constituted a casus foederis . Also on March 14 , Alejandro Fierro , Chile 's minister of foreign affairs , sent a telegram to the Chilean representative in Lima , Joaquin Godoy , requesting immediate neutrality from the Peruvian government . On March 17 , Godoy formally presented the Chilean proposal in a meeting with Peruvian President Prado . On March 21 , Godoy telegraphed the Chilean government about the secret Peru - Bolivia treaty , which had been revealed to him by Peruvian President Prado . On March 23 , while on their way to occupy Calama , 554 Chilean troops and cavalry defeated 135 Bolivian soldiers and civilians dug in at two destroyed bridges next to the Topáter ford . This Battle of Topáter was the first combat of the war . When the Chilean government asked Lavalle directly and officially whether a defensive alliance existed that committed Peru to assist Bolivia in case of a war with Chile and whether Lima planned to honor this agreement , Lavalle could prevaricate no longer : he answered yes to both . Chilean president Pinto sought and received legislative approval to declare war , which he did on 5 . April 1879 . Peru responded on April 6 , when President Prado declared the casus foederis . War ( edit ) See also : Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879 Forces at war ( edit ) A metallic brass cartridge for a Fusil Gras mle 1874 and a paper cartridge for a Chassepot rifle . The brass cartridge avoided smoke and ashes of the self consuming paper cartridge . Army forces Chile Perú Bolivia January 1879 , before the war 2,440 5,557 1,687 January 1881 , before occupation of Lima ante Lima : 27,000 Army of Lima : 25 -- 35,000 In Bolivia : Tarapacá & Antofagasta : 8,000 In Arequipa : 13,000 In Chile : 6,000 Army of the North : ( Added to Lima ) Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 58 Table 3 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 45 Table 1 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 51 Table 2 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 263 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 274 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 263 Jump up ^ Machuca , Francisco . Las cuatro campañas de la Guerra del Pacífico . p. 341 . Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 263 Other authors give other figures , see Valentina Verbal Stockmayer , page 153 Artillery Model Number Caliber mm Weight kg Distance m Projectile kg Chile Krupp Muntain M1873 L / 21 12 -- 16 60 107 2500 2.14 Krupp Field Gun M1867 L / 25 ? 78.5 ? 3000 4.3 Krupp Mountain Gun M1879 L / 13 38 75 100 3000 4.5 Krupp Mountain Gun M1879 - 80 L / 74 24 87 305 4600 1.5 Krupp Field Gun M1880 L / 26 29 75 100 4800 4.3 Krupp Field Gun M1873 12 87 450 4800 6.8 Armstrong Bronce M1880 6 66 250 4500 4.1 Model 59 Emperador 12 87 ? 323 11.5 La Hitte Field Gun M1858 84 ? 342 4.035 La Hitte Mountain Gun M1858 8 86.5 ? 225 4035 Perú White Gun ( Mountain ) 31 55 ? 2500 2.09 White Gun ( Field ) 49 55 ? 3800 2.09 Grieve Steel 42 60 107 2500 2.14 Bolivia Krupp Mountain Gun M1872 L / 21 6 60 107 2500 2.14 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 64 -- 67 Jump up ^ White and Grieve guns were developed and produced in Peru during the war Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 64 -- 67 Historians agree that the belligerents were not prepared for the war , neither financially nor militarily . None of the three nations had a General Staff , medical corps , or military logistics and their warships were in a deplorable state . In Chile , for example , the military contingent had been reduced continuously from 3,776 ( by 1867 ) to 2,400 ( by 1879 ) men and no military unit was deployed north of Valparaiso , 1700 km south of Iquique . By the end of the war , 53 % of chief engineers serving in Chilean warships were foreigners . The government of Peru was again in default of payment and in Bolivia , famine spread over the country . According to William Sater , Chile and Peru enlisted temporarily 2 % of the male population , Bolivia only 1 % . After the Battle of Tacna , both allied armies were disbanded and had to be formed again . The allied forces had at first glance some advantages over the Chilean forces . Their population and armies doubled the Chileans in numbers and the Peruvian port of Callao , with its powerful artillery , was both impregnable for the Chilean navy as well as a secure haven for the Peruvian navy . In Callao , an English company offered the service of a floating dock for ships up to 3000 t , and the Peruvian government used it to repair their ships at the outset of the war . These reasons , among others , led the international press to expect a Chilean defeat as the war started . Moreover , the ambivalent Argentine position and the never ending Mapuche conflict overshadowed the Chilean perspective . J. Basadre says about the public opinion in Peru and Bolivia : `` They ignored the real power of Chile and the horrors of war , and simple minded people believed that the allied would win the war because they together were bigger than Chile '' . But other observers made a more in - depth analysis that showed Chilean political and military advantages . Chile had a stable political system since 1833 and had developed and strengthened its institutions . Among them , the army and the navy had educated officers , and soldiers with professional experience in the Mapuche conflict and uniformly modern arms : almost all Chilean fusils were Comblain and Gras of 11 mm caliber for metallic brass cartridge . The Chilean navy also possessed two new ironclads , which were invincible against the older Peruvian warships . Although there were interferences between military and government regarding the right policy of war , the primacy of the government was never discussed . And the Chilean supply line from Europe through the Magellan Strait was only once threatened , in vain , by the Peruvian navy . The allied armies , heavily involved in domestic politics , neglected their military duties and through poor planning and administration bought different rifles with different calibers . This hampered the instruction of conscripts , arms maintenance , and the supply of ammunition . The Peruvian navy warships were , before the war , manned by Chilean sailors who , as the war began , had to be replaced by foreign crews . Bolivia had no navy . The allied armies had nothing comparable to the Chilean cavalry and artillery . Struggle for sea control ( edit ) Main article : Naval Campaign of the War of the Pacific Almost all Chilean military operations began with a landing . The exceptions were the operations in the Sierra . Given the few roads and railroad lines , the nearly waterless and largely unpopulated Atacama Desert was difficult to occupy . From the beginning naval superiority was critical . Bolivia had no navy , so on March 26 , 1879 Hilarión Daza formally offered letters of marque to any ships willing to fight for Bolivia . The Armada de Chile and Marina de Guerra del Perú fought the naval battles . Early on , Chile blockaded the Peruvian port of Iquique on April 5 . In the Battle of Iquique ( May 21 , 1879 ) , the Peruvian ironclad Huáscar engaged and sank the wooden Esmeralda ; Meanwhile , in the Battle of Punta Gruesa , the Peruvian Independencia chased the schooner Covadonga until the heavier Independencia collided with a submerged rock and sank in the shallow waters near Punta Gruesa . In total , Peru stopped the blockade of Iquique , and Chileans lost the old Esmeralda . Nevertheless , the loss of the Independencia cost Peru 40 % of its naval offensive power and made a strong impression upon military leaders in Argentina , hence an Argentine intervention in the war became far more remote . Despite being outnumbered , the Peruvian monitor Huáscar held off the Chilean navy for six consecutive months and upheld Peruvian morale in the early stages of the conflict . The capture of the steamship Rímac on July 23 , 1879 while carrying a cavalry regiment ( the Carabineros de Yungay ) was the Chilean army 's largest loss to that point . The loss led Admiral Juan Williams Rebolledo , chief of the Chilean Navy , on 17 August to resign . Commodore Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas replaced Williams , and he devised a plan to catch the Huáscar . Meanwhile , the Peruvian navy had some other actions , particularly in August 1879 during the ( unsuccessful ) raid of the Union to Punta Arenas , located at the Strait of Magellan in an attempt to capture the British ship Gleneg which transported weapons and supplies for Chile . Capital ships of Chile and Peru at the beginning of the War of the Pacific Warship tons ( L. ton ) Horse - power Speed ( Knots ) Armor ( Inch ) Main Artillery Built Year Chile Cochrane 3,560 3,000 9 -- 12.8 up to 9 6x9 Inch 1874 Blanco Encalada 3,560 3,000 9 -- 12.8 up to 9 6x9 Inch 1874 Peru Huascar 1,130 1,200 10 -- 11 41⁄2 2x300 -- pounders 1865 Independencia 2,004 1,500 12 -- 13 41⁄2 2x150 -- pounders 1865 The Battle of Angamos , on October 8 , 1879 proved decisive and Peru was reduced almost exclusively to land forces . In this battle , the Chilean Navy managed to capture the Huáscar after several hours of fierce battle , despite her surviving crew 's attempts to scuttle her . From then on the Chilean Navy had to carry troops for the invasion of Peru as well as to provide fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range . Chilean warships had also to impose a naval blockade of Peruvian ports and to end the smuggling of arms from Panama into Peru via the Pacific Ocean . After Angamos and despite the loss of their two capital ships , Peruvians , with simple and ingenious tricks succeeded in sinking two important Chilean ships , the Loa ( July 1880 ) and the Covadonga ( August 1880 ) . But its remaining units were locked in its main port during the long blockade of Callao . On the other hand , the Chilean Navy captured the ship Pilcomayo in November 1879 and the torpedo boat Alay in December 1880 . When the Peruvian capital Lima fell after the battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores , the Peruvian naval officers scuttled the entire fleet to prevent its capture by the Chilean forces . Land war ( edit ) Play media The evolution of the land war in the War of the Pacific . Main article : Land Campaign of the War of the Pacific After the battle of Angamos and once Chile achieved naval supremacy , the government had to decide where to strike . The options were Tarapacá , Moquegua or directly Lima . Because of the proximity to Chile and the capture of the Peruvian Salitreras , Chile decided to occupy first the Peruvian Province of Tarapacá . Arica and Iquique were isolated and separated by the Atacama Desert , and since the Huáscar 's capture in October 1879 , neither port had naval protection and could n't be adequately supplied by sea . Without any communication or withdrawal lines , the area was essentially cut off from the rest of Peru . After the loss of naval capabilities , Peru had the option of withdrawing to central Peru to strengthen its army around Lima until the reestablishment of a naval balance , or building up new alliances as hinted by Chilean historian Wilhelm Ekdahl . But Jorge Basadre assumes that it would have been `` striking and humiliating '' to abandon Tarapacá , the source of the Peruvian wealth . On 30 April 1879 , after 13 days march , 4,500 Bolivian soldiers under the command of Daza arrived in Tacna , a town some 100 km ( 60 mi ) north of Arica . The Bolivians had come to join the Peruvian forces under command of Juan Buendia . The allied forces were deployed to the places where a Chilean landing could be expected ; the Iquique - Pisagua or Arica - Tacna regions . There were reserves stationed at Arequipa further north in Peru , under Lizardo Montero , as well as in southern Bolivia , under Narciso Campero The reserves were to be deployed to the coast after a landing , but they never arrived The land war can be seen as four Chilean military campaigns that successively occupied : Tarapacá , Arica - Tacna , Lima and a last campaign , which disarticulated the Peruvian resistance in the sierra . The occupation of Arequipa and Puno , at the end of the war , saw little military action . Campaign of Tarapacá ( edit ) Main article : Tarapacá Campaign Landing and deployment of Chilean and Allied troops during the Campaign of Tarapacá , in November 1879 . The Campaign of Tarapacá began on November 2 , 1879 , when nine steam transporters escorted by half of the Chilean Navy transported ninety - five hundred men plus more than 850 animals to Pisagua , some 500 kilometres ( 310 mi ) north of Antofagasta . After neutralizing the coastal batteries , the Chileans landed and attacked beach defenses in Pisagua . In the event of a Chilean landing , the allied forces planned to counter-attack the Chilean forces in a pincer movement involving advances from the north ( Daza 's forces coming from Arica ) and from the south ( Buendia 's forces coming from Iquique ) . But while Peruvian forces marched northwards as planned after the fall of Pisagua , Daza , coming from Arica , decided in Camarones ( 44 km from Pisagua ) to give up his part of the counter-attack and return to Arica . The Chileans , meanwhile , marched towards Iquique and on November 19 , 1879 , defeated the allied troops ( absent Daza 's men ) gathered in Agua Santa in the Battle of San Francisco and Dolores . Disbanded Bolivian forces present at the time with the southern force retreated to Oruro , whilst the Peruvians fell back to Tiliviche . The Chilean army captured Iquique ( approximately 80 km / 50 mi south of Pisagua ) without resistance . Part of the Peruvian force defeated at San Francisco retreated on Tarapacá , a little town with the name of the province , where they combined with Peruvian troops who withdrew to Tarapacá directly from Iquique . A detachment of Chilean soldiers , with cavalry and artillery , was sent to face the Peruvian forces in Tarapacá . The two sides clashed on November 27 in the Battle of Tarapacá , and while the Chilean forces were defeated , the Peruvian forces , without lines of communication with their supply bases in Peru or Bolivia , were unable to maintain their occupation of the territory . Consequently , the Peruvians retreated north through harsh desert terrain to Arica , losing many troops during the withdrawal . Bruce W. Farcau comments that , `` The province of Tarapacá was lost along with a population of 200,000 , nearly one tenth of the Peruvian total , and an annual gross income of ₤ 28 million in nitrate production , virtually all of the country 's export earnings . '' The victory afforded Santiago an economic boon and a potential diplomatic asset . Domestic policies until the fall of Iquique ( edit ) The Rimac 's capture , the sinking of the Esmeralda and the passiveness of the Chilean fleet all showed that the command of the navy was n't prepared for the war , and the army also had trouble with the logistics , medical service and command . Public discontent with the wrong decisions led to riots and the government had to replace the `` sclerotics '' chief of the navy Juan Williams Rebolledo ( by Galvarino Riveros ) , and the Chief of the army Justo Arteaga ( by Erasmo Escala ) . After Tarapacá , the army was reorganized in divisions . Regarding her foreign policy , Chile tried to separate Bolivia from Peru . Gonzalo Bulnes writes : The target of the `` política boliviana '' was the same as before , to seize Tacna and Arica for Bolivia and put Bolivia as a Buffer state between Peru and Chile , on the assumption that Peru would accept the Chilean peace conditions . The initiated called such policy `` to clear up Bolivia '' . Moreover , the Chilean government had to find an agreement with Argentina about the border also to avert a war . After the occupation of the salpeter and guano deposits , the Chilean government restituted the `` oficinas salitreras '' , that had been nationalized by Peru , to the owner of the certificate of debt . The alternative of a Chilean State Company of Salpeter was discarded as too onerous for a government waging war , lacking the experienced personnel and the creditors pressing their issue . In 1879 the Chilean state began to exact a tax of 40 cents per `` Quintal métrico '' ( 100 kg ) , increasing to $1.60 / qm in 1880 . As provided by the secret treaty , the allies agreed in a `` Protocol of Subsidies '' that Bolivia had to bear the costs of the war . The agreement , which bound the tax income for many years , caused resentments and fears in Bolivia , where the deployment of Bolivian forces to Tacna was seen as a help to Peru and , moreover , when they knew that the Bolivian army would n't be sent to free the occupied region of Bolivia but to protect Peru . As Daza and his officers came to Tacna and Arica , they did n't see the expected Peruvian military strength and they understood that their position of power in Bolivia was threatened by a defeat of the allied armies . Bolivian historian Querejazu suggests that Daza used the Chilean offer of Tacna und Arica for Bolivia in order exert pressure on Peru to get a more favorable `` Protocolo de Subsidios '' , which is what he got . Why Daza abandoned the Peruvian forces in Iquique and turned back to Arica just before the Battle of San Francisco is discussed . Some historians say that he wanted to keep the `` Regimiento Colorados '' , the force that secured his political power in Bolivia , untouched . Daza later stated that his officers refused to continue the march through the desert , but his shameful withdrawal accelerated his downfall and he was succeeded by Narciso Campero . In the new government , there was a strong tendency to accept the Chilean offer of Tacna and Arica , but it was eventually refused and Bolivia signed the creation of the United States of Peru and Bolivia , a political fantasy without any practical consequences . Bolivia helped Peru with money and weapons but the Bolivian army never again intervened in the war . In Peru , the political situation was complicated . President Prado had declared war on Chile for deep - seated economical and political reasons but without the funds or international credit to finance the war . He turned over the administration of the state to vice-president Luis La Puerta de Mendoza in order to assume for himself the command of the army . Because of the Chilean blockade , Peru could not export revenue - making goods via its ports . As a consequence , public revenue was cut in half from what had been expected ; meanwhile spending was tripled . The Peruvian government in 1879 experienced several political crisis and seven ministers of finance . General Buendía , chief of the defeated allied troops in Iquique and More , chief of the sunken warship Independence , were both put on trial but were eventually acquitted . The Peruvian government was confronted with widespread rioting in Lima because of its failures . On December 18 , 1879 , as the fall of Iquique became known in Peru , president Prado went from Callao to Panama allegedly with the duty to oversee the purchase of new arms and warships for the nation . In a statement for the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio , he turned over the command of the country to vice president Luis La Puerta de Mendoza . History has condemned his departure as a desertion . Nicolás de Piérola overthrew Puerta 's government and took power on December 23 , 1879 . Piérola has been criticised because of his sectarianism , frivolous investment , bombastic decrees , lack of control in budget , but it must be said that he put forth an enormous effort to obtain new funds and to mobilize the country for the war . Basadre considers his work an act of heroism , abnegation in a country invaded , politically divided , militarily battered and economically bloodless . Campaign of Tacna and Arica ( edit ) Main article : Tacna and Arica Campaign Photo of Chilean private first class Tránsito Diaz , injured during the Landing on Pisagua . The photo belongs to the `` Álbum de inválidos de la Guerra del Pacífico '' , 130 photographic records ordered by the D. Santa María government to demonstrate the pensions and orthopedic devices given to disabled war veterans . 4,081 Chilean soldiers returned disabled from the war , that is 10 % of the expeditionary force . By 2008 , 280 women got a national pension as daughter or wife of veterans . Landing and deployment of Chilean and Allied troops during the Campaign of Tacna and Arica , from January to June 1880 . Meanwhile , Chile continued its advances in the Tacna and Arica Campaign . On November 28 , ten days after the Battle of San Francisco , Chile declared the formal blockade of Arica . On December 31 , a Chilean force of 600 men carried out an amphibious raid at Ilo as a reconnaissance in force , to the north of Tacna , withdrawing the same day . On February 24 , 1880 , approximately 11,000 men in nineteen ships ( protected by Blanco Encalada , Toro , and Magallanes and two torpedo boats ) sailed from Pisagua . Two days later , on February 26 , the Chileans arrived off Punta Coles , near Pacocha , Ilo . The landing took several days to conclude , but faced no resistance . The Peruvian commander , Lizardo Montero , refused to try to drive the Chileans from the beachhead , as the Chileans had expected . On March 22 , 3,642 Chilean troops defeated 1,300 Peruvian troops in the Battle of Los Ángeles , cutting any direct Peruvian supply from Lima to Arica or Tacna ( supply was possible only through the long way , via Bolivia ) . After the Battle of Los Ángeles , only three allied positions remained in southern Peru : General Leyva 's 2nd Army at Arequipa ( including some survivors from Los Ángeles ) , Bolognesi 's 7th and 8th Divisions at Arica , and at Tacna the 1st Army . These forces were under Campero 's direct command . However , the numbers proved meaningless as the Peruvians were unable to concentrate troops or even to move from their garrisons . After crossing 40 miles ( 64 km ) of desert , on May 26 the Chilean army ( 14,147 men ) destroyed the allied army of 5,150 Bolivians and 8,500 Peruvians in the Battle of Tacna . The need for a port near the army to supply and reinforce the troops and evacuate the wounded compelled the Chilean command to concentrate on the remaining Peruvian stronghold of Arica . On June 7 , after the Battle of Arica , the last Peruvian bastion in the Tacna Department fell . After the campaign of Tacna and Arica , the Peruvian and Bolivian regular armies largely ceased to exist , and Bolivia effectively left the war . Lynch 's expedition ( edit ) Lynch 's Expedition to Chimbote , Supe , Paita , Eten and islas de Lobos , from September to October 1880 . To show Peru the futility of further resistance , on September 4 , 1880 the Chilean government dispatched an expedition of 2,200 men to northern Peru under the command of Captain Patricio Lynch to collect war taxes from wealthy landowners . On September 10 , Lynch 's Expedition reached Chimbote , more than 300 km ( 186 mi ) north of Lima . The expedition levied taxes of $100,000 in Chimbote , $10,000 in Paita , $20,000 in Chiclayo , as well as $4,000 in Lambayeque in local currencies ; those who did not comply had their property impounded or destroyed . On September 11 , the Peruvian government decreed that payment was an act of treason , but most landowners still paid . Lynch 's mission , which infuriated Lima , was allowed by international law at the time . Chilean historian Barros Arana cites article 544 of Johann Caspar Bluntschli 's Le droit international codifié , and Villalobos cites Andres Bello 's Principios del derecho Internacional . Lackawanna Conference On October 22 , 1880 , delegates of Peru , Chile and Bolivia held a 5 - day conference aboard the USS Lackawanna in Arica , a meeting arranged by the United States Minister Plenipotentiaries in the belligerent countries . The Lackawanna Conference , also called the Arica conference , attempted to develop a peace settlement . Chile demanded the Peruvian Tarapacá province and the Bolivian Atacama , an indemnity of $20,000,000 gold pesos , restoration of property taken from Chilean citizens , the Rimac 's return , abrogating the treaty between Peru and Bolivia and Peru 's formal commitment not to mount artillery batteries in Arica 's harbor . Arica as a settlement was to be limited to commercial use only . Chile planned to retain the territories of Moquegua , Tacna , and Arica until all peace treaty conditions were satisfied . Although willing to accept the negotiated settlement , Peru and Bolivia insisted that Chile withdraw its forces from all occupied lands as a precondition for discussing peace . Having captured this territory at great expense , Chile declined the terms and the negotiations failed . Bruce St. John states in Foreign Policy of Peru ( page 116 ) : Peru attended only out of deference to the ( USA government ) latter , hoping a failure of the talks might lead to more aggressive US involvement . Campaign of Lima ( edit ) Landing and deployment of Chilean troops during the Campaign of Lima , from November 1880 to January 1881 . The long way from Pisco to Chilca was done only by the Lynch brigade . Chorrillos was the preferred seaside resort of Lima 's aristocracy before the war , but during the battle of Chorrillos , the Peruvian line of defense run in the middle of the city and it was shelled , set on fire , looted and reduced to rubble during the conflict . At the end of the battle , bitter fighting had raged in every ruin and street . The occupation of the southern departments of Peru ( Tacna , Arica and Tarapacá ) and the Lynch expedition was proof that the army of Peru no longer possessed the skilled military manpower to defend the country . However , nothing could convince the Peruvian government to sue for peace . The defeated allies not only failed to realize their situation but , despite the empty Bolivian treasury , on June 16 , 1880 , the Bolivian National Assembly voted to continue the war . On June 11 , 1880 , a document was signed in Peru declaring the creation of the United States of Peru - Bolivia . But Piérola continued the struggle . W. Sater states : Had Piérola sued for peace in June 1880 , he would have saved countless Peruvian lives and the nation 's treasure . The Chilean government struggled to satisfy the public demands to end the war and to secure the peace . This situation forced the Chilean government to plan the occupation of Lima . Landings on Pisco , Chilca , Curayaco and Lurín Once the size of the Chilean army was increased by 20,000 men to reach a strength of 41,000 soldiers , deployed from the forts of the Arauco War to the outskirts of Lima , the Chilean army began the campaign of Lima . Lacking the ships to transport all the troops at once from Arica , the Chileans decided to land first a division and then the rest of the army in stages . Their shortage of shipping also precluded an immediate landing at Lima . Instead , Pisco , approximately 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south of Lima , was the first landing point . On 19 November 8,800 men , twenty cannon and their supplies reached Pisco . A party of 400 men was landed near the port and they learned that a 3,000 man Peruvian garrison defended Pisco . To avoid the fight required if a landing was to me made directly into the port , a Chilean vanguard was landed in Paracas , ten miles to the south . This force managed to capture Pisco and on November 20 the rest of the Chilean troops landed , later occupying various other nearby coastal cities , securing for the Chileans de facto control of the Peruvian province of Ica . On 2 December , 3,500 additional men and 416 horses disembarked in Pisco . Some two weeks later , on 15 December , 14,000 Chilean men , 2,400 horses and mules , plus supplies , departed Arica for the north . Baquedano , the Chilean commander , decided that only one brigade in the Pisco region , Lynch 's brigade , would march the 55 miles ( 89 km ) north to the coastal town of Chilca , a town only 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) from Lima . All other Chilean forces would be ( re ) embarked in Pisco for naval transport to Chilca . The Chilean troops disembarked in Curayaco , slightly north of Chilca , on 22 December 1880 . The artillery was later disembarked at Lurín , on the southern outskirts of Lima , as the Chilean army was able to advance quickly after landing . Piérola , who had expected a landing north of Lima , ordered the construction of two parallel lines of Peruvian defences , one at Chorrillos and one at Miraflores . It was hoped the Peruvian professional Army would defeat the Chileans in Chorrillos . If that measure failed , a reserve army , increased with remnants of Chorrillos and the Callao troops , were expected to hold the Chilean advance at Miraflores . The Peruvian forces numbered approximately 25,000 to 32,000 men and were titled the Army of Lima . The main Peruvian defense line ran from the seaside resort of Chorrillos through Morro Solar , Santa Teresa , San Juan , the Pamplona ( hills ) until Monterrico Chico , a line of defence approximately 15 km long . Gatling guns , artillery , covering forts and trenches located along the top of the steeply natural hills ( 280 m in Morro Solar , 170 m in Sta . Teresa und San Juan ) and minefields around the roads to Lima crossing the hamlets of San Juan and Santa Teresa -- settlements the Peruvians anticipated would be important targets of the Chilean attack -- were all utilised by the Peruvian military . The second line of defense was less strong , consisting of 7 redoubts ( one every 800 meters ) for infantry and artillery , that the Peruvians hoped would stop any Chilean offensive . The Chilean General Staff had two alternative plans for their attack . Baquedano , the army chief , advocated a direct and frontal advance through the `` Tablada de Lurín '' , a known area with large areas of relatively plain terrain , against the line of Chorrillos . The advantages of this axis of advance were the shorter distances that had to be covered , a withdrawal line , sea side support from the Chilean navy , water supply ( from Lurín ) , less requirement to train the troops and , as important , less need for complex Chilean discipline to control any advance and subsequent attack . The alternative plan of War Minister José Francisco Vergara laid down a turning movement , bypassing the Peruvian line by attacking from further to the east : through the Lurín valley , moving via Chantay and reaching Lima at Ate . Utilising this approach meant that Lima could be seized without resistance or both defense lines could be attacked from the rear . Vergara 's plan avoided the bloody frontal attack , nullified all defense works , cut any Peruvian withdrawal line to the east into the formidable Andes and would have a demoralizing effect on the Peruvians . However , there were no steady roads for movement of Chilean artillery and baggage , no water , no support from the navy was possible and many bottlenecks -- where a small force might stop the whole Chilean army either on the way to Lima , or if it had to withdraw -- were a feature of this line of approach . In addition , Vergara 's plan required a well trained and disciplined army . Baquedano pushed and eventually succeeded in having his plan adopted . Battle of Chorrillos and Miraflores On 12 January 1881 three Chilean formations ( referred to as divisions ) stepped off from Lurín toward Chorrillos at about 4 p.m. , reaching their attack positions at around 3 : 00 a.m. of the next day . At 5 : 00 a.m. began the assault on the Peruvian forts : Lynch 's division charged Iglesias 's positions ( Morro Solar to Santa Teresa ) , Sotomayor 's men against Caceres 's sector ( Santa Teresa to San Juan ) and Lagos 's division charged Davila 's sector ( San Juan to Monterrico Chico ) . Chilean and Peruvian soldiers locked in hand - to - hand combat , attacking one another with rifles , bayonets , rocks and even their bare hands . At the beginning , Sotomayor was unable to deploy in time and Lynch 's advance was repulsed . Baquedano was forced to throw in reserve brigades to salvage Lynch 's flank . At 8 : 00am the Peruvian defenders were forced to withdraw from San Juan and Santa Teresa to Morro Solar and Chorrillos ( town ) . At 12 : 00 midday Morro Solar was captured and the battle continued into Chorrillos , which fell at 14 : 00 hours ( 2pm ) . During the Battle of Chorrillos , the Chileans inflicted a harsh defeat on the regular Peruvian forces , eliminating Lima 's first defensive line . Two days later , the second line of defense was also penetrated in the Battle of Miraflores . Criticism Piérola 's division of forces in two lines has been criticised by Chilean analyst Francisco Machuca . Whether such criticism is justified is debatable . According to Gonzalo Bulnes the battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores have been amongst the biggest in South America regarding the number of combatants , 45,000 in Chorrillos and 25,000 in Miraflores . The estimated death toll was 11,000 to 14,000 personnel , with a further 10,144 injured . Domestic policies until the fall of Lima ( edit ) See also : Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina ; Occupation of Lima ; Chilean presidential election , 1881 ; and Mapuche uprising of 1881 On June 15 , 1881 Domingo Santa María was elected President of Chile , assuming office on September 18 , 1881 . A new Congress was elected on schedule in 1882 . Argentina had declared itself neutral at the onset of the war , but it allowed the transport of weapons to the allies over Argentine territories , exerted influence on the USA and European powers to stop the Chilean advance in the war , pleaded for monetary indemnification instead of cesion of territories to Chile and there was a strong drift in its public opinion in favor of Peru and Bolivia . Moreover , there were Peruvian and Bolivian hopes that Argentina could change its stance and enter in a war against Chile . On 23 July 1881 , a few months after the fall of Lima , Chile and Argentina signed the Boundary Treaty that ceded east Patagonia to Argentina and the control over the Strait of Magellan to Chile . Carlos Escudé and Andrés Cisneros state that the treaty was a true victory for Argentina , while Michael Morris considers that `` Rearguard Argentine efforts has been made to gain recognition for some kind of shared management regime for the Strait ( of Magellan ) , in order to mitigate what was perceived as the striking diplomatic defeat for Argentina in the 1881 treaty granting Chile control over the strait . '' The situation in Bolivia did n't change after the fall of Lima . The Bolivian government lacked the money , men , weapons and the means to transport an army to Peru . War in the Peruvian Sierra ( edit ) After the confrontations in Chorrillos and Miraflores , Peruvian dictator Piérola refused to negotiate with the Chileans and escaped to the central Andes to try governing from the rear , but soon he lost the representation of the Peruvian state. ( He left Peru in December 1881 ) . The occupation commanders , first Manuel Baquedano , then Pedro Lagos and at last Patricio Lynch , sited their respective military headquarters in the Government Palace in Lima . The new Chilean administration continued to push for an end to the costly war . But contrary to expectations , neither Lima 's capture nor the imposition of heavy taxes led Peru to sue for peace . Conversely , Peruvian caudillos advocated to wage a defensive war of attrition to consume Chile 's power so much that they renounced their demand for territory . On 22 February 1881 the pre Piérola Congress ( allowed by Chile ) reinstated the 1860 Constitution and chose Francisco García Calderón as provisional President but he , assisted by the US Minister in Lima , refused the cession of territories to Chile . He was overthrown by the Chileans in September 1881 , but before his relegation to Chile he appointed Lizardo Montero Flores as successor . The Peruvian caudillos organized a resistance which would come to be known as the Campaign of the Breña or Sierra , a widespread , prolonged , brutal and eventually futile guerrilla campaign . They harassed the Chilean troops and their logistics to such a point that Lynch had to send expeditions to the valleys in the Andes . The resistance was organised by Andrés Avelino Cáceres in the regions Cajamarca ( north ) , Arequipa ( south ) and the Sierra Central ( Cerro Pasco to Ayacucho ) But the collapse of national order in Peru brought on also domestic chaos and violence , most of it motivated by class or racial divisions . Chinese and black laborers took the opportunity to assault haciendas and the property of the rich in protest of the mistreatment they had suffered in previous years , Lima 's masses attacked Chinese grocery stores , and Indian peasants took over highland haciendas . For the occupation forces , the region was an unknown , difficult terrain , force inhibitor , insalubrious ( Tunga penetrans , Dysentery ) , inaccessible , and Chilean military supplies had to be transported from Lima or other points on the coast , or purchased from locals , or confiscated , each option being either very expensive or politically hazardous . An additional problem for the Chileans was information collection in support of their expeditionary force . While Cáceres was informed about the dispositions and moves of his foes , Chileans often did n't know the whereabouts of the guerrillas . Letelier 's expedition ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Sangra In February 1881 , Chilean forces under Lt. Col. Ambrosio Letelier started the first Expedition into the Sierra , with 700 men , to defeat the last guerrilla bands from Huánuco ( April 30 ) to Junín . After many losses the expedition achieved very little and returned to Lima in early July , where Letelier and his officers were courts - martialed for diverting money into their own pockets . 1882 Sierra campaign ( edit ) To annihilate the guerrillas in the Mantaro Valley , in January 1882 Lynch ordered an offensive with 5,000 men under the command of Gana and Del Canto , first towards Tarma and then southeast towards Huancayo , reaching Izcuchaca . Lynch 's army suffered enormous hardships including cold temperatures , snow and mountain sickness . On July 9 , 1882 they fought the emblematic Battle of La Concepción . The Chileans had to pull back with a loss of 534 soldiers : 154 in combat , 277 of disease and 103 deserters . Because García Calderón refused to relinquish Peruvian control over the Tarapacá Region , he was arrested . Before García Calderón left Peru for Chile , he named Admiral Lizardo Montero as his successor . At the same time President Piérola stepped back and supported Avelino Cáceres for the Presidency . Cáceres refused to serve and supported Lizardo Montero instead . Montero moved to Arequipa and in this way García Calderón 's arrest unified the forces of Piérola and Cáceres . 1883 Sierra campaign ( edit ) Pursuits through Central Peru until Huamachuco . Velasquez march to Arequipa and Puno in October 1883 . On April 1 , 1882 Miguel Iglesias , Defence Minister under Piérola , became convinced that the war had to be brought to an end or Peru would be completely devastated . He issued a manifesto , es : Grito de Montán calling for peace and in December 1882 convened a convention of representatives of the seven northern departments , where he was elected `` Regenerating President '' To support Iglesias against Montero , on April 6 , 1883 , Patricio Lynch started a new offensive to drive the guerrillas from central Peru and destroy Caceres ' army . The Chilean troops pursued Caceres northwest through narrow mountain passes until July 10 , 1883 , winning the definitive Battle of Huamachuco , the final Peruvian defeat . Last days of the war ( edit ) A Chilean soldier with the `` Peruvian wart '' , or Carrion 's disease , infected probably in the valleys of the Rimac River during the war in the sierra . Chile and Miguel Iglesias ' Government signed the Peace Treaty of Ancón on October 20 , 1883 , that put an end to the war and ceded Tarapacá to Chile . Lizardo Montero tried to resist in Arequipa with a force of 4,000 men , but when Chile 's 3,000 fighters arrived from Mollendo , Moquegua and Ayacucho , and began the assault to Arequipa , the Peruvian troops mutinied against Montero and allowed the Chileans to occupy the city on 29 October 1883 . Montero opted for Bolivian asylum . The occupation of Ayacucho by Chilean Colonel Urriola on 1 . October lasted only 40 days then Urriola withdrew to Lima and Ayacucho was occupied by Cáceres ' new army of 500 men . Caceres continued to refuse the cession of territories to Chile But the basis of Cáceres ' war , the increasingly powerful Indian insurrection against the Chileans , had changed the nature of the war . Indian guerrillas fought `` white men from all parties '' , looted towns and seized land of the white owners . In June 1884 , Cáceres accepted Treaty of Ancón , `` as an accomplished fact '' but he continued to fight Iglesias . About Cáceres true reasons for his change of mind , Florencia Mallon says : Yet long before the civil war was over , it became clear to the hero of la Breña that , in order to build an alliance that would carry him to the presidential palace , he had to mend fences with the `` hacendados '' as a class , included those who had collaborated with the Chileans . The only way to do so was to give the `` hacendados '' what they wanted and repress the very guerrillas who had made the Breña campaign possible in the first place . On October 29 , 1883 the Chilean occupation of Lima ended , and on 4 August 1884 Lynch and the rest of the Chilean Expeditionary Forces embarked in Callao for Chile . Peace ( edit ) Peace treaty between Chile and Peru ( edit ) On October 20 , 1883 hostilities between Chile and Peru formally came to an end under the Treaty of Ancón . Under the treaty 's terms , Peru formally ceded the province of Tarapacá to Chile . Further , the agreement regulated the use of the guano and nitrate resources to repay Peru 's debts . Chile was also to occupy the provinces of Tacna and Arica for 10 years , after which a plebiscite was to be held to determine nationality . For decades thereafter , the two countries failed to agree on the terms of the plebiscite . Finally , in 1929 , through US mediation , under President Herbert Hoover , the Treaty of Lima was signed by which Chile kept Arica and Peru re-acquired Tacna . Peace treaty between Bolivia and Chile ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Valparaiso In 1884 , Bolivia signed a truce , the Treaty of Valparaiso , whereby Bolivia accepted the military occupation of the entire Bolivian coast . The Treaty of Peace and Friendship ( 1904 ) ceded the complete region of Antofagasta to Chile . In return , Chile agreed to build the Arica -- La Paz railway , a railroad connecting the capital city of La Paz , Bolivia , with the port of Arica , and Chile guaranteed freedom of transit for Bolivian commerce through Chilean ports and territory . Military analysis ( edit ) Military strength comparison ( edit ) As the war began , the Peruvian Army numbered 5,241 men of all ranks , organized in seven infantry battalions , three squadrons of cavalry and two regiments of artillery . The most common rifles in the army were the French Chassepot and the Minié rifles . The artillery , with a total of twenty - eight pieces , was composed mostly of British - made Blakely cannons and counted four machine guns . Much of the artillery dated from 1866 , and had been bought for the Chincha Islands War against Spain . The mounts used by the cavalry were small and inferior to the Chileans ' . The Bolivian Army numbered no more than 2,175 soldiers , divided into three infantry regiments , two cavalry squadrons , and two sections of artillery . The Colorados Battalion , President Daza 's personal guard , was armed with Remington Rolling Block rifles , but the remainder carried odds and ends including flintlock muskets . The artillery had rifled three pounders and four machine guns , while the cavalry rode mules given a shortage of good horses . The regular Chilean Army was well equipped , with 2,694 soldiers . The regular infantry was armed with the modern Belgian Comblain rifle , of which Chile had a stock of some 13,000 . Chile also had Gras , Minie , Remington and Beaumont rifles which mostly fired the same caliber cartridge ( 11 mm ) . The artillery had seventy - five artillery pieces , most of which were of Krupp and Limache manufacture , and six machine guns . The cavalry used French sabers and Spencer and Winchester carbines . Strategy ( edit ) Control of the sea was Chile 's key to an inevitably difficult desert war : supply by sea , including water , food , ammunition , horses , fodder and reinforcements , was quicker and easier than marching supplies through the desert or across the Bolivian high plateau . While the Chilean Navy started an economic and military blockade of the Allies ' ports , Peru took the initiative and used its smaller navy as a raiding force . The raids delayed the ground invasion for six months , and forced Chile to shift its fleet from blockading to hunting and capturing the Huáscar . After achieving naval supremacy , sea - mobile forces proved to be an advantage for desert warfare on the long coastline . Peruvian and Bolivian defenders found themselves hundreds of kilometers from home while Chilean forces were usually just a few kilometers from the sea . Chileans employed an early form of amphibious warfare , that saw coordination of army , navy and specialized units . The first amphibious assault of this war took place as 2,100 Chilean troops successfully took Pisagua on 2 November 1879 . Chilean Navy ships bombarded beach defenses for several hours at dawn , followed by open , oared boats landing Army infantry and sapper units into waist - deep water , under enemy fire . An outnumbered first landing wave fought at the beach ; the second and third waves in the following hours were able to overcome resistance and move inland . By the end of the day , an expeditionary army of 10,000 had disembarked at the captured port . In 1881 Chilean ships transported approximately 30,000 men , along with their mounts and equipment , 500 miles ( 800 km ) in order to attack Lima . Chilean commanders were using purpose - built , flat - bottomed landing craft that would deliver troops in shallow water closer to the beach , possibly the first purpose - built amphibious landing craft in history : `` These 36 shallow draft , flat - bottomed boats would be able to land three thousand men and twelve guns in a single wave '' . Chile 's military strategy emphasized preemption , offensive action , and combined arms . It was the first to mobilize and deploy its forces , taking the war immediately to Bolivian and Peruvian territories . It adopted combined arms strategy , employing naval and ground forces to rout its allied foes and capture enemy territory . They landed ground forces in enemy territory to raid , landed in strength to split and drive out defenders and then garrisoned the territory as the fighting moved north . Chileans received the support of the Chinese coolies immigrants who had been enslaved by Peruvians , who joined the Chilean Army during the campaign of Lima and in the raids to the north Peruvian cities . Peru and Bolivia fought a defensive war maneuvering through long overland distances and relying where possible on land or coastal fortifications with gun batteries and minefields . Coastal railways reached to central Peru and telegraph lines provided a direct line to the government in Lima . The occupation of Peru between 1881 and 1884 took a different form . The war theater was the Peruvian Sierra , where the remains of the Peruvian Army had easy access to population , resource and supply centers far from the sea ; supporting an indefinite war of attrition . The occupying Chilean force was split into small garrisons across the theater and could devote only part of its strength to hunting down dispersed pockets of resistance and the last Peruvian forces in the Sierra . After a costly occupation and prolonged counterinsurgency campaign , Chile sought a diplomatic exit . Rifts within Peruvian society and Peruvian defeat in the Battle of Huamachuco resulted in the peace treaty that ended the occupation . Technology ( edit ) Both sides employed late 19th - century military technology , such as breech - loading rifles and cannons , remote - controlled land mines , armor - piercing shells , naval torpedoes , torpedo boats , and purpose - built landing craft . The second generation of ironclads ( i.e. designed after the Battle of Hampton Roads ) were employed in battle for the first time . That was significant for a conflict where no major power was involved , and attracted British , French , and U.S. observers . During the war , Peru developed the Toro Submarino ( `` Submarine Bull '' ) . She never saw action , and was scuttled at the end to prevent her capture . The USS Wachusett ( 1861 ) commanded by Alfred Thayer Mahan , was stationed at Callao , Peru , to protect American interests during the war 's final stages . Mahan formulated his concept of sea power while reading history in a British gentlemen 's club in Lima , Peru . This concept became the foundation for his celebrated The Influence of Sea Power upon History . Flow of information ( edit ) Flow of news during the War . Distances , in kilometers , are Great - circle distance , for land and sea routes . Since 1876 , a submarine cable connected Valparaíso and Lima . Later , at the beginning of the war , Antofagasta and Iquique became connected to the cable . Both navies tried to take control of the cable or severed it according to its military and naval interests . Lima was not connected by cable to Panama , the southernmost post of the North American cable network . Valparaíso had been connected to Buenos Aires by a cable over the Andes since July 26 , 1872 . Buenos Aires was connected via Uruguay and Brazil , to Portugal , Great Britain and from there to the USA over a submarine cable . It must be emphasized that La Paz , Bolivia 's capital city , was not connected by telegraph to the rest of the world . News coming from Tacna , Arica , or Antofagasta to La Paz had to be brought by foot or by horse . The alternative way was from Peruvian port Mollendo ( Querejazu : Moliendo ) per railroad to Puno then by boat service to Chichilaya , at the Bolivian shore of Lake Titicaca . The last route to La Paz was per horse or foot . The only telegraph in Bolivia was in Tupiza , 606 kilometres ( 377 mi ) South from La Paz , as the crow flies . Tupiza is located at the border to Argentina and was connected to Buenos Aires via telegraph . The traditional transport for long distances were the steamships which connected Valparaíso , Caldera , Antofagasta , Iquique , Arica and Lima to the rest of the world . The disruption of maritime trade routes and the unavailability of submarine telegraph cables from and in the war zone presented special problems for the press coverage of the war . On the other hand , the west coast was important for investors , farmers , manufacturers , and government officials because of their financial commitments . Hence , The Times of London as well as The New York Times covered the events of the war as much as possible , albeit in the absence of their own correspondents . Information was culled from Government representatives in Europe and the USA , from merchant houses and Lloyd 's of London , from articles printed in the Panama Star and Herald and also from Reuters . The result was a mix of brief telegraphic dispatches a few days old from cities with cable stations , along with lengthier ( but older ) reports carried by steamships to London or New York . For example , the Battle of Iquique occurred on 21 May , but first mention of it appeared in the May 30 edition of both The Times and The New York Times with an incorrect message . It was n't until 17 June that The Times was able to provide a reasonably accurate version of the battle . Atrocities ( edit ) Human remains of Bolivian , Chilean and Peruvian soldiers exhumed from makeshift graves after the Battle of Tacna before their definitive interment in the Mausoleum of the Tacna cemetery in 1910 . The three nations claimed to adhere to the Geneva Red Cross Convention to protect the war wounded , prisoners , refugees , civilians , and other non-combatants . At the onset of the war 30,000 Chileans were expelled from Peru ( within 8 days ) and Bolivia ( within 10 days ) and their property confiscated ; most of them had to shelter in the camps , boats and pontoons of the Peruvians ports until they were transported by ship to Antofagasta . It is calculated that 7,000 of the refugees from Peru enlisted in the Chilean battalions and their resentfulness would later influence the war . Peruvian and Bolivian residents in Chile were not expelled . Both sides complained that the other side had killed wounded soldiers after the battle , citing eyewitness accounts . Beside the Peruvian - Chilean slaughter in the irregular war after the occupation of Lima , an ethnic and social conflict was simmering in Peru between the indigenous peoples and ( Chinese ) coolies who had been enslaved by Peru 's white criollo and mestizo upper class . On 2 July 1884 the guerrillero Tomás Laymes and three of his men were executed in Huancayo by Caceres 's forces because of the atrocities and crimes committed by the guerrillas against the Peruvian inhabitants of the cities and hamlets . In Ayacucho , indigenous peoples stood up against `` the whites , '' and in Chincha , the Afro - Peruvians banded together against their owners in the Haciendas of `` Larán '' , `` San José '' and `` Hoja Redonda '' . Only the Peruvian army could forcibly suppress the revolt . Chinese coolies formed the battalion `` Vulcano '' within the Chilean Army . There were also inter-ethnic tensions under blacks and coolies . For example , in Cañete , 2000 coolies from the Haciendas `` Montalbán '' and `` Juan de Arona '' were massacred by black people . Foreign intervention ( edit ) The British historian B. Farcau states : Contrary to the concept of the `` merchants of death , '' the arms manufacturers of Europe and the United States conniving to keep alive the conflict , from which they had earned some welcome sales of their merchandise , the most influential foreign businessmen and their respective consuls and embassadors were the traders in nitrate and the holders of the growing stacks of debts of all the belligerents . They were all aware that the only way they could hope to receive payment on their loans and earn the profits from the nitrate business was to see the war ended and trade resumed on a normal footing without legal disputes over ownership of the resources of the region hanging over their heads Nonethelesses , belligerents were able to purchase torpedo boats , arms and munitions abroad and to circumvent ambiguous neutrality laws , and firms like Baring Brothers in London were not averse to dealing with both Chile and Peru . Arms were sold freely to whichever side could pay for them ( but not British warships ) . For example , in the 1879 -- 1880 period Peru acquired weapons from the United States , Europe , Costa Rica and Panama . Weapons offloaded on the Caribbean coast of Panama were sent overland to the Pacific coast by the isthmus railway . In the Pacific a number of ships including Talismán , Chalaco , Limeña , Estrella , Enriqueta and Guadiana transported the cargo to Peru . This trade was done with the consent of the president of the Sovereign State of Panamá ( then part of Colombia ) . The Chilean consul in Panama persistently protested against this trade citing a Chile -- Colombia agreement of 1844 that prohibited Colombia from providing war supplies to Chile 's enemies . After the Chilean occupation of Arica , Tarapacá and Antofagasta , the governments of Peru and Bolivia turned to the United States of America to block Chilean annexation of the occupied territories as their last hope . US diplomats were worried that European powers might be tempted to intervene in the Pacific . The Bolivian Minister in Washington offered US - Secretary of State William Maxwell Evarts the prospects of lucrative guano and nitrate concessions to US investors in return for official protection of Bolivia 's territorial integrity . Isaac P. Christiancy , US Minister in Peru , organized the USS Lackwanna conference , which ultimately failed as none of the belligerents was ready to negotiate their pretensions . Earlier , Christiancy had written to the USA that Peru should be annexed for a period of ten years , then admitted in the Union to provide the United States with access to the rich markets of South America . In 1881 , James Garfield took the oath of office in the USA and his anglophobic Secretary of State James G. Blaine was a proponent of an assertive role for the USA in the War of the Pacific ostensibly regarding the interests of promoting US ownership of nitrate and guano concesions . Blaine argued that the South American republics `` are young sisters of this government '' and he would not tolerate European intervention in South America . The groups `` Credit Industriel '' and `` Peruvian Company '' , representing European and American creditors , had guaranteed to the Peruvian provisional government of García Calderón to pay the Peruvian external debt and the reparations to Chile , but in return the Peruvian government would have to grant mining concessions in Tarapacá to these corporations . With the acquiescence of García Calderon , both companies began to lobby in the United States for the territories to remain under Peruvian sovereignty . For example , the US `` Levi P. Morton , Bliss and Company '' would get a monopoly on the sales of Peruvian nitrate in the USA . Beside the economic plans , Stephen A. Hurlbut , ( Christiancy 's successor ) had negotiated with García Calderón the cession to the USA of a naval base in Chimbote and the railroads to the coal mines upcountry . When it became known that Blaine 's representative in Peru , Hurlbut , would personally profit from the settlement , it was clear he was complicating the peace process These American attempts reinforced Garcia Calderon 's refusal to discuss the matter of territorial cession . Blaine then dispatched William H. Trescot in a mission to Chile to establish that problems would be resolved through arbitration and acts of war would not justify territorial seizures . After the assassination of Garfield ( 2 July 1881 ) and the accession of Chester A. Arthur to the presidency , Blaine was replaced by Frederik T. Frelinghuysen as secretary of state . Frelinghuysen thought that the USA was in no position to back Blaine 's policy and recalled the Trescot mission . Kenneth D. Lehmann states about the USA policy : Washington had interjected itself into the middle of the controversy without developing a realistic position : the moralizing of the United States had an air of hypocrisy in light of his own history , and veiled threats carried no weight . Regarding a British intervention in the war , the British marxist historian Victor Kiernan states : `` It should be emphasized that the Foreign Office never at any time contemplated any kind of active intervention ... It was especially scrupulous in seeing to it that no warships were smuggled out for sale to either side , for it was in mortal dread of another Alabama Award . '' During the war , the British government embargoed four warships sold to Chile and Perú . Looting , damages and war reparations ( edit ) Caricature in the Chilean magazine Padre Cobos . Minister Balmaceda washes his hands of responsibility and ordered Intendent of Santiago Mackenna to get rid of the heavy Peruvian lion . The Santiago elite observes with pleasure the arrival of the statue . `` Padre Cobos '' and a black child have a nice time playing around . The case of lootings and war reparations done by Chilean occupation forces in Peru has caused controversy between historians : being overlooked in Chile and as a source of anti-Chilean sentiment in Peru . The Chilean historian Milton Godoy Orellana distinguishes four events : 1 ) Looting after the battle of Chorillos y Miraflores 2 ) Looting by Peruvians in Lima before the Chilean troops entered the city 3 ) The Chilean confiscation of locomotives , rails , printing machines , weapons , etc. ( although this expropriation proceeding was allowed in the law of war of the 19th century ) . The Chilean government tried to control it through the `` Oficina Recaudadora de las Contribuciones de Guerra '' whose tasks were : to inventory , to realize the confiscation , to record and to confirm the transport to Chile , the destination , and the sender . Allegedly , the strategic purposes were to obtain the peace . There is no general list of the confiscated goods , but many of the shipments were registered in private and official letters , newspaper articles , manifests , etc . 4 ) The seizure of cultural assets of Peru by the Chileans and Peruvians . The development of international law regarding the protection of cultural objects evolved over the 19th and 20th centuries , but the idea of protecting cultural assets first emerged in Europe during the 18th century . The Lieber Code of 1863 , while it unconditionally protected works of art during an armed conflict ( Art . 35 ) , expressly consented to the utilization of cultural property as war reparations ( Art. 36 ) . In fact , Sergio Villalobos states that in 18171 the USA accepted the confiscation of art works but the 1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War asserted that the cultural assets were to be considered as protected . In March 1881 , the Chilean Government of Lima began to seize the Biblioteca Nacional del Perú , 45,000 books were seized , but it is a fact that some of the books were sold in Lima by Peruvians , hence it is contested how much of the booty was taken by the Chilean forces . In any case , in late March 1881 , the part of the books arrived to Chile and the press began to inform and discuss about the legitimacy of confiscation of oil paintings , books , statues , etc. , or `` international robbery '' as a journalist of `` La Epoca '' described it . On 4 January 1883 , in a session of the Chilean Congress , the deputy Augusto Matte Pérez questioned Minister of the Interior José Manuel Balmaceda about the `` opprobrious and humiliating '' shipments of Peruvian cultural assets . Deputy Montt asked the devolution of the assets and was supported by deputies McClure and Puelma . The minister vowed to impede further exactions and to repatriate the objects mentioned in the discussion . Apparently he did it , because the shipments stopped and the mentioned statues are not any more in that place . But not until November 2007 did Chile return 3,778 stolen books to the Biblioteca Nacional del Perú . S. Villalobos asserts that `` There was no justification for the theft '' . Another issue was the damage due to acts of war on properties owned by citizens of neutral countries . In 1884 , the Tribunales Arbitrales were constituted with a Chilean judge , a judge named by the country of the claimant , and a Brazilian judge , to deal with the claims of citizens from Great Britain ( 118 claims ) , Italy ( 440 claims ) and France ( 89 claims ) . A tribunal was established in 1886 for German citizens . The `` Italian '' tribunal also dealt with Belgian citizens and the `` German '' tribunal acted for Austrian and Swiss citizens . Spaniards accepted the decision of the Chilean state without tribunal assistance and the USA did not agree at that time . According to international law , animus manendi claims by foreign citizens could only be made if the damaged property had been in an actual battleground ( among others : Arica , Chorrillos and Miraflores ; Pisagua and Tacna were in a similar situation ) , while damages caused by individual or scattered soldiers were dismissed . Only 3.6 % ( CLP 1,080,562 ) of the demanded value was recognized by the tribunals . According to Villalobos , the verdicts prove that the accusations against the Chilean forces were exaggerated by Peruvians because of wounded pride and by foreign citizens because of monetary interests . Consequences ( edit ) Main article : Consequences of the War of the Pacific The war had a profound and long lasting effect on the societies of the involved countries . The peace negotiations continued until 1929 , but the war was finally over in 1884 for all practical purposes . See also ( edit ) General reference Media related to War of the Pacific at Wikimedia Commons Events leading Chincha Islands War War of the Confederation Border dispute Atacama border dispute Puna de Atacama dispute Ecuadorian -- Peruvian territorial dispute of 1857 -- 60 Economy Long Depression Guano Era Grace Contract Auguste Dreyfus Henry Meiggs Peace treaties Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia Aftermath Chilean -- Peruvian maritime dispute Chile -- Peru relations Bolivia -- Chile relations Bolivia -- Peru relations Anti-Chilean sentiment Cultural impact es : Amargo mar , Bolivian film 1984 directed by Antonio Equino Todo por la Patria , Chilean silent film 1918 directed by Arturo Mario ( Pedro Sienna as actor ) Caliche sangriento , Chilean film 1969 directed by Helvio Soto es : Epopeya ( miniserie ) , Chilean documentary about the war es : Adiós al Séptimo de Línea ( novela ) , 1965 Roman by Chilean author Jorge Inostroza Cuevas . Later es : Adiós al Séptimo de Línea ( Marcha ) , es : Adiós al séptimo de línea ( serie de televisión ) Páginas Heróicas , Peruvian silent film 1926 , censored 1926 in occasion of the Tacna - Arica negotiations Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Bolivian law of 22 November said ( Querejazu 1979 , pp. 181 -- 182 ) : Se autoriza al Ejecutivo para transar sobre indemnización y otros reclamos pendientes en la actualidad , y para acordar con las partes interesadas la forma más conveniente en que habrán de llenarse sus obligaciones respectivas ; defiriéndose estos asuntos , sólo en los casos de no avenimiento , a la decisión de la Corte Suprema , con cargo a dar cuenta a la próxima legislatura . Jump up ^ The Bolivian 5th Division started on 11 October 1879 from Cotagaita bound for Antofagasta , then it was reordered to Iquique , then to Tacna , then to repress any rebellion against Daza in South Bolivia and finally arrived to Oruro 19 Januar 1880 . It never entered the Bolivian Litoral but later fought in the Battle of Tacna . Querejazu states that its wandering in Potosi and Oruro was a prove that Daza had been bribed by Chile . See also commons : File : Ruta 5 . division de Camacho , en 1879 - 80. svg . Jump up ^ The cruisers Arturo Prat y Esmeralda built in England for Chile and the es : BAP Lima ( Sócrates ) and the USS Topeka ( PG - 35 ) ( Diógenes ) built in Germany but armed in Britain for Perú . The greek names were a legend to conceal their real destination . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 51 Table 2 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 45 Table 1 ^ Jump up to : Sater 2007 , pp. 113 -- 4 Table 6 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 274 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 58 Table 3 ^ Jump up to : Sater 2007 , p. 263 ^ Jump up to : Sater , pp. 349 Table 23 . ^ Jump up to : Sater , pp. 348 Table 22 . The statistics on battlefield deaths are inaccurate because they do not provide follow up information on those who subsequently died of their wounds . Jump up ^ William F. Sater , `` War of the Pacific '' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 5 , pp. 438 - 441 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Jump up ^ Vincent Peloso , `` History of Peru '' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 4 , p. 367 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Jump up ^ St. John , Ronald Bruce ; Schofield , Clive ( 1994 ) . The Bolivia -- Chile -- Peru Dispute in the Atacama Desert . University of Durham , International Boundaries Research Unit . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 1897643144 . ^ Jump up to : Joao Resende - Santos ( 23 July 2007 ) . Neorealism , States , and the Modern Mass Army . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46633 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Guano War of 1865 -- 1866 , retrieved on 22 December 2014 Jump up ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa , Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha , La Paz , 2007 ( Quechua - Spanish dictionary ) 0 Jump up ^ Arie Marcelo Kacowicz ( 1998 ) . Zones of Peace in the Third World : South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective . SUNY Press . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bethell , Leslie . 1993 . Chile Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Jorge Iván ; Gundermann , Hans ( 2012 ) . `` Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos , Chile '' . Chungara ( in Spanish ) . University of Tarapacá. 44 ( 1 ) : 121 . doi : 10.4067 / s0717 - 73562012000100009 . Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros , Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas , Sarmiento y Tejedor proponen al Congreso la adhesión al tratado secreto peruano - boliviano del 6 de febrero de 1873 , retrieved on 13 November 2013 , archiveurl = `` https://web.archive.org/web/20131113210142/http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-066.htm '' Jump up ^ R. Querejazu 1995 Cap . XXVII La Alianza secreta de Bolivia y el Peru Jump up ^ http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-081.htm Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas , La misión Balmaceda : asegurar la neutralidad argentina en la guerra del Pacífico , Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros Jump up ^ Emilio Ruiz - Tagle Orrego ( 1992 ) . Bolivia y Chile : el conflicto del Pacífico . Andres Bello . pp. 149 -- . ISBN 978 - 956 - 13 - 0954 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bulnes 1920 , p. 57 Bulnes dice : The synthesis of the Secret Treaty was this : opportunity : the disarmed condition of Chile ; the pretext to produce conflict : Bolivia ; the profit of the business : Patagonia and the salitre ; ( Traducción : La síntesis del tratado secreto es : oportunidad : la condición desarmada de Chile ; el pretexto para producir el conflicto : Bolivia ; la ganancia del negocio : Patagonia y el salitre ;) Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 , p . Cap. 1 , pág. 12 , La transacción de 1873 y el tratado de 1874 entre Chile y Bolivia Basadre dice : La gestión diplomática peruana en 1873 ante la Cancillería de Bolivia fue en el sentido de que aprovechara los momentos anteriores a la llegada de los blindados chilenos para terminar las fatigosas disputas sobre el tratado de 1866 y de que lo denunciase para sustituirlo por un arreglo más conveniente , o bien para dar lugar , con la ruptura de las negociaciones , a la mediación del Perú y la Argentina . o en La alianza al crear el eje Lima - La Paz con ánimo de convertirlo en un eje Lima - La Paz - Buenos Aires , pretendió forjar un instrumento para garantizar la paz y la estabilidad en las fronteras americanas buscando la defensa del equilibrio continental como había propugnado `` La Patria '' de Lima. ( Cap . 1 , pág. 8 ) anteriormente Basadre expuso lo explicado por `` La Patria '' : El Perú , según este articulista , tenía derecho para pedir la reconsideración del tratado de 1866 . La anexión de Atacama a Chile ( así como también la de Patagonia ) envolvía una trascendencia muy vasta y conducía a complicaciones muy graves contra la familia hispanoamericana . El Perú defendiendo a Bolivia , a sí mismo y al Derecho , debía presidir la coalición de todos los Estados interesados para reducir a Chile al límite que quería sobrepasar , en agravio general del uti possidetis en el Pacífico . La paz continental debía basarse en el equilibrio continental ... Se publicaron estas palabras en vísperas de que fuese suscrito el tratado secreto peruano - boliviano. ( Cap . 1 , pág. 6 ) Jump up ^ Yrigoyen 1921 , p. 129 Yrigoyen dice : Tan profundamente convencido estaba el gobierno peruano de la necesidad que había de perfeccionar la adhesión de la Argentina al Tratado de alianza Peru - boliviano , antes de que recibiera Chile sus blindados , a fin de poderle exigir a este país pacíficamente el sometimiento al arbitraje de sus pretensiones territoriales , que , apenas fueron recibidas en Lima las observaciones formuladas por el Canciller Tejedor , se correspondió a ellas en los siguientes términos ... ( pág. 129 ) Jump up ^ R. Querejazu 1995 Cap . XXVII , La maniobra leguleyesca ^ Jump up to : Basadre , 1964 & Chapter 1 , `` Significado del tratado de la alianza '' Jump up ^ Jefferson Dennis 1927 , p. 80 , Sotomayor letter urging Bolivia to break her alliance with Peru Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 , p. 2282 `` The beginning of the Peruvian naval inferiority and lack of initiative for preventive war '' Jump up ^ Nicolás Cruz ; Ascanio Cavallo ( 1981 ) . Las guerras de la guerra : Perú , Bolivia y Chile frente al conflicto de 1879 . Instituto Chileno de Estudios Humanísticos . ^ Jump up to : Sater 2007 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Historia contemporánea de Chile III . La economía : mercados empresarios y trabajadores. 2002 . Gabriel Salazar and Julio Pinto . p. 25 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Salazar & Pinto 2002 , pp. 25 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Pinto Rodríguez , Jorge ( 1992 ) , `` Crisis económica y expansión territorial : la ocupación de la Araucanía en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX '' , Estudios Sociales , 72 Jump up ^ David Healy ( 1 January 2001 ) . James G. Blaine and Latin America . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 6329 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fredrick B. Pike , `` Chile and the United States , 1880 -- 1962 '' , University of Notre Dame Press 1963 , page 33 Jump up ^ Mauricio Rubilar Luengo , `` La Política exterior de Chile durante la guerra y postguerra del Pacífico '' , pdf , Universidad de Vallalodid Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Farcau 2000 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Leslie Bethell , The Cambridge History of Latin America , 2009 , page 541 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 38 , 39 ^ Jump up to : Fredrick B. Pike ( 1 January 1977 ) . The United States and the Andean Republics : Peru , Bolivia , and Ecuador . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 92300 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Peruvian historian Alejandro Reyes Flores , Relaciones Internacionales en el Pacífico Sur , in La Guerra del Pacífico , Volumen 1 , Wilson Reategui , Alejandro Reyes & others , Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , Lima 1979 , page 110 : Jorge Basadre respecto a este problema económico crucial dice Al realizar el estado peruano con la ley del 28 de marzo de 1875 , la expropiación y monopolio de las salitreras de Tarapacá , era necesario evitar la competencia de las salitreras del Toco ( in Bolivia ) ... Aquí es donde se internacionalizaba el conflicto , pues estas salitreras , económicamente estaban en poder de chilenos y británicos ^ Jump up to : Greenhill , Robert and Miller , Rory. ( 1973 ) . The Peruvian Government and the Nitrate Trade , 1873 -- 1879 . Journal of Latin American Studies 5 : pp 107 -- 131 . Jump up ^ A History of the British Presence in Chile : From Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence , William Edmundson , 2009 , ISBN 0230101216 , 9780230101210 , 288 pages , page 160 Jump up ^ Harold Blackmore , The Politics of Nitrate in Chile , Pressure Groups and Policies , 1870 -- 1896 , Some Unanswered Questions Jump up ^ Querejazu 1979 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Querejazu 1979 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Merlet Sanhueza , Enrique ( 1997 ) . Juan José Latorre : héroe de Angamos . Editorial Andrés Bello . p. 31 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Luis Ortega , `` Los Empresarios , la política y los orígenes de la Guerra del Pacífico '' , Flacso , Santiago de Chile , 1984 , page 17 ^ Jump up to : Sater 2007 , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Collier , Simon ( 1996 ) . A History of Chile , 1808 -- 1994 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56827 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greenhill 1973 ^ Jump up to : Manuel Ravest Mora , `` La Casa Gibbs y el Monopolio Salitrero Peruano , 1876 -- 1878 '' , Historia N ° 41 , vol . I , enero - junio 2008 : 63 -- 77 , ISSN 0073 - 2435 Jump up ^ Greenhill 1973 Jump up ^ O'Brien 1980 Jump up ^ Greenhill 1973 Jump up ^ O'Brien 1980 ^ Jump up to : St. John , Ronald Bruce ( 1992 ) . Foreign Policy of Peru . Colorado , USA : Lynne Rienner Publishers , Inc. p. 105 . ISBN 1 - 55587 - 304 - 9 . Jump up ^ Querejazu 1979 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Sater 2007 , p. 28 Jump up ^ R. Querejazu 1995 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Manuel Ravest Mora . La Compañía Salitrera y la Ocupación de Antofagasta 1878 -- 1879 . Andres Bello . GGKEY : BNK53LBKGDQ . Jump up ^ Edmundson , William ( 2011 ) . The Nitrate King : A Biography of `` Colonel '' John Thomas North . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0230112803 . Jump up ^ Barros Arana 1881a , p. 59 Jump up ^ Bulnes 1920 , pp. 42 Jump up ^ Bulnes 1911 , pp. 162 Jump up ^ Bulnes 1911 , pp. 170 Jump up ^ Basadre , 1964 & Chapter 1 , Los tres obstáculos para el éxito de la mediación : la condición impuesta por el gobierno peruano en sus instrucciones para que Chile fuese a la desocupación previa del litoral ocupado sin prometer la suspensión del decreto boliviano sobre expropiación de los bienes de la Compañía de Antofagasta o la modificación del impuesto de los 10 centavos Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Basadre , 1964 & Chapter 1 , La declaratoria de guerra de Bolivia a Chile como recurso para hacer fracasar a Lavalle : La versión chilena fue que Bolivia quiso impedir que Chile se armara . En realidad , Daza buscó la forma de malograr la misión Lavalle . ^ Jump up to : Bulnes 1920 Jump up ^ Jefferson Dennis 1927 , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Sater 2007 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : El ejército de Chile en vísperas de la Guerra del Pacífico , Valentina Verbal Stockmayer , Universidad Viña del Mar , Chile , Historia 396 , ISSN 0719 - 0719 , No 1 -- 2014 ( 135 -- 165 ) Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 21 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Estado Mayor del Ejército de Chile , Historia del Ejército de Chile , Tomo 5 Jump up ^ Mellington , Herbert ( 1948 ) . American Diplomacy and the War of the Pacific . Colunbia University Press . p. 31 . `` The press in the United States was also almost unanimous in predicting the sound defeat of Chile '' ^ Jump up to : St John , Ronald Bruce ( 1992 ) . Foreign policy of Peru . Lynne Rienner Publishers . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 304 - 2 . `` '' ... the fact that a Chilean victory at the outset was far from certain . Jump up ^ Kiernan 1955 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 , p. 39 Cap. I `` La actitud de la opinión pública peruana '' Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 , pp. 52 -- 53 Cap. I `` El Perú y Chile en su evolución republicana '' Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Bulnes 1919 , p. 616 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 65 As the earlier discussion of the geography of the Atacama region illustrates , control of the sea lanes along the coast would be absolutely vital to the success of a land campaign there ^ Jump up to : Farcau 2000 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 102 and ff `` ... to anyone willing to sail under Bolivia 's colors ... '' Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Sater 2007 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Robert N. Burr ( 1967 ) . By Reason Or Force : Chile and the Balancing of Power in South America , 1830 -- 1905 . University of California Press . pp. 145 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02629 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence A. Clayton ( 1985 ) . Grace : W.R. Grace & Co. , the Formative Years , 1850 -- 1930 . Lawrence Clayton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915463 - 25 - 1 . Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 214 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 113 -- 114 `` There are numerous differences of opinion as to the ships ' speed and armament . Some of these differences can be attributed to the fact that the various sources may have been evaluating the ships at different times . '' ^ Jump up to : Basadre , 1964 & Chapter 2 , `` El combate de Angamos '' Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Basadre , Histroria de la Republica , pág. 2357 . J. Basadre cites Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna : `` Tarapacá era una tumba . Estratégicamente hablando era aquel un ejército perdido porque no tenía base de operaciones , ni líneas de comunicación , ni línea de retirada '' . Jump up ^ Basadre , Histroria de la República , pág. 2353 Jump up ^ R. Querejazu C. , Guano , Salitre y Sangre , page 365 , version pdf . Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 171 -- 172 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 181 Jump up ^ Bulnes 1914 , p. 14 Jump up ^ John L. Rector ( 29 November 2005 ) . The History of Chile . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6257 - 7 . Jump up ^ Thomas F. O'Brien , `` The Antofagasta Company : A Case Study of Peripheral Capitalism '' , Duke University Press , Hispanic American Historical Review , 1980 , pág. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 120 '' Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 Cap . IV `` La crisis hacendaria y política '' Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 , p. 31 Cap. IV `` Proclamación de la dictadura '' Jump up ^ Diario El Mercurio , del Domingo 28 de abril de 2002 en archive.org Jump up ^ Méndez Notari , Carlos ( 2009 ) . Héroes del Silencio , Veteranos De La Guerra del Pacífico ( 1884 -- 1924 ) . Santiago : Centro de Estudios Bicentenario . ISBN 978 - 956 - 8147 - 77 - 8 . Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 222 `` Baquedano could not simply bypass the Peruvian troops , whose presence threatened Moquegua as well as the communications network extending southeast across the Locumba Valley to Tacna and northwest to Arequipa and northeast to Bolivia '' Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 138 specifies 3,100 men in Arequipa , 2,000 men in Arica and 9,000 men in Tacna , but this figure contradicts the total numbers given ( below ) by William F. Sater in page 229 . Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 138 `` ... it became evident that there was a total lack of the necessary transport for even the minimum amount of supplies and water '' Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 227 `` The allied force , he ( Campero ) concluded lacked sufficient transport to move into the field its artillery as well as its rations and , more significantly , its supplies of water '' Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 256 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 1147 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 152 `` Lynch 's force consisted of the 1 ° Line Regiment and the Regiments `` Talca '' and `` Colchagua '' , a battery of mountain howitzers , and a small cavalry squadron for a total of twenty - two hundred man '' Jump up ^ Barros Arana 1881b , p. 98 `` ( The Chilean government thought that it was possible to demonstrate to the enemy the futility of any defense of Peruvian territory not only against the whole ( Chilean ) army but also against small ( Chilean ) divisions . That was the purpose of the expedition , which the claims , insults , and affliction in the official documents of Peru and in the press had made famous '' ( Original : `` ( El gobierno chileno ) Creía entonces que todavía era posible demostrar prácticamente al enemigo la imposibilidad en que se hallaba para defender el territorio peruano no ya contra un ejército numeroso sino contra pequeñas divisiones . Este fué el objeto de una espedicion que las quejas , los insultos i las lamentaciones de los documentos oficiales del Perú , i de los escritos de su prensa , han hecho famosa . '' ) Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 , p. 2475 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Barros Arana 1881a : `` Bluntschili ( Derecho internacional codificado ) dice espresamente lo que sigue : Árt. 544 . Cuando el enemigo ha tomado posesión efectiva de una parte del territorio , el gobierno del otro estado deja de ejercer alli el poder . Los habitantes del territorio ocupado están eximidos de todos los deberes i obligaciones respecto del gobierno anterior , i están obligados a obedecer a los jefes del ejército de ocupación . '' Jump up ^ Johann Kaspar Bluntschli ( 1870 ) . Le droit international codifié . Guillaumin et Cie . pp. 290 -- . Jump up ^ Villalobos 2004 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 153 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , pp. 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Sater 1986 , p. 274 ^ Jump up to : Francisco Machuca ( 1929 ) , `` Las Cuatro Campañas de la Guerra del Pacífico : La campaña de Lima '' Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Sater 1986 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros , Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas , El tratado del 23 de julio de 1881 , retrieved on 18 December 2014 , archiveurl = `` https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225428/http://www.argentina-rree.com/6/6-088.htm '' Jump up ^ See `` The Strait of Magellan '' , Michael Morris , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0181 - 1 , pages 120 and 121 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 302 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 301 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 303 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 301 -- 302 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 300 Jump up ^ infografía del Instituto Geográfico Militar de Chile , retrieved on 14 May 2015 Jump up ^ Bulnes 1919 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 309 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 312 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 315 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 329 Jump up ^ Congreso del Perú , Grito de Montán , retrieved on 24 March 2005 ) Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 317 -- 338 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , pp. 183 -- 187 Jump up ^ Folia Dermatológica Peruana , Vol. 10 No. 1 Marzo de 1999 . Foto en Imágenes de la Enfermedad de Carrión por Uriel García Cáceres y Fernando Uriel García V . Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 340ff Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 340 Jump up ^ Florencia E. Mallon ( 14 July 2014 ) . The Defense of Community in Peru 's Central Highlands : Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition , 1860 -- 1940 . Princeton University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 5604 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barros , Mario ( 1970 ) . Historia diplomática de Chile , 1541 -- 1938 . Andres Bello . GGKEY : 7T4TB12B4GQ . Jump up ^ English 1985 , p. 372 ^ Jump up to : Scheina 2003 , p. 377 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 48 Jump up ^ English 1985 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Stanislav Andreski Wars , revolutions , dictatorships : studies of historical and contemporary problems from a comparative viewpoint page 105 : ( ... ) Chile 's army and fleet were better equipped , organized and commanded ( ... ) Jump up ^ Helen Miller Bailey , Abraham Phineas Nasatir Latin America : the development of its civilization page 492 : Chile was a much more modernized nation with better - trained and better - equipped Jump up ^ Scheina 2003 , pp. 376 -- 377 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Dorothea , Martin . `` Chinese Migration into Latin America -- Diaspora or Sojourns in Peru ? '' ( pdf ) . Appalachian State University . p. 10 . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Ambiguous Relationship : Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan by Richard W. Turk ; Greenwood Press , 1987 . 183 pgs. page 10 Jump up ^ Larrie D. Ferreiro ' Mahan and the `` English Club '' of Lima , Peru : The Genesis of The Influence of Sea Power upon History ' , The Journal of Military History -- Volume 72 , Number 3 , July 2008 , pp. 901 -- 906 ^ Jump up to : John A. Britton ( 30 December 2013 ) . Cables , Crises , and the Press : The Geopolitics of the New Information System in the Americas , 1866 -- 1903 . UNM Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 5398 - 6 . Jump up ^ Augusto Pinochet Ugarte . La Guerra Del Pacífico . Andres Bello . pp. 20 -- . GGKEY : TLF0S8WSFAA . Jump up ^ Mauricio Pelayo González ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Combate Naval de Antofagasta '' . www.laguerradelpacifico.cl . www.laguerradelpacifico.cl . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Querejazu 1979 , p. 230 Jump up ^ R. Querejazu 1995 Cap XXXI Que se rinda su abuela carajo ! Jump up ^ Website `` Soberaniachile.cl '' , http://www.soberaniachile.cl/mitos_sobre_los_trofeos_de_guerra_peruanos_traidos_a_chile.html , retrieved on 16 December 2014 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Francisco Antonio Encina , `` Historia de Chile '' , page 8 , cited in Valentina Verbal Stockmeyer , `` El Ejército de Chile en vísperas de la Guerra del Pacífico '' , Historia 396 ISSN 0719 - 0719 N ° 1 2014 ( 135 -- 165 ) , page 160 Jump up ^ Villalobos 2004 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Villalobos 2004 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Villalobos 2004 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Pereyra Plasencia , Hugo ( 2005 ) . Una aproximación política , social y cultural a la figura de Andrés Cáceres entre 1882 y 1883 ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . ^ Jump up to : Hugo Pereira , Una revisión histográfica de la ejecución del guerrillero Tomás Laymes , in Trabajos sobre la Guerra del Pacífico , Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. page 269 and ff . Jump up ^ Oliver García Meza , Los chinos en la Guerra del Pacífico , Revista Marina , retrieved on 12 November 2013 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 160,165 Jump up ^ Ramon Aranda de los Rios , Carmela Sotomayor Roggero , Una sublevación negra en Chincha : 1879 , pages 238 & ff in `` La Guerra del Pacífico '' , Volumen 1 , Wilson Reategui , Wilfredo Kapsoli & others , Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , Lima , 1979 Jump up ^ Wilfredo Kapsoli , El Peru en una coyuntura de crisis , 1879 -- 1883 , pages 35 -- 36 in `` La Guerra del Pacífico '' , Volumen 1 , Wilson Reategui , Wilfredo Kapsoli & others , Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , Lima , 1979 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 324 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Kiernan 1955 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Rubilar Luengo , Mauricio E. ( 2004 ) , `` Guerra y diplomacia : las relaciones chileno - colombianas durante la guerra y postguerra del Pacífico ( 1879 -- 1886 ) '' , Revista Universum ( in Spanish ) , 19 ( 1 ) : 148 -- 175 , doi : 10.4067 / s0718 - 23762004000100009 ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Duane Lehman ( 1999 ) . Bolivia and the United States : A Limited Partnership . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2116 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 304 -- 306 `` The anglophobic secretary of state ... '' Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Sater 2007 , pp. 304 -- 306 Jump up ^ Basadre 1964 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Rafael Mellafe Maturana , `` La ayuda inglesa a Chile durante la Guerra del Pacífico . ¿ Mito o realidad ? '' en Cuaderno de historia militar , nr. 12 , diciembre de 2012 , Departamento de historia militar del Ejército de Chile , página 69 Jump up ^ GODOY ORELLANA , Milton . `` HA TRAÍDO HASTA NOSOTROS DESDE TERRITORIO ENEMIGO , EL ALUD DE LA GUERRA : CONFISCACIÓN DE MAQUINARIAS Y APROPIACIÓN DE BIENES CULTURALES DURANTE LA OCUPACIÓN DE LIMA , 1881 -- 1883 '' . Historia ( Santiago ) ( online ) . 2011 , vol. 44 , n. 2 ( citado 2014 - 10 - 26 ) , pp. 287 -- 327 . Disponible en : < http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-71942011000200002&lng=es&nrm=iso > . ISSN 0717 - 7194 . Jump up ^ Cunning , Andrera ( 2003 ) . `` Safeguarding of Cultural Property in Times of War & ( and ) Peace , The '' . 11 ( 1 Article 6 ) . Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law : 214 . Jump up ^ Andrea Gattini , Restitution by Russia of Works of Art Removed from German Territory at the End of the Second World War , http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/7/1/1356.pdf , page 70 ^ Jump up to : Villalobos 2004 , p. 230 Jump up ^ Collyns , Dan ( November 7 , 2007 ) . `` Chile returns looted Peru books '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Villalobos 2004 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Villalobos 2004 , pp. 259 -- 262 Jump up ^ Farcau 2000 , p. 191 Jump up ^ filmaffinity web site , retrieved on 15 April 2015 Jump up ^ Páginas Heróicas Further reading ( edit ) Barros Arana , Diego ( 1881a ) . Historia de la guerra del Pacífico ( 1879 -- 1880 ) ( History of the War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 1880 ) ) ( in Spanish ) . 1 . Santiago , Chile : Librería Central de Servat i C . Barros Arana , Diego ( 1881b ) . Historia de la guerra del Pacífico ( 1879 -- 1880 ) ( in Spanish ) . 2 . Santiago , Chile : Librería Central de Servat i C . Basadre , Jorge ( 1964 ) . Historia de la Republica del Peru , La guerra con Chile ( in Spanish ) . Lima , Peru : Peruamerica S.A. , . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Boyd . Robert N. Chili : Sketches of Chili and the Chilians During the War 1879 - 1880 . ( 1881 ) Bulnes , Gonzalo ( 1920 ) . Chile and Peru : the causes of the war of 1879 . Santiago , Chile : Imprenta Universitaria . Villalobos , Sergio ( 2004 ) . Chile y Perú , la historia que nos une y nos separa , 1535 -- 1883 ( in Spanish ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Chile : Editorial Universitaria . ISBN 9789561116016 . English , Adrian J. ( 1985 ) . Armed forces of Latin America : their histories , development , present strength , and military potential . Jane 's Information Group , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7106 - 0321 - 0 . Farcau , Bruce W. ( 2000 ) . The Ten Cents War , Chile , Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific , 1879 -- 1884 . Westport , Connecticut , London : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96925 - 7 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jefferson Dennis , William ( 1927 ) . `` Documentary history of the Tacna - Arica dispute from University of Iowa studies in the social sciences '' . 8 . Iowa : University Iowa City . Paz Soldan , Mariano Felipe ( 1884 ) . Narracion Historica de la Guerra de Chile contra Peru y Bolivia ( Historical narration of the Chile 's War against Peru and Bolivia ) ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires , Argentina : Imprenta y Libreria de Mayo , calle Peru 115 . Sater , William F. ( 2007 ) . Andean Tragedy : Fighting the War of the Pacific , 1879 -- 1884 . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4334 - 7 . Sater , William F. ( 1986 ) . Chile and the War of the Pacific . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4155 - 8 . Scheina , Robert L. ( 2003 ) . Latin America 's Wars : The age of the caudillo , 1791 -- 1899 . Potomac Books , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 450 - 0 . O'Brien , Thomas F. ( 1980 ) . `` The Antofagasta Company : A Case Study of Peripheral Capitalism '' . Duke University Press : Hispanic American Historical Review . Querejazu Calvo , Roberto ( 1979 ) . Guano , Salitre y Sangre ( in Spanish ) . La Paz - Cochabamba , Bolivia : Editorial los amigos del Libro . Querejazu Calvo , Roberto ( 1995 ) . Aclaraciones históricas sobre la Guerra del Pacífico ( in Spanish ) . La Paz , Bolivia : Editorial los amigos del Libro . Kiernan , Victor ( 1955 ) . `` Foreign Interests in the War of the Pacific '' . XXXV ( pages 14 -- 36 ed . ) . Duke University Press : Hispanic American Historical Review . Yrigoyen , Pedro ( 1921 ) . `` La alianza perú - boliviano - argentina y la declaratoria de guerra de Chile '' ( in Spanish ) . Lima : San Marti & Cía . Impresores . External links ( edit ) Chilean caricatures during the war in Tesis of Patricio Ibarra Cifuentes , Universidad de Chile , 2009 . Article Caliche : the conflict mineral that fuelled the first world war in The Guardian by Daniel A. Gross , 2 June 2014 . War of the Pacific Participants Allied Peru Bolivia Chile Chile Timeline preliminary Atacama border dispute Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia Treaty of Defensive Alliance ( Bolivia -- Peru ) Peruvian Saltpeter Monopoly Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia 1879 Refugees Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879 Naval Maneuvers Naval Campaign of the War of the Pacific Blockade of Iquique Naval Battles Battle of Chipana Battle of Iquique Battle of Punta Gruesa Battle of Angamos Amphibious Battle of Pisagua Land Battles Land Campaign of the War of the Pacific Battle of Topater Tarapacá Campaign Battle of Tarapacá Battle of San Francisco 1880 Tacna and Arica Campaign Battle of Arica Bombardment of Callao Battle of Los Ángeles Battle of Tacna Order of Battle at Tacna 1881 Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos Chorrillos order of battle Battle of Miraflores Occupation of Lima Chilean occupation of Peru Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina Battle of Sangra 1882 Battle of La Concepción Battle of Pucará 1883 Battle of Huamachuco Ending Treaty of Ancón Treaty of Valparaíso Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia Treaty of Lima ( 1929 ) Aspects General Toro Submarino Strategies of the War of the Pacific Aftermath Chilean -- Peruvian maritime dispute Puna de Atacama dispute Consequences of the War of the Pacific Personal Peru Miguel Grau Francisco Bolognesi Andres Caceres Mariano Ignacio Prado Alfonso Ugarte Mariano Bustamante Nicolás de Piérola Lizardo Montero Flores Melitón Carvajal Mariano Bustamante Juan Buendía Juan Fanning Juan Guillermo More Miguel Iglesias Mariano Ignacio Prado Francisco García Calderón Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez Bolivia Eduardo Abaroa Ladislao Cabrera Narciso Campero Hilarion Daza Mariano Baptista Chile Irene Morales Juan de Dios Aldea José Luis Araneda Carrasco Manuel Baquedano Santiago Amengual Balbontín Orozimbo Barbosa Manuel Bulnes Pinto Estanislao del Canto Ignacio Carrera Pinto Carlos Condell Luis Cruz Martínez Erasmo Escala Alejandro Gorostiaga Tomás Guevara Pedro Lagos Juan José Latorre Patricio Lynch Arturo Prat Pedro Julio Quintavalla Eleuterio Ramírez Molina Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez Roberto Silva Renard Robert Souper Howard Hernán Trizano Luis Uribe Gregorio Urrutia José Velásquez Bórquez Juan Williams Rebolledo Manuel Montt Torres Jorge Montt Álvarez Domingo Santa María Aníbal Pinto Alberto Blest Gana Others Abel Dupetit - Thouars Roque Saenz Pena GND : 4178972 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Pacific&oldid=841879422 '' Categories : History of South America Wars involving Bolivia Wars involving Chile Wars involving Peru War of the Pacific 19th century in Bolivia 19th century in Chile Territorial disputes of Chile Territorial disputes of Bolivia Territorial disputes of Peru Bolivia -- Chile relations Chile -- Peru relations Bolivia -- Peru relations Conflicts in 1879 Conflicts in 1880 Conflicts in 1881 Conflicts in 1882 Conflicts in 1883 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from September 2012 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing POV - check from January 2016 Articles that may contain original research from January 2016 All articles that may contain original research Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 17 : 29 . 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5119571667239009196	Mold	Mold - wikipedia Mold Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fungi known as mold . Slime molds and water molds are not fungi and are discussed in separate articles . For other uses , see Mold ( disambiguation ) . The frames were taken approximately 12 hours apart over a period of six days . Mold growing on a clementine Spinellus fusiger growing on the mushroom Mycena haematopus Moldy tomatoes Mold on dried Hibiscus sabdariffa Hyphae growing from tomato sauce . A mold ( US ) or mould ( UK / NZ / AU / ZA / IN / CA / IE ) is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae . In contrast , fungi that can adopt a single - celled growth habit are called yeasts . Molds are a large and taxonomically diverse number of fungal species in which the growth of hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance , especially on food . The network of these tubular branching hyphae , called a mycelium , is considered a single organism . The hyphae are generally transparent , so the mycelium appears like very fine , fluffy white threads over the surface . Cross-walls ( septa ) may delimit connected compartments along the hyphae , each containing one or multiple , genetically identical nuclei . The dusty texture of many molds is caused by profuse production of asexual spores ( conidia ) formed by differentiation at the ends of hyphae . The mode of formation and shape of these spores is traditionally used to classify molds . Many of these spores are colored , making the fungus much more obvious to the human eye at this stage in its life - cycle . Molds are considered to be microbes and do not form a specific taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping , but can be found in the divisions Zygomycota and Ascomycota . In the past , most molds were classified within the Deuteromycota . Molds cause biodegradation of natural materials , which can be unwanted when it becomes food spoilage or damage to property . They also play important roles in biotechnology and food science in the production of various foods , beverages , antibiotics , pharmaceuticals and enzymes . Some diseases of animals and humans can be caused by certain molds : disease may result from allergic sensitivity to mold spores , from growth of pathogenic molds within the body , or from the effects of ingested or inhaled toxic compounds ( mycotoxins ) produced by molds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biology 2 Common molds 3 Food production 4 Pharmaceuticals from molds 5 Health effects 6 Growth in buildings and homes 7 Use in art 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Biology ( edit ) There are thousands of known species of molds , which have diverse life - styles including saprotrophs , mesophiles , psychrophiles and thermophiles and a very few opportunistic pathogens of humans . They all require moisture for growth and some live in aquatic environments . Like all fungi , molds derive energy not through photosynthesis but from the organic matter on which they live , utilising heterotrophy . Typically , molds secrete hydrolytic enzymes , mainly from the hyphal tips . These enzymes degrade complex biopolymers such as starch , cellulose and lignin into simpler substances which can be absorbed by the hyphae . In this way molds play a major role in causing decomposition of organic material , enabling the recycling of nutrients throughout ecosystems . Many molds also synthesise mycotoxins and siderophores which , together with lytic enzymes , inhibit the growth of competing microorganisms . Molds can also grow on stored food for animals and humans , making the food unpalatable or toxic and are thus a major source of food losses and illness . Many strategies for food preservation ( salting , pickling , jams , bottling , freezing , drying ) are to prevent or slow mold growth as well as growth of other microbes . Molds reproduce by producing large numbers of small spores , which may contain a single nucleus or be multinucleate . Mold spores can be asexual ( the products of mitosis ) or sexual ( the products of meiosis ) ; many species can produce both types . Some molds produce small , hydrophobic spores that are adapted for wind dispersal and may remain airborne for long periods ; in some the cell walls are darkly pigmented , providing resistance to damage by ultraviolet radiation . Other mold spores have slimy sheaths and are more suited to water dispersal . Mold spores are often spherical or ovoid single cells , but can be multicellular and variously shaped . Spores may cling to clothing or fur ; some are able to survive extremes of temperature and pressure . Although molds can grow on dead organic matter everywhere in nature , their presence is visible to the unaided eye only when they form large colonies . A mold colony does not consist of discrete organisms but is an interconnected network of hyphae called a mycelium . All growth occurs at hyphal tips , with cytoplasm and organelles flowing forwards as the hyphae advance over or through new food sources . Nutrients are absorbed at the hyphal tip . In artificial environments such as buildings , humidity and temperature are often stable enough to foster the growth of mold colonies , commonly seen as a downy or furry coating growing on food or other surfaces . Few molds can begin growing at temperatures of 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) or below , so food is typically refrigerated at this temperature . When conditions do not enable growth to take place , molds may remain alive in a dormant state depending on the species , within a large range of temperatures . The many different mold species vary enormously in their tolerance to temperature and humidity extremes . Certain molds can survive harsh conditions such as the snow - covered soils of Antarctica , refrigeration , highly acidic solvents , anti-bacterial soap and even petroleum products such as jet fuel . Xerophilic molds are able to grow in relatively dry , salty , or sugary environments , where water activity ( a ) is less than 0.85 ; other molds need more moisture . Common molds ( edit ) Spores from green mold growing on an orange , 1000X wet mount Common genera of molds include : Acremonium Alternaria Aspergillus Cladosporium Fusarium Mucor Penicillium Rhizopus Stachybotrys Trichoderma Trichophyton Food production ( edit ) The Kōji ( 麹 ) molds are a group of Aspergillus species , notably Aspergillus oryzae , and secondarily A. sojae , that have been cultured in eastern Asia for many centuries . They are used to ferment a soybean and wheat mixture to make soybean paste and soy sauce . Koji molds break down the starch in rice , barley , sweet potatoes , etc. , a process called saccharification , in the production of sake , shōchū and other distilled spirits . Koji molds are also used in the preparation of Katsuobushi . Red rice yeast is a product of the mold Monascus purpureus grown on rice , and is common in Asian diets . The yeast contains several compounds collectively known as monacolins , which are known to inhibit cholesterol synthesis . A study has shown that red rice yeast used as a dietary supplement , combined with fish oil and healthy lifestyle changes , may help reduce `` bad '' cholesterol as effectively as certain commercial statin drugs . Some sausages , such as salami , incorporate starter cultures of molds to improve flavour and reduce bacterial spoilage during curing . Penicillium nalgiovense , for example , may appear as a powdery white coating on some varieties of dry - cured sausage . Other molds that have been used in food production include : Fusarium venenatum -- quorn Geotrichum candidum -- cheese Neurospora sitophila -- oncom Penicillium spp . -- various cheeses including Brie and Blue cheese Rhizomucor miehei -- microbial rennet for making vegetarian and other cheeses Rhizopus oligosporus -- tempeh Rhizopus oryzae -- tempeh , jiuqu for jiuniang or precursor for making Chinese rice wine Pharmaceuticals from molds ( edit ) Alexander Fleming 's accidental discovery of the antibiotic penicillin involved a Penicillium mold called Penicillium notatum ( although the species identity is disputed as possibly being Penicillium chrysogenum or Penicillium rubens ) . Fleming continued to investigate Penicillin , showing that it could inhibit various types of bacteria found in infections and other ailments , but he was unable to produce the compound in large enough amounts necessary for production of a medicine . His work was expanded by a team at Oxford University ; Clutterbuck , Lovell , and Raistrick , who began to work on the problem in 1931 . This team was also unable to produce the pure compound in any large amount , and found that the purification process diminished its effectiveness and negated the anti-bacterial properties it had . Howard Florey , Ernst Chain , Norman Heatley , Edward Abraham , also all at Oxford , continued the work . They enhanced and developed the concentration technique by using organic solutions rather than water , and created the `` Oxford Unit '' to measure penicillin concentration within a solution . They managed to purify the solution , increasing its concentration by 45 - 50 times , but found that a higher concentration was possible . Experiments were conducted and the results published in 1941 , though the quantities of Penicillin produced were not always high enough for the treatments required . As this was during the Second World War , Florey sought USA Government involvement . With research teams in the UK and some in the US , industrial - scale production of crystallized penicillin was developed during 1941 - 1944 by the USDA and by Pfizer . Several statin cholesterol - lowering drugs ( such as lovastatin , from Aspergillus terreus ) are derived from molds . The immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine , used to suppress the rejection of transplanted organs , is derived from the mold Tolypocladium inflatum . Health effects ( edit ) Main article : Mold health issues Molds are ubiquitous , and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust ; however , when mold spores are present in large quantities , they can present a health hazard to humans , potentially causing allergic reactions and respiratory problems . Some molds also produce mycotoxins that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals . Some studies claim that exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and in some cases , death . Prolonged exposure , e.g. daily home exposure , may be particularly harmful . Research on the health impacts of mold has not been conclusive . The term `` toxic mold '' refers to molds that produce mycotoxins , such as Stachybotrys chartarum , and not to all molds in general . Mold in the home can usually be found in damp , dark or steamy areas e.g. bathroom or kitchen , cluttered storage areas , recently flooded areas , basement areas , plumbing spaces , areas with poor ventilation and outdoors in humid environments . Symptoms caused by mold allergy are watery , itchy eyes , a chronic cough , headaches or migraines , difficulty breathing , rashes , tiredness , sinus problems , nasal blockage and frequent sneezing . Molds can also pose a hazard to human and animal health when they are consumed following the growth of certain mold species in stored food . Some species produce toxic secondary metabolites , collectively termed mycotoxins including aflatoxins , ochratoxins , fumonisins , trichothecenes , citrinin , and patulin . These toxic properties may be used for the benefit of humans when the toxicity is directed against other organisms ; for example , penicillin adversely affects the growth of Gram - positive bacteria ( e.g. Clostridium species ) , certain spirochetes and certain fungi . Growth in buildings and homes ( edit ) Main articles : Mold growth , assessment , and remediation and Indoor air quality Moldy housecorner from outside and inside Mold growth in buildings can lead to a variety of health problems as microscopic airborne reproductive spores , analogous to tree pollen , are inhaled by building occupants . High quantities of indoor airborne spores as compared to exterior conditions are strongly suggestive of indoor mold growth . Determination of airborne spore counts is accomplished by way of an air sample , in which a specialized pump with a know flow rate is operated for a known period of time . Conducive to scientific methodology air samples should be drawn from the affected area , a control area , and the exterior . The air sampler pump draws in air and deposits microscopic airborne particles on a culture medium . The medium is cultured in a laboratory and the fungal genus and species are determined by visual microscopic observation . Laboratory results also quantify fungal growth by way of a spore count for comparison among samples . The pump operation time was recorded and when multiplied by the operation time results in a specific volume of air obtained . Although a small volume of air is actually analyzed , common laboratory reporting techniques extrapolate the spore count data to equate the amount of spores that would be present in a cubic meter of air . Various practices can be followed to mitigate mold issues in buildings , the most important of which is to reduce moisture levels that can facilitate mold growth . Properly functioning air conditioning ( AC ) units are essential to controlling levels of indoor airborne fungal spores . Air filtration reduces the number of spores available for germination , especially when a High Efficiency Particulate Air ( HEPA ) filter is used . A properly functioning AC unit also reduces the relative humidity , or the moisture inherent in the air . The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) currently recommends that relative humidity be maintained between 30 % to 50 % to preempt mold growth . Considering that fungal growth requires cellulose , plant fiber , as a food source , using building materials that do not contain cellulose is an effective method of preventing fungal growth . Eliminating the moisture source is the first step at fungal remediation . Removal of affected materials may also be necessary for remediation , if materials are easily replaceable and not part of the load - bearing structure . Professional drying of concealed wall cavities and enclosed spaces such as cabinet toekick spaces may be required . Post-remediation verification of moisture content and fungal growth is required for successful remediation . Many contractors perform post-remediation verification themselves , but property owners may benefit from independent verification . Use in Art ( edit ) Del Nero artwork using mold Various artists have used mold in various artistic fashions . Daniele Del Nero , for example , constructs scale models of houses and office buildings and then induces mold to grow on them , giving them an unsettling , reclaimed - by - nature look . Staci Levy sandblasts enlarged images of mold onto glass , then allows mold to grow in the crevasses she has made , creating a macro-micro portrait . Sam Taylor - Johnson has made a number of time - lapse films capturing the gradual decay of classically arranged still lifes . See also ( edit ) Fungi portal Bioaerosol Decay Medicinal fungi Mildew Mold mite Mycorrhiza Oomycete References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moore D , Robson GD , Trinci AP , eds. ( 2011 ) . 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521186957 . Jump up ^ Madigan M , Martinko J , eds. ( 2005 ) . Brock Biology of Microorganisms ( 11th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 144329 - 1 . OCLC 57001814 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Mike . `` Moulds '' . Microscopy UK . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Chiba University , Japan . `` Fungus and Actinomycetes Gallery '' . Chiba University Medical Mycology Research Center . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibbett DS , Binder M , Bischoff JF , Blackwell M , Cannon PF , Eriksson OE , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi '' ( PDF ) . Mycological Research . 111 ( 5 ) : 509 -- 547 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mycres. 2007.03. 004 . PMID 17572334 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan KJ , Ray CG , eds. ( 2004 ) . Sherris Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . pp. 633 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 8529 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wareing , Peter . `` The Fungal Infection of Agricultural Produce and the Production of Mycotoxins '' . European Mycotoxins Awareness Network . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Malloch , D. ( 1981 ) . Moulds : their isolation , cultivation and identification . Toronto Canada : Univ. of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2418 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pitt JI , Hocking AD ( 2009 ) . Fungi and Food Spoilage . London : Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 92207 - 2_9 . Jump up ^ `` Red yeast rice ( Monascus purpureus ) '' . Mayo Clinic . 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Red Rice Yeast Helps Cut Bad Cholesterol '' . National Public Radio . 2008 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sunesen LO , Stahnke LH ( November 2003 ) . `` Mould starter cultures for dry sausages -- selection , application and effects '' . Meat Science . 65 ( 3 ) : 935 -- 948 . doi : 10.1016 / S0309 - 1740 ( 02 ) 00281 - 4 . PMID 22063673 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize website '' . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award Ceremony Speech '' . Nobel Prizes and Laureates . Nobel Media . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pfizer 's work on penicillin for World War II becomes a National Historic Chemical Landmark '' . American Chemical Society . June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Empting , L.D. ( 2009 ) . `` Neurologic and neuropsychiatric syndrome features of mold and mycotoxin exposure '' . Toxicology and Industrial Health . 25 ( 9 - 10 ) : 577 -- 81 . doi : 10.1177 / 0748233709348393 . PMID 19854819 . Jump up ^ Money , Nicholas ( 2004 ) . Carpet Monsters and Killer Spores : A Natural History of Toxic Mold . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517227 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Indoor Environmental Quality : Dampness and Mold in Buildings . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary , Blood and Studdert , 1999 Jump up ^ IICRC S500 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Water Damage Restoration Jump up ^ http://prestige-em.com/tech/AirborneFungalSporesByCulture.htm Jump up ^ https://www.aiha.org/publications-and-resources/TopicsofInterest/Hazards/Pages/Facts-About-Mold.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/mold/mold-and-your-home Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/view/561build/home/fungal-growth?authuser=0 Jump up ^ `` The Art of Mould '' . Discard Studies . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Still Life , 2001 '' . Sam Taylor - Johnson . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mold . The EPA 's guide to mold Mold as the subject of an episode of the Podcast Surprisingly Awesome ( hide ) Microbiology : Fungus Structure Reproduction / spore teleomorph / sexual : Zygospore Ascospore / Ascus Basidiospore / Basidium / Teliospore anamorph / asexual : Sporangium Conidium Chlamydospore Oidium Pycniospore Other Hypha Haustorium Mycelium Cell wall Growth patterns Dimorphic fungi Mold Yeast Mushroom GND : 4052495 - 4 NDL : 00564363 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mold&oldid=824574238 '' Categories : Fungus common names Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 04 : 41 . 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567569364931398992	Economy of Singapore	Economy of Singapore - Wikipedia Economy of Singapore This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 June 2018 . Economy of Singapore Skyline of Singapore 's CBD Currency Singapore dollar ( SGD / S $ ) Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations WTO , APEC , IOR - ARC , ASEAN Statistics GDP US $ 349.7 billion ( nominal ; 2018 est . ) US $554.9 billion ( PPP ; 2018 est . ) GDP rank 37th ( nominal ) 39th ( PPP ) GDP growth 3.6 % ( 2017 ) GDP per capita US $61,766 ( nominal ; 2018 est . ) US $98,014 ( PPP ; 2018 est . ) GDP per capita rank 9th ( nominal ) 3rd ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 0 % Industry : 26.6 % Services : 73.4 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 0.4 % ( August 2017 ) Population below poverty line N / A Gini coefficient 46.4 ( 2014 ) Labour force 3.661 million ( 2016 est . ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 0.96 % Industry : 15.5 % Services : 83.5 % ( 2016 est ) Unemployment 2.1 % ( December 2017 ) Main industries Electronics chemicals financial services oil drilling equipment petroleum refining rubber food and beverages ship repair offshore construction life sciences entrepot trade Ease - of - doing - business rank 2nd ( 2018 ) External Exports US $329.7 billion ( 2016 ) Export goods Machinery and Equipment Electronics and Telecommunications Pharmaceuticals and Other Chemicals Refined Petroleum Products Main export partners China 13 % Hong Kong 12.6 % Malaysia 10.6 % European Union 9 % Indonesia 7.8 % Other 47 % Imports US $282.9 billion ( 2016 ) Import goods Machinery and Equipment Mineral Fuels Chemicals Foodstuffs Consumer Goods Main import partners China 14.3 % European Union 13.6 % Malaysia 11.4 % United States 10.9 % Taiwan 8.2 % Other 41.7 % FDI stock Inward : US $1.096 trillion Outward : US $682.4 billion ( 2016 ) Current account US $ 61.172 billion ( 2015 est . ) Gross external debt US $1.32 trillion ( 30 June 2017 ) Net international investment position S $ 738.811 billion ( Q1 2015 ) Public finances Public debt 110.5 % of GDP ( 2016 est . ) Revenues S $ 69.45 billion ( 2017 est . ) Expenses S $ 75.07 billion ( 2017 est . ) Economic aid None Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : AAA ( Domestic ) AAA ( Foreign ) AAA ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Aaa Outlook : Stable Fitch : AAA Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves US $279 billion ( October 2017 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of Singapore is a highly developed free - market economy . Singapore 's economy has been ranked as the most open in the world , 7th least corrupt , most pro-business , with low tax rates ( 14.2 % of Gross Domestic Product , GDP ) and has the third highest per - capita GDP in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP ) . APEC is headquartered in Singapore . Government - linked companies play a substantial role in Singapore 's economy . Sovereign wealth fund Temasek Holdings holds majority stakes in several of the nation 's largest companies , such as Singapore Airlines , SingTel , ST Engineering and MediaCorp . The Singaporean economy is a major Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) outflow financier in the world . Singapore has also benefited from the inward flow of FDI from global investors and institutions due to its highly attractive investment climate and a stable political environment . Exports , particularly in electronics , chemicals and services including Singapore 's position as the regional hub for wealth management provide the main source of revenue for the economy , which allows it to purchase natural resources and raw goods which it lacks . Moreover , water is scarce in Singapore therefore it is defined as a precious resource along with the scarcity of land to be treated with land fill of Pulau Semakau . Singapore has limited arable land , meaning that Singapore has to rely on the agrotechnology park for agricultural production and consumption . Human resources is another vital issue for the health of the Singaporean economy . The economy of Singapore ranks 2nd overall in the Scientific American Biotechnology ranking in 2014 , with the featuring of Biopolis . Singapore could thus be said to rely on an extended concept of intermediary trade to Entrepôt trade , by purchasing raw goods and refining them for re-export , such as in the wafer fabrication industry and oil refining . Singapore also has a strategic port which makes it more competitive than many of its neighbours in carrying out such entrepot activities . Singapore 's trade to GDP ratio is among the highest in the world , averaging around 400 % during 2008 -- 11 . The Port of Singapore is the second - busiest in the world by cargo tonnage . In addition , Singapore 's port infrastructure and skilled workforce , which is due to the success of the country 's education policy in producing skilled workers , is also fundamental in this aspect as they provide easier access to markets for both importing and exporting , and also provide the skill ( s ) needed to refine imports into exports . Singapore 's government promotes high levels of savings and investment through policies such as the Central Provident Fund , which is used to fund its citizen 's healthcare and retirement needs . Most companies in Singapore are registered as private limited - liability companies ( commonly known as `` private limited companies '' ) . A private limited company in Singapore is a separate legal entity , and shareholders are not liable for the company 's debts beyond the amount of share capital they have contributed . To preserve its international standing and further its economic prosperity in the 21st century , Singapore has taken measures to promote innovation , encourage entrepreneurship and re-train its workforce . Also , to attract foreign talent , the government issues various employment permits and passes , subject to qualification criteria ( such as relevant educational and professional experience ) , quotas , foreign worker levies ( taxes ) , permit / pass fees , minimum insurance requirements , employer - paid repatriation guarantees , permit / pass term limits and renewal requirements , minimum wage thresholds , requirements to advertise open positions to resident workers before accepting foreign workers , limitations on accompanying dependents , and restrictions on marrying citizens , as examples . The exact set of requirements varies depending on the permit or pass type , and the Ministry of Manpower ( Singapore ) ( MoM ) is primarily responsible for setting , adjusting , and enforcing foreign worker immigration rules . A small percentage of foreign workers , foreign dependents , and foreign students become Singapore Permanent Residents . Some PRs eventually naturalize as citizens . Singapore has one of the lowest birth rates in the world , so this limited path to citizenship ( for about 22,000 per year ) is critical to Singapore 's demographic future . Singapore relies heavily on foreign talent across all social strata , and foreign guest workers utterly dominate certain occupations . For example , there are approximately 243,000 Foreign Domestic Workers ( FDWs ) in Singapore , live - in maids from regional developing countries , who provide domestic services , including child and elder care . As another example , foreign workers , mainly from southern Asia , dominate the manual labor aspects of the construction industry in Singapore . Life in Singapore Culture Dance Demographics Driving Economy Education Film Holidays Languages Literature Music Politics Religion Singapore English Sports Transport Conscription Contents ( hide ) 1 Economy Statistics 2 Economy History 3 State enterprise and investment 4 Sectors 4.1 Banking 4.2 Biotechnology 4.3 Energy and infrastructure 4.4 Real estate 5 Trade , investment and aid 5.1 International trade agreements 6 Singapore workforce 7 Poverty and Wealth Inequality 8 Public finance 9 Monetary policy 10 Mergers and Acquisitions 11 Facts & figures 12 International rankings 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Economy Statistics ( edit ) Economy Statistics ( Recent Years ) : Year 2011 To Year 2014 Sources : Year GDP Nominal ( Billion ) GDP Nominal Per Capita GDP Real ( Billion ) GNI Nominal ( Billion ) GNI Nominal Per Capita Foreign Reserves ( Billion ) Avg . Exchange Rate ( 1 US $ to S $ ) 2011 US $ 275.369 S $ 346.353 US $ 53,122 S $ 66,816 S $ 342.371 US $ 250.515 S $ 338.452 S $ 65,292 US $ 237.737 S $ 1.2573 2012 US $ 289.941 S $ 362.332 US $ 54,578 S $ 68,205 S $ 354.061 US $ 273.022 S $ 351.765 S $ 66,216 US $ 259.307 S $ 1.2498 2013 US $ 302.245 S $ 378.200 US $ 55,979 S $ 70,047 S $ 324.592 US $ 294.692 S $ 366.618 S $ 67,902 US $ 273.065 S $ 1.2513 2014 US $ 308.051 S $ 390.089 US $ 56,319 S $ 71,318 S $ 380.585 US $ 301.638 S $ 378.329 S $ 69,168 US $ 256.860 S $ 1.2671 Economy Statistics Since Year 1970 To Year 2010 Sources : Year GDP Nominal ( Billion ) GDP Nominal Per Capita GNI Nominal ( Billion ) GNI Nominal Per Capita Foreign Reserves ( Billion ) Avg . Exchange Rate ( 1 US $ to S $ ) 1970 US $ 1.919 S $ 5.876 US $ 925 S $ 2,832 US $ 1.937 S $ 5.932 US $ 934 S $ 2,860 US $ 1.750 N / A US $ 5.789 S $ 13.728 US $ 2,559 S $ 6,067 US $ 5.841 S $ 13.851 US $ 2,582 S $ 6,122 US $ 3.007 N / A 1980 US $ 12.078 S $ 25.863 US $ 5,004 S $ 10,714 US $ 11.899 S $ 24.536 US $ 4,747 S $ 10,165 US $ 6.571 N / A 1985 US $ 18.555 S $ 40.823 US $ 6,782 S $ 14,921 US $ 19.220 S $ 41.161 US $ 6,838 S $ 15,045 US $ 12.860 S $ 2.1213 1990 US $ 38.899 S $ 70.507 US $ 12,766 S $ 23,139 US $ 36.675 S $ 69.798 US $ 12,638 S $ 22,907 US $ 27.789 S $ 1.8125 1995 US $ 87.891 S $ 124.575 US $ 24,937 S $ 35,346 US $ 83.220 S $ 125.475 US $ 25,117 S $ 35,601 US $ 68.819 S $ 1.4174 2000 US $ 95.835 S $ 165.217 US $ 23,794 S $ 41,018 US $ 95.330 S $ 164.205 US $ 23,648 S $ 40,767 US $ 80.169 S $ 1.7239 2005 US $ 127.417 S $ 212.074 US $ 29,866 S $ 49,715 US $ 121.000 S $ 198.050 US $ 27,891 S $ 46,428 US $ 116.172 S $ 1.6646 US $ 236.420 S $ 322.361 US $ 46,569 S $ 63,498 US $ 227.377 S $ 235,076 US $ 46,305 S $ 63,137 US $ 225.754 S $ 1.3635 Economy history ( edit ) Upon independence from Malaysia in 1965 , Singapore faced a small domestic market , and high levels of unemployment and poverty. 70 percent of Singapore 's households lived in badly overcrowded conditions , and a third of its people squatted in slums on the city fringes . Unemployment averaged 14 percent , GDP per capita was US $516 , and half of the population was illiterate . In response , the Singapore government established the Economic Development Board to spearhead an investment drive , and make Singapore an attractive destination for foreign investment . FDI inflows increased greatly over the following decades , and by 2001 foreign companies accounted for 75 % of manufactured output and 85 % of manufactured exports . Meanwhile , Singapore 's savings and investment rates rose among the highest levels in the world , while household consumption and wage shares of GDP fell among the lowest . As a result of this investment drive , Singapore 's capital stock increased 33 times by 1992 , and achieved a tenfold increase in the capital - labor ratio . Living standards steadily rose , with more families moving from a lower - income status to middle - income security with increased household incomes . During a National Day Rally speech in 1987 , Lee Kuan - Yew claimed that ( based on the home ownership criterion ) 80 % of Singaporeans could now be considered to be members of the middle - class . However , much unlike the economic policies of Greece and the rest of Europe , Singapore followed a policy of individualising the social safety net . This led to a higher than average savings rate and a very sustainable economy in the long run . Without a burdensome welfare state or its likeliness , Singapore has developed a very self - reliant and skilled workforce well versed for a global economy . Singapore 's economic strategy produced real growth averaging 8.0 % from 1960 to 1999 . The economy picked up in 1999 after the regional financial crisis , with a growth rate of 5.4 % , followed by 9.9 % for 2000 . However , the economic slowdown in the United States , Japan and the European Union , as well as the worldwide electronics slump , had reduced the estimated economic growth in 2001 to a negative 2.0 % . The economy expanded by 2.2 % the following year , and by 1.1 % in 2003 when Singapore was affected by the SARS outbreak . Subsequently , a major turnaround occurred in 2004 allowed it to make a significant recovery of 8.3 % growth in Singapore , although the actual growth fell short of the target growth for the year more than half with only 2.5 % . In 2005 , economic growth was 6.4 % ; and in 2006 , 7.9 % . As of 8 June 2013 , Singapore 's unemployment rate is around 1.9 % and the country 's economy has a lowered growth rate , with a rate of 1.8 % on a quarter - by - quarter basis -- compared to 14.8 % in 2010 . State enterprise and investment ( edit ) Singapore 's State Owned Enterprises as a percent of GDP The public sector is used both as an investor and as a catalyst for economic development and innovation . The government of Singapore has two sovereign wealth funds , Temasek Holdings and GIC Private Limited , which are used to manage the country 's reserves . Initially the state 's role was oriented more toward managing industries for economic development , but in recent decades the objectives of Singapore 's sovereign wealth funds have shifted to a commercial basis . Government - linked corporations play a substantial role in Singapore 's domestic economy . As of November 2011 , the top six Singapore - listed GLCs accounted for about 17 percent of total capitalization of the Singapore Exchange ( SGX ) . These fully and partially state - owned enterprises operate on a commercial basis and are granted no competitive advantage over privately owned enterprises . State ownership is prominent in strategic sectors of the economy , including telecommunications , media , public transportation , defence , port , airport operations as well as banking , shipping , airline , infrastructure and real estate . As of 2014 , Temasek holds S $69 billion of assets in Singapore , accounting for 7 % of the total capitalization of Singapore - listed companies . Sectors ( edit ) To maintain its competitive position despite rising wages , the government seeks to promote higher value - added activities in the manufacturing and services sectors . It also has opened , or is in the process of opening , the financial services , telecommunications , and power generation and retailing sectors up to foreign service providers and greater competition . The government has also attempted some measures including wage restraint measures and release of unused buildings in an effort to control rising commercial rents with the view to lowering the cost of doing business in Singapore when central business district office rents tripled in 2006 . Banking ( edit ) Singapore is considered a global financial hub , with Singapore banks offering world - class corporate bank account facilities . In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index , Singapore was ranked as having the third most competitive financial center in the world after London and New York City ( and alongside cities such as Hong Kong , Tokyo , San Francisco , Chicago , Sydney , Boston , and Toronto ) . These include multiple currencies , internet banking , telephone banking , checking accounts , savings accounts , debit and credit cards , fixed term deposits and wealth management services . According to the Human Rights Watch , due to its role as a financial hub for the region , Singapore has continually been criticised for reportedly hosting bank accounts containing ill - gotten gains of corrupt leaders and their associates , including billions of dollars of Burma 's state gas revenues hidden from national accounts . Singapore has attracted assets formerly held in Swiss banks for several reasons , including new taxes imposed on Swiss accounts and a weakening of Swiss bank secrecy . Credit Suisse , the second largest Swiss bank , moved its head of international private banking to Singapore in 2005 . Tax evasion is illegal in Singapore ; however , according to an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development official , Singaporean authorities tend to cooperate with other countries ' tax authorities only when evasion of Singaporean taxes is involved . Biotechnology ( edit ) Singapore is aggressively promoting and developing its biotechnology industry . Hundred of millions of dollars were invested into the sector to build up infrastructure , fund research and development and to recruit top international scientists to Singapore . Leading drug makers , such as GlaxoSmithKline ( GSK ) , Pfizer and Merck & Co. , have set up plants in Singapore . On 8 June 2006 , GSK announced that it is investing another S $300 million to build another plant to produce paediatric vaccines , its first such facility in Asia . Pharmaceuticals now account for more than 8 % of the country 's manufacturing production . Energy and infrastructure ( edit ) Singapore is the pricing centre and leading oil trading hub in Asia . The oil industry makes up 5 per cent of Singapore 's GDP , with Singapore being one of the top three export refining centres in the world . In 2007 it exported 68.1 million tonnes of oil . The oil industry has led to the promotion of the chemical industry as well as oil and gas equipment manufacturing . Singapore has 70 per cent of the world market for both jack - up rigs and for the conversion of Floating Production Storage Offloading units . It has 20 per cent of the world market for ship repair , and in 2008 the marine and offshore industry employed almost 70,000 workers . Real estate ( edit ) The Singaporean government also owns 90 % of the country 's land , as well as housing in which 80 % of the population lives . Trade , investment and aid ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2013 ) Singaporean exports in 2006 Singapore 's total trade in 2014 amounted to S $982 billion . Despite its small size , Singapore is currently the fifteenth - largest trading partner of the United States . In 2014 , Singapore 's imports totalled $464 billion , and exports totalled $519 billion . Malaysia was Singapore 's main import source , as well as its largest export market , absorbing 18 % of Singapore 's exports , with the United States close behind . Malaysia is Singapore 's biggest trading partner , with bilateral trade totalling roughly 91 billion US dollars in 2012 , accounting for over a fifth of total trade within ASEAN . Singapore 's trade with major trading partners such as Malaysia , China , Indonesia and South Korea increased in 2012 , while trade with EU 27 , United States , Hong Kong and Japan decreased in 2012 . Since 2009 , the value of exports exceeds imports for Singapore 's trade with China . In comparison , the value of imports exceeds exports for Singapore 's trade with the US since 2006 . Re-exports accounted for 43 % of Singapore 's total sales to other countries in 2000 . Singapore 's principal exports are petroleum products , food / beverages , chemicals , textile / garments , electronic components , telecommunication apparatus , and transport equipment . Singapore 's main imports are aircraft , crude oil and petroleum products , electronic components , radio and television receivers / parts , motor vehicles , chemicals , food / beverages , iron / steel , and textile yarns / fabrics . Trade in Singapore has benefited from the extensive network of trade agreements Singapore has passed . According to Healy Consultants , Singapore has free trade access to the entirety of the ASEAN network , with import duty reduced when dealing with Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , Thailand , Brunei , Burma , Cambodia , Laos and Vietnam . The Singapore Economic Development Board ( EDB ) continues to attract investment funds on a large - scale for the country despite the city 's relatively high - cost operating environment . The US leads in foreign investment , accounting for 40 % of new commitments to the manufacturing sector in 2000 . As of 1999 , cumulative investment for manufacturing and services by American companies in Singapore reached approximately $20 billion ( total assets ) . The bulk of US investment is in electronics manufacturing , oil refining and storage , and the chemical industry . More than 1,500 US firms operate in Singapore . Singapore 's largely corruption - free government , skilled workforce , and advanced and efficient infrastructure have attracted investments from more than 3,000 multinational corporations ( MNCs ) from the United States , Japan , and Europe . Foreign firms are found in almost all sectors of the economy . MNCs account for more than two - thirds of manufacturing output and direct export sales , although certain services sectors remain dominated by government - linked corporations . The government also has encouraged firms to invest outside Singapore , with the country 's total direct investments abroad reaching $39 billion by the end of 1998 . The People 's Republic of China was the top destination , accounting for 14 % of total overseas investments , followed by Malaysia ( 10 % ) , Hong Kong ( 8.9 % ) , Indonesia ( 8.0 % ) and US ( 4.0 % ) . The rapidly growing economy of India , especially the high technology sector , is becoming an expanding source of foreign investment for Singapore . The United States provides no bilateral aid to Singapore , but the US appears keen to improve bilateral trade and signed the US - Singapore Free Trade Agreement . Singapore corporate tax is 17 per cent . Year Total trade Imports Exports % Change 2000 $273 $135 $138 21 % 2001 − 9.4 % 2002 $432 1.5 % 2003 $516 $237 $279 9.6 % $629 $293 $336 21.9 % 2005 $716 $333 $383 14 % 2006 $810 $379 $431 13.2 % 2014 $983 $464 $519 21.3 % change from 2006 to 2014 All figures in billions of Singapore dollars . International trade agreements ( edit ) Economy Agreement Abbreviation Concluded Signed Effective Legal text Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership CSP 6 May 2016 2015 New Zealand Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore on a Closer Economic Partnership ANZSCEP 18 August 2000 14 November 2000 1 January 2001 ( 1 ) European Free Trade Association Agreement between the EFTA States and Singapore EFTA - Singapore FTA 11 April 2002 26 June 2002 1 January 2003 ( 2 ) Japan Agreement between Japan and the Republic of Singapore for a New - Age Economic Partnership JSEPA October 2001 13 January ( 3 ) United States United States - Singapore Free Trade Agreement USSFTA 19 November 2002 6 May 2003 1 January 2004 ( 4 ) Jordan Singapore Jordan Free Trade Agreement SJFTA 29 April 2004 16 May 2004 ( 5 ) Brunei Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement Trans - Pacific SEP August 2005 1 January 2006 ( 6 ) Chile 18 July 2005 New Zealand 18 July 2005 India India -- Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement India - Singapore CECA November 2004 29 June 2005 1 August 2005 ( 7 ) Korea Korea - Singapore Free Trade Agreement KSFTA 28 November 2004 4 August 2005 End 2005 ( 8 ) Peru Peru - Singapore Free Trade Agreement PesFTA September 2007 29 May 2008 Early 2009 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka - Singapore Free Trade Agreement Sri Lanka - Singapore FTA 2016 23 January 2018 Mid 2018 Singapore workforce ( edit ) In 2000 , Singapore had a workforce of about 2.2 million . The country has the largest proficiency of English language speakers in Asia , making it an attractive place for multinational corporations . The National Trades Union Congress ( NTUC ) , the sole trade union federation which has a symbiotic relationship with the ruling party , comprises almost 99 % of total organised labour . Government policy and pro-activity rather than labour legislation controls general labour and trade union matters . The Employment Act offers little protection to white - collar workers due to an income threshold . The Industrial Arbitration Court handles labour - management disputes that can not be resolved informally through the Ministry of Manpower . The Singapore Government has stressed the importance of co-operation between unions , management and government ( tripartism ) , as well as the early resolution of disputes . There has been only one strike in the past 15 years . Singapore has enjoyed virtually full employment for long periods of time . Amid an economic slump , the unemployment rate rose to 4.0 % by the end of 2001 , from 2.4 % early in the year . Unemployment has since declined and as of 2012 the unemployment rate stands at 1.9 % . While the Singapore government has taken a stance against minimum wage and unemployment benefit schemes , in 2007 the government introduced a Workfare Income Supplement ( WIS ) scheme to supplement wages of low - skilled workers . In order to support employers in hiring older Singaporean workers , Special Employment Credit ( SEC ) was introduced in 2011 . It was first enhanced in 2012 to provide employers with support in hiring older Singaporean workers and Persons with Disabilities ( PWDs ) . It helped the employers to cope with costs associated with the increase in Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) contribution rates for older workers . The 5 year SEC scheme was further extended to additional 3 years , up to 2019 to encourage employers to voluntarily re-employ older workers aged 65 and above . The Singapore Government and the NTUC have tried a range of programs to increase lagging productivity and boost the labour force participation rates of women and older workers . However , labour shortages persist in the service sector and in many low - skilled positions in the construction and electronics industries . Foreign workers help make up this shortfall . In 2000 , there were about 600,000 foreign workers in Singapore , constituting 27 % of the total work force . As a result , wages are relatively suppressed or do not rise for all workers . To have some controls , the government imposes a foreign worker levy payable by employers for low end workers like domestic help and construction workers . In 2012 , the Ministry of Trade and Industry ( MTI ) reported that Singapore should continue to fine - tune the calibration of its inflow of foreigners as the country continues to face an ageing population and a shrinking workforce . Singapore Parliament accepted the recommendations by its Economic Strategies Committee ( ESC ) for the optimal ratio of the level of immigration and foreign manpower for both high and low skilled workers . The Government recognises that the current overall foreign workforce should complement the local resident workforce and not replace the Singaporean Core concept , and helps companies greatly as they raise productivity through business restructuring and workforce retraining ; raise resident labour force participation rate . Poverty and wealth inequality ( edit ) Singapore is one of the world 's wealthiest countries per capita , but its Gini coefficient ( a standardized measure of inequality ) is unusually high among developed countries . Singapore is also unusual in spending comparatively little on social programs , although subsidized public housing is nearly universally enjoyed among citizens . The government has not set an official poverty line , and official poverty - related statistics are limited . Despite the absence of official statistics , there is ample anecdotal and indirect statistical evidence that poverty is a serious problem in Singapore . Limited official statistics on the number of households receiving ComCare assistance are available . ( ComCare provides a small amount of income support to profoundly poor citizen households in Singapore . ) Over 80 % of Singaporeans live in government - subsidized Housing Development Board ( HDB ) public housing . HDB units are mostly sold as 99 year leaseholds to citizens , but a small percentage of low income citizens live in non-owned HDB units rent free . In late 2015 the Ministry of Health introduced compulsory MediShield Life hospitalization insurance , providing basic , limited coverage for medical care in Singapore 's public restructured hospitals . MediShield Life premiums are waived for the lowest income citizens . Singapore has no unemployment insurance . Public transport is well supported , and fares are low or , in some cases , zero . Starting especially in the 2000s , the Monetary Authority of Singapore ( MAS ) introduced progressively tighter limits on credit and debt , to try to prevent Singaporeans from becoming too deeply indebted . For example , banks are not legally permitted to extend any credit card debt limit in excess of S $500 ( total ) to applicants with less than S $30,000 of annual income , and credit limits also apply above that threshold . HDB units , and citizens ' ( and Permanent Residents ' ) savings in the Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) , are generally well protected against creditors and court judgments , to help prevent utter destitution . As another example , the government requires citizens and PRs who wish to enter either of its two casinos ( at Sentosa and Marina Bay ) to pay steep entrance fees , to try to curb problem gambling within the resident population . Despite these measures , some Singaporeans end up in poverty due to overwhelming debt and / or gambling . Illegal loan sharking also remains a problem in Singapore . Foreign workers , foreign dependents , foreign students , Permanent Residents , and even visiting tourists can also end up in poverty . In practice , and as with most countries , Singapore repatriates impoverished foreigners back to their home countries . Employers must bear repatriation costs in many cases . Public Finance ( edit ) Government spending in Singapore has risen since the start of the global financial crisis , from around 15 % of GDP in 2008 to 17 % in 2012 . The government 's total expenditure as a percentage of GDP ranks among the lowest internationally and allows for a competitive tax regime . Singapore is required under its constitution to keep a balanced budget over each term of government . Singapore government debt is issued for investment purposes , not to fund expenditure . Personal income taxes in Singapore range from 0 % to 20 % for incomes above S $320,000 . There are no capital gains or inheritance taxes in Singapore . Singapore 's corporate tax rate is 17 % with exemptions and incentives for smaller businesses . Singapore has a single - tier corporate income tax system , which means there is no double - taxation for shareholders . Singapore introduced Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) with an initial rate of 3 % on 1 April 1994 , increasing government 's revenue by S $1.6 billion ( US $1 b , € 800m ) and establishing government finances . The taxable GST was increased to 4 % in 2003 , to 5 % in 2004 , and to 7 % in 2007 . The Singapore government owns two investment companies , GIC Private Limited and Temasek Holdings , which manage Singapore 's reserves . Both operate as commercial investment holding companies independently of the Singapore government , but Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and his wife Ho Ching serve as chairman and CEO of these corporations respectively . While GIC invests abroad , Temasek holds 31 % of its portfolio in Singapore , holding majority stakes in several of the nation 's largest companies , such as Singapore Airlines , SingTel , ST Engineering and MediaCorp . As of 2014 , Temasek holds S $69 billion of assets in Singapore , accounting for 7 % of the total capitalisation of Singapore - listed companies . In April 2013 , the country was recognised as an increasingly popular tax haven for the wealthy due to the low tax rate on personal income , a full tax exemption on income that is generated outside of Singapore and 69 double taxation treaties that can minimise both withholding tax and capital gains tax . Australian millionaire retailer Brett Blundy , with an estimated personal wealth worth AU $835 million , and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore ( Blundy in 2013 and Saverin in 2012 ) . Additionally , Australian mining magnate Gina Rinehart owns property in Singapore and American investor Jim Rogers moved to Singapore in 2007 -- Rogers has identified the 21st century as an era in which Asia will dominate and wishes for his two daughters to learn Mandarin as a key outcome of the relocation . Chinese Media TV celebrities Jet Li and Gong Li have also taken up naturalised Singapore citizenship . Monetary Policy ( edit ) The Monetary Authority of Singapore is Singapore 's central bank and financial regulatory authority . It administers the various statutes pertaining to money , banking , insurance , securities and the financial sector in general , as well as currency issuance . The MAS has been given powers to act as a banker to and financial agent of the Government . It has also been entrusted to promote monetary stability , and credit and exchange policies conducive to the growth of the economy . Unlike many other central banks such as Federal Reserve System or Bank of England , MAS does not regulate the monetary system via interest rates to influence the liquidity in the system . Instead , it chooses to do it via the foreign exchange mechanism . It does so by intervening in the SGD market . Mergers and Acquisitions ( edit ) 16,156 M&A deals have been conducted in Singapore so far which cumulated to a total value of 850 . bil . USD . Since 1985 there has been a constant upward trend , only shortly disrupted in 2002 and 2009 . The most active year in terms of numbers ( 926 ) and value ( 78 . bil . USD ) has been 2017 , so there is currently an all time high . In general inbound and outbound deals in Singapore are nearly equaly distributed . Here is a list of the top 10 deals with Singaporean participation inbound or outbound : Date Announced Acquiror Name Acquiror Mid Industry Acquiror Nation Target Name Target Mid Industry Target Nation Value of Transaction ( $ mil ) 02 / 01 / 2008 Shining Prospect Pte Ltd Other Financials Singapore Rio Tinto PLC Metals & Mining United Kingdom 14,284.17 07 / 09 / 2015 Petrol Complex Pte Ltd Oil & Gas Singapore Essar Oil Ltd Oil & Gas India 12,907.25 07 / 14 / 2017 Nesta Investment Holdings Ltd Other Financials China Global Logistic Properties Ltd Non Residential Singapore 11,553.58 12 / 10 / 2016 QHG Shares Pte Ltd Other Financials Singapore Rosneft Oil Co Oil & Gas Russian Fed 10,776.55 12 / 10 / 2007 Government of Singapore Invest Alternative Financial Investments Singapore UBS AG Banks Switzerland 9,760.42 03 / 26 / 2001 Singapore Telecommunications Wireless Singapore Cable & Wireless Optus Lt Telecommunications Services Australia 8,491.12 12 / 01 / 2014 Investor Group Other Financials Singapore IndCor Properties Inc REITs United States 8,100.00 03 / 30 / 2007 Investor Group Other Financials Singapore Alinta Ltd Oil & Gas Australia 7,500.98 09 / 13 / 2012 TCC Assets Ltd Other Financials British Virgin Fraser & Neave Ltd Food and Beverage Singapore 6,896.48 01 / 15 / 2008 Government of Singapore Invest Alternative Financial Investments Singapore Citigroup Inc Banks United States 6,880.00 Facts & figures ( edit ) Percentage of economic growth : 1.7 % ( 2016 ) Industrial production growth rate : 1 % ( 2016 est . ) Electricity -- production by source : fossil fuel : 95.3 % hydro : 0 % nuclear : 0 % other : 3.9 % ( 2014 est . ) Electricity -- consumption : 47.5 TWh ( 2016 ) Electricity -- exports : 0 kWh ( 2007 ) Electricity -- imports : 0 kWh ( 2007 ) Agriculture -- products : rubber , copra , fruit , vegetables ; poultry , eggs , fish , orchids , ornamental fish Currency : 1 Singapore dollar ( S $ or SGD ) = 100 cents Exchange rates : Year Singapore Dollars per US $1 1981 2.0530 1985 2.1213 1990 1.7275 1995 1.4148 2000 1.7361 2005 1.6738 2011 1.2573 2012 1.2498 2013 1.2513 2014 1.2671 2015 1.3748 2016 1.379 International rankings ( edit ) Main article : International rankings of Singapore See also ( edit ) Singapore portal Four Asian Tigers 5 C 's of Singapore Biopolis Dual economy Bamboo network Immigrant workers in Singapore Singapore Workplace Safety and Health Conference References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Singapore '' . 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-66143893548476574	Boreal forest of Canada	Boreal forest of Canada - wikipedia Boreal forest of Canada Boreal Forests occur in the more southern parts of the Taiga ecoregion that spreads across the northern parts of the world . Distribution of taiga and boreal forests in Canada and the United States ( dark blue area in Canada and Alaska ) . The Taiga Biome extends in a broad band across North America , Europe , and Asia . Canada 's Boreal forest comprises about one third of the circumpolar boreal forest that rings the Northern Hemisphere , mostly north of the 50th parallel . Other countries with boreal forest , also called taiga , include Russia , which contains the majority , the United States in its northernmost state of Alaska , and the Scandinavian or Northern European countries ( e.g. Sweden , Finland , Norway and small regions of Scotland ) . The boreal region in Canada covers almost 60 % of the country 's land area . The Canadian boreal region spans the landscape from the most easterly part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the border between the far northern Yukon and Alaska . The area is dominated by coniferous forests , particularly spruce , interspersed with vast wetlands , mostly bogs and fens . The boreal region of Canada includes eight ecozones . While the biodiversity of regions varies , each ecozone has a characteristic native flora and fauna . The boreal forest zone consists of closed - crown conifer forests with a conspicuous deciduous element ( Ritchie 1987 ) . The proportions of the dominant conifers ( white and black spruces , jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb . ) , tamarack , and balsam fir ) vary greatly in response to interactions among climate , topography , soil , fire , pests , and perhaps other factors . The Canadian boreal region represents a tract of land over 1,000 kilometres wide separating the tundra in the north and temperate rain forest and deciduous woodlands that predominate in the most southerly and westerly parts of Canada . Canada 's boreal forest is also considered to be the largest intact forest on earth , with around 3 million square kilometres still undisturbed by roads , cities and industrial development . Its high level of intactness has made the forest a particular focus of environmentalists and conservation scientists who view the untouched regions of the forest as an opportunity for large - scale conservation that would otherwise be impractical in other parts of the world . The boreal region contains about 13 % of Canada 's population . With its sheer vastness and forest cover , the boreal makes an important contribution to the rural and aboriginal economies of Canada , primarily through resource industries , recreation , hunting , fishing and eco-tourism . Hundreds of cities and towns within its territory derive at least 20 % of their economic activity from the forest , mainly from industries like forest products , mining , oil and gas and tourism . The boreal forest also plays an iconic role in Canada 's history , economic and social development and the arts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 General forest ecology 1.2 Ecosystems 1.3 Forest species 1.4 Inland water and wetlands 1.5 Deforestation 1.6 Wildlife 2 Boreal life cycles 2.1 Natural regeneration 2.2 Fire effects 3 Economic activities 3.1 Region - wide planning 3.2 Land ownership 3.3 Industrial activity 3.4 Aboriginal participation 3.5 Sustainable development 3.6 Certification for sustainable forest management 4 Protection 5 Boreal in culture and popular imagination 6 See also 7 References 8 Citations 9 External links Overview ( edit ) General forest Ecology ( edit ) The Canadian boreal forest in its current form began to emerge with the end of the last Ice Age . With the retreat of the Wisconsin Ice Sheet 10,000 years ago , spruce and northern pine migrated northward and were followed thousands of years later by fir and birch . About 5000 years ago , the Canadian boreal began to resemble what it is today in terms of species composition and biodiversity . This type of coniferous forest vegetation is spread across the Northern Hemisphere . These forests contain three structural types : forest tundra in the north , open lichen woodland further south , and closed forest in more southern areas . White spruce , black spruce and tamarack are most prevalent in the four northern eco-zones of the Taiga and Hudson Plains , while spruce , balsam fir , jack pine , white birch and trembling aspen are most common in the lower boreal regions . Large populations of trembling aspen and willow are found in the southernmost parts of the Boreal Plains . One dominant characteristic of the boreal is that much of it consists of large , even - aged stands , a uniformity that owes to a cycle of natural disturbances like forest fires , or outbreaks of pine beetle or spruce budworm that kill large tracts of forest with cyclical regularity . For example , the many stands of white spruce , black spruce , and balsam fir are vulnerable to the cyclical outbreaks of a species of the spruce budworm , the Choristoneura fumiferana . Since the melting of the great ice sheet , the boreal forest has been through many cycles of natural death through fire , insect outbreaks and disease , followed by regeneration . Prior to European colonization of Canada and the application of modern firefighting equipment and techniques , the natural burn / regeneration cycle was less than 75 to 100 years , and it still is in many areas . Terms like old growth and ancient forest have a different connotation in the boreal context than they do when used to describe mature coastal rain forests with longer - lived species and different natural disturbance cycles . However , the effects of forest fires and insect outbreaks differ from the effects of logging , so they should not be treated as equivalent in their ecological consequences . Logging , for example , requires road networks with their negative impacts , and it removes nutrients from the site , which may deplete nutrients for the next cycle of forest growth . Fire , on the other hand , recycles nutrients on location ( except for some nitrogen ) , it removes accumulated organic matter and it stimulates reproduction of fire - dependent species . Ecosystems ( edit ) Typical upland taiga in Quebec Canada 's boreal region can be divided into eight ecozones . These eight can be divided into two main groups . The northern regions of the boreal forest consists of four eco-zones -- Taiga Cordillera , Taiga Plains , Taiga Shield and Hudson Plains -- that are the most thinly treed areas where the growing season and average tree size progressively shrinks until the edge of the Arctic tundra is reached . The southern tier of the boreal meanwhile consists of three other ecozones that form the largely uninterrupted or continuous forest in stretching as far south as Lake Superior in Ontario ( as the Central Canadian Shield forests ecoregion ) and the Manitoba - North Dakota border . These three southern zones are the Boreal Shield , at 1,630,000 square kilometres the largest of the eight zones , the Boreal Plains and Boreal Cordillera . A typical ecoregion of this southern tier would be the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga that covers northern Quebec and most of Labrador . Finally the eighth zone is the balsam fir Abies balsamea forest that covers the higher elevations of the Laurentian Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains in eastern Quebec ( especially the Gaspé Peninsula ) , on the island of Newfoundland , in the highlands of New Brunswick , and the Cape Breton Highlands on Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia . Within the boreal region , there are about 1,890,000 square kilometres that are between 80 % to 100 % forested and another 650,000 square kilometres with 60 % to 80 % forest cover . Forest species ( edit ) The Calypso orchid grows in the shade of boreal forest . Most trees native to the Canadian boreal are conifers , with needle leaves and cones . These include : black spruce , white spruce , balsam fir , larch ( tamarack ) , lodgepole pine , and jack pine . A few are broad - leaved species : trembling and large - toothed aspen , cottonwood and white birch , and balsam poplar . There are large areas of black spruce , a species which is tolerant of shallow soil , permafrost and waterlogged substrates , although as a consequence they have relatively low biological productivity . Owing to the short growing season , generally infertile soils , generally shallow soils , and frequent waterlogging , most of these forest types are slow - growing species , which generally tend to predominate in stressed habitats . Similarly , many of the understory shrubs are in the Ericaceae , a family known to tolerate acid , infertile and flooded habitats : examples include Labrador tea , sheep - laurel and blueberry . Since nutrient levels are so low , overall , the productivity of forest trees is highly dependent on the rate at which mineral elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus are recycled by litterfall and decomposition . After logging , the loss of nutrients may convert forested areas into shrub barrens dominated by shrubs such as sheep - laurel . Many of the plant species are fire - dependent , since fire removes neighbouring plants , and recycles nutrients locked in organic matter . Although there are rather few species of trees in the boreal forest , there is a considerable diversity of other kinds of plants . An accurate summary is difficult , since most compendia on plants are organized by political , rather than ecological boundaries ; one exception addresses the flora of the Hudson Bay Lowland , but much of this area is not forested . One portion of the boreal forest can be used to illustrate plant diversity ; consider the Flora of the Yukon . In this western part of the boreal forest , there are , for example 127 species of grass ( Poaceae ) , 118 species of Asteraceae , 115 species of sedge ( Cyperaceae ) , 93 species of crucifer ( Brassicaceae ) , 52 species of Rosaceae , 37 species of Saxifragaceae and 36 members of the snapdragon family ( Scrophulariaceae ) . Overall , the flora has 1112 species -- there are even 15 species of orchids . A Sphagnum bog with spruce trees on a forested ridge in the background Inland water and wetlands ( edit ) Canada 's boreal landscape contains more lakes and rivers than any comparably sized landmass on earth . It has been estimated that the boreal region contains over 1.5 million lakes with a minimum surface area of 40,000 square metres as well as some of Canada 's largest lakes . Soft water lakes predominate in central and eastern Canada and hard water lakes predominate in Western Canada . Most large boreal lakes have cold water species of fish like trout and whitefish , while in warmer waters , species may include northern pike , walleye and smallmouth bass . The boreal forest also has vast areas of wetland , particularly bogs and fens . Two wetland areas , the Hudson Bay Lowland and the Mackenzie River basin , are among the ten largest wetlands in the world . The boreal forest wetlands provide wildlife habitat ( particularly for migratory birds ) , they maintain water flow in rivers , and they store significant amounts of carbon that otherwise would be released to the atmosphere . Deforestation ( edit ) Sheep laurel grows in clearings and shallow soils . It can form extensive shrub barrens after logging . In contemporary times , the boreal forest has suffered little deforestation , defined as the permanent conversion of forest area to non-forest due to activities associated with agriculture , urban or recreational development , oil and gas development , and flooding for hydroelectric projects . In Alberta , the province with the largest oil and gas industry , more trees are cut for agriculture or oil and gas exploration than for timber . In eastern Canada , over 9,000 square kilometres of peatlands and forest have been flooded over the past four decades for hydroelectric projects . Canada as a whole has 91 % of the forest cover that existed at the dawn of European settlement . More deforestation has occurred outside the boreal region , in more southerly areas of the country . The forest sector annually harvests approximately 1⁄2 of 1 % of the region . However , this is not considered deforestation by some , given that provincial laws are meant to ensure that areas harvested by the forest sector are replanted or regenerated naturally . However , the resulting road network from logging has effects that persist long beyond the period of harvest ; indeed , one can make the case that road construction is one of the most harmful and persistent effects of logging . The Canada warbler nests on the ground in boreal forests . Wildlife ( edit ) There may be as many as five billion landbirds , including resident and migratory species . The Canadian boreal region contains the largest area of wetlands of any ecosystem of the world , serving as breeding ground for over 12 million waterbirds and millions of land birds , the latter including species as diverse as vultures , hawks , grouse , owls , hummingbirds , kingfishers , woodpeckers and passerines ( or perching birds , often referred to as songbirds ) . It is estimated that the avian population of the boreal represents 60 % of the landbirds in all of Canada and almost 30 % of all landbirds in the United States and Canada combined . Many of the wildlife species , are , like the forests , dependent upon natural disturbance from fire and insect outbreaks . For example , at least three species of warbler ( Cape May warbler , bay - breasted warbler and Tennessee warbler ) , have distributions and abundance related to spruce budworm outbreaks . The black - backed woodpecker shows a preference for burnt over forests , where it forages for insects burrowing in the dead trees that remain standing . Fireweed , as the name suggests , is a plant that similar thrives in recently burned areas . Blueberries and huckleberries are also stimulated by fires , probably benefiting from the removal of shade , and the nutrients released in ashes . The resulting berries are an important food source for boreal forest animals . Few species of boreal wildlife are classified under government conservation regimes as being at risk of extinction . However , the decline of some major species of wildlife is a concern . Boreal woodland caribou , whose lichen - rich , mature forest habitat spans the boreal forest from the Northwest Territories to Labrador , is designated as a threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada . The Newfoundland population of marten is threatened by habitat loss , accidental trapping and prey availability . Boreal life cycles ( edit ) Natural regeneration ( edit ) The particular mixture of tree species depends upon factors including soil moisture , soil depth , and organic content . Upland forests can be closely mixed with forested peatlands . The resulting conifer forests are produced by and dependent upon recurring disturbance from storms , fires , floods and insect outbreaks . Owing to the accumulated peat in the soil , and the predominance of coniferous trees , lightning - caused fire has always been a natural part of this forest . It is one of many ecosystems that depend upon such recurring natural disturbance . For example , fire dependent species like lodgepole and jack pine have resin sealed cones . In a fire , the resin melts and the cones to open , allowing seeds to scatter so that a new pine forest begins ( see also fire ecology ) . It has been estimated that prior to European settlement , this renewal process occurred on average every 75 to 100 years , creating even - aged stands of forest . Fire continues to cause natural forest disturbance , but fire suppression and clear - cutting has interrupted these natural cycles , leading to significant changes in species composition . Boreal vegetation never attains stability because of interactions among fire , vegetation , soil -- water relationships , frost action , and permafrost ( Churchill and Hanson 1958 , Spurr and Barnes 1980 ) . Wildfires produce a vegetation mosaic supporting an ever - changing diversity of plant and animal populations ( Viereck 1973 ) . In the absence of fire , the accumulation of sphagnum peat on level upland sites would eventually oust coniferous vegetation and produce muskeg . Fire effects ( edit ) Fireweed is a native wildflower that grows after forest fires . Despite today 's sophisticated and expensive fire - spotting and fire - fighting techniques , forest fires in Canada still burn , on average , about 28,000 square kilometres of boreal and other forest area annually . That average annual burn area is equivalent to more than three times the current annual industrial timber harvest . It can be many more times that in intense fire years . However , although logging also removes trees , fire is not the same as logging , since fire has been a part of coniferous forests for millennia . Fire not only stimulates regeneration of many plant species , it recycles phosphorus and removes accumulated organic matter . Fire is increasingly used as a management tool to maintain forest health in some parts of North America ( see fire ecology ) . Different parts of the boreal have different burn cycles . The drier western region , which receives lower average rainfall , had higher natural fire frequencies . Hence , more area is burned annually on average in the west than in central and eastern Canada . When natural burn cycles are interrupted by fire suppression , natural renewal is obstructed and species composition is changed . In addition , fire suppression causes fuel loads to increase so that fires , when they do occur , become more intense . One can argue that fire suppression actually creates a positive feed back loop , where ever more expensive fire suppression generates the conditions for ever larger fires . The negative effects of fire suppression are still under study , and not fully measured , but they need to be considered when making decisions about the future health of boreal forests . Economic activities ( edit ) Region - wide planning ( edit ) Because parts of the boreal forest region are found in nearly every province and territory in Canada , there has not been much in the way of coordinated planning to develop the region . Prime Minister Diefenbaker talked of his `` northern vision '' but little was done to see it come to pass . A proposal was authored by Richard Rohmer in 1967 called Mid-Canada Development Corridor : A Concept and was discussed by officials and politicians but was never implemented . In 2014 , John van Nostrand attempted to revive the concept . In the absence of a nationwide plan , private industry and the provinces have pursued development in particular products or certain regions . These include the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta , the Ring of Fire ( Ontario ) , and Quebec 's Plan nord . Land ownership ( edit ) Main article : land ownership in Canada Forest land in Canada is largely Crown land . Over 90 % of the boreal forest is provincial Crown land ; another 5 % is federally controlled and includes national parks , First Nations reserves and national defence installations . Industrial activity ( edit ) A skidder is used to clear forest and move logs . About 1,400 communities within the Boreal region rely on resource industries for at least part of the livelihood and stability . Many of these communities were carved out of the forest to support a sawmill , pulp and paper mill , mine or railway maintenance facility . Boreal forestry activities support almost 400,000 direct and indirect jobs across Canada . Forestry , pulp and paper , mining , and oil and gas exploration and development are the largest industries along with tourism , trapping , recreation , light manufacturing and the services to support industry and communities . The forest products sector is one of Canada 's largest export industries , representing approximately 3 % of GDP , with about half of the annual wood harvest coming from the boreal forest . Roughly one quarter of the boreal forest is managed for industrial forestry . The remaining three - quarters is either in parks , conservation areas , model forests or is considered non-timber - productive , generally defined as unsuitable for managed forestry or inaccessible . As recently as 2003 , it was estimated that the annual harvest in the boreal was about 7,500 square kilometres per year , equivalent to about 0.2 % of the total Canadian boreal forest . The sharp downturn in the market for lumber because of the collapse of the housing market in the United States that began in 2006 , coupled with import tariff and tax barriers , have knocked the bottom out of Canada 's forest industry . In Ontario , Canada 's most populous province , where most forestry activity is in the boreal , government statistics suggest that the harvest declined 18 % from 2005 to 2006 . Given the high number of mill closings from 2005 onward , mostly in Ontario and Quebec , it is a trend that most likely persisted through 2007 and 2008 . Most of Canada 's conventional onshore oil and gas production , including the rapidly expanding oil sands production in Alberta , is located in the boreal region as is Canada 's largest uranium producing zone in northern Saskatchewan and Quebec 's largest hydroelectric generating facilities in the La Grande watershed . Aboriginal participation ( edit ) About eighty percent of Canada 's Aboriginal population resides in forested areas -- including one million in over five hundred First Nations and Métis settlements in boreal zones . Of that amount , over 17,000 work in the forest products industry , mostly in silviculture and woodlands operations in the boreal and other forest regions . Sustainable development ( edit ) Since the early 1990s , a strong impetus has been created to focus on conserving Canada 's boreal legacy and sustainably managing economic activity within the entire region . The Canadian boreal is largely intact and available for multiple uses like timber harvest , recreation and hunting . Forestry companies have come to adopt the management practices known as eco-system based management , which takes into consideration criteria and indicators for sustainability -- social , economic and environmental . A number of key principles have come to underpin Canadian forestry practices as mandated by forestry legislation , including the obligation for forestry companies operating on public lands to fully regenerate all areas harvested for timber and to consult the public on the preparation of forest management / harvest plans submitted to the relevant provincial authorities . Certification for sustainable forest management ( edit ) As a result of growing public concern with sustainable development and conserving the integrity of the boreal forests , conservation initiatives are progressing on various fronts . The area in national and provincial parks and protected conservation areas is approximately 10 % of the total boreal area . Most large forest products companies have certified their boreal forestry operations to one of three third - party , independently audited standards for sustainable forest management : The Forest Stewardship Council 's FSC Boreal Standard ; The Canadian standard CAN / CSA Z809 ; The Sustainable Forestry Initiative . Sustainable Forest Management refers to managing a forest ecosystem in a manner that maintains and enhances its long - term health . Protection ( edit ) In July 2008 the Ontario government announced plans to protect 225,000 kilometres of the Northern Boreal lands . In February 2010 the Canadian government established protection for 5,300 square miles ( 14,000 km ) of boreal forest by creating a new reserve of 4,100 square miles ( 11,000 km ) in the Mealy Mountains area of eastern Canada and a waterway provincial park of 1,200 square miles ( 3,100 km ) that follows alongside the Eagle River from headwaters to sea . A report issued in 2011 by the Pew Environment Group described the Canadian boreal forest as the largest natural storage of freshwater in the world . Boreal in culture and popular imagination ( edit ) The boreal forest is deeply ingrained in the Canadian identity and the images foreigners have of Canada . The history of the early European fur traders , their adventures , discoveries , aboriginal alliances and misfortunes is an essential part of the popular colonial history of Canada . The canoe , the beaver pelt , the coureur des bois , the voyageurs , the Hudson 's Bay Company and the North - West Mounted Police , the construction of Canada 's transcontinental railways -- all are symbols of Canadian history familiar to school children that are inextricably linked to the boreal forest . The forest -- and boreal species such as the caribou and loon -- are or have been featured on Canadian currency . Another iconic and enduring image of the boreal was created by 20th - century landscape painters , most notably from the Group of Seven , who saw the uniqueness of Canada in its boreal vastness . The Group of Seven artists largely portrayed the boreal as natural , pure and unspoiled by human presence or activity and hence only partly a reflection of reality . See also ( edit ) Geography of Canada portal Environment of Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests : 2004 -- 2005 , The Boreal Forest , Canadian Forest Service , ISBN 0 - 662 - 40014 - 3 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Canadian Boreal Initiative online , http://www.borealcanada.ca/boreal-did-you-know-e.php ; State of Canada 's Forests : 2004 - 2005 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests : 2004 - 2005 , p. 45 , Map `` Canada 's Boreal Forest '' inside back cover Jump up ^ Ritchie , J.C. 1987 . Postglacial Vegetation of Canada . Cambridge Univ . Press , Cambridge , U.K. 178 p . Jump up ^ `` Global Warming Cited as Wildfires ; Increase in Fragile Boreal Forest Scientists say the near - destruction of Fort McMurray last week by a wildfire is the latest indication that the vital boreal forest is at risk from climate change '' . NYT . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Analysis produced by Global Forest Watch Canada , 2012 . Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests : 2004 - 2005 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests : 2004 - 2005 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests , 2004 -- 2005 , pp. 46 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Archibold , O.W. 1995 . Ecology of World Vegetation . London : Chapman and Hall . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Boreal Forest '' , Forest Products Association of Canada , map , inside front cover . Jump up ^ Ludwig , D. , D.D. Jones , and C.S. Holling. 1978 . Qualitative analysis of insect outbreak systems : the spruce budworm and forest . Journal of Animal Ecology 47 : 315 -- 332 . Jump up ^ Swaine , J.M. ; Craighead , F.C. ; Bailey , J.W. 1924 . Studies on the spruce budworm Cacoecia fumiferana Clem . Can . Dep . Agric. , Ottawa ON , Tech . Bull . 37 ( N.S. ) . Jump up ^ Balch , R.E. ; Webb , F.E. ; Morris , R.F. 1954 . Results of spraying against spruce budworm in New Brunswick . Can . Dep . Agric. , For . Biol. Div. , Ottawa ON , Bi-mo . Progr . Rep. 10 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Nature of Forest Fires , '' State of Canada 's Forests , 2003 -- 2004 , ISBN 0 - 662 - 37602 - 1 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Forman , R.T.T. , D. Sperling , J. Bissonette , A.P. Clevenger , C.D. Cutshall , V.H. Dale , L. Fahrig , R. France , C.R. Goldman , K. Heanue , J.A. Jones , F.J. Swanson , T. Turrentine , and T.C. Winter . 2002 . Road Ecology : Science and Solutions . Washington : Island Press . Jump up ^ Rowe , J.S. and G.W. Scotter. 1973 . Fire in the boreal forest . Quaternary Research 3 : 444 -- 464 . Jump up ^ Heinselman , M.L. 1981 . Fire and succession in the conifer forests of northern North America . pp. 374 -- 405 . In D.C. West , H.H. Shugart , and D.B. Botkin ( eds . ) Forest Succession : Concepts and Applications . New York : Springer - Verlag. True facterino Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests : 2004 -- 2005 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests : 2004 -- 2005 , Map `` Canada 's Boreal Forest '' , inside back cover . ^ Jump up to : State of Canada 's Forests : 2004 - 2005 , Map `` Canada 's Boreal Region '' , inside back cover Jump up ^ `` Eastern Canadian forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Jump up ^ Archibold , O.W. 1995 . Ecology of World Vegetation . London : Chapman and Hall . Chapter 8 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2008 . Black Spruce : Picea mariana , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . Nicklas Stromberg , November 2008 Archived October 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Keddy , P.A. 2007 . Plants and Vegetation : Origins , Processes , Consequences . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . 666 p . Jump up ^ Weetman , G.F. 1983 . Forestry practices and stress on Canadian forest land . pp. 260 -- 301 . In W. Simpson - Lewis , R. McKechnie , and V. Neimanis ( eds . ) Stress on Land in Canada . Ottawa : Lands Directorate , Environment Canada . Jump up ^ Riley , J.L. 2003 . Flora of the Hudson Bay Lowland and its Postglacial Origins. NRC Research Press , Ottawa , Canada . 236 p . Jump up ^ Cody , W.J. 1996 . Flora of the Yukon Territory. NRC Research Press , Ottawa , Canada . 643 p . Jump up ^ `` Boreal fresh waters '' , State of Canada 's Forests 2004 - 2005 , pp. 70 - 71 Jump up ^ National Wetlands Working Group . 1988 . Wetlands of Canada. Jesse Graham Likes to party Canada Committee on Ecological Land Classification , Environment Canada . 452 p . Jump up ^ Fraser , L.H. and P.A. Keddy ( eds . ) . 2005 . The World 's Largest Wetlands : Ecology and Conservation . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . Jump up ^ Vitt , D.H. , L.A. Halsey and B.J. Nicholson. 2005 . The Mackenzie River basin . Pp. 166 -- 202 in L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy ( eds . ) . The World 's Largest Wetlands : Ecology and Conservation . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . ^ Jump up to : State of Canada 's Forests 2004 -- 2005 , p 40 Jump up ^ `` Birds in Canada 's Boreal Forest : New paradigms for paradise found '' , State of Canada 's Forests 2005 -- 2006 , p 72 Jump up ^ Peter Blancher , `` Importance of Canada 's Boreal Forest to Landbirds '' , Canadian Boreal Initiative and Boreal Songbird Initiative , May 2003 , p. ii , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cadman , M.D. , P.F.J. Eagles , and F.M. Helleiner . Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario . University of Waterloo Press , Waterloo . p. 376 Jump up ^ Cadman , M.D. , P.F.J. Eagles , and F.M. Helleiner . Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario . University of Waterloo Press , Waterloo . p. 244 Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada 2000 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Culling & Culling 2006 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Forest Associated Species at Risk '' , State of Canada 's Forests 2004 - 2005 , pp 77 - 79 ; http://www.newfoundlandmarten.com/page.php?pid=21 Jump up ^ Keddy , P.A. 2007 . Plants and Vegetation : Origins , Processes , Consequences . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . 666 p . Jump up ^ `` Fire in the Forest '' , State of Canada 's Forests , 2003 - 2004 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Carleton , T.J. and P. MacLellan. 1994 . Woody vegetation responses to fire versus clear - cutting logging : a comparative survey in the central Canadian boreal forest . Ecoscience 1 : 141 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Churchill , E.D. ; Hanson , H.C. 1958 . The concept of climax in arctic and alpine vegetation . Bot. Rev. 24 : 127 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Spurr , S.H. ; Barnes , B.V. 1980 . Forest ecology , 3rd ed . Wiley , New York NY . 687 p . Jump up ^ Viereck , L.A. 1973 . Wildfire in the taiga of Alaska . Quaternary Res. 3 : 465 -- 495 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbances and Renewal in the Forest '' , State of Canada 's Forests , 2003 -- 2004 , p. 74 Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests 2003 -- 2004 , p 69 Jump up ^ `` The Northern Vision '' . www.canadahistory.com . Jump up ^ http://thewalrus.ca/if-we-build-it-they-will-stay/ Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests 2004 - 2005 , p. 49 Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests 2004 -- 2005 , p. 57 Jump up ^ State of Canada 's Forests 2004 -- 2005 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada , statistical data , http://canadaforests.nrcan.gc.ca/statsprofile Jump up ^ `` Mill Closures and Mill Investments in the Canadian Forest Sector '' , State of Canada 's Forests , 2005 -- 2006 , pp 46 -- 55 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal Partnerships in the Forest '' , State , The State of Canada 's Forests , 2007 , National Resources Canada , ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46538 - 6 , p. 21 ; Canadian Boreal Initiative , Borealcanada.ca/boreal-did-you-know-e.php ; `` Aboriginal Issues in Canada 's Boreal Forest '' , Summary , National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy . Jump up ^ `` Sustainable Forest Management in Canada '' , State of Canada 's Forests , 2007 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition - Coalition can ... '' . 23 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Protecting a Northern Boreal region one - and - a-half times the size of the Maritimes '' . Office of the Premier. 2008 - 07 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Braun , David ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` Boreal landscapes added to Canada 's parks Boreal landscapes added to Canada 's parks '' . NatGeo News Watch : News Editor David Braun 's Eye on the World . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Pew Environment Group . A Forest of Blue : Canada 's Boreal Forest . March 16 , 2011 Jump up ^ Munro , Margaret ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Canada urged to protect water in boreal forests '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The boreal muse of the Group of Seven ; Creating a national identity from a palette of boreal colours '' , Canadian Geographic , Jan / Feb 2004 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 . Citations ( edit ) Culling , Diane E. ; Culling , Brad A. ( May 2006 ) , Ecology and seasonal habitat selection of boreal caribou in the Snake - Sahtaneh watershed , British Columbia : 2000 to 2004 ( PDF ) , Fort St. John , British Columbia , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 December 2013 , retrieved 19 December 2013 `` State of Canada 's Forests 1999 - 2000 : Forests in the New Millennium '' ( PDF ) , Natural Resources Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 662 - 29069 - 0 , retrieved 19 December 2013 External links ( edit ) Media related to Boreal forest of Canada at Wikimedia Commons Map of Canadian Ecozones . The Alberta Centre for Boreal Studies Boreal Songbird Initiative Map of world 's largest wetlands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boreal_forest_of_Canada&oldid=840207106 '' Categories : Forests of Canada Geography of Canada Taiga and boreal forests Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Русский Simple English اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 11 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the boreal forest biome located in canada	[]	[]
7662849393253834998	Grammy Award records	Grammy Award records - wikipedia Grammy Award records Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards , many significant records have been set . This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists . This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards , Trustees Awards , Technical Awards or Legend Awards . The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys ( known as the Craft & Production Fields ) that may have been presented to the artist ( s ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 Most Grammys won 1.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist 1.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist 1.4 Most Grammys won by a group 1.5 Most Grammys won by a producer 1.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer 1.7 Youngest winners 1.8 Youngest artists to win Album of the Year 1.9 Oldest winners 1.10 Most honored albums 1.11 Most Album of the Year wins 1.12 Most Record of the Year wins 1.13 Most Grammys won for consecutive albums 1.14 Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category 1.15 Artists who have won all four General Field awards 2 Single ceremony 2.1 Most Grammys won in one night 2.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night 2.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night 2.4 Most Grammys won by a group in one night 2.5 Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night 2.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night 2.7 Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony 2.8 Artists who have won Record , Album and Song of the Year in one night 2.9 Most Grammys won by an album in one night 2.10 Most posthumous Grammys won in one night 3 Nominations 3.1 Most Grammy nominations 3.2 Most nominations in one night 3.3 Most nominations without winning 3.4 Most nominations in one night without winning 3.5 Grammy nominations in the most fields 3.6 Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night 3.7 Youngest nominees 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) Most Grammys won ( edit ) The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti , a Hungarian - British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty - two years . He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Alison Krauss Pierre Boulez 26 5 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 7 John Williams 24 8 U2 22 Chick Corea Beyoncé 11 Jay - Z 21 Kanye West Vince Gill 14 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt Most Grammys won by a Male artist ( edit ) Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Pierre Boulez 26 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 6 John Williams 24 7 Chick Corea 22 8 Kanye West 21 Vince Gill Jay Z 11 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Al Schmitt Bruce Springsteen 15 Tony Bennett 18 Jimmy Sturr Yo - Yo Ma Paul McCartney Most Grammys won by a female artist ( edit ) Alison Krauss has , as a solo artist , collaborator and producer , won 27 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Alison Krauss 27 Beyoncé 22 Aretha Franklin 18 Adele 15 Alicia Keys 6 Ella Fitzgerald 13 Leontyne Price Emmylou Harris 9 CeCe Winans 12 10 Shirley Caesar 11 11 Chaka Khan 10 Bonnie Raitt Linda Ronstadt Taylor Swift 15 Mary J. Blige 9 Natalie Cole Sheryl Crow Norah Jones Hillary Scott Rihanna Most Grammys won by a Group ( edit ) U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group . They have won 22 awards . Rank Artists Awards U2 22 Alison Krauss and Union Station 14 Dixie Chicks 13 Foo Fighters 12 5 Pat Metheny Group 10 6 The Manhattan Transfer 9 The Beatles Emerson String Quartet Asleep At The Wheel 10 Blackwood Brothers 8 Metallica Santana Take 6 14 Coldplay 7 Kentucky Thunder Lady Antebellum Simon & Garfunkel Los Tigres del Norte Most Grammys won by a producer ( edit ) Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer ( and eleven of those were awarded for production duties . Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist ) . Some producers have also won awards as engineers , mixers and / or mastering engineers . Rank Producer Awards Quincy Jones 27 Kanye West 21 David Foster 16 James Mallinson David Frost Steven Epstein 15 7 Phil Ramone 14 8 T Bone Burnett 13 Robert Woods Jay David Saks 11 Arif Mardin 11 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer ( edit ) Al Schmitt , with 20 awards , has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer . Youngest winners ( edit ) The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners , when they were credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? soundtrack , which won Album of the Year in 2002 . LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner . She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997 . She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 9 years Hannah Peasall 13 years Sarah Peasall 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 5 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 6 17 years , 81 days Lorde 7 18 years , 105 days Daya 8 18 years , 123 days Monica 9 19 years , 67 days Christina Aguilera 10 19 years , 112 days LaTavia Roberson Youngest artists to win Album of the Year ( edit ) Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year . She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless . Rank Age Artist 20 years , 49 days Taylor Swift 21 years , 242 days Alanis Morissette 22 years , 18 days Barbra Streisand 23 years , 274 days Lauryn Hill 5 23 years , 283 days Adele 6 23 years , 293 days Stevie Wonder 7 23 years , 330 days Norah Jones Oldest winners ( edit ) Pinetop Perkins is the oldest person to win a Grammy . In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age . Rank Age Artist 97 years , 221 days Pinetop Perkins 95 years , 31 days George Burns 91 years , 137 days Jimmy Carter 90 years , 52 days Elizabeth Cotten 5 90 years , 26 days Betty White Note : Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten , with some stating it as 1893 , while others say 1895 . The above information credits it as 1895 . With either year , Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner . Most honored albums ( edit ) Santana 's Supernatural and U2 's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards . Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards . Rank Albums and artists Awards How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 9 Supernatural -- Santana Come Away With Me -- Norah Jones 8 Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles Thriller -- Michael Jackson 6 All That You Ca n't Leave Behind -- U2 7 Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars 9 21 -- Adele 6 Back To Black -- Amy Winehouse The Blueprint 3 -- Jay Z Bridge Over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss The Return of Roger Miller -- Roger Miller Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks To Pimp a Butterfly -- Kendrick Lamar Toto IV -- Toto Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole Unplugged -- Eric Clapton Most Album of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most Album of the Year wins is four . Tom Coyne , mastering engineer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) Three recording artists , four record producers , two mastering engineers and three engineer / mixers have won the award three times . Frank Sinatra , artist -- Come Dance with Me ! ( 1960 ) , September of My Years ( 1966 ) , A Man and His Music ( 1967 ) Stevie Wonder , artist -- Innervisions ( 1974 ) , Fulfillingness ' First Finale ( 1975 ) , Songs in the Key of Life ( 1977 ) Paul Simon , artist -- Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1971 ) , Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , Graceland ( 1987 ) David Foster , producer -- Unforgettable ... with Love ( 1992 ) , The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album ( 1994 ) , Falling into You ( 1997 ) Phil Ramone , producer -- Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , 52nd Street ( 1980 ) , Genius Loves Company ( 2005 ) Daniel Lanois , producer -- The Joshua Tree ( 1988 ) , Time Out of Mind ( 1998 ) , How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ( 2006 ) Bob Ludwig , mastering engineer -- Babel ( 2013 ) , Random Access Memories ( 2014 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Ryan Tedder , producer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Serban Ghenea , engineer / mixer -- 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) John Hanes , engineer / mixer -- 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) Most record of the Year wins ( edit ) Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four consecutive times as a mastering engineer . Most Grammys won for consecutive albums ( edit ) Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total , including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums . Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards : Best Jazz Fusion Performance ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1990 ) Best Instrumental Composition ( 1991 ) Best Contemporary Jazz Performance / Album ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Individual or Group ( 1998 , 2000 , 2013 ) Best Rock Instrumental Performance ( 1999 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ( 2001 ) Best New Age Album ( 2004 , 2012 ) Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category ( edit ) Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category . She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975 , for an eight - year winning streak . She also won in this category in 1982 , 1986 , and 1988 , giving her 11 wins in the category . After Franklin , Jimmy Sturr , Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category : Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album . He also won for three runs of four consecutive years ( 1996 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2004 , and 2006 -- 2009 . ) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985 . The award was discontinued in 2009 . Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) . Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four years in a row ( 2015 -- 2018 ) . Artists who have won all four General Field awards ( edit ) There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards . In 1981 , Christopher Cross won Record , Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist . Adele is the second artist to win all four , and the first female to do so . In 2009 , she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017 , she won Record , Album and Song of the Year . Single ceremony ( edit ) Most Grammys won in one night ( edit ) The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight . Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson 's record in 2000 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Santana ( 2000 ) Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Paul Simon ( 1971 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Beyoncé ( 2010 ) Adele ( 2012 ) Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Paul Simon ( 1971 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night ( edit ) The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six . Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012 , respectively . Rank Artist Awards Beyoncé ( 2010 ) 6 Adele ( 2012 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) 5 Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Beyoncé ( 2004 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Adele ( 2017 ) Most Grammys won by a Group in one night ( edit ) In 2000 , Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards . They won the awards for Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Rank Artists Awards Santana ( 2000 ) 8 Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) 5 U2 ( 2006 ) Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) Lady Antebellum ( 2011 ) Foo Fighters ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night ( edit ) The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five . Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks , Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year , Non Classical . Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night ( edit ) The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six . At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017 , Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Vocal Album , Best Engineered Album Non Classical , Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele 's ' 25 ' , David Bowie 's ' Blackstar ' and Cage The Elephant 's ' Tell Me I 'm Pretty ' . Artist who has won all four General Field awards at a single ceremony ( edit ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) received all four General Field awards in one night . Cross won the Record of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , Album of the Year ( `` Christopher Cross '' ) , Song of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony . Artists who have won record , Album and Song of the Year in one night ( edit ) The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Song of the Year . Seven artists have won all three in one night . Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice . Year Artist 1971 Paul Simon 1972 Carole King 1981 Christopher Cross 1993 Eric Clapton 2007 Dixie Chicks 2012 Adele 2017 2018 Bruno Mars Most Grammys won by an Album in one night ( edit ) The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine . In 2000 Santana 's Supernatural was awarded nine awards . It won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Most posthumous Grammys won in one night ( edit ) Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night . He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year . Nominations ( edit ) Most Grammy nominations ( edit ) Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79 . Rank Artist Nominations Quincy Jones 79 Paul McCartney 78 Georg Solti 74 Stevie Wonder Jay Z 6 Henry Mancini 72 7 Kanye West 68 8 Pierre Boulez 67 John Williams 10 Chick Corea 64 11 Leonard Bernstein 63 Beyoncé 13 Jay David Saks 53 14 Thomas Z . Shepard 50 Bruce Springsteen 16 Willie Nelson 49 James Mallinson Babyface Most nominations in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations . Rank Artist Nominations Year Michael Jackson 12 1984 Kendrick Lamar 11 2016 Lauryn Hill 10 1999 Kanye West 2005 Beyoncé Eminem 2011 7 Roger Miller 9 1966 Paul McCartney 1966 The Manhattan Transfer 1986 Jay Z 2014 Beyoncé 2017 Most nominations without winning ( edit ) The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 24 , held by Morten Lindberg . Rank Artist Nominations Morten Lindberg 24 Snoop Dogg 17 Brian McKnight Joe Satriani 15 5 Toshiko Akiyoshi 14 Martina McBride Dierks Bentley Björk 9 Katy Perry 13 Nas Spyro Gyra Musiq Soulchild 13 Diana Ross 12 Alan Parsons Busta Rhymes Ledisi Lenny Gomulka Fred Hersch Keith Jarrett Most nominations in one night without winning ( edit ) Rank Artist Nominations Paul McCartney ( 1966 ) 9 Kanye West ( 2017 ) 8 Rihanna ( 2017 ) Jay - Z ( 2018 ) 5 Stevie Wonder ( 1983 ) 7 India. Arie ( 2002 ) Kendrick Lamar ( 2014 ) 8 Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) 6 Thomas Z . Shepard ( 1970 ) Mariah Carey ( 1996 ) 50 Cent ( 2006 ) Bruno Mars ( 2012 ) 13 Robert M. Jones ( 1961 ) 5 Elvis Presley ( 1961 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1961 ) James Taylor ( 1971 ) Eugene Ormandy ( 1971 ) Paul McCartney ( 1983 ) Sting ( 1986 ) Jay David Saks ( 1986 ) Leonard Bernstein ( 1989 ) Joan Osborne ( 1996 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2003 ) 50 Cent ( 2004 ) Alicia Keys ( 2006 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2006 ) Prince ( 2007 ) James Blunt ( 2007 ) Jazmine Sullivan ( 2009 ) B.o.B ( 2011 ) Lil Wayne ( 2012 ) Drake ( 2014 , 2016 ) Khalid ( 2018 ) No I.D. ( 2018 ) SZA ( 2018 ) Grammy nominations in the most fields ( edit ) Rank Artist Number Fields Quincy Jones 15 Spoken word , arranging , music video / film , jazz , pop , rap , general field , r&b , children 's , musical theatre , disco , composition , gospel / contemporary christian music , music for visual media and production , non-classical Paul McCartney 11 General field , pop , arranging , rock , traditional , music for visual media , music video / film , spoken word , historical , alternative music and rap David Foster 10 R&b , arranging , composition , music for visual media , production , music video / film , pop , traditional , musical theatre and general field Bob Dylan Country , general field , gospel / contemporary christian music , rock , music video / film , music for visual media , folk pop , american roots , and traditional 5 Jack White 9 Rock , general field , alternative , country , pop , package , music video / film , american roots and engineered album Béla Fleck Country , pop , jazz , american roots , world music , classical , folk , spoken word , composition and arranging Janet Jackson General field , pop , r&b , rock , arranging , rap , music video / film , dance and production , non-classical 8 Cyndi Lauper 8 Rock , pop , general field , music video / film , disco , arranging , american roots and musical theatre Prince General field , pop , r&b , rock , engineered album , music video / film , music for visual media and production , non-classical Michael Jackson General field , pop , r&b , rock , disco , children 's , music video / film and production , non-classical Danger Mouse General field , pop , r&b , rock , rap , alternative , music video / film and production , non-classical Herbie Hancock General field , pop , r&b , rock , jazz , music video / film , music for visual media and composition Lionel Richie General field , pop , r&b , music for visual media , dance , arranging , gospel / contemporary christian music and production , non-classical Justin Timberlake General field , pop , r&b , country , rap , music for visual media , dance and music video / film Stevie Wonder General field , pop , r&b , arranging , composition , music for visual media , music video / film and production , non-classical Beyoncé General field , pop , r&b , rock , rap , music for visual media , surround sound and music video / film Pharrell Williams General field , pop , r&b , dance , rap , music for visual media , music video / film and production , non-classical Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night ( edit ) Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night . Year Artist 1968 Bobbie Gentry 1980 Christopher Cross 1985 Cyndi Lauper 1989 Tracy Chapman 1991 Mariah Carey 1998 Paula Cole 2002 India. Arie 2008 Amy Winehouse 2013 Fun . 2015 Sam Smith Youngest nominees ( edit ) Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee ( and winner ) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) in 2002 . Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination , for Best Soul / Gospel performance . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 8 years , 161 days Deleon Richards 9 years Hannah Peasall 12 years , 126 days Zac Hanson 5 12 years , 155 days Joey Alexander 6 12 years , 199 days Michael Jackson 7 12 years , 273 days Billy Gilman 8 13 years Sarah Peasall 9 14 years , 45 days Chris `` Daddy Mac '' Smith 10 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 11 14 years , 197 days Chris `` Mac Daddy '' Kelly 12 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 13 14 years , 348 days Taylor Hanson See also ( edit ) Latin Grammy Award records List of Academy Award records List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes 14 awards as part of Union Station Jump up ^ Includes 3 awards as part of Destiny 's Child Jump up ^ Includes 7 awards as part of Lady Antebellum Jump up ^ Includes 41 nominations as part of The Beatles Jump up ^ Includes 13 nominations as part of Destiny 's Child References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Georg Solti - Biography '' . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO ARE THE TOP GRAMMY WINNERS OF ALL TIME ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U2 dominates Grammy night '' , CBC News , February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past winners search 2001 '' . Grammy.Com . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jazz Legends Pat Metheny Group Improvise on Austin City Limits : : eJazzNews.com : The Number One Jazz News Resource On The Net : : Jazz News Daily Jump up ^ 2003 Grammy Awards Jump up ^ `` Adele To Michael Jackson : Who 's Won The Most GRAMMYs In A Night ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Virtual College of Grammy Knowledge '' , by Wook Kim , Entertainment Weekly , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NEA Jazz Master : Quincy Jones '' , National Endowment for the Arts , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Artist With The Most Grammy Nominations for 2017 '' . Billboard . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grammy Awards . Official Grammy Awards website ( hide ) Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Related Grammy Museum By Country American Argentine Australian Austrian Brazilian British Canadian Chinese Cuban French Indian Irish Italian Japanese Malian Mexican Nigerian New Zealand Peruvian Polish Senegalese South African Spanish Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammy_Award_records&oldid=833090774 '' Categories : Grammy Awards Records Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the most grammys in one night	[]	[]
-4598242162675261828	Police Public	Police Public - Wikipedia Police Public This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Police Public Directed by Esmayeel Shroff Produced by Vijay P. Mehta Written by Moin - ud - din Starring Raaj Kumar Raj Kiran Poonam Dhillon Prem Chopra Release date 11 May 1990 Country India Language Hindi Police Public is a 1990 film directed by Esmayeel Shroff . The film stars Raaj Kumar , Raj Kiran , Poonam Dhillon , Naseeruddin Shah , Kabir Bedi , Reema Lagoo and Prem Chopra . The film is a remake of the Malayalam film Oru CBI Diary Kurippu . Contents 1 Characters 2 Soundtrack 3 References 4 External links Characters ( edit ) Raaj Kumar ... CBI Officer Jagmohan Azaad Naseeruddin Shah ... Senior Inspector Maha Singh Garhwal Kabir Bedi ... Senior Inspector Shah Nawaz Khan Raj Kiran ... Arun Sharma Poonam Dhillon ... Karuna Sharma Prem Chopra ... Kishan Sharma ( Raj Kiran 's father & Poonam Dhillon 's Father - in - Law ) Ajit Vachani ... Ramnarayan Tiwari ( Prem Chopra 's friend & small - time politician ) Shikha Swaroop ... Poonam Dhillon 's sister Vinod Nagpal ... Home Minister Harish Patel ... CBI Officer Jagmohan 's assistant Ila Arun ... Laxmi , Deaf servant Rakesh Bedi ... Lallulal A.K. Hangal ... Ram Swarup ( Poonam Dhillon 's father ) Reema Lagoo ... Servant Vinita Malik ... Doctor who does postmortem on Poonam Dhillon 's body Vijay Aidasani ... Shyamsunder Swarup This is a remake of a Malayalam movie Oru CBI Diary Kurippu , which released in 1988 . Raaj Kumar 's performance as a CBI officer was praised by the critics . Soundtrack ( edit ) The film 's music was composed by Raamlaxman . Lyrics were by the late Asad Bhopali . Audio is available on T - Series . # Title Singer ( s ) `` Main Jis Din Bhula Doon '' Amit Kumar , Lata Mangeshkar `` Chhataungi Chamche Se Chaat '' Asha Bhosle `` Bichhwa Ne Das Liya '' Asha Bhosle `` Fursat Mili Hai Na Aao '' Asha Bhosle References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Police Public on IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_Public&oldid=851931787 '' Categories : 1990s Hindi - language films 1990 films Films scored by Raamlaxman Indian films Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction 1990s Hindi - language film stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking sources from February 2012 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाल भाषा Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 14 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	main jis din bhula doon song movie name	[]	[]
-8827233187038083599	Articles of Confederation	Articles of Confederation - wikipedia Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15 , 1777 Ratified March 1 , 1781 Location National Archives Author ( s ) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States ; replaced by the current United States Constitution on March 4 , 1789 The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Continental Congress on November 15 , 1777 , and sent to the states for ratification . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament . The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . While unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same . As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers . Contents 1 Background and context 2 Drafting 3 Ratification 4 Article summaries 5 Congress under the Articles 5.1 The Army 5.2 Foreign policy 5.3 Taxation and commerce 5.4 Accomplishments 5.5 Presidents of Congress 6 The U.S. under the Articles 7 Signatures 7.1 Signers 8 Gallery 9 Revision and replacement 9.1 Legitimacy of closing down 9.2 Final months 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and Context The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan , an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems . The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it . Over the next two decades , some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken , particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown . With civil disobedience resulting in coercive , and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament , and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection , any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it . In 1775 , with events outpacing communications , the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence . It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments . To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it . In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the `` custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain . The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch . Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a `` manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners . Without such a declaration , Paine concluded , `` ( t ) he custom of all courts is against us , and will be so , until , by an independence , we take rank with other nations . '' Beyond improving their existing association , the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations . On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent ; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation , which established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states , constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs . Drafting Articles of Confederation 200th Anniversary commemorative stamp . First issued in York , Pennsylvania. , 1977 On June 12 , 1776 , a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence , the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states . The committee met repeatedly , and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12 , 1776 . There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty , the exact powers to be given the confederate government , whether to have a judiciary , and voting procedures . The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 , after a year of debate . Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government , with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states . Ratification The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in November 1777 . The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16 , 1777 ; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779 , 14 months into the process . The lone holdout , Maryland , refused to go along until the landed states , especially Virginia , had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union . It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through , and voted to ratify . During this time , Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government . Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2 , 1781 . Congress was informed of Maryland 's assent on March 1 , and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land . The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates : State Date Virginia December 16 , 1777 South Carolina February 5 , 1778 New York February 6 , 1778 Rhode Island February 9 , 1778 5 Connecticut February 12 , 1778 6 Georgia February 26 , 1778 7 New Hampshire March 4 , 1778 8 Pennsylvania March 5 , 1778 9 Massachusetts March 10 , 1778 10 North Carolina April 5 , 1778 11 New Jersey November 19 , 1778 12 Delaware February 1 , 1779 13 Maryland February 2 , 1781 Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation 's central government . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress , which was empowered to make war and peace , negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and to resolve disputes between the states . The document also stipulates that its provisions `` shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and that `` the Union shall be perpetual '' . Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles : Establishes the name of the confederation with these words : `` The stile of this confederacy shall be ' The United States of America . ' '' Asserts the sovereignty of each state , except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated . '' Declares the purpose of the confederation : `` The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other , for their common defense , the security of their liberties , and their mutual and general welfare , binding themselves to assist each other , against all force offered to , or attacks made upon them , or any of them , on account of religion , sovereignty , trade , or any other pretense whatever . '' Elaborates upon the intent `` to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union , '' and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states , excluding `` paupers , vagabonds , and fugitives from justice . '' All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel . If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state , he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed . Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation ( the `` United States in Congress Assembled '' ) to each state , which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members . Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures . No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years . Only the central government may declare war , or conduct foreign political or commercial relations . No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles , and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all . No states may form any sub-national groups . No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed . No state may wage war without permission of Congress , unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier ; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy , unless infested by pirates , but every State is required to keep ready , a well - trained , disciplined , and equipped militia . Whenever an army is raised for common defense , the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below . Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures , and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each . Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled . Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war ; to exchange ambassadors ; to enter into treaties and alliances , with some provisos ; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water ; to grant letters of marque and reprisal ( documents authorizing privateers ) in times of peace ; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas ; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures , but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge ; to set weights and measures ( including coins ) , and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states . The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them . Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial . The court 's decision is final . Congress shall regulate the post offices ; appoint officers in the military ; and regulate the armed forces . The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three - year term of the Congress . Congress may request requisitions ( demands for payments or supplies ) from the states in proportion with their population , or take credit . Congress may not declare war , enter into treaties and alliances , appropriate money , or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented . Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months . When Congress is in recess , any of the powers of Congress may be executed by `` The committee of the states , or any nine of them '' , except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute . If `` Canada '' ( as the British - held Province of Quebec was also known ) accedes to this confederation , it will be admitted . No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states . Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles . Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual , and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures . Congress under the Articles The army Under the Articles , Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army , but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding . This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding , supplies , and even food . Further , although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers , as a tool to build a centralized war - making government , they were largely a failure ; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote : George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war . The Continental Congress , before the Articles were approved , had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life . However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation , and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor . No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84 . General Henry Knox , who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution , blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army . The army had long been supportive of a strong union . Knox wrote : The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies . Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign ... It is a favorite toast in the army , `` A hoop to the barrel '' or `` Cement to the Union '' . As Congress failed to act on the petitions , Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris , four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened , `` As the present Constitution is so defective , why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is , to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution . '' Once the war had been won , the Continental Army was largely disbanded . A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks . Meanwhile , each of the states had an army ( or militia ) , and 11 of them had navies . The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met . In 1783 , George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy , but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily . The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states . Any contributions were voluntary , and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists ( who supported the proposed new Constitution ) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally , and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests . The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs . Dougherty ( 2009 ) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis . This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms . Foreign policy The 1783 Treaty of Paris , which ended hostilities with Great Britain , languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified . Afterward , the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance . Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time , causing difficulties in raising a quorum . The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists , including George Washington . Many of the most prominent national leaders , such as Washington , John Adams , John Hancock , and Benjamin Franklin , retired from public life , served as foreign delegates , or held office in state governments ; and for the general public , local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory . This served to exacerbate Congress 's impotence . Inherent weaknesses in the confederation 's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy . In 1786 , Thomas Jefferson , concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates , wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that , `` It will be said there is no money in the treasury . There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth . '' Furthermore , the 1786 Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy . In this treaty , which was never ratified , the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years , which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains . Finally , due to the Confederation 's military weakness , it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which , in 1783 , the British promised to leave , but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation . This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 , after the federal Constitution came into force . Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was kept quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Congress was denied any powers of taxation : it could only request money from the states . The states often failed to meet these requests in full , leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money . As more money was printed by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated . In 1779 , George Washington wrote to John Jay , who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress , `` that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions . '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States . In an appeal to the States to comply , Jay wrote that the taxes were `` the price of liberty , the peace , and the safety of yourselves and posterity . '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said `` that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that `` her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith . '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them . Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention . Accomplishments This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation Nevertheless , the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and it established the precedent by which the national ( later , federal ) government would be sovereign and expand westward -- as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River . Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township ( 36 square miles ) , the section ( one square mile ) , and the quarter section ( 160 acres ) . This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi ( excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire ) . Then , when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867 , the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states . No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation . The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec ( referred to as `` Canada '' in the Articles ) into the United States if it chose to do so . It did not , and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission . Additionally , ordinances to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) , Kentucky , and Vermont to the Union were considered , but none were approved . Presidents of Congress Further information : President of the Continental Congress Under the Articles of Confederation , the presiding officer of Congress -- referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled -- chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess , and performed other administrative functions . He was not , however , an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive , since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress . There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles . The first , Samuel Huntington , had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28 , 1779 . President Term Samuel Huntington March 1 , 1781 -- July 10 , 1781 Thomas McKean July 10 , 1781 -- November 5 , 1781 John Hanson November 5 , 1781 -- November 4 , 1782 Elias Boudinot November 4 , 1782 -- November 3 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin November 3 , 1783 -- June 3 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee November 30 , 1784 -- November 4 , 1785 John Hancock November 23 , 1785 -- June 5 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham June 6 , 1786 -- November 3 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair February 2 , 1787 -- November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin January 22 , 1788 -- November 15 , 1788 The U.S. under the Articles Main article : Confederation Period The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president , no executive agencies , no judiciary and no tax base . The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states , which seldom arrived . Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue , as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government . The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency , spawning the expression `` not worth a continental '' . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports . By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population . The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis . Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15 , 1777 . A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress . On November 28 , the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned , and the cover letter , dated November 17 , had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson , who were the President and Secretary to the Congress . The Articles , however , were unsigned , and the date was blank . Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27 , 1778 . They ordered a final copy prepared ( the one in the National Archives ) , and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification . On July 9 , 1778 , the prepared copy was ready . They dated it , and began to sign . They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed . On that date , delegates present from New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified . New Jersey , Delaware and Maryland could not , since their states had not ratified . North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day , since their delegations were absent . After the first signing , some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended . For example , John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8 . John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive ( on July 10 ) , and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21 , 1778 . The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation . Georgia signed on July 24 , New Jersey on November 26 , and Delaware on February 12 , 1779 . Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims . Chevalier de La Luzerne , French Minister to the United States , felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government . In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British ( who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay ) , he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also `` sharply pressed '' Maryland to ratify the Articles , thus suggesting the two issues were related . The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2 , 1781 On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 . The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1 , 1781 , and was celebrated in the afternoon . With these events , the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state . Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half , and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years . Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates , and some of the signers had only recently arrived . The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time . Signers The signers and the states they represented were : Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman ( Connecticut ) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris ( Pennsylvania ) signed three of the great state papers of the United States : the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . John Dickinson ( Delaware ) , Daniel Carroll ( Maryland ) and Gouverneur Morris ( New York ) , along with Sherman and Robert Morris , were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution ( Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution ) . Gallery Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive . Preamble through Article V , ¶ 1 Article V , ¶ 2 through Article VI Article VII through Article IX , ¶ 2 Article IX , ¶ 2 through ¶ 5 Article IX , ¶ 5 through Article XIII , ¶ 2 Article XIII , ¶ 2 through signatures Revision and replacement On January 21 , 1786 , the Virginia Legislature , following James Madison 's recommendation , invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis , Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict . At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention , the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a `` Grand Convention . '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles , the representatives held secret , closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution . The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government , but characterization of the result is disputed . The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment , while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships . Historian Forrest McDonald , using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39 , describes the change this way : The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both . In May 1786 , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation . Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce , and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries . Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations , however , and Congress failed to reach a consensus . The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states , especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts . Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry , George Mason , and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution : Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the `` consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution . They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a `` splendid empire '' that , in the time - honored way of empires , would oppress the people with taxes , conscription , and military campaigns . Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people , Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people . Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787 . Jillson and Wilson ( 1994 ) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms , rules and institutional structures of the Congress , and the propensity to divide along sectional lines . Rakove ( 1988 ) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation . The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power . It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island . Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures `` stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes , mustering men , and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace . '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783 , especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy . Finally , the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means , thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power . When the war ended in 1783 , certain special interests had incentives to create a new `` merchant state , '' much like the British state people had rebelled against . In particular , holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims . Also , manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods , but competition among states made this impossible without a central government . Legitimacy of closing down Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation , John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that `` the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states , to which the states gave their voluntary consent , and until those obligations were fulfilled , neither nullification of the authority of congress , exercising its due powers , nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges . '' According to Article XIII of the Confederation , any alteration had to be approved unanimously : ( T ) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State , and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State . On the other hand , Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states , without unanimity : The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States , shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same . The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time , and remains a topic of scholarly discussion . In 1788 , James Madison remarked ( in Federalist No. 40 ) that the issue had become moot : `` As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention , I dismiss it without further observation . '' Nevertheless , it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground . At the time , there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation , but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply . Moreover , the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding . Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it , and thus `` other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule '' . In contrast , law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point ; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states , and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it . Final months On July 3 , 1788 , the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus , according to its terms , establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states . The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state . The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that , in light of this development , it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . By the end of July 1788 , 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution . Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October . On Saturday , September 13 , 1788 , the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution , and on Monday , September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states , set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president , and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end . On that same September 13 , it determined that New York would remain the national capital . See also History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Perpetual Union Vetocracy Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture References Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison p. 279 Jump up ^ Kelley , Martin . `` Why did the Articles of Confederation fail ? '' . About Education . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic : 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( January 14 , 1776 ) . `` Common Sense '' . In Foner , Eric . Paine : Collected Writings . The Library of America . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 2200 - 5 . ( Collection published 1995 . ) Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Magazine of History . Organization of American Historians. 18 ( 3 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 61 . Jump up ^ Jensen . Articles of Confederation . pp. 127 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Frederic D. ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` 225 Years Ago '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Articles of Confederation , 1777 -- 1781 '' . Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frederick D. Williams , Ed . The Northwest Ordinance : Essays on its Formulation , Provisions , and Legacy , p. 1782 . MSU Press , ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Editor on the Pennsylvania Avenue . p. 98 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mallory , John ( 1917 ) . United States Compiled Statutes. 10 . St. Paul : West Publishing Company . pp. 13044 -- 5 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin Benjamin ( 1872 ) . American Constitutions . Albany : Weed , Parsons , & Company . p. 10 . References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress : `` The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15 , 1778 . This error has come from the MS . vol. 9 ( History of Confederation ) , p. 123 , Papers of the Continental Congress , Library of Congress . '' Dyer , Albion M. ( 2008 ) ( 1911 ) . First Ownership of Ohio Lands . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Carp , E. Wayne ( 1980 ) . To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4269 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chadwick p. 469 . Phelps pp. 165 -- 166 . Phelps wrote : `` It is hardly surprising , given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states , that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 . Their wartime experiences had nationalized them . '' Jump up ^ Puls pp. 174 -- 176 ^ Jump up to : Puls p. 177 Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1893 ) . George Washington , Vol . I. I . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Keith L. ( Spring 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions , 1775 -- 1783 '' . Social Science History . 33 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 2008 - 015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . pp. 255 -- 259 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial Note : Jefferson 's Proposed Concert of Powers against the Barbary States '' . Founders Online . ( Original source : The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 10 , 22 June -- 31 December 1786 , ed . Julian P. Boyd . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1954 , pp. 560 -- 566 ) . Washington , D.C. : National Archives . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahr p. 105 Jump up ^ Stahr p. 107 Jump up ^ Stahr pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Satō , Shōsuke ( 1886 ) ( Digitized 2008 ) . History of the land question in the United States . Baltimore , Maryland : Isaac Friedenwald , for Johns Hopkins University . p. 352 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . pp. 245 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 091424 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . History in Dispute : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . St James Press . pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary America 1764 -- 1799 . Chelsea House Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 350 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ( 2008 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power , A History of the American People : To 1877 . Wadsworth Publishing Company . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83086 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2010 ) . John Adams : A Life . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . pp. 225 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20085 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sioussat , St. George L. ( October 1936 ) . `` THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION BY MARYLAND , 1780 - 1781 With Accompanying Documents '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 60 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 418 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg. 276 Jump up ^ Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . Roots of the Republic : American Founding Documents Interpreted . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rakove 1988 p. 230 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 154 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 153 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 - 1788 , p. 62 ( Simon and Schuster , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Francisco . The Constitution as Treaty : The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution , p. 5 ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil . America 's Constitution : A Biography , p. 517 ( Random House 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution , 1776 -- 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Lanman ; Joseph M. Morrison ( 1887 ) . Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States . J.M. Morrison . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 429 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86855 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Congress Broadside Collection for 1778 - Sep - 13 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Further reading Bernstein , R.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Parliamentary Principles , American Realities : The Continental and Confederation Congresses , 1774 -- 1789 '' . In Bowling , Kenneth R. & Kennon , Donald R. Inventing Congress : Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress . pp. 76 -- 108 . Brown , Roger H. ( 1993 ) . Redeeming the Republic : Federalists , Taxation , and the Origins of the Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6355 - 4 . Burnett , Edmund Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress : A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2005 ) . George Washington 's War . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 2610 - 6 . Feinberg , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Articles Of Confederation . Twenty First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2114 - 9 . Greene , Jack & Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Hendrickson , David C. ( 2003 ) . Peace Pact : The Lost World of the American Founding . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1237 - 8 . Hoffert , Robert W. ( 1992 ) . A Politics of Tensions : The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas . University Press of Colorado . Horgan , Lucille E. ( 2002 ) . Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy . Praeger Pub Text . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32161 - 0 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . -- -- ( 1950 ) . The New Nation . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . -- -- ( 1943 ) . `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution '' . Political Science Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2144490 . JSTOR 2144490 . Jillson , Calvin & Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2293 - 3 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Main , Jackson T. ( 1974 ) . Political Parties before the Constitution . WW Norton & Company Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00718 - 3 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1986 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 5 . Mclaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1935 ) . A Constitutional History of the United States . Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931313 - 31 - 5 . Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . New American Nation Series . HarperCollins Publishers . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . Nevins , Allan ( 1924 ) . The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . New York : Macmillan . Parent , Joseph M. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Structural Idol : An American Federalist Republic ? '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 535 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2009. tb00658. x . Phelps , Glenn A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Republican General '' . In Higginbotham , Don . George Washington Reconsidered . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2005 - 1 . Puls , Mark ( 2008 ) . Henry Knox : Visionary General of the American Revolution . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8427 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1982 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . Johns Hopkins University Press . -- -- ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . Greenwood Press . pp. 225 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25610 - 1 . Van Cleve , George William ( 2017 ) . We Have Not a Government : The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 48050 - 3 . 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Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton Related Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand Signers Memorial American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Related Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge Related Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Signers of the Articles of Confederation A. Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott Presidents of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Second Continental Congress Peyton Randolph John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Confederation Congress Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock David Ramsay Nathaniel Gorham Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term ; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny GND : 4328865 - 0 LCCN : n83300226 NARA : 10639091 VIAF : 175396367 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_Confederation&oldid=850362908 '' Categories : Documents of the American Revolution Signers of the Articles of Confederation History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1781 in law Defunct constitutions Ordinances of the Continental Congress Political charters United States historical documents 1777 in the United States 1781 in the United States Federalism in the United States Legal history of the United States History of York County , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania in the American Revolution York , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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-539825808315150651	List of largest art museums	List of largest Art museums - wikipedia List of largest Art museums Note : The following list is an estimation of ranking : for approximatively a fifth of these museums , figures were collected via satellites and floorplans , as no referenced numbers seemed available . This list of largest art museums in the world ranks art museums and other museums that contain mostly pieces of art by the best available estimates of total exhibition space . Contents 1 Methodology 2 Largest art museums 3 Large museums with unknown or unreliable figures 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Methodology ( edit ) Only gallery space is to be considered , not be confused with the total space inside the building ( which is generally three times larger ) . The museum should be mainly composed of human made artifacts with an important aesthetical dimension ( i.e. natural history , social history , science and technology museums are to be excluded , as well as palaces whose purpose is primarily historical and architectural and secondarily as an art collection ) . Museums contained inside a bigger institution can not be considered as one entity if they are not at the same location . For purposes of this list , large museums are those with more than 8,000 m ( 86,000 sq ft ) of gallery space . Largest art museums ( edit ) Art Museums Building Name City Country Gallery space in m ( sq ft ) Year established Louvre Paris France 7004727350000000000 ♠ 72,735 ( 782,910 ) 1792 State Hermitage Museum St. Petersburg Russia 7004668420000000000 ♠ 66,842 ( 719,480 ) 1764 National Museum of China Beijing China 7004650000000000000 ♠ 65,000 ( 700,000 ) 1959 Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City United States 7004588200000000000 ♠ 58,820 ( 633,100 ) 1870 Vatican Museums Vatican City ( Rome ) Vatican City 7004430000000000000 ♠ 43,000 ( 460,000 ) 1506 Tokyo National Museum Tokyo Japan 7004380000000000000 ♠ 38,000 ( 410,000 ) 1872 National Museum of Anthropology Mexico City Mexico 7004330000000000000 ♠ 33,000 ( 360,000 ) 1964 Victoria and Albert Museum London United Kingdom 7004306580000000000 ♠ 30,658 ( 330,000 ) 1852 National Museum of Korea Seoul South Korea 7004270900000000000 ♠ 27,090 ( 291,600 ) 1945 Art Institute of Chicago Chicago United States 7004260000000000000 ♠ 26,000 ( 280,000 ) 1879 Nanjing Museum Nanjing China 7004260000000000000 ♠ 26,000 ( 280,000 ) 1933 British Museum London United Kingdom 7004257000000000000 ♠ 25,700 ( 277,000 ) 1753 National Gallery of Art Washington United States 7004252000000000000 ♠ 25,200 ( 271,000 ) 1937 MASS MoCA North Adams United States 7004232250000000000 ♠ 23,225 ( 249,990 ) 1999 Cinquantenaire Museum Brussels Belgium 7004220000000000000 ♠ 22,000 ( 240,000 ) 1835 Three Gorges Museum Chongqing China 7004208580000000000 ♠ 20,858 ( 224,510 ) 2005 Museum of Fine Arts Boston United States 7004205000000000000 ♠ 20,500 ( 221,000 ) 1870 Shandong Art Museum Jinan China 7004197000000000000 ♠ 19,700 ( 212,000 ) 1977 Israel Museum Jerusalem Israel 7004185000000000000 ♠ 18,500 ( 199,000 ) 1965 National Gallery Singapore Singapore Singapore 7004180000000000000 ♠ 18,000 ( 190,000 ) 2015 Minneapolis Institute of Art Minneapolis United States 7004175000000000000 ♠ 17,500 ( 188,000 ) 1883 Arsenal ( Biennale ) Venice Italy 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 ( 180,000 ) 1895 Musée National d'Art Moderne Paris France 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 ( 180,000 ) 1947 Musée d'Orsay Paris France 7004168530000000000 ♠ 16,853 ( 181,400 ) 1986 Ōtsuka Museum of Art Naruto Japan 7004160000000000000 ♠ 16,000 ( 170,000 ) 1998 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco United States 7004158000000000000 ♠ 15,800 ( 170,000 ) 1935 Museo del Prado Madrid Spain 7004154000000000000 ♠ 15,400 ( 166,000 ) 1819 Denver Art Museum Denver United States 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 ( 160,000 ) 1918 Egyptian Museum Cairo Egypt 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 ( 160,000 ) 1902 Museo di Capodimonte Naples Italy 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 ( 160,000 ) 1757 Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia United States 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 ( 160,000 ) 1876 Matarazzo Ciccillo ( Bienal ) São Paulo Brazil 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 ( 160,000 ) 1951 Dia : Beacon Beacon , New York United States 7004149000000000000 ♠ 14,900 ( 160,000 ) 2003 Dallas Museum of Art Dallas United States 7004148000000000000 ♠ 14,800 ( 159,000 ) 1903 Museo Reina Sofía Madrid Spain 7004147560000000000 ♠ 14,756 ( 158,830 ) 1992 MMCA , Gwacheon Gwacheon South Korea 7004141440000000000 ♠ 14,144 ( 152,240 ) 1969 Detroit Institute of Arts Detroit United States 7004140000000000000 ♠ 14,000 ( 150,000 ) 1885 Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna Austria 7004140000000000000 ♠ 14,000 ( 150,000 ) 1891 Tokyo National Art Center Tokyo Japan 7004140000000000000 ♠ 14,000 ( 150,000 ) 2007 National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts Taichung Taiwan 7004136000000000000 ♠ 13,600 ( 146,000 ) National Gallery in Prague ( Veletržní ) Prague Czech Republic 7004135000000000000 ♠ 13,500 ( 145,000 ) 1796 Indianapolis Museum of Art Indianapolis United States 7004133000000000000 ♠ 13,300 ( 143,000 ) 1883 Bavarian National Museum Munich Germany 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( 140,000 ) 1855 Brooklyn Museum New York City United States 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( 140,000 ) 1895 Capital Museum Beijing China 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( 140,000 ) 1981 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts Montreal Canada 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( 140,000 ) 1860 National Gallery London United Kingdom 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( 140,000 ) 1824 National Gallery of Victoria ( St Kilda Road ) Melbourne Australia 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( 140,000 ) 1861 Palais de Tokyo Paris France 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( 140,000 ) Salar Jung Museum Hyderabad India 7004130000000000000 ♠ 13,000 ( 140,000 ) 1855 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Richmond United States 7004125000000000000 ♠ 12,500 ( 135,000 ) 1934 Tate Modern London United Kingdom 7004124270000000000 ♠ 12,427 ( 133,760 ) 2000 Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland United States 7004124000000000000 ♠ 12,400 ( 133,000 ) 1913 National Gallery of Canada Ottawa Canada 7004124000000000000 ♠ 12,400 ( 133,000 ) 1880 Hamburger Kunsthalle Hamburg Germany 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 ( 130,000 ) 1869 Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen Rotterdam Netherlands 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 ( 130,000 ) 1849 Houston Museum of Fine Arts Houston United States 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 ( 130,000 ) 1900 National Gallery of Modern Art New Delhi India 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 ( 130,000 ) 1954 Palais des Beaux - Arts de Lille Lille France 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 ( 130,000 ) 1809 Pinakothek der Moderne Munich Germany 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 ( 130,000 ) 2002 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Netherlands 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 ( 130,000 ) 1800 Tretyakov Gallery ( Krymsky Val ) Moscow Russia 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 ( 130,000 ) 1985 Milwaukee Art Museum Milwaukee United States 7004119000000000000 ♠ 11,900 ( 128,000 ) 1882 Taipei Fine Arts Museum Taipei Taiwan 7004117000000000000 ♠ 11,700 ( 126,000 ) Museum of Modern Art New York City United States 7004116000000000000 ♠ 11,600 ( 125,000 ) 1929 Art Gallery of Ontario Toronto Canada 7004115000000000000 ♠ 11,500 ( 124,000 ) 1900 Art Gallery of New South Wales Sydney Australia 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 ( 120,000 ) 1874 Capitoline Museums Rome Italy 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 ( 120,000 ) 1734 Fondazione Prada Milan Italy 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 ( 120,000 ) Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Spain 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 ( 120,000 ) Los Angeles County Museum of Art Los Angeles United States 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 ( 120,000 ) 1910 MAC - University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 ( 120,000 ) 1963 Pergamon Museum Berlin Germany 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 ( 120,000 ) 1910 Shaanxi History Museum Xi'an China 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 ( 120,000 ) 1991 HangarBicocca Milan Italy 7004109000000000000 ♠ 10,900 ( 117,000 ) 2012 Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya Barcelona Spain 7004105000000000000 ♠ 10,500 ( 113,000 ) 1934 Tibet Museum Lhasa China 7004105000000000000 ♠ 10,500 ( 113,000 ) 1999 Portland Art Museum Portland , Oregon United States 7004104000000000000 ♠ 10,400 ( 112,000 ) 1892 Carnegie Museum of Art Pittsburgh United States 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 1896 Hamburger Bahnhof Berlin Germany 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) Kunstmuseum Basel Basel Switzerland 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 1936 MAXXI Rome Italy 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) Museo Egizio Turin Italy 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 1824 Museum Kunstpalast Düsseldorf Germany 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 1913 MMCA , Seoul Seoul South Korea 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 2013 National Museum , Poznań Poznań Poland 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 1857 Russian Museum Saint - Petersburg Russia 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 1895 Saint Louis Art Museum St. Louis United States 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 1881 Museums of Sforza Castle Milan Italy 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) 1896 Tel Aviv Museum of Art Tel Aviv Israel 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 ( 110,000 ) < 1932 National Palace Museum Taipei Taiwan 7003961300000000000 ♠ 9,613 ( 103,470 ) 1925 National Archaeological Museum Madrid Spain 7003930000000000000 ♠ 9,300 ( 100,000 ) 1867 Musée Fabre Montpellier France 7003930000000000000 ♠ 9,300 ( 100,000 ) 1828 Bardo National Museum Tunis Tunisia 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 ( 97,000 ) 1888 Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine Paris France 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 ( 97,000 ) 1879 National Museum , New Delhi New Delhi India 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 ( 97,000 ) 1809 National Gallery Oslo Norway 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 ( 97,000 ) 1842 Power Station of Art ( Biennale ) Shanghai China 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9,000 ( 97,000 ) 2012 Smithsonian American Art Museum Washington , D.C. United States 7003880000000000000 ♠ 8,800 ( 95,000 ) 1829 Musée du quai Branly Paris France 7003875000000000000 ♠ 8,750 ( 94,200 ) 2006 Liaoning Provincial Museum Shenyang China 7003850000000000000 ♠ 8,500 ( 91,000 ) 1949 Gallerie di Piazza Scala Milan Italy 7003830000000000000 ♠ 8,300 ( 89,000 ) 2011 National Art Museum of China Beijing China 7003830000000000000 ♠ 8,300 ( 89,000 ) 1958 Galleria degli Uffizi Florence Italy 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1581 Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Rome Italy 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1883 Gemäldegalerie Berlin Germany 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1830 Louvre Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi UAE 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 2017 Museum Ludwig Cologne Germany 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1976 National Archaeological Museum Athens Greece 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1866 Neues Museum Berlin Germany 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1855 Petit Palais Paris France 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1902 Pushkin Museum Moscow Russia 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1898 Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam Netherlands 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1874 Thyssen - Bornemisza Museum Madrid Spain 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1992 Toledo Museum of Art Toledo , Ohio United States 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1901 Tretyakov Gallery Moscow Russia 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 ( 86,000 ) 1856 de Young San Francisco United States 7003790000000000000 ♠ 7,900 ( 85,000 ) 1895 Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art Kansas City United States 7003790000000000000 ♠ 7,900 ( 85,000 ) 1933 Large museums with unknown or unreliable figures ( edit ) Acropolis Museum in Athens , Greece China Art Museum in Shanghai , China Giardini ( Biennale ) in Venice , Italy Museums of Palazzo Pitti in Florence , Italy National Gallery of Denmark in Copenhagen , Denmark National Museum of Art of Romania in Bucharest , Romania National Museum of Iran in Tehran , Iran Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen , Denmark See also ( edit ) List of most visited art museums List of national museums Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Floor plan on museum website used to identify which spaces in the museum building are gallery spaces . Dimensions of building in feet established from satellite view of museum building from Google Maps . Total square footage of gallery spaces then calculated based on dimensions of gallery spaces in floor plan . Jump up ^ 65,000 sqft expansion adds 30 % of gallery space Jump up ^ References for historical building + extension Jump up ^ Main buildings : Law and Beck Jump up ^ 20,000 square meters for building space References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Press kit '' ( PDF ) . Louvre.fr . September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Hermitage in Figures and Facts '' . Hermitagemuseum.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Aufklärung im Dialog - National Museum of China '' . Aufklaerung-im-dialog.de. 2003 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Alfred Lester ( 1993 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Letter : The Louvre : tourism on the grand scale '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Map '' . Tokyo National Museum . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ National Museum of Anthropology : Mexico . Distribuidora Mesoamericana. 1984 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` The British Galleries at the Victoria and Albert Museum '' ( PDF ) . Aam.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/victoria-and-albert-museum-unveils-a-cutting-edge-expansion Jump up ^ `` Exhibition Space : : NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA '' . Museum.go.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO INAUGURATES MODERN WING DESIGNED BY RENZO PIANO '' ( PDF ) . Artic.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ 南京博物院 . `` 南京博物院 _ 互动百科 '' . Baike.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Green , Tyler ( 2008 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Inside the National Gallery '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mass-moca-expansion-959483 Jump up ^ `` Plan du musee '' ( PDF ) . Kmkg-mrah.be . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.french-connect.com/36-2-sortie-visite-musee-du-cinquantenaire.html Jump up ^ 2016 - 11 - 29 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) . `` 重庆中国三峡博物馆 _ 百度百科 '' . Baike.baidu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS , BOSTON : BUILDING EXPANSION AND RENOVATION FACTS AND FIGURES '' ( PDF ) . Mfas3.s3.amazonaws.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.archdaily.com/877095/shandong-art-gallery-tjad Jump up ^ Klein , Abigail ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Israel Museum celebrates 50 '' . ISRAEL21c . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.mccy.gov.sg/news/speeches/2014/Apr/6thAMCA_OpeningRemarks.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` As The Nelson - Atkins Museum Of Art Eyes Expansion , Here 's How It Compares To Its Peers '' . KCUR. 2015 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Pompidou Centre information '' ( PDF ) . Centrepompidou.fr . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Orsay Museum - Le Musee d'Orsay , Paris ( Part 2 ) '' . 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-1847003315610168606	Instinct (U.S. TV series)	Instinct ( Us TV series ) - wikipedia Instinct ( Us TV series ) Instinct Genre Police procedural Thriller Drama Based on Murder Games by James Patterson & Howard Roughan Developed by Michael Rauch Starring Alan Cumming Bojana Novakovic Daniel Ings Naveen Andrews Sharon Leal Composer ( s ) James S. Levine Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Rauch Alex Kurtzman Heather Kadin James Patterson Bill Robinson Leopoldo Gout Alan Cumming Marc Webb Camera setup Single - camera Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) 34 Films Secret Hideout James Patterson Entertainment Black Lamb CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Instinct ( stylized as INSTIИCT ) is an American police procedural drama television series which premiered on March 18 , 2018 on CBS . The series is based on James Patterson 's Murder Games . In May 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Openly gay author , university professor and former CIA paramilitary officer Dr. Dylan Reinhart ( Alan Cumming ) is lured back to his old life by New York police detective Elizabeth Needham ( Bojana Novakovic ) when she needs his help to stop a serial killer who is using Reinhart 's book as inspiration for murders . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alan Cumming as Dr. Dylan Reinhart , an author , psychology professor , and former CIA paramilitary officer , who joins the NYPD to solve bizarre cases . Bojana Novakovic as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Needham , an NYPD detective third grade and Dylan 's partner . Her partner and fiancé was killed in the line of duty a year prior , and she had since then refused to have a partner before meeting Dylan . Daniel Ings as Andrew `` Andy '' Wilson , Dylan 's husband , a lawyer - turned - bar owner . Naveen Andrews as Julian Cousins , a contact of Dylan 's from his days at the CIA who now works freelance . Sharon Leal as Jasmine Gooden , Lizzie 's lieutenant and friend . Recurring ( edit ) Whoopi Goldberg as Joan Ross , Dylan 's literary agent Andrew Polk as Doug , the medical examiner John Mainieri as Jimmy Marino , a police detective Michael B. Silver as Kanter Harris , a police sergeant Danny Mastrogiorgio as Anthony Fucci , a police detective Alejandro Hernandez as Rafael Sosa , a police detective , later revealed to be the killer of Lizzie 's fiance and arrested Stephen Rider as Zack Clark , a police officer , later detective Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Instinct is based on James Patterson 's Murder Games . The series was picked up to pilot by CBS on January 23 , 2017 . On May 12 , 2017 , CBS picked it up to series . On May 12 , 2018 , CBS renewed Instinct for a second season . Casting ( edit ) On February 8 , 2017 , Alan Cumming was cast as Dylan Reinhart . Bojana Novakovic was cast as Lizzie on February 18 , 2017 . On February 23 , 2017 , Daniel Ings was cast as Andy , and Naveen Andrews was cast as Julian . Khandi Alexander was originally cast as Monica Hernández in the pilot , but was replaced with Sharon Leal on June 22 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Marc Webb Michael Rauch March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) INS101 9.05 `` Wild Game '' Doug Aarniokoski Carol Flint & Constance M. Burge March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) INS112 10.16 `` Secrets and Lies '' Peter Werner Chris Ambrose April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) INS108 6.61 `` I Heart New York '' Constantine Makris Michael Rauch April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) INS106 8.12 5 `` Heartless '' Don Scardino Michael Rauch April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) INS102 7.11 6 `` Flat Line '' Laura Belsey Tanya Barfield April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) INS111 7.01 7 `` Owned '' Doug Aarniokoski Jill Abbinanti May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) INS104 6.96 8 `` Long Shot '' Jay Chandrasekhar Carl Flint May 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) INS103 5.16 9 `` Bad Actors '' Jim McKay Dan E. Fesman May 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) INS105 4.68 10 `` Bye Bye Birdie '' Doug Aarniokoski Connie Burge June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) INS107 6.37 11 `` Blast From the Past '' Cherie Nowlan Lee Ellenberg June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) INS109 5.27 Dylan and Lizzie investigate a series of strange suicide bombings , but the case takes a personal twist when Dylan discovers a connection to his past . Meanwhile , Joan hires a publicist for Dylan which makes Julian so worried that gives Lizzie his number , and also causes a discussion between Dylan and Andy . 12 `` Live '' Ed Ornelas Michael Ballin & Thomas Aguilar June 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) INS110 5.63 13 `` Tribal '' Michael Rauch Michael Rauch July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) INS113 4.51 Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 57 % based on 23 reviews , with an average rating of 5.36 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads , `` Instinct is ultimately an underwhelming police procedural , despite having Alan Cumming in its arsenal . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 53 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The character of Dylan Reinhart has been called groundbreaking for being the first openly gay lead character in an American network television series . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 18 , 2018 1.0 / 4 9.05 2.54 11.59 `` Wild Game '' March 25 , 2018 1.3 / 5 10.16 2.15 12.31 `` Secrets and Lies '' April 1 , 2018 0.6 / 3 6.61 N / A N / A `` I Heart New York '' April 8 , 2018 0.9 / 3 8.12 1.48 9.61 5 `` Heartless '' April 22 , 2018 0.6 / 3 7.11 1.68 8.80 6 `` Flat Line '' April 29 , 2018 0.6 / 3 7.01 1.79 8.80 7 `` Owned '' May 6 , 2018 0.7 / 3 6.96 1.86 8.83 8 `` Long Shot '' May 27 , 2018 0.4 / 2 5.16 1.70 6.86 9 `` Bad Actors '' May 27 , 2018 0.3 / 1 4.68 1.97 6.65 10 `` Bye Bye Birdie '' June 3 , 2018 0.5 / 2 6.37 1.42 7.79 11 `` Blast From the Past '' June 17 , 2018 0.4 / 2 5.27 TBD TBD 12 `` Live '' June 24 , 2018 0.5 / 2 5.63 1.62 7.25 13 `` Tribal '' July 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 4.51 TBD TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first Lesbian main character in an American prime time TV series is Marilyn McGrath on HeartBeat . ^ Jump up to : Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Instinct : About the Show '' . cbspressexpress.com . CBS . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Season 1 , episode 11 , `` Blast from the Past '' . Jump up ^ TV Promo 360 ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Instinct CBS Trailer '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Instinct ( CBS ) pilot preview : Crime drama lovers , your next obsession is `` Cumming '' -- Season Zero `` . season-zero.com . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kimberly ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Whoopi Goldberg comes to primetime in ' Instinct ' '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Clinton 's Debut Novel Hunting for Film Deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Instinct Starring Alan Cumming '' . ComingSoon.net . United States : AtomicMedia . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Cumming Stars in Killer Instinct Pilot From James Patterson Picked Up by CBS '' . Vulture . New York City : New York Media , LLC . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' & ' Me , Myself & I ' Comedies ; ' SEAL Team ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' , ' Instinct ' & ' Wisdom Of the Crowd ' Dramas Get CBS Series Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Orders Boreanaz ' Seal Team , Moore 's S.W.A.T. , Cumming 's Instinct , Piven 's Wisdom , Plus 2 Comedies '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesely ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Alan Cumming - James Patterson Drama Among CBS Pilot Pickups '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles : Eldridge Industries . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Instinct ' Renewed For Season 2 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' : Marc Webb To Direct CBS Drama Pilot Starring Alan Cumming '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' CBS Pilot Casts Daniel Ings ; NBC 's ' Spaced Out ' Adds Brett Goldstein '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' : Naveen Andrews To Co-Star In CBS Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' : Khandi Alexander Cast In CBS Drama Pilot '' . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' : Sharon Leal To Co-Star On New CBS Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Family Guy ' and all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deception ' finale , ' Instinct , ' all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals Game 2 adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The $100,000 Pyramid ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' AFV ' rerun adjusts up , ' $100,000 Pyramid ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Instinct : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Instinct Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . 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6492161114227943960	History of Detroit	History of Detroit - wikipedia History of Detroit Jump to : navigation , search Ste . Anne de Détroit , founded in 1701 is the second - oldest continuously operating Roman Catholic parish in the United States . The present Gothic Revival - styled church was completed in 1887 . Today its parish is largely ethnic Hispanic . History of Michigan By year Pre-statehood U.S. Civil War Since 1900 Topics : Cities - Politics Michigan portal The city of Detroit , the largest city in the state of Michigan , was settled in 1701 by French colonists . It is the first European settlement above tidewater in North America . Founded as a New France fur trading post , it began to expand with British and American settlement around the Great Lakes in the nineteenth century , and resource exploitation . But industrialization drove its becoming a world - class industrial powerhouse and the fourth - largest American city by 1920 , based on the auto industry . It held that standing through the mid-20th century . The first Europeans to settle here were French traders and colonists from the New Orleans ( the La Louisiane colony . Traders from Montreal and Quebec had to contend with the powerful Five Nations of the League of the Iroquois , who took control of the southern shores of Lakes Erie and Huron through the Beaver Wars of the 17th century , during which they conquered or pushed out lesser tribes . The region grew initially based on the lucrative inland and Great Lakes connected fur trade , based on continuing relations with influential Native American chiefs and interpreters . The Crown 's administration of New France offered free land to colonists to attract families to the region of Detroit . The population grew steadily , but more slowly than in English private venture - funded colonies . The French had a smaller population base and attracted fewer relatives . During the French and Indian War ( 1756 - 1763 ) , the French reinforced and improved Fort Detroit ( 1701 ) along the Detroit River between 1758 -- 1760 . It was subject to repeated attacks by British regular and colonial forces , strengthened by Indian allies . Fort Detroit was surrendered to the British on November 29 , 1760 , after the fall of Quebec . Control of the area , and all French territory east of the Mississippi River , was formally transferred to the United Kingdom by the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) after it defeated France in the Seven Years ' War . The British counted 2,000 people in Detroit in 1760 , but the population had dropped to 1,400 by 1773 . The city was in the territory which the British reserved for the Indians under the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . It was transferred to Quebec under the Quebec Act of 1774 . By 1778 in a census taken during the American Revolution , its population was up to 2,144 . It was then the third - largest city in the Province of Quebec , after Montreal and Quebec . After 1773 a steady but growing trickle of Anglo - European settlers took families across the barrier range , or through lower New York State into the Ohio Country -- gradually spreading across present - day Ohio along the south shore of Lake Erie and around the bottom of Lake Huron . After the 1778 Sullivan Expedition broke the power of the Iroquois , the New York corridor joined the gaps of the Allegheny , Cumberland Narrows and Cumberland Gap as mountain passes , enabling settlers to pour west into the mid-west , even as the American Revolution wound down . After the peace , a flood of settlers poured west , and Detroit reaped its share of population , established itself as a gateway to other traffic to the west and other Great Lakes , and for a time outshone all other cities west of the mountains , save for New Orleans . During the 19th century , Detroit grew into a thriving hub of commerce and industry . After a devastating fire in 1805 , Augustus B. Woodward devised a street plan similar to Pierre Charles L'Enfant 's design for Washington , D.C. Monumental avenues and traffic circles were planned to fan out in radial fashion from Campus Martius Park in the heart of the city . This was intended to ease traffic patterns and trees were planted along the boulevards and parks . The city spread along Jefferson Avenue , with multiple manufacturing firms taking advantage of the transportation resources afforded by the river and a parallel rail line . In the late 19th century several Gilded Age mansions were built just east of Detroit 's current downtown . Detroit was referred to by some as the Paris of the West for its architecture , and for Washington Boulevard , recently electrified by Thomas Edison . Throughout the 20th century various skyscrapers were built centered on Detroit 's downtown . Following World War II , the auto industry boomed and the area witnessed suburban expansion . The Detroit metropolitan area has emerged as one of the largest in the United States . Immigrants and migrants have contributed significantly to Detroit 's economy and culture . In the 1990s and the new millennium , the city has experienced increased revitalization . Many areas of the city are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and include National Historic Landmarks . The city with its population migration to the suburbs has had to adjust its role in the midst of a much larger metropolitan area in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Native American occupation 2 Early French settlement 3 U.S. control 3.1 First incorporation 3.2 Woodward plan 3.3 City incorporation 3.4 War of 1812 4 A city emerges 4.1 Civil War era 4.2 Rise of industry and commerce 4.3 Immigrants in the 19th century 4.4 Hazen Pingree 5 20th century 5.1 Henry Ford and the automobile industry 5.2 Progressive movement 5.3 Gilded Age 5.4 Immigrants in the 20th century 5.5 Local politics 5.6 Women in the 20th century 5.7 Great Depression 5.7. 1 Labor unions 5.8 World War II and the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' 6 Postwar era 7 Civil rights and the Great Society 7.1 Milliken v. Bradley 8 1970s and 1980s 8.1 Crime 9 Metropolitan region 10 21st century 11 Timeline 12 Keys to the city 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 16.1 Ethnic and social history 16.2 Primary sources 16.3 Historic books 17 External links Native American occupation ( edit ) Hearths and geological features from the Holcombe beach site near Lake Saint Clair show that Paleo - Indian people settled in the area of Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago . The Mound - builders lived in the area and mounds were noted at several locations in Detroit including at Fort Wayne and Springwells . In the 17th century , the region was inhabited by Huron , Odawa , Potawatomi and Iroquois peoples . The first Europeans did not penetrate into the region and reach the straits of Detroit until French missionaries and traders worked their way around the League of the Iroquois , with whom they were at war in the 1630s . In the late 1600s , raids led by the Five Nations Iroquois throughout the region led other native peoples to flee , leaving permanent villages abandoned when the French decided to build a fort on the northern border of the Detroit River . Early French settlement ( edit ) Chauncey Hurlbut Memorial Gate ( 1894 ) - restored in 2007 . Waterworks Park . The first recorded mention of the site was in the 1670s , when French missionaries found a stone idol venerated by the Indians there and destroyed it with an axe . Early settlers planted twelve missionary pear trees `` named for the twelve Apostles '' on the grounds of what is now Waterworks Park . French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Detroit in 1701 The Indians lost at the Siege of Fort Detroit during Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . The American surrender , following the British Siege of Detroit during the War of 1812 . The city name comes from the Detroit River ( French : le détroit du Lac Érie ) , meaning the strait of Lake Erie , linking Lake Huron and Lake Erie ; in the historical context , the strait included Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River . The sieur de Cadillac in 1698 proposed to his government in Paris that Detroit be established as a shelter for displaced Indian allies . Paris approved and in 1701 Cadillac led a party of 100 Frenchmen to establish a post called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , naming it after his sponsor the comte de Pontchartrain , Minister of Marine under Louis XIV . In 1704 he was given ownership over the strenuous opposition of officials in New France . An investigation by de Pontchartrain showed Cadillac was a tyrannical profiteer whose mischief hurt the French cause , so Cadillac was removed and sent to faraway New Orleans as governor of Louisiana . Ste . Anne de Détroit , founded 1701 , is the second oldest continuously operating Catholic parish in the United States ; it was the first building erected in Detroit . The main business was trading furs with the Indians , using goods supplied from Montreal . It was the largest French village between Montreal and New Orleans . Indian villages of rival tribes grew up near the fort which lead to the Fox Wars in the early 1700s . Francois Marie Picoté , sieur de Belestre , the last French commander at Fort Detroit ( 1758 -- 1760 ) , surrendered on November 29 , 1760 to the British . Control of the area was formally transferred to the British by the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . New France was renamed Quebec and the settlement became Detroit . Grants of free land attracted families to Detroit , which grew to 800 people in 1765 . Demonstrating their independent power , several tribes in the region collaborated in Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 ; they overran many smaller forts but could not subdue Detroit . U.S. control ( edit ) Detroit was the goal of various U.S. campaigns during the American Revolution , but logistical difficulties in the North American frontier and American Indian allies of Great Britain would keep any armed rebel force from reaching the Detroit area . In the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , Great Britain ceded territory that included Detroit to the newly recognized United States , though in reality it remained under British control . Great Britain continued to trade with and defend her native he area , and supplied local nations with weapons to harass American settlers and soldiers . The British left in 1796 following the Jay Treaty . In 1794 , a Native American alliance , that had received some support and encouragement from the British , was decisively defeated by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers near Toledo , Ohio . Wayne negotiated the Treaty of Greenville ( 1795 ) with many of these nations , in which tribes ceded the area of Fort Detroit to the United States . Plan of the Town of Detroit and Fort Lernoult , 1792 . Father Gabriel Richard arrived at Ste . Anne 's in 1796 . He helped start the school which evolved into the University of Michigan , started primary schools for white boys and girls as well as for Indians , as a territorial representative to U.S. Congress helped establish a road - building project that connected Detroit and Chicago , and brought the first printing press to Michigan which printed the first Michigan newspaper . In 1805 , fire destroyed most of the settlement . A river warehouse and brick chimneys of the wooden homes were the sole structures to survive . Detroit 's motto and seal ( as on the Flag ) reflect this fire . First incorporation ( edit ) Detroit was incorporated as a town by the legislature of the Northwest Territory at Chillicothe , Ohio , on January 18 , 1802 , effective February 1 , 1802 . Government was administered by a five - person board of trustees and there was no office of mayor . Following this , Ohio became a state and the eastern half of Michigan was attached to the Indiana Territory . Woodward plan ( edit ) Before the new territorial government officially began , a fire destroyed nearly all of Detroit on June 11 , 1805 . The Michigan Territory was established effective June 30 , 1805 , as a separate territory with Detroit as the capital . The newly appointed governor , William Hull , and the territorial judges ( Augustus B. Woodward , Frederick Bates , James Witherell , and John Griffin ) , constituted the territorial government . They convinced the U.S. Congress to pass an act on April 21 , 1806 , which authorized them to lay out a town that included all of the old town of Detroit plus an additional 10,000 acres ( 40 km2 ) to be used as compensation for persons who lost their house in the fire . Augustus Woodward 's plan for the city following 1805 fire After the fire of 1805 , Justice Augustus B. Woodward devised a plan similar to Pierre Charles L'Enfant 's design for Washington , D.C. Detroit 's monumental avenues and traffic circles fan out in a baroque styled radial fashion from Grand Circus Park in the heart of the city 's theater district , which facilitates traffic patterns along the city 's tree - lined boulevards and parks . Main thoroughfares radiate outward from the city center like spokes in a wheel . City incorporation ( edit ) On September 13 , 1806 , the territorial government passed an act incorporating the new city of Detroit . The governor appointed Solomon Sibley as mayor . Shortly afterward , Sibley resigned and Elijah Brush was appointed in his stead . The mayor was appointed by the governor and , under the act of incorporation , was able to disapprove legislation passed by the popularly elected council without any recourse for overriding the mayor . Because of this , many felt that the real aim of the governor in incorporating the city was to remove the popularly elected town officers and exert a more direct influence over governance of the city . This form of government was extremely unpopular , and was repealed on February 4 , 1809 . However , to prevent resurrection of the popularly elected town government , on September 16 , 1810 , an act passed repealing all laws pertaining to Michigan that had been passed by the Legislature of the Northwest Territory . This effectively eradicated any trace of legitimacy for the former popularly elected town government . War of 1812 ( edit ) In the War of 1812 , Governor Hull surrendered Detroit to a smaller British force which threatened to allow its Indian allies to kill all American prisoners . The British had bluffed the Americans into believing there were thousands of native troops . Tecumseh marched his native troops through a clearing and then circled the same troops through the clearing again to make it seem there was a much larger native force . Hull was convicted of cowardice and sentenced to death by a court martial , but received a presidential pardon . The U.S. Army recaptured Detroit in 1813 after the British abandoned it and used it as a base to invade Canada and permanently end the threat of Indian raids on American settlements . After the British abandoned Detroit , American forces caught up to the escaping British and natives , and killed Tecumseh . Lewis Cass , as territorial governor , on October 24 , 1815 , restored control of local affairs to the people of Detroit , with the election of a five - person board of trustees and enactment of a charter for the city of Detroit . A city emerges ( edit ) Historic Charles Trowbridge House ( 1826 ) , the city 's oldest known structure . Government under the board of trustees continued until an act of the Territorial Legislature on August 5 , 1824 , created a Common Council of the City of Detroit . The Council consisted of five aldermen , the mayor , and the recorder . In an act of April 4 , 1827 , the number of aldermen increased to seven . In 1839 , it increased to 14 : two aldermen from six wards plus the mayor and recorder . A seventh ward was created in 1848 , an eighth in 1849 , and the ninth and tenth wards in 1857 . Also in 1857 , a new city charter provided that the mayor and recorder would no longer sit as members of the council . At this time , the council consisted of 20 members , two aldermen from ten wards . In 1873 , a twelfth ward was added and aldermen from an illegally constituted eleventh ward also temporarily sat on the council . In 1875 , a properly constituted eleventh ward and a thirteenth ward were added . The city charter of 1883 changed the name of the body to the Board of Aldermen . A few years earlier in 1881 , a separately elected ten - person body named Board of Councilmen ( also called the City Council ) , was established . This body was abolished in 1887 . After Detroit rebuilt in the early 19th century , a thriving community soon sprang up , and by the Civil War , over 45,000 people were living in the city , primarily spread along Jefferson Avenue to the east and Fort Street to the west . As in many major American cities , subsequent redevelopment of the central city through the next 150 years has eliminated all but a handful of the antebellum structures in Detroit . The oldest remaining structures are those built as private residences , including a group in the Corktown neighborhood and another set of houses strung along Jefferson Avenue -- notably the Charles Trowbridge House ( 1826 ) , ( the oldest known structure in the city ) , the Joseph Campau House ( 1835 ) , the Sibley House ( 1848 ) , the Beaubien House ( 1851 ) , and the Moross House ( 1855 ) . Other extant pre-1860 structures include Fort Wayne ( 1849 ) ; Saints Peter and Paul Church ( 1848 ) and Mariner 's Church ( 1849 ) ; and early commercial buildings such as those in the Randolph Street Commercial Buildings Historic District , for example . The main communication medium from the 1830s until the rise of television in the 1950s was the newspaper . Detroit had a large variety of daily papers , meeting the needs of the political parties have different language groups in the city , as well as the needs of readers concerned with news of business , labor , agriculture , literature , local churches , and polite society . Civil War Era ( edit ) Monument depicting the city 's important role in the Underground Railroad . Prior to the American Civil War , the city 's access to the Canada -- US border made it a key stop for runaway slaves along the underground railroad . The Michigan Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Monument in Detroit 's Campus Martius Park commemorates the state 's role in the American Civil War . Thousands of Detroiters formed volunteer regiments , including the 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( part of the legendary Iron Brigade ) which fought with distinction and suffered 82 % casualties at Gettysburg in 1863 . Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying Thank God for Michigan ! Following Lincoln 's assassination , General George Armstrong Custer delivered a eulogy to the thousands gathered near Campus Martius Park . Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the American Civil War and called them the Wolverines . The Detroit race riot of 1863 occurred on March 6 , 1863 and was the city 's first such incident , as Irish and German Catholics resisted the mandatory draft laws . At the time , it was reported as `` the bloodiest day that ever dawned upon Detroit . '' The casualties of the day included at least two people dead , and many others injured , mostly African - American , 35 buildings were burned to the ground , and a number of other buildings were damaged by fire . Rise of industry and commerce ( edit ) The City of Detroit ( from Canada Shore ) , 1872 , by A.C. Warren Detroit in the 1880s . Over a century of Detroit business leaders have belonged to the Detroit Club founded in 1882 . Since 1934 , business leaders have also belonged to the Detroit Economic Club . Detroit 's central location in the Great Lakes Region has contributed to its status as a major center for commerce and global trade . As Detroit grew , it emerged as a U.S. transportation hub linking the Great Lakes system of waterways to the Erie Canal and to rail lines . Pharmaceutical firms such as Parke - Davis in the 1870s and the Frederick Stearns Company in the 1890s established a centers between East Jefferson Avenue . Globe Tobacco built a manufacturing facility closer to downtown in 1888 . The rise of manufacturing led to a new class of wealthy industrialists , entrepreneurs , and professionals . Some of these nouveau riche built along East Jefferson , resulting in structures such as the Thomas A. Parker House ( 1868 ) , the Croul - Palms House ( 1881 ) , the William H. Wells House ( 1889 ) , the John N. Bagley House ( 1889 ) , and the Frederick K. Stearns House ( 1902 ) . Woodward Avenue shopping district , 1865 . Detroit began increasingly to expand , and other citizens pushed north of downtown , building houses along Woodward in what was at the time a quiet residential area . The city has many restored historic Victorian structures , notably those in the Brush Park and East Ferry Avenue historic districts . The Elisha Taylor House ( 1870 ) and the Hudson - Evans House ( 1872 ) are both in Brush Park ; the Col. Frank J. Hecker House ( 1888 ) and the Charles Lang Freer House ( 1887 ) are in the East Ferry Avenue neighborhood . Near the end of the 19th century , apartment living became more acceptable for affluent middle - class families , and upscale apartments , such as the Coronado Apartments ( 1894 ) , the Verona Apartments ( 1894 ) , the Palms Apartments ( 1903 ) , the Davenport Apartments ( 1905 ) in the Cass - Davenport Historic District , and the Garden Court Apartments ( 1915 ) were constructed to meet the new demand . These well - to - do late - 19th - century residents also funded the construction of a spate of churches , such as the Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church ( 1883 ) , the First Presbyterian Church ( 1889 ) , the Trinity Episcopal Church ( 1890 ) ( built by James E. Scripps ) , and the First Unitarian Church ( 1890 ) . Immigrants in the 19th century ( edit ) Sweetest Heart of Mary Roman Catholic Church in Detroit . Detroit has long been a city of immigrants , from the early French and English settlers in the 18th century , through the Irish who settled in the Corktown neighborhood in the 1840s , and the Germans who comprised the largest group . Significant contingents during this period included German and Polish immigrants who settled in Detroit in the 1860 - 1890s . Conditions were especially favorable for the Irish Catholics . Vinyard finds that they enjoyed many opportunities and suffered `` negligible religious prejudice . '' They were especially successful in politics , government service , dockyard and construction jobs , and built numerous churches . They funded the migration of relatives from Ireland . They took very active leadership roles in the Democratic Party and labor unions European immigrants opened businesses and established communities . German immigrants established German - speaking churches , primarily on the east side of the city , including Saint John 's - St. Luke 's Evangelical Church ( 1872 ) , St. Joseph Catholic Church ( 1873 ) , and Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church ( 1875 ) , as well as social clubs such as the Harmonie Club ( 1894 ) and west - side churches such as St. Boniface ( 1882 ) and Gethsemane Evangelical Lutheran Church ( 1891 ) . Close behind , a wave of Polish immigrants established east - side Roman Catholic parishes such as St. Albertus ( 1885 ) , Sweetest Heart Of Mary ( 1893 ) , St. Josaphat 's ( 1901 ) , St. Stanislaus ( 1911 ) , and St. Thomas the Apostle Catholic Church ( 1923 ) . The Poles also settled on the west side , founding West Side Dom Polski ( 1916 ) . The son of Prussian Polish immigrants , Rev. John A. Lemke , born in Detroit on February 10 , 1866 , was the first American - born Roman Catholic Priest of Polish descent to be ordained in America . He was baptised at St. Mary Roman Catholic Church ( 1843 ) , at the corner of St. Antoine and Croghan ( Monroe ) , on February 18 , 1866 , attended St. Albertus for his primary education , and studied at Detroit College which is now the University of Detroit Mercy where he received a bachelor 's degree in 1884 ; then , after attending St. Mary 's in Baltimore , he completed his theological studies at St. Francis Seminary in Monroe , Michigan , and he was ordained by the Bishop John Samuel Foley in 1889 . The Catholics were especially energetic in building churches , schools , orphanages , hospitals and other charitable institutions . Nearly nine out of ten Detroiters in 1900 ( 87 % ) lived in single - family homes . European immigrants including German , Dutch , Polish , and Irish ethnics were likely to be home owners in the city . Most immigrants built their own home with the aid of their neighbors , or if still saving the purchase price they rented from fellow ethnics . They used an informal , localized , ethnically controlled housing market that was quite distinct from the professionally operated housing market . Homeownership in Detroit surged in the city 's immigrant neighborhoods by 1900 . Cadillac Motor Car Co. main plant on Cass Avenue , c. 1910 Hazen Pingree ( edit ) In 1887 , John Pridgeon , Jr. , a Democrat was elected mayor in a landslide after his Republican opponent endorsed prohibition in the heavily German city . Pridgeon 's term was besmirched by multiple scandals involving the Common Council , city commissioners , grand jury investigations , and multiple indictments for bribery and graft . In 1889 Republicans recouped and called for `` good government '' by nominating a businessman with no political experience , Hazen S. Pingree after a colorful campaign in which Pingree revealed his tolerance by making a circuit of saloons . One of his first projects was simply paving the streets -- only four streets were paved , and The Detroit Journal described the rest as `` 150 miles of rotting , rutted , lumpy , dilapidated paving . '' In hot weather some stretches oozed pitch and resin and occasionally caught fire from discarded cigar butts . Warning repeatedly against the dangers of government by the corporations , he launched nationally visible crusades against Detroit 's streetcar , gas , electric , and telephone companies . He successfully forced rate reductions that won him widespread popularity . He won public approval for a citizen - owned electric light plant , and became a national spokesman for municipal ownership and close regulation of utilities and street railways . When the nationwide Panic of 1893 pushed the nation into a deep depression ( 1893 -- 97 ) , he won approval by opening empty lots to garden farming -- people called them `` Pingree 's potato patches . '' He was a steadfast Republican , and had nothing to do with the Populist Party that had considerable support among labor union members . Pingree added to the old stock Yankee Republican base by making large inroads into the German , Polish and Canadian elements . He was reelected in 1891 , 1893 and 1895 . Pingree was one of the most influential American mayors in the 1890s -- historians now rated him number 4 among all American mayors , and see him as one of the earliest leaders of the Progressive Era . He supported the gold standard in 1896 , and worked hard to carry the city and state for William McKinley over silverite William Jennings Bryan in the intensely competitive 1896 presidential election . McKinley carried the city and state and Pingree was elected governor of Michigan . 20th century ( edit ) Highland Park Ford Plant Henry Ford and the automobile industry ( edit ) See also : History of Ford Motor Company and The Henry Ford A thriving carriage trade set the stage for the work of Henry Ford , whose automobile Highland Park Ford Plant in 1910 revolutionized not only automobile manufacturing but virtually created the concept the assembly line and mass production . Ford 's manufacturing innovations were soon adopted by rival automobile manufacturers , most of whom , and their parts suppliers , were headquartered in the Detroit metropolitan area , establishing the city 's fame as the world 's car capital . Corner of Michigan and Griswold , circa 1920 Around the start of the 20th century , entrepreneurs in the Detroit area -- notably Henry Ford -- forged into production of the automobile , capitalizing on the already - existing machine tool and coach - building industry in the city . Early automotive production is recognizable by structures such as the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant ( 1904 ) ( a National Historic Landmark ) , and multiple structures in the surrounding Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District ( including the now - destroyed E-M-F / Studebaker Plant , 1906 ) and the New Amsterdam Historic District ( including the original Cadillac factory , 1905 ) and small factories such as the Crescent Brass and Pin Company Building ( 1905 ) . Automobile assembly and associated manufacturing soon dominated Detroit , and the newly minted automotive magnates built commercial and office buildings such as General Motors Building ( 1919 ) , the General Motors Research Laboratory ( 1928 ) , and the Fisher Building ( 1928 ) . Ford revolutionized labor relations with his high wage policy that brought in the best workers in Detroit , and made `` Fordism '' world - famous . He began with a $5 a day minimum wage in 1910 , about double the going rate at rival firms . It succeeded in stopping the massive turnover rate , raised productivity , lowered overall labor costs and helped to propel the Model T to industry dominance . By the 1920s , however , Ford 's formula of cheap cars with few options fell behind General Motors , which emphasized upscale quality and variety , and provided financing for car buyers . The development of the automobile industry led to rising demands for labor , which were filled by huge numbers of newcomers from Europe . Between 1900 and 1930 , the city 's population soared from 265,000 to over 1.5 million , pushing the boundaries of the city outward . The population boom led to the construction of apartment buildings across the city , aimed at the middle - class auto worker . These include the Somerset Apartments ( 1922 ) , the Garden Court Apartments ( 1915 ) , and the Manchester Apartments ( 1915 ) . The rise of the automobile also required rethinking transportation within the city . The Chestnut Street - Grand Trunk Railroad bridge ( 1929 ) was a result of a grade separation that unsnarled train and automobile traffic . The Fort Street - Pleasant Street and Norfolk & Western Railroad Viaduct ( 1928 ) was a product of the same program , routing trucking traffic over the train traffic . And the West Jefferson Avenue - Rouge River Bridge ( 1922 ) allowed the Rouge River to be expanded for barge traffic . Progressive Movement ( edit ) Progressivism was energized starting in the 1890s by upper middle class men and women who felt a civic duty to uplift society by `` freeing '' it from the tyranny of corrupt politicians who worked hand in hand with unscrupulous saloonkeepers . The most prominent leader was Republican Mayor Hazen S. Pingree . A representative community leader was automaker Henry M. Leland of the Detroit Citizens League . Supported by Detroit 's business , professional , and Protestant religious communities , the League campaigned for a new city charter , an anti-saloon ordinance , and the open shop whereby a worker could get a job even if he did not belong to a labor union . Reinhold Niebuhr , a German - American Protestant minister trained at Yale Divinity School became nationally famous as a Detroit minister who attacked the KKK , which was strong among white Protestants in the city . In an era when Henry Ford was an American icon , Niebuhr attracted national attention by criticizing the auto industry . He preached the Social Gospel , attacking what he considered the brutalization and insecurity of Ford workers . Niebuhr had moved to the left and was troubled by the demoralizing effects of industrialism on workers . He became an outspoken critic of Ford and allowed union organizers to use his pulpit to expound their message of workers ' rights . Niebuhr attacked poor conditions created by the assembly lines and erratic employment practices . Niebuhr rejected the prevailing optimism that prevailed in the 1920s . He wrote in his diary : We went through one of the big automobile factories to - day ... The foundry interested me particularly . The heat was terrific . The men seemed weary . Here manual labor is a drudgery and toil is slavery . The men can not possibly find any satisfaction in their work . They simply work to make a living . Their sweat and their dull pain are part of the price paid for the fine cars we all run . And most of us run the cars without knowing what price is being paid for them ... We are all responsible . We all want the things which the factory produces and none of us is sensitive enough to care how much in human values the efficiency of the modern factory costs. `` . The historian Ronald H. Stone thinks that Niebuhr never talked to the assembly line workers ( many of his parishioners were skilled craftsmen ) but projected feelings onto them after discussions with Rev. Samuel Marquis . As some studies of assembly line workers have shown , the work may have been dull , but workers had complex motivations and could find ways to make meaning of their experiences ; many boasted about their jobs and tried hard to place their sons on the assembly line . Ford tried but failed to control work habits . Sociologists who interviewed workers concluded that they were more interested in controlling their home lives than their work lives . The Ford solution was welfare capitalism , paying relatively high wages with added benefits , such as vacations and retirement , that reduced turnover and appealed primarily to family men . Link and Link conclude that by tying half a man 's wages to the company 's profit , Ford managers offered `` a highly successful wage incentive plan that simultaneously increased job satisfaction and raised the productivity of labor . '' Gilded Age ( edit ) A 1914 postcard depicting Campus Martius , with the old Detroit City Hall in the far left and the Michigan Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Monument in the far right . Campus Martius in 1907 . At the beginning of the 20th century , historic Gilded Age areas such as Brush Park gave rise to even more upscale neighborhoods , including the Boston - Edison , Indian Village , and Palmer Woods . Woodward Avenue neighborhoods ( such as the Warren - Prentis Historic District and the Willis - Selden Historic District ) became mixed with apartments and commercial buildings . Many architecturally and historically significant churches and cathedrals arose during this period throughout the city 's neighborhoods . Automobile wealth along with educational & technological advancements led to a boom in downtown Detroit business , and the construction of a collection of early 20th century skyscrapers . The most notable of these are the Art Deco National Historic Landmark Guardian Building ( 1928 ) and The Fisher Building ( 1928 ) . Many renowned architects including Albert Kahn , Wirt C. Rowland , and others designed and built a number of the cities skyscrapers and landmarks . Shopping districts sprang up along Park Avenue , Broadway , and Woodward . In 1881 , Joseph Lowthian Hudson opened a small men 's clothing store in Detroit . After 10 years he had 8 stores in the midwest and was the most profitable clothing retailer in the country . In 1893 , he began construction of J.L. Hudson Department Store at Gratiot and Farmer streets in Detroit . The store grew over the years and a 25 - story tower was added in 1928 . The final section was a 12 - story addition in 1946 , giving the entire complex 49 acres ( 20 ha ) of floor space . Multiple hotels were constructed , including the Fort Shelby Hotel ( 1916 ) , the Detroit - Leland Hotel ( 1927 ) , the Royal Palm Hotel ( 1924 ) , and several others . Extravagant movie palaces such as the Fox ( 1928 ) and the Palms ( 1925 ) entertained thousands every day . Public buildings , such as Orchestra Hall ( 1919 ) , the Detroit Public Library ( 1921 ) , and the Detroit Institute of Arts ( 1923 ) were inspired by the City Beautiful Movement . Immigrants in the 20th century ( edit ) Immigrants opened small neighborhood businesses , often specializing in ethnic food : Grocery store ( 1922 ) , at 31st and Herbert Street . The development of the automobile industry led to a massive increase in industrial production in the city . This in turn led to rising demands for labor , which were filled by large waves of immigrants from Europe and Canada . The city 's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century , fed largely by this influx who worked in the burgeoning automobile industry and opened neighborhood shops . Greek immigration began in the late 1890s , and peaked in 1910 - 14 . They came as peasants from the villages and became peddlers , grocers and restaurateurs , concentrating in the Greektown neighborhood . Keenly attuned to regionalism and political factionalism in Greece , the community in Detroit was split into numerous small groupings . As Americanization proceeded , the family structure became much less patriarchal , while retaining strong affiliations with the Greek Orthodox Church . A wave of Italian immigrants arrived in 1890 - 1914 . Most newcomers came from Europe or Canada , but there also were blacks from the South . Ford and Pullman were among the few major employers who welcomed black workers . Detroit expanded its borders exponentially annexing all or part of the incorporated villages of Woodmere ( 1905 ) , Delray ( 1905 ) , Fairview ( 1907 ) , St. Clair Heights ( 1918 ) , and Warrendale ( 1925 ) as well as thousands of acres of land in the surrounding townships . Nevertheless , there remained several legally separate cities that formed enclaves inside the city limites , such as Hamtramck and Highland Park . By the 1930s , Poles became a large immigrant group with more than 66,000 Poles residing in Detroit at the time . Between 1900 and 1930 , the city 's population soared from 265,000 to over 1.5 million . During World War II , there was a large influx of whites from Appalachia and blacks from the rural South . Arabs ( especially Palestinians ) arrived in large numbers after 1970 . The Jewish community grew to about 34,000 by 1914 , with new arrivals from Eastern Europe . There was little anti-Semitism , however there was considerable tension between the older established German Jews , and the poor new immigrants . Local politics ( edit ) Local politics from the 1870 to the 1910s had been influenced by ethnics , especially German Americans and Irish Catholics who controlled the Democratic Party . This changed after 1910 as the old - stock Protestant business leaders , especially from the automobile industry , led a Progressive Era crusade for efficiency , and elected their own men to office , typified by James J. Couzens ( mayor , 1919 -- 22 , US Senator , 1922 -- 36 ) . The critical change took place in 1918 when the voters changed the Common Council from a 42 - man body elected on a partisan basis from 21 wards , to a nine - man unit , elected on a non-partisan basis from the city at - large . The ethnics ( especially the Germans ) and the Democrats lost their political base . After 1930 , however , the Democratic party rebuilt its strength , formed an alliance with the United Auto Workers union and restored the leadership of the ethnics , as typified by Frank Murphy ( mayor 1930 - 33 , governor 1937 - 39 ) . Mayors Jerome Cavanagh ( 1962 -- 70 ) and Roman Gribbs ( 1970 - 74 ) were the last of the white ethnic mayors , until 2014 . The election of Coleman Young ( 1974 -- 93 ) as mayor in 1974 brought to power a new generation of black leaders who represented the city 's new majority . Women in the 20th century ( edit ) Most young women took jobs before marriage , then quit . Before the growth of high schools after 1900 , most women left school after the 8th grade at about age 15 . Ciani ( 2005 ) shows that type of work they did reflected their ethnicity and marital status . Black mothers were often day labors , usually as domestic servants , because other opportunities were limited . Most mothers receiving pensions were white and sought work only when necessary . Nursing became professionalized in the late 19th century , opening a new middle - class career for talented young women of all social backgrounds . The School of Nursing at Detroit 's Harper Hospital , begun in 1884 , was a national leader . Its graduates worked at the hospital and also in institutions , public health services , as private duty nurses , and volunteered for duty at military hospitals during the Spanish -- American War and the two world wars . In the early 20th century , the middle - class women of the Detroit Federation of Women 's Clubs ' ( DFWC ) promoted civic mindedness within the context of traditional gender roles . Most of them were married to prominent business and professional leaders . Issues of public health , sanitation , and public safety were of vital concern to all families . The DFWC pressured city leaders to provide adequate education and sanitation facilities , safe food handling , and traffic safety . They did not form coalitions with working class or ethnic women , nor labor unions . Great depression ( edit ) After the 1928 presidential campaign of Catholic Al Smith , the Democrats mobilize large number of Polish and other Catholic ethnics to make their comeback . Although the election for mayor was nonpartisan , the Democrats rallied behind Judge Frank Murphy , who served as mayor 1930 - 33 . The Great Depression was devastating for Detroit , as sales of automobiles plunged and there were large - scale layoffs at all industrial enterprises . Murphy insisted that no one would go hungry , and set up the Mayor 's Unemployment Committee that set up relief soup kitchens and potato gardens . In 1933 Murphy resigned , and Frank Couzens was elected mayor , serving until 1938 . He was the son of Republican U.S. Senator James Couzens , who had been mayor in 1919 - 22 . In 1933 the city was in a financial crisis , as tax receipts had plunged and welfare spending had skyrocketed . The city had defaulted on its bond payments and had to use promissory notes ( '' script `` ) to pay teachers , policemen and other employees . Couzens restored the city 's financial credibility by cutting the debt and balancing the budget . He obtained large sums of federal relief money , and upgraded the street - lighting program and the sewage system . Labor unions ( edit ) With the factories came high - profile labor unions in the 1930s such as the United Auto Workers which initiated disputes with manufacturers . The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the autoworkers . The unionization process in autos was led by CIO organizers . The strongest response came not from semi-skilled assembly line men , but from the militant leadership of skilled tool and die makers and British and Irish ethnics . They had been complacent during the late 1920s but reacted with extreme militancy to the hardships of the depression . Following the success of the sit down strikes at General Motors , non-unionized , semi-skilled workers followed suit in numerous plants in 1937 . They were supported by the pro-union mood of the city , the New Deal 's permissive political climate , and Governor Frank Murphy 's pro-labor sympathies . They won many concessions and formed numerous locals outside the auto industry . Ford , however , successfully resisted unions until 1941 . World War II and the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' ( edit ) The Detroit skyline , July 1942 . The entry of the United States into World War II brought tremendous changes to the city . From 1942 to 1945 , production of commercial automobiles in the city ceased entirely , as its factories were used instead to construct M5 tanks , jeeps , and B - 24 bombers for the Allies . The Guardian Building was converted into a headquarters for wartime production . The city made a major contribution to the Allied war effort ; a key element of America 's Arsenal of Democracy . Historians note that this accolade was `` easily and often corrupted to ' arsehole ' '' by tired Detroiters waiting in lines everywhere . The B - 24 Liberator , the most produced bomber in history , was used to bomb Germany heavily . Prior to the war , the aviation industry could produce , optimally , one such plane a day at an aircraft plant . By 1943 , Ford 's plants managed to produce one B - 24 an hour at a peak of 600 per month in 24 - hour shifts . Many pilots slept on cots waiting for takeoff as the B - 24 rolled off the assembly line at Ford 's Willow Run facility . Racial tension grew rapidly in World War II , as high paying jobs brought in tens of thousands of families , despite severe housing shortages . The historian of Detroit 's Poles finds that they saw the blacks as `` threatening their jobs , homes , communities , and churches . '' An August 1942 Life article , `` Detroit is Dynamite '' , discussed in detail the city 's labor and race issues , stating that `` the news from Detroit is bad this summer ... The result is a morale situation which is perhaps the worst in the U.S. '' Because of the city 's importance to the war effort , the article was censored from copies of the magazine sold outside North America . The long - awaited riot exploded in June 1943 , as groups of blacks and whites fought it out . The 3 - days of street fighting started on Belle Isle , and killed 25 blacks and 9 whites , wounded 433 , and destroyed property valued at $2 million . The U.S. Army was called in to restore order . Postwar Era ( edit ) Hudson department store in 1951 ; it opened in 1911 , closed in 1986 and was torn down in 1998 Play media 1957 documentary about Detroit 's banks Play media 1959 documentary about The Spirit of Detroit statue In economic terms , the postwar years 1945 - 70 brought high levels of prosperity as the automobile industry had its most prosperous quarter - century . Although Detroit had a Rapid Transit Commission , it was not popular with the politicians or the public after the strikes of 1946 ended and automobile production resumed . People demanded cars so they could commute from work to spacious houses surrounded by grass instead of riding the trolley to cramped upstairs apartments . During the war , three expressways were built to support the region 's war industries . Furthermore , the wartime model of federal , state , and local governments jointly planning and funding expressways gave a successful model for planning and financing more highways . Progress was slow in 1945 - 47 because of inflation , steel shortages , and the difficulty of building in built - up areas . by the early 1950s highways were in place , and plans were underway to make Detroit a central hub in the forthcoming Interstate Highway System . The new highways had a funding advantage over mass transit because of the availability of federal highway monies coupled with the availability of matching state money . Ultimately , they were paid for by gasoline taxes , which commuters seldom grumbled about . Other sources indicate the replacement of Detroit 's large electric streetcar network with buses & highways was much more controversial . In 1930 , Detroit had 30 electric streetcar lines over 534 miles of track . In 1941 , a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds at peak times . Wartime restrictions on vital war materials such as rubber and gasoline caused particularly heavy use of the streetcar system during the 1940s . However , between the end of the war and 1949 , the city discontinued half of its 20 streetcar lines . Five more were discontinued in 1951 -- three of them switched abruptly to bus lines during a DSR strike . More closings followed until August 1955 , when Mayor Albert Cobo , who promoted freeway construction as the way of the future , urged City Council to sell the city 's recently purchased fleet of modern streetcars to Mexico City . It was a controversial move . A newspaper poll showed that Detroiters , by a margin of 3 - to - 1 , opposed the switch to buses . Some even jeered the sunken freeways Cobo championed , dubbing them `` Cobo canals . '' `` A lot of people were against the decision ... A common complaint was about the sale of the ( new ) cars , that the city did n't get its money 's worth . Of course , the city had an answer for anything ... '' On April 8 , 1956 , the last streetcar in Detroit rolled down Woodward Avenue . After less than 10 years in service , Detroit 's fleet of streamlined streetcars was loaded on railcars and shipped to Mexico City , where they ran for another 30 years . The Hudson 's department store , the second largest in the nation , realized that the limited parking space at its downtown skyscraper would increasingly be a problem for its customers . The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield , just beyond the city limits . It was the largest suburban shopping center in the world , and quickly became the main shopping destination for northern and western Detroit , and for much of the suburbs . By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson 's sales ; it closed in 1986 . The Hudson 's name would latter be discarded all together . The remaining Hudsons were first rebranded as branches of Chicago 's flagship Marshall Field 's State Street , and later rebranded again as branches of New York City 's flagship Macy 's Herald Square . Ethnic whites enjoyed high wages and suburban life styles . Blacks comprised 4 % of the auto labor force in 1942 , 15 % by the war 's end ; they held their own and were at 16 % by 1960 . They started in unskilled jobs , making them susceptible to layoffs and to replacement when automation came . The powerful United Auto Workers union championed state and federal civil rights legislation , but was in no hurry to advance blacks in the union hierarchy . a large well - paid middle class black community emerged ; like their white counterparts , they wanted to own single family homes , fought for respectability , and left the blight and crime of the slums as fast as possible for outlying districts and suburbs . By 1945 , Detroit was running out of space for new factories ; tight - knit home - owning neighborhoods rejected the notion of tearing out housing to make room for factories . There was plenty of space in the suburbs , and that is where the factories had to locate . The proposals of liberal UAW leaders such as Walter Reuther for urban redevelopment did not please the UAW 's largely white , conservative membership . The members repeatedly voted for conservative mayoral candidates , such as Republicans Albert Cobo ( mayor 1950 - 57 ) and Louis Miriani ( mayor 1957 - 62 ) , for they protected white neighborhoods from residential integration . Home ownership was not just a very large financial investment for individuals , it was also a source of identity for men who remembered the hardships and foreclosures of the Great Depression . Sugrue says , `` Economically vulnerable homeowners feared , above all , that an influx of blacks would imperil their precarious investments . '' As mayor in 1957 - 62 , Louis Miriani was best known for completing many of the large - scale urban renewal projects initiated by the Cobo administration . These were largely financed by federal money , due to his rejection of implementing a city tax . Miriani also took strong measures to overcome the growing crime rate in Detroit . The United Automobile Workers ( UAW ) , then at the height of its size and power , officially endorsed Miriani for re-election , stressing what they viewed as his conservative `` law and order '' position . However , while some African Americans praised Miriani for helping to break down racial divides , other disagreed with the UAW that Miriani did enough . Historian David Maraniss cites milestones in 1962 - 64 that marked the city 's sharp decline : the failure of a plan to host the Olympics ; urban renewal uprooting black neighborhoods ; urgently needed police reforms that stalled ; and the failure to transform Detroit through the Model Cities and War on Poverty programs . Tensions started building that exploded in the 1967 riot , the most costly and violent in the country during a summer of numerous riots in cities . The 1970s brought a worldwide energy crisis with high gasoline prices . For the first time , the American industry faced serious competition from imported automobiles , which were smaller and more fuel - efficient . German Volkswagens and Japanese Toyotas posed a growing threat . Civil rights and the Great Society ( edit ) Main article : Decline of Detroit In June 1963 , Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his `` I Have a Dream '' speech two months later . In Detroit , King was accompanied by Rev. C.L. Franklin . Detroit played a major role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s ; the Model Cities Program was a key component of President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society and War on Poverty . Begun in 1966 , it operated five - year - long experiments in 150 cities to develop new anti-poverty programs and alternative forms of municipal government . The ambitious federal urban aid program succeeded in fostering a new generation of mostly black urban leaders . Detroit had one of the largest Model Cities projects . Mayor Jerome Cavanagh ( Mayor 1962 -- 69 ) was the only elected official to serve on Johnson 's task force . Detroit received widespread acclaim for its leadership in the program , which used $490 million to try to turn a nine - square - mile section of the city ( with 134,000 inhabitants ) into a model city . The city 's political and business elite , and city planners , along with the black middle class , wanted the federal funding to assist the economic growth of the entire city . They sought to protect the central business district property values from nearby slums and to construct new revenue - generating structures . But , local community organizers and civil rights activists rallied poor residents in opposition to these plans . They said federal renewal funding should be used to replace deteriorating housing stock , whether with new public housing or low - cost housing built by private developers . The Model City program was terminated in Detroit and nationwide in 1974 after major race riots in the late 1960s most of its target cities . Detroit witnessed growing confrontations between the mostly white police force and inner city blacks , culminating in the massive 12th Street riot in July 1967 . The riot erupted in mostly black neighborhoods . Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit , and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops . The result was 43 dead , 467 injured , over 7,200 arrests , and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed . Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods , and the affected district lay in ruins for decades . Coleman Young , Detroit 's first black mayor , explained the long - term effects of the riot : `` The heaviest casualty , however , was the city . Detroit 's losses went a hell of a lot deeper than the immediate toll of lives and buildings . The riot put Detroit on the fast track to economic desolation , mugging the city and making off with incalculable value in jobs , earnings taxes , corporate taxes , retail dollars , sales taxes , mortgages , interest , property taxes , development dollars , investment dollars , tourism dollars , and plain damn money . The money was carried out in the pockets of the businesses and the white people who fled as fast as they could . The white exodus from Detroit had been prodigiously steady prior to the riot , totally twenty - two thousand in 1966 , but afterwards it was frantic . In 1967 , with less than half the year remaining after the summer explosion -- the outward population migration reached sixty - seven thousand . In 1968 the figure hit eighty - thousand , followed by forty - six thousand in 1969 . Scholars have produced many studies documenting the fall of Detroit from one of the world 's premier industrial cities in 1945 to a much smaller , weaker city in the 21st century , struggling to survive against the loss of industry and population , against crime , corruption and poverty . Boyle also blames the big corporations . He summarizes the scholarly consensus in 2001 : `` Detroit was betrayed by a lack of political vision , torn asunder by racial conflict , and devastated by deindustrialization . Detroit 's problems peaked in the late 1960s and the 1970s . Since then the city has struggled to recover , to build a new economy and a new polity . However noble the goals , though , these efforts have failed to reverse Detroit 's deterioration . Motown remains in the grip of the crisis that began fifty years ago . '' Milliken v. Bradley ( edit ) On August 18 , 1970 , the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials , including Governor William Milliken , charging de facto public school segregation . The trial began April 6 , 1971 , and lasted 41 days . The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated , the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools . The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices ( such as redlining of certain neighborhoods ) and educational segregation , which followed segregated neighborhoods . District Judge Steven J. Roth held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in his ruling on Milliken v. Bradley . The Sixth Circuit Court affirmed some of the decision , withholding judgment on the relationship of housing inequality with education . The court specified that it was the state 's responsibility to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area . The governor and other accused officials appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court , which took up the case February 27 , 1974 . The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence . In a narrow decision , the Court found that schools were a subject of local control and that suburbs could not be forced to solve problems in the city 's school district . According to Gary Orfield and Susan E. Eaton in their 1996 book Dismantling Desegregation , the `` Supreme Court 's failure to examine the housing underpinnings of metropolitan segregation '' in Milliken made desegregation `` almost impossible '' in northern metropolitan areas . `` Suburbs were protected from desegregation by the courts ignoring the origin of their racially segregated housing patterns . '' `` Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period , '' said Myron Orfield , professor of law and director of the Institute on Metropolitan Opportunity at the University of Minnesota . `` Had that gone the other way , it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit 's current problems . '' John Mogk , a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit , says , `` Everybody thinks that it was the riots ( in 1967 ) that caused the white families to leave . Some people were leaving at that time but , really , it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs . If the case had gone the other way , it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then . '' Supreme Justice William O. Douglas ' dissenting opinion in Miliken held that `` there is , so far as the school cases go , no constitutional difference between de facto and de jure segregation . Each school board performs state action for Fourteenth Amendment purposes when it draws the lines that confine it to a given area , when it builds schools at particular sites , or when it allocates students . The creation of the school districts in Metropolitan Detroit either maintained existing segregation or caused additional segregation . Restrictive covenants maintained by state action or inaction build black ghettos ... the task of equity is to provide a unitary system for the affected area where , as here , the State washes its hands of its own creations . '' 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) While 55 percent of Detroiters were counted as white in the 1970 census , by 1980 the city 's proportion of white residents had declined to 34 percent of the population . The population shift was even more stark considering that Detroit was 83 percent white at the time of the city 's all - time population high in 1950 . The migration of whites to the suburbs left blacks in control of a city suffering from an inadequate tax base , too few jobs , and swollen welfare rolls . According to Chafets , `` Among the nation 's major cities , Detroit was at or near the top of unemployment , poverty per capita , and infant mortality throughout the 1980s . '' In the 1973 mayoral election the polarization was nearly total , as 92 % of blacks voted for Coleman Young , while 91 % of the whites voted for former police Commissioner John Nichols , although neither appealed to racial issues during the campaign . Although Young had emerged from the far left element in Detroit , he moved to the right after his election . He called an ideological truce and won the support of Detroit 's economic elite . The new mayor was energetic in the construction of the Joe Louis Arena , and upgrading the city 's mediocre mass transit system . Highly controversial was his using eminent domain to purchase and raze a 465 - acre inner - city neighborhood known as Poletown that was home to 3,500 people , mostly Polish property owners , in order to make way for a half - billion dollar General Motors Cadillac assembly plant . Rich argues that he pulled money out of the neighborhood to rehabilitate the downtown business district , because `` there were no other options . '' Young tried to rein in the city 's largely white police department , whose aggressive tactics angered black voters . Young was an outspoken advocate for federal funding for Detroit construction projects , and his administration saw the completion of the Renaissance Center , Detroit People Mover , and several other Detroit landmarks . During Young 's last two terms there he faced angry opposition from neighborhood activists . He usually prevailed , winning re-election by wide margins in 1977 , 1981 , 1985 , and 1989 , for a total of 20 years as mayor , based largely on black votes . Crime ( edit ) Young was blamed for failing to stem the crime epidemic that Detroit became notorious for in the 1970s and 1980s . Dozens of violent black street gangs gained control of the city 's large drug trade , which began with the heroin epidemic of the 1970s and grew into the even larger crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s . There were numerous major criminal gangs that were founded in Detroit and dominated the drug trade at various times ; most were short - lived . They included The Errol Flynns ( east side ) , Nasty Flynns ( later the NF Bangers ) and Black Killers and the drug consortiums of the 1980s such as Young Boys Inc. , Pony Down , Best Friends , Black Mafia Family and the Chambers Brothers . The Young Boys were innovative , opening franchises in other cities , using youth too young to be prosecuted , promoting brand names , and unleashing extreme brutality to frighten away rivals . Several times during Young 's tenure Detroit was named the arson capital of the U.S. , and repeatedly the murder capital of the United States . Often Detroit was listed by FBI crime statistics as the `` most dangerous city in America '' during his administration . Crime rates in Detroit peaked in 1991 at more than 2,700 violent crimes per 100,000 people . However , crime continued to be a problem in Detroit long after Young 's tenure as mayor ended ; according to national statistics the arson rate in Detroit was 6.3 times the national average in 2003 and the murder rate was 5.1 times the national average . In addition , the majority of Detroit residents , including many blacks , have left the city , leaving a glut of abandoned buildings that have become magnets for drugs , arson , and other crime . The night of October 30 ( the night before Halloween ) was a traditional day for pranks but became known as `` Devil 's Night '' as Detroit youth went on a rampage in the 1980s . A tradition of light - hearted minor vandalism , such as soaping windows , had emerged in the 1930s , but by the 1980s it had become , said Mayor Coleman , `` a vision from hell . '' The arson primarily took place in the inner city , but surrounding suburbs were often affected as well . The crimes became increasingly more destructive . Over 800 fires were set in the peak year 1984 , overwhelming the city 's fire department . Hundreds of vacant homes across the city were set ablaze by arsonists . The fires continued to happen but the number was sharply reduced by razing thousands of abandoned houses that often were used to sell drugs as well -- 5,000 in 1989 - 90 alone . Every year the city mobilizes `` Angel 's Night , '' with tens of thousands of volunteers patrolling areas at high risk . Metropolitan region ( edit ) The Detroit area emerged as a major metropolitan region with construction of an extensive freeway system in the 1950s and 1960s which expanded in the ensuing decades . The 1950s , 60s , and 70s witnessed an expansion of the cultural phenomenon of U.S. muscle cars including Camaro , Mustang , and Charger . Automotive designers and business executives such as Bill Mitchell , Lee Iacocca , and John DeLorean rose to prominence for their contributions . Freeways facilitated movement throughout the region with millions of people taking up residence in the suburbs . A desire for newer housing and schools accelerated migration from the city to the suburbs . Commensurate with the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs , the city has had to adjust its role within the larger metropolitan area . Downtown Detroit has seen a resurgence in the 21st century as a business center and entertainment hub with the opening of three casino resort hotels . In 1940 , the city of Detroit held about one - third of the state 's population , while the metropolitan region currently holds roughly one - half of the state 's population . For the 2010 census , the city of Detroit 's population was 713,777 , while metropolitan Detroit 's combined statistical area had a population of 5,218,852 . Through much of the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century , the city completed significant revitalizations . Immigration continues to play a role in the region 's projected growth with the population of Detroit - Ann Arbor - Flint ( CMSA ) estimated to be 6,191,000 by 2025 . 21st century ( edit ) GM Plaza and Promenade at the Renaissance Center along the International Riverfront . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , the city began to experience a revival , much of it centered in Downtown , Midtown , and New Center . After purchasing and renovating the historic Fox Theatre and Fox Office Centre in 1987 , Mike Ilitch and Marian Ilitch moved Little Caesars Pizza 's headquarters to Downtown Detroit . One Detroit Center ( 1993 ) arose on the city skyline . Newer downtown residents are predominantly young professionals . The city has three casino resort hotels - MGM Grand Detroit , MotorCity Casino , and Greektown Casino - with one of the larger gaming industry markets in the U.S. New downtown stadiums Comerica Park and Ford Field were constructed for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions in 2000 and 2002 , respectively ; this placed the Lions ' stadium in the city proper for the first time since 1974 . Opened in 2017 Little Caesars Arena allows the Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Pistons to have a shared home , and thus locating the Pistons ' in the city proper for the first time since 1978 , also making Detroit the only North American city to have all major professional sports based in its downtown . In 2008 , the city witnessed grand restorations of the historic Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel . The city has hosted major sporting events - the 2005 MLB All - Star Game , 2006 Super Bowl XL , 2006 World Series , WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and the NCAA Final Four in April 2009 - all of which prompted many improvements to the area . The city 's International Riverfront is a focus of much development which has complemented similar developments in Windsor , Ontario . In 2007 , Detroit completed the first major portions of the River Walk , including miles of parks and fountains . The Renaissance Center received a major renovation in 2004 . New developments and revitalizations are a mainstay in the city 's plan to enhance its economy through tourism . Along the river , upscale condominiums are rising , such as Watermark Detroit . Some city limit signs , particularly on the Dearborn border say `` Welcome to Detroit , The Renaissance City Founded 1701 '' . In 2004 , Compuware established its world headquarters in downtown Detroit followed by Quicken Loans in 2010 . Significant landmarks such as the Fox Theatre , Orchestra Hall Detroit Opera House , and the Gem Theater have been restored and host concerts , musicals , and plays . The Detroit Institute of Arts completed a major renovation and expansion in 2007 . Many downtown centers such as Greektown , Cobo Center and Campus Martius Park , draw patrons and host activities . In September 2008 , Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick ( who had served for six years ) resigned following felony convictions . In 2013 , Kilpatrick was convicted on 24 federal felony counts , including mail fraud , wire fraud , and racketeering , and was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison . In July 2013 , Michigan state - appointed emergency manager Kevyn Orr asked a federal judge to place the City of Detroit into bankruptcy protection . In March 2014 the indebted Detroit Water and Sewerage Department began cutting off water to customers homes with unpaid bills over $150 , or if the payment was more than 60 days overdue . As of the 15th of July , more than 15,000 homes had been cut off . Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Detroit See also : Timeline of Michigan history Historical populations Census City Metro Region 1810 1,650 N / A N / A 1820 1,422 N / A N / A 1830 2,222 N / A N / A 1840 9,102 N / A N / A 1850 21,019 N / A N / A 1860 45,619 N / A N / A 1870 79,577 N / A N / A 1880 116,340 N / A N / A 1890 205,877 N / A N / A 1900 285,704 542,452 664,771 1910 465,766 725,064 867,250 1920 993,678 1,426,704 1,639,006 1930 1,568,662 2,325,739 2,655,395 1940 1,623,452 2,544,287 2,911,681 1950 1,849,568 3,219,256 3,700,490 1960 1,670,144 4,012,607 4,660,480 1970 1,514,063 4,490,902 5,289,766 1980 1,203,368 4,387,783 5,203,269 1990 1,027,974 4,266,654 5,095,695 2000 951,270 4,441,551 5,357,538 713,777 4,296,250 5,218,852 * Estimates Metro : Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) Region : Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) Keys to the city ( edit ) Ten people have been awarded the key to the city of Detroit : Sammy Davis Jr . - Entertainer ( awarded 1961 by Mayor Louis Miriani ) Santa Claus - Given annually at the city 's Thanksgiving Day Parade James Earl Jones - Actor Elmo - Sesame Street character Benjamin Carson - Neurosurgeon Jerome Bettis - football star Big Sean - Rapper based from Detroit Steve Yzerman - received the key to the city after his retirement and having his Hockey jersey retired Mike Ilitch - businessman and sports team owner Saddam Hussein - former Iraqi president , given key in 1980 in recognition of large donations to a church . See also ( edit ) Metro Detroit portal Demographic history of Detroit Detroit in literature List of films set in Detroit List of people from Detroit List of songs about Detroit List of tallest buildings in Detroit Music of Detroit Northern Cities Shift Rum - running in Windsor Saginaw Trail Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Woodford , Arthur M. ( 2001 ) . This is Detroit 1701 -- 2001 . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2914 - 4 . , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Poremba , David Lee ( 2001 ) . Detroit in Its World Setting ( timeline ) . Wayne State University . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2870 - 9 . , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Riley , John L. ( 2013 ) . The Once and Future Great Lakes Country : An Ecological History . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 4177 - 2 . , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` BRITISH DETROIT ( 1760 - 1787 ) '' . Detroit Historical Society . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Peterson , Jennifer S.H. Brown , Many Roads to Red River ( 2001 ) , p69 ^ Jump up to : Baulch , Vivian M. ( June 13 , 1999 ) . `` Woodward Avenue , Detroit 's Grand Old ' Main Street ' '' . Detroit News . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lemke , Ashley ( 2015 ) . `` Great Lakes Rangifer and Paleoindians : Archaeological and Paleontological Caribou Reains from Michigan '' . PaleoAmerica. 1 ( 3 ) : 277 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Teasdale , Guillaume ( 2012 ) . `` Old Friends and New Foes : French Settlers and Indians in the Detroit River Border Region '' . Michigan Historical Review . 38 ( 2 ) : 35 -- 62 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Editor : Alvin M. Josephy , Jr. , by The editors of American Heritage Magazine ( 1961 ) . `` The American Heritage Book of Indians '' . In pages 187 -- 219 . , . American Heritage Publishing Co. , Inc . LCCN 61 - 14871 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marzejka , Laurie J. ( June 14 , 2000 ). Detroit 's Water Works Park a gateway to the past . The Detroit News . Retrieved on January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` La rivière du Détroit depuis le lac Érié , 1764 '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carl A. Brasseaux . `` Lamothe Cadillac , Antoine Laumet de '' ; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000 Jump up ^ Guillaume Teasdale , `` Old Friends and New Foes : French Settlers and Indians in the Detroit River Border Region , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2012 ) 38 # 2 pp 35 - 62 . Jump up ^ French Ontario in the 17th and 18th Centuries - Detroit , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 23 . , Archives of Ontario , July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ste . Anne of Detroit Archived 2011 - 0927 at the Wayback Machine . St. Anne Church . Retrieved on April 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Statutes at Large , 9th Congress , 1st Session . American Memory - A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 at loc.gov . Page 398 . Jump up ^ See Farmer Chapter XXIII , pp. 133 - 135 Jump up ^ Steven J. Rauch , `` A Stain upon the Nation ? A Review of the Detroit Campaign of 1812 in United States Military History , '' Michigan Historical Review , 38 ( Spring 2012 ) , 129 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Rauch , `` A Stain Upon the Nation ? : A Review of the Detroit Campaign of 1812 in United States Military History , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2012 ) 38 # 1 pp 129 - 153 Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . `` POPULATION OF THE 100 LARGEST CITIES AND OTHER URBAN PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES : 1790 TO 1990 '' Archived July 9 , 2009 , at the Portuguese Web Archive . Population Division , U.S. Bureau of the Census . Retrieved on 2006 - 04 - 02 Jump up ^ James K. Flack , Jr. , `` The Press in Detroit , 1880 - 1900 , '' Michigan History ( 1966 ) 50 # 1 pp 76 - 87 . 12p . Jump up ^ Blockson , Charles and Chase , Henry ( April 2005 ) . Detroit - Follow the North Star , The Guiding Light of the Underground Railroad . `` American Visions . '' Jump up ^ Rosentreter , Roger ( July / August 1998 ) . `` Come on you Wolverines , Michigan at Gettysburg . '' Michigan History Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Kundinger . Racial Rhetoric : The Detroit Free Press and Its Part in the Detroit Race Riot of 1863 . '' Michigan Journal of History . Winter , 2006 . Archived 2011 - 01 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John C. Schneider , `` Detroit and of the Problem of Disorder : The Riot of 1863 , '' Michigan History ( 1974 ) 58 # 1 pp 4 - 24 Jump up ^ Jo Ellen Vinyard , `` Inland Urban Immigrants : The Detroit Irish , 1850 , '' Michigan History ( 1973 ) 57 # 2 pp 121 - 139 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Rajner , `` Detroit '' in Michael Glazier , The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America ( 1999 ) pp 210 - 213 ^ Jump up to : Treppa , Alan R. Rev. John A. Lemke : America 's First Native Born Roman Catholic Priest.St . Albertus.org . Retrieved on July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jo Ellen Vinyard , For Faith and Fortune : The Education of Catholic Immigrants in Detroit , 1805 - 1925 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Olivier Zunz , `` Neighborhoods , Homes and the Dual Housing Market , '' Michigan History ( 1982 ) 66 # 6 pp 33 - 41 Jump up ^ Bill Loomis , `` Hazen Pingree : Quite possibly Detroit 's finest mayor , '' Detroit News ( Jan. 6 , 2013 ) Archived 2013 - 01 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Melvin G. Holli ( 1999 ) . The American Mayor : The Best & the Worst Big - City Leaders . Penn State University Press . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Melvin G. Holli , Reform in Detroit : Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Meyer III , The Five Dollar Day : Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company , 1908 - 1921 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Jack Delwyn Elenbaas , Detroit and the Progressive Era : A Study of Urban Reform , 1900 - 1914 ( PhD Wayne State University , 1974 ) online Jump up ^ Holli , Reform in Detroit : Hazen S. Pingree and urban politics ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Jack D. Elenbaas , `` The Boss of the Better Class : Henry Leland and the Detroit Citizens League , 1912 - 1924 , '' Michigan History ( 1974 ) 58 # 2 pp 131 - 150 . Jump up ^ Craig Fox , Everyday Klansfolk : White Protestant Life and the KKK in 1920s Michigan ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ See Reinhold Niebuhr , `` Detroit '' ( radio interview online Archived August 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ Richard Fox , Reinhold Niebuhr ( 1985 ) ch 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Niebuhr , Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic ( 1930 ) pp. 79 - 80 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Stone , Professor Reinhold Niebuhr : A Mentor to the Twentieth Century ( 1992 ) pp 29 - 32 Jump up ^ William A. Link and Arthur Link , American Epoch : A History of the United States Since 1900 ( 1993 ) vol 1 p 17 Jump up ^ Stephen Meyer , The Five Dollar Day : Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company , 1908 - 1921 , ( 1981 ) ; David Brody , Workers in Industrial America , ( 1980 ) ch 2 on welfare capitalism in 1920s Jump up ^ Baulch , Vivian M. ( September 4 , 1999 ) . Michigan 's greatest treasure -- Its people . Michigan History , The Detroit News . Retrieved on January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marios Stephanides , `` Greeks and Cypriots of Detroit , '' Michigan History ( 1972 ) 56 # 2 pp 131 - 150 . Jump up ^ Armando Delicato , Italians in Detroit ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Dunbar and May ( 1995 ) Michigan : a history of the Wolverine State Eerdmans Publishing , p. 511 Jump up ^ Robert A. Rockaway , `` The Detroit Jewish Ghetto before World War I , Michigan History ( 1968 ) 52 # 1 pp 28 - 36 Jump up ^ Harry Barnard , Independent Man : The Life of Senator James Couzens ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Frank Murphy : The New Deal years ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Martin Marger , `` Ethnic Succession in Detroit Politics , 1900 - 1950 , '' Polity ( 1979 ) 11 # 3 pp 343 - 361 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kyle E. Ciani , `` Hidden Laborers : Female Day Workers In Detroit , 1870 - 1920 , '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , ( 2005 ) 4 # 1 pp 23 - 51 Jump up ^ Kathleen Schmeling , `` Missionaries of Health : Detroit 's Harper Hospital School of Nursing , Michigan History ( 2002 ) 86 # 1 pp 28 - 38 . Jump up ^ Jayne Morris - Crowther , `` Municipal Housekeeping : The Political Activities of the Detroit Federation of Women 'S Clubs in the 1920s , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2004 ) 30 # 1 pp 31 - 57 . Jump up ^ Sydney Fine , Frank Murphy ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Melvin G. Holli and Peter d'A . Jones , eds. , Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors , 1820 - 1980 ( 1981 ) pp , 82 - 83 , 266 - 67 Jump up ^ Steve Babson , `` Class , Craft , and Culture : Tool and Die Makers and the Organization of the UAW , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 1988 ) 14 # 1 pp 33 - 55 . Jump up ^ Carlos A. Schwantes , `` ' We 've Got ' Em on the Run , Brothers ' : The 1937 Non-Automotive Sit Down Strikes in Detroit , '' Michigan History ( 1972 ) 56 # 3 pp 179 - 199 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wartime Detroit : The Arsenal of Democracy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wilma Wood Henrickson ( 1991 ) . Detroit Perspectives : Crossroads and Turning Points . Wayne State UP . p. 397 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Jenny ( January 28 , 1997 ). Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy . Michigan History , The Detroit News . Retrieved on October 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thaddeus Radzialowski , `` The View from a Polish Ghetto . Some Observations on the First One Hundred Years in Detroit , '' Ethnicity ( 1974 ) 1 # 2 pp 125 - 150 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit is Dynamite '' . Life . 1942 - 08 - 17 . p. 15 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Letters to the Editor '' . Life . 1942 - 09 - 07 . p. 12 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harvard Sitkoff , `` The Detroit Race Riot of 1943 , '' Michigan History ( 1969 ) 53 # 3 pp 183 - 206 . Jump up ^ Scott Martelle , Detroit : A Biography ( 2012 ) pp 159 - 70 Jump up ^ Amy Maria Kenyon , Dreaming Suburbia : Detroit and the Production of Postwar Space and Culture ( Wayne State University Press , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Charles K. Hyde , `` Planning a Transportation System for Metropolitan Detroit in the Age of the Automobile : The Triumph of the Expressway , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2006 ) 32 # 1 pp 59 - 95 Jump up ^ Peter Gavrilovich & Bill McGraw ( 2000 ) The Detroit Almanac : 300 years of life in the motor city . p. 232 Jump up ^ Jackman , Michael . `` News + Views : Back track '' . Metro Times . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robert Conot , American Odyssey ( 1974 ) p 401 Jump up ^ Thomas J. Sugrue ( 2010 ) . The Origins of the Urban Crisis : Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit . Princeton University Press . pp. 95 , 99 , 101 , 204 -- 5 . Jump up ^ June Manning Thomas , `` Planning and industrial decline , '' Journal of the American Planning Association ( 1990 ) 56 # 3 pp 297 - 310 Jump up ^ Sugrue ( 2010 ) . The Origins of the Urban Crisis . p. 215 . Jump up ^ David M. Lewis - Colman , Race against liberalism : Black workers and the UAW in Detroit ( University of Illinois Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ David Maraniss , Once in a Great City : A Detroit Story ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Violence in the Model City : The Cavanaugh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Young , Coleman . Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young ( 1994 ) p. 179 Jump up ^ Kevin Boyle , `` The Ruins of Detroit : Exploring the Urban Crisis in the Motor City , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2001 ) 27 # 1 pp 109 - 27 ; ^ Jump up to : Meinke , Samantha ( September 2011 ) . `` Milliken v Bradley : The Northern Battle for Desegregation '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Bar Journal . 90 ( 9 ) : 20 -- 22 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sedler , Robert A. ( 1987 ) . `` The Profound Impact of Milliken v Bradley '' . Wayne Law Review . 33 ( 5 ) : 1693 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Squandered opportunities leave Detroit isolated '' , Remapping Debate website . Retrieved on July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milliken v. Bradley / Dissent Douglas - Wikisource , the free online library . En.wikisource.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Heather Ann Thompson , `` Rethinking the politics of white flight in the postwar city , '' Journal of Urban History ( 1999 ) 25 # 2 pp 163 - 98 online Jump up ^ Z'ev Chafets , `` The Tragedy of Detroit , '' New York Times Magazine July 29 , 1990 , p 23 , reprinted in Chafets , Devil 's Night : And Other True Tales of Detroit ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Neal R. Peirce and John Keefe , The Great Lakes States of America : People , Politics and Power in the Five Great Lakes States ( 1980 ) p 209 Jump up ^ Wilbur C. Rich , Coleman Young and Detroit Politics , ( 1989 ) p 139 Jump up ^ Rich , 185 - 6 , quote p 202 Jump up ^ Todd C. Shaw and Lester K. Spence , `` Race and Representation in Detroit 's Community Development Coalitions , '' The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , ( 2004 ) 594 # 1 pp 125 - 142 doi : 10.1177 / 0002716204265172 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Carl S. Taylor ( 1993 ) . Girls , gangs , women , and drugs . Michigan State University Press . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Ron Chepesiuk ( 1999 ) . The War on Drugs : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 269 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne University Center for Urban Studies , October 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit statistics concerning crime '' . Cityrating.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Coleman Young and Lonnie Wheeler , Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young ( 1994 ) p 282 Jump up ^ Nicholas Rogers ( 2002 ) . Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night . Oxford University Press . pp. 98 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Zev Chafets , Devil 's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit ( 1990 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Metro Area Factsheet : Detroit - Ann Arbor - Flint , Michigan CMSA. Federation for Immigration Reform . Retrieved on April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Theatre Detroit Historical Society '' . detroithistorical.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Reppert , Joe ( October 2007 ). Detroit Neighborhood Market Drill Down Archived 2011 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Social Compact . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Sheena ( June 25 , 2007 ) . DEGA enlists help to spur Detroit retail . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved on November 28 , 2007. `` New downtown residents are largely young professionals according to Social Compact . '' ^ Jump up to : The world is coming see the change Archived 2008 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Downtown Detroit Partnership . Retrieved on August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ruby L. ( August 22 , 2007 ) . The D is a draw : Most suburbanites are repeat visitors. Detroit Free Press . New Detroit Free Press - Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co. , finds , `` nearly two - thirds of residents of suburban Wayne , Oakland , and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine , attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit . '' Jump up ^ Gavrilovich , Peter ; Bill McGraw ( 2006 ) . The Detroit Almanac , 2nd edition . Detroit Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 937247 - 48 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ex Detroit Mayor Faces New Corruption Charges '' . National Public Radio . 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Baldas , Tresa ; Shaefer , Jim ; Damron , Gina ( 10 October 2013 ) . `` ' Corruption no more ' : Judge sends a message with 28 - year sentence for Kilpatrick '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit becomes largest US city to file for bankruptcy '' . BBC News . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit water shut - offs condemned as threat to health '' . New Scientist : 6 . July 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . `` POPULATION OF THE 100 LARGEST CITIES AND OTHER URBAN PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES : 1790 TO 1990 '' . Population Division , U.S. Bureau of the Census . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit , MI Population by Decades '' . U.S. Bureau of the Census . 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING : DECENIAL CENSUS '' . U.S. Bureau of the Census . 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000 , Ranked by July 1 , 2009 '' ( Comma - separated values ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2009 '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Elmo to receive key to city from Detroit Mayor Dave Bing '' . Michigan Live . 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Former Wing honored for second straight home game '' . ESPN . January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John J. Miller ( 2006 - 02 - 03 ) . `` The Key to My City '' . National Review . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Don Banks ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Snap Judgements '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Guess Who Got The Key To Detroit ? '' . CBS News . 2003 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ David Ashenfelter ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Judge salutes Horton for making difference by embracing talent '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Detroit § Bibliography Bak , Richard ( 2001 ) . Detroit Across Three Centuries. Thompson Gale . ISBN 1 - 58536 - 001 - 5 . , narrative history Conot , Robert . American Odyssey : A unique history of America told through the life of a great city ( 1974 ) 735pp ; detailed narrative history . Davis , Michael W.R. Detroit 's Wartime Industry : Arsenal of Democracy ( 2007 ) Doody , Colleen . Detroit 's Cold War : The Origins of Postwar Conservatism by ( University of Illinois Press ; 2013 ) 175 pages ; Detroit as a center for an emerging American conservatism and militant anti-communism . Gavrilovich , Peter ; Bill McGraw ( 2006 ) . The Detroit Almanac . Detroit Free Press , 3rd ed . ISBN 978 - 0 - 937247 - 48 - 8 . Georgakas , Dan , et al. Detroit : I Do Mind Dying : A Study in Urban Revolution ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) online edition George , Nelson . Where Did Our Love Go ? : The Rise and Fall of the Motown Sound ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) Holli , Melvin G. Reform in Detroit : Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics ( 1969 ) , on 1890s LeDuff , Charlie . Detroit : An American Autopsy ( 2013 ) Maraniss , David . Once in a Great City : A Detroit Story ( 2015 ) online review on 1962 - 64 Martelle , Scott . Detroit : A Biography ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Mirel , Jeffrey . The Rise and Fall of an Urban School System : Detroit , 1907 - 81 ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Poremba , David Lee ( 2003 ) . Detroit : A Motor City History . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2435 - 2 . Poremba , David Lee ( 2001 ) . Detroit in Its World Setting : A Three Hundred Year Chronology , 1701 - 2001 . Wayne State University . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2870 - 9 . , Timeline format Rich , Wilbur C. Coleman Young and Detroit Politics : From Social Activist to Power Broker ( 1999 ) Schneider , John C. Detroit and the Problem of Order , 1830 - 1880 : A Geography of Crime , Riot and Policing ( 1980 ) online Taylor , Paul . `` Old Slow Town '' : Detroit during the Civil War ( Detroit : Wayne State University Press , 2013 ) . x , 248 pp . Vachon , Paul . Forgotten Detroit . Arcadia Publishing , 2009 . ISBN 0738560871 , 9780738560878 . Woodford , Arthur M. ( 2001 ) . This is Detroit 1701 - 2001 . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2914 - 4 . , 268pp ; survey Ethnic and social History ( edit ) * Akhtar , Saima , `` Immigrant Island Cities in Industrial Detroit , '' Journal of Urban History , 41 ( March 2015 ) , 175 - 92 . Alvarado , Rudolph V. , and Sonya Yvette Alvarado . Mexicans and Mexican Americans in Michigan ( 2003 ) Badaczewski , Dennis . Poles in Michigan ( 2002 ) Cantor , Judith Levin . Jews in Michigan ( 2001 ) Capeci Jr. , Dominic J. , and Martha Wilkerson . Layered Violence : The Detroit Rioters of 1943 ( 1991 ) online Darden , Joe T. , and Richard W. Thomas , eds . Detroit : Race Riots , Racial Conflicts , and Efforts to Bridge the Racial Divide ( Michigan State University Press ; 2013 ) 346 pages ; post-1967 history Delicato , Armando ( 2005 ) . Italians in Detroit . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3985 - 6 . Denissen , Christian ( 1987 ) . The Genealogy of French Families of the Detroit River Region , 1701 - 1936 . Detroit Society for Genealogical Research . ISBN 0 - 943112 - 02 - 8 . Fine , Sidney ( 2007 ) . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot Of 1967 , reprint of 1989 edition . Michigan State University Press . Godzak , Roman ( 2000 ) . Archdiocese of Detroit ( Images of America ) . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0797 - 0 . Godzak , Roman ( 2000 ) . Make Straight the Path : A 300 Year Pilgrimage Archdiocese of Detroit . Editions du Signe . ISBN 2 - 7468 - 0145 - 0 . Hooker , Clarence . Life in the Shadows of the Crystal Palace , 1910 - 1927 : Ford Workers in the Model T Era ( 1997 ) online edition Meier , August and Rudwick , Elliott . Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW ( 1979 ) online edition Morris - Crowther , Jayne . The Political Activities of Detroit Clubwomen in the 1920s : A Challenge and a Promise ( Wayne State University Press ; 2013 ) 217 pages ; covers white and black clubs Nabeel , Abraham , and Andrew Shryock , eds . Arab Detroit : From Margin to Mainstream ( 2000 ) ; 629pp ; analytic and personal accounts Rockaway , Robert A . The Jews of Detroit : From the Beginning , 1762 - 1914 ( Wayne State University Press , 1986 ) Shaw , Todd C. Now is the Time ! Detroit Black Politics and Grassroots Activism ( Duke University Press , 2009 ) Schneider , John C. Detroit and the Problem of Order , 1830 - 1880 : A Geography of Crime , Riot , and Policing ( 1980 ) online edition Smith , Suzanne E. Dancing in the Street : Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search ; online edition Sugrue , Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis : Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit ( Princeton U.P. 2005 ) Tentler , Leslie Woodcock ( 1992 ) . Seasons of Grace : A History of the Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2106 - 2 . Vargas , Zaragosa . Proletarians of the North : A History of Mexican Industrial Workers in Detroit and the Midwest , 1917 - 1933 ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Vinyard , Jo Ellen . The Irish on the urban frontier : Nineteenth century Detroit , 1850 - 1880 ( 1976 ) Vinyard , JoEllen McNergney . For Faith and Fortune : The Education of Catholic Immigrants in Detroit , 1805 - 1925 ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Wilson , Brian . `` The Spirit of the Motor City : Three Hundred Years of Religious History in Detroit , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2001 ) 27 # 1 pp 21 -- 56 online Wolcott , Victoria . Remaking Respectability : African American Women in Interwar Detroit ( 2001 ) Wolcott , Victoria . `` Gendered Perspectives on Detroit History , '' Michigan Historical Review , ( 2001 ) 27 # 1 pp 75 -- 91 online Zunz , Olivier . The Changing Face of Inequality : Urbanization , Industrial Development , and Immigrants in Detroit , 1880 - 1920 ( 2000 ) , quantitative new social history excerpt and text search Primary sources ( edit ) Henrickson , Wilma Wood , ed. ( 1991 ) . Detroit Perspectives : Crossroads and Turning Points . Wayne State University Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 600pp of primary and secondary 0sources Holli , Melvin G , ed . Detroit ( 1976 ) Young , Coleman , And Lonnie Wheeler . Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young ( 1994 ) Historic books ( edit ) `` Detroit '' , Appleton 's Illustrated Hand - Book of American Cities , New York : D. Appleton and Company , 1876 Burton , Clarence M. ( 2005 ) ( 1928 ? ) . `` City of Detroit '' . The city of Detroit , Michigan , 1701 - 1922 . Ann Arbor , Mich. : University of Michigan Library . pp. 1567 -- 1568 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Catlin , George B . The Story of Detroit ( 1923 ) online Farmer , Silas ( 1889 ) . The history of Detroit and Michigan ; or , The metropolis illustrated ; a full record of territorial days in Michigan , and the annals of Wayne County . Farmer , Silas ( 1890 ) . History of Detroit and Wayne County and early Michigan : a chronological cyclopedia of the past and present . , Google version ; full text Fuller , George Newman ( 2005 ) ( 1928 ? ) . Local history of Detroit and Wayne County / edited by George B. Catlin . Ann Arbor , Mich. : University of Michigan Library . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Brown , Samuel R. ( 1817 ) . `` Detroit '' . The Western Gazetteer ; or , Emigrant 's Directory . Auburn , N.Y : Printed by H.C. Southwick . OCLC 10530489 . Morse , J. ( 1797 ) . `` D'Etroit '' . The American Gazetteer . Boston , Massachusetts : At the presses of S. Hall , and Thomas & Andrews . Parkman , Francis ( 1851 ) . The Conspiracy of Pontiac ; 1994 reprint . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8737 - 2 . James H. Wellings ( 1845 ) , Directory of the city of Detroit , Detroit : Printed by Harsha & Willcox James H. Wellings ( 1846 ) , Directory of the city of Detroit , Detroit : A.S. Williams , printer , OCLC 10900751 Johnston 's Detroit City Directory and Advertising Gazetteer of Michigan , James Dale Johnston & Co , 1861 , OCLC 81840923 TIME magazine cover stories External links ( edit ) Detroit News , Rearview Mirror Detroit Historical Museums & Society HistoryDetroit Experience Detroit Michigan Historical Society and magazine City of Detroit Architecture Culture Detroit River Economy Fire & Rescue Freeways Government History Timeline Historic places International Riverfront Media Music Neighborhoods Parks and beaches People Police & Crime Performing arts Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Water works Metro Detroit Michigan United States History of Michigan Timeline Glaciation Paleo - Indian Archaic Woodland Algonquian French British Territory State Native Council of Three Fires Fox Kickapoo Mascouten Menominee Miami Ojibwe ( Chippewa ) Odawa ( Ottawa ) Potawatomi Sac ( Sauk ) Colonial Fur Trade Coureurs des Bois Voyageurs Iroquois Wars New France Detroit Fox Wars Fort Michilimackinac Seven Years ' War Peace of Paris Pontiac 's Rebellion Royal Proclamation Indian Reserve Quebec Act Revolutionary War Treaty of Paris United States Military Jay Treaty Treaty of Saginaw Treaty of Chicago Toledo War Battle of Windsor Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of La Pointe Civil War Industry Northwest Territory Chicago Road Clinton - 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Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Portal Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Detroit&oldid=832246877 '' Categories : History of Detroit Histories of cities in Michigan History of Michigan 1701 establishments in the French colonial empire Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template other archives Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Articles with dead external links from December 2012 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Galego Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 19 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did detroit become the center of this new industrial age	[]	[]
-5734103300190268203	Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma	Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma - wikipedia Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma Jump to : navigation , search Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma Author Amitav Ghosh Country India Language English Genre Non-fiction Publisher Ravi Dayal Publishers Publication date 1999 Media type Print ( hardback ) ISBN 978 - 8175300170 Preceded by In an Antique Land Followed by Countdown Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma is a collection of essays by Indian writer Amitav Ghosh . It was published in 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.amitavghosh.com/dancecambodia.html Works by Amitav Ghosh Novels The Circle of Reason ( 1986 ) The Shadow Lines ( 1988 ) The Calcutta Chromosome ( 1995 ) The Glass Palace ( 2000 ) The Hungry Tide ( 2004 ) Sea of Poppies ( 2008 ) River of Smoke ( 2011 ) Flood of Fire ( 2015 ) Non-fiction and essays In an Antique Land ( 1992 ) Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma ( 1998 ) Countdown ( 1999 ) The Imam and the Indian ( 2002 ) Incendiary Circumstances ( 2006 ) The Great Derangement : Climate Change and the Unthinkable ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_in_Cambodia_and_at_Large_in_Burma&oldid=686061357 '' Categories : Essay collections Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2015 , at 19 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dancing in cambodia and at large in burma summary	[]	[]
-4802810694526973855	Dynasty (2017 TV series)	Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) Dynasty Genre Soap opera Based on Dynasty by Richard and Esther Shapiro Developed by Sallie Patrick Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Starring Elizabeth Gillies Nathalie Kelley James Mackay Robert Christopher Riley Sam Adegoke Rafael de la Fuente Alan Dale Grant Show Nicollette Sheridan Theme music composer Bill Conti Paul Leonard - Morgan Troy Nõka Composer ( s ) Paul Leonard - Morgan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Shapiro Esther Shapiro Stephanie Savage Josh Schwartz Brad Silberling Sallie Patrick Producer ( s ) Jeffrey Downer Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Cinematography Xavier Grobet Editor ( s ) Brandi Bradburn Camera setup Single - camera Running time 40 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera reboot based on the 1980s series of the same name . Developed by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick , the new series stars Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , Grant Show as her father Blake Carrington , Nathalie Kelley as Blake 's new wife Cristal , and James Mackay as his son Steven , with Robert Christopher Riley as chauffeur Michael Culhane , Sam Adegoke as tech billionaire Jeff Colby , Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones , Cristal 's nephew and Steven 's fiancé , and Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo . The pilot , which was announced in September 2016 , was ordered to series in May 2017 . Dynasty premiered on October 11 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on Netflix internationally a day later . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which is set to premiere on October 12 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Music 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Dynasty begins with heiress Fallon Carrington unhappy to find her billionaire father Blake engaged to Cristal , a rival employee at the family company . When Fallon 's machinations to separate the couple backfire and cost her a promotion , she allies with Blake 's nemesis and former employee , Jeff Colby , and strikes out on her own . Meanwhile , the arrival of Cristal 's opportunistic nephew Sam -- who becomes romantically involved with Fallon 's wayward brother Steven -- threatens to expose her shady past . The Carringtons form a united front in the wake of the suspicious death of Cristal 's former lover , but things at the mansion do not remain harmonious for long . The reboot updates several elements from the 1980s original , including moving the setting from Denver , Colorado to Atlanta , Georgia ; making Steven 's homosexuality a nonissue to Blake ; and changing gold digger Sammy Jo from a woman to a gay man . Additionally , in the new series , both Blake 's fiancée later wife and her nephew are Hispanic , and both chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , an energy executive and heiress to an Atlanta energy fortune Nathalie Kelley as Cristal Flores Carrington ( season 1 ) , Fallon 's new stepmother , a woman with a shady past James Mackay as Steven Carrington , Fallon 's gay environmentalist brother who is the older and more levelheaded of the two Robert Christopher Riley as Michael Culhane , the Carrington chauffeur and Fallon 's former lover Sam Adegoke as Jeff Colby , a young business rival to Blake Rafael de la Fuente as Samuel Josiah `` Sammy Jo '' Jones , Cristal 's wayward nephew and Steven 's fiancé Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo Grant Show as Blake Carrington , billionaire CEO of Carrington Atlantic , married to Cristal , and the father of Steven and Fallon by his first wife Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 ) , Blake 's ex-wife , and the estranged mother of Steven and Fallon . Recurring ( edit ) Nick Wechsler as Matthew Blaisdel , Cristal 's former lover , a field engineer who dies in a suspicious explosion Brianna Brown as Claudia Blaisdel , Matthew 's wife , a former engineer Wakeema Hollis as Monica Colby , Jeff 's sister Dave Maldonado as Willy Santiago , Matthew 's friend and coworker at Carrington Atlantic Michael Beach as Police Chief Aaron Stansfield , a longtime friend of Blake 's Elena Tovar as Iris Machado , Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother KJ Smith as Kori Rucks , Michael 's ex-girlfriend Michael Patrick Lane as Ted Dinard , Steven 's ex-boyfriend Arnetia Walker as Louella Culhane , Michael 's mother Darryl Booker as James Culhane , Michael 's father Luis Fernández as Alejandro Silva , Sam 's father who is operating under the alias of Diego Calastana Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington , Blake 's father Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby , Jeff and Monica 's father Kelly Rutherford as Melissa Daniels , wife of Senator Paul Daniels , and Steven 's former lover J.R. Cacia as Rick Morales , a journalist and old friend of Cristal 's Adam Huber as Jack Lowden , a writer who marries Fallon using the name Liam Ridley Brent Antonello as Hank Sullivan , Alexis ' lover who is posing as her and Blake 's kidnapped firstborn Adam Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Dynasty ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Hardly Recognized You '' Brad Silberling Sallie Patrick , Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.26 `` Spit It Out '' Michael A. Allowitz Sallie Patrick October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.92 `` Guilt is for Insecure People '' Kellie Cyrus Ali Adler October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.72 `` Private as a Circus '' Kevin Sullivan Jenna Richman November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.74 5 5 `` Company Slut '' Cherie Nowlan Christopher Fife November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.72 6 6 `` I Exist Only for Me '' Lee Rose Kevin Garnett November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.64 7 7 `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' Matt Earl Beesley Jay Gibson November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 0.64 8 8 `` The Best Things in Life '' Pascal Verschooris Francisca X . Hu December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 0.64 9 9 `` Rotten Things '' Brad Silberling Paula Sabbaga December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 0.69 10 10 `` A Well - Dressed Tarantula '' Kenny Leon Adele Lim January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 0.63 11 11 `` I Answer to No Man '' Steven A. Adelson Gladys Rodriguez January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 0.56 12 12 `` Promises You Ca n't Keep '' Matt Earl Beesley Jenna Richman January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 0.65 13 13 `` Nothing But Trouble '' Matt Earl Beesley Jenna Richman February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 0.65 14 14 `` The Gospel According to Blake Carrington '' Dawn Wilkinson Francisca X . Hu & Paula Sabbaga March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.64 15 15 `` Our Turn Now '' Matt Earl Beesley Libby Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.60 16 16 `` Poor Little Rich Girl '' Kenny Leon Jenna Richman & Ali Adler March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.63 17 17 `` Enter Alexis '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Sallie Patrick & Christopher Fife March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 0.69 18 18 `` Do n't Con a Con Artist '' Carl Seaton Kevin A. Garnett & Paula Sabbaga April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.71 19 19 `` Use or Be Used '' Viet Nguyen Jake Coburn & Jay Gibson April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 0.56 20 20 `` A Line from the Past '' Pascal Verschooris Jenna Richman & Francisca X . Hu April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 0.68 21 21 `` Trashy Little Tramp '' Brandi Bradburn Christopher Fife & Kevin A. Garnett May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 0.55 22 22 `` Dead Scratch '' Michael A. Allowitz Sallie Patrick & Libby Wells May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 0.56 Production ( edit ) Elizabeth Gillies ( left ) and Grant Show ( right ) star as Fallon and Blake Carrington . James Mackay ( left ) and Rafael de la Fuente ( right ) star as Steven Carrington and Sam Jones . Development ( edit ) In September 2016 , it was announced that a reboot of the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty was in development at The CW , co-written by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick . Savage said , `` All of us have worked on shows that owe a huge debt to Dynasty , so it 's kind of in our writing DNA to do this show . '' The trio discussed what they found unique and attractive about the original series , and how best to preserve those elements in an update . They also met with Richard and Esther Shapiro , the creators of Dynasty , who were ultimately attached as producers . Schwartz said , `` We are definitely living in an age of dynasties . Whether it 's the Trumps or the Clintons or the Kardashians or the Murdochs , our news is filled with the worlds of family dynasties and that was exciting for us . '' Savage added , `` When we first sat down with the Shapiros to talk about rebooting the show , they talked a lot about family . No matter the villainous things that they did , they never stopped loving each other . I think we took that core concept and then just talked about how to place the idea in the historical context of our day . '' Patrick noted that the 1980s series was progressive for its time , dealing with issues like race , women in the workplace , and gay acceptance . She said , `` We 're trying to figure out how do we respect what that show was doing then and pushing it even farther in our version . '' De la Fuente said , `` We 're trying to make it stand on its own and be its own thing . But we have to pay homage to the original and the classic stuff that people remember from Dynasty , like the fashion , the catfights and the opulence of it all , is of course in our show . It would n't be Dynasty otherwise . '' The new series finds heiress Fallon Carrington facing off against her soon - to - be stepmother Cristal , a Hispanic woman . Patrick said , `` It was important to me as a working woman to have two women fighting over the future of the dynasty . '' Schwartz said of the rival characters : Even when you watch the original , Fallon is a character who feels as if she can exist in 2017 . She just pops off the screen , and she can take on Krystle , who , in the original , was pure and the moral center of the show . With this new Cristal , we liked the idea of not letting her be quite as pure and raising some questions about her past and having her stir the pot -- making her more formidable . That really let us lean into this rivalry between Fallon and Cristal . Patrick said , `` We knew in our version -- 2017 -- we wanted Steven 's conflict with Blake to be not about him being gay , but about him being liberal . '' Savage noted , `` With Steven Carrington out and proud , it makes sense for Sammy Jo to be a man . '' Patrick said in August 2017 that Blake 's first wife Alexis would be introduced during the first season , but that the role had yet to be cast . She noted , `` We knew Alexis was coming before we even started shooting the pilot , which allowed us to pave the way for her ... throughout the season , we hear Blake , Steven , and Fallon 's memories about the woman who abandoned their family . So by the time she actually enters the series , we 've established expectations about her character -- which Alexis will happily break . '' The role was cast with Nicollette Sheridan in November 2017 , and she first appeared in episode 16 in March 2018 . The setting was also moved from Denver to Atlanta , in part because of Atlanta 's diversity . Schwartz called the city `` a realistic location of this family to be based out of '' , noting that the Shapiros had arbitrarily picked Denver for the original series and were not creatively attached to it . Patrick said that Atlanta is `` a super diverse population and a great mixture -- where there 's conflict between old money and new money . '' Kelley said , `` This modern version represents a more current picture of what 's happening in America . The diversity of the cast really represents that . '' In the update , chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American . Also , Cristal 's Venezuelan origins will allow the show to explore the current geopolitics of that country . Patrick said that episode seven , `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' , `` brings to a head so many of the stories that we 've been slowly building . It hits the tone of the show perfectly . '' She added : We loved the original Dynasty -- the camp and the big , surprising soapy twists . We also felt very strongly that we needed to earn those . It would have been hard to come out of the gate with an episode like this . You have to be with the characters long enough to start caring about them . We 're cranking up the crazy moving forward . The episode titles are lines of dialogue from the original series . In addition to reworked characters and plotlines , the reboot contains multiple visual homages to the 1980s series , including props and wardrobe . The pilot was filmed in Atlanta . On May 10 , 2017 , the Dynasty reboot received a series order at The CW . A preview trailer was released on May 18 , 2017 . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . Sheridan 's casting was a key factor in the decision to give Dynasty a back nine order of episodes after the initial 13 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which will premiere on October 12 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) Nathalie Kelley was cast as Cristal in January 2017 , followed by Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon , Sam Adegoke as playboy Jeff Colby , and Robert Christopher Riley as Blake 's chauffeur Michael Culhane in February . Next cast were Grant Show as Fallon 's father Blake Carrington , and Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones , a gay male version of the original series ' Sammy Jo Carrington , in March . The remaining main cast members are James Mackay as Fallon 's gay brother Steven , and Alan Dale as Carrington majordomo Anders , Additional recurring performers include Nick Wechsler as Cristal 's ex-lover Matthew Blaisdel , Brianna Brown as Matthew 's wife Claudia , and Wakeema Hollis as Jeff 's sister Monica Colby . In November 2017 , Nicollette Sheridan was cast in the role of Blake 's ex-wife Alexis Carrington , and was later promoted to series regular status for season two . Other guest stars include Elena Tovar as Iris Machado , Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother , Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington , Blake 's estranged father , and Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby , Jeff and Monica 's father . In June 2018 , Kelley told E ! News that she would not be returning for season two . Music ( edit ) The pilot includes a flashback of a young Steven playing the original Dynasty theme by Bill Conti on piano . An updated , 15 - second version debuted as an opening credits sequence in the 1980s - themed third episode , `` Guilt is for Insecure People '' , but is only used in some episodes . Composer Paul Leonard - Morgan worked with Troy Nõka to get `` an ' 80s - rock vibe '' for the song , to match Leonard - Morgan 's soundtrack for the series . The new theme was recorded with an orchestra at Capitol Records in Hollywood , featuring Los Angeles Philharmonic lead trumpet player Tom Hooten . Broadcast ( edit ) Dynasty premiered on The CW in the United States on Wednesday , October 11 , 2017 , with the season 2 premiere of Riverdale as its lead - in . Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Dynasty , making it available as an original series on the platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast . The series moved to Fridays starting with the fourteenth episode . Season two will begin airing on October 12 , 2018 . Leslie Moonves , the head of CBS Corporation , said in 2017 , `` We own 100 percent of ( Dynasty ) , and we 've already licensed it to Netflix in 188 countries ... So this means Dynasty is profitable before it even hits the air . '' The CW 's president Mark Pedowitz said in January 2018 , `` I 'm disappointed in the ratings , I wanted it to do more , but I 'm happy with the production values that Josh , Steph and Sallie are doing . There are changes coming , I 'm thrilled to have Nicollette ( Sheridan ) ... I 'm looking forward to Nicollette and Liz ( Gillies ) really going at it as a mother - daughter situation , and I think that will add some juice to the show . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( episodes 1 - 13 ) Friday 8 : 00 pm ( episodes 14 - 22 ) 22 October 11 , 2017 1.26 May 11 , 2018 0.56 2017 -- 18 203 0.97 0.3 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 53 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.59 / 10 based on 40 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Dynasty 's revival retains enough of its predecessor 's over-the - top allure to offer a glamorous guilty pleasure in its first season , even if it never quite recaptures the magic of the original . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Chris Harnick of E ! Online called the pilot `` soapy and fun '' , adding that the series is `` a worthy heir to the original show and Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage 's previous offering Gossip Girl and The O.C. '' . Adweek called the pilot inferior to Gossip Girl and the original Dynasty , but suggested that its pairing with Riverdale `` could provide audiences a guilty - pleasure double - feature '' . Tierney Bricker of E ! Online dubbed Kelley `` this season 's breakout star '' , with Gillies `` hot on her Louboutin heels '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Dynasty Nominated Home media ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Dynasty : Season One 22 September 25 , 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Fall TV First Impression : Dynasty '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showatch : Dynasty '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Champagne , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` At First Sight '' . Emmy . Vol. 39 no . 7 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Hanh ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : 4 Ways CW 's Reboot Has Updated the Series to Be More Inclusive and Tolerant '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Ashley ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` This Dynasty Character Is Not Returning For Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty Promotes Nicollette Sheridan to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Empire , Survivor , Goldbergs , Blacklist adjust up , Dynasty adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor , Goldbergs , SEAL Team adjust up , Criminal Minds adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Blacklist and Designated Survivor adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , Survivor , Goldbergs , Blacklist , Speechless adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Empire , SVU , CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Goldbergs adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Empire adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor , SVU and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor and Speechless adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale , X-Files and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Match Game adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` The Amazing Race adjusts up , The Blacklist adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Blue Bloods , Agents of SHIELD , Taken , Confronting Putin adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and Dynasty adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot Set At the CW With Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Ways CW 's Dynasty Reboot Will Be Different From the Original '' . Variety . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dynasty Aims To Be The Sexiest , Most Progressive Primetime Soap Ever '' . IndieWire . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Massbrook , Nicole ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Star Rafael De La Fuente Says Sammy Joe Is Still ' Naughty ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Highfill , Samantha ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty first look : Nicollette Sheridan makes her entrance as Alexis Carrington '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Nicollette Sheridan Steps Into Joan Collins ' Shoes for CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Casts Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Boss On Supernatural 's Future & Possible Spinoff , Dynasty Tweaks , Valor 's Fate & Sabrina 's Move To Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Boss Breaks Down Claudia 's Reveal , the Show 's New Direction : ' We 're Cranking Up the Crazy ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Sallie ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner reveals the Alexis Carrington cameo you might 've missed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Sallie ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner takes you behind the scenes of that drama - filled gala '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Sallie ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner shares secrets from ' Company Slut ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Newest TV shows shooting in Atlanta : 3000 Lb Family , Dynasty pilot , Queer Eye for the Straight Guy revival '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot , Military Drama Valor Land Series Orders at CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Emma ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Everything we know about the Dynasty remake '' . BBC . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot Picked Up To Series At the CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Trailer : First Look At The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : CW Previews Their Steamy Reboot Series '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Gets Full - Season Pickup From the CW , No Back Order For Valor '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale , Flash , Supernatural Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` CW Fall Premiere Dates : New Sunday Schedule Set for October '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Nathalie Kelley Cast As Lead In The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Dynasty Reboot Casts Its Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Elizabeth Gillies Joins The CW 's Dynasty Reboot ; William Miller Cast In Searchers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Sam Adegoke To Star In The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : CW Reboot Casts Robert Christopher Riley ; Valor Adds Charlie Barnett '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Grant Show To Star As Blake Carrington In The CW Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . 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Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Maria Elena ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Opening Credits for the CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For Dynasty & Valor And Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Netflix To Distribute The CW Reboot Internationally Via Deal With CBS Studios Int'l '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 114 ) `` The Gospel According to Blake Carrington '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cancel Bear vs. The CW , week 3 : Dynasty 's slow start wo n't matter '' . TV by the Numbers . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , Big Bang Top Charts '' . 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5478178831470665311	Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos	Fullmetal Alchemist : the Sacred Star of Milos - Wikipedia Fullmetal Alchemist : the Sacred Star of Milos Jump to : navigation , search Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos Theatrical release poster Japanese 鋼の錬金術師嘆きの丘 ( ミロス ) の聖なる星 Hepburn Hagane no Renkinjutsushi : Mirosu no Sei - naru Hoshi Directed by Kazuya Murata Produced by Masahiko Minami Hirō Maruyama Ryo Ōyama Nobuyuki Kurashige Fumi Teranishi Arimasa Okada Shin Furukawa Screenplay by Yuichi Shinbo Based on Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa Starring Romi Park Rie Kugimiya Maaya Sakamoto Toshiyuki Morikawa Sakiko Tamagawa Shin - ichiro Miki Fumiko Orikasa Megumi Takamoto Kenji Utsumi Music by Taro Iwashiro Cinematography Yoshiyuki Takei Edited by Kumiko Sakamoto Production companies Bones Distributed by Shochiku Release date May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) ( Tokyo ) July 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 02 ) ( Japan ) Running time 111 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office $ 7.4 million ( Japan ) Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos ( Japanese : 鋼の錬金術師嘆きの丘 ( ミロス ) の聖なる星 , Hepburn : Hagane no Renkinjutsushi : Mirosu no Sei - naru Hoshi ) is the second Japanese animated theatrical film based on Hiromu Arakawa 's Fullmetal Alchemist franchise , released in 2011 . The film was first announced after the airing of the final episode of Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood . The Japanese premiere was on July 2 , 2011 . Funimation Entertainment has licensed the film and released it in the United States in 2012 . The film was distributed by Eleven Arts for North America , showing at more than 100 theaters . In the UK , Manga Entertainment screened the film at BFI South Bank on June 8 , 2012 , followed by a home video release on September 3 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 New characters 3 Development 3.1 Music 3.2 Specials 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The movie begins with a young girl , Julia Crichton , waking up from a dream about the day her family was forcibly taken from her home by soldiers beside her older brother Ashleigh , who is currently studying their parents ' alchemy books . Ashleigh then shows his sister some pages and explains that with the alchemy in the book , he hopes to make a world that no one 's seen before . Soon after discovering two strange rubbed - out pages , the siblings hear some strange noises and Ashleigh goes ahead to investigate , but a worried Julia follows to a room where she finds the bodies of her parents hung up and dripping blood . She watches in horror as her brother is attacked and presumably murdered to which she faints . Years later , a criminal breaks free from prison in Amestris , and the Elric brothers , Edward and Alphonse , join the effort to recapture him . The duo confronts the escapee who proves himself a dangerous opponent able to create ice and lightning from the alchemy circles drawn in blood on the palms of his hands . Despite the Elrics ' efforts to capture the criminal , he ends up escaping , and after some investigation with Edward 's superior Roy Mustang and his lieutenant Riza Hawkeye , they learn that the fugitive , Melvin Voyager , escaped with only six months remaining of his five - year sentence . Among his belongings , they find a newspaper page with a piece cut off , and comparing with an intact copy of the same page , they find that the missing piece is a photo of a young woman named Julia Crichton who was arrested while entering illegally in the remote Table City , set in the border between Amestris and Creta . Intrigued by the alchemy used by the criminal and his connection with Julia , the Elrics board a train to Table City to investigate further , but the train is attacked by an unknown individual who transforms into a wolf - chimera and takes control of the locomotive . While trying to retake the train 's control from the Wolf - Chimera , flying soldiers called the Black Bats attack the train , attempting to rescue what they think are ordinary citizens , but they fall back after finding out the prisoners were Amestrians posing as prisoners as a trap . Meanwhile , Melvin finds his opportunity and escapes , followed after by the Elric Brothers . Ed and Al arrive at a prison , where Melvin destroyed the prison walls to find Julia . Melvin attempts to retrieve Julia , but is interrupted by Miranda , the leader of the Black Bats , who tries to rescue Julia as well . Ed then challenges Melvin while Alphonse goes to save Julia . She and he fall into a village in a vast chasm ( The Valley ) that surrounds Table City , where Melvin follows and reveals his true identity as Julia 's brother , Ashleigh Crichton . Ed then ventures down to The Valley in search of Alphonse , where he learns that Table City was originally the Hill of Milos , until Creta and later Amestris invaded the city and occupied it , forcing the Milosians to live in The Valley , in poverty . Inside the Black Bats ' secret base , Julia and Alphonse develop a friendship while Julia learns about Al and Ed 's tragic past of human transmutation . Later , when Ed meets up with Al in the Black Bats base , they find themselves hunted down by wolf chimeras from the Cretan secret police dispatched by Colonel Herschel , the Cretan commander of the area , prompting them to retreat further . They and the Elrics arrive in a room with maps and locations of Table City , where Miranda explains to the Elrics their mission : to reclaim Milos by using the Sanguine Star to control a powerful heat source called Magma . Miranda also explains that the Sanguine Star was a ' red glowing stone of power ' . Shocked by the description , the Elrics reveal that the Star might be a Philosopher 's Stone , which requires human sacrifice to create . Though shocked at the revelation , Julia is determined to do anything to secure the Milosians ' freedom , and Ashleigh agrees to help her . Wanting to avoid a bloody war , Ed and Al return to Table City in an attempt to find the Star and destroy it . Later that night , the Black Bats begin their assault on Table City . Miranda , Ashley , and Julia then venture to the main tower , where , suddenly , Ashleigh fatally injures Miranda and explains to Julia that the use of Miranda 's blood activates a three dimensional transmutation circle drawn in blood to create the Sanguine Star . Julia then realizes that he is an impostor , Security Chief Atlas , who was enveloped by alchemy 's potential of creation and power and killed Julia 's parents for it . He explains that he tore off the real Ashleigh 's face and the skin from his lower left side to deceive Julia and create the Star . Ed and Al arrive to rescue Julia and confront Atlas , who escapes to the location of the Star . As Ed , Al , and Julia chase after Atlas , Herschel detonates a Cretan thermal power plant , pouring out a massive amount of lava towards the Valley . Al goes to help save the valley while Ed and Julia go after Atlas . Atlas nearly attempts to retrieve the Star , only to be confronted by Ed and Julia . Julia retrieves the star and decides to save the Valley by swallowing it to use its power . Meanwhile , Alphonse 's attempt to stop the lava are futile until Julia arrives to help him stop the lava . Atlas arrives to take back the Star , only to be confronted by Colonel Herschel , who reveals himself to be the real Ashleigh Crichton . He survived by swallowing a Star and using its power to heal his wounds . Ashleigh then kills Atlas in revenge for the death of his parents . Confirming his identity to Julia while apologizing for leaving her alone for so long to keep her safe from Atlas , Ashleigh tells Julia to come with him to Creta so they can make a world that no one had ever seen before . Julia refuses and decides to fight her brother , with Ed and Mustang arriving to provide assistance . Julia ends the fight by destroying one of Ashleigh 's arms . Then , together with Ed and Al , she manages to stop the flow of magma into the Valley . With the Valley safe , Julia uses the rest of her power to heal Ashleigh , restoring his face and saving his life . However , both Ashleigh and Julia 's Stars disintegrate , and Julia sacrifices her left leg and glimpses the Gate of Truth . Meanwhile , on the Cretan side of the border , Milosian resistance fighters seize Creta 's main base and declare independence . Without Colonel Herschel to lead them , the Cretan forces retreat . The next morning , Ashleigh wakes up in a hospital bed alongside Julia and is surprised to find his face restored . When Julia wakes up , she is informed that Ashleigh had already left , and is given an automail leg . She then meets Ed and Al as they prepare to leave Table City . Ed chastises Julia , saying that her decision to use the Star was wrong , but he does n't think she 's a bad person . Al promises to Julia that after he and his brother get their bodies back , they will be sure to visit . Julia tells them she will be waiting , as she must stay to lead the Milosians and preserve their newfound independence . Meanwhile , Ashleigh is seen donning his Cretan uniform and returning to Creta . Ed and Al then board a train to Central and take one last look at Table City before leaving . New characters ( edit ) Julia Crichton ( ジュリア・クライトン , Juria Kuraiton ) Voiced by : Maaya Sakamoto ( Japanese ) ; Alexis Tipton ( English ) She comes from a family of alchemists from Creta , a country on the western border of Amestris , and uses a form of alchemy the Elric brothers are unfamiliar with , allowing her to heal injuries . She was taken in as a child by the residents of Milos , a slum located at the bottom of the trench separating Amestris and Creta , and occupied by Cretan survivors of the skirmish between countries , after her parents were branded as traitors of her country and killed and her brother Ashleigh disappearing . As a member of Milos 's resistance against the Amestrian - occupied Table City , she believes the only way to achieve victory is by harnessing the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , which she uses to protect Milos from Atlas , a villain posing as her missing brother , and later from her own power - mad brother himself . She uses the rest of the stone 's power to save her brother from death by opening the Gate of Truth at the cost of her left leg . Melvin Voyager ( メルビン・ボイジャー , Merubin Boijā ) Voiced by : Toshiyuki Morikawa ( Japanese ) ; Matt Mercer ( English ) An escaped alchemist who claims to be Julia 's long - lost brother Ashleigh . He uses the same form of alchemy Julia practices , which he uses to crystallize water into snow . He is revealed later in the film to be an impostor named Atlas ( アトラス , Atorasu ) , a former guard of the Crichton family , who murdered the real Ashleigh and Julia 's parents and disguised himself as Ashleigh by grafting his face onto his own . He serves as the film 's primary antagonist , using Julia to help create a Philosopher 's Stone so he can keep it for himself . He is killed at the film 's climax by the real Ashleigh . Herschel ( ハーシェル , Hāsheru ) Voiced by : Hidenobu Kiuchi ( Japanese ) ; Patrick Seitz ( English ) The commanding officer of the Cretan army stationed at the border between Table City and Milos . He wears a white mask that conceals his disfigured face . He is revealed at the climax of the film to be the real Ashleigh Crichton ( アシュレー・クライトン , Ashurē Kuraiton ) , Julia 's long - lost older brother , who survived being attacked by Atlas using a Philosopher 's Stone kept by his parents . He commands wolf chimeras to search for Julia , and kills Atlas out of revenge for their ( Ashleigh and Julia 's ) parents ' murder . However , he also tries to destroy Milos out of bitterness for the city 's betrayal of his family , which brings him into conflict with Julia . After he is defeated , Julia saves his life and heals his face by opening the Gate of Truth . After recovering , he leaves the newly established nation of Milos to return to Creta . Miranda ( ミランダ ) Voiced by : Sakiko Tamagawa ( Japanese ) ; Shelley Calene - Black ( English ) A commander of the Black Bats , the rebel faction from Milos that aims to reclaim Table City from its Amestrian occupants . She is killed by Atlas , who uses her blood to help activate the transmutation circle beneath Table City designed to create the Philosopher 's Stone . Development ( edit ) The idea to create a Fullmetal Alchemist movie set during the second anime 's storyline came from the series 's producers . The movie 's original plot was written by Yuichi Shinbo who also came up with the new characters ' names . From there , director Kazuya Murata did research on Spain to develop Table City , intended as a contrast to Amestris , which was based on England . Because it was the only time in the series that the main characters traveled to another country , Murata had difficulties concluding it , wondering if it would affect the overarching storyline . Therefore , the story was set during the time Edward realized Alphonse 's human body existed somewhere , with the logic that knowledge would encourage him to travel to another area to do research . ( This likely places the events of the film somewhere around episode 21 of Brotherhood . Alphonse has learned to transmute with only his hands , but Mustang 's subordinates have not yet been split up , definitively placing it somewhere between episodes 15 and 24 . ) Hiromu Arakawa was not included as part of the staff but was still looking forward to the film . Music ( edit ) The official theme song for the movie is `` Good Luck My Way '' by L'Arc - en - Ciel , which plays over the film 's ending credits . The song is the band 's fourth contribution to the franchise . On May 30 , 2011 , singer - songwriter miwa confirmed that she would sing for the opening credits theme , titled `` Chasing Hearts '' . Specials ( edit ) To mark the July 2 opening of the Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos film , the Pia Eiga Seikatsu website posted an exclusive video `` interview '' with the stars of the film , Edward and Alphonse Elric ( as voiced by Romi Park and Rie Kugimiya , respectively ) . In keeping with the spirit of Hiromu Arakawa 's original manga and the two anime television series , the interviewer has trouble early on in figuring out who the `` Fullmetal Alchemist '' is . ( The interview has cameos by the other stars of the anime . ) Also includes 3 `` Study '' sessions with `` Professor '' Mustang , teaching Winry and Hawkeye about Creta and Milos . Reception ( edit ) In its first weekend , Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos earned US $1,791,646 despite being exhibited in only 90 screens across Japan , ranking # 4 in overall revenue . The film debuted in North America at the 2011 anime convention Otakon held at the Baltimore Convention Center on July 30 . Funimation in coordination with Aniplex were credited with subtitling the movie and premiering it the United States only four weeks after its theatrical release in Japan . The former kicked holding the license for the movie , which saw a limited theatrical release dubbed in English in early 2012 , and is slated for a DVD and Blu - ray release in the spring . The film won three awards at the Burbank International Film Festival , which hosted the West Coast premiere of the film . It won awards for each of the three categories it was nominated in . Reception from American critics has been generally positive . Based on 11 reviews , the film received a score of 85 % and an average rating of 6.6 out of 10 on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . It also received a weighted average rating of 54 out of 100 at Metacritic based on 7 mainstream reviews , denoting `` mixed or average reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Name of Competition Category Result 2011 Burbank International Film Festival Best Feature ( Animation ) Won 2011 Burbank International Film Festival Best Writing ( Animation / Adaptation ) Won 2011 Burbank International Film Festival Best Director ( Animation ) Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Anime Movies at Japanese Box Office : 2011 - News '' . Anime News Network . January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation to Release FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST : THE SACRED STAR OF MILOS '' . Funimation Entertainment . Archived from the original on 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.mangazette.com Manga Entertainment UKs ' Mangazette ' . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgkins , Crystalyn ( July 31 , 2011 ) . `` Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos US Premiere and Q&A '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Box Office , July 2 -- 3 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Burbank International Film Festival , Sept 15 - 18 '' . Burbank International Film Festival . Retrieved 5 Dec 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos on IMDb Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa Media Chapters Light novels 2003 anime Episodes Conqueror of Shamballa Brotherhood Episodes The Sacred Star of Milos Fullmetal Alchemist ( film ) Video games Broken Angel Curse of the Crimson Elixir Kami o Tsugu Shōjo Dream Carnival Dual Sympathy Characters Edward Elric Alphonse Elric Roy Mustang Scar Winry Rockbell Works animated by Bones Television series Hiwou War Chronicles ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Angelic Layer ( 2001 ) RahXephon ( 2002 ) Wolf 's Rain ( 2003 ) Scrapped Princess ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Mars Daybreak ( 2004 ) Kurau Phantom Memory ( 2004 ) Eureka Seven ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Ouran High School Host Club ( 2006 ) Jyu - Oh - Sei ( 2006 ) Ghost Slayers Ayashi ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Darker than Black ( 2007 ) Skull Man ( 2007 ) Soul Eater ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Nijū Mensō no Musume ( 2008 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 ( 2009 ) Darker than Black : Gemini of the Meteor ( 2009 ) Heroman ( 2010 ) Star Driver ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Gosick ( 2011 ) No. 6 ( 2011 ) Un-Go ( 2011 ) Eureka Seven : AO ( 2012 ) Blast of Tempest ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Tenkai Knights ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Space Dandy ( 2014 ) Noragami ( 2014 ) Captain Earth ( 2014 ) Soul Eater Not ! ( 2014 ) Chaika - The Coffin Princess ( 2014 ) Chaika - The Coffin Princess : Avenging Battle ( 2014 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront ( 2015 ) Show by Rock ! ! ( 2015 ) Snow White with the Red Hair ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Noragami Aragoto ( 2015 ) Concrete Revolutio ( 2015 ) Concrete Revolutio : The Last Song ( 2016 ) My Hero Academia ( 2016 -- present ) Bungo Stray Dogs ( 2016 ) Show by Rock ! ! Short ! ! ( 2016 ) Mob Psycho 100 ( 2016 -- present ) Show by Rock ! ! ♯ ( 2016 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront & Beyond ( 2017 ) Dragon Pilot : Hisone and Masotan ( 2018 ) Carol & Tuesday ( 2019 ) OVAs / ONAs RahXephon Interlude : Her and Herself / Thatness and Thereness ( 2003 ) Wolf 's Rain ( 2004 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Premium Collection ( 2006 ) Ayashi Divine Comedy ( 2007 ) Darker than Black : Beneath the Fully Bloomed Cherry Blossoms ( 2008 ) Xam 'd : Lost Memories ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Halo Legends ( animated sequence ) ( 2010 ) Darker than Black : Gaiden ( 2010 ) Chaika - The Coffin Princess ( 2015 ) Snow White with the Red Hair ( 2016 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront ( 2016 ) My Hero Academia ( 2017 ) Bungo Stray Dogs ( 2017 ) A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - ( 2018 -- present ) Mob Psycho 100 Reigen - The Miraculous Unknown Psychic - ( 2018 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront & Beyond ( 2018 ) Films Escaflowne ( 2000 ) Cowboy Bebop : The Movie ( 2001 ) RahXephon : Pluralitas Concentio ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2005 ) Sword of the Stranger ( 2007 ) Eureka Seven : Pocketful of Rainbows ( 2009 ) Towa no Quon ( film series ) ( 2011 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos ( 2011 ) Un-Go episode : 0 Inga chapter ( 2011 ) Star Driver : The Movie ( 2013 ) Eureka Seven : Hi - Evolution ( film series ) ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Bungo Stray Dogs : Dead Apple ( 2018 ) My Hero Academia the Movie : The Two Heroes ( 2018 ) Video games Robot Alchemic Drive ( 2002 ) Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist 2 : Curse of the Crimson Elixir ( 2004 ) Fullmetal Alchemist 3 : Kami o Tsugu Shōjo ( 2005 ) Liberation Maiden ( 2012 ) Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney ( 2012 ) Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies ( 2013 ) Persona 4 : Dancing All Night ( 2015 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fullmetal_Alchemist:_The_Sacred_Star_of_Milos&oldid=821543773 '' Categories : 2011 films Japanese - language films 2011 anime films Bones ( studio ) Films directed by Kazuya Murata Fullmetal Alchemist Funimation Shochiku films Toonami Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский ไทย 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fullmetal alchemist the sacred star of milos specials	[]	[]
-7159056249729194604	Magma	Magma - wikipedia Magma Jump to : navigation , search `` Partial magma '' redirects here . For the mathematical term , see Partial groupoid . `` Magmatic '' redirects here . For the manufacturer of children 's luggage , see Trunki . For other uses , see Magma ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lava flow on Hawaii . Lava is the extrusive equivalent of magma . Magma ( from Ancient Greek μάγμα ( mágma ) meaning `` thick unguent '' ) is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock , volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth , and is expected to exist on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites . Besides molten rock , magma may also contain suspended crystals , dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles . Magma often collects in magma chambers that may feed a volcano or solidify underground to form an intrusion . Magma is capable of intruding into adjacent rocks ( forming igneous dikes and sills ) , extrusion onto the surface as lava , and explosive ejection as tephra , or fragmented rock , to form pyroclastic rock . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Sources 2.1 Partial melting 2.2 Geochemical implications of partial melting 2.3 Magma usage for energy production 3 Evolution of magmas 3.1 Primary melts 3.2 Parental melts 4 Migration 5 Cooling of magmas 5.1 Volcanism 6 Composition , melt structure and properties 6.1 Temperature 6.2 Pressure 6.3 Density 6.4 Composition 7 References Description ( edit ) Magma is a complex high - temperature fluid substance . Temperatures of most magmas are in the range 700 ° C to 1300 ° C ( or 1300 ° F to 2400 ° F ) , but very rare carbonatite magmas may be as cool as 600 ° C , and komatiite magmas may have been as hot as 1600 ° C. Most magmas are silicate mixtures . Environments of magma formation and compositions are commonly correlated . Environments include subduction zones , continental rift zones , mid-ocean ridges and hotspots . Despite being found in such widespread locales , the bulk of the Earth 's crust and mantle is not molten . Except for the liquid outer core , most of the Earth takes the form of a rheid , a form of solid that can move or deform under pressure . Magma , as liquid , typically forms in high - temperature , low - pressure environments within several kilometers of the Earth 's surface . After formation , magma compositions may be changed by fractional crystallization , contamination , or magma mixing . Rock formed of solidified magma is called igneous rock . While the study of magma has historically relied on observing magma in the form of lava outflows , magma has been encountered in situ three times during geothermal drilling projects -- twice in Iceland ( see Magma usage for energy production below ) , and once in Hawaii . Sources ( edit ) Partial melting ( edit ) Melting of solid rocks to form magma is controlled by three physical parameters : temperature , pressure , and composition . Mechanisms are discussed in the entry for igneous rock . When rocks melt , they do so slowly and gradually because most rocks are made of several minerals , which all have different melting points ; moreover , the physical and chemical relationships controlling the melting are complex . As a rock melts , for example , its volume changes . When enough rock is melted , the small globules of melt ( generally occurring between mineral grains ) link up and soften the rock . Under pressure within the earth , as little as a fraction of a percent of partial melting may be sufficient to cause melt to be squeezed from its source . Melts can stay in place long enough to melt to 20 % or even 35 % , but rocks are rarely melted in excess of 50 % , because eventually the melted rock mass becomes a crystal - and - melt mush that can then ascend en masse as a diapir , which may then cause further decompression melting . Geochemical implications of partial melting ( edit ) The degree of partial melting is critical for determining what type of magma is produced . The degree of partial melting required to form a melt can be estimated by considering the relative enrichment of incompatible elements versus compatible elements . Incompatible elements commonly include potassium , barium , cesium , and rubidium . Rock types produced by small degrees of partial melting in the Earth 's mantle are typically alkaline ( Ca , Na ) , potassic ( K ) and / or peralkaline ( high aluminium to silica ratio ) . Typically , primitive melts of this composition form lamprophyre , lamproite , kimberlite and sometimes nepheline - bearing mafic rocks such as alkali basalts and essexite gabbros or even carbonatite . Pegmatite may be produced by low degrees of partial melting of the crust . Some granite - composition magmas are eutectic ( or cotectic ) melts , and they may be produced by low to high degrees of partial melting of the crust , as well as by fractional crystallization . At high degrees of partial melting of the crust , granitoids such as tonalite , granodiorite and monzonite can be produced , but other mechanisms are typically important in producing them . Magma usage for energy production ( edit ) The Iceland Deep Drilling Project , while drilling several 5,000 m holes in an attempt to harness the heat in the volcanic bedrock below the surface of Iceland , struck a pocket of magma at 2,100 m in 2009 . Being only the third time in recorded history that magma had been reached , IDDP decided to invest in the hole , naming it IDDP - 1 . A cemented steel case was constructed in the hole with a perforation at the bottom close to the magma . The high temperatures and pressure of the magma steam were used to generate 36MW of power , making IDDP - 1 the world 's first magma - enhanced geothermal system . Evolution of magmas ( edit ) Primary melts ( edit ) When a rock melts , the liquid is a primary melt . Primary melts have not undergone any differentiation and represent the starting composition of a magma . In nature it is rare to find primary melts . The leucosomes of migmatites are examples of primary melts . Primary melts derived from the mantle are especially important , and are known as primitive melts or primitive magmas . By finding the primitive magma composition of a magma series it is possible to model the composition of the mantle from which a melt was formed , which is important in understanding evolution of the mantle . Parental melts ( edit ) When it is impossible to find the primitive or primary magma composition , it is often useful to attempt to identify a parental melt . A parental melt is a magma composition from which the observed range of magma chemistries has been derived by the processes of igneous differentiation . It need not be a primitive melt . For instance , a series of basalt flows are assumed to be related to one another . A composition from which they could reasonably be produced by fractional crystallization is termed a parental melt . Fractional crystallization models would be produced to test the hypothesis that they share a common parental melt . At high degrees of partial melting of the mantle , komatiite and picrite are produced . Migration ( edit ) Magma develops within the mantle or crust when the temperature - pressure conditions favor the molten state . Magma rises toward the Earth 's surface when it is less dense than the surrounding rock and when a structural zone allows movement . Magma develops or collects in areas called magma chambers . Magma can remain in a chamber until it cools and crystallizes forming igneous rock , it erupts as a volcano , or moves into another magma chamber . Cooling of magmas ( edit ) There are two known processes by which magma changes : by volcanic eruption ( to become lava ) , or by crystallization within the crust or mantle to form a pluton . In both cases most of the magma eventually cools and forms igneous rocks . When magma cools it begins to form solid mineral phases . Some of these settle at the bottom of the magma chamber forming cumulates that might form mafic layered intrusions . Magma that cools slowly within a magma chamber usually ends up forming bodies of plutonic rocks such as gabbro , diorite and granite , depending upon the composition of the magma . Alternatively , if the magma is erupted it forms volcanic rocks such as basalt , andesite and rhyolite ( the extrusive equivalents of gabbro , diorite and granite , respectively ) . Volcanism ( edit ) Main article : Volcanism During a volcanic eruption the magma that leaves the underground is called lava . Lava cools and solidifies relatively quickly compared to underground bodies of magma . This fast cooling does not allow crystals to grow large , and a part of the melt does not crystallize at all , becoming glass . Rocks largely composed of volcanic glass include obsidian , scoria and pumice . Before and during volcanic eruptions , volatiles such as CO and H O partially leave the melt through a process known as exsolution . Magma with low water content becomes increasingly viscous . If massive exsolution occurs when magma heads upwards during a volcanic eruption , the resulting eruption is usually explosive . Composition , melt structure and properties ( edit ) Silicate melts are composed mainly of silicon , oxygen , aluminium , alkalis ( sodium , potassium , calcium ) , magnesium and iron . Silicon atoms are in tetrahedral coordination with oxygen , as in almost all silicate minerals , but in melts atomic order is preserved only over short distances . The physical behaviours of melts depend upon their atomic structures as well as upon temperature and pressure and composition . Viscosity is a key melt property in understanding the behaviour of magmas . More silica - rich melts are typically more polymerized , with more linkage of silica tetrahedra , and so are more viscous . Dissolution of water drastically reduces melt viscosity . Higher - temperature melts are less viscous . Generally speaking , more mafic magmas , such as those that form basalt , are hotter and less viscous than more silica - rich magmas , such as those that form rhyolite . Low viscosity leads to gentler , less explosive eruptions . Main article : Igneous differentiation Characteristics of several different magma types are as follows : Ultramafic ( picritic ) SiO < 45 % Fe -- Mg > 8 % up to 32 % MgO Temperature : up to 1500 ° C Viscosity : Very Low Eruptive behavior : gentle or very explosive ( kimberilites ) Distribution : divergent plate boundaries , hot spots , convergent plate boundaries ; komatiite and other ultramafic lavas are mostly Archean and were formed from a higher geothermal gradient and are unknown in the present Mafic ( basaltic ) SiO < 50 % FeO and MgO typically < 10 wt % Temperature : up to ~ 1300 ° C Viscosity : Low Eruptive behavior : gentle Distribution : divergent plate boundaries , hot spots , convergent plate boundaries Intermediate ( andesitic ) SiO ~ 60 % Fe -- Mg : ~ 3 % th Temperature : ~ 1000 ° C Viscosity : Intermediate Eruptive behavior : explosive or effusive Distribution : convergent plate boundaries , island arcs Felsic ( rhyolitic ) SiO > 70 % Fe -- Mg : ~ 2 % Temp : < 900 ° C Viscosity : High Eruptive behavior : explosive or effusive Distribution : common in hot spots in continental crust ( Yellowstone National Park ) and in continental rifts Temperature ( edit ) At any given pressure and for any given composition of rock , a rise in temperature past the solidus will cause melting . Within the solid earth , the temperature of a rock is controlled by the geothermal gradient and the radioactive decay within the rock . The geothermal gradient averages about 25 ° C / km with a wide range from a low of 5 -- 10 ° C / km within oceanic trenches and subduction zones to 30 -- 80 ° C / km under mid-ocean ridges and volcanic arc environments . Pressure ( edit ) As magma buoyantly rises it will change from a solid to a liquid , and its temperature will drop by adiabatic cooling . At this point , it may erupt to form lava . Melting can also occur due to a reduction in pressure by a process known as decompression melting . Density ( edit ) Type Density ( kg / m3 ) Basalt magma 2650 -- 2800 Andesite magma 2450 -- 2500 Rhyolite magma 2180 -- 2250 Composition ( edit ) It is usually very difficult to change the bulk composition of a large mass of rock , so composition is the basic control on whether a rock will melt at any given temperature and pressure . The composition of a rock may also be considered to include volatile phases such as water and carbon dioxide . The presence of volatile phases in a rock under pressure can stabilize a melt fraction . The presence of even 0.8 % water may reduce the temperature of melting by as much as 100 ° C. Conversely , the loss of water and volatiles from a magma may cause it to essentially freeze or solidify . Also a major portion of almost all magma is silica , which is a compound of silicon and oxygen . Magma also contains gases , which expand as the magma rises . Magma that is high in silica resists flowing , so expanding gases are trapped in it . Pressure builds up until the gases blast out in a violent , dangerous explosion . Magma that is relatively poor in silica flows easily , so gas bubbles move up through it and escape fairly gently . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spera , Frank J. ( 2000 ) , `` Physical Properties of Magma '' , in Sigurdsson , Haraldur ( editor - in - chief ) , Encyclopedia of Volcanoes , Academic Press , pp. 171 -- 190 , ISBN 978 - 0126431407 Jump up ^ Popp , B.N. ( September 2007 ) . `` Igneous Rocks '' ( PDF ) . Geology Course Lecture in PowerPoint . School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology , University of Hawai'i at Manoa . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Foulger , G.R. ( 2010 ) . Plates vs. Plumes : A Geological Controversy . Wiley -- Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6148 - 0 . Jump up ^ Scientists ' Drill Hits Magma : Only Third Time on Record , UC Davis News and Information , June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time . Physorg ( December 16 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Puna Dacite Magma at Kilauea : Unexpected Drilling Into an Active Magma Posters , 2008 Eos Trans . AGU , 89 ( 53 ) , Fall Meeting . Jump up ^ Wilfred Allan Elders , Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson and Bjarni Pálsson ( 2014 ) . Geothermics Magazine , Vol. 49 ( January 2014 ) . Elsevier Ltd . Jump up ^ Watson , E.B. ; Hochella , M.F. and Parsons , I. ( editors ) , Glasses and Melts : Linking Geochemistry and Materials Science , Elements , volume 2 , number 5 , ( October 2006 ) pp. 259 -- 297 Jump up ^ Geological Society of America , Plates , Plumes , And Paradigms , pp. 590 ff. , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2388 - 4 ^ Jump up to : usu.edu - Geology 326 , `` Properties of Magmas '' , 2005 - 02 - 11 ( hide ) Types of volcanic eruptions Magmatic Hawaiian eruption Strombolian eruption Vulcanian eruption Peléan eruption Plinian eruption Phreatomagmatic Surtseyan eruption Submarine eruption Subglacial eruption Phreatic Phreatic eruption Other classifications Effusive eruption Explosive eruption Subaerial eruption Lateral eruption Limnic eruption GND : 4168516 - 7 NDL : 00562243 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magma&oldid=806613809 '' Categories : Volcanic eruption types Igneous petrology Igneous rocks Volcanism Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	order the compositions of magmas produced via melting from lowest temperature to highest	[]	[]
292057425693119667	Music of Latin America	Music of Latin America - wikipedia Music of Latin America Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a full view of the subject . Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page . ( October 2016 ) Music of Latin America Stylistic origins Classical music Spain Portugal France Africa Indigenous American Cultural origins 16th century in Latin America Subgenres Axé -- Bachata -- Baião -- Bambuco -- Banda -- Batucada -- Biguine -- Bolero -- Bomba -- Boogaloo -- Bossa nova -- Brazilian rock -- Cha - cha - cha -- Changüí -- Charanga -- Choro -- Compas -- Conga -- Conjunto -- Contradanza -- Corrido -- Cuarteto -- Cueca -- Cumbia -- Danza -- Danzón -- Duranguense -- Filin -- Forró -- Frevo -- Funk carioca -- Guaguancó -- Guaracha -- Gwo ka -- Huapango -- Huayno -- Jarabe -- Joropo -- Lambada -- Lundu -- Mambo -- Mariachi -- Mazouk -- Merengue -- Méringue -- Milonga -- Música popular brasileira -- Norteño -- Nueva canción -- Nueva trova -- Orquesta típica -- Pachanga -- Pagode -- Pambiche -- Pasillo -- Payada -- Plena -- Porro -- Punto guajiro -- Ranchera -- Rasin -- Reggaeton -- Rondalla -- Rumba -- Salsa -- Samba -- Sertanejo -- Seis -- Son -- Son jalisciense -- Son Jarocho -- Son montuno -- Songo -- Tango music -- Tejano -- Timba -- Tonada -- Trío romántico -- Tropicália -- Twoubadou -- Vallenato -- Vals criollo -- Zouk Fusion genres Alternative -- Ballad -- Hip hop -- Jazz -- Pop -- Reggae -- Rock Regional scenes Argentina -- Bolivia -- Brazil -- Chile -- Colombia -- Costa Rica -- Cuba -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- El Salvador -- French Guiana -- Guatemala -- Haiti -- Honduras -- Martinique and Guadeloupe -- Mexico -- Nicaragua -- Panama -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Puerto Rico -- United States -- Uruguay -- Venezuela The music of Latin America refers to music originating from Latin America , namely the Romance - speaking countries and territories of the Americas and the Caribbean south of the United States . Latin American music also incorporates African music from slaves who were transported to the Americas by European settlers as well as music from the indigenous peoples of the Americas . Due to its highly syncretic nature , Latin American music encompasses a wide variety of styles , including influential genres such as bachata , bossa nova , merengue , rumba , salsa , samba , son , and tango . During the 20th century , many styles were influenced by the music of the United States giving rise to genres such as Latin pop , rock , jazz , hip hop , and reggaeton . Geographically , it usually refers to the Spanish and Portuguese - speaking regions of Latin America , but sometimes includes Francophone countries and territories of the Caribbean and South America as well . It also encompasses Latin American styles that have originated in the United States such as salsa and Tejano . The origins of Latin American music can be traced back to the Spanish and Portuguese conquest of the Americas in the 16th century , when the European settlers brought their music from overseas . Latin American music is performed in Spanish , Portuguese , and to a lesser extent , French . Contents ( hide ) 1 Popular music styles by country and territory 1.1 Argentina 1.2 Bolivia 1.3 Brazil 1.4 Chile 1.5 Costa Rica 1.6 Cuba 1.7 Colombia 1.8 Dominican Republic 1.9 Ecuador 1.10 El Salvador 1.11 French Guiana 1.12 Guatemala 1.13 Haiti 1.14 Honduras 1.15 Mexico 1.16 Martinique and Guadeloupe 1.17 Nicaragua 1.18 Panama 1.19 Paraguay 1.20 Peru 1.21 Puerto Rico 1.22 Venezuela 1.23 Uruguay 2 Popular styles 2.1 Nueva canción 2.2 Salsa 2.3 Tejano music 2.4 Reggaetón 2.5 Latin ballad 2.6 Imported styles 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Popular music styles by country and territory ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Argentina , Tango music , Argentine rock , Milonga ( music ) , Chacarera , Chamamé , and Southern cone music The tango is perhaps Argentina 's best - known musical genre , famous worldwide . Others styles include the Chacarera , Milonga , Zamba and Chamamé . Modern rhythms include Cuarteto ( music from the Cordoba Province ) and Electrotango . Argentine rock ( known locally as rock nacional ) was most popular during the 1980s , and remains Argentina 's most popular music . Rock en Español was first popular in Argentina , then swept through other Hispanic American countries and Spain . The movement was known as the `` Argentine Wave . '' Europe strongly influenced this sound as the immigrants brought their style of music with them . Bolivia ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Bolivia and Andean music Bolivian music is perhaps the most strongly linked to its native population among the national styles of South America . After the nationalistic period of the 1950s Aymara and Quechuan culture became more widely accepted , and their folk music evolved into a more pop - like sound . Los Kjarkas played a pivotal role in this fusion . Other forms of native music ( such as huayños and caporales ) are also widely played . Cumbia is another popular genre . There are also lesser - known regional forms , such as the music from Santa Cruz and Tarija ( where styles such as Cueca and Chacarera are popular ) . Brazil ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Brazil , Axé Music , Bossa Nova , Tropicalismo , Samba , Música popular brasileira , Música sertaneja , and Funk carioca Atraente Choro `` Atraente '' , composed by Chiquinha Gonzaga , recorded by Pixinguinha ( saxophone ) and Benedito Lacerda ( flute ) . Choro is a genre of Brazilian instrumental music Problems playing this file ? See media help . Brazil is a large , diverse country with a long history of popular - musical development , ranging from the early - 20th - century innovation of samba to the modern Música popular brasileira . Bossa nova is internationally well - known , and Forró ( pronounced ( foˈʁɔ ) ) is also widely known and popular in Brazil . Lambada is influenced by rhythms like cumbia and merengue . Funk carioca is also a highly popular style . Chile ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Chile , Andean music , Cueca , and Nueva Canción Many musical genres are native to Chile ; one of the most popular was the Chilean Romantic Cumbia , exemplified by artists such as Americo and Leo Rey . The Nueva Canción originated in the 1960s and 1970s and spread in popularity until the 1973 Chilean coup d'état , when most musicians were arrested , killed or exiled . In Central Chile , several styles can be found : the Cueca ( the national dance ) , the Tonada , the Refalosa , the Sajuriana , the Zapateado , the Cuando and the Vals . In the Norte Grande region traditional music resembles the music of southern Perú and western Bolivia , and is known as Andean music . This music , which reflects the spirit of the indigenous people of the Altiplano , was an inspiration for the Nueva canción . The Chiloé Archipelago has unique folk - music styles , due to its isolation from the culture centres of Santiago and Lima . Music from Chilean Polynesia , Rapa Nui music , is derived from Polynesian culture rather than colonial society or European influences . Costa Rica ( edit ) The music of Costa Rica is represented by musical expressions as parrandera , the Tambito , waltz , bolero , gang , calypso , chiquichiqui , mento the run and callera . They emerged from the migration processes and historical exchanges between indigenous , European and African . Typical instruments are the quijongo , marimba , ocarinas , low drawer , the Sabak , reed flutes , accordion , mandolin and guitar . Cuba ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Cuba , Bolero , Cha - cha - cha ( music ) , Danzón , Early Cuban bands , Habanera ( music ) , Mambo ( music ) , Rumba , Salsa music , and Trova See also : Son ( music ) Cuba has produced many musical genres , and a number of musicians in a variety of styles . Blended styles range from the danzón to the rumba . Colombia ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Colombia , Cumbia , Vallenato , and Colombian rock Colombian music can be divided into four musical zones : the Atlantic coast , the Pacific coast , the Andean region and Los Llanos . The Atlantic music features rhythms such as the cumbia , porros and mapalé . Music from the Pacific coast such features rhythms such as the currulao -- which is tinged with Spanish influence -- and the Jota chocoana ( along with many more afro - drum predominating music forms ) -- tinged with African and Aboriginal influence . Colombian Andean has been strongly influenced by Spanish rhythms and instruments , and differs noticeably from the indigenous music of Peru or Bolivia . Typical forms include the bambuco , pasillo guabina and torbellino , played with pianos and string instruments such as the tiple guitarra . The music of Los Llanos , música llanera , is usually accompanied by a harp , a cuatro ( a type of four - string guitar ) and maracas . It has much in common with the music of the Venezuelan Llanos . Apart from these traditional forms , two newer musical styles have conquered large parts of the country : la salsa , which has spread throughout the Pacific coast and the vallenato , which originated in La Guajira and César ( on the northern Caribbean coast ) . The latter is based on European accordion music . Merengue music is heard as well . More recently , musical styles such as reggaeton and bachata have also become popular . Dominican Republic ( edit ) Main articles : Music of the Dominican Republic , Merengue music , Perico Ripiao , Bachata ( music ) , and Dominican rock Merengue típico and Orchestra merengue have been popular in the Dominican Republic for many decades , and is widely regarded as the national music . Bachata is a more recent arrival , taking influences from the bolero and derived from the country 's rural guitar music . Bachata has evolved and risen in popularity over the last 40 years in the Dominican Republic and other areas ( such as Puerto Rico ) with the help of artists such as Antony Santos , Luis Segura , Luis Vargas , Teodoro Reyes , Yoskar Sarante , Alex Bueno , and Aventura . Bachata , merengue and salsa are now equally popular among Spanish - speaking Caribbean people . When the Spanish conquistadors sailed across the Atlantic they brought with them a type of music known as hesparo , which contributed to the development of Dominican music . A romantic style is also popular in the Dominican Republic from vocalists such as Angela Carrasco , Anthony Rios , Dhario Primero , Maridalia Hernandez and Olga Lara . Ecuador ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Ecuador and Andean music Traditional Ecuadorian music can be classified as mestizo , Indian and Afro - Ecuadorian music . Mestizo music evolved from the interrelation between Spanish and Indian music . It has rhythms such as pasacalles , pasillos , albazos and sanjuanitos , and is usually played by stringed instruments . There are also regional variations : coastal styles , such as vals ( similar to Vals Peruano ( Waltz ) ) and montubio music ( from the coastal hill country ) . Indian music in Ecuador is determined in varying degrees by the influence of quichua culture . Within it are sanjuanitos ( different from the meztizo sanjuanito ) , capishkas , danzantes and yaravis . Non-quichua indigenous music ranges from the Tsáchila music of Santo Domingo ( influenced by the neighboring Afro - marimba ) to the Amazonian music of groups such as the Shuar . Black Ecuadorian music can be classified into two main forms . The first type is black music from the coastal Esmeraldas province , and is characterized by the marimba . The second variety is black music from the Chota Valley in the northern Sierra ( primarily known as Bomba del Chota ) , characterized by a more - pronounced mestizo and Indian influence than marimba esmeraldeña . Most of these musical styles are also played by wind ensembles of varying sizes at popular festivals around the country . Like other Latin American countries , Ecuadorian music includes local exponents of international styles : from opera , salsa and rock to cumbia , thrash metal and jazz . El Salvador ( edit ) Main article : Music of El Salvador Salvadoran music may be compared with the Colombian style of music known as cumbia . Popular styles in modern El Salvador ( in addition to cumbia ) are salsa , Bachata and Reggaeton . `` Political chaos tore the country apart in the early 20th century , and music was often suppressed , especially those with strong native influences . In the 1940s , for example , it was decreed that a dance called `` Xuc '' was to be the `` national dance '' which was created and led by Paquito Palaviccini 's and his Orquestra Internacional Polio `` . In recent years reggaeton and hip hop have gained popularity , led by groups such as Pescozada and Mecate . Salvadorian music has a musical style influenced by Mayan music ( played on the El Salvador - Guatemala border , in Chalatenango ) . Another popular style of music not native to El Salvador is known as Punta , a Belizean , Guatemalan and Honduran style . Some of the leading classical composers from El Salvador include Alex Panamá , Carlos Colón - Quintana , and German Cáceres . French Guiana ( edit ) Main article : Music of French Guiana Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : Music of Guatemala Guatemala has a very long musical tradition . Haiti ( edit ) Main article : Music of Haiti Haitian music combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled on this Caribbean island . It reflects French , African rhythms , Spanish elements and others who have inhabited the island of Hispaniola and minor native Taino influences . Styles of music unique to the nation of Haiti include music derived from Vodou ceremonial traditions , Rara parading music , Twoubadou ballads , Mini-jazz rock bands , Rasin movement , Hip hop Kreyòl , the wildly popular Compas , and Méringue as its basic rhythm . Evolving in Haiti during the mid-1800s , the Haitian méringue ( known as the mereng in creole ) is regarded as the oldest surviving form of its kind performed today and is its national symbol . According to Jean Fouchard , mereng evolved from the fusion of slave music genres ( such as the chica and calenda ) with ballroom forms related to the French - Haitian contredanse ( kontradans in creole ) . Mereng 's name , he says , derives from the mouringue music of the Bara , a Bantu people of Madagascar . That few Malagasies came to the Americas casts doubt on this etymology , but it is significant because it emphasizes what Fouchard ( and most Haitians ) consider the African - derived nature of their music and national identity . Very popular today is compas , short for compas direct , a modern méringue made popular by Nemours Jean - Baptiste , on a recording released in 1955 . The name derives from compás , the Spanish word meaning rhythm or tones . It involves mostly medium - to - fast tempo beats with an emphasis on electric guitars , synthesizers , and either a solo alto saxophone , a horn section or the synthesizer equivalent . In Creole , it is spelled as konpa dirèk or simply konpa . It is commonly spelled as it is pronounced as kompa . Honduras ( edit ) Main article : Music of Honduras The music of Honduras varies from Punta ( the local genre of the Garifunas ) to Caribbean music such as salsa , merengue , reggae and reggaeton ( all widely heard , especially in the north ) . Mexican ranchera music has a large following in the rural interior of the country . The country 's ancient capital of Comayagua is an important center for modern Honduran music , and is home to the College for Fine Arts . Mexico ( edit ) Main articles : Mexican music , Mariachi , Ranchera , Bolero , Cumbia , Norteño ( music ) , Banda ( music ) , Huapango , and Son Jarocho Mexico is perhaps one of the most musically diverse countries in the world . Each of its 31 states , its capital city and each of Mexico City 's boroughs claim unique styles of music . The most representative genre is mariachi music . Although commonly misportrayed as buskers , mariachis musicians play extremely technical , structured music or blends such as jarabe . Most mariachi music is sung in verses of prose poetry . Ranchera , Mexico 's country music , differs from mariachi in that it is less technical and its lyrics are not sung in prose . Other regional music includes : son jarocho , son huasteco , cumbia sonidera , Mexican pop , rock en español , Mexican rock and canto nuevo . There is also music based on sounds made by dancing ( such as the zapateada ) . Northeastern Mexico is home to another popular style called norteña , which assimilates Mexican ranchera with Colombian cumbia and is typically played with Bavarian accordions and Bohemian polka influence . Variations of norteña include duranguense , tambora sinaloense , corridos and nortec ( norteño - techno ) . The eastern part of the country makes heavy use of the harp , typical of the son arocho style . The music in southern Mexico is particularly represented by its use of the marimba , which has its origins in the Soconusco region between Mexico and Guatemala . The north - central states have recently spawned a Tecktonik - style music , combining electro and other dance genres with more traditional music . Martinique and Guadeloupe ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Martinique and Music of Guadeloupe Nicaragua ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Nicaragua and Palo de Mayo The most popular style of music in Nicaragua is palo de Mayo , which is both a type of dance music and a festival where the dance ( and music ) originated . Other popular music includes marimba , punta , Garifuna music , son nica , folk music , merengue , bachata and salsa . Panama ( edit ) Main article : Music of Panama The music of Panama is the result of the mestizaje , It has occurred during the last five hundred years between the Iberian traditions , especially those of Andalusia , American Indians and those of West Africa . Mestizaje that has been enriched by cultural exchange caused by several waves of migrations originating in Europe , in various parts of the Caribbean ( mostly Barbados , Trinidad , Jamaica and Saint Lucia ) in Asia and several points in South and North America . These migrations were due to the Spanish colonization of America , which was forced to use the Royal Route of Panama as an inter-oceanic trade route , which included the slave trade ( an institution abolished in Panama in 1851 ) ; To the traffic , product of the exploitation of the silver mines in the Viceroyalty of Peru during centuries XVI and XVII ; To the legendary riches of the Fair of Portobelo , between centuries XVII and XVIII ; To the construction of the Transísmico Railroad , begun in 1850 , and the Interoceanic Canal , initiated by France in 1879 , concluded by the United States in 1914 and expanded by Panama from 2007 . With this rich cultural heritage , Panama has contributed significantly to the development of Cumbia , Decima , Panamanian saloma , Pasillo , panamanian bunde , bullerengue , Punto Music , Tamborito , Mejorana , Panamanian Murga , Tamborera ( Examples : Guarare and Tambor de la Alegria ) , bolero , jazz , Salsa , reggae and calypso , through composers like Nicolas Aceves Núñez ( hall , cumbia , tamborito , Pasillo ) , Luis Russell ( jazz ) , Ricardo Fábrega ( bolero and Tamborera ) , José Luis Rodríguez Vélez ( cumbia and bolero ) , Arturo `` Chino '' Hassan ( bolero ) , Nando Boom ( reggae ) , Lord Cobra ( calypso ) , Rubén Blades ( salsa ) , Danilo Pérez ( jazz ) , Vicente Gómez Gudiño ( Pasillo ) , César Alcedo , among many others . Paraguay ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Paraguay , Guarania ( music ) , and Danza Paraguaya Paraguayan music depends largely upon two instruments : the guitar and the harp , which were brought by the conquistadors and found their own voices in the country . Polka Paraguaya , which adopted its name from the European dance , is the most popular type of music and has different versions ( including the galopa , the krye'ÿ and the canción Paraguaya , or `` Paraguayan song '' ) . The first two are faster and more upbeat than a standard polka ; the third is a bit slower and slightly melancholy . Other popular styles include the purahéi jahe'o and the compuesto ( which tell sad , epic or love stories ) . The polka is usually based on poetic lyrics , but there are some emblematic pieces of Paraguayan music ( such as `` Pájaro Campana '' , or `` Songbird '' , by Félix Pérez Cardozo ) . Guarania is the second - best - known Paraguayan musical style , and was created by musician José Asunción Flores in 1925 . Peru ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Peru , Música criolla , and Andean music Peruvian music is made up of indigenous , Spanish and West African influences . Coastal Afro - Peruvian music is characterized by the use of the cajón peruano . Amerindian music varies according to region and ethnicity . The best - known Amerindian style is the huayño ( also popular in Bolivia ) , played on instruments such as the charango and guitar . Mestizo music is varied and includes popular valses and marinera from the northern coast . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Music of Puerto Rico The history of music on the island of Puerto Rico begins with its original inhabitants , the Taínos . The Taíno Indians have influenced the Puerto Rican culture greatly , leaving behind important contributions such as their musical instruments , language , food , plant medicine and art . The heart of much Puerto Rican music is the idea of improvisation in both the music and the lyrics . A performance takes on an added dimension when the audience can anticipate the response of one performer to a difficult passage of music or clever lyrics created by another . When two singers , either both men or a man and a woman , engage in vocal competition in música jíbara this is a special type of seis called a controversia . Of all Puerto Rico 's musical exports , the best - known is reggaeton . Bomba and plena have long been popular , while reggaetón is a relatively recent invention . It is a form of urban contemporary music , often combining other Latin musical styles , Caribbean and West Indies music , ( such as reggae , soca , Spanish reggae , salsa , merengue and bachata . It originates from Panamanian Spanish reggae and Jamaican dancehall , however received its rise to popularity through Puerto Rico. Tropikeo is the fusion of R&B , Rap , Hip Hop , Funk and Techno Music within a Tropical musical frame of salsa , in which the conga drums and / or timbales drums are the main source of rhythm of the tune , in conjunction with a heavy salsa `` montuno '' of the piano . The lyrics of the song can be rapped or sung , or used combining both styles , as well as danced in both styles . Aguinaldo from Puerto Rico is similar to Christmas carols , except that they are usually sung in a parranda , which is rather like a lively parade that moves from house to house in a neighborhood , looking for holiday food and drink . The melodies were subsequently used for the improvisational décima and seis . There are aguinaldos that are usually sung in churches or religious services , while there are aguinaldos that are more popular and are sung in the parrandas . Danza is a very sophisticated form of music that can be extremely varied in its expression ; they can be either romantic or festive . Romantic danzas have four sections , beginning with an eight measure paseo followed by three themes of sixteen measures each . The third theme typically includes a solo by the bombardino and , often , a return to the first theme or a coda at the end . Festive danzas are free - form , with the only rules being an introduction and a swift rhythm . Plena is a narrative song from the coastal regions of Puerto Rico , especially around Ponce , Puerto Rico . Its origins have been various claimed as far back as 1875 and as late as 1920 . As rural farmers moved to San Juan , Puerto Rico and other cities , they brought plena with them and eventually added horns and improvised call and response vocals . Lyrics generally deal with stories or current events , though some are light - hearted or humorous . Venezuela ( edit ) Main article : Music of Venezuela Llanera is Venezuelan popular music originating in the llanos plains , although a more upbeat and festive gaita version is heard western Venezuela ( particularly in Zulia State ) . There are also African - influenced styles which emphasize drumming and dance , and such diverse styles as music from the Guayana region ( influenced by neighboring English - speaking countries ) and Andean music from Mérida . Uruguay ( edit ) Main article : Music of Uruguay Uruguayan music has similar roots to that of Argentina . Uruguayan tango and milonga are both popular styles , and folk music from along the River Plate is indistinguishable from its Argentine counterpart . Uruguay rock and cancion popular ( Uruguayan versions of rock and pop music ) are popular local forms . Candombe , a style of drumming descended from African slaves in the area , is quintessentially Uruguayan ( although it is played to a lesser extent in Argentina ) . It is most popular in Montevideo , but may also be heard in a number of other cities . Popular styles ( edit ) Zampoña , of type Siku . Nueva canción ( edit ) Main article : Nueva canción Salsa ( edit ) Main article : Salsa music Based on Cuban music ( especially Cuban son and son montuno ) in rhythm , tempo , bass line , riffs and instrumentation , Salsa represents an amalgamation of musical styles including rock , jazz , and other Latin American ( and Puerto Rican ) musical traditions . Modern salsa ( as it became known worldwide ) was forged in the pan-Latin melting pot of New York City in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Tejano music ( edit ) Main article : Tejano music Tejano music may be categorized as a blend of country music , rock , and R&B born in Texas and performed in both Spanish and English with a variety of cultural influences . Most Tejanos today reside in South Texas and have a form of folk and popular music , greatly influenced by ( yet quite distinctive from ) both traditional genres of Mexican music and mainstream genres of American music . Texan star Selena Quintanilla - Pérez is credited with bringing Tejano music to the forefront of popular music . The tejano is a form of hiphop dance . Reggaeton ( edit ) Main article : Reggaetón Reggaeton has become a Latin American phenomenon and is no longer classifiable as a Panamanian ( or even a Puerto Rican ) genre . It blends the Jamaican musical influences of reggae and dancehall and Trinidadian soca with Latin American music ( such as the Puerto Rican bomba and plena ) and American hip hop and rap . The music is also combined with rapping , generally in Spanish . Latin ballad ( edit ) Main article : Latin ballad The Latin ( or romantic ) ballad is a Latin musical genre which originated in the 1960s . This ballad is very popular in Hispanic America and Spain , and is characterized by a sensitive rhythm . A descendant of the bolero , it has several variants ( such as salsa and cumbia ) . Since the mid-20th century a number of artists have popularized the genre , such as Julio Iglesias , Luis Miguel , Enrique Iglesias , Alejandra Ávalos , Cristian Castro , and José José . Imported styles ( edit ) See also : Spanish Tinge Imported styles of popular music with a distinctively Latin flavor include Latin jazz , Argentine and Chilean rock and Cuban and Mexican hip hop , all influenced by styles from the United States ( jazz , rock and roll and hip hop ) . Music from non-Latin parts of the Caribbean are also popular throughout Latin America , especially Jamaican reggae and dub , Trinidadian chutney , calypso music and soca . Flamenco , rumba , pasodoble and fados from the Iberian peninsula are well - known due to the Iberian heritage in Latin America . See also ( edit ) Opera in Latin America References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Torres , George ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music . ABC - CLIO . p. xvii . ISBN 9780313087943 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Dale ; Sheehy , Daniel ( December 17 , 2007 ) . Handbook of Latin American Music , Second Edition . Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 9781135900083 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Lol ; Stacey , Lee ( Jan 27 , 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century . Routledge . p. 358 . ISBN 9781135929466 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Morales , Ed ( 2003 ) . The Latin Beat : The Rhythms And Roots Of Latin Music From Bossa Nova To Salsa And Beyond . Da Capo Press . p. xiv . ISBN 9780786730209 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , Jacqueline ( 2013 ) . Music in American Life : An Encyclopedia of the Songs , Styles , Stars , and Stories That Shaped Our Culture . ABC - CLIO . p. 639 . ISBN 9780313393488 . Jump up ^ `` Music and the Story of Haiti '' . Afropop Worldwide . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Wise , Brian . `` Band 's Haitian Fusion Offers Fellow Immigrants a Musical Link to Home '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Raquel Z . Rivera. 2009 . Reggaeton . `` Part I. Mapping Reggaeton '' . From Música Negra to Reggaeton Latino : Wayne Marshall . `` Part II . The Panamanian Connection '' . Placing Panama in the Reggaeton Narrative : Editor 's Notes / Wayne Marshall . Duke University Press , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4383 - 7 Jump up ^ Franco , Edgardo A. `` Muévelo ( move it ! ) : from Panama to New York and back again , the story of El General '' . Interview by Christoph Twickel . Reggaeton . Eds . Raquel Z . Rivera , Wayne Marshall , and Deborah Pacini Hernandez . Durham : Duke University Press , 2009 . 99 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Buckley `` Bush '' , Francisco . La música salsa en Panamá . Panama : EUPAN , 2004 . Jump up ^ Aulder , Leonardo Renato . `` The Panamanian Origins of Reggae en Español : Seeing History through ' los ojos café ' of Renato '' . Interview by Ifeoma C.K. Nwankwo . Reggaeton . Eds . Raquel Z . Rivera , Wayne Marshall , and Deborah Pacini Hernandez . Durham : Duke University Press , 2009 . 89 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Andrews , George Reid . Afro - Latin America , 1800 -- 2000 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ Semana de la Danza . Travel & Sports : Puerto Rico . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In a Nutshell : Candombe , R. Slater Sounds and Colours Further reading ( edit ) Torres , George ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 313 - 08794 - 6 . Nettl , Bruno ( 1965 ) . Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents . Prentice - Hall , Inc . ISBN 0 - 13 - 323247 - 6 . Sévigny , Jean - Pierre . Sierra Norteña : the Influence of Latin Music on the French - Canadian Popular Song and Dance Scene , Especially as Reflected in the Career of Alys Robi and the Pedagogy of Maurice Lacasse - Morenoff . Montréal : Productions Juke - Box , 1994 . 13 p . N.B . Published text of a paper prepared for , and presented on , on 12 March 1994 , the conference , Popular Music Music & Identity ( Montréal , Qué. , 12 -- 13 March 1994 ) , under the auspices of the Canadian Branch of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music . Stevenson , Robert ( 1952 ) . Music in Mexico . Thomas Y . Crowell Company . ISBN 1 - 199 - 75738 - 1 . , cited in Nettl , p. 163 . Boieras , Gabriel. ; Cattani , Luciana . Maravilhas do Brasil : festas populares . Escrituras Editora , 2006 . pp. 108 . ISBN 8575312367 Mularski , Jedrek . Music , Politics , and Nationalism in Latin America : Chile During the Cold War Era . Cambria Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781604978889 . External links ( edit ) Latin American Music on the Open Directory Project Latin American Music and Culture Magazine Diaz - Ayala Cuban and Latin American Music Collection The Strachwitz Frontera Collection of Mexican and Mexican American Recordings ( hide ) Music of Latin America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Martinique Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico United States : Tejano Uruguay Venezuela Andean Central America WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Latin_America&oldid=821928503 '' Categories : Latin American music Latin American styles of music Spanish - language music Lusophone music Francophone music Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2016 Articles using Template : Infobox music genre with invalid colour combination Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 12 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the different musical instruments of latin american music	[]	[]
6616841688519239072	Heart rate	Heart rate - wikipedia Heart rate Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute ( bpm ) . The heart rate can vary according to the body 's physical needs , including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide . It is usually equal or close to the pulse measured at any peripheral point . Activities that can provoke change include physical exercise , sleep , anxiety , stress , illness , and ingestion of drugs . Many texts cite the normal resting adult human heart rate as ranging from 60 -- 100 bpm . Tachycardia is a fast heart rate , defined as above 100 bpm at rest . Bradycardia is a slow heart rate , defined as below 60 bpm at rest . Several studies , as well as expert consensus indicates that the normal resting adult heart rate is probably closer to a range between 50 and 90 bpm . During sleep a slow heartbeat with rates around 40 -- 50 bpm is common and is considered normal . When the heart is not beating in a regular pattern , this is referred to as an arrhythmia . Abnormalities of heart rate sometimes indicate disease . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Influences from the central nervous system 1.1. 1 Cardiovascular centres 1.1. 2 Input to the cardiovascular centres 1.2 Factors influencing heart rate 1.2. 1 Epinephrine and norepinephrine 1.2. 2 Thyroid hormones 1.2. 3 Calcium 1.2. 4 Caffeine and nicotine 1.2. 5 Effects of stress 1.2. 6 Factors decreasing heart rate 2 In different circumstances 2.1 Resting heart rate 2.2 Maximum heart rate 2.2. 1 Nes , et al . 2.2. 2 Tanaka , Monahan , & Seals 2.2. 3 Haskell & Fox 2.2. 4 Robergs & Landwehr 2.2. 5 Gulati ( for women ) 2.2. 6 Gellish 2.2. 7 Other formulae 2.2. 8 Limitations 2.3 Heart rate reserve 2.4 Target heart rate 2.4. 1 Karvonen method 2.4. 2 Zoladz method 2.5 Heart rate recovery 2.6 Development 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Measurement 3.1. 1 Manual measurement 3.1. 2 Electronic measurement 3.2 Tachycardia 3.3 Bradycardia 3.4 Arrhythmia 3.5 Correlation with cardiovascular mortality risk 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Physiology ( edit ) The human heart Normal heart sounds Normal heart sounds as heard with a stethoscope Problems playing this file ? See media help . While heart rhythm is regulated entirely by the sinoatrial node under normal conditions , heart rate is regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic input to the sinoatrial node . The accelerans nerve provides sympathetic input to the heart by releasing norepinephrine onto the cells of the sinoatrial node ( SA node ) , and the vagus nerve provides parasympathetic input to the heart by releasing acetylcholine onto sinoatrial node cells . Therefore , stimulation of the accelerans nerve increases heart rate , while stimulation of the vagus nerve decreases it . Due to individuals having a constant blood volume , one of the physiological ways to deliver more oxygen to an organ is to increase heart rate to permit blood to pass by the organ more often . Normal resting heart rates range from 60 -- 100 bpm . Bradycardia is defined as a resting heart rate below 60 bpm . However , heart rates from 50 to 60 bpm are common among healthy people and do not necessarily require special attention . Tachycardia is defined as a resting heart rate above 100 bpm , though persistent rest rates between 80 -- 100 bpm , mainly if they are present during sleep , may be signs of hyperthyroidism or anemia ( see below ) . Central nervous system stimulants such as substituted amphetamines increase heart rate . Central nervous system depressants or sedatives decrease the heart rate ( apart from some particularly strange ones with equally strange effects , such as ketamine which can cause - amongst many other things - stimulant - like effects such as tachycardia ) . There are many ways in which the heart rate speeds up or slows down . Most involve stimulant - like endorphins and hormones being released in the brain , many of which are those that are ' forced ' / ' enticed ' out by the ingestion and processing of drugs . This section discusses target heart rates for healthy persons and are inappropriately high for most persons with coronary artery disease . Influences from the central nervous system ( edit ) Cardiovascular centres ( edit ) The heart rate is rhythmically generated by the sinoatrial node . It is also influenced by central factors through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves . Nervous influence over the heartrate is centralized within the two paired cardiovascular centres of the medulla oblongata . The cardioaccelerator regions stimulate activity via sympathetic stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerves , and the cardioinhibitory centers decrease heart activity via parasympathetic stimulation as one component of the vagus nerve . During rest , both centers provide slight stimulation to the heart , contributing to autonomic tone . This is a similar concept to tone in skeletal muscles . Normally , vagal stimulation predominates as , left unregulated , the SA node would initiate a sinus rhythm of approximately 100 bpm . Both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimuli flow through the paired cardiac plexus near the base of the heart . The cardioaccelerator center also sends additional fibers , forming the cardiac nerves via sympathetic ganglia ( the cervical ganglia plus superior thoracic ganglia T1 -- T4 ) to both the SA and AV nodes , plus additional fibers to the atria and ventricles . The ventricles are more richly innervated by sympathetic fibers than parasympathetic fibers . Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine ( also known as noradrenaline ) at the neuromuscular junction of the cardiac nerves . This shortens the repolarization period , thus speeding the rate of depolarization and contraction , which results in an increased heartrate . It opens chemical or ligand - gated sodium and calcium ion channels , allowing an influx of positively charged ions . Norepinephrine binds to the beta -- 1 receptor . High blood pressure medications are used to block these receptors and so reduce the heart rate . Autonomic Innervation of the Heart - Cardioaccelerator and cardioinhibitory areas are components of the paired cardiac centers located in the medulla oblongata of the brain . They innervate the heart via sympathetic cardiac nerves that increase cardiac activity and vagus ( parasympathetic ) nerves that slow cardiac activity . Parasympathetic stimulation originates from the cardioinhibitory region with impulses traveling via the vagus nerve ( cranial nerve X ) . The vagus nerve sends branches to both the SA and AV nodes , and to portions of both the atria and ventricles . Parasympathetic stimulation releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ( ACh ) at the neuromuscular junction . ACh slows HR by opening chemical - or ligand - gated potassium ion channels to slow the rate of spontaneous depolarization , which extends repolarization and increases the time before the next spontaneous depolarization occurs . Without any nervous stimulation , the SA node would establish a sinus rhythm of approximately 100 bpm . Since resting rates are considerably less than this , it becomes evident that parasympathetic stimulation normally slows HR . This is similar to an individual driving a car with one foot on the brake pedal . To speed up , one need merely remove one 's foot from the brake and let the engine increase speed . In the case of the heart , decreasing parasympathetic stimulation decreases the release of ACh , which allows HR to increase up to approximately 100 bpm . Any increases beyond this rate would require sympathetic stimulation . Effects of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Stimulation on Normal Sinus Rhythm - The wave of depolarization in a normal sinus rhythm shows a stable resting HR . Following parasympathetic stimulation , HR slows . Following sympathetic stimulation , HR increases . Input to the cardiovascular centres ( edit ) The cardiovascular centres receive input from a series of visceral receptors with impulses traveling through visceral sensory fibers within the vagus and sympathetic nerves via the cardiac plexus . Among these receptors are various proprioreceptors , baroreceptors , and chemoreceptors , plus stimuli from the limbic system which normally enable the precise regulation of heart function , via cardiac reflexes . Increased physical activity results in increased rates of firing by various proprioreceptors located in muscles , joint capsules , and tendons . The cardiovascular centres monitor these increased rates of firing , suppressing parasympathetic stimulation or increasing sympathetic stimulation as needed in order to increase blood flow . Similarly , baroreceptors are stretch receptors located in the aortic sinus , carotid bodies , the venae cavae , and other locations , including pulmonary vessels and the right side of the heart itself . Rates of firing from the baroreceptors represent blood pressure , level of physical activity , and the relative distribution of blood . The cardiac centers monitor baroreceptor firing to maintain cardiac homeostasis , a mechanism called the baroreceptor reflex . With increased pressure and stretch , the rate of baroreceptor firing increases , and the cardiac centers decrease sympathetic stimulation and increase parasympathetic stimulation . As pressure and stretch decrease , the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases , and the cardiac centers increase sympathetic stimulation and decrease parasympathetic stimulation . There is a similar reflex , called the atrial reflex or Bainbridge reflex , associated with varying rates of blood flow to the atria . Increased venous return stretches the walls of the atria where specialized baroreceptors are located . However , as the atrial baroreceptors increase their rate of firing and as they stretch due to the increased blood pressure , the cardiac center responds by increasing sympathetic stimulation and inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation to increase HR . The opposite is also true . Increased metabolic byproducts associated with increased activity , such as carbon dioxide , hydrogen ions , and lactic acid , plus falling oxygen levels , are detected by a suite of chemoreceptors innervated by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves . These chemoreceptors provide feedback to the cardiovascular centers about the need for increased or decreased blood flow , based on the relative levels of these substances . The limbic system can also significantly impact HR related to emotional state . During periods of stress , it is not unusual to identify higher than normal HRs , often accompanied by a surge in the stress hormone cortisol . Individuals experiencing extreme anxiety may manifest panic attacks with symptoms that resemble those of heart attacks . These events are typically transient and treatable . Meditation techniques have been developed to ease anxiety and have been shown to lower HR effectively . Doing simple deep and slow breathing exercises with one 's eyes closed can also significantly reduce this anxiety and HR . Factors influencing heart rate ( edit ) Table 1 : Major factors increasing heart rate and force of contraction Factor Effect Cardioaccelerator nerves Release of norepinephrine Proprioreceptors Increased rates of firing during exercise Chemoreceptors Decreased levels of O ; increased levels of H , CO , and lactic acid Baroreceptors Decreased rates of firing , indicating falling blood volume / pressure Limbic system Anticipation of physical exercise or strong emotions Catecholamines Increased epinephrine and norepinephrine Thyroid hormones Increased T3 and T4 Calcium Increased Ca Potassium Decreased K Sodium Decreased Na Body temperature Increased body temperature Nicotine and caffeine Stimulants , increasing heart rate Table 2 : Factors decreasing heart rate and force of contraction Factor Effect Cardioinhibitor nerves ( vagus ) Release of acetylcholine Proprioreceptors Decreased rates of firing following exercise Chemoreceptors Increased levels of O ; decreased levels of H and CO Baroreceptors Increased rates of firing , indicating higher blood volume / pressure Limbic system Anticipation of relaxation Catecholamines Decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine Thyroid hormones Decreased T3 and T4 Calcium Decreased Ca Potassium Increased K Sodium Decreased Na Body temperature Decrease in body temperature Using a combination of autorhythmicity and innervation , the cardiovascular center is able to provide relatively precise control over the heart rate , but other factors can impact on this . These include hormones , notably epinephrine , norepinephrine , and thyroid hormones ; levels of various ions including calcium , potassium , and sodium ; body temperature ; hypoxia ; and pH balance . Epinephrine and norepinephrine ( edit ) The catecholamines , epinephrine and norepinephrine , secreted by the adrenal medulla form one component of the extended fight - or - flight mechanism . The other component is sympathetic stimulation . Epinephrine and norepinephrine have similar effects : binding to the beta - 1 adrenergic receptors , and opening sodium and calcium ion chemical - or ligand - gated channels . The rate of depolarization is increased by this additional influx of positively charged ions , so the threshold is reached more quickly and the period of repolarization is shortened . However , massive releases of these hormones coupled with sympathetic stimulation may actually lead to arrhythmias . There is no parasympathetic stimulation to the adrenal medulla . Thyroid hormones ( edit ) In general , increased levels of the thyroid hormones ( thyroxine ( T4 ) and triiodothyronine ( T3 ) ) , increase the heart rate ; excessive levels can trigger tachycardia . The impact of thyroid hormones is typically of a much longer duration than that of the catecholamines . The physiologically active form of triiodothyronine , has been shown to directly enter cardiomyocytes and alter activity at the level of the genome . It also impacts the beta adrenergic response similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine . Calcium ( edit ) Calcium ion levels greatly impact on heartrate and contractility ; increased levels cause an increase in both . High levels of calcium ions result in ( hypercalcemia ) and excessive levels can induce cardiac arrest . Drugs known as calcium channel blockers slow HR by binding to these channels and blocking or slowing the inward movement of calcium ions . Caffeine and nicotine ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2015 ) Caffeine and nicotine are both stimulants of the nervous system and of the cardiac centres causing an increased heart rate . Caffeine works by increasing the rates of depolarization at the SA node , whereas nicotine stimulates the activity of the sympathetic neurons that deliver impulses to the heart . Both stimulants are legal and unregulated , and are known to be very addictive . Effects of stress ( edit ) Both surprise and stress induce physiological response : elevate heart rate substantially . In a study conducted on 8 female and male student actors ages 18 to 25 , their reaction to an unforeseen occurrence ( the cause of stress ) during a performance was observed in terms of heart rate . In the data collected , there was a noticeable trend between the location of actors ( onstage and offstage ) and their elevation in heart rate in response to stress ; the actors present offstage reacted to the stressor immediately , demonstrated by their immediate elevation in heart the minute the unexpected event occurred , but the actors present onstage at the time of the stressor reacted in the following 5 minute period ( demonstrated by their increasingly elevated heart rate ) . This trend regarding stress and heart rate is supported by previous studies ; negative emotion / stimulus has a prolonged effect on heart rate in individuals who are directly impacted . In regard to the characters present onstage , a reduced startle response has been associated with a passive defense , and the diminished initial heart rate response has been predicted to have a greater tendency to dissociation . Further , note that heart rate is an accurate measure of stress and the startle response which can be easily observed to determine the effects of certain stressors . Factors decreasing heart rate ( edit ) The heart rate can be slowed by altered sodium and potassium levels , hypoxia , acidosis , alkalosis , and hypothermia . The relationship between electrolytes and HR is complex , but maintaining electrolyte balance is critical to the normal wave of depolarization . Of the two ions , potassium has the greater clinical significance . Initially , both hyponatremia ( low sodium levels ) and hypernatremia ( high sodium levels ) may lead to tachycardia . Severely high hypernatremia may lead to fibrillation , which may cause CO to cease . Severe hyponatremia leads to both bradycardia and other arrhythmias . Hypokalemia ( low potassium levels ) also leads to arrhythmias , whereas hyperkalemia ( high potassium levels ) causes the heart to become weak and flaccid , and ultimately to fail . Heart muscle relies exclusively on aerobic metabolism for energy . Hypoxia ( an insufficient supply of oxygen ) leads to decreasing HRs , since metabolic reactions fueling heart contraction are restricted . Acidosis is a condition in which excess hydrogen ions are present , and the patient 's blood expresses a low pH value . Alkalosis is a condition in which there are too few hydrogen ions , and the patient 's blood has an elevated pH . Normal blood pH falls in the range of 7.35 -- 7.45 , so a number lower than this range represents acidosis and a higher number represents alkalosis . Enzymes , being the regulators or catalysts of virtually all biochemical reactions - are sensitive to pH and will change shape slightly with values outside their normal range . These variations in pH and accompanying slight physical changes to the active site on the enzyme decrease the rate of formation of the enzyme - substrate complex , subsequently decreasing the rate of many enzymatic reactions , which can have complex effects on HR . Severe changes in pH will lead to denaturation of the enzyme . The last variable is body temperature . Elevated body temperature is called hyperthermia , and suppressed body temperature is called hypothermia . Slight hyperthermia results in increasing HR and strength of contraction . Hypothermia slows the rate and strength of heart contractions . This distinct slowing of the heart is one component of the larger diving reflex that diverts blood to essential organs while submerged . If sufficiently chilled , the heart will stop beating , a technique that may be employed during open heart surgery . In this case , the patient 's blood is normally diverted to an artificial heart - lung machine to maintain the body 's blood supply and gas exchange until the surgery is complete , and sinus rhythm can be restored . Excessive hyperthermia and hypothermia will both result in death , as enzymes drive the body systems to cease normal function , beginning with the central nervous system . In different circumstances ( edit ) Heart rate ( HR ) ( top trace ) and tidal volume ( Vt ) ( lung volume , second trace ) plotted on the same chart , showing how heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration . Heart rate is not a stable value and it increases or decreases in response to the body 's need in a way to maintain an equilibrium ( basal metabolic rate ) between requirement and delivery of oxygen and nutrients . The normal SA node firing rate is affected by autonomic nervous system activity : sympathetic stimulation increases and parasympathetic stimulation decreases the firing rate . A number of different metrics are used to describe heart rate . Resting heart rate ( edit ) The basal or resting heart rate ( HR ) is defined as the heart rate when a person is awake , in a neutrally temperate environment , and has not been subject to any recent exertion or stimulation , such as stress or surprise . Most texts cite the typical resting heart rate in adults as 60 -- 100 beats per minute ( bpm ) . A large body of evidence indicates that the normal range is actually 50 - 90 beats per minute . For example , all - cause mortality is increased by 1.22 ( hazard ratio ) when heart rate exceeds 90 beats per minute . The mortality rate of patients with myocardial infarction increased from 15 % to 41 % if their admission heart rate was greater than 90 beats per minute . ECG of 46,129 individuals with low risk for cardiovascular disease revealed that 96 % had resting heart rates ranging from 48 - 98 beats per minute . Finally , expert consensus reveals that 98 % of cardiologists believe that the `` 60 to 100 '' range is too high , with a vast majority of them agreeing that 50 to 90 beats per minute is more appropriate . The normal resting heart rate is based on the at - rest firing rate of the heart 's sinoatrial node , where the faster pacemaker cells driving the self - generated rhythmic firing and responsible for the heart 's autorhythmicity are located . For endurance athletes at the elite level , it is not unusual to have a resting heart rate between 33 and 50 bpm . Maximum heart rate ( edit ) The maximum heart rate ( HR ) is the highest heart rate an individual can achieve without severe problems through exercise stress , and generally decreases with age . Since HR varies by individual , the most accurate way of measuring any single person 's HR is via a cardiac stress test . In this test , a person is subjected to controlled physiologic stress ( generally by treadmill ) while being monitored by an ECG . The intensity of exercise is periodically increased until certain changes in heart function are detected on the ECG monitor , at which point the subject is directed to stop . Typical duration of the test ranges ten to twenty minutes . Adults who are beginning a new exercise regimen are often advised to perform this test only in the presence of medical staff due to risks associated with high heart rates . For general purposes , a formula is often employed to estimate a person 's maximum heart rate . However , these predictive formulas have been criticized as inaccurate because they generalized population - averages and usually focus on a person 's age . It is well - established that there is a `` poor relationship between maximal heart rate and age '' and large standard deviations relative to predicted heart rates . ( see Limitations of Estimation Formulas ) . The various formulae provide slightly different numbers for the maximum heart rates by age . A number of formulas are used to estimate HR Nes , et al. ( edit ) Based on measurements of 3320 healthy men and women aged between 19 and 89 , and including the potential modifying effect of gender , body composition , and physical activity , Nes et al found HR = 211 − ( 0.64 × age ) This relationship was found to hold substantially regardless of gender , physical activity status , maximal oxygen uptake , smoking , or body mass index . However , a standard error of the estimate of 10.8 beats / min must be accounted for when applying the formula to clinical settings , and the researchers concluded that actual measurement via a maximal test may be preferable whenever possible . Tanaka , Monahan , & Seals ( edit ) From Tanaka , Monahan , & Seals ( 2001 ) : HR = 208 − ( 0.7 × age ) Their meta - analysis ( of 351 prior studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects ) and laboratory study ( of 514 healthy subjects ) concluded that , using this equation , HRmax was very strongly correlated to age ( r = − 0.90 ) . The regression equation that was obtained in the laboratory - based study ( 209 − 0.7 x age ) , was virtually identical to that of the meta - study . The results showed HRmax to be independent of gender and independent of wide variations in habitual physical activity levels . This study found a standard deviation of ~ 10 beats per minute for individuals of any age , meaning the HRmax formula given has an accuracy of ± 20 beats per minute . In 2007 , researchers at the Oakland University analyzed maximum heart rates of 132 individuals recorded yearly over 25 years , and produced a linear equation very similar to the Tanaka formula , HR = 206.9 − ( 0.67 × age ) , and a nonlinear equation , HR = 191.5 − ( 0.007 × age ) . The linear equation had a confidence interval of ± 5 -- 8 bpm and the nonlinear equation had a tighter range of ± 2 -- 5 bpm . Also a third nonlinear equation was produced : HR = 163 + ( 1.16 × age ) − ( 0.018 × age ) . Haskell & Fox ( edit ) Fox and Haskell formula ; widely used . Notwithstanding the research of Tanaka , Monahan , & Seals , the most widely cited formula for HR ( which contains no reference to any standard deviation ) is still : HR = 220 − age Although attributed to various sources , it is widely thought to have been devised in 1970 by Dr. William Haskell and Dr. Samuel Fox . Inquiry into the history of this formula reveals that it was not developed from original research , but resulted from observation based on data from approximately 11 references consisting of published research or unpublished scientific compilations . It gained widespread use through being used by Polar Electro in its heart rate monitors , which Dr. Haskell has `` laughed about '' , as the formula `` was never supposed to be an absolute guide to rule people 's training . '' While it is the most common ( and easy to remember and calculate ) , this particular formula is not considered by reputable health and fitness professionals to be a good predictor of HR . Despite the widespread publication of this formula , research spanning two decades reveals its large inherent error , S = 7 -- 11 bpm . Consequently , the estimation calculated by HR = 220 − age has neither the accuracy nor the scientific merit for use in exercise physiology and related fields . Robergs & Landwehr ( edit ) A 2002 study of 43 different formulas for HR ( including that of Haskell and Fox -- see above ) published in the Journal of Exercise Psychology concluded that : no `` acceptable '' formula currently existed ( they used the term `` acceptable '' to mean acceptable for both prediction of VO , and prescription of exercise training HR ranges ) the least objectionable formula was : HR = 205.8 − ( 0.685 × age ) This had a standard deviation that , although large ( 6.4 bpm ) , was considered acceptable for prescribing exercise training HR ranges . Gulati ( for women ) ( edit ) Research conducted at Northwestern University by Martha Gulati , et al. , in 2010 suggested a maximum heart rate formula for women : HR = 206 − ( 0.88 × age ) Gellish ( edit ) A 2008 study from Lund , Sweden gives reference values ( obtained during bicycle ergometry ) for men : HR = 203.7 / ( 1 + exp ( 0.033 × ( age − 104.3 ) ) ) and for women : HR = 190.2 / ( 1 + exp ( 0.0453 × ( age − 107.5 ) ) ) Other formulae ( edit ) HR = 206.3 − ( 0.711 × age ) ( Often attributed to `` Londeree and Moeschberger from the University of Missouri '' ) HR = 217 − ( 0.85 × age ) ( Often attributed to `` Miller et al. from Indiana University '' ) Limitations ( edit ) Maximum heart rates vary significantly between individuals . Even within a single elite sports team , such as Olympic rowers in their 20s , maximum heart rates have been reported as varying from 160 to 220 . Such a variation would equate to a 60 or 90 year age gap in the linear equations above , and would seem to indicate the extreme variation about these average figures . Figures are generally considered averages , and depend greatly on individual physiology and fitness . For example , an endurance runner 's rates will typically be lower due to the increased size of the heart required to support the exercise , while a sprinter 's rates will be higher due to the improved response time and short duration . While each may have predicted heart rates of 180 ( = 220 − age ) , these two people could have actual HR 20 beats apart ( e.g. , 170 - 190 ) . Further , note that individuals of the same age , the same training , in the same sport , on the same team , can have actual HR 60 bpm apart ( 160 -- 220 ) : the range is extremely broad , and some say `` The heart rate is probably the least important variable in comparing athletes . '' Heart rate reserve ( edit ) Heart rate reserve ( HR ) is the difference between a person 's measured or predicted maximum heart rate and resting heart rate . Some methods of measurement of exercise intensity measure percentage of heart rate reserve . Additionally , as a person increases their cardiovascular fitness , their HR will drop , and the heart rate reserve will increase . Percentage of HR is equivalent to percentage of VO reserve . HR = HR − HR This is often used to gauge exercise intensity ( first used in 1957 by Karvonen ) . Karvonen 's study findings have been questioned , due to the following : The study did not use VO data to develop the equation . Only six subjects were used , and the correlation between the percentages of HR and VO max was not statistically significant . Target heart rate ( edit ) For healthy people , the Target Heart Rate or Training Heart Rate ( THR ) is a desired range of heart rate reached during aerobic exercise which enables one 's heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from a workout . This theoretical range varies based mostly on age ; however , a person 's physical condition , sex , and previous training also are used in the calculation . Below are two ways to calculate one 's THR . In each of these methods , there is an element called `` intensity '' which is expressed as a percentage . The THR can be calculated as a range of 65 -- 85 % intensity . However , it is crucial to derive an accurate HR to ensure these calculations are meaningful . Example for someone with a HR of 180 ( age 40 , estimating HR As 220 − age ) : 65 % Intensity : ( 220 − ( age = 40 ) ) × 0.65 → 117 bpm 85 % Intensity : ( 220 − ( age = 40 ) ) × 0.85 → 153 bpm Karvonen method ( edit ) The Karvonen method factors in resting heart rate ( HR ) to calculate target heart rate ( THR ) , using a range of 50 -- 85 % intensity : THR = ( ( HR − HR ) × % intensity ) + HR Equivalently , THR = ( HR × % intensity ) + HR Example for someone with a HR of 180 and a HR of 70 ( and therefore a HR of 110 ) : 50 % Intensity : ( ( 180 − 70 ) × 0.50 ) + 70 = 125 bpm 85 % Intensity : ( ( 180 − 70 ) × 0.85 ) + 70 = 163 bpm Zoladz method ( edit ) An alternative to the Karvonen method is the Zoladz method , which derives exercise zones by subtracting values from HR : THR = HR − Adjuster ± 5 bpm Zone 1 Adjuster = 50 bpm Zone 2 Adjuster = 40 bpm Zone 3 Adjuster = 30 bpm Zone 4 Adjuster = 20 bpm Zone 5 Adjuster = 10 bpm Example for someone with a HR of 180 : Zone 1 ( easy exercise ) : 180 − 50 ± 5 → 125 − 135 bpm Zone 4 ( tough exercise ) : 180 − 20 ± 5 → 155 − 165 bpm Heart rate recovery ( edit ) Heart rate recovery ( HR ) is the reduction in heart rate at peak exercise and the rate as measured after a cool - down period of fixed duration . A greater reduction in heart rate after exercise during the reference period is associated with a higher level of cardiac fitness . Heart rates that do not drop by more than 12 bpm one minute after stopping exercise are associated with an increased risk of death . Investigators of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study , which included 5,000 subjects , found that patients with an abnormal HR ( defined as a decrease of 42 beats per minutes or less at two minutes post-exercise ) had a mortality rate 2.5 times greater than patients with a normal recovery . Another study by Nishime et al. and featuring 9,454 patients followed for a median period of 5.2 years found a four-fold increase in mortality in subjects with an abnormal HR ( ≤ 12 bpm reduction one minute after the cessation of exercise ) . Shetler et al. studied 2,193 patients for thirteen years and found that a HR of ≤ 22 bpm after two minutes `` best identified high - risk patients '' . They also found that while HR had significant prognostic value it had no diagnostic value . Development ( edit ) See also : Heart development At 21 days after conception , the human heart begins beating at 70 to 80 beats per minute and accelerates linearly for the first month of beating . The human heart beats more than 3.5 billion times in an average lifetime . The heartbeat of a human embryo begins at approximately 21 days after conception , or five weeks after the last normal menstrual period ( LMP ) , which is the date normally used to date pregnancy in the medical community . The electrical depolarizations that trigger cardiac myocytes to contract arise spontaneously within the myocyte itself . The heartbeat is initiated in the pacemaker regions and spreads to the rest of the heart through a conduction pathway . Pacemaker cells develop in the primitive atrium and the sinus venosus to form the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node respectively . Conductive cells develop the bundle of His and carry the depolarization into the lower heart . The human heart begins beating at a rate near the mother 's , about 75 - 80 beats per minute ( BPM ) . The embryonic heart rate then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating , peaking at 165 - 185 BPM during the early 7th week , ( early 9th week after the LMP ) . This acceleration is approximately 3.3 BPM per day , or about 10 BPM every three days , an increase of 100 BPM in the first month . After peaking at about 9.2 weeks after the LMP , it decelerates to about 150 BPM ( + / - 25 BPM ) during the 15th week after the LMP . After the 15th week the deceleration slows reaching an average rate of about 145 ( + / - 25 BPM ) BPM at term . The regression formula which describes this acceleration before the embryo reaches 25 mm in crown - rump length or 9.2 LMP weeks is : A g e i n d a y s = E H R ( 0.3 ) + 6 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Age \ in \ days ) =\ \ mathrm ( EHR ) ( 0.3 ) + 6 ) There is no difference in male and female heart rates before birth . Clinical significance ( edit ) Measurement ( edit ) Wrist heart rate monitor Manual measurement ( edit ) Heart rate monitor with a wrist receiver Heart rate is measured by finding the pulse of the heart . This pulse rate can be found at any point on the body where the artery 's pulsation is transmitted to the surface by pressuring it with the index and middle fingers ; often it is compressed against an underlying structure like bone . ( A good area is on the neck , under the corner of the jaw . ) The thumb should not be used for measuring another person 's heart rate , as its strong pulse may interfere with the correct perception of the target pulse . The radial artery is the easiest to use to check the heart rate . However , in emergency situations the most reliable arteries to measure heart rate are carotid arteries . This is important mainly in patients with atrial fibrillation , in whom heart beats are irregular and stroke volume is largely different from one beat to another . In those beats following a shorter diastolic interval left ventricle does n't fill properly , stroke volume is lower and pulse wave is not strong enough to be detected by palpation on a distal artery like the radial artery . It can be detected , however , by doppler . Possible points for measuring the heart rate are : The ventral aspect of the wrist on the side of the thumb ( radial artery ) . The ulnar artery . The neck ( carotid artery ) . The inside of the elbow , or under the biceps muscle ( brachial artery ) . The groin ( femoral artery ) . Behind the medial malleolus on the feet ( posterior tibial artery ) . Middle of dorsum of the foot ( dorsalis pedis ) . Behind the knee ( popliteal artery ) . Over the abdomen ( abdominal aorta ) . The chest ( apex of the heart ) , which can be felt with one 's hand or fingers . It is also possible to auscultate the heart using a stethoscope . The temple ( superficial temporal artery ) . The lateral edge of the mandible ( facial artery ) . The side of the head near the ear ( posterior auricular artery ) . ECG - RRinterval Electronic measurement ( edit ) In obstetrics , heart rate can be measured by ultrasonography , such as in this embryo ( at bottom left in the sac ) of 6 weeks with a heart rate of approximately 90 per minute . A more precise method of determining heart rate involves the use of an electrocardiograph , or ECG ( also abbreviated EKG ) . An ECG generates a pattern based on electrical activity of the heart , which closely follows heart function . Continuous ECG monitoring is routinely done in many clinical settings , especially in critical care medicine . On the ECG , instantaneous heart rate is calculated using the R wave - to - R wave ( RR ) interval and multiplying / dividing in order to derive heart rate in heartbeats / min . Multiple methods exist : HR = 1,500 / ( RR interval in millimeters ) HR = 60 / ( RR interval in seconds ) HR = 300 / number of `` large '' squares between successive R waves . HR = 1,500 number of large blocks Heart rate monitors allow measurements to be taken continuously and can be used during exercise when manual measurement would be difficult or impossible ( such as when the hands are being used ) . Various commercial heart rate monitors are also available . Some monitors , used during sport , consist of a chest strap with electrodes . The signal is transmitted to a wrist receiver for display . Alternative methods of measurement include pulse oximetry and seismocardiography . Tachycardia ( edit ) Main article : Tachycardia Tachycardia is a resting heart rate more than 100 beats per minute . This number can vary as smaller people and children have faster heart rates than average adults . Physiological conditions where tachycardia occurs : Exercise Pregnancy Emotional conditions such as anxiety or stress . Pathological conditions where tachycardia occurs : Sepsis Fever Anemia Hypoxia Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of catecholamines Cardiomyopathy Valvular heart diseases Acute Radiation Syndrome Bradycardia ( edit ) Main articles : Bradycardia and Athletic heart syndrome Bradycardia was defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute when textbooks asserted that the normal range for heart rates was 60 -- 100 BPM . The normal range has since been revised in textbooks to 50 -- 90 BPM for a human at total rest . Setting a lower threshold for bradycardia prevents misclassification of fit individuals as having a pathologic heart rate . The normal heart rate number can vary as children and adolescents tend to have faster heart rates than average adults . Bradycardia may be associated with medical conditions such as hypothyroidism . Trained athletes tend to have slow resting heart rates , and resting bradycardia in athletes should not be considered abnormal if the individual has no symptoms associated with it . For example , Miguel Indurain , a Spanish cyclist and five time Tour de France winner , had a resting heart rate of 28 beats per minute , one of the lowest ever recorded in a healthy human . Daniel Green achieved the world record for the slowest heartbeat in a healthy human with a heart rate of just 26 bpm in 2014 . Arrhythmia ( edit ) Main article : Cardiac dysrhythmia Arrhythmias are abnormalities of the heart rate and rhythm ( sometimes felt as palpitations ) . They can be divided into two broad categories : fast and slow heart rates . Some cause few or minimal symptoms . Others produce more serious symptoms of lightheadedness , dizziness and fainting . Correlation with cardiovascular mortality risk ( edit ) This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) A number of investigations indicate that faster resting heart rate has emerged as a new risk factor for mortality in homeothermic mammals , particularly cardiovascular mortality in human beings . Faster heart rate may accompany increased production of inflammation molecules and increased production of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular system , in addition to increased mechanical stress to the heart . There is a correlation between increased resting rate and cardiovascular risk . This is not seen to be `` using an allotment of heart beats '' but rather an increased risk to the system from the increased rate . An Australian - led international study of patients with cardiovascular disease has shown that heart beat rate is a key indicator for the risk of heart attack . The study , published in The Lancet ( September 2008 ) studied 11,000 people , across 33 countries , who were being treated for heart problems . Those patients whose heart rate was above 70 beats per minute had significantly higher incidence of heart attacks , hospital admissions and the need for surgery . Higher heart rate is thought to be correlated with an increase in heart attack and about a 46 percent increase in hospitalizations for non-fatal or fatal heart attack . Other studies have shown that a high resting heart rate is associated with an increase in cardiovascular and all - cause mortality in the general population and in patients with chronic disease . A faster resting heart rate is associated with shorter life expectancy and is considered a strong risk factor for heart disease and heart failure , independent of level of physical fitness . Specifically , a resting heart rate above 65 beats per minute has been shown to have a strong independent effect on premature mortality ; every 10 beats per minute increase in resting heart rate has been shown to be associated with a 10 -- 20 % increase in risk of death . In one study , men with no evidence of heart disease and a resting heart rate of more than 90 beats per minute had a five times higher risk of sudden cardiac death . Similarly , another study found that men with resting heart rates of over 90 beats per minute had an almost two-fold increase in risk for cardiovascular disease mortality ; in women it was associated with a three-fold increase . Given these data , heart rate should be considered in the assessment of cardiovascular risk , even in apparently healthy individuals . Heart rate has many advantages as a clinical parameter : It is inexpensive and quick to measure and is easily understandable . Although the accepted limits of heart rate are between 60 and 100 beats per minute , this was based for convenience on the scale of the squares on electrocardiogram paper ; a better definition of normal sinus heart rate may be between 50 and 90 beats per minute . Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart rate ( HR ) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows : HR = 1,500 / RR interval in millimeters , HR = 60 / RR interval in seconds , or HR = 300 / number of large squares between successive R waves . In each case , the authors are actually referring to instantaneous HR , which is the number of times the heart would beat if successive RR intervals were constant . However , because the above formula is almost always mentioned , students determine HR this way without looking at the ECG any further . Lifestyle and pharmacological regimens may be beneficial to those with high resting heart rates . Exercise is one possible measure to take when an individual 's heart rate is higher than 80 beats per minute . Diet has also been found to be beneficial in lowering resting heart rate : In studies of resting heart rate and risk of death and cardiac complications on patients with type 2 diabetes , legumes were found to lower resting heart rate . This is thought to occur because in addition to the direct beneficial effects of legumes , they also displace animal proteins in the diet , which are higher in saturated fat and cholesterol . A very slow heart rate ( bradycardia ) may be associated with heart block . It may also arise from autonomous nervous system impairment . See also ( edit ) Health and fitness portal Medicine portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Target Heart Rates '' . Target Heart Rates . American Heart Association . 4 Apr 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tachycardia Fast Heart Rate '' . Tachycardia . American Heart Association . 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Aladin , Amer I. ; Whelton , Seamus P. ; Al - Mallah , Mouaz H. ; Blaha , Michael J. ; Keteyian , Steven J. ; Juraschek , Stephen P. ; Rubin , Jonathan ; Brawner , Clinton A. ; Michos , Erin D. ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Relation of resting heart rate to risk for all - cause mortality by gender after considering exercise capacity ( the Henry Ford exercise testing project ) '' . The American Journal of Cardiology. 114 ( 11 ) : 1701 -- 06 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjcard. 2014.08. 042 . ISSN 1879 - 1913 . PMID 25439450 . ^ Jump up to : Hjalmarson , A. ; Gilpin , E.A. ; Kjekshus , J. ; Schieman , G. ; Nicod , P. ; Henning , H. ; Ross , J. ( 1990 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Influence of heart rate on mortality after acute myocardial infarction '' . The American Journal of Cardiology. 65 ( 9 ) : 547 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9149 ( 90 ) 91029 - 6 . 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Journal of Exercise Physiology. 5 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Gulati M , Shaw LJ , Thisted RA , Black HR , Bairey Merz CN , Arnsdorf MF ( 2010 ) . `` Heart rate response to exercise stress testing in asymptomatic women : the st . James women take heart project '' . Circulation. 122 ( 2 ) : 130 -- 7 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 110.939249 . PMID 20585008 . Jump up ^ Wohlfart B , Farazdaghi GR ( May 2003 ) . `` Reference values for the physical work capacity on a bicycle ergometer for men -- a comparison with a previous study on women '' . Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 23 ( 3 ) : 166 -- 70 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1475 - 097X. 2003.00491. x . PMID 12752560 . Jump up ^ Farazdaghi GR , Wohlfart B ( November 2001 ) . `` Reference values for the physical work capacity on a bicycle ergometer for women between 20 and 80 years of age '' . Clin Physiol. 21 ( 6 ) : 682 -- 7 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2281.2001. 00373. x . PMID 11722475 . 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Chest. 100 ( 4 ) : 991 -- 3 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 100.4. 991 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2004 ( Bantam ed . ) . New York : Bantam Books . 2004 . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 58712 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Slowest heart rate : Daniel Green breaks Guinness World Records record '' . World Record Academy . 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Zhang GQ , Zhang W ( 2009 ) . `` Heart rate , lifespan , and mortality risk '' . Ageing Res. Rev. 8 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / j. arr. 2008.10. 001 . PMID 19022405 . Jump up ^ Fox K , Ford I ( 2008 ) . `` Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left - ventricular systolic dysfunction ( BEAUTIFUL ) : a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial '' . Lancet . 372 ( 6 ) : 817 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 08 ) 61171 - X . PMID 18757091 . Jump up ^ Cook , Stéphane ; Hess , Otto M. ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Resting heart rate and cardiovascular events : time for a new crusade ? '' . 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Heart Rhythm : The Official Journal of the Heart Rhythm Society . 10 ( 8 ) : 1153 -- 1158 . doi : 10.1016 / j. hrthm. 2013.05. 009 . ISSN 1556 - 3871 . PMC 3765077 . PMID 23680897 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Magnus Thorsten ; Suadicani , Poul ; Hein , Hans Ole ; Gyntelberg , Finn ( 2013 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Elevated resting heart rate , physical fitness and all - cause mortality : a 16 - year follow - up in the Copenhagen Male Study '' . Heart ( British Cardiac Society ) . 99 ( 12 ) : 882 -- 887 . doi : 10.1136 / heartjnl - 2012 - 303375 . ISSN 1468 - 201X . PMC 3664385 . PMID 23595657 . ^ Jump up to : Woodward , Mark ; Webster , Ruth ; Murakami , Yoshitaka ; Barzi , Federica ; Lam , Tai - Hing ; Fang , Xianghua ; Suh , Il ; Batty , G. David ; Huxley , Rachel ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The association between resting heart rate , cardiovascular disease and mortality : evidence from 112,680 men and women in 12 cohorts '' . European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 21 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 726 . doi : 10.1177 / 2047487312452501 . ISSN 2047 - 4881 . PMID 22718796 . Jump up ^ Arnold , J. Malcolm ; Fitchett , David H. ; Howlett , Jonathan G. ; Lonn , Eva M. ; Tardif , Jean - Claude ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Resting heart rate : a modifiable prognostic indicator of cardiovascular risk and outcomes ? '' . The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 24 Suppl A : 3A -- 8A . doi : 10.1016 / s0828 - 282x ( 08 ) 71019 - 5 . ISSN 1916 - 7075 . PMC 2787005 . PMID 18437251 . ^ Jump up to : Nauman , Javaid ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Why measure resting heart rate ? '' . Tidsskrift for Den Norske Lægeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin , Ny Række. 132 ( 11 ) : 1314 . doi : 10.4045 / tidsskr. 12.0553 . ISSN 0807 - 7096 . PMID 22717845 . Jump up ^ Spodick , DH ( 1992 ) . `` Operational definition of normal sinus heart rate '' . Am J Cardiol. 69 ( 14 ) : 1245 -- 1246 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9149 ( 92 ) 90947 - W . Jump up ^ Sloan , Richard P. ; Shapiro , Peter A. ; DeMeersman , Ronald E. ; Bagiella , Emilia ; Brondolo , Elizabeth N. ; McKinley , Paula S. ; Slavov , Iordan ; Fang , Yixin ; Myers , Michael M. ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` The effect of aerobic training and cardiac autonomic regulation in young adults '' . American Journal of Public Health . 99 ( 5 ) : 921 -- 928 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2007.133165 . ISSN 1541 - 0048 . PMC 2667843 . PMID 19299682 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , David J.A. ; Kendall , Cyril W.C. ; Augustin , Livia S.A. ; Mitchell , Sandra ; Sahye - Pudaruth , Sandhya ; Blanco Mejia , Sonia ; Chiavaroli , Laura ; Mirrahimi , Arash ; Ireland , Christopher ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Effect of legumes as part of a low glycemic index diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus : a randomized controlled trial '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 172 ( 21 ) : 1653 -- 1660 . doi : 10.1001 / 2013. jamainternmed. 70 . ISSN 1538 - 3679 . PMID 23089999 . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from the CC - BY book : OpenStax College , Anatomy & Physiology . OpenStax CNX. 30 jul 2014 ... Bibliography ( edit ) Fuster , Valentin ; Wayne , Alexander R. ; O'Rouke , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Hurst 's The Heart ( 10th International ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 116296 - 8 . OCLC 49034333 . Jarvis , C. ( 2011 ) . Physical Examination and Health Assessment ( 6 ed . ) . Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 9781437701517 . External links ( edit ) Online Heart Beats Per Minute Calculator Tap along with your heart rate An application ( open - source ) for contactless real time heart rate measurements by means of an ordinary web cam ( hide ) Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_rate&oldid=814900100 '' Categories : Cardiovascular physiology Medical signs Mathematics in medicine Temporal rates Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional medical references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2014 Articles to be expanded from February 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 16 : 01 . 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-1839405496663986451	Nicholas II of Russia	Nicholas II of Russia - wikipedia Nicholas II of Russia `` Nicholas II '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nicholas II ( disambiguation ) . Nicholas II Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias Reign 1 November 1894 -- 15 March 1917 Coronation 26 May 1896 Predecessor Alexander III Successor monarchy abolished 18 May ( O.S. 6 May ) 1868 Alexander Palace , Tsarskoye Selo , Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire 17 July 1918 ( 1918 - 07 - 17 ) ( aged 50 ) Ipatiev House , Yekaterinburg , Russian SFSR Burial 17 July 1998 Peter and Paul Cathedral , Saint Petersburg , Russian Federation Spouse Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine ( m . 1894 ) Issue Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Full name Nicholas Alexandrovich Romanov House Romanov Father Alexander III of Russia Mother Dagmar of Denmark Religion Russian Orthodox Signature Nicholas II or Nikolai II ( Russian : Николай II Алекса́ндрович , tr . Nikolai II Aleksandrovich ; 18 May ( O.S. 6 May ) 1868 -- 17 July 1918 ) , known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church , was the last Emperor of Russia , ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917 . His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse . He was given the nickname Nicholas the Bloody by his political adversaries due to the Khodynka Tragedy , anti-Semitic pogroms , Bloody Sunday , the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution , the executions of political opponents , and his perceived responsibility for the Russo - Japanese War . Soviet historians portray Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects . Russia was defeated in the 1904 -- 05 Russo - Japanese War which saw the annihilation of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima , the loss of Russian influence over Manchuria and Korea , and the Japanese annexation of South Sakhalin . The Anglo - Russian Entente was designed to counter the German Empire 's attempts to gain influence in the Middle East , but it ended the Great Game of confrontation between Russia and the United Kingdom . Nicholas approved the Russian mobilization on 30 July 1914 which led to Germany declaring war on Russia on 1 August 1914 . It is estimated that around 3.3 million Russians were killed in the First World War . The Imperial Russian Army 's severe losses , the High Command 's incompetent management of the war efforts , and the lack of food and supplies on the Home Front were the leading causes of the fall of the House of Romanov . Following the February Revolution of 1917 , Nicholas abdicated on behalf of himself and his son . He and his family were imprisoned and transferred to Tobolsk in late summer 1917 . On 30 April 1918 , Nicholas , Alexandra , and his mother Marie were handed over to the local Ural Soviet in Ekaterinburg ; the rest of the captives followed on 23 May . Nicholas and his family were eventually murdered by their Bolshevik guards on the night of 16 / 17 July 1918 . The remains of the imperial family were re-interred in St. Petersburg 80 years later on 17 July 1998 . In 1981 , Nicholas , his wife , and their children were recognized as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in New York City . On 15 August 2000 , they were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as passion bearers , commemorating believers who face death in a Christ - like manner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family background 2 Tsarevich 3 Engagement , accession and marriage 4 Reign 4.1 Initiatives in foreign affairs 4.2 Ecclesiastical affairs 4.3 Russo - Japanese War 4.4 Anti-Jewish pogroms of 1903 -- 1906 4.5 Bloody Sunday ( 1905 ) 4.6 1905 Revolution 4.7 Relationship with the Duma 4.8 Tsarevich Alexei 's illness and Rasputin 4.9 European affairs 4.10 The Tercentenary 4.11 First World War 4.12 Collapse 4.12. 1 Abdication ( 1917 ) 4.13 Imprisonment 4.14 Execution 5 Identification 6 Funeral 7 Sainthood 8 Assessment 9 Ancestry 10 Titles , styles , honours and arms 10.1 Titles and styles 10.2 Honours 10.2. 1 National honours 10.2. 2 Foreign 10.3 Arms 11 Children 12 Wealth 13 Documentaries and films 14 See also 15 Note 16 References 17 Sources 18 Further reading 19 External links Family background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nicholas II as a child with his mother , Maria Feodorovna , in 1870 Nicholas was born in the Alexander Palace in Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire , the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia ( née Princess Dagmar of Denmark ) . He had five younger siblings : Alexander ( 1869 -- 1870 ) , George ( 1871 -- 1899 ) , Xenia ( 1875 -- 1960 ) , Michael ( 1878 -- 1918 ) and Olga ( 1882 -- 1960 ) . Nicholas often referred to his father nostalgically in letters after Alexander 's death in 1894 . He was also very close to his mother , as revealed in their published letters to each other . His paternal grandparents were Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna ( née Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ) . His maternal grandparents were King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark . Nicholas was of primarily German and Danish descent , his last ethnically Russian ancestor being Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia ( 1708 -- 1728 ) , daughter of Peter the Great . Emperor Nicholas II of Russia with his physically similar cousin , King George V of the United Kingdom ( right ) , in German military uniforms in Berlin before the war ; 1913 Nicholas was related to several monarchs in Europe . His mother 's siblings included Kings Frederick VIII of Denmark and George I of Greece , as well as the United Kingdom 's Queen Alexandra ( consort of King Edward VII ) . Nicholas , his wife Alexandra , and German Emperor Wilhelm II were all first cousins of King George V of the United Kingdom . Nicholas was also a first cousin of both King Haakon VII and Queen Maud of Norway , as well as King Constantine I of Greece . Nicholas and Wilhelm II were in turn second cousins - once - removed , as each descended from King Frederick William III of Prussia , as well as third cousins , as they were both great - great - grandsons of Tsar Paul I of Russia . In addition to being second cousins through descent from Louis II , Grand Duke of Hesse and his wife Princess Wilhelmine of Baden , Nicholas and Alexandra were also third cousins - once - removed , as they were both descendants of King Frederick William II of Prussia . Tsar Nicholas II was the first cousin - once - removed of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich . To distinguish between them the Grand Duke was often known within the imperial family as `` Nikolasha '' and `` Nicholas the Tall '' , while the Tsar was `` Nicholas the Short '' . In his childhood , Nicholas , his parents and siblings made annual visits to the Danish royal palaces of Fredensborg and Bernstorff to visit his grandparents , the king and queen . The visits also served as family reunions , as his mother 's siblings would also come from the United Kingdom , Germany and Greece with their respective families . It was there in 1883 , that he had a flirtation with one of his English first cousins , Princess Victoria . In 1873 , Nicholas also accompanied his parents and younger brother , two - year - old George , on a two - month , semi-official visit to England . In London , Nicholas and his family stayed at Marlborough House , as guests of his `` Uncle Bertie '' and `` Aunt Alix '' , the Prince and Princess of Wales , where he was spoiled by his uncle . Tsarevich ( edit ) On 1 March 1881 , following the assassination of his grandfather , Tsar Alexander II , Nicholas became heir apparent upon his father 's ascension as Alexander III . Nicholas and his other family members bore witness to Alexander II 's death , having been present at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg , where he was brought after the attack . For security reasons , the new tsar and his family relocated their primary residence to the Gatchina Palace outside the city , only entering the capital for various ceremonial functions . On such occasions , Alexander III and his family occupied the nearby Anichkov Palace . Tsarevich Nicholas in Japan ( 1891 ) In 1884 , Nicholas 's coming - of - age ceremony was held at the Winter Palace , where he pledged his loyalty to his father . Later that year , Nicholas 's uncle , Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich , married Princess Elizabeth , daughter of Louis IV , Grand Duke of Hesse and his late wife Princess Alice of the United Kingdom ( who had died in 1878 ) , and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria . At the wedding in St. Petersburg , the sixteen - year - old Tsarevich met with and admired the bride 's youngest surviving sister , twelve - year - old Princess Alix . Those feelings of admiration blossomed into love following her visit to St. Petersburg five years later in 1889 . Alix had feelings for him in turn . As a devout Lutheran , she was initially reluctant to convert to Russian Orthodoxy in order to marry Nicholas , but later relented . In 1890 Nicholas , his younger brother George , and their cousin Prince George of Greece , set out on a world tour , although Grand Duke George fell ill and was sent home partway through the trip . Nicholas visited Egypt , India , Singapore , and Bangkok , receiving honors as a distinguished guest in each country . In April 1891 , in the city of Ōtsu , Japan , Nicholas was attacked by a deranged Japanese police officer . The incident cut his trip short . Returning overland to St. Petersburg , he was present at the ceremonies in Vladivostok commemorating the beginning of work on the Trans - Siberian Railway . In 1893 , Nicholas traveled to London on behalf of his parents to be present at the wedding of his cousin , the Duke of York to Princess Mary of Teck . Queen Victoria was struck by the physical resemblance between the two cousins , and their appearances confused some at the wedding . During this time , Nicholas had an affair with St. Petersburg ballerina Mathilde Kschessinska . Though Nicholas was heir - apparent to the throne , his father failed to prepare him for his future role as tsar . He attended meetings of the State Council ; however , as his father was only in his forties , it was expected that it would be many years before Nicholas succeeded to the throne . Sergei Witte , Russia 's finance minister , saw things differently and suggested to the tsar that Nicholas be appointed to the Siberian Railway Committee . Alexander argued that Nicholas was not mature enough to take on serious responsibilities , to which Witte replied that if Nicholas was not introduced to state affairs , he would never be ready to understand them . Alexander 's assumptions that he would live a long life and had years to prepare Nicholas for becoming tsar proved wrong , as by 1894 , Alexander 's health was failing . Engagement , accession and marriage ( edit ) See also : Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna Official engagement photograph of Nicholas II and Alexandra , April 1894 In April 1894 , Nicholas joined his Uncle Sergei and Aunt Elizabeth on a journey to Coburg , Germany , for the wedding of Elizabeth 's and Alix 's brother , Ernest Louis , Grand Duke of Hesse , to their mutual first cousin Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha . Other guests included Queen Victoria , Kaiser Wilhelm II , the Empress Frederick ( Kaiser Wilhelm 's mother and Queen Victoria 's eldest daughter ) , Nicholas 's uncle , the Prince of Wales , and the bride 's parents , the Duke and Duchess of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha . Once in Coburg Nicholas proposed to Alix , but she rejected his proposal , being reluctant to convert to Orthodoxy . But the Kaiser later told her she had a duty to marry Nicholas and to convert , as her sister Elizabeth had voluntarily done in 1892 . Thus Nicholas and Alix became officially engaged on 20 April 1894 . Nicholas 's parents initially hesitated to give the engagement their blessing , as Alix had made poor impressions during her visits to Russia . They gave their consent only when they saw Tsar Alexander 's health deteriorating . Queen Victoria also initially opposed to the match ; for , though she had no objections against Nicholas personally , she evidently disliked Russia . That summer , Nicholas travelled to England to visit both Alix and the Queen . The visit coincided with the birth of the Duke and Duchess of York 's first child , the future King Edward VIII . Along with being present at the christening , Nicholas and Alix were listed amongst the child 's godparents . After several weeks in England , Nicholas returned home for the wedding of his sister , Xenia , to a cousin , Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich ( `` Sandro '' ) . Nicholas II and family By that autumn , Alexander III lay dying . Upon learning that he would live only a fortnight , the Tsar had Nicholas summon Alix to the imperial palace at Livadia . Alix arrived on 22 October ; the Tsar insisted on receiving her in full uniform . From his deathbed , he told his son to heed the advice of Witte , his most capable minister . Ten days later , Alexander III died at the age of forty - nine , leaving twenty - six - year - old Nicholas as Emperor of Russia . That evening , Nicholas was consecrated by his father 's priest as Tsar Nicholas II and , the following day , Alix was received into the Russian Orthodox Church , taking the name Alexandra Feodorovna with the title of Grand Duchess and the style of Imperial Highness . Nicholas may have felt unprepared for the duties of the crown , for he asked his cousin and brother - in - law , Grand Duke Alexander , `` What is going to happen to me and all of Russia ? '' Though perhaps under - prepared and unskilled , Nicholas was not altogether untrained for his duties as Tsar. Nicholas chose to maintain the conservative policies favoured by his father throughout his reign . While Alexander III had concentrated on the formulation of general policy , Nicholas devoted much more attention to the details of administration . Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra with their first child , 1896 Leaving Livadia on 7 November , Tsar Alexander 's funeral procession -- which included Nicholas 's paternal aunt Queen Olga of Greece , and the Prince and Princess of Wales -- arrived in Moscow . After lying in state in the Kremlin , the body of the Tsar was taken to St. Petersburg , where the funeral was held on 19 November . Nicholas and Alix 's wedding was originally scheduled for the spring of 1895 , but it was moved forward at Nicholas 's insistence . Staggering under the weight of his new office , he had no intention of allowing the one person who gave him confidence to leave his side . Instead , Nicholas 's wedding to Alix took place on 26 November 1894 , which was the birthday of the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna , and court mourning could be slightly relaxed . Alexandra wore the traditional dress of Romanov brides , and Nicholas a hussar 's uniform . Nicholas and Alexandra , each holding a lit candle , faced the palace priest and were married a few minutes before one in the afternoon . Reign ( edit ) Coronation by Valentin Serov Silk Imperial Crown of Russia 1896 Coronation gift to Nicholas II Despite a visit to the United Kingdom in 1893 , where he observed the House of Commons in debate and seemingly impressed by the machinery of constitutional monarchy , as well as a similar positive appraisal of the US Congress on an official visit to the United States as Tsesarevich , Nicholas turned his back on any notion of giving away any power to elected representatives in Russia . Shortly after he came to the throne , a deputation of peasants and workers from various towns ' local assemblies ( zemstvos ) came to the Winter Palace proposing court reforms , such as the adoption of a constitutional monarchy , and reform that would improve the political and economic life of the peasantry , in the Tver Address . Although the addresses they had sent in beforehand were couched in mild and loyal terms , Nicholas was angry and ignored advice from an Imperial Family Council by saying to them : ... it has come to my knowledge that during the last months there have been heard in some assemblies of the zemstvos the voices of those who have indulged in a senseless dream that the zemstvos be called upon to participate in the government of the country . I want everyone to know that I will devote all my strength to maintain , for the good of the whole nation , the principle of absolute autocracy , as firmly and as strongly as did my late lamented father . On 26 May 1896 , Nicholas 's formal coronation as Tsar was held in Uspensky Cathedral located within the Kremlin . The Silk Imperial Crown Of Russia was used , as an official coronation gift of the Russian Empire . Nicholas II was the first and only monarch to be presented with such a monumental coronation gift . It was not intended as ceremonial regalia , but as private Imperial property , a memento to his coronation . Nicholas II of Russia as Tsarevich in 1892 In celebration on 27 May 1896 , a large festival with food , free beer and souvenir cups was held in Khodynka Field outside Moscow . Khodynka was chosen as the location as it was the only place near Moscow large enough to hold all of the Moscow citizens . Khodynka was primarily used as a military training ground and the field was uneven with trenches . Before the food and drink was handed out , rumours spread that there would not be enough for everyone . As a result , the crowd rushed to get their share and individuals were tripped and trampled upon , suffocating in the dirt of the field . Of the approximate 100,000 in attendance , it is estimated that 1,389 individuals died and roughly 1,300 were injured . The Khodynka Tragedy was seen as an ill omen and Nicholas found gaining popular trust difficult from the beginning of his reign . The French ambassador 's gala was planned for that night . The Tsar wanted to stay in his chambers and pray for the lives lost , but his uncles believed that his absence at the ball would strain relations with France , particularly the 1894 Franco - Russian Alliance . Thus Nicholas attended the party ; as a result the mourning populace saw Nicholas as frivolous and uncaring . During the autumn after the coronation , Nicholas and Alexandra made a tour of Europe . After making visits to the emperor and empress of Austria - Hungary , the Kaiser of Germany , and Nicholas 's Danish grandparents and relatives , Nicholas and Alexandra took possession of their new yacht , the Standart , which had been built in Denmark . From there , they made a journey to Scotland to spend some time with Queen Victoria at Balmoral Castle . While Alexandra enjoyed her reunion with her grandmother , Nicholas complained in a letter to his mother about being forced to go shooting with his uncle , the Prince of Wales , in bad weather , and was suffering from a bad toothache . Nicholas II 's Imperial Monogram The first years of his reign saw little more than continuation and development of the policy pursued by Alexander III . Nicholas allotted money for the All - Russia exhibition of 1896 . In 1897 restoration of gold standard by Sergei Witte , Minister of Finance , completed the series of financial reforms , initiated fifteen years earlier . By 1902 the Trans - Siberian Railway was nearing completion ; this helped the Russians trade in the Far East but the railway still required huge amounts of work . Initiatives in foreign affairs ( edit ) In foreign relations , Nicholas followed the policies of his father , strengthening the Franco - Russian Alliance and pursuing a policy of general European pacification , which culminated in the famous Hague peace conference . This conference , suggested and promoted by Nicholas II , was convened with the view of terminating the arms race , and setting up machinery for the peaceful settlement of international disputes . The results of the conference were less than expected due to the mutual distrust existing between great powers . Nevertheless , the Hague conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war . In 1901 Nicholas II ( and the famous Russian diplomat Friedrich Martens ) were nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize -- for the initiative to convene the Hague Peace Conference and contributing to its implementation . Ecclesiastical affairs ( edit ) In 1903 , Nicholas threw himself into an ecclesiastical crisis regarding the canonisation of Seraphim of Sarov . The previous year , it had been suggested that if he were canonised , the imperial couple would beget a son and heir to throne . While Alexandra demanded in July 1902 that Seraphim be canonised in less than a week , Nicholas demanded that he be canonised within a year . Despite a public outcry , the Church bowed to the intense imperial pressure , declaring Seraphim worthy of canonisation in January 1903 . That summer , the imperial family travelled to Sarov for the canonisation . Russo - Japanese war ( edit ) Main article : Russo - Japanese War The Russian Baltic Fleet was annihilated by the Japanese at the Battle of Tsushima . A clash between Russia and the Empire of Japan was almost inevitable by the turn of the 20th century . Russia had expanded in the Far East , and the growth of its settlement and territorial ambitions , as its southward path to the Balkans was frustrated , conflicted with Japan 's own territorial ambitions on the Chinese and Asian mainland . Nicholas pursued an aggressive foreign policy with regards to Manchuria and Korea , and strongly supported the scheme for timber concessions in these areas as developed by the Bezobazov group . War began in February 1904 with a preemptive Japanese attack on the Russian fleet in Port Arthur , prior to a formal declaration of war . With the Russian Far East fleet trapped at Port Arthur , the only other Russian Fleet was the Baltic Fleet ; it was half a world away , but the decision was made to send the fleet on a nine - month voyage to the East . The United Kingdom would not allow the Russian navy to use the Suez Canal , due to its alliance with the Empire of Japan , and due to the Dogger Bank incident where the Baltic Fleet mistakenly fired on British fishing boats in the North Sea . The Russian Baltic Fleet traversed the world to lift the blockade on Port Arthur , but after many misadventures on the way , was nearly annihilated by the Japanese in the Battle of the Tsushima Strait . On land the Imperial Russian Army experienced logistical problems . While commands and supplies came from St. Petersburg , combat took place in east Asian ports with only the Trans - Siberian Railway for transport of supplies as well as troops both ways . The 9,200 - kilometre ( 5,700 mi ) rail line between St. Petersburg and Port Arthur was single - track , with no track around Lake Baikal , allowing only gradual build - up of the forces on the front . Besieged Port Arthur fell to the Japanese , after nine months of resistance . Nicholas 's stance on the war was something that baffled many . He approached the war with confidence and saw it as an opportunity to raise Russian morale and patriotism , paying little attention to the financial repercussions of a long - distance war . Shortly before the Japanese attack on Port Arthur , Nicholas held firm to the belief that there would be no war . Despite the onset of the war and the many defeats Russia suffered , Nicholas still believed in , and expected , a final victory , maintaining an image of the racial inferiority and military weakness of the Japanese . As Russia faced imminent defeat by the Japanese , the call for peace grew . Nicholas 's own mother , as well as his cousin , Emperor Wilhelm II , urged Nicholas to open peace negotiations . Despite the efforts for peace , Nicholas remained evasive , sending a telegram to the Kaiser on 10 October that it was his intent to keep on fighting until the Japanese were driven from Manchuria . It was not until 27 -- 28 May 1905 and the annihilation of the Russian fleet by the Japanese , that Nicholas finally decided to sue for peace . Nicholas II accepted American mediation , appointing Sergei Witte chief plenipotentiary for the peace talks . The war was ended by the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth . Anti-jewish pogroms of 1903 -- 1906 ( edit ) Main article : Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire The Kishinev newspaper Bessarabets , which published anti-Semitic materials , received funds from Viacheslav Plehve , Minister of the Interior . These publications served to fuel the Kishinev pogrom ( rioting ) . The government of Nicholas II formally condemned the rioting and dismissed the regional governor , with the perpetrators arrested and punished by the court . Leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church also condemned anti-Semitic pogroms . Appeals to the faithful condemning the pogroms were read publicly in all churches of Russia . In private Nicholas expressed his admiration for the mobs , viewing anti-Semitism as a useful tool for unifying the people behind his regime ; however in 1911 he approved of government efforts to prevent anti-Semitic pogroms following the assassination of Pyotr Stolypin by the Jewish revolutionary Dmitry Bogrov . Bloody Sunday ( 1905 ) ( edit ) Main article : Bloody Sunday ( 1905 ) Play media Tsar Nicholas of Russia mounts his horse ( 1905 ? ) , unknown cinematographer of the Edison Manufacturing Company A few days prior to Bloody Sunday ( 9 ( 22 ) January 1905 ) , the priest and labor leader Georgy Gapon informed the government of the forthcoming procession to the Winter Palace to hand a workers ' petition to the Tsar . On Saturday , 8 ( 21 ) January , the ministers convened to consider the situation . There was never any thought that the Tsar , who had left the capital for Tsarskoye Selo on the advice of the ministers , would actually meet Gapon ; the suggestion that some other member of the imperial family receive the petition was rejected . Finally informed by the Prefect of Police that he lacked the men to pluck Gapon from among his followers and place him under arrest , the newly appointed Minister of the Interior , Prince Sviatopolk - Mirsky , and his colleagues decided to bring additional troops to reinforce the city . That evening Nicholas wrote in his diary , `` Troops have been brought from the outskirts to reinforce the garrison . Up to now the workers have been calm . Their number is estimated at 120,000 . At the head of their union is a kind of socialist priest named Gapon . Mirsky came this evening to present his report on the measures taken . '' On Sunday , 9 ( 22 ) January 1905 , Gapon began his march . Locking arms , the workers marched peacefully through the streets . Some carried religious icons and banners , as well as national flags and portraits of the Tsar . As they walked , they sang hymns and the Imperial anthem , God Save The Tsar . At 2 pm all of the converging processions were scheduled to arrive at the Winter Palace . There was no single confrontation with the troops . Throughout the city , at bridges on strategic boulevards , the marchers found their way blocked by lines of infantry , backed by Cossacks and Hussars ; and the soldiers opened fire on the crowd . The official number of victims was 92 dead and several hundred wounded . Gapon vanished and the other leaders of the march were seized . Expelled from the capital , they circulated through the empire , increasing the casualties . As bullets riddled their icons , their banners and their portraits of Nicholas , the people shrieked , `` The Tsar will not help us ! '' Outside Russia , the future British Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald attacked the Tsar , calling him a `` blood - stained creature and a common murderer '' . That evening Nicholas wrote in his diary : Difficult day ! In St. Petersburg there were serious disturbances due to the desire of workers to get to the Winter Palace . The troops had to shoot in different places of the city , there were many dead and wounded . Lord , how painful and bad ! His younger sister , Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna , wrote afterwards : Nicky had the police report a few days before . That Saturday he telephoned my mother at the Anitchkov and said that she and I were to leave for Gatchina at once . He and Alicky went to Tsarskoye Selo . Insofar as I remember , my Uncles Vladimir and Nicholas were the only members of the family left in St. Petersburg , but there may have been others . I felt at the time that all those arrangements were hideously wrong . Nicky 's ministers and the Chief of Police had it all their way . My mother and I wanted him to stay in St. Petersburg and to face the crowd . I am positive that , for all the ugly mood of some of the workmen , Nicky 's appearance would have calmed them . They would have presented their petition and gone back to their homes . But that wretched Epiphany incident had left all the senior officials in a state of panic . They kept on telling Nicky that he had no right to run such a risk , that he owed it to the country to leave the capital , that even with the utmost precautions taken there might always be some loophole left . My mother and I did all we could to persuade him that the ministers ' advice was wrong , but Nicky preferred to follow it and he was the first to repent when he heard of the tragic outcome . From his hiding place Gapon issued a letter , stating `` Nicholas Romanov , formerly Tsar and at present soul - murderer of the Russian empire . The innocent blood of workers , their wives and children lies forever between you and the Russian people ... May all the blood which must be spilled fall upon you , you Hangman . I call upon all the socialist parties of Russia to come to an immediate agreement among themselves and bring an armed uprising against Tsarism . '' 1905 Revolution ( edit ) Main article : 1905 Russian Revolution Nicholas II visiting the Finland Guard Regiment , 1905 Confronted with growing opposition and after consulting with Witte and Prince Sviatopolk - Mirsky , the Tsar issued a reform ukase on December 25 , 1904 with vague promises . In hopes of cutting short the rebellion , many demonstrators were shot on Bloody Sunday ( 1905 ) as they tried to march to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg . Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov was ordered to take drastic measures to stop the revolutionary activity . Grand Duke Sergei was killed in February by a revolutionary 's bomb in Moscow as he left the Kremlin . On 3 March the Tsar condemned the revolutionaries . Meanwhile , Witte recommended that a manifesto be issued . Schemes of reform would be elaborated by Goremykin and a committee consisting of elected representatives of the zemstvos and municipal councils under the presidency of Witte . In June the battleship Potemkin , part of the Black Sea Fleet , mutinied . Around August / September , after his diplomatic success on ending the Russo - Japanese War , Witte wrote to the Tsar stressing the urgent need for political reforms at home . The Tsar remained quiet impassive and indulgent ; he spent most of that autumn hunting . With the defeat of Russia by a non-Western power , the prestige and authority of the autocratic regime fell significantly . Tsar Nicholas II , taken by surprise by the events , reacted with anger and bewilderment . He wrote to his mother after months of disorder : It makes me sick to read the news ! Nothing but strikes in schools and factories , murdered policemen , Cossacks and soldiers , riots , disorder , mutinies . But the ministers , instead of acting with quick decision , only assemble in council like a lot of frightened hens and cackle about providing united ministerial action ... ominous quiet days began , quiet indeed because there was complete order in the streets , but at the same time everybody knew that something was going to happen -- the troops were waiting for the signal , but the other side would not begin . One had the same feeling , as before a thunderstorm in summer ! Everybody was on edge and extremely nervous and of course , that sort of strain could not go on for long ... We are in the midst of a revolution with an administrative apparatus entirely disorganized , and in this lies the main danger . In October a railway strike developed into a general strike which paralysed the country . In a city without electricity , Witte told Nicholas II `` that the country was at the verge of a cataclysmic revolution '' . According to Orlando Figes the Tsar asked his uncle Grand Duke Nicholas to assume the role of dictator . `` But the Grand Duke ... took out a revolver and threatened to shoot himself there and then if the Tsar refused to endorse Witte 's memorandum . '' Nicholas II had no choice but to make a number of steps in the constitutional liberal direction . The Tsar accepted the draft , hurriedly outlined by Aleksei D. Obolensky . The Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias was forced to sign the October Manifesto agreeing to the establishment of the Imperial Duma , and to give up part of his unlimited autocracy . For the next six months , Witte was the Prime Minister . According to Harold Williams : `` That government was almost paralyzed from the beginning . On 26 October ( O.S. ) the Tsar appointed Trepov Master of the Palace ( without consulting Witte ) , and had daily contact with the Emperor ; his influence at court was paramount . On 1 November 1905 , ( O.S. ) Princess Milica of Montenegro presented Grigori Rasputin to Tsar Nicholas and his wife at Peterhof Palace . Relationship with the Duma ( edit ) One ruble silver Coin of Emperor Nicholas II , dated 1898 , with the Imperial coat - of - arms on the reverse . The Russian inscription reads : B ( ozheyu ) M ( ilostyu ) Nikolay Imperator i Samoderzhets Vse ( ya ) Ross ( ii ). ( iyskiy ) . The English translation is , `` By the grace of God , Nicholas II , Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias . '' Under pressure from the attempted 1905 Russian Revolution , on 5 August of that year Nicholas II issued a manifesto about the convocation of the State Duma , known as the Bulygin Duma , initially thought to be an advisory organ . In the October Manifesto , the Tsar pledged to introduce basic civil liberties , provide for broad participation in the State Duma , and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers . He was determined , however , to preserve his autocracy even in the context of reform . This was signalled in the text of the 1906 constitution . He was described as the supreme autocrat , and retained sweeping executive powers , also in church affairs . His cabinet ministers were not allowed to interfere or assist each other ; they were responsible only to him . Nicholas 's relations with the Duma were poor . The First Duma , with a majority of Kadets , almost immediately came into conflict with him . Scarcely had the 524 members sat down at the Tauride Palace when they formulated an ' Address to the Throne ' . It demanded universal suffrage , radical land reform , the release of all political prisoners and the dismissal of ministers appointed by the Tsar in favour of ministers acceptable to the Duma . Grand Duchess Olga , Nicholas 's sister , later wrote : There was such gloom at Tsarskoye Selo . I did not understand anything about politics . I just felt everything was going wrong with the country and all of us . The October Constitution did not seem to satisfy anyone . I went with my mother to the first Duma . I remember the large group of deputies from among peasants and factory people . The peasants looked sullen . But the workmen were worse : they looked as though they hated us . I remember the distress in Alicky 's eyes . Minister of the Court Count Vladimir Frederiks commented , `` The Deputies , they give one the impression of a gang of criminals who are only waiting for the signal to throw themselves upon the ministers and cut their throats . I will never again set foot among those people . '' The Dowager Empress noticed `` incomprehensible hatred . '' Although Nicholas initially had a good relationship with his prime minister , Sergei Witte , Alexandra distrusted him as he had instigated an investigation of Grigori Rasputin and , as the political situation deteriorated , Nicholas dissolved the Duma . The Duma was populated with radicals , many of whom wished to push through legislation that would abolish private property ownership , among other things . Witte , unable to grasp the seemingly insurmountable problems of reforming Russia and the monarchy , wrote to Nicholas on 14 April 1906 resigning his office ( however , other accounts have said that Witte was forced to resign by the Emperor ) . Nicholas was not ungracious to Witte and an Imperial Rescript was published on 22 April creating Witte a Knight of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky with diamonds ( the last two words were written in the Emperor 's own hand , followed by `` I remain unalterably well - disposed to you and sincerely grateful , for ever more Nicholas . '' ) . A second Duma met for the first time in February 1907 . The leftist parties -- including the Social Democrats and the Social Revolutionaries , who had boycotted the First Duma -- had won 200 seats in the Second , more than a third of the membership . Again Nicholas waited impatiently to rid himself of the Duma . In two letters to his mother he let his bitterness flow : A grotesque deputation is coming from England to see liberal members of the Duma . Uncle Bertie informed us that they were very sorry but were unable to take action to stop their coming . Their famous `` liberty '' , of course . How angry they would be if a deputation went from us to the Irish to wish them success in their struggle against their government . A little while later he further wrote : All would be well if everything said in the Duma remained within its walls . Every word spoken , however , comes out in the next day 's papers which are avidly read by everyone . In many places the populace is getting restive again . They begin to talk about land once more and are waiting to see what the Duma is going to say on the question . I am getting telegrams from everywhere , petitioning me to order a dissolution , but it is too early for that . One has to let them do something manifestly stupid or mean and then -- slap ! And they are gone ! Nicholas II , Stolypin and the Jewish delegation during the Tsar 's visit to Kiev in 1911 After the Second Duma resulted in similar problems , the new prime minister Pyotr Stolypin ( whom Witte described as `` reactionary '' ) unilaterally dissolved it , and changed the electoral laws to allow for future Dumas to have a more conservative content , and to be dominated by the liberal - conservative Octobrist Party of Alexander Guchkov . Stolypin , a skilful politician , had ambitious plans for reform . These included making loans available to the lower classes to enable them to buy land , with the intent of forming a farming class loyal to the crown . Nevertheless , when the Duma remained hostile , Stolypin had no qualms about invoking Article 87 of the Fundamental Laws , which empowered the Tsar to issue ' urgent and extraordinary ' emergency decrees ' during the recess of the State Duma ' . Stolypin 's most famous legislative act , the change in peasant land tenure , was promulgated under Article 87 . The third Duma remained an independent body . This time the members proceeded cautiously . Instead of hurling themselves at the government , opposing parties within the Duma worked to develop the body as a whole . In the classic manner of the British Parliament , the Duma reached for power grasping for the national purse strings . The Duma had the right to question ministers behind closed doors as to their proposed expenditures . These sessions , endorsed by Stolypin , were educational for both sides , and , in time , mutual antagonism was replaced by mutual respect . Even the sensitive area of military expenditure , where the October Manifesto clearly had reserved decisions to the throne , a Duma commission began to operate . Composed of aggressive patriots no less anxious than Nicholas to restore the fallen honour of Russian arms , the Duma commission frequently recommended expenditures even larger than those proposed . With the passage of time , Nicholas also began to have confidence in the Duma . `` This Duma can not be reproached with an attempt to seize power and there is no need at all to quarrel with it , '' he said to Stolypin in 1909 . Nevertheless , Stolypin 's plans were undercut by conservatives at court . Reactionaries such as Prince Vladimir Nikolayevich Orlov never tired of telling the Tsar that the very existence of the Duma was a blot on the autocracy , which Tsaritsa Alexandra had always believed anyway . Stolypin , they whispered , was a traitor and secret revolutionary who was conniving with the Duma to steal the prerogatives assigned the Tsar by God . Witte also engaged in constant intrigue against Stolypin . Although Stolypin had had nothing to do with Witte 's fall , Witte blamed him . Stolypin had unwittingly angered the Tsaritsa . He had ordered an investigation into Rasputin and presented it to the Tsar , who read it but did nothing . Stolypin , on his own authority , ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg . Alexandra protested vehemently but Nicholas refused to overrule his Prime Minister , who had more influence with the Emperor . By the time of Stolypin 's assassination by Dmitry Bogrov , a student ( and police informant ) in a theatre in Kiev on 18 September 1911 , Stolypin had grown weary of the burdens of office . For a man who preferred clear decisive action , working with a sovereign who believed in fatalism and mysticism was frustrating . As an example , Nicholas once returned a document unsigned with the note : Despite most convincing arguments in favour of adopting a positive decision in this matter , an inner voice keeps on insisting more and more that I do not accept responsibility for it . So far my conscience has not deceived me . Therefore I intend in this case to follow its dictates . I know that you , too , believe that `` a Tsar 's heart is in God 's hands . '' Let it be so . For all laws established by me I bear a great responsibility before God , and I am ready to answer for my decision at any time . Grigori Rasputin Alexandra , believing that Stolypin had severed the bonds that her son depended on for life , hated the Prime Minister . In March 1911 , in a fit of anger stating that he no longer commanded the imperial confidence , Stolypin asked to be relieved of his office . Two years earlier when Stolypin had casually mentioned resigning to Nicholas he was informed : `` This is not a question of confidence or lack of it . It is my will . Remember that we live in Russia , not abroad ... and therefore I shall not consider the possibility of any resignation . '' It never got that far . On 18 September 1911 , in a procession where Stolypin 's car was unprotected , Rasputin had coincidentally returned from his exile . As Stolypin 's car passed him , Rasputin cried out in a loud voice , `` Death is after him ! Death is driving behind him ! '' Bogrov would later assassinate Stolypin in the Kiev theatre that night . In 1912 , a fourth Duma was elected with almost the same membership as the third . `` The Duma started too fast . Now it is slower , but better , and more lasting , '' stated Nicholas to Sir Bernard Pares . The First World War developed badly for Russia . By late 1916 , Romanov family desperation reached the point that Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich , younger brother of Alexander III and the Tsar 's only surviving uncle , was deputed to beg Nicholas to grant a constitution and a government responsible to the Duma. Nicholas sternly and adamantly refused , reproaching his uncle for asking him to break his coronation oath to maintain autocratic power for his successors . In the Duma on 2 December 1916 , Vladimir Purishkevich , a fervent patriot , monarchist and war worker , denounced the dark forces which surrounded the throne in a thunderous two - hour speech which was tumultuously applauded . `` Revolution threatens , '' he warned , `` and an obscure peasant shall govern Russia no longer ! '' Tsarevich Alexei 's illness and Rasputin ( edit ) Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich , c. 1913 Further complicating domestic matters was the matter of the succession . Alexandra bore Nicholas four daughters , the Grand Duchess Olga in 1895 , the Grand Duchess Tatiana in 1897 , Grand Duchess Maria in 1899 , and Grand Duchess Anastasia in 1901 , before their son Alexei was born on 12 August 1904 . The young heir was afflicted with Haemophilia B , a hereditary disease that prevents blood from clotting properly , which at that time was untreatable and usually led to an untimely death . As a granddaughter of Queen Victoria , Alexandra carried the same gene mutation that afflicted several of the major European royal houses , such as Prussia and Spain . Hemophilia therefore became known as `` the royal disease '' . Through Alexandra the disease had passed on to her son . As all of Nicholas and Alexandra 's daughters perished with their parents and brother in Yekaterinburg in 1918 , it is not known whether any of them inherited the gene as carriers . Because of the fragility of the autocracy at this time , Nicholas and Alexandra chose not to divulge Alexei 's condition to anyone outside the imperial household . In fact , there were many in the household who were unaware of the exact nature of the Tsarevich 's illness . At first Alexandra turned to Russian doctors and medics to treat Alexei ; however , their treatments generally failed , and Alexandra increasingly turned to mystics and holy men ( or starets as they were called in Russian ) . One of these starets , an illiterate Siberian named Grigori Rasputin , appeared to have some success . Rasputin 's influence over Empress Alexandra , and consequently the Tsar himself , had grown stronger ever since 1912 , when the Tsarevich nearly died from an injury while the family was on vacation at the hunting lodges at Białowieża and Spała ( Poland ) . The bleeding grew steadily worse until it was assumed that the Tsarevich would not survive , and the Last Sacrament was administered on 10 October 1912 . In desperation Alexandra called upon Rasputin as a last resort , to which he replied , `` God has seen your tears and heard your prayers . Do not grieve . The Little One will not die . Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much . '' The haemorrhage stopped the very next day and the boy began to recover . Alexandra took this as a sign that Rasputin was a starets and that God was with him ; for the rest of her life she would fervently defend him and turn her wrath against anyone who dared to question him . European affairs ( edit ) Nicholas II and his son Alexei aboard the Imperial yacht Standart , during King Edward VII 's state visit to Russia in Tallin , 1908 In 1907 , to counter perceived German aggression , Russia and Great Britain signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . Great Britain had already entered into the Entente cordiale with France in 1904 , and the Anglo - Russian convention led to the formation of the Triple Entente . The following year , in May 1908 , Nicholas and Alexandra 's shared `` Uncle Bertie '' and `` Aunt Alix , '' Britain 's King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra made a state visit to Russia , being the first reigning British monarchs to do so . However , they did not set foot on Russian soil . Instead , they stayed aboard their yachts , meeting off the coast of modern - day Tallinn . Later that year , Nicholas was taken off guard by the news that his foreign minister , Alexander Izvolsky had entered into a secret agreement with the Austro - Hungarian foreign minister , Count Alois von Aehrenthal , agreeing that , in exchange for Russian naval access to the Dardanelles and the Bosporus Strait , Russia would not oppose the Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , a revision of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin . When Austria - Hungary did annex this territory that October , it precipitated the diplomatic crisis . When Russia protested about the annexation , the Austrians threatened to leak secret communications between Izvolsky and Aehernthal , prompting Nicholas to complain in a letter to the Austrian emperor , Franz Joseph , about a breach of confidence . In 1909 , in the wake of the Anglo - Russian convention , the Russian imperial family made a visit to England , staying on the Isle of Wight for Cowes Week . In 1913 , during the Balkan Wars , Nicholas personally offered to arbitrate between Serbia and Bulgaria . However , the Bulgarians rejected his offer . Also in 1913 , Nicholas , albeit without Alexandra , made a visit to Berlin for the wedding of Kaiser Wilhelm II 's daughter , Princess Victoria Louise , to a maternal cousin of Nicholas , Ernest Augustus , the Duke of Brunswick . Nicholas was also joined by his cousin , King George V and his wife , Queen Mary . The tercentenary ( edit ) Main article : Romanov Tercentenary In February 1913 , Nicholas presided over the tercentenary celebrations for the Romanov Dynasty . On 21 February , a Te Deum took place at Kazan Cathedral , and a state reception at the Winter Palace . In May , Nicholas and the imperial family made a pilgrimage across the empire , retracing the route down the Volga River that was made by the teenage Michael Romanov from the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma to Moscow in 1613 when he finally agreed to become tsar . First World war ( edit ) On 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo . Nicholas vacillated as to Russia 's course of action . The outbreak of war was not inevitable , but leaders , diplomats and nineteenth - century alliances created a climate for large - scale conflict . The concept of Pan-Slavism and shared ethnicity created strong public sympathy between Russia and Serbia . Territorial conflict created rivalries between Germany and France and between Austria and Serbia , and as a consequence alliance networks developed across Europe . The Triple Entente and Triple Alliance networks were set before the war . Nicholas wanted neither to abandon Serbia to the ultimatum of Austria - Hungary , nor to provoke a general war . In a series of letters exchanged with Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany ( the so - called `` Willy and Nicky correspondence '' ) the two proclaimed their desire for peace , and each attempted to get the other to back down . Nicholas desired that Russia 's mobilization be only against the Austrian border , in the hopes of preventing war with the German Empire . Nicholas II ( right ) with Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany in 1905 . Nicholas is wearing a German Army uniform , while Wilhelm wears that of a Russian hussar regiment . On 25 July 1914 , the council of ministers was held in Krasnoye Selo at which Tsar Nicholas II decided to intervene in the Austro - Serbian conflict , a step toward general war . He put the Russian army on `` alert '' on 25 July . Although this was not general mobilization , it threatened the German and Austrian borders and looked like military preparation for war . However , his army had no contingency plans for a partial mobilization , and on 30 July 1914 Nicholas took the fateful step of confirming the order for general mobilization , despite being strongly counselled against it . On 28 July , Austria - Hungary formally declared war against Serbia . On 29 July 1914 , Nicholas II sent a telegram to Wilhelm II ( The Willy - Nicky Correspondence ) , with the suggestion to submit the Austro - Serbian problem to the Hague Conference ( in Hague tribunal ) . Wilhelm II did not address the question of the Hague Conference in his subsequent reply . Count Witte told the French Ambassador , Maurice Paléologue that from Russia 's point of view the war was madness , Slav solidarity was simply nonsense and Russia could hope for nothing from the war . On 30 July , Russia ordered general mobilisation , but still maintained that it would not attack if peace talks were to begin . Germany , reacting to the discovery of Russian partial mobilisation ordered on 25 July , announced its own pre-mobilisation posture , the Imminent Danger of War . Germany requested that Russia must demobilise within the next twelve hours . In Saint Petersburg , at 7pm , with the ultimatum to Russia expired , the German ambassador to Russia met with the Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov , asked three times if Russia would reconsider , and then with shaking hands , delivered the note accepting Russia 's war challenge and declaring war on 1 August . Less than a week later , on 6 August , Franz Joseph I of Austria signed the Austro Hungarian declaration of war on Russia . The outbreak of war on 1 August 1914 found Russia grossly unprepared . Russia and her allies placed their faith in her army , the famous ' Russian steamroller ' . Its pre-war regular strength was 1,400,000 ; mobilisation added 3,100,000 reserves and millions more stood ready behind them . In every other respect , however , Russia was unprepared for war . Germany had ten times as much railway track per square mile , and whereas Russian soldiers travelled an average of 1,290 kilometres ( 800 mi ) to reach the front , German soldiers travelled less than a quarter of that distance . Russian heavy industry was still too small to equip the massive armies the Tsar could raise , and her reserves of munitions were pitifully small ; while the German army in 1914 was better equipped than any other , man - for - man , the Russians were severely short on artillery pieces , shells , motorised transports , and even boots . With the Baltic Sea barred by German U-boats and the Dardanelles by the guns of Germany 's ally , the Ottoman Empire , Russia initially could receive help only via Archangel , which was frozen solid in winter , or via Vladivostok , which was over 6,400 kilometres ( 4,000 mi ) from the front line . By 1915 , a rail line was built north from Petrozavodsk to the Kola Gulf and this connection laid the foundation of the ice - free port of what eventually was called Murmansk . The Russian High Command was moreover greatly weakened by the mutual contempt between Vladimir Sukhomlinov , the Minister of War , and the redoubtable warrior giant Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich who commanded the armies in the field . In spite of all of this , an immediate attack was ordered against the German province of East Prussia . The Germans mobilised there with great efficiency and completely defeated the two Russian armies which had invaded . The Battle of Tannenberg , where an entire Russian army was annihilated , cast an ominous shadow over the empire 's future . The loyal officers lost were the very ones needed to protect the dynasty . The Russian armies had great success against both the Austro - Hungarian and Ottoman armies from the very beginning of the war , but they never succeeded against the might of the German Army . In September 1914 , in order to relieve pressure on France , the Russians were forced to halt a successful offensive against Austria - Hungary in Galicia in order to attack German - held Silesia . Russian prisoners at the Battle of Tannenberg , where the Russian Second Army was annihilated by German forces Gradually a war of attrition set in on the vast Eastern Front , where the Russians were facing the combined forces of the German and Austro - Hungarian Empires , and they suffered staggering losses . General Denikin , retreating from Galicia wrote , `` The German heavy artillery swept away whole lines of trenches , and their defenders with them . We hardly replied . There was nothing with which we could reply . Our regiments , although completely exhausted , were beating off one attack after another by bayonet ... Blood flowed unendingly , the ranks became thinner and thinner and thinner . The number of graves multiplied . '' On 5 August , with the Russian army in retreat , Warsaw fell . Defeat at the front bred disorder at home . At first , the targets were German , and for three days in June shops , bakeries , factories , private houses and country estates belonging to people with German names were looted and burned . The inflamed mobs then turned on the government , declaring the Empress should be shut up in a convent , the Tsar deposed and Rasputin hanged . Nicholas was by no means deaf to these discontents . An emergency session of the Duma was summoned , and a Special Defense Council established , its members drawn from the Duma and the Tsar 's ministers . In July 1915 , King Christian X of Denmark , first cousin of the Tsar , sent Hans Niels Andersen to Tsarskoye Selo with an offer to act as a mediator . He made several trips between London , Berlin and Petrograd and in July saw the Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna . Andersen told her they should conclude peace . Nicholas chose to turn down King Christian 's offer of mediation , as he felt it would be a betrayal for Russia to form a separate peace treaty with the Central Powers when its allies Britain and France were still fighting . The energetic and efficient General Alexei Polivanov replaced Sukhomlinov as Minister of War , which failed to improve the strategic situation . In the aftermath of the Great Retreat and the loss of the Kingdom of Poland , Nicholas assumed the role of commander - in - chief after dismissing his cousin , Nikolay Nikolayevich , in September 1915 . This was a mistake , as the Tsar came to be personally associated with the continuing losses at the front . He was also away at the remote HQ at Mogilev , far from the direct governance of the empire , and when revolution broke out in Petrograd he was unable to halt it . In reality the move was largely symbolic , since all important military decisions were made by his chief - of - staff General Michael Alexeiev , and Nicholas did little more than review troops , inspect field hospitals , and preside over military luncheons . Nicholas II with his family in Yevpatoria , Crimea , May 1916 The Duma was still calling for political reforms and political unrest continued throughout the war . Cut off from public opinion , Nicholas could not see that the dynasty was tottering . With Nicholas at the front , domestic issues and control of the capital were left with his wife Alexandra . However , Alexandra 's relationship with Grigori Rasputin , and her German background , further discredited the dynasty 's authority . Nicholas had been repeatedly warned about the destructive influence of Rasputin but had failed to remove him . Rumors and accusations about Alexandra and Rasputin appeared one after another ; Alexandra was even accused of harboring treasonous sympathies towards Germany . Anger at Nicholas 's failure to act and the extreme damage that Rasputin 's influence was doing to Russia 's war effort and to the monarchy led to Rasputin 's eventual murder by a group of nobles , led by Prince Felix Yusupov and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich , a cousin of the Tsar , in the early morning of Saturday 17 December 1916 ( O.S. ) / 30 December 1916 ( N.S. ) . Collapse ( edit ) As the government failed to produce supplies , mounting hardship created massive riots and rebellions . With Nicholas away at the front from 1915 through 1916 , authority appeared to collapse and the capital was left in the hands of strikers and mutineering conscript soldiers . Despite efforts by the British Ambassador Sir George Buchanan to warn the Tsar that he should grant constitutional reforms to fend off revolution , Nicholas continued to bury himself away at the Staff HQ ( Stavka ) 600 kilometres ( 400 mi ) away at Moghilev , leaving his capital and court open to intrigues and insurrection . By early 1917 , Russia was on the verge of total and utter collapse . The army had taken 15 million men from the farms and food prices had soared . An egg cost four times what it had in 1914 , butter five times as much . The severe winter dealt the railways , overburdened by emergency shipments of coal and supplies , the final blow . Russia began the war with 20,000 locomotives ; by 1917 , 9,000 were in service , while the number of serviceable railway wagons had dwindled from half a million to 170,000 . In February 1917 , 1,200 locomotives burst their boilers and nearly 60,000 wagons were immobilised . In Petrograd , supplies of flour and fuel had all but disappeared . War - time prohibition of alcohol was enacted by Nicholas to boost patriotism and productivity , but instead damaged the treasury and funding of the war due to the treasury now being deprived of alcohol taxes . One of the last photographs of Nicholas II , showing him at Tsarskoye Selo after his abdication in March 1917 On 23 February 1917 in Petrograd , a combination of very severe cold weather and acute food shortages caused people to start to break shop windows to get bread and other necessities . In the streets , red banners appeared and the crowds chanted `` Down with the German woman ! Down with Protopopov ! Down with the war ! Down with the Tsar ! '' Police started to shoot at the populace from rooftops , which incited riots . The troops in the capital were poorly motivated and their officers had no reason to be loyal to the regime . They were angry and full of revolutionary fervor and sided with the populace . The Tsar 's Cabinet begged Nicholas to return to the capital and offered to resign completely . 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) away the Tsar , misinformed by the Minister of the Interior , Alexander Protopopov , that the situation was under control , ordered that firm steps be taken against the demonstrators . For this task , the Petrograd garrison was quite unsuitable . The cream of the old regular army had been destroyed in Poland and Galicia . In Petrograd , 170,000 recruits , country boys or older men from the working - class suburbs of the capital itself , remained to keep control under the command of wounded officers invalided from the front and cadets from the military academies . The units in the capital , although many bore the names of famous Imperial Guard regiments , were in reality rear or reserve battalions of these regiments , the regular units being away at the front . Many units , lacking both officers and rifles , had never undergone formal training . General Khabalov attempted to put the Tsar 's instructions into effect on the morning of Sunday , 11 March 1917 . Despite huge posters ordering people to keep off the streets , vast crowds gathered and were only dispersed after some 200 had been shot dead , though a company of the Volinsky Regiment fired into the air rather than into the mob and a company of the Pavlovsky Life Guards shot the officer who gave the command to open fire . Nicholas , informed of the situation by Rodzianko , ordered reinforcements to the capital and suspended the Duma. However , it was too late . On 12 March , the Volinsky Regiment mutinied and was quickly followed by the Semenovsky , the Ismailovsky , the Litovsky and even the legendary Preobrazhensky Regiment of the Imperial Guard , the oldest and staunchest regiment founded by Peter the Great . The arsenal was pillaged , the Ministry of the Interior , Military Government building , police headquarters , the Law Courts and a score of police buildings were put to the torch . By noon , the fortress of Peter and Paul , with its heavy artillery , was in the hands of the insurgents . By nightfall , 60,000 soldiers had joined the revolution . Order broke down and members of the Duma and the Soviet formed a Provisional Government to try to restore order . They issued a demand that Nicholas must abdicate . Faced with this demand , which was echoed by his generals , deprived of loyal troops , with his family firmly in the hands of the Provisional Government and fearful of unleashing civil war and opening the way for German conquest , Nicholas had little choice but to submit . Abdication ( 1917 ) ( edit ) At the end of the `` February Revolution '' of 1917 ( February in the Old Russian Calendar ) , on 2 March ( O.S. ) / 15 March ( N.S. ) 1917 , Nicholas II chose to abdicate . He first abdicated in favour of Alexei , but a few hours later changed his mind after advice from doctors that the Tsarevich would not live long separated from his parents , who would be forced into exile . Nicholas thus abdicated on behalf of his son , and drew up a new manifesto naming his brother , Grand Duke Michael , as the next Emperor of all the Russias . He issued the following statement ( which was suppressed by the Provisional Government ) : In the days of the great struggle against the foreign enemies , who for nearly three years have tried to enslave our fatherland , the Lord God has been pleased to send down on Russia a new heavy trial . Internal popular disturbances threaten to have a disastrous effect on the future conduct of this persistent war . The destiny of Russia , the honor of our heroic army , the welfare of the people and the whole future of our dear fatherland demand that the war should be brought to a victorious conclusion whatever the cost . The cruel enemy is making his last efforts , and already the hour approaches when our glorious army together with our gallant allies will crush him . In these decisive days in the life of Russia , We thought it Our duty of conscience to facilitate for Our people the closest union possible and a consolidation of all national forces for the speedy attainment of victory . In agreement with the Imperial Duma We have thought it well to renounce the Throne of the Russian Empire and to lay down the supreme power . As We do not wish to part from Our beloved son , We transmit the succession to Our brother , the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich , and give Him Our blessing to mount the Throne of the Russian Empire . We direct Our brother to conduct the affairs of state in full and inviolable union with the representatives of the people in the legislative bodies on those principles which will be established by them , and on which He will take an inviolable oath . In the name of Our dearly beloved homeland , We call on Our faithful sons of the fatherland to fulfill their sacred duty to the fatherland , to obey the Tsar in the heavy moment of national trials , and to help Him , together with the representatives of the people , to guide the Russian Empire on the road to victory , welfare , and glory . May the Lord God help Russia ! Grand Duke Michael declined to accept the throne until the people were allowed to vote through a Constituent Assembly for the continuance of the monarchy or a republic . The abdication of Nicholas II and the subsequent Bolshevik revolution brought three centuries of the Romanov dynasty 's rule to an end . The fall of autocratic Tsardom brought joy to Liberals and Socialists in Britain and France . The United States of America was the first foreign government to recognise the Provisional government . In Russia , the announcement of the Tsar 's abdication was greeted with many emotions . These included delight , relief , fear , anger and confusion . It is debatable whether Nicholas 's enforced abdication was actually legal , and whether he had the right to abdicate on behalf of his son . As Nicholas had already abdicated he was therefore merely a subject of his son , and only Grand Duke Michael as Regent had the right to change the succession . Some historians contend that Nicholas remained the Tsar , at least in theory , until his death . Imprisonment ( edit ) The Governor 's Mansion in Tobolsk , where the Romanov family was held in captivity between August 1917 and April 1918 Nicholas desperately wanted to go into exile in the United Kingdom following his abdication . The British government reluctantly offered the family asylum in the UK on 19 March 1917 , although it was suggested that it would be better for the Romanovs to go to a neutral country . News of the offer provoked uproar from the Labour Party and many Liberals , and the British ambassador Sir George Buchanan advised the government that the extreme left would use the ex-Tsar's presence `` as an excuse for rousing public opinion against us '' . The offer of asylum was withdrawn in April following objections by King George V who , acting on the advice of his secretary Arthur Bigge , 1st Baron Stamfordham , was worried that Nicholas 's presence in the UK might provoke an uprising like the previous year 's Easter Rising in Ireland . The French government declined to accept the Romanovs in view of increasing unrest on the Western Front and on the home front as a result of the ongoing war with Germany . The British ambassador in Paris , Lord Francis Bertie , advised the Foreign Secretary that the Romanovs would be unwelcome in France as the ex-Empress was regarded as pro-German . In the early summer of 1917 , after an improvement in the internal political situation in Russia , the Russian government approached the UK government on the issue of asylum and was informed the offer had been withdrawn due to the considerations of British internal politics . In August , the Kerensky government evacuated the Romanovs to Tobolsk in the Urals as a winter refuge to protect them from the rising tide of revolution , until the family could be sent abroad in the spring of 1918 via Japan . There they lived in the former Governor 's Mansion in considerable comfort . In October 1917 , however , the Bolsheviks seized power from Kerensky 's Provisional Government ; Nicholas followed the events in October with interest but not yet with alarm . Boris Soloviev , the husband of Maria Rasputin , was supposedly organizing rescue attempts with monarchical factions , but none occurred . Rumors persist that Soloviev was working for the Bolsheviks or the Germans , or both . Nicholas continued to underestimate Lenin 's importance . In the meantime he and his family occupied themselves with keeping warm . Conditions of imprisonment became more strict , and talk of putting Nicholas on trial grew more frequent . The Tsar was forbidden to wear epaulettes . On 1 March 1918 , the family was placed on soldier 's rations , which meant parting with ten devoted servants and giving up butter and coffee as luxuries . Nicholas and Alexandra were appalled by news of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , whereby Russia agreed to give up Poland , Finland , the Baltic States , the Ukraine , the Crimea and most of the Caucasus . What kept the family 's spirits up was the belief that help was at hand . The Romanovs believed that various plots were underway to break them out of captivity and smuggle them to safety . The Western Allies lost interest in the fate of the Romanovs after Russia left the war . The German government wanted the monarchy restored in Russia to crush the Bolsheviks and maintain good relations with the Central Powers . But on 30 April 1918 the Romanovs were transferred to their final destination : the town of Yekaterinburg , where they were imprisoned in the two - storey Ipatiev House , the home of the military engineer Nikolay Nikolayevich Ipatiev , which ominously became referred to as the `` house of special purpose '' . Execution ( edit ) See also : Execution of the Romanov family Russian imperial family ( between circa 1913 and circa 1914 ) There are several accounts of what happened and historians have not agreed on a solid , confirmed scope of events . According to the account of Yurovsky ( the chief executioner ) , in the early hours of 17 July 1918 , the royal family was awakened around 2 : 00 am , got dressed , and were led down into a half - basement room at the back of the Ipatiev house . The pretext for this move was the family 's safety , i.e. that anti-Bolshevik forces were approaching Yekaterinburg , and the house might be fired upon . Present with Nicholas , Alexandra and their children were their doctor and three of their servants , who had voluntarily chosen to remain with the family : the Tsar 's personal physician Eugene Botkin , his wife 's maid Anna Demidova , and the family 's chef , Ivan Kharitonov , and footman , Alexei Trupp . A firing squad had been assembled and was waiting in an adjoining room , composed of seven Communist soldiers from Central Europe , and three local Bolsheviks , all under the command of Bolshevik officer Yakov Yurovsky . Nicholas was carrying his son ; when the family arrived in the basement , the former empress complained that there were no chairs for them to sit on . Yurovsky ordered two chairs brought in , and when the empress and the heir were seated , the executioners filed into the room . Yurovsky announced to them that they had been condemned to death by the Ural Soviet of Workers ' Deputies . A stunned Nicholas asked , `` What ? What ? '' and turned toward his family . Yurovsky quickly repeated the order and shot the former emperor outright . The executioners drew handguns and the shooting began . Nicholas was the first to die ; Yurovsky shot him several times in the chest ( sometimes incorrectly said to have been in his head , but his skull bore no bullet wounds when it was discovered in 1991 ) . Anastasia , Tatiana , Olga , and Maria survived the first hail of bullets ; the sisters were wearing over 1.3 kilograms of diamonds and precious gems sewn into their clothing , which provided some initial protection from the bullets and bayonets . They were stabbed with bayonets and then shot at close range in their heads . An announcement from the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet of the Workers ' and Peasants ' Government emphasized that conspiracies had been exposed to free the ex-tsar , that counter-revolutionary forces were pressing in on Soviet Russian territory , and that the ex-tsar was guilty of unforgivable crimes against the nation . In view of the enemy 's proximity to Yekaterinburg and the exposure by the Cheka of a serious White Guard plot with the goal of abducting the former Tsar and his family ... In light of the approach of counterrevolutionary bands toward the Red capital of the Urals and the possibility of the crowned executioner escaping trial by the people ( a plot among the White Guards to try to abduct him and his family was exposed and the compromising documents will be published ) , the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet , fulfilling the will of the Revolution , resolved to shoot the former Tsar , Nikolai Romanov , who is guilty of countless , bloody , violent acts against the Russian people . Identification ( edit ) Yekaterinburg 's `` Church on the Blood '' , built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood In 1979 , the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II , Tsaritsa Alexandra , three of their daughters , and those of four non-family members killed with them , were discovered near Sverdlovsk ( Yekaterinburg ) by amateur archaeologist Alexander Avdonin . In January 1998 , the remains excavated from underneath the dirt road near Yekaterinburg were officially identified as those of Nicholas II and his family , excluding one daughter ( either Maria or Anastasia ) and Alexei . The identifications , including comparisons to a living relative , were performed by separate Russian , British and American scientists using DNA analysis concur and were found to be conclusive . In July 2007 , an amateur historian discovered bones near Yekaterinburg belonging to a boy and young woman . Prosecutors reopened the investigation into the deaths of the imperial family , and in April 2008 , DNA tests performed by a US laboratory proved that bone fragments exhumed in the Ural Mountains belonged to two children of Nicholas II , Alexei and a daughter . That same day it was announced by Russian authorities that remains from the entire family had been recovered . On 1 October 2008 , Supreme Court of Russia ruled that Nicholas II and his family were victims of political persecution and should be rehabilitated . In March 2009 , results of the DNA testing were published , confirming that the two bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Alexei and one of his sisters . Funeral ( edit ) After the DNA testing of 1998 , the remains of the Emperor and his immediate family were interred at St. Peter and Paul Cathedral , Saint Petersburg , on 17 July 1998 , on the eightieth anniversary of their executions . The ceremony was attended by Russian President Boris Yeltsin , who said , `` Today is a historic day for Russia . For many years , we kept quiet about this monstrous crime , but the truth has to be spoken . '' The British royal family was represented at the funeral by Prince Michael of Kent , and more than twenty ambassadors to Russia , including Sir Andrew Wood , Archbishop John Bukovsky , and Ernst - Jörg von Studnitz , were also in attendance . Sainthood ( edit ) Main article : Canonization of the Romanovs Saint Nicholas II of Russia Icon of Saint Nicholas II of Russia Tsar - Martyr Nicholas II of Russia Royal Passion - Bearer Tsar Nicholas II of Russia Venerated in Eastern Orthodox Church Canonized 1981 and 2000 by Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Russian Orthodox Church Major shrine Church on Blood , Yekaterinburg , Russia Feast 17 July In 1981 , Nicholas and his immediate family were recognised as martyred saints by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia . On 14 August 2000 , they were recognised by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church . This time they were not named as martyrs , since their deaths did not result immediately from their Christian faith ; instead , they were canonized as passion bearers . According to a statement by the Moscow synod , they were glorified as saints for the following reasons : In the last Orthodox Russian monarch and members of his family we see people who sincerely strove to incarnate in their lives the commands of the Gospel . In the suffering borne by the Royal Family in prison with humility , patience , and meekness , and in their martyrs ' deaths in Yekaterinburg in the night of 17 July 1918 was revealed the light of the faith of Christ that conquers evil . However , Nicholas 's canonization was controversial . The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad was split on the issue back in 1981 , some members suggesting that the emperor was a weak ruler and had failed to thwart the rise of the Bolsheviks . It was pointed out by one priest that martyrdom in the Russian Orthodox Church has nothing to do with the martyr 's personal actions but is instead related to why he or she was killed . The Russian Orthodox Church inside Russia rejected the family 's classification as martyrs because they were not killed on account of their religious faith . Religious leaders in both churches also had objections to canonising the Tsar 's family because they perceived him as a weak emperor whose incompetence led to the revolution and the suffering of his people and made him partially responsible for his own murder and those of his wife , children and servants . For these opponents , the fact that the Tsar was , in private life , a kind man and a good husband and father or a leader who showed genuine concern for the peasantry did not override his poor governance of Russia . Despite the original opposition , the Russian Orthodox Church inside Russia ultimately recognised the family as `` passion bearers , '' or people who met their deaths with Christian humility . Assessment ( edit ) Nicholas is generally considered to have been incompetent at the colossal task of ruling the enormous Russian Empire . Historian Barbara Tuchman gives a damning evaluation of his reign : ( The Russian Empire ) was ruled from the top by a sovereign who had but one idea of government -- to preserve intact the absolute monarchy bequeathed to him by his father -- and who , lacking the intellect , energy or training for his job , fell back on personal favorites , whim , simple mulishness , and other devices of the empty - headed autocrat . His father , Alexander III , who deliberately intended to keep his son uneducated in statecraft until the age of thirty , unfortunately miscalculated his own life expectancy , and died when Nicholas was twenty - six . The new Tsar had learned nothing in the interval , and the impression of imperturbability he conveyed was in reality apathy -- the indifference of a mind so shallow as to be all surface . When a telegram was brought to him announcing the annihilation of the Russian fleet at Tsushima , he read it , stuffed it in his pocket , and went on playing tennis . In Russia , Nicholas II faced widespread criticism after the victory of the Revolution . Pavel Bykov , who in Russia wrote the first full account about the downfall of the Tsar , denounced Nicholas as a `` tyrant , who paid with his life for the age - old repression and arbitrary rule of his ancestors over the Russian people , over the impoverished and blood - soaked country '' . Soviet - era historians noted that Nicholas II was not fit to be a statesman . It has been argued that he had a weak will and was manipulated by adventurist forces . His regime was condemned for extensive use of the army , police , and courts to destroy the revolutionary movement . He was criticised for fanning nationalism and chauvinism . With the punitive expeditions and courts - martial during the 1905 Revolution , the monarch became known as `` Nicholas the Bloody '' . Nicholas 's reign was seen as a time of suffering for Russians . Robert K. Massie provides a more sympathetic view of the Tsar : ... there still are those who for political or other reasons continue to insist that Nicholas was `` Bloody Nicholas '' . Most commonly , he is described as shallow , weak , stupid -- a one - dimensional figure presiding feebly over the last days of a corrupt and crumbling system . This , certainly , is the prevailing public image of the last Tsar . Historians admit that Nicholas was a `` good man '' -- the historical evidence of personal charm , gentleness , love of family , deep religious faith and strong Russian patriotism is too overwhelming to be denied -- but they argue that personal factors are irrelevant ; what matters is that Nicholas was a bad tsar ... Essentially , the tragedy of Nicholas II was that he appeared in the wrong place in history . Ancestry ( edit ) show Ancestors of Nicholas II of Russia 16 . Paul I of Russia 8 . Nicholas I of Russia 17 . Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg 4 . Alexander II of Russia 18 . Frederick William III of Prussia 9 . Princess Charlotte of Prussia 19 . Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg - Strelitz 2 . Alexander III of Russia 20 . Louis I , Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 10 . Louis II , Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 21 . Princess Louise of Hesse - Darmstadt 5 . Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 22 . Charles Louis , Hereditary Prince of Baden 11 . Princess Wilhelmine of Baden 23 . Princess Amalie of Hesse - Darmstadt 1 . Nicholas II of Russia 24 . Friedrich Karl Ludwig , Duke of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Beck 12 . Friedrich Wilhelm , Duke of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg 25 . Countess Friederike of Schlieben 6 . Christian IX of Denmark 26 . Prince Charles of Hesse - Kassel 13 . Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse - Kassel 27 . Princess Louise of Denmark and Norway 3 . Princess Dagmar of Denmark 28 . Prince Frederick of Hesse - Kassel 14 . Prince William of Hesse - Kassel 29 . Princess Caroline of Nassau - Usingen 7 . Princess Louise of Hesse - Kassel 30 . Frederick , Hereditary Prince of Denmark 15 . Princess Charlotte of Denmark 31 . Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg - Schwerin Titles , styles , honours and arms ( edit ) Styles of Nicholas II of Russia Reference style His Imperial Majesty Spoken style Your Imperial Majesty Alternative style Sir Titles and styles ( edit ) 18 May 1868 -- 13 March 1881 : His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia 13 March 1881 -- 1 November 1894 : His Imperial Highness The Tsesarevich of Russia 1 November 1894 -- 15 March 1917 : His Imperial Majesty The Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias 15 March 1917 -- 17 July 1918 : Nicholas Alexandrovich Romanov since 2000 : Saint Nicholas the Passion Bearer Nicholas II 's full title as Emperor , as set forth in Article 59 of the 1906 Constitution , was : `` By the Grace of God , We Nicholas , Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias , of Moscow , Kiev , Vladimir , Novgorod ; Tsar of Kazan , Tsar of Astrakhan , Tsar of Poland , Tsar of Siberia , Tsar of Tauric Chersonesus , Lord of Pskov , and Grand Prince of Smolensk , Lithuania , Volhynia , Podolia , and Finland ; Prince of Estonia , Livonia , Courland and Semigalia , Samogitia , Bielostok , Karelia , Tver , Yugor , Perm , Vyatka , Bogar and others ; Sovereign and Grand Prince of Nizhni Novgorod , Chernigov , Ryazan , Polotsk , Rostov , Jaroslavl , Beloozero , Udoria , Obdoria , Kondia , Vitebsk , Mstislav , and Ruler of all the Severian country ; Sovereign and Lord of Iveria , Kartalinia , the Kabardian lands and Armenian province : hereditary Sovereign and Possessor of the Circassian and Mountain Princes and of others ; Sovereign of Turkestan , Heir of Norway , Duke of Schleswig - Holstein , Stormarn , Dithmarschen , and Oldenburg , and so forth , and so forth , and so forth . '' Honours ( edit ) Emperor Nicholas II Land in a 1915 map of the Russian Empire . Back then it was believed that what is now Severnaya Zemlya was a single landmass . Emperor Nicholas II Land ( Russian : Земля Императора Николая II , Zemlya Imperatora Nikolaya II ) was discovered in 1913 by the Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition led by Boris Vilkitsky on behalf of the Russian Hydrographic Service . Still incompletely surveyed , the new territory was officially named in the Emperor 's honour by order of the Secretary of the Imperial Navy in 1914 . The archipelago was renamed `` Severnaya Zemlya '' in 1926 by the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union . Nicholas II in the uniform of Chevalier Guard Regiment , 1896 After his coronation , Nicholas II leaves Dormition Cathedral . The Chevalier Guard Lieutenant marching in front to the Tsar 's right is Carl Gustaf Mannerheim , later President of Finland . National honours ( edit ) He was Sovereign of the following orders : Order of St. Andrew Order of St. Alexander Nevsky Order of the White Eagle Order of St. Anne Order of St. Stanislaus , 1st class Order of St. Vladimir , 4th class Order of Saint George , 4th class King Chulalongkorn of Siam with Nicholas II in Saint Petersburg , during the king 's visit to Europe in 1897 Foreign ( edit ) Austria - Hungary : Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary ( 6 May 1884 ) Belgium : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold I ( 6 May 1884 ) Empire of Brazil : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross ( 19 September 1884 ) Emirate of Bukhara : Order of Noble Bukhara ( 2 November 1885 ) with diamonds ( 27 February 1889 ) Order of the Crown with brilliant characters ( 21 November 1893 ) Order of the Sun of Alexander ( 18 May 1898 ) Principality of Bulgaria : Grand Cross of the Order of St. Alexander ( 6 May 1884 ) Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius Denmark : Knight of the Order of the Elephant ( 6 May 1884 ) Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog ( 1894 ) Ethiopian Empire : Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon ( 30 June 1895 ) France : Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour ( 6 May 1884 ) German Empire : Baden : Knight Grand Cross of the House Order of Loyalty ( 15 May 1883 ) Bavaria : Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert ( 6 May 1884 ) Hesse and by Rhine : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ludwig ( 2 May 1884 ) Mecklenburg - Strelitz : Knight Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown ( 9 January 1879 ) Oldenburg : Knight Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis ( 15 April 1881 ) Prussia : Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Black Eagle ( 6 May 1884 ) Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach : Knight of the House Order of the White Falcon ( 15 May 1883 ) Württemberg : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown ( 6 May 1884 ) Kingdom of Greece : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer ( 6 May 1884 ) Holy See : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre ( Jerusalem Patriarchate ) ( 6 May 1884 ) Kingdom of Italy : Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation ( 6 May 1884 ) Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( 6 May 1884 ) Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy ( 6 May 1884 ) Gold Medal of Military Valour ( 1916 ) Empire of Japan : Order of the Rising Sun , Grand Cordon with Paulownia Flowers ( 4 September 1882 ) Mongolia : Order of the Precious Rod ( 1913 ) Kingdom of Montenegro : Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I Netherlands : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion ( 15 March 1881 ) Ottoman Empire : Grand Cross of the Order of Osmanieh ( 28 July 1884 ) Kingdom of Portugal : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Christ ( 15 May 1883 ) Qajar dynasty : Portrait of the Shah of Persia ( 28 July 1884 ) Qing dynasty : Order of the Double Dragon , studded with diamonds ( 22 April 1896 ) Kingdom of Romania : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania ( 6 May 1884 ) Order of Carol I ( 15 June 1906 ) Kingdom of Serbia : Grand Cross of the Order of Karađorđe 's Star ( 1910 ) Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sava Spain : 1,064 th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece ( 15 May 1883 ) Sweden : 469th Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Seraphim ( 19 May 1883 ) Thailand : Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri ( 8 March 1891 ) United Kingdom : 802nd Knight of the Order of the Garter ( 1893 ) Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order ( 6 September 1904 ) Royal Victorian Chain ( 1904 ) Nicholas II was granted honorary senior rank in a number of foreign armies , reciprocating by extending similar distinctions to a number of his fellow monarchs . These included the Imperial German , Spanish , Italian , Danish and British armies . He was Colonel - in - Chief of the Royal Scots Greys from 1894 until his death . On becoming Colonel - in - Chief he presented the Regiment with a white bearskin , now worn by the bass drummer of the Pipes and Drums of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards . The Imperial Russian anthem is still played at dinner nights in the Officers ' Mess , where there remains a portrait of the Tsar in Scots Greys uniform . Since his death , the Regiment has worn a black backing behind its cap badge as a symbol of mourning . Arms ( edit ) Lesser Coat of Arms of the Empire of Russia Children ( edit ) Image Name Birth Death Notes By Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine ( 6 June 1872 -- 17 July 1918 , married on 26 November 1894 ) Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna 15 November ( O.S. 3 November ) 1895 17 July 1918 Shot at Yekaterinburg by the Bolsheviks Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna 10 June ( O.S. 29 May ) 1897 Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna 26 June ( O.S. 14 June ) 1899 Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna 18 June ( O.S. 5 June ) 1901 Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich 12 August ( O.S. 30 July ) 1904 Wealth ( edit ) Estimates of Nicholas II 's personal wealth have been vastly exaggerated . As Emperor of All The Russias , and an autocrat , the resources under his command were virtually incalculable . However , the vast majority of this was owned by the state as Crown property ; the Romanov family 's personal wealth was only a small fraction of this . As monarch , the income of Nicholas was 24 million gold roubles per annum : this derived from a yearly allowance from the Treasury , and from the profits of Crown farmland . From this income , he had to fund staff , the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres , annuities for the royal family , pensions , bequests , and other outgoings . `` Before the end of the year , the Tsar was usually penniless ; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn . '' According to the Grand Marshal of the Court , Count Paul Benckendorff , the family 's total financial resources amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles . As a comparison , Prince Felix Yussupov estimated his family 's worth in real estate holdings alone as amounting to 50 million gold roubles . Documentaries and films ( edit ) See also : List of films about the Romanovs Several films about Nicholas II and his family have been made , including Anastasia ( 1956 ) , Nicholas and Alexandra ( 1971 ) , Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna ( 1986 ) , Rasputin : Dark Servant of Destiny ( 1996 HBO ) , Anastasia ( 1997 ) , and two Russian adaptations Assassin of the Tsar ( 1991 ) and The Romanovs : An Imperial Family ( 2000 ) . See also ( edit ) Saints portal Adolphe Kegresse Emperor railway station in Pushkin town Kegresse track Note ( edit ) ^ O.S. / N.S. Over the course of Nicholas 's life , two calendars were used : the Old Style Julian Calendar and the New Style Gregorian Calendar . Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1 February ( O.S. ) / 14 February ( N.S. ) 1918 . Jump up ^ O.S. 20 October 1894 Jump up ^ O.S. 2 March 1917 Jump up ^ O.S. 14 May 1896 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The date was 2 March 1917 in the Julian Calendar then in use in Russia , which is the same day as 15 March 1917 in the Gregorian Calendar used elsewhere at that time . Jump up ^ Woods , Alan ( 1999 ) `` The First Russian Revolution '' Archived June 30 , 2012 , at Archive.is in Bolshevism : The Road to Revolution by Alan Woods , Well Red Publications , ISBN 1900007053 ^ Jump up to : Kallistov , D.P. ( 1977 ) . History of the USSR in Three Parts : From the earliest times to the Great October Socialist Revolution . Progress Publishers . Jump up ^ Martin Vennard ( 27 June 2012 ) , Tsar Nicholas - exhibits from an execution , BBC News , retrieved 3 April 2017 Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 2003 ) . Wars and Population . University Press of the Pacific . ISBN 1410209458 Jump up ^ Lieven 1993 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Lieven 1993 , pp. 239 -- 241 Jump up ^ Lieven 1993 , pp. 242 -- 244 Jump up ^ A Reader 's Guide to Orthodox Icons The Icons that Canonized the Holy Royal Martyrs Jump up ^ New York Times ( 2000 ) Nicholas II And Family Canonized For Passion Jump up ^ `` Orthodox Terminology '' , Church of the Mother of God Jump up ^ The letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie : being confidential correspondence between Nicholas II , last of the Tsars , and his mother , Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna . Edward J. Bing ( ed . ) . London : Nicholson and Watson , 1937 . Jump up ^ Van Der Kiste , John ( 2003 ) The Romanovs : 1818 -- 1959 , Sutton Publishing , p. 151 Jump up ^ Clay , Catarine ( 2006 ) King , Kaiser , Tsar : Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War , Walker & Company , ISBN 0802716237 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Magnus , Philip ( 1964 ) King Edward the Seventh , E.P. Dutton & Co , p. 126 Jump up ^ 1 March 1881 in the Julian Calendar then in use in Russia , which is the same day as 13 March 1881 in the Gregorian Calendar used elsewhere at that time . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ King ( 1994 ) p. 54 Jump up ^ Kshessinska 1960 . Dancing in Petersburg . London , transl Haskell . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Pierre , Andre ( 1925 ) Journal Intime de Nicholas II , Paris : Payot , p. 45 Jump up ^ `` THE HEALTH OF THE CZAR '' . Western Daily Press . 15 February 1894 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ King ( 1994 ) p. 70 Jump up ^ `` The Czarewitch '' . St James 's Gazette. 30 July 1894 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ King ( 2006 ) p. 326 Jump up ^ `` THE CZAR AND PRINCESS ALIX . ANOTHER MANIFESTO '' . Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. 5 November 1894 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Figes , Orlando ( 1996 ) , A People 's Tragedy , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Feinstein , Elaine ( 2006 ) . Excerpt from Anna of All the Russias . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3378 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` CZAR ALEXANDER 'S FUNERAL '' . Sheffield Evening Telegraph . 20 November 1894 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) p. 42 . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) p. 44 Jump up ^ Warth , p. 20 Jump up ^ Figes , p. 165 Jump up ^ Pierre , Andre ( 1925 ) Journal Intime de Nicholas II , Paris : Payot , p. 127 Jump up ^ Radziwill , Catherine ( 1931 ) Nicholas II , The Last of the Tsars , London : Cassell And Company Ltd. , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Warth , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Massie ( 1967 ) p. 1017 Jump up ^ Warth , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ King ( 2006 ) p. 420 Jump up ^ King , Greg ( 2007 ) Twilight of Splendor : the Court of Queen Victoria in Her Diamond Jubilee Year , John Wiley & Sons , pp. 173 -- 175 Jump up ^ The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace , 1901 -- 1956 . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved on 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ King ( 2006 ) p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Kowner , Historical Dictionary of the Russo - Japanese War , p. 260 - 264 . Jump up ^ Warth , p. 67 Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Pale : The Pogroms of 1903 -- 1906 '' . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) pp. 94 -- 95 , 122 in Russian edition Jump up ^ Solzhenitsyn , Alexander ( 2001 ) Two hundred years together . Moscow . p. 329 Jump up ^ Figes , Orlando ( 1996 ) , A People 's Tragedy , pp. 197 -- 8 Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra ( 1967 ) p. 228 ^ Jump up to : Massie ( 1967 ) p. 124 ^ Jump up to : Massie ( 1967 ) pp. 124 -- 125 ^ Jump up to : Cf. : Massie ( 1967 ) p. 125 . -- Massie 's translation is not authentic . Jump up ^ `` State Archive of the Russian Federation , ф. 601. ОП. 1 , д. 248 . Diary of Nickolas Romanov. 9 January 1905 . ( ' ' in Russian ' ' ) '' . Militera.lib.ru . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vorres , Ian ( 1985 ) The Last Grand Duchess , London , Finedawn Publishers , p. 121 Jump up ^ Harold Williams , Shadow of Democracy , p. 11 , 22 Jump up ^ H. Williams , p. 77 Jump up ^ O. Figes A People 's Tragedy , p. 191 Jump up ^ Kenez , Peter ( 1999 ) A History of the Soviet Union From the Beginning to the End , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0521311985 , p. 7 . This was especially true among the illiterate peasantry or ' dark masses ' who although they followed their own ( almost pagan ) rituals , had until this point held complete naive faith in the Tsar . Jump up ^ Lyons , M ( 1974 ) Nicholas II , The Last Tsar , Routledge & Kegan Paul , ISBN 0710078021 , p. 116 Jump up ^ http://www.peoples.ru/state/politics/vitte/ Jump up ^ Features And Figures Of The Past Covernment And Opinion In The Reign Of Nicholas II Jump up ^ Witte 's Memoirs , p. 241 Jump up ^ `` Nicolas ' diary 1905 ( in Russian ) '' . Rus-sky.com . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) p. 243 ^ Jump up to : Massie ( 1967 ) p. 242 Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) p. 244 ^ Jump up to : Massie ( 1967 ) p. 245 ^ Jump up to : Massie ( 1967 ) p. 246 ^ Jump up to : Massie ( 1967 ) p. 247 . 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( 1991 ) Tsarist Russia during World War , Moscow : International Relations , pp. 155 , 156 ( in Russian ) ; 1st Edition : Paléologue M.G. La Russie des Tsars pendant la grande guerre. -- Paris : Plon , 1922 . ( Chapter XII ) ; Maurice Paléologue . An ambassador 's memoirs ( Volume 1 , Chapter VIII , see Sunday , 31 January 1915 ) Jump up ^ Buchanan , G. ( 1923 ) My Mission to Russia and other diplomatic memories . London : Cassell . p. 200 . Archive.org . Retrieved on 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1931 ) The unknown war . London : C. Scribner 's Sons , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) pp. 84 , 320 in Russian edition Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert . The First World War : A Complete History , 1994 , p. 27 Jump up ^ John Keegan . The First World War , 1998 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , The First World War , Vol I : To Arms ( 2001 ) , p. 85 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Richard F. and Herwig , Holger H. ( 2003 ) Origins of World War One , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0521817358 , p. 514 Jump up ^ Zubov , Andrei ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) History of Russia XX Century Volume I , 1894 -- 1939 , AST Publishers , p. 291 Jump up ^ Tames , p. 43 Jump up ^ Josef und Ulli . `` Germany during World War One '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tames , p. 42 Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 309 - 310 Jump up ^ Tames , p. 46 Jump up ^ Hall , C ( 2006 ) Little Mother of Russia , Holmes and Meier , ISBN 0841914222 , p. 264 Jump up ^ King , Greg and Wilson , Penny ( 2003 ) The Fate of the Romanovs , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 0471207683 ^ Jump up to : Tames , p. 52 Jump up ^ Warth , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Tames , p. 53 Jump up ^ Tames , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 461 Jump up ^ Gareth Russell ( 2014 ) . The Emperors : How Europe 's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War . Amberley . pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Rose , Kenneth King George V ( 1983 ) p. 210 Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 462 Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 487 Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 488 - 492 Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 493 - 494 Jump up ^ Tames , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 502 - 505 ^ Jump up to : Nicholas & Alexandra -- The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia , Booth - Clibborn Editions , 1998 , ISBN 1861540388 Jump up ^ Massie ( 1995 ) p. 8 . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1995 ) p. 6 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Kitchen Boy : A Novel of the Last Tsar . Penguin Group US . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20036 - 0 . Jump up ^ Telegraph quoted in The Kitchen Boy by Robert Alexander ( unpaginated ) . Jump up ^ Robert K. Massie ( 2012 ) . The Romanovs : The Final Chapter . Modern Library . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64563 - 4 . Jump up ^ Coble , MD . `` The identification of the Romanovs : Can we ( finally ) put the controversies to rest ? '' . Investig Genet. 2 : 20 . doi : 10.1186 / 2041 - 2223 - 2 - 20 . PMC 3205009 . PMID 21943354 . Jump up ^ `` Экспертиза подтвердила , что найденные останки принадлежат Николаю II '' ( in Russian ) . ITAR - TASS. 5 December 2008 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coble , M.D. ; Loreille , O.M. ; Wadhams , M.J. ; Edson , S.M. ; Maynard , K. ; Meyer , C.E. ; Niederstätter , H. ; Berger , C. ; Berger , B. ; Falsetti , A.B. ; Gill , P. ; Parson , W. ; Finelli , L.N. ( 2009 ) . `` Mystery Solved : The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis '' . PLoS ONE . 4 ( 3 ) : e4838 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0004838 . PMC 2652717 . PMID 19277206 . Jump up ^ `` Famous DNA '' . Isogg.org . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Parsons TJ , Muniec DS , Sullivan K , Woodyatt N , Alliston - Greiner R , Wilson MR , Berry DL , Holland KA , Weedn VW , Gill P , Holland MM ( 1997 ) . `` A high observed substitution rate in the human mitochondrial DNA control region '' . Nature Genetics . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / ng0497 - 363 . PMID 9090380 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 25 August 2007 ) . `` Bones found by Russian builder finally solve riddle of the missing Romanovs '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` DNA Confirms Remains of Tsar 's Children '' . CBS News . Associated Press . 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Details on further testing of the Imperial remains are contained in Rogaev , E.I. , Grigorenko , A.P. , Moliaka , I.K. , Faskhutdinova , G. , Goltsov , A. , Lahti , A. , Hildebrandt , C. , Kittler , E.L.W. and Morozova , I. , `` Genomic identification in historical case of the Nicholas II royal family . '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ BBC News . Russia 's last Tsar rehabilitated . Retrieved on 1 October 2008 Jump up ^ `` Last Tsar 's family rehabilitated '' . Russiatoday.com. 1 October 2008 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Last Tsar Declared Victim of Repression '' . TIME . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian Tsar 's children '' Archived March 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , CNN , 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Romanovs laid to rest '' . BBC News . 17 July 1998 . Jump up ^ 17 July 1998 : The funeral of Tsar Nicholas II at romanovfamily.org , accessed 11 August 2016 ^ Jump up to : Massie ( 1995 ) pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Ferro , Marc ( 1995 ) Nicholas II : Last of the Tsars . New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508192 - 7 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Tuchman , Barbara W . The Guns of August . New York : Presidio Press , 1962 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Massie ( 1967 ) pp. viii -- x . Jump up ^ http://www.imperialhouse.ru/en/dynastyhistory/dinzak1/446.html Jump up ^ Barr , William ( 1975 ) . `` Severnaya Zemlya : the last major discovery '' . Geographical Journal . 141 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 1796946 . Jump up ^ Архипелаг Северная Земля -- один из наиболее крупных районов оледенения на территории России Jump up ^ `` Депутаты Законодательного собрания Красноярского края против переименования островов архипелага `` Северная Земля '' `` . newslab.ru ( in Russian ) . 27 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=12519 Jump up ^ http://decoratialvalormilitare.istitutonastroazzurro.org/view_doc.php?motivo=%3Cb%3EROMANOV%3C%2Fb%3E%20NICOLA%20II%20ZAR%20DI%20RUSSIA%26nbsp%3B%26nbsp%3B%28%20Medaglia%20d%27Oro%29%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3EPer%20attestare%20alla%20Russia%2C%20nostra%20alleata%2C%20ed%20al%20suo%20valoroso%20Sovrano%2C%20l%26amp%3B%23039%3Balta%20ammirazione%20che%20l%26amp%3B%23039%3BEsercito%20e%20il%20Popolo%20d%26amp%3B%23039%3BItalia%20tributano%20alle%20vittoriose%20armi%20imperiali%20per%20la%20lotta%20formidabile%20e%20gloriosa%20che%20sostengono%20contro%20il%20comune%20nemico%20a%20difesa%20della%20civilt%26amp%3Bagrave%3B%20e%20del%20diritto%20violato.%20 Jump up ^ https://geneall.net/en/title/25513/knights-of-the-order-of-the-golden-fleece-spain/ Jump up ^ `` The London Gazette , Issue : 27711 Page : 5775 '' . The London Gazette . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra , New York , Atheneum , 1967 , p64 Jump up ^ Clarke , William The Lost Fortune of the Tsars , St. Martin 's Griffin ; Reprint edition , 1996 , p101 . Jump up ^ Ferrand , Jacques Les Princes Youssoupoff & les comtes Soumarkoff Elston , Paris 1991 Sources ( edit ) Figes , Orlando ( 2015 ) . A People 's Tragedy : The Russian Revolution 1891 − 1924 . The Bodley Head . King , Greg ( 1994 ) . The Last Empress . Birch Lane Press . King , Greg ( 2006 ) . The Court of the Last Czar : Pomp , Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II . John Wiley & Sons . Kowner , Rotem ( 2006 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Russo - Japanese War . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4927 - 5 : The Scarecrow Press . Lieven , Dominic ( 1993 ) . Nicholas II , Emperor of all the Russias . London : Pimlico . Massie , Robert K. ( 1967 ) . Nicholas and Alexandra . Massie , Robert K. ( 1995 ) . The Fate of the Romanovs : The Final Chapter . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 58048 - 6 . Tames , Richard ( 1972 ) . Last of the Tsars . London : Pan Books Ltd . Warth , Robert D. ( 1997 ) . Nicholas II , The Life and Reign of Russia 's Last Monarch . Praeger . ISBN 0275958329 . Further reading ( edit ) The Sokolov Report , in Victor Alexandrov , `` The End of The Romanovs '' , London : 1966 Boris Antonov , Russian Czars , St. Petersburg , Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers ( ISBN 5 - 93893 - 109 - 6 ) Michael M. Baden , Chapter III : Time of Death and Changes after Death . Part 4 : Exhumation , In : Spitz , W.U. & Spitz , D.J. ( eds ) : Spitz and Fisher 's Medicolegal Investigation of Death . Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations ( Fourth edition ) . Charles C. Thomas , pp. : 174 -- 183 , Springfield , Illinois : 2006 Paul Grabbe , `` The Private World of the Last Czar '' New York : 1985 Genrikh Ioffe , Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh Moscow : Respublika , 1992 ( in Russian ) Coryne Hall & John Van der Kiste , Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia , Sister of Nicholas II , Phoenix Mill , Sutton Publishing Ltd. , 2002 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2749 - 6 ) Dominic Lieven , Nicholas II : Emperor of All the Russias. 1993 . Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko , A Lifelong Passion : Nicholas & Alexandra 1999 Marvin Lyons , Nicholas II The Last Czar , London , Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1974 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 7100 - 7802 - 1 ) Shay McNeal , `` The Secret Plot to Save the Czar '' 2001 Bernard Pares , `` The Fall of the Russian Monarchy '' London : 1939 , reprint London : 1988 John Curtis Perry and Konstantin Pleshakov , The Flight of the Romanovs. 1999 . Edvard Radzinsky , The Last Tsar : The Life and Death of Nicholas II ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 385 - 42371 - 3 . Samten , Jampa. ( 2010 ) . `` Notes on the Thirteenth Dalai Lama 's Confidential Letter to the Tsar of Russia . '' In : The Tibet Journal , Special issue . Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n . 3 - Summer 2010 vol XXXV n . 2 . `` The Earth Ox Papers '' , edited by Roberto Vitali , pp. 357 -- 370 . Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev , The Fall of the Romanovs : Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1995 . Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold , The File on the Czar. 1976 . Andrew M. Verner , The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy : Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution 1990 Richard Wortman , Scenarios of Power : Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy , vol. 2 2000 Prince Felix Yussupov , Lost Splendour Elisabeth Heresch , `` Nikolaus II . Feigheit , Lüge und Verrat '' . F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung , München , 1992 The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra , April 1914 -- March 1917 . Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann . Westport , Conn. and London : 1999 Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie Ed . Edward J. Bing . London : 1937 Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa , 1914 -- 1917 Trans . from Russian translations from the original English . E.L. Hynes . London and New York : 1929 Nicky - Sunny Letters : correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa , 1914 -- 1917 . Hattiesburg , Miss : 1970 . The Secret Letters of the Last Czar : Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother , Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna . Ed . Edward J. Bing . New York and Toronto : 1938 Willy - Nicky Correspondence : Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar . Ed . Herman Bernstein . New York : 1917 . Paul Benckendorff , Last Days at Czarskoe Selo . London : 1927 Sophie Buxhoeveden , The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna , Empress of Russia : A Biography London : 1928 Pierre Gilliard , Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York : 1921 A.A. Mossolov ( Mosolov ) , At the Court of the Last Czar London : 1935 Anna Vyrubova , Memories of the Russian Court London : 1923 A. Yarmolinsky , editor , `` The Memoirs of Count Witte '' New York & Toronto : 1921 Sir George Buchanan ( British Ambassador ) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories ( 2 vols , Cassell , 1923 ) Meriel Buchanan , Dissolution of an Empire , Cassell , 1932 Gleb Botkin , The Real Romanovs , Fleming H. Revell Co , 1931 Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev , The Fall of the Romanovs : Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1995 Page , Walter Hines ; Page , Arthur Wilson ( October 1904 ) . `` The Personality of the Czar : An Explanation , By A Russian Official Of High Authority '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . VIII : 5414 -- 5430 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicholas II of Russia . Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Nicholas II ... Nicholas_II at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Photos of the last visit of Tsar Nicholas and family to France , to Cherbourg 1909 from contemporary Magazine , Illustration The Execution of Czar Nicholas II , 1918 , EyeWitness to History . Brief Summary of Czar Abdication Proclamation , 2 March 1917 ( the signature was put in pencil ) ( translation included ) Alexander Palace Time Machine Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition Frozentears.org A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family . Romanov sisters Scientists Reopen Czar Mystery Ipatiev House -- Romanov Memorial detailed site on the historical context , circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov 's execution ( in Russian ) The Murder of Russia 's Imperial Family , Nicolay Sokolov . Investigation of execution of the Romanovs in 1918 . ( in Russian ) Nikolay II -- Life and Death , Edvard Radzinski . Later published in English as The Last Czar : the Life and Death of Nicholas II . ( in Russian ) Memoirs : The reign of Nicholas II 1 - 12 13 - 33 34 - 45 46 - 52 ( incomplete ) , Sergei Witte . It was originally published in 1922 in Berlin . No complete English translations are available yet . New Russian Martyrs . Czar Nicholas and His Family . A story of life , canonisation . Photoalbum . Russian History Magazine Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine . Resurrecting the Czar -- November 2010 ( Smithsonian magazine ) The coronation of Emperor Nicholas II . 26 ( 14 , old style ) , may , 1896 . Historical photos . Romanovs . The eighth film . Alexander III ; Nicholas II on YouTube . -- Historical reconstruction `` The Romanovs '' . StarMedia . Babich - Design ( Russia , 2013 ) Nicholas II of Russia House of Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg Born : 18 May 1868 Died : 17 July 1918 Regnal titles Preceded by Alexander III Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias 1894 -- 1917 Abdicated in favour of Michael II , who was proclaimed as Emperor but deferred his acceptance of power . Republic proclaimed by Kerensky , September 1917 . Grand Duke of Finland 1894 -- 1917 Vacant Title next held by Frederick Charles as king - elect Titles in pretence Loss of title Empire abolished -- TITULAR -- Emperor of Russia 1917 Reason for succession failure : Empire abolished in 1917 Succeeded by Nikolai Nikolaevich Sovereigns of the Vladimir - Suzdal Principality , Grand Principality of Moscow , Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire Grand Princes Yuri Dolgorukiy Andrei I Bogolyubsky Mikhail of Vladimir Vsevolod the Big Nest Yuri II of Vladimir Konstantin of Rostov Yuri II of Vladimir Yaroslav II of Vladimir Sviatoslav III of Vladimir Andrey II of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky Yaroslav of Tver Vasily of Kostroma Dmitry of Pereslavl Andrey of Gorodets Mikhail of Tver Yuri of Moscow Dmitry the Terrible Eyes Alexander of Tver Ivan I Simeon the Proud Ivan II Dmitry of Suzdal Dmitry Donskoy Vasily I Vasily II Ivan III the Great Vasily III Ivan IV Tsars Ivan IV the Terrible Feodor I Boris Feodor II Dmitry I ( also as Emperor ) Vasili IV Vladislav I Michael I Alexis Feodor III Peter I and Ivan V ( co-rulers ) Emperors and Empresses Peter I the Great Catherine I Peter II Anna Ivan VI Elizabeth Peter III Catherine II the Great Paul Alexander I Nicholas I Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II Grand Dukes of Russia The generations are numbered from Peter I of Russia 1st generation Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich Alexander Petrovich Paul Petrovich Pyotr Petrovich 2nd generation Peter II Peter III 3rd generation Paul I 4th generation Alexander I Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich Nicholas I Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 5th generation Alexander II Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich 6th generation Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich Alexander III Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich 7th generation Nicholas II Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich Grand Duke George Alexandrovich Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich Grand Duke Alexander Vladimirovich Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Grand Duke John Konstantinovich 8th generation Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich 9th generation Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 10th generation Grand Duke George Mikhailovich born a Grand Duke , but stripped of his title by Alexander III 's ukase of 1886 , limiting the style to sons and male - line grandsons of a tsar title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne Supreme Commanders of the Russian Army during World War I Russian Empire Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholas II Russian Republic Mikhail Alekseyev Aleksei Brusilov Lavr Kornilov Vladislav Klembovsky Nikolay Dukhonin Russian SFSR Nikolai Krylenko See also : Stavka Russian Revolution / Russian Civil War Events Revolution February Revolution July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Junker mutiny Civil War Russian Civil War Ukrainian War of Independence Ukrainian -- Soviet War Kiev Bolshevik Uprising Polish -- Ukrainian War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Polish -- Soviet War Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian Wars of Independence Red Army invasion of Georgia Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Siberian Intervention Groups Provisional Committee of the State Duma Russian Provisional Government White movement Pro-independence movements Petrograd Soviet Council of the People 's Commissars Military Revolutionary Committee Russian Constituent Assembly elections Black Guards Red Guards Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia Tsentralna Rada Ukrainian People 's Republic Parties Kadets Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Bolsheviks Mensheviks Socialist Revolutionary Party Left SRs Union of October 17 Figures Monarchists Nicholas II of Russia Provisional Government Georgy Lvov Pavel Milyukov Alexander Guchkov White movement Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel Alexander Kolchak Anton Denikin Pyotr Krasnov Nikolai Yudenich Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Lev Kamenev Grigory Zinoviev Leon Trotsky Mikhail Frunze Joseph Stalin Semyon Budyonny Right SRs Alexander Kerensky Stepan Petrichenko Boris Savinkov International Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Hungarian -- Romanian War Workers ' Councils in Poland Polish -- Ukrainian War Polish -- Soviet War Slovak Soviet Republic Finnish Civil War Finnish Socialist Workers ' Republic Pretenders to the Russian imperial throne and heads of the House of Romanov since 1917 Nicholas II ( 1917 -- 1918 ) vacant ( 1918 -- 1924 ) Kirill ( 1924 -- 1938 ) Vladimir ( 1938 -- 1992 ) Nicolaievich line Nicholas ( 1992 -- 2014 ) Dimitri ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Andrew ( since 2016 ) Vladimirovich line Maria ( since 1992 ) Leiningen line Nikolai ( since 2013 ) BNE : XX1024631 BNF : cb11950255q ( data ) GND : 11873492X ISNI : 0000 0001 2127 2687 LCCN : n79065459 NDL : 00621214 NKC : jn20000701236 NLA : 35386281 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ RAVV \ 057931 SELIBR : 225561 SUDOC : 027468658 VIAF : 34465066 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_II_of_Russia&oldid=846402711 '' Categories : Nicholas II of Russia 1868 births 1918 deaths 20th - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the tsar of russia when world war i began	[]	[]
-5514264731629128352	Insulin resistance	Insulin resistance - wikipedia Insulin resistance Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) Insulin resistance Classification and external resources Specialty Endocrinology eMedicine med / 1173 MeSH C18. 452.394. 968.500 ( edit on Wikidata ) Insulin resistance ( IR ) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin . The body produces insulin when glucose starts to be released into the bloodstream from the digestion of carbohydrates in the diet . Normally this insulin response triggers glucose being taken into body cells , to be used for energy , and inhibits the body from using fat for energy . The concentration of glucose in the blood decreases as a result , staying within the normal range even when a large amount of carbohydrates is consumed . When the body produces insulin under conditions of insulin resistance , the cells are resistant to the insulin and are unable to use it as effectively , leading to high blood sugar . Beta cells in the pancreas subsequently increase their production of insulin , further contributing to a high blood insulin level . This often remains undetected and can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults . Although this type of chronic insulin resistance is harmful , during acute illness it is actually a well - evolved protective mechanism . Recent investigations have revealed that insulin resistance helps to conserve the brain 's glucose supply by preventing muscles from taking up excessive glucose . In theory , insulin resistance should even be strengthened under harsh metabolic conditions such as pregnancy , during which the expanding fetal brain demands more glucose . People who develop type 2 diabetes usually pass through earlier stages of insulin resistance and prediabetes , although those often go undiagnosed . Insulin resistance is a syndrome ( a set of signs and symptoms ) resulting from reduced insulin activity ; it is also part of a larger constellation of symptoms called the metabolic syndrome . Insulin resistance may also develop in patients who have recently experienced abdominal or bariatric procedures . This acute form of insulin resistance that may result post-operatively tends to increase over the short term , with sensitivity to insulin typically returning to patients after about five days . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Associated risk factors 3 Cause 3.1 Molecular mechanism 3.2 Diet 3.3 Sedentary lifestyle 3.4 Protease inhibitors 3.5 Cellular level 3.6 Molecular 3.7 Disease 3.8 HCV and insulin resistance 4 Pathophysiology 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Fasting insulin levels 5.2 Glucose tolerance testing ( GTT ) 5.3 Measuring insulin resistance 5.3. 1 Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp 5.3. 2 Modified insulin suppression test 5.4 Alternatives 6 Management 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) These depend on poorly understood variations in individual biology and consequently may not be found with all people diagnosed with insulin resistance . Increased hunger Lethargy ( tiredness ) Brain fogginess and inability to focus High blood sugar Weight gain , fat storage , difficulty losing weight -- for most people , excess weight is from high subcutaneous fat storage ; the fat in IR is generally stored in and around abdominal organs in both males and females ; it is currently suspected that hormones produced in that fat are a precipitating cause of insulin resistance Increased blood cholesterol levels Increased blood pressure ; many people with hypertension are either diabetic or pre-diabetic and have elevated insulin levels due to insulin resistance ; one of insulin 's effects is to control arterial wall tension throughout the body Associated risk factors ( edit ) Several associated risk factors include the following : Genetic factors ( inherited component ) : Family history of type 2 diabetes Insulin receptor mutations ( Donohue syndrome ) LMNA mutations ( familial partial lipodystrophy ) Cultural variables , such as diet varying with race and class ; factors related to stress , socio - economic status and history have been shown to activate the stress response , which increases the production of glucose and insulin resistance , as well as inhibiting pancreatic function and thus might be of importance , although it is not fully corroborated by the scientific evidence . Particular physiological conditions and environmental factors : Age 40 -- 45 years or older Obesity The tendency to store fat preferentially in the abdomen ( also known as `` abdominal obesity ) '' , as opposed to storing it in hips and thighs Sedentary lifestyle , lack of physical exercise Hypertension High triglyceride level ( hypertriglyceridemia ) Low level of high - density lipoprotein ( also known as HDL cholesterol or `` good cholesterol '' ) Prediabetes , blood glucose levels have been too high in the past , i.e. the patient 's body has previously shown slight problems with its production and usage of insulin ( `` previous evidence of impaired glucose homeostasis '' ) Having developed gestational diabetes during past pregnancies Giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds ( a bit over 4 kilograms ) Pathology : Obesity and overweight ( BMI > 25 ) Metabolic syndrome ( hyperlipidemia + HDL cholesterol level < 0.90 mmol / L or triglyceride level > 2.82 mmol / L ) , hypertension ( > 140 / 90 mmHg ) , or arteriosclerosis Liver pathologies Infection ( Hepatitis C ) Hemochromatosis Gastroparesis Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) Hypercortisolism ( e.g. , Cushing 's syndrome , glucocorticoid therapy ) Medications ( e.g. , glucosamine , rifampicin , isoniazid , olanzapine , risperidone , progestogens , glucocorticoids , methadone , many antiretrovirals ) Cause ( edit ) Molecular mechanism ( edit ) Insulin resistance implies that the body 's cells ( primarily muscle ) lose sensitivity to insulin , a hormone secreted by the pancreas to promote glucose utilization . At the molecular level , a cell senses insulin through insulin receptors , with the signal propagating through a cascade of molecules collectively known as PI3K / Akt / mTOR signaling pathway . Recent studies suggested that the pathway may operate as a bistable switch under physiologic conditions for certain types of cells , and insulin response may well be a threshold phenomenon . The pathway 's sensitivity to insulin may be blunted by many factors such as free fatty acids , causing insulin resistance . From a broader perspective , however , sensitivity tuning ( including sensitivity reduction ) is a common practice for an organism to adapt to the changing environment or metabolic conditions . Pregnancy , for example , is a prominent change of metabolic conditions , under which the mother has to reduce her muscles ' insulin sensitivity to spare more glucose for the brains ( the mother 's brain and the fetal brain ) . This can be achieved through raising the response threshold ( i.e. , postponing the onset of sensitivity ) by secreting placental growth factor to interfere with the interaction between insulin receptor substrate ( IRS ) and PI3K , which is the essence of the so - called adjustable threshold hypothesis of insulin resistance . Diet ( edit ) It is well known that insulin resistance commonly coexists with obesity . Dietary fat has long been implicated as a driver of insulin resistance . Studies on animals have observed significant insulin resistance in rats after just 3 weeks on a high - fat diet ( 59 % fat , 20 % carb . ) Large quantities of saturated , monounsaturated , and polyunsaturated omega - 6 fats all appear to be harmful to rats to some degree , compared to large amounts of starch , but saturated fat appears to be the most effective at producing IR . This is partly caused by direct effects of a high - fat diet on blood markers , but , more significantly , ad libitum high - fat diet has the tendency to result in caloric intake that is far in excess of animals ' energy needs , resulting in rapid weight gain . In humans , statistical evidence is more equivocal . Being insensitive to insulin is still positively correlated with fat intake , and negatively correlated with dietary fiber intake , but both these factors are also correlated with excess body weight . The effect of dietary fat is largely or completely overridden if the high - fat diet is modified to contain nontrivial quantities ( in excess of 5 -- 10 % of total fat intake ) of polyunsaturated omega - 3 fatty acids . This protective effect is most established with regard to the so - called `` marine long - chain omega - 3 fatty acids '' , EPA and DHA , found in algae , krill and fish oil ; evidence in favor of other omega - 3 fatty acids , in particular , the most common vegetable - based omega - 3 fatty acid , ALA , also exists , but it is more limited ; some studies find ALA effective only among people with insufficient long - chain omega - 3 intake , and some studies fail to find any effect at all ( ALA may be converted partially into EPA and DHA by the human body , but the conversion rate is thought to be 10 % or less , depending on diet and gender ) . The effect is thought to explain relatively low incidence of IR , type 2 diabetes , and obesity in polar foragers such as Alaskan Eskimos consuming their ancestral diet ( which is very high in fat , but contains substantial amounts of omega - 3 ) , however , it is not strong enough to prevent IR in the typical modern Western diet . Unlike their omega - 6 counterparts ( which may be produced cheaply from a variety of sources , such as corn and soybeans ) , major sources of omega - 3 fatty acids remain relatively rare and expensive . Consequently , the recommended average intake of omega - 3 for adult men in the United States is only 1.6 grams / day , or less than 2 % of total fat ; currently , the average consumption of omega - 3 in the United States is approximately 1.3 grams / day , almost all of it in the form of ALA ; EPA and DHA contributed less than 0.1 grams / day . Elevated levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the blood stream and tissues have been found in many studies to contribute to diminished insulin sensitivity . Triglyceride levels are driven by a variety of dietary factors . They are correlated with excess body weight . They tend to rise due to overeating and fall during fat loss . At constant energy intake , triglyceride levels are correlated positively with trans fat intake and strongly inversely correlated with omega - 3 intake . High - carbohydrate , low - fat diets were found by many studies to result in elevated triglycerides , in part due to higher production of VLDL from fructose and sucrose , and in part because increased carbohydrate intake tends to displace some omega - 3 fatty acids from the diet . Several recent authors have suggested that the intake of simple sugars , and particularly fructose , is also a factor that contributes to insulin resistance . Fructose is metabolized by the liver into triglycerides , and , as mentioned above , tends to raise their levels in the blood stream . Therefore , it may contribute to insulin resistance through the same mechanisms as dietary fat . Just like fat , high levels of fructose and / or sucrose induce insulin resistance in rats , and , just as with fat , this insulin resistance is ameliorated by fish oil supplementation . One study observed that a low - fat diet high in simple sugars ( but not in complex carbohydrates and starches ) significantly stimulates fatty acid synthesis , primarily of the saturated fatty acid palmitate , therefore , paradoxically , resulting in the plasma fatty acid pattern that is similar to that produced by a high - saturated - fat diet . It should be pointed out that virtually all evidence of deleterious effects of simple sugars so far is limited to their concentrated formulations and sweetened beverages . In particular , very little is known about the effects of simple sugars in whole fruits and vegetables . If anything , epidemiological studies suggest that their high consumption is associated with somewhat lower risk of IR and / or metabolic syndrome . Yet another proposed mechanism involves the phenomenon known as leptin resistance . Leptin is a hormone that regulates long - term energy balance in many mammals . An important role of leptin is long - term inhibition of appetite in response to formation of body fat . This mechanism is known to be disrupted in many obese individuals : even though their leptin levels are commonly elevated , this does not result in reduction of appetite and caloric intake . Leptin resistance may be triggered in rats by ad libitum consumption of energy - dense , highly palatable foods over a period of several days . Chronic consumption of fructose in rats ultimately results in leptin resistance ( however , this has only been demonstrated in a diet in which fructose provided 60 % of calories ; consumption by humans in a typical Western diet is much lower . ) Once leptin signalling has been disrupted , the individual becomes prone to further overeating , weight gain , and insulin resistance . As elevated blood glucose levels are the primary stimulus for insulin secretion and production , habitually excessive carbohydrate intake is another likely contributor . This serves as a major motivation behind the low - carb family of diets . Furthermore , carbohydrates are not equally absorbed ( for example , the blood glucose level response to a fixed quantity of carbohydrates in baked potatoes is about twice the response to the same quantity of carbohydrates in pumpernickel bread ) . Integrated blood glucose response to a fixed quantity of carbohydrates in a meal is known as glycemic index ( GI ) . Some diets are based on this concept , assuming that consumption of low - GI food is less likely to result in insulin resistance and obesity , however , small to moderate amounts of simple sugars ( i.e. , sucrose , fructose , and glucose ) in the typical developed - world diet seem to not have a causative effect on the development of insulin resistance . Once established , insulin resistance would result in increased circulating levels of insulin . Since insulin is the primary hormonal signal for energy storage into fat cells , which tend to retain their sensitivity in the face of hepatic and skeletal muscle resistance , IR stimulates the formation of new fatty tissue and accelerates weight gain . Another possible explanation is that both insulin resistance and obesity often have the same cause , systematic overeating , which has the potential to lead to insulin resistance and obesity due to repeated administration of excess levels of glucose , which stimulate insulin secretion ; excess levels of fructose , which raise triglyceride levels in the bloodstream ; and fats , which may be absorbed easily by the adipose cells , and tend to end up as fatty tissue in a hypercaloric diet . Some scholars go as far as to claim that neither insulin resistance , nor obesity really are metabolic disorders per se , but simply adaptive responses to sustained caloric surplus , intended to protect bodily organs from lipotoxicity ( unsafe levels of lipids in the bloodstream and tissues ) : `` Obesity should therefore not be regarded as a pathology or disease , but rather as the normal , physiologic response to sustained caloric surplus ... As a consequence of the high level of lipid accumulation in insulin target tissues including skeletal muscle and liver , it has been suggested that exclusion of glucose from lipid - laden cells is a compensatory defense against further accumulation of lipogenic substrate . '' Fast food meals typically possess several characteristics , all of which have independently been linked to IR : they are energy - dense , palatable , and cheap , increasing risk of overeating and leptin resistance ; simultaneously , they are high in dietary fat and fructose , and low in omega - 3 and fiber ; and they usually have high glycemic indices . Consumption of fast food has been proposed as a fundamental factor behind the metabolic syndrome epidemic and all its constituents . An American study has shown that glucosamine ( often prescribed for joint problems ) may cause insulin resistance . Other studies , however , could not confirm a significant effect on blood glucose or insulin resistance . Studies show that high levels of cortisol within the bloodstream from the digestion of animal protein may contribute to the development of insulin resistance . Several studies conclude that high uric acid levels , apart from other contributing factors , by itself may be a significant cause of insulin resistance . Vitamin D deficiency also is associated with insulin resistance . Sedentary lifestyle ( edit ) Sedentary lifestyle increases the likelihood of development of insulin resistance . It has been estimated that each 500 kcal / week increment in physical activity related energy expenditure , reduces the lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes by 9 % . A different study found that vigorous exercise at least once a week reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes in women by 33 % . Protease inhibitors ( edit ) Protease inhibitors found in HIV drugs are linked to insulin resistance . Cellular level ( edit ) At the cellular level , much of the variance in insulin sensitivity between untrained , non-diabetic humans may be explained by two mechanisms : differences in phospholipid profiles of skeletal muscle cell membranes , and in intramyocellular lipid ( ICML ) stores within these cells . High levels of lipids in the bloodstream have the potential to result in accumulation of triglycerides and their derivatives within muscle cells , which activate proteins Kinase C - ε and C - θ , ultimately reducing the glucose uptake at any given level of insulin . This mechanism is quite fast - acting and may induce insulin resistance within days or even hours in response to a large lipid influx . Draining the intracellular reserves , on the other hand , is more challenging : moderate caloric restriction alone , even over a period of several months , appears to be ineffective , and it must be combined with physical exercise to have any effect . In the long term , diet has the potential to change the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated phospholipids in cell membranes , correspondingly changing cell membrane fluidity ; full impact of such changes is not fully understood , but it is known that the percentage of polyunsaturated phospholipids is strongly inversely correlated with insulin resistance . It is hypothesized that increasing cell membrane fluidity by increasing PUFA concentration might result in an enhanced number of insulin receptors , an increased affinity of insulin to its receptors , and a reduced insulin resistance , and vice versa . Many stressing factors may lead to increased cortisol in the bloodstream . Cortisol counteracts insulin , contributes to hyperglycemia - causing hepatic gluconeogenesis , and inhibits the peripheral utilization of glucose , which eventually leads to insulin resistance . It does this by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters ( especially GLUT4 ) to the cell membrane . Although inflammation often is caused by cortisol , inflammation by itself also seems to be implicated in causing insulin resistance . Mice without JNK1 - signaling do not develop insulin resistance under dietary conditions that normally produce it . Recent study have found out the specific role of the MLK family of protein in the activation of JNK during obesity and insulin resistance . Rare type 2 diabetes cases sometimes use high levels of exogenous insulin . As short - term overdosing of insulin causes short - term insulin resistance , it has been hypothesized that chronic high dosing contributes to more permanent insulin resistance . Molecular ( edit ) At a molecular level , insulin resistance has been proposed to be a reaction to excess nutrition by superoxide dismutase in cell mitochondria that acts as an antioxidant defense mechanism . This link seems to exist under diverse causes of insulin resistance . It also is based on the finding that insulin resistance may be reversed rapidly by exposing cells to mitochondrial uncouplers , electron transport chain inhibitors , or mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetics . Disease ( edit ) Recent research and experimentation has uncovered a non-obesity related connection to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes . It has long been observed that patients who have had some kinds of bariatric surgery have increased insulin sensitivity and even remission of type 2 diabetes . It was discovered that diabetic / insulin resistant non-obese rats whose duodenum has been removed surgically , also experienced increased insulin sensitivity and remission of type 2 diabetes . This suggested similar surgery in humans , and early reports in prominent medical journals are that the same effect is seen in humans , at least the small number who have participated in the experimental surgical program . The speculation is , that some substance is produced in the mucosa of that initial portion of the small intestine that signals body cells to become insulin resistant . If the producing tissue is removed , the signal ceases and body cells revert to normal insulin sensitivity . No such substance has been found as yet , and the existence of such a substance remains speculative . Insulin resistance is associated with PCOS . Hcv and insulin resistance ( edit ) Hepatitis C also makes people three to four times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance . In addition , `` people with Hepatitis C who develop diabetes probably have susceptible insulin - producing cells , and probably would get it anyway , but much later in life . The extra insulin resistance caused by Hepatitis C apparently brings on diabetes at age 35 or 40 , instead of 65 or 70 . '' Pathophysiology ( edit ) One of insulin 's functions is to regulate delivery of glucose into cells to provide them with energy . Insulin resistant cells can not take in glucose , amino acids and fatty acids . Thus , glucose , fatty acids and amino acids ' leak ' out of the cells . A decrease in insulin / glucagon ratio inhibits glycolysis which in turn decreases energy production . The resulting increase in blood glucose may raise levels outside the normal range and cause adverse health effects , depending on dietary conditions . Certain cell types such as fat and muscle cells require insulin to absorb glucose . When these cells fail to respond adequately to circulating insulin , blood glucose levels rise . The liver helps regulate glucose levels by reducing its secretion of glucose in the presence of insulin . This normal reduction in the liver 's glucose production may not occur in people with insulin resistance . Insulin resistance in muscle and fat cells reduces glucose uptake ( and also local storage of glucose as glycogen and triglycerides , respectively ) , whereas insulin resistance in liver cells results in reduced glycogen synthesis and storage and also a failure to suppress glucose production and release into the blood . Insulin resistance normally refers to reduced glucose - lowering effects of insulin . However , other functions of insulin can also be affected . For example , insulin resistance in fat cells reduces the normal effects of insulin on lipids and results in reduced uptake of circulating lipids and increased hydrolysis of stored triglycerides . Increased mobilization of stored lipids in these cells elevates free fatty acids in the blood plasma . Elevated blood fatty - acid concentrations ( associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus Type 2 ) , reduced muscle glucose uptake , and increased liver glucose production all contribute to elevated blood glucose levels . High plasma levels of insulin and glucose due to insulin resistance are a major component of the metabolic syndrome . If insulin resistance exists , more insulin needs to be secreted by the pancreas . If this compensatory increase does not occur , blood glucose concentrations increase and type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults occurs . Any food or drink containing glucose ( or the digestible carbohydrates that contain it , such as sucrose , starch , etc . ) causes blood glucose levels to increase . In normal metabolism , the elevated blood glucose level instructs beta ( β ) cells in the Islets of Langerhans , located in the pancreas , to release insulin into the blood . The insulin , in turn , makes insulin - sensitive tissues in the body ( primarily skeletal muscle cells , adipose tissue , and liver ) absorb glucose , and thereby lower the blood glucose level . The beta cells reduce insulin output as the blood glucose level falls , allowing blood glucose to settle at a constant of approximately 5 mmol / L ( mM ) ( 90 mg / dL ) . In an insulin - resistant person , normal levels of insulin do not have the same effect in controlling blood glucose levels . During the compensated phase on insulin resistance , insulin levels are higher , and blood glucose levels are still maintained . If compensatory insulin secretion fails , then either fasting ( impaired fasting glucose ) or postprandial ( impaired glucose tolerance ) glucose concentrations increase . Eventually , type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes occurs when glucose levels become higher throughout the day as the resistance increases and compensatory insulin secretion fails . The elevated insulin levels also have additional effects ( see insulin ) that cause further abnormal biological effects throughout the body . The most common type of insulin resistance is associated with overweight and obesity in a condition known as the metabolic syndrome . Insulin resistance often progresses to full Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults . This often is seen when hyperglycemia develops after a meal , when pancreatic β - cells are unable to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels ( euglycemia ) in the face of insulin resistance . The inability of the β - cells to produce sufficient insulin in a condition of hyperglycemia is what characterizes the transition from insulin resistance to T2DM . Various disease states make body tissues more resistant to the actions of insulin . Examples include infection ( mediated by the cytokine TNFα ) and acidosis . Recent research is investigating the roles of adipokines ( the cytokines produced by adipose tissue ) in insulin resistance . Certain drugs also may be associated with insulin resistance ( e.g. , glucocorticoids ) . The presence of insulin leads to a kind of insulin resistance ; every time a cell is exposed to insulin , the production of GLUT4 ( Glucose transporter type 4 ) on the membrane of the cell decreases somewhat . In the presence of a higher than usual level of insulin ( generally caused by insulin resistance ) , this down - regulation acts as a kind of positive feedback , increasing the need for insulin . Exercise reverses this process in muscle tissue , but if it is left unchecked , it may contribute to insulin resistance . Elevated blood levels of glucose -- regardless of cause -- lead to increased glycation of proteins with changes , only a few of which are understood in any detail , in protein function throughout the body . Insulin resistance often is found in people with visceral adiposity ( i.e. , a high degree of fatty tissue within the abdomen -- as distinct from subcutaneous adiposity or fat between the skin and the muscle wall , especially elsewhere on the body , such as hips or thighs ) , hypertension , hyperglycemia , and dyslipidemia involving elevated triglycerides , small dense low - density lipoprotein ( sdLDL ) particles , and decreased HDL cholesterol levels . With respect to visceral adiposity , a great deal of evidence suggests two strong links with insulin resistance . First , unlike subcutaneous adipose tissue , visceral adipose cells produce significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( TNF - a ) , and Interleukins - 1 and - 6 , etc . In numerous experimental models , these proinflammatory cytokines disrupt normal insulin action in fat and muscle cells , and may be a major factor in causing the whole - body insulin resistance observed in patients with visceral adiposity . Much of the attention on production of proinflammatory cytokines has focused on the IKK - beta / NF - kappa - B pathway , a protein network that enhances transcription of inflammatory markers and mediators that may cause insulin resistance . Second , visceral adiposity is related to an accumulation of fat in the liver , a condition known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . The result of NAFLD is an excessive release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream ( due to increased lipolysis ) , and an increase in hepatic glycogenolysis and hepatic glucose production , both of which have the effect of exacerbating peripheral insulin resistance and increasing the likelihood of Type 2 diabetes mellitus . Also , insulin resistance often is associated with a hypercoagulable state ( impaired fibrinolysis ) and increased inflammatory cytokine levels . Diagnosis ( edit ) Fasting insulin levels ( edit ) A fasting serum insulin level greater than 25 mIU / L or 174 pmol / L is considered insulin resistance . The same levels apply three hours after the last meal . Glucose tolerance testing ( gtt ) ( edit ) During a glucose tolerance test , which may be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus , a fasting patient takes a 75 gram oral dose of glucose . Then blood glucose levels are measured over the following two hours . Interpretation is based on WHO guidelines . After two hours a glycemia less than 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) is considered normal , a glycemia of between 7.8 and 11.0 mmol / L ( 140 to 197 mg / dL ) is considered as impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) , and a glycemia of greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol / L ( 200 mg / dL ) is considered diabetes mellitus . An oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) may be normal or mildly abnormal in simple insulin resistance . Often , there are raised glucose levels in the early measurements , reflecting the loss of a postprandial peak ( after the meal ) in insulin production . Extension of the testing ( for several more hours ) may reveal a hypoglycemic `` dip , '' that is a result of an overshoot in insulin production after the failure of the physiologic postprandial insulin response . Measuring insulin resistance ( edit ) Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp ( edit ) The gold standard for investigating and quantifying insulin resistance is the `` hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp , '' so - called because it measures the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level without causing hypoglycemia . It is a type of glucose clamp technique . The test rarely is performed in clinical care , but is used in medical research , for example , to assess the effects of different medications . The rate of glucose infusion commonly is referred to in diabetes literature as the GINF value . The procedure takes about two hours . Through a peripheral vein , insulin is infused at 10 -- 120 mU per m per minute . In order to compensate for the insulin infusion , glucose 20 % is infused to maintain blood sugar levels between 5 and 5.5 mmol / L. The rate of glucose infusion is determined by checking the blood sugar levels every five to ten minutes . The rate of glucose infusion during the last thirty minutes of the test determines insulin sensitivity . If high levels ( 7.5 mg / min or higher ) are required , the patient is insulin - sensitive . Very low levels ( 4.0 mg / min or lower ) indicate that the body is resistant to insulin action . Levels between 4.0 and 7.5 mg / min are not definitive , and suggest `` impaired glucose tolerance , '' an early sign of insulin resistance . This basic technique may be enhanced significantly by the use of glucose tracers . Glucose may be labeled with either stable or radioactive atoms . Commonly used tracers are 3 - H glucose ( radioactive ) , 6 , 6 H - glucose ( stable ) and 1 - C Glucose ( stable ) . Prior to beginning the hyperinsulinemic period , a 3h tracer infusion enables one to determine the basal rate of glucose production . During the clamp , the plasma tracer concentrations enable the calculation of whole - body insulin - stimulated glucose metabolism , as well as the production of glucose by the body ( i.e. , endogenous glucose production ) . Modified insulin suppression test ( edit ) Another measure of insulin resistance is the modified insulin suppression test developed by Gerald Reaven at Stanford University . The test correlates well with the euglycemic clamp , with less operator - dependent error . This test has been used to advance the large body of research relating to the metabolic syndrome . Patients initially receive 25 μg of octreotide ( Sandostatin ) in 5 mL of normal saline over 3 to 5 minutes via intravenous infusion ( IV ) as an initial bolus , and then , are infused continuously with an intravenous infusion of somatostatin ( 0.27 μg / m / min ) to suppress endogenous insulin and glucose secretion . Next , insulin and 20 % glucose are infused at rates of 32 and 267 mg / m / min , respectively . Blood glucose is checked at zero , 30 , 60 , 90 , and 120 minutes , and thereafter , every 10 minutes for the last half - hour of the test . These last four values are averaged to determine the steady - state plasma glucose level ( SSPG ) . Subjects with an SSPG greater than 150 mg / dL are considered to be insulin - resistant . Alternatives ( edit ) Given the complicated nature of the `` clamp '' technique ( and the potential dangers of hypoglycemia in some patients ) , alternatives have been sought to simplify the measurement of insulin resistance . The first was the Homeostatic Model Assessment ( HOMA ) , and a more recent method is the Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) . Both employ fasting insulin and glucose levels to calculate insulin resistance , and both correlate reasonably with the results of clamping studies . Wallace et al. point out that QUICKI is the logarithm of the value from one of the HOMA equations . Management ( edit ) The primary treatment for insulin resistance is exercise and weight loss . Research shows that a low - carbohydrate diet may help . Both metformin and thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance , but only are approved therapies for type 2 diabetes , not for insulin resistance . By contrast , growth hormone replacement therapy may be associated with increased insulin resistance . Metformin has become one of the more commonly prescribed medications for insulin resistance . Unfortunately , Metformin also masks Vitamin B12 deficiency , so accompanying sub-lingual Vitamin B12 tablets are recommended . Insulin resistance is often associated with abnormalities in lipids particularly high blood triglycerides and low high density lipoprotein . The Diabetes Prevention Program ( DPP ) showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes . However , the participants in the DPP trial regained about 40 % of the weight that they had lost at the end of 2.8 years , resulting in a similar incidence of diabetes development in both the lifestyle intervention and the control arms of the trial . One 2009 study found that carbohydrate deficit after exercise , but not energy deficit , contributed to insulin sensitivity increase . Resistant starch from high - amylose corn , amylomaize , has been shown to reduce insulin resistance in healthy individuals , in individuals with insulin resistance , and in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Animal studies demonstrate that it can not reverse damage already done by high glucose levels , but that it reduces insulin resistance and reduces the development of further damage . Some types of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( omega - 3 ) may moderate the progression of insulin resistance into type 2 diabetes , however , omega - 3 fatty acids appear to have limited ability to reverse insulin resistance , and they cease to be efficacious once type 2 diabetes is established . Caffeine intake limits insulin action , but not enough to increase blood - sugar levels in healthy persons . People who already have type 2 diabetes may see a small increase in levels if they take 2 or 2 - 1 / 2 cups of coffee per day . History ( edit ) The concept that insulin resistance may be the underlying cause of diabetes mellitus type 2 was first advanced by Professor Wilhelm Falta and published in Vienna in 1931 , and confirmed as contributory by Sir Harold Percival Himsworth of the University College Hospital Medical Centre in London in 1936 , however , type 2 diabetes does not occur unless there is concurrent failure of compensatory insulin secretion . See also ( edit ) Chronic Somogyi rebound Hyperinsulinemia Resistin Chronic stress Systemic inflammation Circadian rhythm disruption Advanced glycation end - products PCOS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chiu HK , Tsai EC , Juneja R , et al. ( August 2007 ) . `` Equivalent insulin resistance '' . Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 77 : 237 -- 44 . PMID 17234296 . doi : 10.1016 / j. diabres. 2006.12. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Guanyu ( 2014 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Raison d'être of insulin resistance : the adjustable threshold hypothesis '' . 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PMID 1681160 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 91 ) 90664 - B . Jump up ^ Fantry , Lori E ( 2003 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Protease Inhibitor - Associated Diabetes Mellitus : A Potential Cause of Morbidity and Mortality '' . JAIDS : Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 32 ( 3 ) ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) . Jump up ^ Haag , Marianne ; Dippenaar , Nola G. ( December 2005 ) . `` Dietary fats , fatty acids and insulin resistance : short review of a multifaceted connection '' ( PDF ) . Medical Science Monitor. 11 ( 12 ) : RA359 -- 67 . PMID 16319806 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Morino , K ; Petersen , K ; Shulman , G ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in humans and their potential links with mitochondrial dysfunction '' . Diabetes. 55 Suppl 2 ( Suppl 2 ) : S9 -- 15 . PMC 2995546 . PMID 17130651 . doi : 10.2337 / db06 - S002 . Jump up ^ Bachman , O ; Dahl , DB ; Brechtel , K ; Machann , J ; Haap , M ; Maier , T ; Loviscach , M ; Stumvoll , M ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Effects of intravenous and dietary lipid challenge on intramyocellular lipid content and the relation with insulin sensitivity in humans '' ( PDF ) . Diabetes. 50 ( 11 ) : 2579 -- 84 . PMID 11679437 . doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 50.11. 2579 . Jump up ^ Sato , F ; Tamura , Y ; Watada , H ; Kumashiro , N ; Igarashi , Y ; Uchino , H ; Maehara , T ; Kyogoku , S ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Effects of diet - induced moderate weight reduction on intrahepatic and intramyocellular triglycerides and glucose metabolism in obese subjects '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 92 ( 8 ) : 3326 -- 29 . PMID 17519317 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2006 - 2384 . Jump up ^ Tamura , Y ; Tanaka , Y ; Sato , F ; Choi , JB ; Watada , H ; Niwa , M ; Kinoshita , J ; Ooka , A ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Effects of diet and exercise on muscle and liver intracellular lipid contents and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 ( 6 ) : 3191 -- 96 . PMID 15769987 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2004 - 1959 . Jump up ^ Haugaard , SB ; Madsbad , Sten ; Hoy , Carl - Erik ; Vaag , Allan ( 2006 ) . `` Dietary intervention increases n - 3 long - chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle membrane phospholipids of obese subjects . Implications for insulin sensitivity '' . Clin Endocrinol. 64 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 78 . PMID 16430716 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2265.2006. 02444. x . Jump up ^ Russo , Gian Luigi ( 2009 ) . `` Dietary n - 6 and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids : from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention '' ( PDF ) . Biochemical Pharmacology . 77 ( 6 ) : 937 -- 46 . PMID 19022225 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcp. 2008.10. 020 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Dave D ( 2003 ) . USMLE Step 1 Secrets . p. 63 . Jump up ^ King , Michael W ( 2005 ) . Lange Q&A USMLE Step 1 ( 6th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144578 - 1 . Jump up ^ Piroli , GG ; Grillo , CA ; Reznikov , LR ; Adams , S ; McEwen , BS ; Charron , MJ ; Reagan , LP ( 2007 ) . `` Corticosterone Impairs Insulin - Stimulated Translocation of GLUT4 in the Rat Hippocampus '' . Neuroendocrinology. 85 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 80 . PMID 17426391 . doi : 10.1159 / 000101694 . Jump up ^ Solinas , G ; Vilcu , C ; Neels , JG ; Bandyopadhyay , GK ; Luo , JL ; Naugler , W ; Grivennikov , S ; Wynshaw - Boris , A ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` JNK1 in hematopoietically derived cells contributes to diet - induced inflammation and insulin resistance without affecting obesity '' . Cell Metabolism. 6 ( 5 ) : 386 -- 97 . PMID 17983584 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cmet. 2007.09. 011 . Jump up ^ `` UCSD researchers discover inflammation , not obesity , cause of insulin resistance '' . D life . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kant , S ; Barrett , T ; Vertii , A ; Noh , YH ; Jung , DY ; Kim , JK ; Davis , RJ ( 2013 ) . `` Role of the mixed - lineage protein kinase pathway in the metabolic stress response to obesity '' . Cell Rep. 4 ( 4 ) : 681 -- 8 . PMC 3769115 . PMID 23954791 . doi : 10.1016 / j. celrep. 2013.07. 019 . Jump up ^ Hoehn , KL ; Salmon , AB ; Hohnen - Behrens , C ; Turner , N ; Hoy , AJ ; Maghzal , GJ ; Stocker , R ; Van Remmen , H ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 106 ( 42 ) : 17787 -- 92 . PMC 2764908 . PMID 19805130 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0902380106 . Jump up ^ Garrido - Sanchez , L. `` Bypass of the duodenum improves insulin resistance much more rapidly than sleeve gastrectomy '' . Surgery or obesity and related diseases . 8 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 150 . doi : 10.1016 / j. soard. 2011.03. 010 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Alice ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Duodenal resurfacing achieves metabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes '' . Family Practice News . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Nafiye , Y ; Sevtap , K ; Muammer , D ; Emre , O ; Senol , K ; Leyla , M ( Apr 2010 ) . `` The effect of serum and intrafollicular insulin resistance parameters and homocysteine levels of nonobese , nonhyperandrogenemic polycystic ovary syndrome patients on in vitro fertilization outcome . '' . Fertility and Sterility. 93 ( 6 ) : 1864 -- 9 . PMID 19171332 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2008.12. 024 . Jump up ^ `` A heavy burden '' . The Economist . December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Insulin resistance '' . Medicine net . Jump up ^ `` Science daily '' . Jun 2009 . Jump up ^ Insulin Resistance Leads to LADA ( Report ) . Diabetes Health . Retrieved Feb 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Behme MT , Dupre J , Harris SB , Hramiak IM , Mahon JL . `` Insulin Resistance / LADA '' . Ann NY Acad Sci. 1005 : 374 -- 7 . PMID 14679095 . doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1288.062 . Jump up ^ `` Latent Autoimmune Diabetes : A Little Known Type of Diabetes '' . Pharmacy Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGarry , JD ( 2002 ) . `` Banting lecture 2001 : dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes '' . Diabetes. 51 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 18 . PMID 11756317 . doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 51.1. 7 . Jump up ^ Flores - Riveros , JR ; McLenithan , JC ; Ezaki , O ; Lane , MD ( 1993 ) . `` Insulin down - regulates expression of the insulin - responsive glucose transporter ( GLUT4 ) gene : effects on transcription and mRNA turnover '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 90 ( 2 ) : 512 -- 516 . PMC 45693 . PMID 8421683 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 90.2. 512 . Jump up ^ MacLean , PS ; Zheng , D ; Jones , JP ; Olson , AL ; Dohm , GL ( 2002 ) . `` Exercise - induced transcription of the muscle glucose transporter ( GLUT 4 ) gene '' . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 292 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 414 . PMID 11906177 . doi : 10.1006 / bbrc. 2002.6654 . Jump up ^ Koga M , Kasayama S ( 2010 ) . `` Clinical impact of glycated albumin as another glycemic control marker '' . Endocrine Journal . 57 ( 9 ) : 751 -- 762 . PMID 20724796 . doi : 10.1507 / endocrj. K10E - 138 . Jump up ^ Puddu A , Viviani GL ( 2011 ) . `` Advanced glycation endproducts and diabetes . Beyond vascular complications '' . Endocrine , Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets. 11 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 140 . PMID 21476962 . doi : 10.2174 / 187153011795564115 . Jump up ^ Nagaev , I ; Bokarewa , M ; Tarkowski , A ; Smith , U ( 2006 ) . Valcarcel , Juan , ed . `` Human resistin is a systemic immune - derived proinflammatory cytokine targeting both leukocytes and adipocytes '' . PLoS ONE . 1 ( 1 ) : e31 . PMC 1762367 . PMID 17183659 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000031 . Jump up ^ Insulin at eMedicine Jump up ^ Defronzo , RA ; Tobin , JD ; Andres , R ( 1979 ) . `` Glucose clamp technique : a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance '' . The American journal of physiology. 237 ( 3 ) : E214 -- 23 . PMID 382871 . ^ Jump up to : Muniyappa , R ; Lee , S ; Chen , H ; Quon , MJ ( 2008 ) . `` Current approaches for assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in vivo : advantages , limitations , and appropriate usage '' . Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 294 ( 1 ) : E15 -- E26 . PMID 17957034 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpendo. 00645.2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace , TM ; Levy , JC ; Matthews , DR ( 2004 ) . `` Use and abuse of HOMA modeling '' . Diabetes Care . 27 ( 6 ) : 1487 -- 1495 . PMID 15161807 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 27.6. 1487 . Jump up ^ Boden , G ; Sargrad , K ; Homko , C ; Mozzoli , M ; Stein , TP ( 2005 ) . `` Effect of a low - carbohydrate diet on appetite , blood glucose levels , and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 142 ( 6 ) : 403 -- 11 . PMID 15767618 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 142 - 6 - 200503150 - 00006 . Jump up ^ Bramnert , M ; Segerlantz , M ; Laurila , E ; Daugaard , JR ; Manhem , P ; Groop , L ( 2003 ) . `` Growth hormone replacement therapy induces insulin resistance by activating the glucose - fatty acid cycle '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 ( 4 ) : 1455 -- 1463 . PMID 12679422 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2002 - 020542 . Jump up ^ ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Jump up ^ Knowler , WC ; Barrett - Connor , E ; Fowler , SE ; Hamman , RF ; Lachin , JM ; Walker , EA ; Nathan , DM ( 2002 ) . `` Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin '' . New England Journal of Medicine . Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group . 346 ( 6 ) : 393 -- 403 . PMC 1370926 . PMID 11832527 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa012512 . Jump up ^ Kahn , R. ( January 2012 ) . `` Reducing the impact of diabetes : Is prevention feasible today , or should we aim for better treatment ? '' . Health Affairs . 31 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 83 . PMID 22232097 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2011.1075 . Jump up ^ Newsom , S.A. ; Schenk , S. ; Thomas , K.M. ; Harber , M.P. ; Knuth , N.D. ; Goldenberg , N. ; Horowitz , J.F. ( 2009 ) . `` Energy deficit after exercise augments lipid mobilization but does not contribute to the exercise - induced increase in insulin sensitivity '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 108 ( 3 ) : 554 -- 560 . PMC 2838634 . PMID 20044472 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01106.2009 . Jump up ^ Keenan , M.J. ; Zhou , J. ; Hegsted , M. ; Pelkman , C. ; Durham , H.A. ; Coulon , D.B. ; Martin , R.J. ( Mar 2015 ) . `` Role of resistant starch in improving gut health , adiposity , and insulin resistance '' . Advances in Nutrition. 6 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 205 . PMC 4352178 . PMID 25770258 . doi : 10.3945 / an. 114.007419 . Jump up ^ Higgins , JA ; Miller Brand , JC ; Denyer , GS ( 1996 ) . `` Development of insulin resistant in the rat is dependent on the rate of glucose absorption from the diet '' . Journal of Nutrition. 126 ( 3 ) : 596 -- 602 . PMID 8598543 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , SE ; Brand Miller , JC ; Denyer , GS ( 1995 ) . `` Amylopectin starch promotes the development of insulin resistance in rats '' . Journal of Nutrition. 125 ( 6 ) : 1430 -- 37 . PMID 7782895 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , CE ; Higgins , JA ; Denyer , GS ; Brand Miller , JC ( 1996 ) . `` Amylopectin starch induces nonreversible insulin resistance in rats '' . Journal of Nutrition. 126 ( 2 ) : 410 -- 415 . PMID 8632213 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Jennifer C ( 2002 ) . `` The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance '' . Current Diabetes Reports . 2 ( 5 ) : 435 -- 40 . PMID 12643169 . doi : 10.1007 / s11892 - 002 - 0098 - y . Jump up ^ Fukuchi , S ; Hamaguchi , K ; Seike , M ; Himeno , K ; Sakata , T ; Yoshimatsu , H ( 2004 ) . `` Role of fatty acid composition in the development of metabolic disorders in sucrose - induced obese rats '' . Experimental biology and medicine . 229 ( 6 ) : 486 -- 93 . PMID 15169967 . Jump up ^ Storlien , LH ; Baur , LA ; Kriketos , AD ; Pan , DA ; Cooney , GJ ; Jenkins , AB ; Calvert , GD ; Campbell , LV ( 1996 ) . `` Dietary fats and insulin action '' . Diabetologia. 39 ( 6 ) : 621 -- 31 . PMID 8781757 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00418533 . Jump up ^ De la Rue , J ; Lefoll , C ; Corporeau , C ; Lucas , D ( 2004 ) . `` N - 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids : a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity ? '' . Reproduction , nutrition , development . 44 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 99 . PMID 15460168 . doi : 10.1051 / rnd : 2004033 . Jump up ^ `` Does caffeine affect blood sugar ? '' . Mayo Clinic ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ Falta , W. ; Boller , R. ( 1931 ) . `` Insulärer und Insulinresistenter Diabetes '' . Klinische Wochenschrift. 10 ( 10 ) : 438 -- 443 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01736348 . Jump up ^ Himsworth , H ( 1936 ) . `` Diabetes mellitus : its differentiation into insulin - sensitive and insulin insensitive types '' . The Lancet . 227 ( 5864 ) : 127 -- 130 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 01 ) 36134 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nolan , C ( 2010 ) . `` Failure of islet β - cell compensation for insulin resistance causes type 2 diabetes : What causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ? '' . Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 25 ( 10 ) : 1594 -- 1597 . PMID 20880166 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1746.2010. 06473. x . Further reading ( edit ) Reaven GM ( 2005 ) . `` The insulin resistance syndrome : definition and dietary approaches to treatment '' . Annual Review of Nutrition ( review ) . 25 : 391 -- 406 . PMID 16011472 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nutr. 24.012003. 132155 . Rao , Goutham ( 2001 ) . `` Insulin resistance syndrome '' . American Family Physician ( review ) . US . 63 ( 6 ) : 1159 -- 63 , 1165 -- 6 . PMID 11277552 . External links ( edit ) Insulin resistance at DMOZ `` The National Insulin Resistance Council '' . US . `` Insulin resistance '' . Diabetes . US : NIH . Diabetes ( E10 -- E14 , 250 ) Types Type 1 Type 2 LADA Gestational diabetes Diabetes and pregnancy Prediabetes Impaired fasting glucose Impaired glucose tolerance Insulin resistance KPD MODY Neonatal Transient Permanent Type 3c ( Pancreatogenic ) Blood tests Blood sugar Glycosylated hemoglobin Glucose tolerance test Postprandial glucose test Fructosamine Glucose test C - peptide Noninvasive glucose monitor Insulin tolerance test Management Diabetic diet Anti-diabetic drugs Insulin therapy intensive conventional pulsatile Cure Embryonic stem cells Artificial pancreas Other Gastric bypass surgery Complications Diabetic comas Hypoglycemia Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Diabetic foot ulcer Neuropathic arthropathy Organs in diabetes Blood vessels Muscle Kidney Nerves Retina Heart Diabetic skin disease Diabetic dermopathy Diabetic bulla Diabetic cheiroarthropathy Neuropathic ulcer Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Other Glossary of diabetes Diseases of the endocrine system ( E00 -- E35 , 240 -- 259 ) Pancreas / glucose metabolism Hypofunction Diabetes mellitus types : type 1 type 2 gestational MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6 complications coma angiopathy ketoacidosis nephropathy neuropathy retinopathy cardiomyopathy insulin receptor ( Rabson -- Mendenhall syndrome ) Insulin resistance Hyperfunction Hypoglycemia beta cell ( Hyperinsulinism ) G cell ( Zollinger -- Ellison syndrome ) Hypothalamic / pituitary axes Hypothalamus gonadotropin Kallmann syndrome Adiposogenital dystrophy CRH ( Tertiary adrenal insufficiency ) vasopressin ( Neurogenic diabetes insipidus ) general ( Hypothalamic hamartoma ) Pituitary Hyperpituitarism anterior Acromegaly Hyperprolactinaemia Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion posterior ( SIADH ) general ( Nelson 's syndrome ) Hypopituitarism anterior Kallmann syndrome Growth hormone deficiency Hypoprolactinemia ACTH deficiency / Secondary adrenal insufficiency GnRH insensitivity FSH insensitivity LH / hCG insensitivity posterior ( Neurogenic diabetes insipidus ) general Empty sella syndrome Pituitary apoplexy Sheehan 's syndrome Lymphocytic hypophysitis Thyroid Hypothyroidism Iodine deficiency Cretinism Congenital hypothyroidism Myxedema Euthyroid sick syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroxinemia Thyroid hormone resistance Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia Hashitoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis factitia Graves ' disease Thyroiditis Acute infectious Subacute De Quervain 's Subacute lymphocytic Autoimmune / chronic Hashimoto 's Postpartum Riedel 's Goitre Endemic goitre Toxic nodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid nodule Parathyroid Hypoparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Primary Secondary Tertiary Osteitis fibrosa cystica Adrenal Hyperfunction aldosterone : Hyperaldosteronism / Primary aldosteronism Conn syndrome Bartter syndrome Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism AME Liddle 's syndrome 17α CAH cortisol : Cushing 's syndrome ( Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome ) sex hormones : 21α CAH 11β CAH Hypofunction / Adrenal insufficiency ( Addison 's , WF ) aldosterone : Hypoaldosteronism 21α CAH 11β CAH cortisol : CAH Lipoid 3β 11β 17α 21α sex hormones : 17α CAH Gonads ovarian : Polycystic ovary syndrome Premature ovarian failure testicular : enzymatic 5α - reductase deficiency 17β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency aromatase excess syndrome ) Androgen receptor ( Androgen insensitivity syndrome ) general : Hypogonadism ( Delayed puberty ) Hypergonadism Precocious puberty Hypoandrogenism Hypoestrogenism Hyperandrogenism Hyperestrogenism Postorgasmic illness syndrome Height Dwarfism / Short stature Midget Laron syndrome Psychosocial Ateliosis Gigantism Multiple Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome multiple APS1 APS2 Carcinoid syndrome Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A 2B Progeria Werner syndrome Acrogeria Metageria Woodhouse - Sakati syndrome Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin_resistance&oldid=800527869 '' Categories : Diabetes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional medical references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 02 : 49 . 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-7371850956105772702	List of Gavin & Stacey episodes	List of Gavin & Stacey episodes - wikipedia List of Gavin & Stacey episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gavin & Stacey is a British romantic situation comedy that follows the long - distance relationship of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) from Billericay in Essex , England , and Stacy ( Joanna Page ) from Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan , Wales . The writers of the show , actors James Corden and Ruth Jones , also co-star as Gavin and Stacey 's friends , Smithy and Nessa . Other prominent cast members include Alison Steadman and Larry Lamb , who play Gavin 's parents , Pam and Mick , and Melanie Walters and Rob Brydon , who portray Stacey 's mother , Gwen , and her uncle , Bryn . The show was produced by Baby Cow Productions for BBC Wales . It ran for a total of 20 episodes , broadcast from 13 May 2007 to 1 January 2010 , comprising three series and two Christmas specials . Initially , the series was shown on ( now digital - only since 2016 ) channel BBC Three , but a growing following meant that it was subsequently moved to BBC Two , and finally BBC One . The last episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime time BBC seasonal programming , and were broadcast on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year 's Day 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Series 1 ( 2007 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2008 ) 1.3 Christmas Special ( 2008 ) 1.4 Series 3 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 1.5 Outtakes Special ( 2010 ) 2 External links Overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Series premiere Series finale 6 13 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 13 ) 10 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) 7 16 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) 20 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 20 ) Christmas Special 24 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) 6 26 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) 1 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) Series 1 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Series No . Season No . Title Director Writer Original air date `` Episode One '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 13 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 13 ) Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey West ( Joanna Page ) decide to meet for the first time in London after talking on the phone for some time , bringing along their best friends , Neil `` Smithy '' Smith ( James Corden ) and Nessa Jenkins ( Ruth Jones ) for support , and the two pairs end up in a hotel together for the night . `` Episode Two '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 13 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 13 ) Gavin and Stacey are happy and in love , until a phone call turns their lives upside down . Gavin decides there is only one thing to do , drive to Stacey and tell her he loves her . However , when he arrives , Stacey 's uncle Bryn West ( Rob Brydon ) is convinced he is a Jehovah 's Witness and wo n't let him speak to her . `` Episode Three '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 20 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) Gavin and Stacey prepare to tell their friends and families about their surprise engagement . Gavin 's parents , Mick ( Larry Lamb ) and Pam ( Alison Steadman ) , are over the moon , while Stacey 's family have some very big concerns over the announcement , and Smithy refuses to even talk to Gavin . `` Episode Four '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 27 May 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 27 ) The Shipmans travel to Barry Island for a wedding fair . At the wedding fair , Smithy is completely mesmerised by Jammy the stag organiser ( Matt Lucas ) , Bryn is totally sold on a magician for the wedding , and Gavin has to decide whether to go with the horse and carriage Stacey wants for the wedding or the Bentley he wants instead . Meanwhile , Nessa fears she may be pregnant . 5 5 `` Episode Five '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 3 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) It 's Gavin and Stacey 's stag and hen nights . Stacey is delighted when her brother Jason ( Robert Wilfort ) returns home but there 's bad history between him and Bryn . Meanwhile , Gavin finds out that Stacey has been engaged five times before , and Nessa is in two minds about whether to tell Smithy she may be pregnant . 6 6 `` Episode Six '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 10 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) The wedding day has finally arrived , with Gavin having forgiven Stacey 's revelation . Nessa is unable to reveal her pregnancy to Smithy , who makes a fool of himself whilst performing the best man speech . Series 2 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Series No . Season No . Title Director Writer Original air date 7 `` Episode One '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 16 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) Newlyweds Gavin and Stacey return from their honeymoon to a big welcome from both families . However , when Smithy joins them for a celebratory meal out , he seems none too happy with his best friend . As Nessa makes a shocking confession , a tearful Stacey realises she 's about to leave home and Pam 's friends Dawn ( Julia Davis ) and Pete Sutcliffe ( Adrian Scarborough ) are distraught over their threeway situation , the entire evening slowly relocates to the restaurant toilets . 8 `` Episode Two '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 16 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) Smithy goes AWOL after hearing that he is going to be a father , so Gavin , Mick and Bryn attempt to track him down and persuade him to do the right thing . Meanwhile , Stacey is not pleased to hear of her mother Gwen 's ( Melanie Walters ) new living arrangements , and begins feeling homesick before her life at the Shipmans has even begun . 9 `` Episode Three '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 23 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) Stacey is still adjusting to life as an Essex wife but perks up when it is time to go home to Barry Island , as Nessa and Smithy see their unborn baby for the first time . Meanwhile , Gwen 's neighbour , Doris ( Margaret John ) , makes a surprising proposition to Gavin . 10 `` Episode Four '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 30 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) Gavin and Stacey start house - hunting while Mick becomes a minor celebrity for the night after he finds a dead body on his way to work . Nessa visits Stacey , and the pair of them , along with Gavin and Smithy , go bowling , where tension between the newlyweds starts to bubble over . 11 5 `` Episode Five '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 6 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) Bryn has arranged a special treat for Gwen 's birthday , but he ca n't handle the pressure and Gwen starts to get suspicious . Stacey tells Gavin a decision that will change their lives forever : she 's moving back to Barry Island . Elsewhere , Nessa seems to have rekindled her romance with Dave Coaches ( Steffan Rhodri ) 12 6 `` Episode Six '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 13 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) While Stacey stays in Barry Island , Gavin goes home alone to Essex . Smithy takes Gavin for a boys ' night out while Stacey goes to the bingo , but their mutual feelings become evident . Meanwhile , Bryn fears his fishing trip secret will be revealed as Dave , who he confided in whilst drunk , continues to charm Nessa , and the situation is made worse by Jason 's presence in the house . 13 7 `` Episode Seven '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 20 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 20 ) Stacey returns to Essex to sort things out with Gavin , but things are not looking good . Over in Barry Island , Nessa goes into labour a month early , leaving Gavin to find Smithy and get him to Barry Island in time for the birth . Christmas Special ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Series No . Title Director Writer Original air date 14 `` Christmas Special '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 24 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) It 's Christmas and the Welsh contingent have been invited to celebrate the festive season with the Shipmans . So with the help of Dave and his coach , Nessa and the Wests head east . In Essex , Mick 's preoccupied with the new love of his life -- a handsome Norfolk turkey -- and Smithy ca n't wait to spend his first Christmas with his baby Neil . Pam has laid on a fabulous spread , Bryn 's got his mistletoe at the ready , and as the bubbly starts flowing it looks set to be a cracker of a Christmas . Then , Gavin makes a startling announcement that he is moving to Wales , and all hell breaks loose ! Pete punches Dave after he makes a comment about Dawn , and Pam challenges a hostile Nessa . Bryn and Jason talk about the fateful fishing trip but are interrupted by Dave before any details are revealed . Dave proposes to Nessa on Christmas Day , which she accepts . Presents are given out , with some choice wrapping from Smithy . Mick plays Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas on his new keyboard as they all sing together on Christmas night . Series 3 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Series No . Season No . Title Director Writer Original air date 15 `` Episode One '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 26 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) Gavin starts his new job in Cardiff and Stacey is thrilled to be at home again . Smithy comes to terms with life in Essex without his best friend , while Nessa is adjusting to life in Dave 's caravan down in Sully . The weekend brings with it a big reunion , as everyone meets up for the christening of baby Neil , where Gavin and Stacey decide to try for a baby themselves . Nessa 's father , Neil Jenkins ( Ifan Huw Dafydd ) makes his first appearance in the show at the christening . 16 `` Episode Two '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 3 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) Following her and Gavin 's decision to try for a baby , Stacey attempts to get a new job to earn extra money and is given a tough mock interview by Bryn . Meanwhile , Nessa takes baby Neil to see Smithy in Essex , which angers Dave who is left at home with Nessa 's father . After a drunken night of beer and curry at Mick and Pam 's , Smithy and Nessa wake up in bed together . 17 `` Episode Three '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 10 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) Smithy and his friends travel to Wales for a weekend of fun with Gavin , leaving Bryn 's house overcrowded . Meanwhile , Stacey fears she may not be able to have children . 18 `` Episode Four '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 17 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) Gavin and Stacey visit the doctor where they learn that Gavin has a low sperm count . Pete and Dawn renew their vows with Smithy giving Dawn away , and Smithy jokingly offers to have sex with Stacey in order to be a sperm donor . Smithy and Dave have a confrontation at the reception , and Smithy tells Dave that he slept with Nessa . 19 5 `` Episode Five '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 25 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) When Pam and Mick arrive in Wales , everyone hits the beach . Smithy makes an unexpected appearance and declares a truce with Dave regarding Nessa . Gavin and Stacey decide that they will keep trying for a baby until the New Year , and if they are unsuccessful they will look into other options . 20 6 `` Episode Six '' Christine Gernon James Corden & Ruth Jones 1 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) Nessa and Dave 's wedding day arrives . Stacey has some exciting news for Gavin - she 's pregnant at last . Smithy walks in on the wedding and tells Nessa that she should not marry Dave because he knows the only reason she wants to marry Dave is so Neil has a father , which he 's already got in Smithy . Dave admits that he knows Nessa never loved him . The two of them shake hands , and Dave leaves the church . The episode cuts to 6 months later , where we see that Stacey is heavily pregnant , and Smithy is living in Barry Island with Nessa and Neil . Outtakes Special ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Series No . Title Director Writer Original air date n / a `` The Outtakes '' David Lambert James Corden & Ruth Jones 1 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) Stars and writers Ruth Jones and James Corden look through the best outtakes from all three series and the 2008 Christmas Special of the award - winning Gavin & Stacey . External links ( edit ) List of ' Gavin & Stacey episodes at British Comedy Guide List of Gavin & Stacey episodes at TV.com Gavin and Stacey information at BBC online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gavin_%26_Stacey_episodes&oldid=795769366 '' Categories : Lists of British sitcom television series episodes Lists of sitcom television series episodes Gavin & Stacey Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2016 All articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 10 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in gavin and stacey series 3	[]	[]
-6066400489030691349	Harvard Mark I	Harvard Mark I - wikipedia Harvard Mark I The left end consisted of electromechanical computing components The right end included data and program readers , and automatic typewriters Closeup of input / output and control readers The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ( ASCC ) , called Mark I by Harvard University 's staff , was a general purpose electromechanical computer that was used in the war effort during the last part of World War II . One of the first programs to run on the Mark I was initiated on 29 March 1944 by John von Neumann . At that time , von Neumann was working on the Manhattan project , and needed to determine whether implosion was a viable choice to detonate the atomic bomb that would be used a year later . The Mark I also computed and printed mathematical tables , which had been the initial goal of British inventor Charles Babbage for his `` analytical engine '' . The Mark I was disassembled in 1959 , but portions of it are displayed in the Science Center as part of the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments . Other sections of the original machine were transferred to IBM and the Smithsonian Institution . Contents 1 Origins 2 Design and construction 3 Operation 4 Instruction format 5 Contribution to the Manhattan project 6 Aiken and IBM 7 Successors 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Origins ( edit ) The original concept was presented to IBM by Howard Aiken in November 1937 . After a feasibility study by IBM engineers , the company chairman Thomas Watson Sr. personally approved the project and its funding in February 1939 . Howard Aiken had started to look for a company to design and build his calculator in early 1937 . After two rejections , he was shown a demonstration set that Charles Babbage 's son had given to Harvard University 70 years earlier . This led him to study Babbage and to add references of the Analytical Engine to his proposal ; the resulting machine `` brought Babbage 's principles of the Analytical Engine almost to full realization , while adding important new features . '' The ASCC was developed and built by IBM at their Endicott plant and shipped to Harvard in February 1944 . It began computations for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships in May and was officially presented to the university on August 7 , 1944 . Design and construction ( edit ) The ASCC was built from switches , relays , rotating shafts , and clutches . It used 765,000 electromechanical components and hundreds of miles of wire , comprising a volume of 816 cubic feet ( 23 m ) - 51 feet ( 16 m ) in length , 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in height , and 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) deep . It weighed about 10,000 pounds ( 4,500 kg ) . The basic calculating units had to be synchronized and powered mechanically , so they were operated by a 50 - foot ( 15 m ) drive shaft coupled to a 5 horsepower ( 3.7 kW ) electric motor , which served as the main power source and system clock . From the IBM Archives : The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ( Harvard Mark I ) was the first operating machine that could execute long computations automatically . A project conceived by Harvard University 's Dr. Howard Aiken , the Mark I was built by IBM engineers in Endicott , N.Y. A steel frame 51 feet long and 8 feet high held the calculator , which consisted of an interlocking panel of small gears , counters , switches and control circuits , all only a few inches in depth . The ASCC used 500 miles ( 800 km ) of wire with three million connections , 3,500 multipole relays with 35,000 contacts , 2,225 counters , 1,464 tenpole switches and tiers of 72 adding machines , each with 23 significant numbers . It was the industry 's largest electromechanical calculator . The enclosure for the Mark I was designed by futuristic American industrial designer Norman Bel Geddes . Aiken considered the elaborate casing to be a waste of resources , since computing power was in high demand during the war and the funds ( $50,000 or more according to Grace Hopper ) could have been used to build additional computer equipment . Operation ( edit ) The Mark I had 60 sets of 24 switches for manual data entry and could store 72 numbers , each 23 decimal digits long . It could do 3 additions or subtractions in a second . A multiplication took 6 seconds , a division took 15.3 seconds , and a logarithm or a trigonometric function took over one minute . The Mark I read its instructions from a 24 - channel punched paper tape . It executed the current instruction and then read in the next one . A separate tape could contain numbers for input , but the tape formats were not interchangeable . Instructions could not be executed from the storage registers . This separation of data and instructions is known as the Harvard architecture ( although the exact nature of this separation that makes a machine Harvard , rather than Von Neumann , has been obscured with the passage of time ; see Modified Harvard architecture ) . At first , the Mark I had no conditional branch instruction . This meant that complex programs had to be physically lengthy . A program loop was accomplished by joining the end of the paper tape containing the program back to the beginning of the tape ( literally creating a loop ) . Later modifications introduced program branching . The first programmers of the Mark I were computing pioneers Richard Milton Bloch , Robert Campbell , and Grace Hopper . Tape punch used to prepare programs Program tape with visible programming patches Rotary switches used to enter program data constants Sequence indicators and switches Rear view of computing section Instruction format ( edit ) The 24 channels of the input tape were divided into three fields of eight channels . Each accumulator , each set of switches , and the registers associated with the input , output , and arithmetic units were assigned a unique identifying index number . These numbers were represented in binary on the control tape . The first field was the binary index of the result of the operation , the second was the source datum for the operation and the third field was a code for the operation to be performed . Contribution to the Manhattan project ( edit ) In 1928 L.J. Comrie was the first to turn IBM `` punched - card equipment to scientific use : computation of astronomical tables by the method of finite differences , as envisioned by Babbage 100 years earlier for his Difference Engine '' . Very soon after , IBM started to modify its tabulators to facilitate this kind of computation . One of these tabulators , built in 1931 , was The Columbia Difference Tabulator John von Neumann had a team at Los Alamos that used `` modified IBM punched - card machines '' to determine the effects of implosion . On 29 March 1944 , he demanded to run certain problems regarding implosion on the Mark I. In early August 1944 he arrived with two mathematicians to write a simulation program to study the implosion of the first atomic bomb . The Los Alamos group completed its work in a much shorter time than the Cambridge group . However , the punched - card machine operation computed values to six decimal places , whereas the Mark I computed values to eighteen decimal places . Additionally , Mark I integrated the partial differential equation at a much smaller interval size ( or smaller mesh ) and so ... achieved far greater precision . `` Von Neumann joined the Manhattan Project in 1943 , working on the immense number of calculations needed to build the atomic bomb . He showed that the implosion design , which would later be used in the Trinity and Fat Man bombs , was likely faster and more efficient than the gun design . '' Aiken and IBM ( edit ) Aiken published a press release announcing the Mark I listing himself as the sole `` inventor '' . James W. Bryce was the only IBM person mentioned , even though several IBM engineers including Clair Lake and Frank Hamilton had helped to build various elements . IBM chairman Thomas J. Watson was enraged , and only reluctantly attended the dedication ceremony on August 7 , 1944 . Aiken , in turn , decided to build further machines without IBM 's help , and the ASCC came to be generally known as the `` Harvard Mark I '' . IBM went on to build its Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator ( SSEC ) to both test new technology and provide more publicity for the company 's own efforts . Successors ( edit ) The Mark I was followed by the Harvard Mark II ( 1947 or 1948 ) , Mark III / ADEC ( September 1949 ) , and Harvard Mark IV ( 1952 ) -- all the work of Aiken . The Mark II was an improvement over the Mark I , although it still was based on electromechanical relays . The Mark III used mostly electronic components -- vacuum tubes and crystal diodes -- but also included mechanical components : rotating magnetic drums for storage , plus relays for transferring data between drums . The Mark IV was all - electronic , replacing the remaining mechanical components with magnetic core memory . The Mark II and Mark III were delivered to the US Navy base at Dahlgren , Virginia . The Mark IV was built for the US Air Force , but it stayed at Harvard . The Mark I was disassembled in 1959 , but portions of it are displayed in the Science Center , as part of the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments . Other sections of the original machine were transferred to IBM and to the Smithsonian Institution . See also ( edit ) Difference engine , a pioneering 19th - century mechanical computer History of computing hardware Other early computers : Zuse Z3 ( Germany ) Atanasoff -- Berry Computer ( US ) Colossus ( UK ) ENIAC ( US ) EDSAC ( UK ) Manchester Mark 1 ( UK ) CSIRAC ( Australia ) MESM ( USSR ) WEIZAC ( Israel ) IBM SSEC ( US ) ARRA ( Netherlands ) DASK ( Denmark ) BESK ( Sweden ) AKAT - 1 ( Poland ) References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The machine 's name as actually displayed on the hardware itself is `` Aiken - IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator Mark I '' . An early photograph ( Wilkes 1956 : 16 figure 1 - 7 ) displays the name as `` IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator '' . Jump up ^ Bernard Cohen , p. 164 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Bernard Cohen , p. 53 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Bernard Cohen , p. 39 ( 2000 ) It was first rejected by the Monroe Calculator Company and then by Harvard University . Jump up ^ `` IBM 's ASCC introduction 2 '' . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed automatic calculating machine ( Abstract ) '' . IEEE Spectrum . IEEE Xplore. 1 ( 8 ) : 62 -- 69 . August 1964 . doi : 10.1109 / MSPEC. 1964.6500770 . ISSN 0018 - 9235 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ IBM Archives : FAQ / Products and Services Jump up ^ Computer Oral History Collection , 1969 - 1973 , 1977 Grace Murray Hopper Interview , January 7 , 1969 , Archives Center , National Museum of American History `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Maurice Vincent Wilkes ( 1956 ) . Automatic Digital Computers . New York : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 16 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Campbell , 1999 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Campbell , 1999 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Bloch , Richard ( 1984 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Oral history interview with Richard M. Bloch '' : 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Erwin Tomash Library on the History of Computing : An Annotated and Illustrated Catalog '' . www.cbi.umn.edu . CBI Hosted Publications . 2008 . Image : Harvard. Vol 16.1948. subsiderary sequence mechanism , description : H Chapter , pp. 577 - 578 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wexelblat , Richard L. ( Ed . ) ( 1981 ) . History of Programming Languages , p. 20 . New York : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 745040 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Computing History : L.J. Comrie '' . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbia Difference Tabulator - 1931 '' . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : # AIKEN , Bernard Cohen p. 166 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Bernard Cohen , p. 164 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Atomic Heritage Foundation : John von Neumann '' . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson W. Pugh ( 1995 ) . Building IBM : Shaping an Industry and Its Technology . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 16147 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin Campbell - Kelly ; William Aspray , ( 1996 ) . Computer : A History of the Information Machine . Basic Books . p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02989 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments Mark I '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Publications Cohen , Bernard ( 2000 ) . Howard Aiken , Portrait of a computer pioneer . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2625317 - 9 - 5 . Cohen , Bernard , ed. ( 1999 ) . Makin ' Numbers . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03263 - 5 . Campbell , Robert ( 1999 ) , Aiken 's First Machine in Cohen 1999 , pp. 31 -- 63 Copeland , Jack ( 2006 ) , Machine against Machine in Copeland 2006 , pp. 64 -- 77 Copeland , B. Jack , ed. ( 2006 ) , Colossus : The Secrets of Bletchley Park 's Codebreaking Computers , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284055 - 4 Zuse , Konrad ( 1993 ) . The Computer - My life . Berlin : Pringler - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 56453 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harvard Mark I . Cruz , Frank da ( August 2004 ) . `` The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator '' . Columbia University Computing History . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Oral history interview with Robert Hawkins at Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis . Hawkins discusses the Harvard - IBM Mark I project that he worked on at Harvard University as a technician as well as Howard Aiken 's leadership of the project . Oral history interview with Richard M. Bloch at Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis . Bloch describes his work at the Harvard Computation Laboratory for Howard Aiken on the Mark I . Oral history interview with Robert V.D. Campbell at Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis . Campbell discusses the contributions of Harvard and IBM to the Mark I project . IBM Archive : IBM ASCC Reference Room ( 1 ) , book excerpt web page , with illustrations , by Herb Grosch , from Grosch , Herbert R.J. ( 1991 ) . Computer : Bit Slices From a Life . Third Millennium Books . ISBN 0 - 88733 - 085 - 1 . ( Third edition online in 2003 ) ( 2 ) Popular Science , October 1944 , Page 86 . ASCC operational manual ( PDF ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Mark_I&oldid=863516413 '' Categories : IBM computers Electro - mechanical computers One - of - a-kind computers Programmable calculators 1940s computers Computer - related introductions in 1944 Harvard University Norman Bel Geddes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша ລາວ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 08 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who developed the first mechanical computer mark i in 1937	[]	[]
121875880841761297	Kaitlin Olson	Kaitlin Olson - wikipedia Kaitlin Olson Kaitlin Olson Olson at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . Kaitlin Willow Olson ( 1975 - 08 - 18 ) August 18 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Portland , Oregon , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Alma mater University of Oregon Occupation Actress , comedian Years active 2000 -- present Height 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) Spouse ( s ) Rob McElhenney ( m . 2008 ) Children Kaitlin Willow Olson ; born August 18 , 1975 is an American actress , producer , model and comedian . She began her career in the Groundlings , an improvisational group in Los Angeles , California , and had minor roles in several television series before being cast as Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds on the FX comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia in 2005 . She has also appeared in film , with roles in Leap Year ( 2010 ) , The Heat ( 2013 ) , and also provided the voice for Destiny in Finding Dory ( 2016 ) . She also portrayed the lead role of Mackenzie `` Mickey '' Molng for two seasons on the Fox comedy series The Mick . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Olson was born in Portland , Oregon to Donald Lee Olson and Melinda Leora . She resided on Vashon Island , Washington , in Puget Sound , 13 mi ( 21 km ) west of Seattle , until the age of eight . Her family relocated back to the Portland area , settling in Tualatin , where Olson grew up on a farm . Her father , Donald Olson , worked as the publisher of the Portland Tribune from 2000 to 2001 . At age twelve , Olson was involved in a serious bicycle accident involving a vehicle , resulting in a fractured skull requiring reconstructive surgery . She graduated from Tigard High School in Tigard , Oregon in 1993 . Olson studied theater at the University of Oregon , graduating with a B.S. in theater arts in 1997 . After college , she moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting professionally . Career ( edit ) Olson was a member of the improvisational group The Groundlings . She toured with the USO to Bosnia , Kosovo and Norway . She made several guest appearances in films and television series such as Curb Your Enthusiasm , The Drew Carey Show , The Jamie Kennedy Experiment , Out of Practice , Miss Match , Family Guy , and Punk 'd . She had a minor role in the film Coyote Ugly . In 2004 , she was cast as Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds in the FX sitcom It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . She also voiced Ethel in the first season of the Comedy Central animated series Brickleberry . In the 2013 film The Heat she appeared as a Bulgarian druggie who engages in an exchange of cultural perspectives and insults with Melissa McCarthy 's character . She played a recurring role as Hartley Underwood , the `` one - armed '' neighbor in the FX series The Riches . In June 2016 , the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting ; in the video , Olson and others told the stories of the people killed there . Also in 2016 , Olson provided the voice of Destiny in Walt Disney 's Finding Dory . Olson starred in the Fox sitcom The Mick , which premiered in January 2017 . She also serves as an executive producer for the series . She returned in the second season of The Mick , which premiered in September 2017 . However , Fox cancelled the series after its second season , ending in April 2018 . Personal life ( edit ) Olson with husband Rob Darrell McElhenney , 2010 Olson married her It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia boss and co-star , Rob McElhenney , in California on September 27 , 2008 . The couple started dating secretly during the second season of the series . They had their first child , a boy named Axel Lee , on September 1 , 2010 . Olson went into labor at a game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies , and Axel was born in their California home as planned . Their second son , Leo Grey McElhenney , was born on April 5 , 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Eyes to Heaven N / A N / A Jacks Jocelyn N / A Coyote Ugly Bidding Customer N / A Fugly Cha Cha Short film 2002 Meet the Marks Kaitlin Marks N / A 2003 Scapegoats Jeannie Short film 2009 Weather Girl Sherry N / A Leap Year Libby N / A Held Up Rocky 2 N / A 2013 The Heat Tatiana N / A 2015 Vacation Arizona Cop N / A 2016 Finding Dory Destiny Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 -- 2003 Scruff Aunt Lil N / A 2000 -- 2007 Curb Your Enthusiasm Becky Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2002 -- 2004 The Drew Carey Show Traylor Recurring role ; 12 episodes 2003 Miss Match Jillian Episode : `` Who 's Sari Now ? '' Significant Others Lauren Episode : `` The First Time '' George Lopez Janet Episode : `` Home Sweet Homeschool '' 2005 Kelsey Grammer Presents : The Sketch Show Various Characters N / A 2005 -- present It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds Main role ; 133 episodes 2006 Out of Practice Debbie Episode : `` Model Behavior '' 2007 The Riches Hartley Underwood 5 episodes 2011 Family Guy Brenda Quagmire Voice role ; episode : `` Screams of Silence : The Story of Brenda Q '' 2012 Unsupervised Carol / Danielle Voice role ; 7 episodes Brickleberry Ethel Voice role ; 10 episodes 2014 -- 2015 New Girl Ashley 2 episodes 2015 Bob 's Burgers Helen Voice role ; episode : `` Housetrap '' 2016 Cassius & Clay Ordwood Cassius Voice role ; unsold television pilot The Simpsons Quinn Voice role ; episode : `` The Girl Code '' 2017 -- 2018 The Mick Mackenzie `` Mickey '' Molng Lead role ; 37 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kaitlin Willow McElhenney '' . Ancestry.com . ^ Jump up to : `` One on One with Kaitlin Olson '' . Hobotrashcan.com ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Joel Murphy . September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` The Mick Cancelled at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valentino , Silas ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A with Kaitlin Olson and Rob McElhenny from ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' '' . The Daily Emerald . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fullmer , Chelsea ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` '' It 's Always Sunny '' Star Returns to Her Alma Mater `` . CAS . University of Oregon . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bartels , Eric ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Comedian gets funny in Philly '' . Portland Tribune . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Kaitlin Olson , Tualatin native , stars in ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' '' . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon . September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Haynes , Dane ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kaitlin Olson Turn Shining Star '' . Portland Tribune . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jeff ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` 18 actors you ( maybe ) did n't know were from Portland '' . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seen on the screen '' . News & Observer. 20 September 2007 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Amrie ( September 13 , 2007 ) . `` Interview : Kaitlin Olson '' . thetvaddict.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 49 Celebrities Honor 49 Victims of Orlando Tragedy Human Rights Campaign '' . Human Rights Campaign . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rothaus , Steve ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pulse Orlando shooting scene a popular LGBT club where employees , patrons ' like family ' '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Burrell , Kaitlin Olson star in animated film , Finding Dory '' . FOX5 . FOX Beat . Washington , D.C. June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Orders Comedy Pilot ' The Mick ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Dan ( September 8 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Sunny for McElhenney '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' It 's Always Sunny ' Stars Wed ! '' . UPI.com . October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OK ! Exclusive : Kaitlin Olson & Rob McElhenney Wed '' . OK ! . October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Still ' Sunny ' after all these years : Kaitlin Olson talks ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' '' . Metro . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Candice ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` Interview with actress Kaitlin Olson '' . Elle . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Kaitlin Olson and Rob McElhenney 's Son Leo Grey ! '' . US Magazine . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` Kaitlin Olson , Rob McElhenney Welcome Son Axel Lee '' . People . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaitlin Olson . Kaitlin Olson on IMDb Kaitlin Olson at AllMovie Kaitlin Olson at WorldCat LCCN : no2007123778 VIAF : 31786819 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaitlin_Olson&oldid=852145716 '' Categories : 1975 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Portland , Oregon Actresses from Washington ( state ) American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Comedians from Oregon Living people People from Tigard , Oregon University of Oregon alumni Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 23 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played tatiana in it's always sunny	[]	[]
6560002510194391148	Fluid balance	Fluid balance - wikipedia Fluid balance See also : Weight loss effects of water Not to be confused with Water balance . Fluid balance is an aspect of the homeostasis of organisms in which the amount of water in the organism needs to be controlled , via osmoregulation and behavior , such that the concentrations of electrolytes ( salts in solution ) in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges . The core principle of fluid balance is that the amount of water lost from the body must equal the amount of water taken in ; for example , in humans , the output ( via respiration , perspiration , urination , defecation , and expectoration ) must equal the input ( via eating and drinking , or by parenteral intake ) . Euvolemia is the state of normal body fluid volume , including blood volume , interstitial fluid volume , and intracellular fluid volume ; hypovolemia and hypervolemia are imbalances . Water is necessary for all life on Earth . Humans can survive for 4 to 6 weeks without food but only for a few days without water . Profuse sweating can increase the need for electrolyte replacement . Water - electrolyte imbalance produces headache and fatigue if mild ; illness if moderate , and sometimes even death if severe . For example , water intoxication ( which results in hyponatremia ) , the process of consuming too much water too quickly , can be fatal . Deficits to body water result in volume contraction and dehydration . Diarrhea is a threat to both body water volume and electrolyte levels , which is why diseases that cause diarrhea are great threats to fluid balance . Contents 1 Applications 1.1 Water consumption 1.1. 1 Trace elements 1.2 Medical use 1.2. 1 Effects of illness 1.2. 2 Oral rehydration therapy 2 Routes of fluid loss and gain 2.1 Input 2.1. 1 Regulation of input 2.2 Output 2.2. 1 Regulation of output 2.2. 1.1 Antidiuretic hormone 2.2. 1.2 Aldosterone 3 See also 4 References Applications ( edit ) Water consumption ( edit ) The amount of water varies with the individual , as it depends on the condition of the subject , the amount of physical exercise , and on the environmental temperature and humidity . In the US , the reference daily intake ( RDI ) for water is 3.7 litres per day ( l / day ) for human males older than 18 , and 2.7 l / day for human females older than 18 including water contained in food , beverages , and drinking water . The common misconception that everyone should drink two litres ( 68 ounces , or about eight 8 - oz glasses ) of water per day is not supported by scientific research . Various reviews of all the scientific literature on the topic performed in 2002 and 2008 could not find any solid scientific evidence that recommended drinking eight glasses of water per day . For example , people in hotter climates will require greater water intake than those in cooler climates . An individual 's thirst provides a better guide for how much water they require rather than a specific , fixed number . A more flexible guideline is that a normal person should urinate 4 times per day , and the urine should be a light yellow color . A constant supply is needed to replenish the fluids lost through normal physiological activities , such as respiration , perspiration and urination . Food contributes 0.5 to 1 l / day , and the metabolism of protein , fat , and carbohydrates produces another 0.25 to 0.4 l / day , which means that 2 to 3 l / day of water for men and 1 to 2 l / day of water for women should be consumed as fluid to meet the Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI ) . Trace elements ( edit ) In terms of mineral nutrients intake , it is unclear what the drinking water contribution is . However , inorganic minerals generally enter surface water and ground water via storm water runoff or through the Earth 's crust . Treatment processes also lead to the presence of some minerals . Examples include calcium , zinc , manganese , phosphate , fluoride and sodium compounds . Water generated from the biochemical metabolism of nutrients provides a significant proportion of the daily water requirements for some arthropods and desert animals , but provides only a small fraction of a human 's necessary intake . There are a variety of trace elements present in virtually all potable water , some of which play a role in metabolism . For example , sodium , potassium and chloride are common chemicals found in small amounts in most waters , and these elements play a role in body metabolism . Other elements such as fluoride , while arguably beneficial in low concentrations , can cause dental problems and other issues when present at high levels . Water is essential for the growth and maintenance of our bodies , as it is involved in a number of biological processes . Medical Use ( edit ) Effects of illness ( edit ) When a person is ill , fluid may also be lost through vomiting , diarrhea , and hemorrhage . An individual is at an increased risk of dehydration in these instances , as the kidneys will find it more difficult to match fluid loss by reducing urine output ( the kidneys must produce at least some urine in order to excrete metabolic waste . ) Oral rehydration therapy ( edit ) Main article : Oral rehydration therapy Oral rehydration therapy ( ORT ) , is type of fluid replacement used as a treatment for dehydration . In an acute hospital setting , fluid balance is monitored carefully . This provides information on the patient 's state of hydration , renal function and cardiovascular function . If fluid loss is greater than fluid gain ( for example if the patient vomits and has diarrhea ) , the patient is said to be in negative fluid balance . In this case , fluid is often given intravenously to compensate for the loss . On the other hand , a positive fluid balance ( where fluid gain is greater than fluid loss ) might suggest a problem with either the renal or cardiovascular system . If blood pressure is low ( hypotension ) , the filtration rate in the kidneys will lessen , causing less fluid reabsorption and thus less urine output . An accurate measure of fluid balance is therefore an important diagnostic tool , and allows for prompt intervention to correct the imbalance . Routes of fluid loss and gain ( edit ) Fluid can leave the body in many ways . Fluid can enter the body as preformed water , ingested food and drink and to a lesser extent as metabolic water which is produced as a by - product of aerobic respiration ( cellular respiration ) and dehydration synthesis . Input ( edit ) A constant supply is needed to replenish the fluids lost through normal physiological activities , such as respiration , sweating and urination . Water generated from the biochemical metabolism of nutrients provides a significant proportion of the daily water requirements for some arthropods and desert animals , but provides only a small fraction of a human 's necessary intake . In the normal resting state , input of water through ingested fluids is approximately 1200 ml / day , from ingested foods 1000 ml / day and from aerobic respiration 300 ml / day , totaling 2500 ml / day . Regulation of input ( edit ) Main article : Thirst Input of water is regulated mainly through ingested fluids , which , in turn , depends on thirst . An insufficiency of water results in an increased osmolarity in the extracellular fluid . This is sensed by osmoreceptors in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis , which trigger thirst . Thirst can to some degree be voluntarily resisted , as during fluid restriction . The human kidneys will normally adjust to varying levels of water intake . The kidneys will require time to adjust to the new water intake level . This can cause someone who drinks a lot of water to become dehydrated more easily than someone who routinely drinks less . Output ( edit ) The majority of fluid output occurs via the urine , approximately 1500 ml / day ( approx 1.59 qt / day ) in the normal adult resting state . Some fluid is lost through perspiration ( part of the body 's temperature control mechanism ) and as water vapor in exhaled air . These are termed `` insensible fluid losses '' as they can not be easily measured . Some sources say insensible losses account for 500 to 650 ml / day ( 0.5 to 0.6 qt . ) of water in adults , while other sources put the minimum value at 800 ml ( 0.8 qt . ) . In children , one calculation used for insensible fluid loss is 400 ml / m body surface area . In addition , an adult loses approximately 100 ml / day of fluid through feces . For females , an additional 50 ml / day is lost through vaginal secretions . These outputs are in balance with the input of ~ 2500 ml / day . Regulation of output ( edit ) The body 's homeostatic control mechanisms , which maintain a constant internal environment , ensure that a balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained . The anti-diuretic hormones vasopressin ( ADH ) and aldosterone play a major role in this . If the body is becoming fluid - deficient , there will be an increase in the secretion of these hormones , causing fluid to be retained by the kidneys and urine output to be reduced . Conversely , if fluid levels are excessive , secretion of these hormones is suppressed , resulting in less retention of fluid by the kidneys and a subsequent increase in the volume of urine produced . Antidiuretic hormone ( edit ) Main article : Antidiuretic hormone If the body is becoming fluid - deficient , this will be sensed by osmoreceptors in the vascular organ of lamina terminalis and subfornical organ . These areas project to the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus , which contain neurons that secrete the antidiuretic hormone , vasopressin , from their nerve endings in the posterior pituitary . Thus , there will be an increase in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone , causing fluid to be retained by the kidneys and urine output to be reduced . Aldosterone ( edit ) Main article : Renin -- angiotensin system A fluid - insufficiency causes a decreased perfusion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys . This activates the renin -- angiotensin system . Among other actions , it causes renal tubules ( i.e. the distal convoluted tubules and the cortical collecting ducts ) to reabsorb more sodium and water from the urine . Potassium is secreted into the tubule in exchange for the sodium , which is reabsorbed . The activated renin -- angiotensin system stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex which in turn secretes the hormone aldosterone . This hormone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions from distal tubules and collecting ducts . Water in the tubular lumen can not follow the sodium reabsorption osmotically , as this part of the kidney is impermeable to water ; release of ADH ( vasopressin ) is required to increase expression of aquaporin channels in the cortical collecting duct , allowing reabsorption of water . See also ( edit ) Drinking water References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea bj ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ US daily reference intake values Archived 2011 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Research debunks health value of guzzling water . Reuters , April 2008 . Jump up ^ H. Valtin , Drink at least eight glasses of water a day . '' Really ? Is there scientific evidence for `` 8 × 8 '' ? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283 : R993 - R1004 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Negoianu , Dan ; Goldfarb , Stanley ( 2008 ) . `` Just add water '' ( PDF ) . J. Am. Soc . Nephrol. 19 ( 6 ) : 1041 -- 1043 . doi : 10.1681 / ASN. 2008030274 . PMID 18385417 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Swedish DFA ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Geneva , Switzerland . Joyce Morrissey Donohue , Charles O. Abernathy , Peter Lassovszky , George Hallberg . `` The contribution of drinking - water to total dietary intakes of selected trace mineral nutrients in the United States . '' Draft , August 2004 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. Water , Electrolyte , and Acid - Base Balance ( New York : McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc. , 2010 ) , 943 - 944 . ^ Jump up to : Walter F. Boron ( 2005 ) . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch . Elsevier / Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . Page 829 Jump up ^ Physiology : 7 / 7ch08 / 7ch08p33 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Physiology : 7 / 7ch08 / 7ch08p28 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ 3.2 Insensible Water Loss Jump up ^ Physiology : 7 / 7ch08 / 7ch08p32 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ M.J. McKinley ; A.K. Johnson ( 2004 ) . `` The Physiological Regulation of Thirst and Fluid Intake '' . News in Physiological Sciences . 19 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1152 / nips. 01470.2003 . PMID 14739394 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 02 . Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Human homeostasis Blood composition Blood sugar Osmoregulation Pressure : Renin -- angiotensin system Acid -- base Fluid balance Hemostasis Other Predictive Thermoregulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluid_balance&oldid=856888252 '' Categories : Human homeostasis Electrolyte disturbances Nutrition Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Magyar Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 05 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	increased sensible and insensible water loss leads to	[]	[]
7530443198198002177	2017 Australian Super Series	2017 Australian Super Series - wikipedia 2017 Australian Super Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Crowne Group Australian Open Super Series Tournament details Dates 20 -- 25 June 2017 Level Super Series Total prize money US $ 750,000 Venue State Sports Centre Location Sydney , Australia Champions Men 's Singles Srikanth Kidambi Women 's Singles Nozomi Okuhara Men 's Doubles Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda Women 's Doubles Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi Mixed Doubles Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 Australian Super Series was the sixth Super Series badminton tournament of the 2017 BWF Super Series . The tournament took place in Sydney , Australia from 20 -- 25 June 2017 with a total purse of $750,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 's singles 1.1 Seeds 1.2 Top half 1.3 Bottom half 1.4 Finals 2 Women 's singles 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Top half 2.3 Bottom half 2.4 Finals 3 Men 's doubles 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Top half 3.3 Bottom half 3.4 Finals 4 Women 's doubles 4.1 Seeds 4.2 Top half 4.3 Bottom half 4.4 Finals 5 Mixed doubles 5.1 Seeds 5.2 Top half 5.3 Bottom half 5.4 Finals 6 References 7 External links Men 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Son Wan - ho ( Second Round ) Lee Chong Wei ( Withdrew ) Viktor Axelsen ( Withdrew ) Shi Yuqi ( Semifinals ) Jan Ø . Jørgensen ( First Round ) Chou Tien - chen ( First Round ) Ng Ka Long ( Second Round ) Tian Houwei ( Quarterfinals ) Top half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Son W-h 21 14 21 Q1 P Kashyap 18 21 15 Son W-h 21 13 13 S Kidambi 21 21 S Kidambi 15 21 21 Q3 Kan C-y 13 16 S Kidambi 25 21 6 Chou T-c 21 18 18 B. S Praneeth 23 17 Huang YX 17 21 21 Huang YX 15 21 13 T Sugiarto 21 12 10 B. S Praneeth 21 18 21 B. S Praneeth 10 21 21 S Kidambi 21 21 Shi YQ 21 21 Shi YQ 10 14 Hsu J-h 17 14 Shi YQ 21 21 Wang T-w 21 19 PFQ K Tsuneyama 13 18 PFQ K Tsuneyama 23 21 Shi YQ 21 21 7 Ng KL 14 21 21 H-K Vittinghus 17 12 A Jayaram 21 10 9 7 Ng KL 9 13 H-K Vittinghus 21 21 H-K Vittinghus 21 21 Q2 S Verma 16 8 Bottom half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Chen L 21 21 Wong WK 15 13 Chen L 21 21 AS Ginting 23 21 14 AS Ginting 10 13 5 J Ø . Jørgensen 25 12 9 Chen L 21 12 23 J Christie 23 21 Lin D 16 21 21 Hu Y 21 18 J Christie 14 19 Lin D 21 21 Lin D 21 21 PFQ Lee D-k 14 12 Chen L 26 15 21 PFQ H.S. Prannoy 19 13 Lee H-i 24 21 17 R Ouseph 21 21 R Ouseph 18 21 8 T Saensomboonsuk 19 17 8 Tian HW 21 19 21 8 Tian HW 21 21 8 Tian HW 21 15 18 A Antonsen 21 10 19 Lee H-i 17 21 21 Lee H-i 19 21 21 Lee H-i 22 21 Q4 T Ueda 18 19 PFQ Z Zulkiffli 20 15 PFQ Z Zulkiffli 21 21 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Srikanth Kidambi 21 21 Shi Yuqi 10 14 Srikanth Kidambi 22 21 Chen Long 20 16 Chen Long 26 15 21 Lee Hyun - il 24 21 17 Women 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Tai Tzu - ying ( Semifinals ) Carolina Marín ( First Round ) Akane Yamaguchi ( Final ) Sung Ji - hyun ( First Round ) P.V. Sindhu ( Quarterfinals ) Sun Yu ( Semifinals ) He Bingjiao ( Second Round ) Chen Yufei ( Quarterfinals ) Top half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Tai T-y 21 21 PFQ K Gilmour 18 11 Tai T-y 21 21 Q3 L Ma 11 12 R Intanon 11 18 R Intanon 21 21 Tai T-y 10 22 21 5 P.V. Sindhu 21 14 21 5 P.V. Sindhu 21 20 16 S Sato 17 21 18 5 P.V. Sindhu 21 21 Chen XX 21 12 21 Chen XX 13 18 Q1 RS Gadde 17 21 12 Tai T-y 19 12 A Yamaguchi 21 21 A Yamaguchi 21 21 Chiang M-h 16 9 A Yamaguchi 21 21 Q2 Yeo JM 16 21 21 Q2 Yeo JM 14 15 Q4 Chen H-y 21 6 18 A Yamaguchi 21 21 8 Chen YF 21 21 8 Chen YF 15 14 Lee C-h 16 8 8 Chen YF 21 21 NK Rohde 11 15 A Ohori 19 18 A Ohori 21 21 Bottom half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Yip PY 16 8 Lee J-m 21 21 Lee J-m 14 17 PFQ LA Mainaky 6 12 6 Sun Y 21 21 6 Sun Y 21 21 6 Sun Y 21 10 21 Cheung NY 14 15 S Nehwal 17 21 17 Soniia Cheah SY 21 21 Soniia Cheah SY 15 22 14 S Nehwal 21 21 S Nehwal 21 20 21 Sung J-h 10 16 6 Sun Y 18 21 14 M Li 17 12 N Okuhara 21 18 21 PFQ S Takahashi 21 21 PFQ S Takahashi 21 21 Kim H-m 21 16 7 He BJ 14 17 7 He BJ 23 21 S Takahashi 12 21 Hsu Y-c 13 17 N Okuhara 21 23 M Mitani 21 21 M Mitani 12 10 N Okuhara 21 21 N Okuhara 21 21 C Marín 12 19 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Tai Tzu - ying 19 12 Akane Yamaguchi 21 21 Akane Yamaguchi 12 23 17 Nozomi Okuhara 21 21 21 6 Sun Yu 18 21 14 Nozomi Okuhara 21 18 21 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Marcus Fernaldi Gideon / Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo ( Withdrew ) Li Junhui / Liu Yuchen ( Second Round ) Takeshi Kamura / Keigo Sonoda ( Champion ) Goh V Shem / Tan Wee Kiong ( First Round ) Ricky Karanda Suwardi / Angga Pratama ( First Round ) Lee Jhe - huei / Lee Yang ( Second Round ) Huang Kaixiang / Wang Yilu ( Second Round ) Chen Hung - ling / Wang Chi - lin ( Quarterfinals ) Top half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals PFQ Simon Leung WH M Wheller 6 11 Ong YS Teo EY 21 21 Ong YS Teo EY 21 21 Q2 S Alvindo FS Surbakti 21 20 21 Q2 S Alvindo FS Surbakti 9 7 Q4 R Tam E Vuong 17 22 13 Ong YS Teo EY 21 12 15 7 Huang KX Wang YL 21 19 21 Liu C Zhang N 14 21 21 F Alfian MR Ardianto 10 21 16 7 Huang KX Wang YL 16 14 Liu C Zhang N 21 20 23 Liu C Zhang N 21 21 Or CC Tang CM 18 22 21 Liu C Zhang N 15 21 17 Goh VS Tan WK 21 13 13 H Setiawan Tan BH 21 14 21 T Inoue Y Kaneko 16 21 21 T Inoue Y Kaneko 21 21 Q1 J Schueler N Tang 19 14 PFQ C Chen H Tang 8 10 PFQ C Chen H Tang 21 21 T Inoue Y Kaneko 14 12 6 Lee J-h Lee Y 21 21 H Setiawan Tan BH 21 21 P Briggs T Wolfenden 17 15 6 Lee J-h Lee Y 17 11 A Francis T Kona 17 15 H Setiawan Tan BH 21 21 H Setiawan Tan BH 21 21 Bottom half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals S Rankireddy C Shetty 20 21 21 Law CH Lee CH 22 19 11 S Rankireddy C Shetty 16 18 M Chau S Serasinghe 7 15 8 Chen H-l Wang C-l 21 21 8 Chen H-l Wang C-l 21 21 8 Chen H-l Wang C-l 18 19 T Hoki Y Kobayashi 21 21 T Kamura K Sonoda 21 21 PFQ S Jomkoh P Kuna - Anuvit 16 14 T Hoki Y Kobayashi 17 8 M Attri B. S Reddy 20 6 T Kamura K Sonoda 21 21 T Kamura K Sonoda 22 21 T Kamura K Sonoda 21 21 Q3 S Aroliveettil J Sun 7 Lu C-y Yang P-h 15 15 PFQ Choi S-g Kim D-y 21 21 PFQ Choi S-g Kim D-y 21 11 22 H Endo Y Watanabe 13 21 21 H Endo Y Watanabe 15 21 20 5 RK Suwardi A Pratama 21 17 19 PFQ Choi S-g Kim D-y 16 18 Lu C-y Yang P-h 21 21 Lu C-y Yang P-h 21 21 Goh SF N Izzuddin 13 11 Lu C-y Yang P-h 21 15 21 M Christiansen D Daugaard 18 21 Li JH Liu YC 15 21 17 Li JH Liu YC 21 23 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Liu Cheng Zhang Nan 15 21 17 Hendra Setiawan Tan Boon Heong 21 14 21 Hendra Setiawan Tan Boon Heong 17 19 Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda 21 21 Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda 21 21 Lu Ching - yao Yang Po - han 15 15 Women 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Misaki Matsutomo / Ayaka Takahashi ( Champion ) Kamilla Rytter Juhl / Christinna Pedersen ( Final ) Chang Ye - na / Lee So - hee ( Quarterfinals ) Chen Qingchen / Jia Yifan ( Semifinals ) Jung Kyung - eun / Shin Seung - chan ( First Round ) Huang Dongping / Li Yinhui ( Withdrew ) Shiho Tanaka / Koharu Yonemoto ( Quarterfinals ) Naoko Fukuman / Kurumi Yonao ( Second Round ) Top half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 21 Poon LY Tse YS 21 21 Poon LY Tse YS 9 15 S Mapasa G Somerville 19 19 M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 18 21 7 S Tanaka K Yonemoto 21 21 7 S Tanaka K Yonemoto 16 21 16 T Ho S Kurniawan 9 5 7 S Tanaka K Yonemoto 18 21 21 Chen H-y J Tam 11 13 A Ponnappa N. S Reddy 21 18 13 A Ponnappa N. S Reddy 21 21 M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 21 Chen QC Jia YF 17 11 Chen QC Jia YF 21 21 J Kititharakul R Prajongjai Celeste Lee Chloe Lee 6 7 Celeste Lee Chloe Lee w / o Chen QC Jia YF 21 20 21 5 Jung K-e Shin S-c 17 18 Bao YX Tang JH 17 22 18 Bao YX Tang JH 21 21 Bao YX Tang JH 23 21 Huang YQ Yu XH w / o Huang YQ Yu XH 21 18 RS Putri DR Vehrenica Bottom half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals A Higashino A Kurihara w / o Vivian Hoo KM Woon KW A Higashino A Kurihara 16 9 Y Fukushima S Hirota w / o Y Fukushima S Hirota 21 21 6 Huang DP Li YH Y Fukushima S Hirota 10 26 21 Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 25 Chang Y-n Lee S-h 21 24 16 Elena Kwok YM L Ma 8 23 Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 10 11 Chang Y-n Lee S-h 21 21 Y Fukushima S Hirota 16 22 18 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 21 21 K Rytter Juhl C Pedersen 21 20 21 M Fruergaard S Thygesen 16 7 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 21 21 P Supajirakul S Taerattanachai 16 16 8 N Fukuman K Yonao 6 10 8 N Fukuman K Yonao 21 21 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 11 21 21 Chiang K-h Hung S-h 18 20 K Rytter Juhl C Pedersen 21 15 23 Chae Y-j Kim S-y 21 22 Chae Y-j Kim S-y 15 11 K Rytter Juhl C Pedersen 21 21 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi 21 21 Chen Qingchen Jia Yifan 17 11 Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi 21 21 Kamilla Rytter Juhl Christinna Pedersen 10 13 Yuki Fukushima Sayaka Hirota 16 22 18 Kamilla Rytter Juhl Christinna Pedersen 21 20 21 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Zheng Siwei / Chen Qingchen ( Champion ) Lu Kai / Huang Yaqiong ( Withdrew ) Zhang Nan / Li Yinhui ( Withdrew ) Joachim Fischer Nielsen / Christinna Pedersen ( First Round ) Chris Adcock / Gabrielle Adcock ( Quarterfinals ) Tontowi Ahmad / Liliyana Natsir ( First Round ) Praveen Jordan / Debby Susanto ( Final ) Dechapol Puavaranukroh / Sapsiree Taerattanachai ( Quarterfinals ) Top half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Zheng SW Chen QC 21 21 M Christiansen S Thygesen 18 16 Zheng SW Chen QC 21 21 Q4 M Fariman S Kurniawan 10 15 Lu C-y Chiang K-h 10 15 Lu C-y Chiang K-h 21 21 Zheng SW Chen QC 21 21 6 T Ahmad L Natsir 17 16 Y Kobayashi M Matsutomo 19 13 Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 Tan KM Lai PJ 16 21 Q2 Hugo Lueng WC Chim HK 17 14 Y Kobayashi M Matsutomo 21 23 Y Kobayashi M Matsutomo 21 21 Zheng SW Chen QC 21 19 23 J Fischer Nielsen C Pedersen 19 15 Wang YL Huang DP 13 21 21 Wang YL Huang DP 21 21 Wang YL Huang DP 21 23 S Serasinghe S Mapasa 15 22 K Kazuno A Kurihara 10 21 K Kazuno A Kurihara 21 24 Wang YL Huang DP 22 21 5 C Adcock G Adcock 21 21 5 C Adcock G Adcock 20 15 PFQ Simon Leung WH T Ho 15 13 5 C Adcock G Adcock 21 17 21 Lee Y Hsu Y-c 15 14 Choi S-g Chae Y-j 14 21 18 Choi S-g Chae Y-j 21 21 Bottom half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Terry Hee YK Tan WH 21 21 PFQ J Sun J Tam 10 12 Terry Hee YK Tan WH 6 12 Y Watanabe A Higashino 11 19 7 P Jordan D Susanto 21 21 7 P Jordan D Susanto 21 21 7 P Jordan D Susanto 21 21 Q1 T Hoki S Hirota 21 19 14 Chan PS Cheah YS 8 17 Chan PS Cheah YS 14 21 21 Chan PS Cheah YS 21 21 Q3 J Schueler Celeste Lee 17 18 PFQ H Tandjaya S Putri 10 5 PFQ H Tandjaya S Putri 21 21 7 P Jordan D Susanto 21 21 Lee CH Chau HW 21 21 Kim D-y Kim H-n 19 16 S Rankireddy A Ponnappa 13 17 Lee CH Chau HW 9 18 Wang C-l Lee C-h 18 21 20 8 D Puavaranukroh S Taerattanachai 21 21 8 D Puavaranukroh S Taerattanachai 21 19 22 8 D Puavaranukroh S Taerattanachai 12 17 Kim D-y Kim H-n 21 21 Kim D-y Kim H-n 21 21 YF Mainaky LA Mainaky 8 9 Kim D-y Kim H-n 21 21 Tang CM Tse YS 21 21 Tang CM Tse YS 6 15 PFQ M Chau L Ma 18 15 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen 21 19 23 Wang Yilu Huang Dongping 13 21 21 Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen 18 21 21 7 Praveen Jordan Debby Susanto 21 14 17 7 Praveen Jordan Debby Susanto 21 21 Kim Duk - young Kim Ha - na 19 16 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australian Badminton Open 2017 '' . Badminton Australia . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aussies to face world badminton 's best in Sydney '' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Tournament Link Official website Preceded by 2016 Australian Super Series Australian Open Succeeded by Preceded by 2017 Indonesia Super Series Premier BWF Super Series 2017 BWF Season Succeeded by 2017 Korea Open Super Series ( hide ) 2017 BWF Super Series All England India Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Australia Korea Japan Denmark French China Hong Kong Masters Finals Italics denotes Premier event Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Australian_Super_Series&oldid=798441200 '' Categories : 2017 BWF Super Series Sports competitions in Sydney 2017 in Australian sport Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 23 : 48 . About Wikipedia	who has won the 2017 mens singles indonesia open super series badminton tournament	[]	[]
6763289308184806490	United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975	United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 - wikipedia United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Jump to : navigation , search United Kingdom European Community ( Common Market ) membership referendum The Government has announced the results of the renegotiation of the United Kingdom 's terms of membership of the European Community . Do you think the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? Location United Kingdom Date 5 June 1975 ( 1975 - 06 - 05 ) Results Votes % Yes 17,378,581 7001672300000000000 ♠ 67.23 % No 8,470,073 7001327700000000000 ♠ 32.77 % Valid votes 25,848,654 7001997900000000000 ♠ 99.79 % Invalid or blank votes 54,540 6999210000000000000 ♠ 0.21 % Total votes 25,903,194 100.00 % Registered voters / turnout 40,086,677 7001646200000000000 ♠ 64.62 % Results by county Yes No Referendum held : 5 June 1975 Part of a series of articles on the United Kingdom in the European Union Accession 1973 EC enlargement 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1972 EC Act UK rebate 2011 EU Act Membership Brand EU EU Four The Euro European Movement UK Nationality law UK Euroscepticism Maastricht Rebels Black Wednesday Officials and bodies EU Committee European Scrutiny Committee Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels EU Representative in London Young European Movement UK UK European Commissioners Permanent EU Representatives Legislation 1972 EC Act 1986 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1993 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1998 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2002 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2008 EU ( Amendment ) Act 2011 EU Act European Parliament Elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Withdrawal 2004 -- 05 EU Bill 2013 -- 14 EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2015 -- 16 EU membership renegotiation 2015 EU Referendum Act 2016 EU ( Referendum ) Act ( Gibraltar ) 2016 EU membership referendum Causes Endorsements Issues Opinion polling Campaigns Organisations advocating and campaigning for a referendum People 's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Leave Vote Leave ( official lead group ) Business for Britain Conservatives for Britain Students for Britain Labour Leave Leave.EU Bpoplive ( cancelled ) Grassroots Out Get Britain Out The Freedom Association Better Off Out Other anti-EU advocacy organisations Bruges Group Campaign for an Independent Britain Remain Britain Stronger in Europe ( official lead group ) Labour In for Britain European Movement UK Other pro-EU advocacy organisations Britain in Europe British Influence Business for New Europe New Europeans Nucleus Project Fear Media coverage Brexit : The Movie In or Out Aftermath Results International reactions Terms of Withdrawal from EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2016 - 17 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2017 Liberal Democrats Party election Proposed second Scottish independence referendum The New European European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Gibraltar 2017 General Election UK 's relations with EU after 2019 Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ' EU ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 UK invocation of Article 50 Brexit negotiations Department for Exiting the EU ( Brexit Department ) Secretary of State ( Brexit Secretary ) Department for International Trade Secretary of State ( International Trade Secretary ) Post-referendum organisations Change Britain More United Open Britain See also United Ireland The United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , also known as the Referendum on the European Community ( Common Market ) , the Common Market referendum and EEC membership referendum took place on 5 June 1975 in the United Kingdom to gauge support for the country 's continued membership of the European Communities ( EC ) -- often known at the time as the `` European Community '' and the `` Common Market '' which it had entered on 1 January 1973 under the Conservative government of Edward Heath under the provisions of the Referendum Act 1975 . Labour 's manifesto for the October 1974 general election had promised that the people would decide `` through the ballot box '' whether to remain in the EC . This was the first national referendum ever to be held throughout the entire United Kingdom , and was the only national UK - wide referendum held in the 20th Century and remained the only UK - wide referendum until the 2011 referendum on alternative voting was held thirty - six years later and was the only referendum to be held on the UK 's relationship with Europe until the 2016 referendum on continued EU membership . The electorate expressed significant support for EC membership , with 67 % in favour on a national turnout of 64 % . The referendum result was not legally binding , however , it was widely accepted that the vote would be the final say on the matter and would be politically binding on all future Westminster Parliaments . In a 1975 pamphlet , the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson said : `` ( ... ) I ask you to use your vote . For it is your vote that will now decide . The Government will accept your verdict . '' The pamphlet also said : `` Now the time has come for you to decide . The Government will accept your decision - whichever way it goes . '' The February 1974 general election had yielded a Labour minority government , which then won a majority in the October 1974 general election . Labour pledged in its February 1974 manifesto to renegotiate the terms of British accession to the EC , and then to consult the public on whether Britain should stay in the EC on the new terms , if they were acceptable to the government . The Labour Party had historically feared the consequences of EC membership , such as the large differentials between the high price of food under the Common Agricultural Policy and the low prices prevalent in Commonwealth markets , as well as the loss of both economic sovereignty and the freedom of governments to engage in socialist industrial policies , and party leaders stated their opinion that the Conservatives had negotiated unfavourable terms for Britain . The EC heads of government agreed to a deal in Dublin on 11 March 1975 ; Wilson declared `` I believe that our renegotiation objectives have been substantially though not completely achieved '' , and said that the government would recommend a vote in favour of continued membership . On 9 April the House of Commons voted by 396 to 170 to continue within the Common Market on the new terms . Along with these developments , the government drafted a Referendum Bill , to be moved in case of a successful renegotiation . The referendum debate and campaign was an unusual time in British politics and was the third national vote to be held in seventeen months . During the campaign , the Labour Cabinet was split and its members campaigned on each side of the question , an unprecedented breach of Cabinet collective responsibility . Most votes in the House of Commons in preparation for the referendum were only carried thanks to opposition support , and the Government faced several defeats on technical issues such as the handling and format of the referendum counts . Finally , although the Government declared in advance that it would comply with the result , the referendum itself was not legally binding upon it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Legislation 3 Referendum question 4 Campaigning 4.1 Yes campaign ( Britain In Europe ) 4.2 No campaign ( National Referendum Campaign ) 4.3 Official party positions 4.4 The campaign , funding and media support 5 Counting areas 6 Result 6.1 Results by United Kingdom constituent countries 7 TV coverage 8 Reactions and consequences 9 Thirty - year rule 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson At the time of the referendum , nine countries were members of the European Communities National and regional referendums held within the United Kingdom and its constituent countries Northern Ireland border poll 1973 United Kingdom EC referendum Scottish devolution referendum 1979 Welsh devolution referendum 1979 Scottish devolution referendum 1997 Welsh devolution referendum 1997 Greater London Authority referendum 1998 NI Good Friday Agreement referendum 1998 NE England devolution referendum Welsh devolution referendum 2011 United Kingdom AV referendum 2011 Scottish independence referendum 2014 United Kingdom EU referendum 2016 See also : Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities and European Communities Act 1972 ( UK ) When the European Coal and Steel Community was instituted in 1952 , the United Kingdom decided not to become a member . The UK was still absent when the Treaty of Rome was signed in 1957 , creating the European Economic Community ( the Common Market ) . However , in the late 1950s the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan dramatically changed its attitude and appointed Edward Heath to submit an application and lead negotiations for Britain to enter the Common Market . At a meeting in January 1963 , the French president Charles de Gaulle rebuffed and vetoed Macmillan 's request to join the Common Market . Despite the veto , Britain restarted talks with the European Communities countries in 1967 ; and in April 1970 , shortly before the 1970 general election campaign , Heath -- who by this time was the Conservative Party leader -- said that further European integration would not happen `` except with the full - hearted consent of the Parliaments and peoples of the new member countries '' . Heath included negotiating membership in the 1970 Conservative manifesto . Heath became Prime Minister , and personally led many of the negotiations : he struck up a friendship with the new French president Georges Pompidou , who oversaw the lifting of the veto and thus paved the way for UK membership . Between 21 and 28 October 1971 the House of Commons debated whether or not the UK should become a member of the EC , with then Prime Minister Edward Heath commenting just before the vote : `` But tonight when this House endorses this Motion many millions of people right across the world will rejoice that we have taken our rightful place in a truly United Europe ! '' The House of Commons voted 356 - 244 in favour of the motion , with the Prime Minister commenting straight afterwards on behalf of the house . `` Resolved , That this House approves Her Majesty 's Government 's decision of principle to join the European Communities on the basis of the arrangements which have been negotiated . '' No referendum was held when Britain agreed to an accession treaty on 22 January 1972 or when the European Communities Act 1972 went through the legislative process , on the grounds that to hold one would be unconstitutional . The United Kingdom joined the European Communities on 1 January 1973 , along with Denmark and the Republic of Ireland . The EC would later become the European Union . The support of the Conservative Party , under Leader of the Opposition Margaret Thatcher , was essential to the passage of the Government 's European business in the House of Commons . Throughout this period , the Labour Party was divided , both on the substantive issue of EC accession and on the question of whether accession ought to be approved by referendum . In 1971 pro-Market figures such as Roy Jenkins , the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party , said a Labour government would have agreed to the terms of accession secured by the Conservatives . However , the National Executive Committee and the Labour Party Conference disapproved of the terms . In April 1972 the anti-EC Conservative MP Neil Marten tabled an amendment to the European Communities Bill , which called for a consultative referendum on entry . Labour had previously opposed a referendum , but the Shadow Cabinet decided to support Marten 's amendment . Jenkins resigned as Deputy Leader in opposition to the decision , and many Labour MPs abstained on the division . At the February 1974 general election , Labour 's manifesto promised renegotiation of Britain 's terms of membership , to be followed by a consultative referendum on continued membership under the new terms if they were acceptable . In the October 1974 manifesto , this was changed to the promise that Labour would `` give the British people the final say , which will be binding on the Government -- through the ballot box -- on whether we accept the terms and stay in or reject the terms and come out . '' This could be interpreted as including the option of an election in 1975 ; however , Labour won a working majority , and had no need of another general election . Legislation ( edit ) See also : Referendum Act 1975 The government produced a white paper on the proposed referendum on 26 February 1975 : it recommended core public funding for both the `` Yes '' and `` No '' sides , voting rights for members of the armed forces and members of the House of Lords , and finally a proposed single central count of the votes for the whole country . This white paper was approved by the House of Commons . On 26 March a Referendum Bill was introduced to the Commons ; at its second reading on 10 April , MPs voted 312 - 248 in favour . Prior to the bill 's passing there was no procedure or legislation within the United Kingdom for holding any such plebiscite . The vote , the only nationwide plebiscite to be held in the UK during the 20th century , was of constitutional significance . Referendums had been widely opposed in the past , on the grounds that they violated the principle of parliamentary sovereignty . The first major referendum to be held in any part of the UK had been the sovereignty referendum in Northern Ireland in 1973 . The issue of how the votes should be counted caused much division as the Bill went though Parliament . The Government were of the opinion that as it was substantially different from that of a general election and that as a national referendum the United Kingdom was a single constituency and favoured an unprecedented single national count of all the votes for the whole country to take place at Earls Court in London over several days with a single declaration of the final result by the National Counting Officer ( later in the legislation the title was changed to Chief Counting Officer ) but the proposal did n't attract the wider support of the Labour Party or the opposition parties ; the Liberal Party favoured individual counts in each of the parliamentary constituencies and tabled an amendment , but was defeated by 263 to 131 votes in the House of Commons ; however , another amendment , tabled in the Commons by Labour MP Roderick MacFarquhar , sought to have separate counts for each administrative region ( the post-1974 county council areas ) : this won cross-party support , and was carried by 272 to 155 votes . The Act did not specify any national supermajority of `` Yes '' votes for approval of the terms ; a simple majority of 50 % + 1 vote would suffice to win the vote . It received royal assent on 8 May 1975 , just under a month before the vote took place . During the legislative process , the Government also held informal talks with the Governments of the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey to discuss the possibility of holding simultaneous referendums of their own on continued EC membership ; however , the idea was dropped because the UK Parliament had no jurisdiction to pass or impose legislation on those islands , being as they were ( and are ) Crown dependencies . Referendum question ( edit ) The question that would be put to the British electorate , as set out in the Act was : The Government has announced the results of the renegotiation of the United Kingdom 's terms of membership of the European Community . Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? permitting a simple YES / NO answer ( to be marked with a single ( X ) ) . The question that was used was one of the options in the Government White Paper of February 1975 , although during the passage of the Referendum Bill through Parliament , the Government agreed to add the words `` Common Market '' in brackets at the end of the question . It should be noted that the referendum took place 25 years before the passing of the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 by the then Labour Government of Tony Blair , which introduced into British law a general procedure for the holding of UK - wide referendums and effectively created the Electoral Commission , a body that would oversee such votes and also test and research proposed referendum questions . Campaigning ( edit ) The referendum was called in April 1975 after the renegotiation was formally concluded . Since Prime Minister Harold Wilson 's cabinet was split between supporters and opponents of the Common Market , and since members of each side held their views strongly , he made the decision , unprecedented outside coalition government , to suspend the constitutional convention of Cabinet collective responsibility . Cabinet members would be allowed to publicly campaign against each other . In total , seven of the twenty - three members of the cabinet opposed EC membership . Wilson 's solution was that ministers speaking in the House of Commons should reflect government policy ( i.e. support for EC membership ) , but would be allowed to speak freely elsewhere , thus avoiding a mass dismissal of Cabinet ministers . In spite of this , one minister , Eric Heffer , was obliged to resign after speaking against EC membership in the House of Commons . Yes campaign ( Britain in Europe ) ( edit ) Logo of the Keep Britain in Europe campaign . The `` Yes '' campaign was officially supported by Wilson 's Government and the majority of his cabinet , including the holders of the three other Great Offices of State : Denis Healey , the Chancellor of the Exchequer ; James Callaghan , the Foreign Secretary ; and Roy Jenkins , the Home Secretary . It was also supported by the majority of the Conservative Party , including its newly elected leader Margaret Thatcher -- 249 of 275 party members in Parliament supported staying in the EC in a free vote in April 1975 -- the Liberal Party , the Social Democratic and Labour Party , the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland and the Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party . No campaign ( national referendum campaign ) ( edit ) Logo of the Out into the World campaign by the National Referendum Campaign . Tony Benn , Secretary of State for Industry , was one of the senior figures in the No campaign . The influential Conservative Edward du Cann said that `` the Labour party is hopelessly and irrevocably split and muddled over this issue '' . The `` No '' campaign included the left wing of the Labour Party , including the cabinet ministers Michael Foot , Tony Benn , Peter Shore , Eric Varley , and Barbara Castle who during the campaign famously said `` They lured us into the market with the mirage of the market miracle '' . Some Labour `` No '' supporters , including Varley , were on the right wing of the party , but most were from the left . The No campaign also included a large number of Labour backbenchers ; upon the division on a pro-EC White Paper about the renegotiation , 148 Labour MPs opposed their own government 's measure , whereas only 138 supported it and 32 abstained . `` Many Conservatives feel the European Community is not good for Britain ... The Conservative party is divided on it too '' , du Cann -- head of the Conservatives ' 1922 Committee -- added , although there were far fewer Eurosceptic figures in the Parliamentary Conservative Party in 1975 than there would be during later debates on Europe , such as the accession to the Maastricht Treaty . Most of the Ulster Unionist Party were for `` No '' in the referendum , most prominently the former Conservative minister Enoch Powell , who after Benn was the second-most prominent anti-Marketeer in the campaign . Other parties supporting the `` No '' campaign included the Democratic Unionist Party , the Scottish National Party , Plaid Cymru , and parties outside Parliament including the National Front and the Communist Party of Great Britain . Official Party positions ( edit ) Conservative and Liberal Party conferences consistently supported EC membership for several years up to 1975 . At a Labour Party conference on 26 April 1975 , the Labour membership rejected continuing EC membership by almost a 2 : 1 margin . Tony Benn said , ' We have had a conference and the decision is clear ... It is very clear that there now must be a move for the Labour Party to campaign ' . The majority of the Labour Party leadership was strongly for continuing membership , and the margin of the party vote was not a surprise , since only seven of forty - six trade unions present at the conference supported EC membership . Prior to the conference , the party had decided that if the conference voted by a margin of 2 : 1 or more in favour of a particular option , it would then support that position in the referendum campaign . Otherwise , the ' party machine ' would remain neutral . Therefore , the Labour Party itself did not campaign on either side . For a `` Yes '' vote No official party position For a `` No '' vote Conservative Party Liberal Party Social Democratic and Labour Party Alliance Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party Labour Party Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Ulster Unionist Party National Front Communist Party of Great Britain The campaign , funding and media support ( edit ) The government distributed pamphlets from the official Yes and No campaigns to every household in Britain , together with its own pamphlet which argued in support of EC membership . According to this pamphlet , `` the most important ( issues in the renegotiation ) were FOOD and MONEY and JOBS '' . During the campaign , almost the entire mainstream national British press supported the `` Yes '' campaign . The left - wing Morning Star was the only notable national daily to back the `` No '' campaign . Television broadcasts were used by both campaigns , like party political broadcasts during general elections . They were broadcast simultaneously on all three terrestrial channels : BBC 1 , BBC 2 and ITV . They attracted audiences of up to 20 million viewers . The `` Yes '' campaign advertisements were thought to be much more effective , showing their speakers listening to and answering people 's concerns , while the `` No '' campaign 's broadcasts featured speakers reading from an autocue . The `` Yes '' campaign enjoyed much more funding , thanks to the support of many British businesses and the Confederation of British Industry . According to the treasurer of the `` Yes '' campaign , Alastair McAlpine , `` The banks and big industrial companies put in very large sums of money '' . At the time , business was `` overwhelmingly pro-European '' , and Harold Wilson met several prominent industrialists to elicit support . It was common for pro-Europeans to convene across party and ideological lines with businessmen . John Mills , the national agent of the `` No '' campaign , recalled : `` We were operating on a shoe - string compared to the Rolls Royce operation on the other side '' . However , it was also the case that many civil society groups supported the `` Yes '' campaign , including the National Farmers Union and some trade unions . Much of the `` Yes '' campaign focused on the credentials of its opponents . According to Alistair McAlpine , `` The whole thrust of our campaign was to depict the anti-Marketeers as unreliable people -- dangerous people who would lead you down the wrong path ... It was n't so much that it was sensible to stay in , but that anybody who proposed that we came out was off their rocker or virtually Marxist . '' Tony Benn controversially claimed there had been `` Half a million jobs lost in Britain and a huge increase in food prices as a direct result of our entry into the Common Market '' , using his position as Secretary of State for Industry as an authority . His claims were ridiculed by the `` Yes '' campaign and ministers ; the Daily Mirror labelled Benn the `` Minister of Fear '' , and other newspapers were similarly derisive . Ultimately , the `` No '' campaign lacked a popular , moderate figure to play the public leadership role for their campaign that Jenkins and Wilson fulfilled in the `` Yes '' campaign . Counting areas ( edit ) The referendum was held nationally across all four countries of the United Kingdom as a single majority vote in 68 counting areas under the provisions of the Referendum Act , for which the then administrative counties of England and Wales and the then newly formed administrative regions of Scotland were used , with Northern Ireland as a single counting area . The following table shows the breakdown of the voting areas for the referendum within the United Kingdom . Country Counting areas United Kingdom Referendum declaration ; 68 counting areas Constituent countries Counting areas England 47 counting areas Northern Ireland Single counting area Scotland 12 counting areas Wales 8 counting areas Result ( edit ) See also : Results of the United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Results by nation . Voting in the referendum took place across the United Kingdom on Thursday 5 June between 07 : 00 and 22 : 00 BST . All counting areas started their counts the following day on Friday 6 June at 09 : 00 BST , and the final result was announced just before 23 : 00 BST by the Chief Counting Officer ( CCO ) Sir Phillip Allen at Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London , after all 68 counting areas had declared their totals . With a national turnout of 64 % across the United Kingdom , the target to secure a majority for the winning side was 12,951,598 votes . The result was a decisive `` Yes '' to continued EC membership , which won by a huge majority of 8,908,508 votes ( 34.5 % ) over those who had voted `` No '' to reject continued membership . In total , over two - thirds of voters supported continued EC membership . 67.2 percent voted Yes and 32.8 percent voted No . At council level , support for EC membership was positively correlated with support for the Conservative Party and with average income . In contrast , poorer areas that supported Labour gave less support to the question . Approval was well above 60 % in almost every council area in England and Wales , with the strongly Labour - supporting Mid Glamorgan being the exception . Scotland and Northern Ireland gave less support to the question than the British average . Once the voting areas had declared , their results were then relayed to Sir Philip Allen , the Chief Counting Officer , who later declared the final result . All the counting areas within the United Kingdom returned large majority votes in favour of `` Yes '' except for two Scottish regions , the Shetland Islands and the Western Isles , which returned majority votes in favour of a `` No '' vote . Choice Votes % Yes 17,378,581 67.23 No 8,470,073 32.77 Valid votes 25,848,654 99.78 Invalid or blank votes 54,540 0.22 Total votes 25,903,194 100.00 Registered voters and turnout 40,086,677 64.67 National referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) : Yes : 17,378,581 ( 67.2 % ) No : 8,470,073 ( 32.8 % ) ▲ Results by United Kingdom constituent countries ( edit ) Constituent country Electorate Turnout ( % ) Yes No Votes % Votes % England 33,356,208 64.6 % 14,918,009 68.7 % 6,812,052 31.3 % Wales 2,011,136 66.7 % 869,135 64.8 % 472,071 35.2 % Scotland 3,688,799 61.7 % 1,332,186 58.4 % 948,039 41.6 % Northern Ireland 1,030,534 47.4 % 259,251 52.1 % 237,911 47.9 % Tv coverage ( edit ) Both the BBC and ITV provided coverage throughout the following day , and the BBC programme was presented by David Dimbleby and David Butler . There were several programmes throughout the day . Part of the coverage was repeated to mark the 30th anniversary of the referendum in June 2005 , and was also shown to mark the 40th anniversary in June 2015 on the BBC Parliament channel and was to be shown again to mark the 41st anniversary ahead of the 2016 EU Referendum . Reactions and consequences ( edit ) On Friday 6 June 1975 at 18 : 30 BST the Prime Minister , Harold Wilson , gave his reaction outside 10 Downing Street as counting continued , although by this point the result was clear : ' The verdict has been given by a vote with a bigger majority than has been received by any Government in any general election . Nobody in Britain or the wider world should have any doubt about its meaning . It was a free vote , without constraint , following a free democratic campaign conducted constructively and without rancour . It means that fourteen years of national argument are over . It means that all those who have had reservations about Britain 's commitment should now join wholeheartedly with our partners in Europe , and our friends everywhere to meet the challenge confronting the whole nation . ' Enoch Powell gave this comment to the result in a newspaper a few days after the referendum : ' Never again by the necessity of an axiom , will an Englishman live for his country or die for his country : The country for which people live and die was obsolete and we have abolished it . Or not quite yet . No , not yet . The referendum is not a `` verdict '' after which the prisoner is hanged forthwith . It is no more than provisional ... This will be so as long Parliament can alter or undo whatever that or any other Parliament has done . Hence those Golden words in the Government 's Referendum pamphlet : `` Our continued membership would depend on the continuing assent of Parliament '' . ' Roy Jenkins said ' It puts the uncertainty behind us . It commits Britain to Europe ; it commits us to playing an active , constructive and enthusiastic role in it ' . Tony Benn said , ' When the British people speak , everyone , including members of Parliament , should tremble before their decision and that 's certainly the spirit with which I accept the result of the referendum ' . Jenkins was heavily rewarded for successfully leading the campaign for Britain to remain a member of the European Communities when two years later he became the first and to date only British politician to hold the post of President of the European Commission , which he held for four years from 1977 - 81 . The result strengthened Harold Wilson 's tactical position , by securing a further post-election public expression of support for his policies . According to Cook and Francis ( 1979 ) , ' The left of his party had been appeased by the holding of a referendum , the right by its result ' . Following the result , the Labour Party and British trade unions themselves joined European institutions , such as the Socialist Group in the European Parliament , to which they had been reluctant to commit before public approval of EC membership . In the House of Commons , the issue of Europe had been effectively settled for two years , until the debate about direct elections to the European Parliament began in 1977 . The result went on to provide a major pro-European mandate to politicians , particularly in the UK Parliament , for the next forty - one years until the 2016 EU membership referendum was held on Thursday 23 June 2016 , when the UK voted by 51.9 % to 48.1 % to leave the European Union . On that occasion the relative difference of enthusiasm for membership was reversed , with England and Wales voting to leave , whilst Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay . Thirty - year rule ( edit ) The question of sovereignty was discussed in an internal document of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO 30 / 1048 ) before the European Communities Act 1972 , but was not available to the public until January 2002 under the Thirty - year rule . Among `` Areas of policy '' listed `` in which parliamentary freedom to legislate will be affected by entry into the European Communities '' were : Customs duties , Agriculture , Free movement of labour , services and capital , Transport , and Social Security for migrant workers . The document concluded ( paragraph 26 ) that it was advisable to put the considerations of influence and power before those of formal sovereignty . See also ( edit ) Comparison of results in 1975 and 2016 referendums Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 Brexit Referendums in the United Kingdom United Kingdom general election , February 1974 United Kingdom general election , October 1974 Withdrawal from the European Union United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Further reading ( edit ) Butler , D and Kitzinger U . The 1975 Referendum , Palgrave Macmillan UK London and New York , 1996 . Milward , A . ' ' The Rise and Fall of a National Strategy : The UK and The European Community : Volume 1 , Routledge London and New York , 2002 , ( republished 2012 ) . Wall , S . The Official History of Britain and the European Community , Volume II : From Rejection to Referendum , 1963 - 1975 , Routledge London and New York , 2013 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Labour Party ( 1974 ) . Britain will win with Labour : Labour Party manifesto , October 1974 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.harvard-digital.co.uk/euro/pamphlet.htm ^ Jump up to : Cook , Chris ; Francis , Mary ( 1979 ) . The first European elections : A handbook and guide . London : Macmillan Press . ISBN 0 - 333 - 26575 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` European Community '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . 18 March 1975 . col. 1456 -- 1480 . Jump up ^ Crowson , Nicholas J. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . The Conservative Party and European integration since 1945 at the heart of Europe ? . Routledge . p. 90 . ISBN 9780415400220 . OCLC 493677870 . Jump up ^ http://www.conservativemanifesto.com/1970/1970-conservative-manifesto.shtml Jump up ^ The Labour Party ( 1974 ) . Let us work together : Labour 's way out of the crisis : Labour Party manifesto , February 1974 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Adrian ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` The case for Brexit : lessons from the 1960s and 1970s '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogdanor , Vernon ( 2009 ) . The New British Constitution . Oxford : Hart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 671 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gay , Oonagh ; Foster , David ( 25 November 2009 ) . `` Thresholds in Referendums '' . London : House of Commons Library . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ The seven Common Market opponents in the Cabinet were Michael Foot ( Employment ) , Tony Benn ( Industry ) , Peter Shore ( Trade ) , Barbara Castle ( Social Services ) , Eric Varley ( Energy ) , William Ross ( Scotland ) and John Silkin ( Planning and Local Government ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Conservatives favor remaining in market '' . Wilmington Morning Star . UPI. 4 June 1975 . p. 5 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Butler , David ; Kitzinger , Uwe ( 1996 ) . The 1975 referendum . Macmillan Press . pp. 178 , 194 . ISBN 9780333662908 . OCLC 958137188 . Jump up ^ HM Government ( 1975 ) . Britain 's new deal in Europe . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cockerell , Michael ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` How we were talked into joining Europe '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cockerell , Michael ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` How Britain first fell for Europe '' . BBC News . London . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One London - 6 June 1975 - BBC Genome '' . Genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 : UK embraces Europe in referendum '' . BBC on This Day . London . 6 June 1975 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ FCO 30 / 1048 , Legal and constitutional implications of UK entry into EEC ( open from 1 January 2002. ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 . Examples of campaigning leaflets used during the 1975 referendum campaign Full text of the accession act Transcript of government pamphlet advocating to vote to stay in the EEC Article `` Jan - Henrik Meyer , The 1975 referendum on Britain 's continued membership in the EEC '' on CVCE website BBC coverage of the Referendum on YouTube Adrian Williamson , The case for Brexit : lessons from the 1960s and 1970s , History and Policy ( 2015 ) . Article `` Andrew Glencross ( 2015 ) , Looking Back to Look Forward : 40 Years of Referendum Debate in Britain '' https://brexitunderstood.com/1975-referendum/ United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Results Referendum question `` Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? '' Legislation Referendum Act 1975 Background Treaty of Rome 1970 UK General election UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1974 UK General election ( February ) 1974 UK General election ( October ) Campaign organisations Advocating a `` Yes '' vote Britain in Europe Advocating a `` No '' vote National Referendum Campaign Parties For a `` Yes '' vote Conservative Party Liberal Party Social Democratic and Labour Party Alliance Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party Neutral / split Labour Party For a `` No '' vote Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Ulster Unionist Party National Front Communist Party of Great Britain Aftermath European Assembly Elections Act 1978 1979 UK European Parliament election UK rebate Single European Act Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Lisbon Treaty UK renegotiation of EU membership , 2016 2016 European Union membership referendum ( 1974 ← ) United Kingdom local elections , 1975 ( → 1976 ) Metropolitan boroughs Barnsley Birmingham Bradford Bolton Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton District councils ( England ) Preston Worcester Wyre Forest Ad - hoc election Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention Referendum United Kingdom European Communities membership Results United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Renegotiation Results Aftermath Brexit Referendum question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? '' Referendum legislation European Union Referendum Act 2015 European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Background Treaty of Rome UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1975 European Communities membership referendum Single European Act European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1986 UK rebate Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Treaty on European Union European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1993 European Economic Area European Economic Area Act 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1998 Treaty of Nice European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 2002 Treaty of Accession 2003 European Union ( Accessions ) Act 2003 European Constitution European Union Bill 2005 Treaty of Lisbon Withdrawal from the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union European Union ( Amendment ) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 2014 UK European Parliament election 2015 UK general election Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Campaign 2016 referendum campaign Issues Opinion polling Endorsements Project Fear Campaign organisations Remain Official campaign Britain Stronger in Europe Other campaigns Labour In for Britain Leave Official campaign Vote Leave Other campaigns Leave.EU Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group Televised debates The European Union : In or Out ( 2014 ) Aftermath International reactions Conservative Party leadership election Labour Party leadership election UK Independence Party leadership election ( September ) UK Independence Party leadership election ( November ) 2017 UK general election Brexit R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Brexit negotiations Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Effects of Brexit on science and technology WTO Option Brexit legislation European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Related Brexit : The Movie ( 2016 documentary ) Change Britain `` Enemies of the People '' London independence More United The New European ( newspaper ) Open Britain Proposed second Scottish independence referendum United Ireland Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar Impact of Brexit on the European Union Elections and referendums in the United Kingdom General elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 -- 33 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 ( Jan -- Feb ) 1910 ( Dec ) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 ( Feb ) 1974 ( Oct ) 1979 1992 1997 2001 2005 2015 2017 Next Local elections 1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 Referendums 2011 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum,_1975&oldid=835229479 '' Categories : Referendums related to the European Union 1975 elections in the United Kingdom 1975 referendums 1975 in international relations 1975 in the European Economic Community United Kingdom and the European Union June 1975 events United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 11 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was prime minister when we joined europe	[ "The United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, also known as the Referendum on the European Community (Common Market), the Common Market referendum and EEC membership referendum took place on 5 June 1975 in the United Kingdom to gauge support for the country's continued membership of the European Communities (EC)—often known at the time as the \"European Community” and the \"Common Market\" which it had entered on 1 January 1973 under the Conservative government of Edward Heath under the provisions of the Referendum Act 1975. Labour's manifesto for the October 1974 general election had promised that the people would decide \"through the ballot box\"[1] whether to remain in the EC." ]	[ "Edward Heath" ]
-3020183683323377460	Turn Me On (Mark Dinning song)	Turn Me on ( Mark Dinning song ) - wikipedia Turn Me on ( Mark Dinning song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Turn Me On '' Single by Norah Jones from the album First Sessions / Come Away with Me Released 2003 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Jazz , pop Length 2 : 34 Label Blue Note Songwriter ( s ) John D. Loudermilk Producer ( s ) Lee Alexander , Norah Jones Norah Jones singles chronology `` Come Away with Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Turn Me On '' ( 2003 ) `` Sunrise '' ( 2004 ) `` Come Away with Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Turn Me On '' ( 2004 ) `` Sunrise '' ( 2004 ) `` Turn Me On '' is a song by John D. Loudermilk that was first recorded and released by Mark Dinning in 1961 , as the B - side to his single `` Lonely Island '' . Other notable versions are by Nellie Rutherford and Nina Simone . Norah Jones released her version as the last single from her debut album Come Away with Me . The song was also performed by Shelby Dressel during her American Idol audition . It has been suggested that the song influenced the composition of Leonard Cohen 's 1969 song `` Bird on the Wire '' . Norah Jones version ( edit ) Jones 's cover was the seventh track on her debut album . This version also appeared in the movie Love Actually and is on its soundtrack . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Canadian Singles Chart 10 French Singles Chart 92 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John D. Loudermilk - 1960 - 1963 '' . Ihesm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pleasant , Rachel `` Forging Ahead , Despite Elimination '' , ' The Ledger ' , February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hickerson , Joe ( 22 March 2007 ) . `` The Songfinder : A Reader - Assisted Song Search Service '' . Sing Out ! : The Folk Song Magazine . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Norah Jones Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Come Away with Me ( 2002 ) Feels Like Home ( 2004 ) Not Too Late ( 2007 ) The Fall ( 2009 ) Little Broken Hearts ( 2012 ) Day Breaks ( 2016 ) Compilation albums ... Featuring Norah Jones Extended plays First Sessions Other albums New York City The Little Willies Live from Austin , TX El Madmo Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Rome For the Good Times Foreverly No Fools , No Fun Singles `` Do n't Know Why '' `` Feelin ' the Same Way '' `` Come Away with Me '' `` Turn Me On '' `` Here We Go Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` What Am I to You ? '' `` Thinking About You '' `` Not Too Late '' `` Sinkin ' Soon '' `` Until the End '' `` Chasing Pirates '' `` Young Blood '' `` It 's Gonna Be '' `` Happy Pills '' Concert tours Little Broken Hearts Tour Related articles The Little Willies Puss n Boots Ravi Shankar ( father ) Anoushka Shankar ( half - sister ) Lee Alexander `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turn_Me_On_(Mark_Dinning_song)&oldid=732419616 '' Categories : 1961 singles Nina Simone songs 2004 singles Norah Jones songs Songs written by John D. Loudermilk 1961 songs Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2016 , at 21 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote turn me on by norah jones	[ "\n\n\"Turn Me On\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Norah Jones\n\n\nfrom the album First Sessions/Come Away with Me\n\n\nReleased\n2003\n\n\nFormat\nCD single\n\n\nRecorded\n2002\n\n\nGenre\nJazz, pop\n\n\nLength\n2:34\n\n\nLabel\nBlue Note\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJohn D. Loudermilk\n\n\nProducer(s)\nLee Alexander, Norah Jones\n\n\nNorah Jones singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Come Away with Me\"\n(2003)\n\"Turn Me On\"\n(2003)\n\"Sunrise\"\n(2004)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Come Away with Me\"\n(2003)\n\"Turn Me On\"\n(2004)\n\"Sunrise\"\n(2004)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "John D. Loudermilk" ]
1962947313195611845	Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off	Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off - Wikipedia Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' Single by Joe Nichols from the album III Released August 1 , 2005 Recorded 2005 Genre Country Length 3 : 07 Label Universal South Songwriter ( s ) Gary Hannan John Wiggins Producer ( s ) Buddy Cannon Joe Nichols singles chronology `` What 's a Guy Gotta Do '' ( 2004 ) `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' ( 2005 ) `` Size Matters ( Someday ) '' ( 2006 ) `` What 's a Guy Gotta Do '' ( 2004 ) `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' ( 2005 ) `` Size Matters ( Someday ) '' ( 2006 ) `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' is a song written by Gary Hannan and John Wiggins and recorded by American country music artist Joe Nichols . It was released in August 2005 as the first single from Nichols ' album III . The song became Nichols ' second number one hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in late 2005 . One of the song 's co-writers , John Wiggins performed with his sister Audrey in the mid-1990s as the country duo John & Audrey Wiggins . Contents 1 Content 2 Reception 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The song 's narrator discusses how his grandmother carelessly misplaces her clothes when she drinks tequila . Reception ( edit ) Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a negative rating , saying that it was `` mind - numbingly inane . '' In his review of the album , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic discussed the song favorably , saying that while it has a `` silly name and would seem like a throwaway novelty , it is genuinely funny '' . He also said that Nichols `` delivers it with sly humor and a low - key swagger that shows more character , as a vocalist , than he did on his previous albums . '' Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart on the week ending August 6 , 2005 . Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 32 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 59 Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 57 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coyne , Kevin John ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Nichols - Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' . Country Universe . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Joe Nichols - `` III '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Nichols Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Nichols Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2005 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2006 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Joe Nichols Studio albums Joe Nichols Man with a Memory Revelation III Real Things Old Things New It 's All Good Crickets Never Gets Old Christmas albums A Traditional Christmas Compilation albums Greatest Hits Top 40 singles `` The Impossible '' `` Brokenheartsville '' `` She Only Smokes When She Drinks '' `` Cool to Be a Fool '' `` If Nobody Believed in You '' `` What 's a Guy Gotta Do '' `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' `` Size Matters ( Someday ) '' `` I 'll Wait for You '' `` Another Side of You '' `` It Ai n't No Crime '' `` Believers '' `` Gimmie That Girl '' `` The Shape I 'm In '' `` Take It Off '' `` Sunny and 75 '' `` Yeah '' `` Hard to Be Cool '' `` Freaks Like Me '' Related topics Discography This 2000s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tequila_Makes_Her_Clothes_Fall_Off&oldid=847150371 '' Categories : 2005 singles Joe Nichols songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Buddy Cannon Show Dog - Universal Music singles Songs about alcohol 2005 songs 2000s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 07 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings the song tequila makes my clothes fall off	[ "\"Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off\" is a song written by Gary Hannan and John Wiggins and recorded by American country music artist Joe Nichols. It was released in August 2005 as the first single from Nichols' album III. The song became Nichols' second number one hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in late 2005.\n" ]	[ "Joe Nichols" ]
5480685888140947427	List of Dragon Ball films	List of Dragon Ball films - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball films Dragon Box : The Movies , a DVD box set that includes the first seventeen theatrical films , released by Toei on April 14 , 2006 . Since the debut of the anime adaptation of Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball manga in 1986 , Toei Animation has produced twenty theatrical films based on the franchise : four based on the original Dragon Ball anime , fifteen based on the sequel series Dragon Ball Z and one upcoming film based on the Dragon Ball Super series . The first seventeen films were originally shown as back - to - back presentations alongside other Toei film productions and thus have a running time below feature length ( around 45 -- 60 minutes each ) , the sole exception being 1996 's The Path to Power ( which has a running time of 80 minutes ) . The first through fifth films were shown at the Toei Manga Festival ( 東映まんがまつり , Tōei Manga Matsuri ) , while the sixth through seventeenth films were shown at the Toei Anime Fair ( 東映アニメフェア , Toei Anime Fea ) . These films were mostly alternate re-tellings of certain story arcs involving new characters or extra side - stories that do not correlate with the same continuity as the manga or TV series . The newest films in the series , Battle of Gods , Resurrection ' F ' and Broly , differ from the earlier ones , as they are full - length feature films set between chapters 517 and 518 of the manga , with Toriyama deeply involved in their creation . Toriyama did have some involvement with the earlier films , such as checking the scripts , altering new characters and their names or designing them from the ground up himself . There are also three television specials that were broadcast on Fuji TV and two short films , which were shown at the 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour and Jump Festa 2012 respectively . A two - part hour - long crossover TV special between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko aired on Fuji TV in 2013 . Additionally , there is a two - part original video animation created as strategy guides for the 1993 video game Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , which was remade in 2010 and included with the Raging Blast 2 video game . As with the franchise 's anime television series , the first nineteen films and the first three TV specials were licensed in North America by Funimation . Dragon Ball Z movies six and twelve received select theatrical presentations in the United States , as part of a double - feature on March 17 , 2006 , while movies fourteen and fifteen were given limited theatrical runs in August 2014 and August 2015 respectively . In Europe , AB Groupe licensed the second and third Dragon Ball movies , the first nine Z movies and the first two TV specials . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theatrical films 2 Television specials 3 Festival shorts 4 Original video animations 5 Educational programs 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Theatrical films ( edit ) No . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese release North American release Shenron no Densetsu ( 神龍の伝説 ) The Legend of Shenron Curse of the Blood Rubies December 20 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 20 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold edit ; TV airing ) September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) ( BLT Productions dub ) December 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 28 ) ( Funimation dub ) Majin - jō no Nemuri Hime ( 魔神城のねむり姫 ) Sleeping Princess in the Devil 's Castle Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle July 18 , 1987 ( 1987 - 07 - 18 ) December 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 15 ) Makafushigi Dai - bōken ( 魔訶不思議大冒険 ) Mystical Great Adventure Mystical Adventure July 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 07 - 09 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold ; TV airing ) November 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 21 ) ( Funimation dub ) Ora no Gohan o Kaese ! ! ( オラの悟飯をかえせッ ! ! ) Return My Gohan ! ! Dead Zone July 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 15 ) December 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) May 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 31 ) ( Funimation dub ) 5 Kono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu ( この世で一番強いヤツ ) The Strongest Guy in the World The World 's Strongest March 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 10 ) May 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 26 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 6 Chikyū Marugoto Chō - kessen ( 地球まるごと超決戦 ) The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth The Tree of Might July 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 07 ) November 15 -- 22 , 1997 ( Saban TV edit ) March 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 7 Sūpā Saiya - jin da Son Gokū ( 超サイヤ人だ孫悟空 ) Super Saiyan Son Goku Lord Slug March 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 09 ) August 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 07 ) 8 Tobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō ( とびっきりの最強対最強 ) The Incredible Strongest vs. Strongest Cooler 's Revenge July 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) January 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 22 ) 9 Gekitotsu ! ! 100 - oku Pawā no Senshi - tachi ( 激突 ! ! 100 億パワーの戦士たち ) Clash ! ! The Power of 10 Billion Warriors The Return of Cooler March 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 07 ) August 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 13 ) 10 Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai Sūpā Saiya - jin ( 極限バトル ! ! 三大超サイヤ人 ) Extreme Battle ! Three Great Super Saiyans Super Android 13 ! July 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 11 ) February 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 04 ) 11 Moetsukiro ! ! Nessen Ressen Chō - gekisen ( 燃えつきろ ! ! 熱戦・烈戦・超激戦 ) Burn Up ! ! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan March 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 06 ) August 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 26 ) 12 Ginga Girigiri ! ! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu ( 銀河ギリギリ ! ! ぶっちぎりの凄い奴 ) The Galaxy at the Brink ! ! The Super Incredible Guy Bojack Unbound July 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 10 ) August 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) 13 Kiken na Futari ! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai ( 危険なふたり ! 超戦士はねむれない ) The Dangerous Duo ! Super Warriors Never Rest Broly -- Second Coming March 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 12 ) April 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ) 14 Sūpā Senshi Gekiha ! ! Katsu no wa Ore da ( 超戦士撃破 ! ! 勝つのはオレだ ) Super Warrior Defeat ! ! I 'll Be the Winner Bio-Broly July 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 09 ) September 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) 15 Fukkatsu no Fyūjon ! ! Goku to Vejīta ( 復活のフュージョン ! ! 悟空とベジータ ) The Rebirth of Fusion ! ! Goku and Vegeta Fusion Reborn March 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 04 ) March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 16 Ryū - ken Bakuhatsu ! ! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru ( 龍拳爆発 ! ! 悟空がやらねば誰がやる ) Dragon Fist Explosion ! ! If Goku Ca n't Do It , Who Will ? Wrath of the Dragon July 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 15 ) September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) 17 Saikyō e no Michi ( 最強への道 ) The Path to Ultimate Power The Path to Power March 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 04 ) April 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) 18 Kami to Kami ( 神と神 ) God and God Battle of Gods March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) August 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 19 Fukkatsu no ' F ' ( 復活の「 F 」 ) Resurrection of F Resurrection ' F ' April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 20 Burorī ( ブロリー ) Broly Broly December 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 14 ) January 2019 ( January 2019 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) Television specials ( edit ) The Dragon Ball franchise has spawned three one - hour long television specials that aired on Fuji TV , the first two based on the `` Z '' portion of the series and the third based on the `` GT '' portion . Of these specials , the first and third are original stories created by the anime staff , while the second is based on a special chapter of the manga . Though the specials aired on TV in Japan , Funimation 's North American releases of the episodes are on home video , each one labeled `` Feature '' the same as their theatrical films . This , doubled with the inclusion of the `` Z '' specials in Funimation 's remastered `` Movie Double Features '' has caused fans to continue to erroneously believe these to be theatrical films , when they are not . On April 7 , 2013 , a two - part hour - long crossover TV special , between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko , referred to as Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! aired on Fuji TV . The first part is named `` Run , Strongest Team ! Toriko , Luffy , Goku ! '' ( 走れ最強軍団 ! トリコとルフィと悟空 ! , Hashire Saikyō Gundan ! Toriko to Luffy to Goku ! ) and the second is titled `` History 's Strongest Collaboration vs. Glutton of the Sea '' ( 史上最強コラボ VS 海の大食漢 , Shijō Saikyō Collaboration vs. Umi no Taishokukan ) . The plot has the International Gourmet Organization ( from Toriko ) sponsoring the Tenka'ichi Shokuōkai , a race with no rules that characters from all three series compete in . On October 8 , 2017 , a two - part TV special of Dragon Ball Super aired on Fuji TV . It counted as both episodes 109 and 110 of the series . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese air date North American release Tatta Hitori no Saishū Kessen ~ Furīza ni Idonda Zetto - senshi Son Gokū no Chichi ~ ( たったひとりの最終決戦〜フリーザに挑んだ Z 戦士孫悟空の父〜 ) A Lonesome , Final Battle - The Father of Z Warrior Son Goku , who Challenged Freeza Bardock -- The Father of Goku October 17 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 17 ) January 30 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 30 ) Zetsubō e no Hankō ! ! Nokosareta Chō - Senshi Gohan to Torankusu ( 絶望への反抗 ! ! 残された超戦士・悟飯とトランクス ) Defiance in the Face of Despair ! ! The Remaining Super-Warriors : Gohan and Trunks The History of Trunks February 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 24 ) October 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 24 ) Gokū Gaiden ! Yūki no Akashi wa Sūshinchū ( 悟空外伝 ! 勇気の証しは四星球 ) Goku Sidestory ! The Proof of his Courage is the Four - Star Ball A Hero 's Legacy March 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 26 ) November 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special ! ! ( ドリーム 9 トリコ & ワンピース & ドラゴンボール Z 超コラボスペシャル ! ! ) Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) - Korezo zen uchūichi no kyūkyoku batoru ! Son Gokū bāsasu Jiren ! ! ( これぞ全宇宙一の究極バトル ! 孫悟空 VS ジレン ! ! ) This is the Ultimate Battle in all the Universes ! Son Goku vs Jiren ! ! October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) - Festival shorts ( edit ) Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! is a 35 - minute short film that was shown at the 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour , which visited ten Japanese cities to celebrate Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 40th anniversary . It was later released as a triple feature DVD with One Piece : Romance Dawn Story and Tegami Bachi : Light and Blue Night Fantasy in 2009 , that was available only through a mail - in offer exclusive to Japanese residents . In 2013 , it was included in the limited edition home video release of Battle of Gods . Another short film , Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock , was shown at the Jump Festa 2012 event on December 17 , 2011 . It is an adaptation of the three part spin - off manga of the same name by Naho Ōishi that ran in V Jump from August to October 2011 , which is a spin - off sequel to the Bardock -- The Father of Goku TV special . It was later released on DVD in the February 3 , 2012 issue of Saikyō Jump together with Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans . The film was included subtitled in the European and North American exclusive Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball Z : For Kinect , released in October 2012 . Japanese title English title Japanese release North American release Ossu ! Kaette Kita Son Gokū to Nakama - tachi ! ! ( オッス ! 帰ってきた孫悟空と仲間たち ! ! ) Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! September 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 21 ) - Episōdo obu Bādakku ( エピソードオブバーダック ) Episode of Bardock December 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 17 ) October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) Original video animations ( edit ) In 1993 , Toei Animation , in cooperation with Weekly Shōnen Jump and V Jump , produced a two - part original video animation ( OVA ) that serves as a video strategy guide to the Family Computer game titled Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans . The first volume was released on VHS on July 23 , while the second was released on August 25 . The animation was also used in the 1994 two part video games , True Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , released for the Playdia . The complete OVA was included in the second Dragon Ball Z Dragon Box DVD set released in Japan in 2003 . The OVA was remade for the 2010 PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 under the title Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans . It was included in Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 as a bonus feature , unlocked at the start of gameplay without any necessary cheat code or in - game achievement , presented in its original Japanese - language audio with subtitles appropriate for each region . It was later released on DVD in the February 3 , 2012 issue of Saikyō Jump together with Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock . Japanese title English title Japanese release North American release Gaiden : Saiya - jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku ( 外伝サイヤ人絶滅計画 ) Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans August 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 06 ) - Sūpā Saiya - jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku ( 超サイヤ人絶滅計画 ) Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) November 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) Educational programs ( edit ) Two educational shorts based on the original Dragon Ball anime were produced in 1988 . The first was a traffic safety special titled Goku 's Traffic Safety ( 悟空の交通安全 , Gokū no Kōtsū Ansen ) , while the second was a fire safety special titled Goku 's Fire Brigade ( 悟空の消防隊 , Gokū no Shōbōtai ) . The two educational films were included in the Dragon Box DVD set released in Japan in 2004 . See also ( edit ) Dragon Ball portal List of Dragon Ball characters List of Dragon Ball manga volumes List of Dragon Ball episodes List of Dragon Ball Z episodes List of Dragon Ball GT episodes List of Dragon Ball Kai episodes List of Dragon Ball Super episodes List of Dragon Ball video games List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Title used for the home video release in Japan , the original theatrical release was simply titled Dragon Ball . Jump up ^ Known as Sleeping Beauty in Devil Castle in Europe . Jump up ^ Title used for the home video release in Japan , the original theatrical release was simply titled Dragon Ball Z . Jump up ^ Also known as Dead Zone Vortex in television airings in North America , In Pursuit of Garlic in Europe , and The Vengeance of the Demon King in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Strongest Guy in the World in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Battle in the World in Europe and The Quest for Earth in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Saiya Son Goku in Europe and Super Saiya People , Goku in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Rivals in Europe and The Strongest Rivals in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Fight ! 10 Billion Power Warriors in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Battle of the Three Super Saiyans in Europe and Super Battle of 3 Super Saiyas in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Burning Battles in Europe and The Burning Battle in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Guy in the Galaxy in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Dangerous Rivals in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Revival Fusion in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Explosion of Dragon Punch in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Father of Goku in Europe . Jump up ^ Known as Gohan and Trunks in Europe and The History of Trunk in Malaysia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Film Set Between 517th & 518th Manga Chapters '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Key Visual For 2015 Dragon Ball Z Film Reveals Frieza '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 大全集 6 : MOVIES & TV SPECIALS ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 1995 . pp. 212 -- 216 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 782756 - 9 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-07-09/dragon-ball-super-film-reveals-dragon-ball-super-broly-title-visual/.133123 Jump up ^ `` Funimation Is Bringing Dragon Ball Super : Broly to North American Theaters in 2019 '' . IGN . Jul 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toriko , One Piece , Dragon Ball Z Get Crossover Anime Special '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Crossover Lineup Revealed '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jump Super Anime Tour Announcement '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . 40 ( 21 ) : 54 & 55 . April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New DB , Tegami Bachi , Romance Dawn Anime DVD Offered '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock to Be Shown in December '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 Dragon Ball Anime Specials Get DVD Release '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z FOR KINECT TO FEATURE EXCLUSIVE PLAYABLE CHARACTER AND ANIME EPISODE '' . Crunchyroll. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball : RB2 Game to Add New 1 / 2 - Hour Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . hide Dragon Ball films and TV specials Animated ( Dragon Ball ) Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power Animated ( Z ) Dead Zone The World 's Strongest The Tree of Might Lord Slug Cooler 's Revenge The Return of Cooler Super Android 13 ! Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Bojack Unbound Broly -- Second Coming Bio-Broly Fusion Reborn Wrath of the Dragon Battle of Gods Resurrection ' F ' Animated ( Super ) Broly TV specials Bardock -- The Father of Goku The History of Trunks A Hero 's Legacy OVAs Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans Festival Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! Episode of Bardock Live action Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku The Magic Begins Evolution Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_films&oldid=850011211 '' Categories : Dragon Ball films Animated television specials Dragon Ball lists Lists of anime films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 23 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when is the next dragonball movie coming out	[ "\n\n\n\nNo.\nJapanese title\nEnglish translation\nEnglish title\nJapanese release\nNorth American release\n\n\n1\nShenron no Densetsu (神龍の伝説)[a]\nThe Legend of Shenron\nCurse of the Blood Rubies\nDecember 20, 1986 (1986-12-20)\nDecember 28, 1989 (1989-12-28) (Harmony Gold edit; TV airing)September 9, 1995 (1995-09-09) (BLT Productions dub)December 28, 2010 (2010-12-28) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n2\nMajin-jō no Nemuri Hime (魔神城のねむり姫)\nSleeping Princess in the Devil's Castle\nSleeping Princess in Devil's Castle[b]\nJuly 18, 1987 (1987-07-18)\nDecember 15, 1998 (1998-12-15)\n\n\n3\nMakafushigi Dai-bōken (魔訶不思議大冒険)\nMystical Great Adventure\nMystical Adventure\nJuly 9, 1988 (1988-07-09)\nDecember 28, 1989 (1989-12-28) (Harmony Gold; TV airing)November 21, 2000 (2000-11-21) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n4\nOra no Gohan o Kaese!! (オラの悟飯をかえせッ!!)[c]\nReturn My Gohan!!\nDead Zone[d]\nJuly 15, 1989 (1989-07-15)\nDecember 17, 1997 (1997-12-17) (Pioneer uncut DVD)May 31, 2005 (2005-05-31) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n5\nKono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu (この世で一番強いヤツ)\nThe Strongest Guy in the World\nThe World's Strongest[e]\nMarch 10, 1990 (1990-03-10)\nMay 26, 1998 (1998-05-26) (Pioneer uncut DVD)November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n6\nChikyū Marugoto Chō-kessen (地球まるごと超決戦)\nThe Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth\nThe Tree of Might[f]\nJuly 7, 1990 (1990-07-07)\nNovember 15 – 22, 1997 (Saban TV edit)March 17, 1998 (1998-03-17) (Pioneer uncut DVD)November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n7\nSūpā Saiya-jin da Son Gokū (超サイヤ人だ孫悟空)\nSuper Saiyan Son Goku\nLord Slug[g]\nMarch 9, 1991 (1991-03-09)\nAugust 7, 2001 (2001-08-07)\n\n\n8\nTobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō (とびっきりの最強対最強)\nThe Incredible Strongest vs. Strongest\nCooler's Revenge[h]\nJuly 20, 1991 (1991-07-20)\nJanuary 22, 2002 (2002-01-22)\n\n\n9\nGekitotsu!! 100-oku Pawā no Senshi-tachi (激突!!100億パワーの戦士たち)\nClash!! The Power of 10 Billion Warriors\nThe Return of Cooler[i]\nMarch 7, 1992 (1992-03-07)\nAugust 13, 2002 (2002-08-13)\n\n\n10\nKyokugen Batoru!! San Dai Sūpā Saiya-jin (極限バトル!!三大超サイヤ人)\nExtreme Battle! Three Great Super Saiyans\nSuper Android 13![j]\nJuly 11, 1992 (1992-07-11)\nFebruary 4, 2003 (2003-02-04)\n\n\n11\nMoetsukiro!! Nessen Ressen Chō-gekisen (燃えつきろ!!熱戦・烈戦・超激戦)\nBurn Up!! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight\nBroly – The Legendary Super Saiyan[k]\nMarch 6, 1993 (1993-03-06)\nAugust 26, 2003 (2003-08-26)\n\n\n12\nGinga Girigiri!! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu (銀河ギリギリ!!ぶっちぎりの凄い奴)\nThe Galaxy at the Brink!! The Super Incredible Guy\nBojack Unbound[l]\nJuly 10, 1993 (1993-07-10)\nAugust 17, 2004 (2004-08-17)\n\n\n13\nKiken na Futari! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai (危険なふたり!超戦士はねむれない)\nThe Dangerous Duo! Super Warriors Never Rest\nBroly – Second Coming[m]\nMarch 12, 1994 (1994-03-12)\nApril 5, 2005 (2005-04-05)\n\n\n14\nSūpā Senshi Gekiha!! Katsu no wa Ore da (超戦士撃破!!勝つのはオレだ)\nSuper Warrior Defeat!! I'll Be the Winner\nBio-Broly\nJuly 9, 1994 (1994-07-09)\nSeptember 13, 2005 (2005-09-13)\n\n\n15\nFukkatsu no Fyūjon!! Goku to Vejīta (復活のフュージョン!!悟空とベジータ)\nThe Rebirth of Fusion!! Goku and Vegeta\nFusion Reborn[n]\nMarch 4, 1995 (1995-03-04)\nMarch 17, 2006 (2006-03-17) (U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n16\nRyū-ken Bakuhatsu!! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru (龍拳爆発!!悟空がやらねば誰がやる)\nDragon Fist Explosion!! If Goku Can't Do It, Who Will?\nWrath of the Dragon[o]\nJuly 15, 1995 (1995-07-15)\nSeptember 12, 2006 (2006-09-12)\n\n\n17\nSaikyō e no Michi (最強への道)\nThe Path to Ultimate Power\nThe Path to Power\nMarch 4, 1996 (1996-03-04)\nApril 29, 2003 (2003-04-29)\n\n\n18\nKami to Kami (神と神)\nGod and God\nBattle of Gods\nMarch 30, 2013 (2013-03-30)\nAugust 5, 2014 (2014-08-05)(U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n19\nFukkatsu no 'F' (復活の「F」)\nResurrection of F\nResurrection 'F'\nApril 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)\nAugust 4, 2015 (2015-08-04) (U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n20\nBurorī (ブロリー)[4]\nBroly\nBroly\nDecember 14, 2018 (2018-12-14)\nJanuary 2019 (January 2019) (U.S. theatrical)[5]\n", "\n\n\n\nNo.\nJapanese title\nEnglish translation\nEnglish title\nJapanese release\nNorth American release\n\n\n1\nShenron no Densetsu (神龍の伝説)[a]\nThe Legend of Shenron\nCurse of the Blood Rubies\nDecember 20, 1986 (1986-12-20)\nDecember 28, 1989 (1989-12-28) (Harmony Gold edit; TV airing)September 9, 1995 (1995-09-09) (BLT Productions dub)December 28, 2010 (2010-12-28) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n2\nMajin-jō no Nemuri Hime (魔神城のねむり姫)\nSleeping Princess in the Devil's Castle\nSleeping Princess in Devil's Castle[b]\nJuly 18, 1987 (1987-07-18)\nDecember 15, 1998 (1998-12-15)\n\n\n3\nMakafushigi Dai-bōken (魔訶不思議大冒険)\nMystical Great Adventure\nMystical Adventure\nJuly 9, 1988 (1988-07-09)\nDecember 28, 1989 (1989-12-28) (Harmony Gold; TV airing)November 21, 2000 (2000-11-21) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n4\nOra no Gohan o Kaese!! (オラの悟飯をかえせッ!!)[c]\nReturn My Gohan!!\nDead Zone[d]\nJuly 15, 1989 (1989-07-15)\nDecember 17, 1997 (1997-12-17) (Pioneer uncut DVD)May 31, 2005 (2005-05-31) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n5\nKono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu (この世で一番強いヤツ)\nThe Strongest Guy in the World\nThe World's Strongest[e]\nMarch 10, 1990 (1990-03-10)\nMay 26, 1998 (1998-05-26) (Pioneer uncut DVD)November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n6\nChikyū Marugoto Chō-kessen (地球まるごと超決戦)\nThe Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth\nThe Tree of Might[f]\nJuly 7, 1990 (1990-07-07)\nNovember 15 – 22, 1997 (Saban TV edit)March 17, 1998 (1998-03-17) (Pioneer uncut DVD)November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) (Funimation dub)\n\n\n7\nSūpā Saiya-jin da Son Gokū (超サイヤ人だ孫悟空)\nSuper Saiyan Son Goku\nLord Slug[g]\nMarch 9, 1991 (1991-03-09)\nAugust 7, 2001 (2001-08-07)\n\n\n8\nTobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō (とびっきりの最強対最強)\nThe Incredible Strongest vs. Strongest\nCooler's Revenge[h]\nJuly 20, 1991 (1991-07-20)\nJanuary 22, 2002 (2002-01-22)\n\n\n9\nGekitotsu!! 100-oku Pawā no Senshi-tachi (激突!!100億パワーの戦士たち)\nClash!! The Power of 10 Billion Warriors\nThe Return of Cooler[i]\nMarch 7, 1992 (1992-03-07)\nAugust 13, 2002 (2002-08-13)\n\n\n10\nKyokugen Batoru!! San Dai Sūpā Saiya-jin (極限バトル!!三大超サイヤ人)\nExtreme Battle! Three Great Super Saiyans\nSuper Android 13![j]\nJuly 11, 1992 (1992-07-11)\nFebruary 4, 2003 (2003-02-04)\n\n\n11\nMoetsukiro!! Nessen Ressen Chō-gekisen (燃えつきろ!!熱戦・烈戦・超激戦)\nBurn Up!! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight\nBroly – The Legendary Super Saiyan[k]\nMarch 6, 1993 (1993-03-06)\nAugust 26, 2003 (2003-08-26)\n\n\n12\nGinga Girigiri!! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu (銀河ギリギリ!!ぶっちぎりの凄い奴)\nThe Galaxy at the Brink!! The Super Incredible Guy\nBojack Unbound[l]\nJuly 10, 1993 (1993-07-10)\nAugust 17, 2004 (2004-08-17)\n\n\n13\nKiken na Futari! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai (危険なふたり!超戦士はねむれない)\nThe Dangerous Duo! Super Warriors Never Rest\nBroly – Second Coming[m]\nMarch 12, 1994 (1994-03-12)\nApril 5, 2005 (2005-04-05)\n\n\n14\nSūpā Senshi Gekiha!! Katsu no wa Ore da (超戦士撃破!!勝つのはオレだ)\nSuper Warrior Defeat!! I'll Be the Winner\nBio-Broly\nJuly 9, 1994 (1994-07-09)\nSeptember 13, 2005 (2005-09-13)\n\n\n15\nFukkatsu no Fyūjon!! Goku to Vejīta (復活のフュージョン!!悟空とベジータ)\nThe Rebirth of Fusion!! Goku and Vegeta\nFusion Reborn[n]\nMarch 4, 1995 (1995-03-04)\nMarch 17, 2006 (2006-03-17) (U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n16\nRyū-ken Bakuhatsu!! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru (龍拳爆発!!悟空がやらねば誰がやる)\nDragon Fist Explosion!! If Goku Can't Do It, Who Will?\nWrath of the Dragon[o]\nJuly 15, 1995 (1995-07-15)\nSeptember 12, 2006 (2006-09-12)\n\n\n17\nSaikyō e no Michi (最強への道)\nThe Path to Ultimate Power\nThe Path to Power\nMarch 4, 1996 (1996-03-04)\nApril 29, 2003 (2003-04-29)\n\n\n18\nKami to Kami (神と神)\nGod and God\nBattle of Gods\nMarch 30, 2013 (2013-03-30)\nAugust 5, 2014 (2014-08-05)(U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n19\nFukkatsu no 'F' (復活の「F」)\nResurrection of F\nResurrection 'F'\nApril 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)\nAugust 4, 2015 (2015-08-04) (U.S. theatrical)\n\n\n20\nBurorī (ブロリー)[4]\nBroly\nBroly\nDecember 14, 2018 (2018-12-14)\nJanuary 2019 (January 2019) (U.S. theatrical)[5]\n" ]	[ "January 2019 (January 2019) (U.S. theatrical)", "December 14, 2018" ]
-2704706822582139967	Day of the Dead	Day of the Dead - wikipedia Day of the Dead Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . Day of the Dead Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF Observed by Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations Type Cultural Syncretic Christian Significance Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died Celebrations Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for Day of the Dead Begins October 31 Ends November 2 Date October 31 Next time 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to All Saints ' Day Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observance in Mexico 1.1 Origins 1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Food 2 Observances outside Mexico 2.1 Asia 2.1. 1 Goa , India 2.1. 2 The Philippines 2.2 Europe 2.3 Oceania 2.4 North and Central America 2.4. 1 Belize 2.4. 2 Guatemala 2.4. 3 United States 2.4. 3.1 California 2.5 South America 2.5. 1 Bolivia 2.5. 2 Brazil 2.5. 3 Ecuador 2.6 Peru 3 Similar traditions 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading Observance in Mexico Origins Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . Beliefs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : `` On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . '' -- Latina and Latino Voices in Literature People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . Modern representations of Catrina José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . Food During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . Observances outside Mexico See also : Festival of the Dead Asia Goa , india The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 . The Almacho Dis ( Souls Day ) is commemorated on Nov 2 , following all Saints Day ( Nov. 1 ) . On this day , the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls . Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch ( bikareanchem jevonn ) where the poor are invited for lunch , from the village and treated with dignity and respect . The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls . Following mass on all souls day , the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves . The philippines While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture , the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands ( as part of the Spanish East Indies ) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . During the holiday ( observed every November 1 ) , Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves , which they repair and clean . Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones ' tombs , passing time with card games , eating , drinking , singing and dancing . Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased , who are normally offered candles , flowers , food , and even liquor . Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead , and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival . Europe In Christian Europe , Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions . All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead . Over many centuries , rites which had occurred in cultivated fields , where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest , to cemeteries . In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage , All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work , go to cemeteries with candles and flowers , and give presents to children , usually sweets and toys . In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) are made on this day . In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed . In Belgium , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain , people bring flowers ( typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe ) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead . In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins . In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper . Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors . Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions . As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . Oceania Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . North and central america Belize In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . Guatemala Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . South america Bolivia Dia de los ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . Brazil The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . Ecuador In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . Perú Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . Similar traditions Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members . Often included in these traditions are celebrations , food , and beverages , in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed . In some African cultures , visits to ancestors ' graves , the leaving of food and gifts , and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals . One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season . The Qingming Festival ( simplified Chinese : 清明节 ; traditional Chinese : 清明節 ; pinyin : qīng míng jié ) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar . Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar , it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones . In addition , in the Chinese tradition , the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month ( 鬼月 ) , in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth . The Bon Festival ( O - bon ( お盆 ) , or only Bon ( 盆 ) ) , is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors . It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month , and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays . In Korea , Chuseok ( 추석 , 秋夕 ; also called Hangawi ) is a major traditional holiday . People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined , and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning . They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants , clean the area around the tomb , and offer food , drink , and crops to their ancestors . During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ( `` Cow Pilgrimage '' ) , every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches , cloth , and paper decorations , in which are placed portraits of the deceased . As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife , an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom . The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween , with popular subjects including political commentary and satire . In popular culture This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . The upcoming 2017 film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday in its plot . See also Literary Calaverita Danse Macabre Samhain Skull art Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night References Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Frances Ann ( 2003 ) . Latina and Latino Voices in Literature . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0313323942 . Jump up ^ Lumaban , Weely A. ( October -- November 2008 ) . `` All Soul 's Day '' . The Bread Basket . Vol . V no . 3 . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 23 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Lee , Stacy ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 . Jump up ^ Cazares , Eduardo ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Día de Muertos en Nuevo León '' . Diario Cultura . Diario Cultura.mx . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Gustavo . `` Hasta en el velorio , las penas con pan son menos '' . Milenio . ^ Jump up to : `` Dia de Todos los Santos : All Saints ' Day in Spain '' . don Quijote . Ideal Education Group S.L . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Carlos ( 2005 ) . `` History : Indigenous people would n't let ' Day of the Dead ' die '' . The Arizona Republic . Day of the Dead -- Día De Los Muertos . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , R.J. ( 2003 ) . John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani , ed . Death and Bereavement Around the World : Death and Bereavement in the Americas . Death , Value and Meaning Series , Vol. II . Amityville , New York : Baywood Publishing Company . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 89503 - 232 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Palfrey , Dale Hoyt ( 1995 ) . `` The Day of the Dead '' . Día de los Muertos Index . Access Mexico Connect . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Turim , Gayle ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats '' . History Stories . History Channel . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Godoy , Maria . `` Sugar Skulls , Tamales And More : Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar ? '' . NPR . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castella , Krystina ( October 2010 ) . `` Pan de Muerto Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica iced tea '' . Cooking in Mexico . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers '' ( GIF ) , UCAnews , Union of Catholic Asian News ( UCAN ) , November 2011 Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day celebrations in Italy '' . ITALY Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Betsy ; Wood , Joshua . `` Visit to cemetery in Guatemala '' . Expatexchange.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wise , Danno. `` Port Isabel 's Day of the Dead Celebration '' . Texas Travel . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy . `` Day of the Dead '' . Phoenix . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Erin ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` All Souls Procession '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Town San Diego 's Dia de los Muertos '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saroff , Steve S. ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Missoula Day of the Dead Parade , November 2nd 2006 , 6pm . Intersection of Higgins and Broadway '' . Saroff Photography . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead ( Version 1.2 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum '' . Ustream . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Guidi , Ruxandra ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Las Natitas '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Bolivians Honor Skull - Toting Tradition '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Saints day in Bolivia -- `` The skull festival '' `` . Bolivia Line ( May 2005 ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Gonzalo ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` Diversity in Remembering the Dead '' . InterPress Service News Agency . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perú : así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima '' . Peru . peru.com . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Igor ( 1971 ) . `` Ancestors as Elders '' . Africa . Cambridge University Press . 41 : 129 -- 42 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Martin , Caroline ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Nepali Day of the Dead : An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival '' . OhmyNews . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . Andrade , Mary J. `` Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida '' . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 Conklin , Paul . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic 66 ( 2001 ) : 38 -- 41 . Garcia - Rivera , Alex . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic 62 ( 1997 ) : 50 . Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . Roy , Ann . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . Commonwealth 122 ( 1995 ) : 13 -- 16 . UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity : Representative List Africa Aka music Chopi timbila Garifuna culture Afounkaha Gbofe Gelede Gule Wamkulu Ifá Ijele Masquerade Kamablon re-roofing Kankurang Manden Charter Mbende Jerusarema Sosso Bala Ugandan barkcloth making Vimbuza healing dance Yaaral & Degal Zafimaniry woodcrafting Zambian Makishi Festival Arab States Ahellil Al - Sirah Al - Hilaliyyah Bedu culture at Petra and Wadi Rum Iraqi maqam Jemaa el - Fnaa Palestinian Hikaye Shashmaqam Song of Sana'a Taghribat Bani Hilal Tan - Tan Moussem Asia & Pacific Acupuncture & Moxibustion Ainu dance Akiu no Taue Odori Akyn Angklung `` Arirang '' Bakhshi music Batik Baul Beijing opera Boysun District Bunraku Cantonese opera Ca trù Chakkirako Cheoyongmu Chhau dance Chinese architecture Chinese block printing Chinese calligraphy Chinese paper cutting Chinese seal engraving Chinese shadow puppetry Daemokjang Daimokutate Dainichido Bugaku Darangen Epic Dragon Boat Festival Drametse Ngacham Epic of King Gesar Gagaku Gagok Ganggangsullae Gangneung Danoje Festival Gimjang Gióng Festival Gong culture Grand Song Guqin Guqin music Hayachine Kagura Hitachi Furyumono Hua'er Hudhud Chant Indonesian kris Jamdani Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut Jultagi Kabuki Kalbelia Kashan rug Katta Ashula Khoomei Koshikijima no Toshidon Kumiodori Kunqu Kutiyattam Ladakh chant Lakalaka Lenj boats Lhamo Longquan celadon Mak yong Mazu belief Meshrep Mibu no Hana Taue Morin khuur Mosie ramie Mudiyett Muqam Naadam Namsadang Nori Nanyin Naqqāli Nhã nhạc Noh Oku - noto no Aenokoto Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals Pansori Pungmul Quan họ Radif Ramlila Ramman Royal Ballet of Cambodia Regong arts Royal Ancestral Ritual Sada Shin Noh Saman dance Sand drawing Sbek Toch Sekishu - Banshi Shiraz rug Taekkyeon Ta'zīye Urtiin Duu Vedic chanting Wayang Xi'an ensemble Xuan paper Yamahoko Yeongsanjae Yūki - tsumugi Yunjin Europe & N. 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Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_Dead&oldid=808952893 '' Categories : Day of the Dead Folk festivals in Mexico Religious holidays Mexican culture Mexican - American culture Latin American culture Latin American folklore November observances Autumn holidays Mexican folklore Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Halloween October observances Observances honoring the dead Religious festivals in Mexico Parades in Mexico Festivals in El Salvador Allhallowtide Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from November 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Infobox holiday fixed day Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles containing simplified Chinese - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the day of the dead originate from	[ "The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures. Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500–3,000 years.[11] The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar, about the beginning of August, and was celebrated for an entire month. The festivities were dedicated to the goddess[12] known as the \"Lady of the Dead\", corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina." ]	[ "celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures" ]
2814455308269804984	All-time Olympic Games medal table	All - time Olympic Games medal table - wikipedia All - time Olympic Games medal table Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The silver medal was awarded to the winner of each event during the 1896 Summer Olympics . The current system of gold , silver , and bronze medals was not implemented until the 1906 Olympic Games An all - time medal table for all Olympic Games from 1896 to 2018 , including Summer Olympic Games , Winter Olympic Games , and a combined total of both , is tabulated below . These Olympic medal counts do not include the 1906 Intercalated Games which are no longer recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as official Games . The IOC itself does not publish all - time tables , and publishes unofficial tables only per single Games . This table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IOC database . The results are attributed to the IOC country code as currently displayed by the IOC database . Usually , a single code corresponds to a single National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . When different codes are displayed for different years , medal counts are combined in the case of a simple change of IOC code ( such as from HOL to NED for the Netherlands ) or simple change of country name ( such as from Ceylon to Sri Lanka ) . As the medals are attributed to each NOC , not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NOC , such as before independence of that country ( see individual footnotes for special cases such as combined teams ) . Names in italic are national entities that no longer exist . The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors . World map showing which nations have won Summer Olympic medals . World map showing which nations have won Winter Olympic medals . Contents 1 NOCs with medals 2 NOCs without medals 3 Variations 3.1 Early Olympics 3.2 Germany 3.3 Russia and the Soviet Union 4 Notes 4.1 Obsolete nations notes 4.2 Name changes notes 4.3 Participation notes 4.4 Disputed participation notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links NOCs with medals The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee , but can be displayed as sorted by any other column , such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals . To sort by gold , silver , and then bronze , sort first by the bronze column , then the silver , and then the gold . The table does not include the medals revoked ( e.g. , due to doping , etc . ) . Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , and all changes in medal standings due to doping cases up to and including 25 February 2018 are taken into account . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Afghanistan ( AFG ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Algeria ( ALG ) 13 5 8 17 0 0 0 0 16 5 8 17 Argentina ( ARG ) 24 21 25 28 74 19 0 0 0 0 43 21 25 28 74 Armenia ( ARM ) 6 6 6 14 7 0 0 0 0 13 6 6 14 Australasia ( ANZ ) 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 Australia ( AUS ) 26 147 163 187 497 19 5 5 5 15 45 152 168 192 512 Austria ( AUT ) 27 18 33 36 87 23 64 81 87 232 50 82 114 123 319 Azerbaijan ( AZE ) 6 7 11 25 43 6 0 0 0 0 12 7 11 25 43 Bahamas ( BAH ) 16 6 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 6 14 Bahrain ( BRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Barbados ( BAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Belarus ( BLR ) 6 12 27 39 78 7 8 5 5 18 13 20 32 44 96 Belgium ( BEL ) 26 40 53 55 148 21 6 47 41 55 58 154 Bermuda ( BER ) 18 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 Bohemia ( BOH ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana ( BOT ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Brazil ( BRA ) 22 30 36 62 128 8 0 0 0 0 30 30 36 62 128 British West Indies ( BWI ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 20 51 87 80 218 20 6 40 52 89 83 224 Burundi ( BDI ) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Cameroon ( CMR ) 14 6 0 0 0 0 15 6 Canada ( CAN ) 26 64 102 136 302 23 73 64 62 199 49 137 166 198 501 Chile ( CHI ) 23 7 13 17 0 0 0 0 40 7 13 China ( CHN ) 10 224 167 155 546 11 13 28 21 62 21 237 195 176 608 Colombia ( COL ) 19 5 9 14 28 0 0 0 0 21 5 9 14 28 Costa Rica ( CRC ) 15 6 0 0 0 0 21 Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Croatia ( CRO ) 7 11 10 12 33 8 6 11 15 15 16 13 44 Cuba ( CUB ) 20 78 68 79 225 0 0 0 0 0 20 78 68 79 225 Cyprus ( CYP ) 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 6 15 17 24 56 7 9 11 11 31 13 24 28 35 87 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 16 49 49 45 143 16 8 15 25 32 51 57 60 168 Denmark ( DEN ) 27 45 74 75 194 14 0 0 41 45 75 75 195 Djibouti ( DJI ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 14 7 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 Ecuador ( ECU ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Egypt ( EGY ) 22 7 10 15 32 0 0 0 0 23 7 10 15 32 Eritrea ( ERI ) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Estonia ( EST ) 12 9 9 16 34 10 7 22 13 11 17 41 Ethiopia ( ETH ) 13 22 11 20 53 0 0 0 0 15 22 11 20 53 Fiji ( FIJ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Finland ( FIN ) 25 101 85 117 303 23 43 63 61 167 48 144 148 178 470 France ( FRA ) 28 212 241 263 716 23 36 35 53 124 51 248 276 316 840 Gabon ( GAB ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Georgia ( GEO ) 6 8 8 17 33 7 0 0 0 0 13 8 8 17 33 Germany ( GER ) 16 191 194 230 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 282 290 855 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 28 54 36 118 8 6 5 19 6 36 60 41 137 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 153 129 127 409 6 39 36 35 110 11 192 165 162 519 West Germany ( FRG ) 5 56 67 81 204 6 11 15 13 39 11 67 82 94 243 Ghana ( GHA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 Great Britain ( GBR ) 28 263 295 291 849 23 11 16 31 51 274 299 307 880 Greece ( GRE ) 28 33 43 40 116 19 0 0 0 0 47 33 43 40 116 Grenada ( GRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Guatemala ( GUA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Haiti ( HAI ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Hong Kong ( HKG ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 26 175 147 169 491 23 7 49 176 149 173 498 Iceland ( ISL ) 20 0 18 0 0 0 0 38 0 India ( IND ) 24 9 7 12 28 10 0 0 0 0 34 9 7 12 28 Indonesia ( INA ) 15 7 13 12 32 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 13 12 32 Iran ( IRI ) 16 19 22 28 69 11 0 0 0 0 27 19 22 28 69 Iraq ( IRQ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Ireland ( IRL ) 21 9 10 12 31 7 0 0 0 0 28 9 10 12 31 Israel ( ISR ) 16 7 9 7 0 0 0 0 23 7 9 Italy ( ITA ) 27 206 178 193 577 23 40 36 48 124 50 246 214 241 701 Jamaica ( JAM ) 17 22 35 20 77 8 0 0 0 0 25 22 35 20 77 Japan ( JPN ) 22 142 135 162 439 21 14 22 22 58 43 156 157 184 497 Jordan ( JOR ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 6 15 20 27 62 7 8 13 16 23 31 70 Kenya ( KEN ) 14 31 38 33 102 0 0 0 0 18 31 38 33 102 Kosovo ( KOS ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Korea ( PRK ) 10 16 16 22 54 9 0 19 16 17 23 56 South Korea ( KOR ) 17 90 87 90 267 18 31 25 14 70 35 121 112 104 337 Kuwait ( KUW ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Kyrgyzstan ( KGZ ) 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 11 11 5 19 11 0 8 22 15 9 27 Lebanon ( LIB ) 17 0 17 0 0 0 0 34 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 17 0 0 0 0 19 6 10 36 6 10 Lithuania ( LTU ) 9 6 7 12 25 9 0 0 0 0 18 6 7 12 25 Luxembourg ( LUX ) 23 0 9 0 0 32 0 Macedonia ( MKD ) 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Malaysia ( MAS ) 13 0 7 11 0 0 0 0 14 0 7 11 Mauritius ( MRI ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Mexico ( MEX ) 23 13 24 32 69 9 0 0 0 0 32 13 24 32 69 Moldova ( MDA ) 6 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 5 Mongolia ( MGL ) 13 10 14 26 14 0 0 0 0 27 10 14 26 Montenegro ( MNE ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Morocco ( MAR ) 14 6 5 12 23 7 0 0 0 0 21 6 5 12 23 Mozambique ( MOZ ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Namibia ( NAM ) 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 Netherlands ( NED ) 26 85 92 108 285 21 45 44 41 130 47 130 136 149 415 Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 23 46 27 44 117 16 0 39 46 28 46 120 Niger ( NIG ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Nigeria ( NGR ) 16 10 12 25 0 0 0 0 17 10 12 25 Norway ( NOR ) 25 56 49 47 152 23 132 125 111 368 48 188 174 158 520 Pakistan ( PAK ) 17 10 0 0 0 0 20 10 Panama ( PAN ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 Paraguay ( PAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Peru ( PER ) 18 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Philippines ( PHI ) 21 0 7 10 5 0 0 0 0 26 0 7 10 Poland ( POL ) 21 68 83 133 284 23 7 7 8 22 44 75 90 141 306 Portugal ( POR ) 24 8 12 24 8 0 0 0 0 32 8 12 24 Puerto Rico ( PUR ) 18 6 9 7 0 0 0 0 25 6 9 Qatar ( QAT ) 9 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 Romania ( ROU ) 21 89 95 122 306 21 0 0 42 89 95 123 307 Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russian Empire ( RU1 ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1,010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1,204 Unified Team ( EUN ) 45 38 29 112 9 6 8 23 54 44 37 135 Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 Samoa ( SAM ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Senegal ( SEN ) 14 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Serbia ( SRB ) 6 6 15 0 0 0 0 7 6 6 15 Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore ( SIN ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 17 5 Slovakia ( SVK ) 6 9 12 7 28 7 8 13 12 16 8 36 Slovenia ( SLO ) 7 5 8 10 23 8 5 10 17 15 7 13 20 40 South Africa ( RSA ) 19 26 31 29 86 7 0 0 0 0 26 26 31 29 86 Spain ( ESP ) 23 45 64 41 150 20 0 43 46 64 44 154 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Sudan ( SUD ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Suriname ( SUR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Sweden ( SWE ) 27 145 170 179 494 23 57 46 55 158 50 202 216 234 652 Switzerland ( SUI ) 28 50 75 67 192 23 55 46 52 153 51 105 121 119 345 Syria ( SYR ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) 14 5 7 12 24 12 0 0 0 0 26 5 7 12 24 Tajikistan ( TJK ) 6 0 0 0 0 10 Tanzania ( TAN ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Thailand ( THA ) 16 9 8 16 33 0 0 0 0 20 9 8 16 33 Togo ( TOG ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Tonga ( TGA ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 17 6 11 19 0 0 0 0 20 6 11 19 Tunisia ( TUN ) 14 7 13 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 13 Turkey ( TUR ) 22 39 24 28 91 17 0 0 0 0 39 39 24 28 91 Uganda ( UGA ) 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 Ukraine ( UKR ) 6 35 30 56 121 7 8 13 38 31 60 129 United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 United States ( USA ) 27 1,022 795 705 2,522 23 105 110 90 305 50 1,127 905 795 2,827 Uruguay ( URU ) 21 6 10 0 0 0 0 22 6 10 Uzbekistan ( UZB ) 6 8 6 17 31 7 0 0 13 9 6 17 32 Venezuela ( VEN ) 18 10 15 0 0 0 0 22 10 15 Vietnam ( VIE ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Virgin Islands ( ISV ) 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 18 28 31 31 90 16 0 34 28 34 32 94 Zambia ( ZAM ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Zimbabwe ( ZIM ) 13 8 0 0 0 0 14 8 Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 17 6 9 17 Mixed team ( ZZX ) 8 5 17 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 17 Totals 28 5,115 5,080 5,482 15,677 23 1,060 1,058 1,050 3,168 51 6,175 6,138 6,532 18,845 The sum total of gold , silver and bronze medals are not equal for the following reasons : Some combat sports ( such as boxing , judo , taekwondo and wrestling ) award two bronze medals per competition . Some tied performances have resulted in multiple medals of the same colour being awarded for an event . If this tie is for gold or silver , there will be a consequent absence of a silver or bronze medal for that event . Not all medals which have been revoked have been re-awarded . In a handful of early events , such as Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics , there were fewer than three entrants eligible to receive medals . NOCs without medals After the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , 71 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees , 7 historic National Olympic Committees , and the Refugee Olympic Team have not yet won an Olympic medal . Team ( IOC code ) No Summer No Winter No Games Albania ( ALB ) 8 12 American Samoa ( ASA ) 8 9 Andorra ( AND ) 11 12 23 Angola ( ANG ) 9 0 9 Antigua and Barbuda ( ANT ) 10 0 10 Aruba ( ARU ) 8 0 8 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 9 0 9 Belize ( BIZ ) 12 0 12 Benin ( BEN ) 11 0 11 Bhutan ( BHU ) 9 0 9 Bolivia ( BOL ) 14 6 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) 7 7 14 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 9 11 Brunei ( BRU ) 5 0 5 Burkina Faso ( BUR ) 9 0 9 Cambodia ( CAM ) 9 0 9 Cape Verde ( CPV ) 6 0 6 Cayman Islands ( CAY ) 10 12 Central African Republic ( CAF ) 10 0 10 Chad ( CHA ) 12 0 12 Comoros ( COM ) 6 0 6 Congo ( CGO ) 12 0 12 Democratic Republic of the Congo ( COD ) 10 0 10 Cook Islands ( COK ) 8 0 8 Dominica ( DMA ) 6 7 El Salvador ( ESA ) 11 0 11 Equatorial Guinea ( GEQ ) 9 0 9 The Gambia ( GAM ) 9 0 9 Guam ( GUM ) 8 9 Guinea ( GUI ) 11 0 11 Guinea - Bissau ( GBS ) 6 0 6 Honduras ( HON ) 11 12 Kiribati ( KIR ) 0 Korea ( COR ) 0 Laos ( LAO ) 9 0 9 Lesotho ( LES ) 11 0 11 Liberia ( LBR ) 12 0 12 Libya ( LBA ) 10 0 10 Madagascar ( MAD ) 12 14 Malawi ( MAW ) 10 0 10 Maldives ( MDV ) 8 0 8 Mali ( MLI ) 13 0 13 Malta ( MLT ) 16 18 Marshall Islands ( MHL ) 0 Mauritania ( MTN ) 9 0 9 Federated States of Micronesia ( FSM ) 5 0 5 Monaco ( MON ) 20 10 30 Myanmar ( MYA ) 17 0 17 Nauru ( NRU ) 6 0 6 Nepal ( NEP ) 13 17 Nicaragua ( NCA ) 12 0 12 Oman ( OMA ) 9 0 9 Palau ( PLW ) 5 0 5 Palestine ( PLE ) 6 0 6 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 10 0 10 Rwanda ( RWA ) 9 0 9 Saint Kitts and Nevis ( SKN ) 6 0 6 Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 6 0 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( VIN ) 8 0 8 San Marino ( SMR ) 14 10 24 São Tomé and Príncipe ( STP ) 6 0 6 Seychelles ( SEY ) 9 0 9 Sierra Leone ( SLE ) 11 0 11 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 9 0 9 Somalia ( SOM ) 9 0 9 South Sudan ( SSD ) 0 Swaziland ( SWZ ) 10 11 East Timor ( TLS ) 6 Turkmenistan ( TKM ) 6 0 6 Tuvalu ( TUV ) 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 8 0 8 Yemen ( YEM ) 7 0 7 North Borneo ( NBO ) 0 Malaya ( MAL ) 0 Republic of China ( ROC ) 0 Saar ( SAA ) 0 North Yemen ( YAR ) 0 South Yemen ( YMD ) 0 Refugee Olympic Team ( ROT ) 0 Variations The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee . Various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently . Early Olympics For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC . Only one of these cases concerns a medal . A gold medal that is officially added to France 's total is given to Luxembourg . Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics . France is credited with a silver medal and Norway with two gold medals . In the table above these medals are listed under the United States . Furthermore , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals . Other differences from the official table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic . This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics . In addition , some sources include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables . Germany Germany has competed under five different designations , including as two separate teams at several Games . Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams . The table below shows sourced combinations of these teams , when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Germany ( GER ) 16 191 192 232 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 280 292 855 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) 19 219 246 268 733 15 100 94 65 259 34 319 340 333 992 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) 24 275 313 349 937 21 111 109 78 298 45 386 422 427 1235 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) ( GDR ) 25 428 442 476 1346 21 150 145 113 408 46 578 587 589 1754 Russia and the Soviet Union The Russian Federation and the Russian Empire are often combined outside of IOC sources . The Soviet Union is sometimes combined with the post-union team that competed in 1992 . Few sources combine the Soviet Union and Russia as many republics which subsequently gained independence ( Ukraine , Belarus , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia , Armenia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Tadjikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ) contributed to the medal tally of the USSR . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 ) 9 150 128 156 434 6 47 38 35 120 15 197 166 191 554 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1204 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 10 440 357 325 1122 10 87 63 67 217 20 527 420 392 1339 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 ) Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 19 590 485 481 1556 16 134 101 102 337 35 724 586 583 1893 Notes Obsolete nations notes → , Australasia ( ANZ ) was a combined team of athletes from Australia ( AUS ) and New Zealand ( NZL ) . They competed together during the 1908 and 1912 Games . → → , Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) after World War I , athletes from Bohemia ( BOH ) ( now part of the present - day Czech Republic ) competed in 1900 , 1908 , and 1912 Games . Czechoslovakia competed in 1920 -- 1992 , from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic ( CZE ) and Slovakia ( SVK ) . → , , Athletes from Barbados ( BAR ) , Jamaica ( JAM ) , and Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) competed as the British West Indies ( BWI ) at the 1960 Games . The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958 -- 1962 , so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964 . , , , → Germany ( GER ) competed 1896 -- 1952 and from 1992 . Due to the partition of Germany after World War II , Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games -- Germany ( GER ) and the Saar ( SAA ) . The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957 , and Saar athletes then competed for Germany . East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team , as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted `` provisional '' recognition by the IOC in 1955 . For the Games of 1956 -- 1964 , Germany participated as a United Team of Germany ( EUA ) , representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany . Retrospectively , the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team . After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968 , East Germany ( GDR ) and West Germany ( FRG ) competed as two independent teams from the 1968 to the 1988 Games . , → Athletes from Malaya ( MAL ) and North Borneo ( NBO ) competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games , prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia ( MAS ) in 1963 . The Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) , an autonomous country within the Netherlands ( NED ) , competed 1952 -- 2008 . The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee 's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 because of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles . → → → Russian Empire ( RU1 ) participated at the 1900 , 1908 and 1912 Games prior to the World War I. Soviet Union ( URS ) competed from 1952 to 1988 . Unified Team ( EUN ) is the generic name used for a combined team of six post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and a combined team of twelve post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics . Russian Federation ( RUS ) and the other fourteen post-Soviet republics started competing independently since 1992 ( Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia ) , 1994 or 1996 . , → , Serbia ( SRB , 1912 , 2006 - current ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 . Yugoslavia ( YUG , 1920 - 1992 Winter ) competed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( officially the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes until 1929 ) in five Games ( 1920 -- 1936 ) before the Second World War . They later competed as Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the Games ( 1948 -- 1992 Winter ) . This ended with the Breakup of Yugoslavia . Some ex-Yugoslavian nations ( Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina ) have competed as independent teams since 1992 . Individual athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) at the 1992 Summer Games because of sanctions placed by the United Nations . Athletes representing Macedonia likewise competed as independent olympic participants because their NOC had not yet been formed . Since 1996 Macedonia has competed as independent team . The combined team Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG , 2004 - 2006 ) consisted of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro . They competed as Yugoslavia from ( YUG , 1996 -- 2002 ) and then changed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . After 96 years Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Games . Montenegro first participated as an independent team in 2008 . , → Prior to Yemeni unification in 1990 , North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic ( YAR ) in 1984 and 1988 , and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic ( YMD ) at the 1988 Games . After forming united republic Yemen ( YEM ) has participated since 1992 . → , The Republic of China was designated as China at the 1932 , 1936 , and 1948 Games and was representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) . After the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) and Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) have participated as separate teams . Special code used by the IOC to refer to medals won by athletes of multiple nations competing together , which was common in early Games ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . These medals are not included in the respective totals for each nation represented by individual mixed team athletes . Special code used by the IOC for athletes whose NOC is not recognized by IOC . At the 2000 Summer Olympics four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2012 Summer Olympics three athletes from former Netherlands Antilles and one athlete from South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2016 Summer Olympics nine athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . Kuwait Olympic Committee had been suspended by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) for the second time in five years due to governmental interference . Name changes notes Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras ( HBR ) in 1968 and 1972 . Benin was known as Dahomey ( DAH ) in 1972 . Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta ( VOL ) in 1972 . After the Chinese Civil War , Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) participated using the name of the Republic of China at the 1956 , 1960 , 1972 and 1976 ( winter ) Games and using Taiwan designation at the 1964 and 1968 Games . In 1979 , the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to the NOC , a compromise that was acceptable for the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) that led to the start of its participation in the Olympic Games . The name Chinese Taipei was first used in 1984 . Participation of the Republic of China , representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) , in 1932 , 1936 and 1948 Games are not counted in Taiwan 's total participation count . The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire ( ZAI ) between 1984 and 1996 . Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964 and 1988 . Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) between 1960 and 1968 . Includes medals won by athletes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1896 -- 1920 ) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1924 -- present ) , both of which used the name `` Great Britain '' and the country code GBR . Prior to Ghana 's independence in 1957 , Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games . Prior to Guyana 's independence in 1966 , British Guiana participated from 1948 to 1964 . Totals of Hong Kong ( HKG ) includes all medals won by athletes representing the Hong Kong National Olympic Committee , designated as `` Hong Kong '' from 1952 -- 1996 and `` Hong Kong , China '' since 2000 . Myanmar was known as Burma ( BIR ) between 1948 and 1988 . Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984 and 1996 . Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon ( CEY ) between 1948 and 1972 . Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964 , the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games . Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games , but had participated as Northern Rhodesia ( NRH ) during those Games . Prior to Zimbabwe 's independence in 1980 , Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia ( RHO ) in 1928 , 1960 , and 1964 Games . Participation notes Brunei 's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official , but no competing athletes . This participation is not counted in Brunei 's participation total . Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but neither athlete competed , so this participation is not counted in Djibouti 's participation total . Liberia 's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the Opening Ceremony and took part in the boycott . This participation is not counted in Liberia 's participation total . Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games , but then withdrew from competition . This participation is not counted in Libya 's participation total . Suriname at the 1960 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but its lone athlete withdrew from Games due to a scheduling error . Participation of Suriname at the 1960 Games not recognized by IOC , so this participation is not counted in Suriname 's participation total . India 's athletes originally competed at the 2014 Games as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association 's suspension . On February 11 , 2014 , the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India 's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward . Does not include the participation of Timor - Leste 's and Netherlands Antilles 's athletes as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Does not include medals won as part of mixed teams with athletes from other nations ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . Disputed participation notes The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud , a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia , competed for the nation in 1896 . Bulgarian participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . The Chilean Olympic Committee claims that Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz , a Chilean diplomat and athlete , competed for the nation in 1896 . Chilean participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . Some sources consider Léon Thiércelin , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Haitian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Haiti . Participation of Haiti at the 1900 Games not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Haiti 's participation total . Some sources consider Freydoun Malkom , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran . Participation of Iran at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Iran 's participation total . Some sources consider Carlos de Candamo , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Peruvian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Peru . Participation of Peru at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Peru 's participation total . Enrico Brusoni 's gold medal in the Cycling Men 's Points Race at the 1900 Summer Olympics is recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee , but this race is not recognized by the IOC as a 1900 Summer Olympics event . Monaco earned a bronze in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics . However , medals in art competitions are no longer recognized by the IOC . Michel Théato , a French athlete who won the gold medal in marathon at the 1900 Games , was born in Luxembourg . The IOC does not recognize Luxembourg participation at the 1900 Games and attributes his medal to France . The nationalities of many medalists at the 1904 Olympics are disputed as many competitors were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship . Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey 's participation in 1904 . Although the Games report refers to Corey as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France , and in contradiction , the medal in the four mile team race ( that was won by a team of three Americans and Corey ) to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States . The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian - American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States ; each won a gold medal . In 2012 , Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22 , 1905 , and that Hansen , who was registered as an `` alien '' as late as 1925 , probably never received American citizenship . The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians . In May 2013 it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC 's medal database . Bob Fowler , an American marathon runner who competed at the 1904 Games , was a native Newfoundlander , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as an historical NOC without medals . Participation of Newfoundland at the 1904 Games is not recognized by the IOC . In 2009 , historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni formerly thought to be an American athlete was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904 being granted US citizenship in 1917 . See also All - time Paralympic Games medal table All - time Youth Olympic Games medal table Olympic medal table List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event References ^ `` Olympic Games - Sochi 2014 Winter Summer Past and Future Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Luxembourg at the 1900 Paris Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` France at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Norway at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Bob Fowler '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` What Events are Olympic ? '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` All Time Summer Olympics Medal Tally '' . Olympics Universe . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Timeline : Olympic Powers '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Counting one more Summer Olympic Games where East Germany in 1980 and West Germany in 1984 competed . ^ `` Russian Federation '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Russia '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Alexander Picolin jr . `` Statistics ( choose Ewige Tabellen ) '' . Olympiastatistik.de . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Cycling at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's Points Race '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ `` Italy - Olympic Summer Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ `` Monaco at the 1924 Summer Olympics '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art Arts & Culture Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Magazine . 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie '' . NRK . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` USA - guld 1904 var Norges '' . Svenska Dagbladet . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` Norges OL - historie skrives på nytt '' . Nettavisen . May 3 , 2013 . ^ Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement -- Italy . books.google.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ `` Frank Bizzoni Olympic Results '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . External links All - time medal counts are compiled by various sources , often adding up related results for Russia , Germany , Serbia , Czech Republic etc . OlympiaStatistik.de ( 2006 ) NBC Historical Medals -- vancouver2010.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 13 , 2010 ) Historical Medals - london2012.com ( Summer Games , not corrected for disqualifications after 13 August 2012 ) All - time Olympic Medals - series of interactive maps Olympanalyt.com - medals by countries Sources International Olympic Committee medal database Official Olympic Reports Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Olympic Games medal winners Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Medal tables of Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships by sport Olympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Bandy Basketball men women Biathlon Bobsleigh Boxing Canoeing & kayaking Cross-country skiing Curling Cycling Diving Equestrian Field hockey Fencing Figure skating Football men women Freestyle skiing Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Judo Luge Modern pentathlon Nordic combined Rowing Sailing Shooting Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Short track Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Greco - Roman Freestyle Paralympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Biathlon Boccia Cross ‐ country skiing Cycling Equestrian Football 5 - a-side Football 7 - a-side Goalball Ice sledge hockey Judo Powerlifting Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Volleyball Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair curling Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair tennis World Championships or World Cups Alpine skiing American football Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton men women BWF Bandy men women Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic Basketball men women Basque Pelota Beach soccer Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Bowling Canoe Slalom Sprint Cricket men women Test ODI Curling men women Cycling BMX Cyclo - cross men women Mountain Bike Marathon Track Equestrian Equestrian Games Show Jumping Eventing Fencing F1 drivers constructors Field hockey men women Football clubs men women Figure skating Futsal Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Ice hockey men women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Luge natural Modern pentathlon Nordic skiing Padel tennis Polo Rallying drivers constructors Roller hockey men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women Shooting Softball Speed skating men men 's sprint women women 's sprint Taekwondo Squash individual team Tennis men women Volleyball men women Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table&oldid=827729210 '' Categories : Medal tables at multi-sport events Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medals Olympics - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Webarchive template wayback links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 11 : 21 . 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About Wikipedia	what country has the most medals in olympic history	[ "\n\n\nSummer Games\nWinter Games\nCombined Total\n\n\nTeam (IOC code)\n\n№\n\n\n01 !\n\n\n02 !\n\n\n03 !\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n№\n\n\n01 !\n\n\n02 !\n\n\n03 !\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n№\n\n\n01 !\n\n\n02 !\n\n\n03 !\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n\n Afghanistan (AFG)\n14\n0\n0\n2\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n Algeria (ALG)\n13\n5\n4\n8\n17\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n16\n5\n4\n8\n17\n\n\n Argentina (ARG)\n24\n21\n25\n28\n74\n19\n0\n0\n0\n0\n43\n21\n25\n28\n74\n\n\n Armenia (ARM)\n6\n2\n6\n6\n14\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n2\n6\n6\n14\n\n\n Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ]\n2\n3\n4\n5\n12\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n3\n4\n5\n12\n\n\n Australia (AUS) [AUS] [Z]\n26\n147\n163\n187\n497\n19\n5\n5\n5\n15\n45\n152\n168\n192\n512\n\n\n Austria (AUT)\n27\n18\n33\n36\n87\n23\n64\n81\n87\n232\n50\n82\n114\n123\n319\n\n\n Azerbaijan (AZE)\n6\n7\n11\n25\n43\n6\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n7\n11\n25\n43\n\n\n Bahamas (BAH)\n16\n6\n2\n6\n14\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n16\n6\n2\n6\n14\n\n\n Bahrain (BRN)\n9\n2\n1\n0\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n2\n1\n0\n3\n\n\n Barbados (BAR) [BAR]\n12\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Belarus (BLR)\n6\n12\n27\n39\n78\n7\n8\n5\n5\n18\n13\n20\n32\n44\n96\n\n\n Belgium (BEL)\n26\n40\n53\n55\n148\n21\n1\n2\n3\n6\n47\n41\n55\n58\n154\n\n\n Bermuda (BER)\n18\n0\n0\n1\n1\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n26\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Bohemia (BOH) [BOH] [Z]\n3\n0\n1\n3\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n0\n1\n3\n4\n\n\n Botswana (BOT)\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Brazil (BRA)\n22\n30\n36\n62\n128\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n30\n30\n36\n62\n128\n\n\n British West Indies (BWI) [BWI]\n1\n0\n0\n2\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n Bulgaria (BUL) [H]\n20\n51\n87\n80\n218\n20\n1\n2\n3\n6\n40\n52\n89\n83\n224\n\n\n Burundi (BDI)\n6\n1\n1\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n6\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\n Cameroon (CMR)\n14\n3\n1\n2\n6\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n3\n1\n2\n6\n\n\n Canada (CAN)\n26\n64\n102\n136\n302\n23\n73\n64\n62\n199\n49\n137\n166\n198\n501\n\n\n Chile (CHI) [I]\n23\n2\n7\n4\n13\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n40\n2\n7\n4\n13\n\n\n China (CHN) [CHN]\n10\n224\n167\n155\n546\n11\n13\n28\n21\n62\n21\n237\n195\n176\n608\n\n\n Colombia (COL)\n19\n5\n9\n14\n28\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n5\n9\n14\n28\n\n\n Costa Rica (CRC)\n15\n1\n1\n2\n4\n6\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n1\n1\n2\n4\n\n\n Ivory Coast (CIV) [CIV]\n13\n1\n1\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n1\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n Croatia (CRO)\n7\n11\n10\n12\n33\n8\n4\n6\n1\n11\n15\n15\n16\n13\n44\n\n\n Cuba (CUB) [Z]\n20\n78\n68\n79\n225\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n78\n68\n79\n225\n\n\n Cyprus (CYP)\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n11\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Czech Republic (CZE) [CZE]\n6\n15\n17\n24\n56\n7\n9\n11\n11\n31\n13\n24\n28\n35\n87\n\n\n Czechoslovakia (TCH) [TCH]\n16\n49\n49\n45\n143\n16\n2\n8\n15\n25\n32\n51\n57\n60\n168\n\n\n Denmark (DEN) [Z]\n27\n45\n74\n75\n194\n14\n0\n1\n0\n1\n41\n45\n75\n75\n195\n\n\n Djibouti (DJI) [B]\n8\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n8\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Dominican Republic (DOM)\n14\n3\n2\n2\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n3\n2\n2\n7\n\n\n Ecuador (ECU)\n14\n1\n1\n0\n2\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\n Egypt (EGY) [EGY] [Z]\n22\n7\n10\n15\n32\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n23\n7\n10\n15\n32\n\n\n Eritrea (ERI)\n5\n0\n0\n1\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n6\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Estonia (EST)\n12\n9\n9\n16\n34\n10\n4\n2\n1\n7\n22\n13\n11\n17\n41\n\n\n Ethiopia (ETH)\n13\n22\n11\n20\n53\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n22\n11\n20\n53\n\n\n Fiji (FIJ)\n14\n1\n0\n0\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n Finland (FIN)\n25\n101\n85\n117\n303\n23\n43\n63\n61\n167\n48\n144\n148\n178\n470\n\n\n France (FRA) [O] [P] [Z]\n28\n212\n241\n263\n716\n23\n36\n35\n53\n124\n51\n248\n276\n316\n840\n\n\n Gabon (GAB)\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Georgia (GEO)\n6\n8\n8\n17\n33\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n8\n8\n17\n33\n\n\n Germany (GER) [GER] [Z]\n16\n191\n194\n230\n615\n12\n92\n88\n60\n240\n28\n283\n282\n290\n855\n\n\n United Team of Germany (EUA) [EUA]\n3\n28\n54\n36\n118\n3\n8\n6\n5\n19\n6\n36\n60\n41\n137\n\n\n East Germany (GDR) [GDR]\n5\n153\n129\n127\n409\n6\n39\n36\n35\n110\n11\n192\n165\n162\n519\n\n\n West Germany (FRG) [FRG]\n5\n56\n67\n81\n204\n6\n11\n15\n13\n39\n11\n67\n82\n94\n243\n\n\n Ghana (GHA) [GHA]\n14\n0\n1\n3\n4\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n16\n0\n1\n3\n4\n\n\n Great Britain (GBR) [GBR] [Z]\n28\n263\n295\n291\n849\n23\n11\n4\n16\n31\n51\n274\n299\n307\n880\n\n\n Greece (GRE) [Z]\n28\n33\n43\n40\n116\n19\n0\n0\n0\n0\n47\n33\n43\n40\n116\n\n\n Grenada (GRN)\n9\n1\n1\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\n Guatemala (GUA)\n14\n0\n1\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Guyana (GUY) [GUY]\n17\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Haiti (HAI) [J]\n15\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n Hong Kong (HKG) [HKG]\n16\n1\n1\n1\n3\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n1\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n Hungary (HUN)\n26\n175\n147\n169\n491\n23\n1\n2\n4\n7\n49\n176\n149\n173\n498\n\n\n Iceland (ISL)\n20\n0\n2\n2\n4\n18\n0\n0\n0\n0\n38\n0\n2\n2\n4\n\n\n India (IND) [F]\n24\n9\n7\n12\n28\n10\n0\n0\n0\n0\n34\n9\n7\n12\n28\n\n\n Indonesia (INA)\n15\n7\n13\n12\n32\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n7\n13\n12\n32\n\n\n Iran (IRI) [K]\n16\n19\n22\n28\n69\n11\n0\n0\n0\n0\n27\n19\n22\n28\n69\n\n\n Iraq (IRQ)\n14\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Ireland (IRL)\n21\n9\n10\n12\n31\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n28\n9\n10\n12\n31\n\n\n Israel (ISR)\n16\n1\n1\n7\n9\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n23\n1\n1\n7\n9\n\n\n Italy (ITA) [M] [S]\n27\n206\n178\n193\n577\n23\n40\n36\n48\n124\n50\n246\n214\n241\n701\n\n\n Jamaica (JAM) [JAM]\n17\n22\n35\n20\n77\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n25\n22\n35\n20\n77\n\n\n Japan (JPN)\n22\n142\n135\n162\n439\n21\n14\n22\n22\n58\n43\n156\n157\n184\n497\n\n\n Jordan (JOR)\n10\n1\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n Kazakhstan (KAZ)\n6\n15\n20\n27\n62\n7\n1\n3\n4\n8\n13\n16\n23\n31\n70\n\n\n Kenya (KEN)\n14\n31\n38\n33\n102\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n18\n31\n38\n33\n102\n\n\n Kosovo (KOS)\n1\n1\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n North Korea (PRK)\n10\n16\n16\n22\n54\n9\n0\n1\n1\n2\n19\n16\n17\n23\n56\n\n\n South Korea (KOR)\n17\n90\n87\n90\n267\n18\n31\n25\n14\n70\n35\n121\n112\n104\n337\n\n\n Kuwait (KUW)\n12\n0\n0\n2\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)\n6\n0\n1\n3\n4\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n1\n3\n4\n\n\n Latvia (LAT)\n11\n3\n11\n5\n19\n11\n0\n4\n4\n8\n22\n3\n15\n9\n27\n\n\n Lebanon (LIB)\n17\n0\n2\n2\n4\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n34\n0\n2\n2\n4\n\n\n Liechtenstein (LIE)\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n19\n2\n2\n6\n10\n36\n2\n2\n6\n10\n\n\n Lithuania (LTU)\n9\n6\n7\n12\n25\n9\n0\n0\n0\n0\n18\n6\n7\n12\n25\n\n\n Luxembourg (LUX) [O]\n23\n1\n1\n0\n2\n9\n0\n2\n0\n2\n32\n1\n3\n0\n4\n\n\n Macedonia (MKD)\n6\n0\n0\n1\n1\n6\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Malaysia (MAS) [MAS]\n13\n0\n7\n4\n11\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n0\n7\n4\n11\n\n\n Mauritius (MRI)\n9\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Mexico (MEX)\n23\n13\n24\n32\n69\n9\n0\n0\n0\n0\n32\n13\n24\n32\n69\n\n\n Moldova (MDA)\n6\n0\n2\n3\n5\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n2\n3\n5\n\n\n Mongolia (MGL)\n13\n2\n10\n14\n26\n14\n0\n0\n0\n0\n27\n2\n10\n14\n26\n\n\n Montenegro (MNE)\n3\n0\n1\n0\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n6\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Morocco (MAR)\n14\n6\n5\n12\n23\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n6\n5\n12\n23\n\n\n Mozambique (MOZ)\n10\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n Namibia (NAM)\n7\n0\n4\n0\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n7\n0\n4\n0\n4\n\n\n Netherlands (NED) [Z]\n26\n85\n92\n108\n285\n21\n45\n44\n41\n130\n47\n130\n136\n149\n415\n\n\n Netherlands Antilles (AHO) [AHO] [I]\n13\n0\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n New Zealand (NZL) [NZL]\n23\n46\n27\n44\n117\n16\n0\n1\n2\n3\n39\n46\n28\n46\n120\n\n\n Niger (NIG)\n12\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n Nigeria (NGR)\n16\n3\n10\n12\n25\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n3\n10\n12\n25\n\n\n Norway (NOR) [Q]\n25\n56\n49\n47\n152\n23\n132\n125\n111\n368\n48\n188\n174\n158\n520\n\n\n Pakistan (PAK)\n17\n3\n3\n4\n10\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n3\n3\n4\n10\n\n\n Panama (PAN)\n17\n1\n0\n2\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n1\n0\n2\n3\n\n\n Paraguay (PAR)\n12\n0\n1\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Peru (PER) [L]\n18\n1\n3\n0\n4\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n1\n3\n0\n4\n\n\n Philippines (PHI)\n21\n0\n3\n7\n10\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n26\n0\n3\n7\n10\n\n\n Poland (POL)\n21\n68\n83\n133\n284\n23\n7\n7\n8\n22\n44\n75\n90\n141\n306\n\n\n Portugal (POR)\n24\n4\n8\n12\n24\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n32\n4\n8\n12\n24\n\n\n Puerto Rico (PUR)\n18\n1\n2\n6\n9\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n25\n1\n2\n6\n9\n\n\n Qatar (QAT)\n9\n0\n1\n4\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n0\n1\n4\n5\n\n\n Romania (ROU)\n21\n89\n95\n122\n306\n21\n0\n0\n1\n1\n42\n89\n95\n123\n307\n\n\n Russia (RUS) [RUS]\n6\n149\n124\n153\n426\n6\n47\n38\n35\n120\n12\n196\n162\n188\n546\n\n\n Russian Empire (RU1) [RU1]\n3\n1\n4\n3\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n1\n4\n3\n8\n\n\n Soviet Union (URS) [URS]\n9\n395\n319\n296\n1,010\n9\n78\n57\n59\n194\n18\n473\n376\n355\n1,204\n\n\n Unified Team (EUN) [EUN]\n1\n45\n38\n29\n112\n1\n9\n6\n8\n23\n2\n54\n44\n37\n135\n\n\n Saudi Arabia (KSA)\n11\n0\n1\n2\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n11\n0\n1\n2\n3\n\n\n Samoa (SAM)\n9\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Senegal (SEN)\n14\n0\n1\n0\n1\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n19\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Serbia (SRB) [SRB]\n4\n3\n6\n6\n15\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n7\n3\n6\n6\n15\n\n\n Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) [SCG]\n1\n0\n2\n0\n2\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n0\n2\n0\n2\n\n\n Singapore (SIN)\n16\n1\n2\n2\n5\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n1\n2\n2\n5\n\n\n Slovakia (SVK) [SVK]\n6\n9\n12\n7\n28\n7\n3\n4\n1\n8\n13\n12\n16\n8\n36\n\n\n Slovenia (SLO)\n7\n5\n8\n10\n23\n8\n2\n5\n10\n17\n15\n7\n13\n20\n40\n\n\n South Africa (RSA)\n19\n26\n31\n29\n86\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n26\n26\n31\n29\n86\n\n\n Spain (ESP) [Z]\n23\n45\n64\n41\n150\n20\n1\n0\n3\n4\n43\n46\n64\n44\n154\n\n\n Sri Lanka (SRI) [SRI]\n17\n0\n2\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n0\n2\n0\n2\n\n\n Sudan (SUD)\n12\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Suriname (SUR) [E]\n12\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n Sweden (SWE) [Z]\n27\n145\n170\n179\n494\n23\n57\n46\n55\n158\n50\n202\n216\n234\n652\n\n\n Switzerland (SUI)\n28\n50\n75\n67\n192\n23\n55\n46\n52\n153\n51\n105\n121\n119\n345\n\n\n Syria (SYR)\n13\n1\n1\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n1\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n Chinese Taipei (TPE) [TPE] [TPE2]\n14\n5\n7\n12\n24\n12\n0\n0\n0\n0\n26\n5\n7\n12\n24\n\n\n Tajikistan (TJK)\n6\n1\n1\n2\n4\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n1\n1\n2\n4\n\n\n Tanzania (TAN) [TAN]\n13\n0\n2\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n2\n0\n2\n\n\n Thailand (THA)\n16\n9\n8\n16\n33\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n9\n8\n16\n33\n\n\n Togo (TOG)\n10\n0\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Tonga (TGA)\n9\n0\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n11\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) [TRI]\n17\n2\n6\n11\n19\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n2\n6\n11\n19\n\n\n Tunisia (TUN)\n14\n4\n2\n7\n13\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n4\n2\n7\n13\n\n\n Turkey (TUR)\n22\n39\n24\n28\n91\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n39\n39\n24\n28\n91\n\n\n Uganda (UGA)\n15\n2\n3\n2\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n2\n3\n2\n7\n\n\n Ukraine (UKR)\n6\n35\n30\n56\n121\n7\n3\n1\n4\n8\n13\n38\n31\n60\n129\n\n\n United Arab Emirates (UAE)\n9\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n United States (USA) [P] [Q] [R] [Z]\n27\n1,022\n795\n705\n2,522\n23\n105\n110\n90\n305\n50\n1,127\n905\n795\n2,827\n\n\n Uruguay (URU)\n21\n2\n2\n6\n10\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n22\n2\n2\n6\n10\n\n\n Uzbekistan (UZB)\n6\n8\n6\n17\n31\n7\n1\n0\n0\n1\n13\n9\n6\n17\n32\n\n\n Venezuela (VEN)\n18\n2\n3\n10\n15\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n22\n2\n3\n10\n15\n\n\n Vietnam (VIE)\n15\n1\n3\n0\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n1\n3\n0\n4\n\n\n Virgin Islands (ISV)\n12\n0\n1\n0\n1\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n19\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Yugoslavia (YUG) [YUG]\n18\n28\n31\n31\n90\n16\n0\n3\n1\n4\n34\n28\n34\n32\n94\n\n\n Zambia (ZAM) [ZAM]\n13\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n Zimbabwe (ZIM) [ZIM]\n13\n3\n4\n1\n8\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n3\n4\n1\n8\n\n\n Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) [IOA]\n3\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) [IOP]\n1\n0\n1\n2\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n1\n2\n3\n\n\n Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n2\n6\n9\n17\n1\n2\n6\n9\n17\n\n\n Mixed team (ZZX) [ZZX]\n3\n8\n5\n4\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n8\n5\n4\n17\n\n\nTotals\n28\n5,115\n5,080\n5,482\n15,677\n23\n1,060\n1,058\n1,050\n3,168\n51\n6,175\n6,138\n6,532\n18,845\n\n" ]	[ "United States" ]
-478061812038416109	List of Toy Story characters	List of Toy Story characters - wikipedia List of Toy Story characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters from Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story franchise which consists of the animated films Toy Story ( 1995 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the animated short films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary characters 1.1 Sheriff Woody 1.2 Buzz Lightyear 1.3 Jessie 2 Toy characters by owner 2.1 Andy 's toys 2.1. 1 Hamm the Piggy Bank 2.1. 2 Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex 2.1. 3 Slinky Dog 2.1. 4 Mr. Potato Head 2.1. 5 Mrs. Potato Head 2.1. 6 Bullseye 2.1. 7 Squeeze Toy Aliens / Little Green Men 2.1. 8 Barbie 2.1. 9 Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers 2.1. 10 Bo Peep 2.1. 11 RC 2.1. 12 Wheezy 2.1. 13 Etch 2.1. 14 Mr. Spell 2.1. 15 Rocky Gibraltar 2.1. 16 Lenny 2.1. 17 Snake 2.1. 18 Robot 2.1. 19 Mr. Shark 2.1. 20 Mr. Mike 2.1. 21 See ' n Say 2.1. 22 Roly Poly Clown 2.1. 23 Troikas 2.1. 24 Troll 2.1. 25 Toddle Tots Fire Truck 2.2 Bonnie 's toys 2.2. 1 Chuckles 2.2. 2 Dolly 2.2. 3 Mr. Pricklepants 2.2. 4 Trixie 2.2. 5 Buttercup 2.2. 6 Peas - in - a-Pod 2.2. 7 Angel Kitty 2.2. 8 Totoro 2.3 Sid and Hannah 's toys 2.3. 1 Combat Carl 2.3. 2 Hannah 's dolls 2.3. 3 Mutant toys 2.4 Mason 's Toys 3 Toy characters by location 3.1 Al 's Toy Barn and apartment 3.1. 1 Stinky Pete the Prospector 3.1. 2 Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear 3.1. 3 Evil Emperor Zurg 3.1. 4 Tour Guide Barbie 3.2 Sunnyside Daycare 3.2. 1 Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear 3.2. 2 Ken 3.2. 3 Big Baby 3.2. 4 Twitch 3.2. 5 Stretch 3.2. 6 Chunk 3.2. 7 Sparks 3.2. 8 Chatter Telephone 3.2. 9 Bookworm 3.2. 10 Cymbal - banging monkey 3.3 Toys in other projects 3.3. 1 Discarded Fun Meal Toys 3.3. 2 Sleep Well Toys 4 Non-toy characters 4.1 Humans 4.1. 1 Andy Davis 4.1. 2 Bonnie Anderson 4.1. 3 Molly Davis 4.1. 4 Mrs. Davis 4.1. 5 Sid Phillips 4.1. 6 Hannah Phillips 4.1. 7 Al McWhiggin 4.1. 8 Geri the Cleaner 4.1. 9 Emily 4.1. 10 Daisy 4.1. 11 Ron 4.1. 12 Mason 4.2 Animals 4.2. 1 Scud 4.2. 2 Buster 4.2. 3 Crazy Critters 4.2. 4 Mr. Jones 5 References Primary characters ( edit ) Sheriff Woody ( edit ) Main article : Sheriff Woody Voiced by : Tom Hanks ( 1995 -- present ) Jim Hanks ( 1996 -- 2016 ) Sheriff Woody Pride is a 1950s old traditional pull string cowboy doll , and Andy 's favorite toy . Appearing in all three Toy Story films , he usually acts as the leader of the gang . His rivalry with Buzz forms the basis of the plot of the first film . In Toy Story 2 , he is stolen at a yard sale by a toy collector , causing the other toys to embark on a rescue mission . In Toy Story 3 he and the other toys are shipped to a daycare center . Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Main article : Buzz Lightyear Voiced by : Tim Allen ( 1995 -- present ) Patrick Warburton ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats , few video games , merchandise , attractions ) ( 1996 -- 2005 ) Mike MacRae ( video games 2010 -- 2015 ) Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) Previously known as Tinny and Lunar Larry , Buzz Lightyear is a modern - day `` space ranger '' action figure , and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet , a laser `` weapon , '' and various sound effects . In the films , he acts as Woody 's second - in - command . In Toy Story , he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger ( the other toys are aware that they are toys ) and develops a rivalry with Woody , who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer . During the film , he comes to realize that he is just a toy , and eventually becomes good friends with Woody . He is extremely loyal to his friends . During his time trapped at Sid 's house , Hannah , Sid 's sister , called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit . In Toy Story 2 , Buzz goes to save Woody from Al with Potato Head , Hamm , Rex , and Slink ( Slinky Dog ) where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al 's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like . In Toy Story 3 , a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie . He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to `` Spanish mode . '' Jessie ( edit ) Main article : Jessie ( Toy Story ) Voiced by : Joan Cusack ( 1999 -- present ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ) Toy Story 2 Sarah McLachlan ( singing voice ) Toy Story 2 Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity ) Jessie is a cowgirl doll , and part of the Woody 's Round Up gang . She first appeared in Toy Story 2 along with Bullseye ( her horse ) and Stinky Pete . Initially , Jessie was hesitant to join Andy 's friends . After she becomes part of the family , she is very happy ( despite that Andy first calls her Bazooka Jane ) . In Toy Story 3 , she was riding Bullseye when Woody fell off the train in Andy 's opening sequence . She argued with Woody on their way to Sunnyside Daycare because of when the others think Andy threw them out . Later in the film , Jessie feels close with Buzz , even when Buzz got switched into Spanish . At the end , Jessie and Buzz danced to the Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Jessie also makes a cameo appearance in Monsters , Inc. as one of the toys Boo gives Sulley . Jessie also appears in Pixar 's production of Toy Story of Terror ! as the main character that saves the other toys from the toy stealer and seller at the rest stop . Toy characters by owner ( edit ) Andy 's toys ( edit ) Hamm the piggy bank ( edit ) Voiced by : John Ratzenberger ( 1995 -- present ) Hamm is a wisecracking realist piggy bank with a cork in his belly in place of a stopper . He and Mr. Potato Head appear to be best friends , and are often seen playing games , such as Battleship ( with Hamm always winning ) . Out of all the toys , he is shown to have the most knowledge of the outside , often being very familiar with various gadgets that are shown , likely as an homage to Ratzenberger 's famous role of mail carrier and bar know - it - all Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . In Toy Story , Hamm interrupts Woody 's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3 : 00 . Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz 's features and ridicules of Woody , along with Potato Head . When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window , Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him . However , Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive . At the end , Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , Hamm resents the Al 's Toy Barn chicken mascot . When Woody is stolen , he and Mr. Potato Head organize a crime scene to present Woody 's kidnapping to the other toys . After helping the toys find the Al 's Toy Barn commercial on TV , Hamm goes with Buzz , Slinky , Rex , and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to rescue Woody . In Al 's Toy Barn , Hamm spots a `` Bonus Belt '' Buzz , thinking he is Andy 's Buzz , though he comments on the new Buzz 's odd behavior . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he and Mr. Potato Head operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised to pull the gear lever to get the truck to move . While reading the truck 's manual , he states `` I seriously doubt he 's getting this kinda mileage '' . Eventually , Hamm and the other toys are able to rescue Woody and are able to return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , Hamm is `` Evil Dr. Porkchop '' in Andy 's western play opening sequence , appearing in a giant pig - shaped spaceship to rescue One - Eyed Bart and thwart Woody and his gang . Later , when the toys are accidentally thrown out , Hamm is angry , believing that Andy threw them out on purpose . He escapes with the rest of the toys to Sunnyside Daycare , where he is initially happy to be played with , but dismayed as he realizes the toddlers are too rough . Later that night , Hamm and his friends realize that Woody was telling the truth about Andy . When the toys are imprisoned by Lotso and his henchmen , Hamm is shown to be able to play the harmonica . When Woody comes back to rescue the toys from Sunnyside he quotes `` Return of the Astro - Nut '' on Buzz being turned back to demo . He helps the toys escape by fighting with Rex to distract Buzz , who has been switched to demo mode by Lotso , so that Jessie can trap him under a plastic container . Hamm and Rex , being the heaviest of the toys , sit on top of the container to prevent Buzz from escaping . When Woody returns with Buzz 's instruction manual to switch him back , Hamm reads the instructions while the others hold Buzz down . When they were about to die in the incinerator , Hamm grabbed the hands of Slinky and Rex . Later , after the toys are rescued from an incinerator - related death at the dump due to Lotso 's selfishness , Hamm , along with Slinky , wants revenge , but Woody talks them both out of it . He is donated along with Andy 's other toys to Bonnie , where he becomes best friends with Buttercup . In a 2010 advertisement for the United States Postal Service promoting Toy Story 3 , Hamm wears a postal worker 's hat while promoting the Priority Mail service ; Ratzenberger is best known for his role as mailman Cliff Clavin on the long - running sitcom Cheers . He also makes an appearance in the Toy Story 3 video game as the mayor in Toy Box mode . Hamm also appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex ( edit ) Voiced by : Wallace Shawn ( 1995 -- present ) Earl Boen ( video games ) Rex is an excitable large , green , plastic Tyrannosaurus Rex . Rex suffers from anxiety , an inferiority complex and the concern that he is not scary enough . Rex 's worst fear ( after Sid ) is that Andy will get another , scarier dinosaur . He is among the largest of Andy 's toys , and is often depicted as the heaviest . He is voiced by Earl Boen in the video games Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue ( 1999 ) and Toy Story Racer ( 2001 ) . Although Rex is a toy dinosaur he dislikes confrontation and is sensitive in nature . In Toy Story , he states that he was manufactured by a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buyout by Mattel ( coincidentally , real - life Rex toys used to be made by Hasbro , but as of 2009 are indeed made by Mattel ) . He is first introduced when he moves Woody 's doodle pad , then tries to scare Woody with his roar . When Buzz arrives , Rex is fascinated by his cool features . Later , when Woody knocks Buzz out the window , he reluctantly sides against Woody out of pressure from the other toys . He is , however , a great deal less antagonistic than most of the other toys . He later feels guilty when everyone discovers Woody was telling the truth all along . He gains confidence at the end , saying he could play as the dominant predator if Andy gets a leaf eater . The beginning of Toy Story 2 , he is shown playing the `` Buzz Lightyear : Attack on Zurg '' video game , which he loses , much to his frustration . He is responsible for the toys seeing the commercial for Al 's Toy Barn commercial when he accidentally clicks the remote control . When Woody was kidnapped by Al , Rex tried to send a message to the FBI for help , but he did n't know how to write FBI , and later joins Buzz ' team to rescue Woody . Inside Al 's Toy Barn , he excitedly finds a `` Buzz Lightyear '' video game strategy guide , which he takes with him . He loses the guide later , but is still able to give Buzz two tips from the guide on defeating Zurg . In a parody of Jurassic Park , he chases a car driven by the toys in Al 's Toy Barn , in which Mr. Potato Head spots his reflection in the rear view mirror . It is Rex 's tail sticking out of Al 's bag that later causes the real Buzz to go after them . When the other Toys , led by Buzz 2 reach Al 's Apartment , the toys use an unwilling Rex as a battering ram to break in against the unlocked grate . When Zurg is about to finish off Buzz 2 , he turns away , not bearing to look anymore , but his tail knocks Zurg down the elevator shaft , making him feel overjoyed about finally defeating Zurg for real . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he serves as the navigator and tells Buzz which way to go since he ca n't see out the window while controlling the steering wheel . Eventually , he and the others manage to rescue Woody and return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , he is Woody 's `` Dinosaur who Eats Force Field Dogs '' in Andy 's opening western play sequence , where he frightens One - Eyed Bart and his gang with a terrifying roar , but is then overpowered by a flood of monkeys . He is seen to be especially sad about Andy 's lack of attention to the toys , expressing joy when Andy touches him for only a few moments . When the toys are initially left for the garbage pickup , he is ultimately responsible for saving them when they use his tail to rip a hole in the garbage bag . He is initially happy to be at Sunnyside , and is visibly sad when Woody leaves , but becomes dismayed after a rough playtime with the toddlers , commenting `` Andy never played with us like that ! '' He is imprisoned along with Andy 's other toys by Lotso and his gang . Later , at the garbage dump , Rex is the last to escape the shredder , only barely escaping when he grabs onto a broken fan . He discovers a source of light thinking that it 's daylight , but Woody convinces him that it 's not ; it 's the light of the flame from the incinerator . When the toys are finally given to Bonnie , Rex becomes close friends with Trixie the Triceratops . In an outtake of Toy Story 2 , when used as a battering ram , Rex hurt his head when banged against the locked grate . Rex makes an appearance in an outtake of Monsters , Inc. where he waits at the crosswalk with Mike and Sulley in a scene reminiscent of Jurassic Park . Rex is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . In the movie WALL - E , Rex is seen in the background inside WALL - E 's truck . Rex reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , Partysaurus Rex and in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! , and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Slinky Dog ( edit ) `` Slinky Dog '' redirects here . For the original toy , see Slinky -- Slinky Dog ( section ) . Voiced by : Jim Varney -- ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Blake Clark -- ( 2010 -- present ) Darryl Kurylo -- ( Toy Story Racer ) Slinky Dog ( usually called just Slinky or sometimes Slink ) is a toy dachshund with a metal Slinky for a body , who speaks with a southern accent . Slinky 's head , feet , and tail are plastic and he is missing his pull string . Slinky also has a green collar . Slinky Dog is based on Slinky , a pull toy by James Industries , which was popular in the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s . With the permission of James Industries , Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character . In Toy Story , he likes playing checkers with Woody , usually choosing the red side . Slinky is shown to be the most loyal to Woody and stands up for him when Potato Head complains . Slinky is fascinated by Buzz , along with the rest of the toys , but does not make fun of Woody when Buzz arrives like the others do . When Woody knocks Buzz out of the window , Slinky is one of the few toys who believes it was an accident . Later , when Andy notices Woody is missing , he and Bo Peep are worried about him , in contrast to the others , who are glad he 's gone . Later , he attempts to help when Woody throws a chain of Christmas lights from Sid 's house to Andy 's , but Potato Head stops him . Even Slinky appears to give up on Woody when he pretends Buzz is with him but accidentally reveals his broken arm . He is stretched almost to the point of breaking when helping rescue Woody and Buzz on the moving truck , but is fixed by the end of the film . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Slinky is the one who finds Woody 's hat , and joins Buzz , Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and Rex on a mission to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . His springy coil is used as a bungee cord when the toys jump from the roof of Andy 's house . When the toys break into Al 's apartment , Slinky uses his spring to hold Jessie and Bullseye back by coiling them up so the toys can safely rescue Woody . After Al packs up Woody and his Roundup gang and heads for the airport , Slinky , stretching down from the elevator ceiling by Buzz , Hamm and Potato Head , reaches for the case that contains Woody , and almost manages to save him , but is thwarted by the Prospector . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he operates the truck 's gas and brake pedals . They manage to reach the airport and use a pet carrier to get inside . When a girl approaches them ( mistaking the toys for a puppy ) , Slinky barks to scare her off to prevent their discovery . After rescuing Woody , they return home with the rest of the group in a stolen baggage carrier . In an outtake , he is seen petting his own hind section and talking to it . In Toy Story 3 , Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films . He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to Jim Varney 's death ) , and was replaced by Blake Clark ( with a professional Jim Varney voice ) in this film . Slinky is One - Eyed Bart 's `` Attack Dog with a Built - in Force Field '' and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy 's western play sequence . At Sunnyside Daycare , Slinky has been tangled up by the young children . Later that night , Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy 's intention to store the toys into the attic . Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang . He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return , and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras . When the toys reach the dumpster , Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety , although they are stopped by Lotso . When the toys end up at the dump , Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section ( Slinky ) of his body . When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator , Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate . After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens , he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso is n't worth it . He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys . His catchphrase , said in all three movies , is `` Golly bob - howdy ! '' Slinky reappears in the short film Hawaiian Vacation , in which he acts as a hotel porter as part of Ken and Barbie 's Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . He does not speak in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , silently appearing along with Jessie in one scene . Mr. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Don Rickles ( 1995 -- 2017 , Toy Story Treats , Toy Story Toons and all video games ) Mr. Potato Head ( often referred to as simply Potato Head ) is a Brooklyn - accented doll based on the real - life toy Mr. Potato Head by Playskool . He is an outspoken and sarcastic potato - shaped toy : his patented design allows him to separate his detachable parts from his body by removing them from the holes on his body . He also has a compartment on his lower back to store extra appendages . He is capable of retaining control over his parts even if they are several meters away from his main body . For example , he can still see if one or both of his detachable eyes are removed , as well as being able to move his hands if they are detached . The same thing applies to his `` Mrs . '' counterpart , as she was able to see Andy in his room through her eye left behind . While this attribute is mostly used for comedic effect ( i.e. as a running gag , he often finds himself being split or falling apart due to outside forces ) , it does have its uses , particularly in the second and third films . In Toy Story , it is hinted that he used to be Andy 's favorite toy years before the events of the film , until he received Woody at the point of kindergarten , and therefore seems to have a strong jealousy towards Andy ` s love for Woody . Then , when Andy gets the Buzz Lightyear action figure for his birthday he becomes fascinated with all of Buzz 's features and ridicules Woody for not having a laser like Buzz as well as Woody 's pull - string . After Buzz is knocked out of the window , Potato Head ( perhaps due to his jealously towards Woody , and wanting to reclaim his long lost favorite toy position ) blames Woody for kicking him out , thinking that Woody might do the same to him if Andy plays with him more often , and turns the other toys against Woody and leads a mutiny with them . When Woody reveals himself at Sid 's House later , Mr. Potato Head convinces the others to refuse to help him , still assuming that Woody attacked Buzz . But when they are packed up Mr. Potato Head is still unhappy because he is stuck with Rex as a moving buddy and put in a moving truck . Later when Woody catches up with them and tosses RC onto the street to rescue Buzz , Potato Head , still distrusting Woody ( and perhaps still eager to reclaim his favorite toy position ) , orders the other toys to mutiny again , and `` toss him overboard '' , however , when Bo Peep reveals that `` Woody was telling the truth , '' the toys realize their mistake . He decides to reform himself as an apology to Woody by holding Slinky 's tail to help Woody and Buzz back at the truck but gets hit after Slinky 's attempt fails . When Woody tosses RC in the truck , Potato Head gets hit . At the end of the film , he is surprised to hear Molly receiving Mrs. Potato Head for her Christmas present and promptly decides to shave by removing his mustache . In Toy Story 2 , after Al McWhiggin steals Woody , he goes with Buzz , Hamm , Rex , and Slinky to rescue Woody . Later , when they are going to leave , Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment . When the toys cross the street to Al 's Toy Barn , they cause a semi to jackknife , and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break , freeing the pipe , which rolls down the street , during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him . After the toys break into Al 's room using Rex as a battering ram , Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes , but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake . When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody , Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors , letting the toys pass through . Outside , he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby . While the toys chase Al in the truck , Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck 's gear lever to get the truck to move . He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window . In the airport , when he sees the luggage area , he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens . He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him , but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier , he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens , much to his dismay . In an outtake , he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys , saying he is `` drawing the line at monkeys '' and wants to call his agent . In Toy Story 3 , Potato Head is resentful of the aliens , who still worship him for saving their lives . Potato Head is sad that Andy does n't play with them anymore , and complains all that to Woody . He is frustrated that Andy `` threw them away '' , when he was actually going to put them in the attic . Again , Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident . Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside . After a rough playtime with the toddlers , he and Mrs. Potato Head 's parts are scattered on the floor , and he gets his parts stuck up a kid 's mouth and nose . Later that night , his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy 's bedroom , spots that Andy is looking for his toys , making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked . When Lotso 's dark attitude is revealed , he tries to defend his friends from Lotso , but Big Baby throws him into `` The Box '' on Lotso 's orders . When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy , Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong . The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors , and he is thrown in the box once again . Only his smaller parts are able to escape , through a small hole . He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla , checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal . Pecked at by a pigeon , the tortilla falls apart , and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body . Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him . The toys manage to escape Sunnyside , and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck . Eventually , they end up in a landfill , facing death in the incinerator . However , Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children , who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful , just as the aliens had told him when they met . They eventually return to Andy 's home and get washed . Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room . Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film . Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mr Potato Head 's actor , Don Rickles , however died in 2017 so his voice actor is currently unknown for 2019 's upcoming film , Toy Story 4 . He is seen as an Interactive Audio - Animatronic at Toy Story Midway Mania ! . It is stated on the Toy Story website that Mr. Potato Head was Andy 's second toy . Mrs. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Estelle Harris ( 1999 -- present ) Mrs. Potato Head is Mr. Potato Head 's wife and female counterpart . Unlike her husband , Mrs. Potato Head is sweet and not hot - headed or impatient . Although mentioned as one of Molly 's Christmas presents near the end of the first movie , she is not seen until Toy Story 2 . In Toy Story 2 , her husband has found her lost earring . Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops , she stores his `` extra pair of shoes and angry eyes '' into his back compartment . She also warns the toys by saying `` Do n't talk to any toy you do n't know ! '' She is not seen again until the end of the film . She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy 's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck , as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives . She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' with her husband . In Toy Story 3 , she has a more central role . She is `` One - Eyed Betty '' , One - Eyed Bart 's wife in the opening sequence . She uses her ninja skills and her nunchuk to herd Woody to the back , and eventually off the train . After One - Eyed Bart and Betty rob tons of gold , they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . At the present time when Andy 's toys all cram themselves in the toy box , Mrs. Potato Head loses one of her eyes . She is one of the toys who believe Andy threw them out on purpose . They are later donated to Sunnyside Daycare . She and her husband experience a rough playtime with the toddlers at the Caterpillar Room . When the toys hear something from the halls , Mrs. Potato Head uses her eye and looks under the door . She at first just sees the dark hall , but then she sees Andy looking for the toys in his room , due to the eye she left behind in Andy 's house . She tells the toys it truly was an accident that they were thrown away . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , Mrs. Potato Head complains about her chewed up pocketbook and yells at him when he calls her `` Sweet Potato , '' along with telling him she needs more respect and having over 30 accessories . But Lotso takes off her mouth . Near the end of the film , she is saved from death in an incinerator by her adoptive children , and much to her delight , her husband now accepts them . She recovers her missing eye before she and the toys are donated to Bonnie . Even though she was Molly 's Christmas gift in the first film , the second and third films imply that she is one of Andy 's toys . Mrs. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short film Hawaiian Vacation and acts as a tour guide for Ken and Barbie in their Hawaiian adventures . She also reappears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Bullseye ( edit ) Vocal effects by Frank Welker ( 1999 -- present ) Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2 . He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al 's penthouse . He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage . Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody . He is also upset at Woody 's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy , as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave . When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy 's room , it is Bullseye 's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him . At the airport , after Bullseye escapes from Al 's case , Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan . Although Woody gets separated from Buzz , Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody , as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway . The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz , seconds before the plane takes off . After the toys return home , both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy 's toys . Bullseye has every letter of Andy 's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves . Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy 's room . He is still Woody 's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One - Eyed Betty . Bullseye 's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans . Bullseye is really sad when Andy would n't play with them anymore . After Andy 's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash , Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin . The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare . At Sunnyside , he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him . He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody does n't want him to be alone in the attic . Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy . After the toddler play session , Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout , which is removed by Jessie . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , he locks the toys up and shows them Woody 's hat , making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he 's gone . Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat . The toys then plan an escape . Bullseye helps by going through the playground , carrying the aliens on his back . He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak . But they hide inside a pail safely . The toys then go to the garbage dump , and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator . They are rescued by the three aliens . At the end , Bullseye is donated to Bonnie , along with the rest of the toys . In Bonnie 's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of `` You 've got a friend in me . '' Bullseye acts like a dog in many ways . Unlike most of the other toys , Bullseye can not communicate in clear speech but sounds like an actual horse and uses body language to speak . According to a character interview that used to be on the Toy Story website , Bullseye communicated with Jessie while in storage by tapping his hooves to yes or no questions . Bullseye reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Squeeze Toy aliens / Little Green Men ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon and Debi Derryberry -- Toy Story Jeff Pidgeon -- ( 1999 -- present ) Patrick Warburton -- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Squeeze Toy Aliens , also known as Little Green Men ( or `` LGMs '' ) in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series , are a series of green , three - eyed squeaky toy aliens . They appear in all three films , and some were among Andy 's toys after the events of Toy Story 2 . Similar to Buzz , they think they 're real aliens . Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance , they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as `` ( his ) boys , '' implying that all three are male . In Toy Story , Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket - shaped claw game at Pizza Planet . Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens . When Buzz asks who is in charge , the Little Green Men say `` the claw '' , which belongs in the machine ; the Little Green Men say that the claw will `` decide who will go and who will stay '' . Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him . Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game 's maintenance hatch , but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw . Woody , Buzz , and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid 's house . Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog , Scud , who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror . Near the end of the movie , the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact , and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud 's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid . In Toy Story 2 , a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck . Buzz groans when he sees them , remembering them from the claw game in the first film . When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move , they tell Mr. Potato Head to `` use the wand of power '' ( the truck 's gear lever ) , which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game . They nearly fall out of the window , due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car . Fortunately , Mr. Potato Head saves them . The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear . Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say `` You have saved our lives , we are eternally grateful , '' much to Potato Head 's dismay . The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the `` Mystic Portal '' . They chase after the luggage with Rex , Hamm , and Potato Head , only to find cameras . Back home , the trio , along with Bullseye and Jessie , end up becoming some of Andy 's toys . They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head , and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives , so she suggests that they adopt them , with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head `` daddy '' . They reappear in Toy Story 3 as the `` henchmen '' under One - Eyed Bart and One - Eyed Betty , and serve as the getaway drivers during the western opening sequence and drive Barbie 's corvette . The car is destroyed by Buzz 's laser and they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . In the present time , the same trio continues to express their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head . When Andy 's mother mistakes the trash bag containing them as trash , she puts the toys on the curb , but they manage to escape the garbage bag . They are donated to Sunnyside along with the rest of Andy 's toys . In Sunnyside , the Little Green Men find a toy crane , which reminds them of the claw game in Pizza Planet . The Little Green Men get sat on and bounced on during a rough playtime with the toddlers . The toys plan to escape Sunnyside . The Little Green Men have to go through the playground with Woody and ride on Bullseye . They almost get caught by Big Baby because one of the Little Green Men falls off Bullseye and squeaks , but manage to hide inside a pail . Later when Andy 's toys escape , one of the Little Green Men 's feet gets stuck in the lid of the bin at the bottom of the chute , possibly after being pulled by Lotso , who had been thrown in the bin by Big Baby . Woody goes in to help , but after he helps the Little Green Man , Lotso grabs Woody 's feet and pulls him into the bin just as the refuse truck arrives . The toys are collected by the truck and subsequently sent to landfill . The Little Green Men are separated from the others by a bulldozer when they wander off , having spotted a crane . Woody and Mrs. Potato Head yell and try to warn them , but they are presumed to be dead after being crushed by the bulldozer . In the end , however , they are revealed to have avoided the conveyor belt and later rescue everyone from an incinerator with a giant claw crane for which the Potato Heads finally acknowledges them as his children , reciting their repetitive line , `` You have saved our lives and we are eternally grateful . '' The trio are later delivered to Bonnie along with Andy 's other toys . The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) In Toy Story 2 , when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them . During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience . After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face . She then leaves for her break . In Toy Story 3 , a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister , Molly , owns . In Sunnyside , she falls in love with Ken , but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality , and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves , she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form . When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule , Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends . In the end credits of the film , they get back together and change Sunnyside , becoming its co-leaders , after Lotso is defeated . Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation . They sneak out of the daycare and stowaway in Bonnie 's backpack to go to Hawaii but Ken is disappointed to find out that Bonnie did n't take her backpack on her family vacation . The gang creates their own Hawaiian paradise to cheer Ken and Barbie up . They share their first kiss outside and then get trapped in the snow . Sarge and the Bucket O ' soldiers ( edit ) Voiced by R. Lee Ermey ( Sarge ) Sarge ( also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant ) is the gung - ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor 's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket . In Toy Story , he and the Bucket O ' Soldiers are set in particular positions . They are highly disciplined with a `` Leave no man behind '' policy and are masters of reconnaissance . Woody describes them as `` professionals . '' The soldiers venture out of Andy 's room with one of Andy 's baby monitors ( while the other monitor resides in Andy 's room with Woody operating it ) and hide in an indoor plant to report Andy 's birthday presents to the toys and one of his comrades was injured after Mrs. Davis accidentally steps on one of them . They announced the first few presents to the other toys in Andy 's room through the monitors , but did n't get to tell them that Andy got a Buzz Lightyear action figure after Rex accidentally breaks the monitor . However , they were able to warn them that Andy and his friends are coming upstairs upon Woody fixing the monitor . Sarge and his soldiers thought Woody was a murderer when he knocked Buzz off the window , so they `` frag '' him and each one of them attack Woody , along with the other toys . In the moving van , the soldiers attack Woody when he pushed RC off the van , making Sarge and the toys think he 's murdering him now . However , Sarge sees that Woody knocking Buzz out the window was an accident , attempts to helps him on the van with the other toys , and is proud to work under Woody once again as shown at the end of the film when they hide in a Christmas tree and Christmas lights with the baby monitor to report to the toys what Andy and Molly are getting for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , the role of Sarge is very minor . He first orders the soldiers to keep looking for Woody 's hat in the toy box . When Buster was about to come to the room , Sarge and his army held back the door ( with help from Rocky ) to prevent Buster 's entry , but Buster bursts open the door , causing the soldiers to go flying everywhere . When Woody alerts the toys about the yard sale occurring outside the house , he signals Sarge for an `` emergency roll call '' and Sarge orders the toys to line up in a single - file line . At the end , Sarge and his soldiers watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' In Toy Story 3 , several years after Toy Story 2 , only Sarge and two paratroopers are seen . Woody orders Sarge and his men to retrieve Andy 's cellphone . That plan , however , fails , and knowing that Andy is going to get out the garbage bag , Sarge and his last two men leave Andy 's room to find a better life . Buzz believes they are going AWOL , but Sarge claims that their mission is complete , and that when trash bags come out , the Army men are always the first to be thrown away ( it 's likely that the rest of the soldiers had either left prior to that day , or were sold in a yard sale ) . They appear again at the end of the film where they land in Sunnyside , and possibly recognizing Barbie , begin a happy new life under Barbie and Ken 's leadership . Bo Peep ( edit ) Voiced by : Annie Potts ( 1995 -- present ) Rebecca Wink ( Toy Story Racer ) Bo Peep is a porcelain figurine attached to Molly 's bedside lamp inspired by the heroine of the famed nursery rhyme ; a beautiful , sweet - natured shepherdess accompanied by a single figure merged to resemble three sheep , who serves as Woody 's romantic interest of the films . In spite of her status as one of Molly 's toys , like Mrs. Potato Head she may fall under the category of Andy 's toy . In Andy 's games of imaginative play she is used as the damsel - in - distress of the stories , and she is depicted as gentle , ladylike , and kindhearted . In the first film , after Woody 's exclusion from the group when Buzz Lightyear started to attract more attention , she remained loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz 's rise in popularity . After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window , she one of the only toys who did not antagonize him . She continued to show her attraction to Woody in Toy Story 2 , flirting with him while playing a minor role . However , she did not return in Toy Story 3 , except in flashback footage , as , over the years , she had apparently been sold , much to Woody 's distress , like a few of the other characters . The particular reason for her disappearance was never disclosed officially , though Woody shows grief over her loss . In August 2015 , however , it was revealed that Bo Peep will have a major role in Toy Story 4 . The fourth film will focus on her relationship with Woody , along with Woody and Buzz trying to find and bring her back . RC ( edit ) RC is Andy 's remote controlled buggy . He has a green body with blue splash decals on the front . RC `` speaks '' with revving sounds , although Mr. Potato Head and the other toys can understand him regardless . RC is a playable character in Toy Story Racer . In Toy Story , RC was fascinated with Buzz 's features . When Woody becomes really jealous , he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy ( a magic 8 - ball ) trapped underneath the desk . Woody sneaks over to RC , starts him up , and tried to hit Buzz but misses . However , RC hits a board instead , causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll . Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him . RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window . RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz . When Woody went to the moving van , he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film . After the toys mistakenly think that Woody is trying to get rid of RC , they toss Woody out of the moving truck into the street . RC finds Buzz hiding under the car in the streets and is thrilled to see him alive and well . Buzz controlled RC to catch Woody . Woody switched the remote to turbo mode to catch up with the truck , but RC 's batteries deplete , causing him to slow down and finally stop . When Woody lights the rocket taped onto Buzz 's back , Woody and Buzz hold onto RC as they rocket toward the truck , but the force of the rocket lifts Woody up from RC . Nevertheless , Woody manages to toss RC back into the truck ( knocking Mr. Potato Head apart in the process ) before he and Buzz go skyrocketing into the air . In Toy Story 2 , RC has a very minor role . He was used when Andy played with his toys . With Buzz riding him , he crashed into Evil Dr. Porkchop and knocked him down . He is not seen again until the end of the film , when he watched Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . RC does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 , having seemingly been sold in a yard sale alongside a number of other toys . Instead , he only appears via archival footage . Wheezy ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Robert Goulet ( singing voice ) Phil LaMarr ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Wheezy ( also known as Wheezy the Penguin ) is a squeeze toy penguin with a red bow tie . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf . Wheezy was one of Andy 's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke . Andy 's mom then put him on the shelf , intending to fix his broken squeaker later , but she forgot about him . He is about to be sold at the yard sale , and in saving him , Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al . At the end of the film , he gets a new `` squeaker '' and sings `` You 've Got a Friend in Me , '' the ending theme of the movie . During the outtakes , he describes himself as `` not a good catcher '' as he fails to catch Mike 's microphone thus hurting himself several times . Wheezy does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 as he was sold in a yard sale after Toy Story 2 , as mentioned by Woody , but he does appear in footage of Andy as a boy ( Toy Story 3 ) . Wheezy appears in the Toy Story 3 video game , where he is voiced by Phil LaMarr in toy box mode along with Bo Peep . Etch ( edit ) Etch is an Etch A Sketch magic screen by Ohio Art Company . Etch can draw quickly and accurately . Such sketches include guns , portraits of Buzz , Woody and Al , and even semi-complicated maps . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk . In Toy Story , Woody compliments Etch 's art by saying that he has the fastest knobs in the west . He was also seen in the background many times , such as during the staff meetings and during Andy 's birthday and Christmas gift opening scenes . He became fascinated with Buzz during the middle of the film when he sketched a portrait of him . Angered by this , Woody erased it . He apparently , like most of the toys , temporarily believes Woody deliberately knocked Buzz out of the window ; he helps Mr. Potato Head threaten Woody by sketching a hangman 's noose . In Toy Story 2 , Etch was seen helping Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody 's kidnapper , Al . Later on , when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al 's Toy Barn , Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz . Near the end of the movie , sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp , Etch , as well as the rest of the toys ( then including Jessie , Bullseye , and the Aliens ) , were aligned to welcome Andy home , with a `` Welcome Home , Andy '' sign written on Etch . Etch was sold in yard sale years after the second Toy Story , was mentioned by Woody , and only appeared in the archive footage of Andy as a kid in Toy Story 3 . Mr. Spell ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Pidgeon Mr. Spell is based on a popular 1970s Speak & Spell toy by Texas Instruments . He frequently holds or has held seminars on a variety of topics such as `` plastic corrosion awareness '' and `` what to do if you or part of you is swallowed . '' He also reveals the words he is saying . When Andy 's friends came to his birthday party , the toys panicked in thinking that they might be replaced with new toys and Mr. Spell , along with basically everyone else aside from Woody , ran to the window in panic to see the size of the presents . Then later , when Andy 's friends were running up to his room , Woody told everyone to go back to their places and the toys began to scatter and Mr. Spell can be seen in the overhead shot running in fright and then again behind Mr. Potato Head . In Toy Story 2 , when Buster finds Woody , Mr. Spell displays 13.5 , the amount of time in seconds it has elapsed for Buster to find Woody , setting a new record . Later , after Woody is stolen from a yard sale , Buzz uses Mr. Spell to help Andy 's toys figure out who has stolen Woody . Mr. Spell does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold in a yard sale along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Rocky Gibraltar , Lenny , Snake , Robot , Mr. Shark , Mr. Mike , Roly Poly Clown , See ' n Say , the Troikas , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Rocky Gibraltar ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel ( Toy Story ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Racer ) Rocky Gibraltar , more simply referred to as Rocky , is a figure of a heavyweight wrestler . He is the second strongest toy in Andy 's room , after Buzz Lightyear . In the first movie , he is seen lifting weights ( Tinker Toys ) with Snake , Troll , Buzz , Mr. Potato Head , and Rex . Rocky lifts the heaviest weights out of all of Andy 's toys . Rocky is silent and plays a minor role in the movies , but he can speak in the Disney Adventures comics and in the Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center CD - ROM games from Disney Interactive . In the Activity Center computer game , he can be seen on the top shelf playing cards with Hamm and speaks in third - person , saying , `` Rocky needs to work on brain muscles . '' He is one of the toys who turn against Woody , who accidentally knocked Buzz off a window . After Woody throws RC off the moving truck , Rocky , under Mr. Potato Head 's orders , spins Woody in the air and later tosses him off the truck personally . But when the toys realize that Woody 's only use of RC is to help Buzz onto the truck , Bo Peep calls Rocky who then redeems himself by lowering the truck 's ramp for them . In Toy Story 2 , Rocky , along with Sarge 's toy soldiers , tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering , but Buster rams the door open , causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying . Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission . At the end of the movie , Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy 's rendition of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child . Rocky 's name and a logo on his championship belt are references to the Rock of Gibraltar . Rocky is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Lenny ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( Toy Story ) Lenny ( often known as Lenny the Binoculars ) is a pair of wind up binoculars . He is used as binoculars by the other toys in various situations and is talkative when he warns the toys what he sees on his watch . Lenny does not speak in Toy Story 2 , unlike the first film , and his role is more minor ; Buzz uses Lenny to keep watch on Woody during the events at the yard sale until Al McWhiggin of Al 's Toy Barn steals Woody . Lenny appears in Toy Story 3 through archive footage from when Andy was young . Lenny was sold , possibly at a yard sale , before the events of Toy Story 3 . Lenny is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Snake ( edit ) Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot , as they are often seen together . He is unable to talk , but he communicates through hissing . When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window , he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody . Later , at the end of the film , he and the other toys try to help Woody , Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake . In Toy Story 2 , Snake has a very minor role in the film . He is first seen when Hamm , Mr. Potato Head , Etch and everyone else try to figure out who stole Woody . He is n't seen again until the end of the movie where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 along with Robot , Bo Peep , Etch , Lenny and the other toys , but he made two cameos in the home videos at the start of the film . Robot ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool . Unlike his best pal Snake , he speaks English . He is shown to be good with building blocks . In Toy Story , he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship . He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window . He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck , but then try to help Woody , Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake . In Toy Story 2 , he assists Buzz in the yard sale role call and is n't seen again until later at the end of the film where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . Robot does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold at yard sale along with Snake and the others , but he made a cameo in the home videos at the beginning of the film . Mr. Shark ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Mr. Shark is a blue rubber , squeaky shark toy who appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . The back of him is never seen because he spends most of his time in the toy box . In the first film , he steals Woody 's hat and imitates him before he takes his hat back . In Toy Story 2 , he is used as one of the death traps during Andy 's playtime . At the end of the film , he repairs Wheezy by finding him an extra squeaker . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . Mr. Mike ( edit ) Mr. Mike , also known as Microphone , is a toy tape recorder who helps Woody amplify his voice during staff meetings with his attached microphone . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy uses him as a karaoke machine . He was sold at a yard sale prior to the events of Toy Story 3 . See ' n Say ( edit ) See ' n Say is an educational animal toy that appeared in Toy Story . Whenever he feels strong emotions , his central arrow wheel spins rapidly . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk and just like Etch , Mr. Spell and Mike , he gets around by waddling on his stand . See ' n say did not appear in Toy Story 2 . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . However , a different See ' n Say was seen when Ken , Twitch , Sparks , Chunk and Stretch were seen gambling inside a vending machine . Roly Poly Clown ( edit ) Roly Poly Clown is a rocking , chiming clown toy with a painted jacket and hands and a party hat seen in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . While not being able to talk , he mainly communicates through facial expressions . He also must rely on rolling around to get places since he does n't have feet . When not out , Roly Poly Clown resides in the toy box . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Robot , Snake , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Mr. Shark , the Troikas , and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troikas ( edit ) The Troikas are a set of five non-talking egg - shaped toys that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . They are in the style of the Russian doll with a picture of five animals : a dog ( largest ) , a cat ( second largest ) , a duck ( medium ) , a fish ( smallest ) , and a ladybug ( second smallest ) . They were sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troll ( edit ) Troll is a Troll doll with pink hair and a blue bathing suit that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . In the first film it became fascinated with Buzz and is seen lifting weights ( Tinker dolls ) with Rocky , Rex , Mr. Potatoe Head , Robot and Snake . In Toy Story 2 it is seen alongside with Bo Peep to help for searching Woody 's hat before Andy is about to go to the summer camp . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Toddle Tots Fire truck ( edit ) The Toddle Tots Fire Truck is a fire truck toy directly taken from the Little Tikes company that appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . It is piloted by the Fireman Toddle Tots . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Troll . Bonnie 's toys ( edit ) These characters are the toys owned by Bonnie in Toy Story 3 and the short films . Chuckles ( edit ) Voiced by Bud Luckey Chuckles is a brokenhearted toy clown who was once owned by Daisy ( along with Lotso and Big Baby ) , and is later owned by Bonnie . He is first seen mournfully looking out the kitchen window in Bonnie 's house , where he tells Woody about Lotso 's past , stating that Lotso used to be a good friend . Chuckles explains that he , Lotso , and Big Baby were accidentally left behind on a trip with Daisy 's family , and when they finally made it back to Daisy 's house , both him and Lotso discovered that Lotso had been replaced , which caused Lotso to snap . Chuckles objected when Lotso claimed all three had been replaced , but Lotso silenced him , and lied to Big Baby , saying that Daisy did not love him anymore . After the three found their way to Sunnyside and Lotso took over , running it like a prison , Chuckles was damaged and Bonnie found him and took him home . He still feels sorry for what happened to Lotso , but knows that what Lotso is doing at Sunnyside is wrong . He gives Woody a pendant ( which formerly belonged to Big Baby ) that says My heart belongs to Daisy , which later leads Big Baby to discover Lotso 's deception and rebel against him . In one of the end credits sequences , Chuckles sees a crayon - drawn picture of him , and Dolly says that `` Bonnie really got your smile , '' making Chuckles happy again , for the first time in many years . Chuckles returns in the short film Hawaiian Vacation and he sings a Hawaiian love song while playing a ukulele when Barbie and Ken get their recreated Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry . Dolly ( edit ) Voiced by Bonnie Hunt Dolly is a soft dress - up rag doll with purple hair , googly - eyes , an orange dress with buttons sewn on , and gently blushing cheeks . She helps Woody get back to Sunnyside Daycare Center with the rest of Andy 's toys . In the Toy Story 3 video game , she is seen as a witch . It 's indicated that she is the leader of Bonnie 's toys . Dolly appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Mr. Pricklepants ( edit ) Voiced by Timothy Dalton Mr. Pricklepants is a stuffed spiny anteater . He wears lederhosen and a Tyrolean hat , and views himself as a thespian . Mr. Pricklepants was made in Germany ( although he speaks with an English accent and actor 's diction ) and is from the Waldfreunde ( Forest Friends ) collection of premium imported plush toys . Throughout Toy Story 3 , he expresses great interest in theater arts and in the same respect , takes the art of role playing as a child 's toy very seriously . Buttercup refers to him sarcastically as `` Baron von Shush '' due to his habit of `` shushing '' the other toys when they break character . During the credits , he plays Romeo , with one of the aliens playing Juliet . Mr. Pricklepants reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appeared in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Trixie ( edit ) Voiced by Kristen Schaal Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops . She chats online with `` a dinosaur toy down the street '' who goes by the name `` Velocistar237 . '' She becomes best friends with Rex during the credits , playing cooperatively on a computer . Trixie reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Buttercup ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Garlin Buttercup is a white unicorn with a yellow mane and a pink nose . Despite his appearance , he has a very gruff voice and sarcastic personality . He is the first to introduce himself to Woody when Bonnie brings him home . He later appears at the end of the movie , now very close friends with Hamm . He also appears in Small Fry , Hawaiian Vacation , and Partysaurus Rex . Peas - in - a-Pod ( edit ) Voiced by Charlie Bright , Amber Kroner , and Brianna Maiwand in Toy Story 3 Zoe Levin in Hawaiian Vacation and Small Fry Peas - in - a-Pod are three soft , plush green balls in a green zip - up case that looks like a pea pod . They have the personalities of small children , and their names are Peaty , Peatrice , and Peanelope . The Peas - in - a-Pod reappear in the short film Hawaiian Vacation . They also appear in Small Fry . Angel Kitty ( edit ) Voiced by Emma Hudak Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot . A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys ' ( mostly Trixie ) dismay and joy . She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals . She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and `` vanishes '' . Totoro ( edit ) Totoro , the title character from My Neighbor Totoro , who is also the mascot of Studio Ghibli , appears as one of Bonnie 's toys . He is a big plush toy and does not speak at all during the film , nor is he spoken to by anyone by his name . He does however display his famous grin during the credit scenes , and at the end of the film , he is seen juggling the alien triplets , while Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head watch . According to the tie - in book , The Art of Toy Story 3 , Totoro 's appearance in the film was intended as a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki , who is a close friend of Pixar executive John Lasseter . In addition to Lasseter 's relationship to Miyazaki , another factor that contributed to Totoro 's appearance was Disney 's role in dubbing Studio Ghibli films for their English - language releases . Sid and Hannah 's toys ( edit ) The following toys are only seen in the first film . Combat Carl ( edit ) Combat Carl is a G.I. Joe - type toy character . He first appears as a toy of Sid 's that Sid blows up with an M - 80 explosive in his first scene in Toy Story . Pieces of him are later seen coming to life during Woody 's plan to frighten Sid into altering his behavior near the end of the film . A different character with the same name appears in Toy Story of Terror ! . Hannah 's dolls ( edit ) For Janie , see `` Janie and Pterodactyl '' under `` Mutant toys . '' Sally -- Sally is Hannah 's replacement doll for Janie . Sally has brown hair and a yellow dress . After Sid is attacked by the toys , Sid sees Sally , then runs off in fright , thinking that Sally will come to life . Marie Antoinette and her little sister -- Marie Antoinette and her little sister are a company of two headless dolls from Hannah 's tea party . One is Barbie without her original legs ( she has spare legs from a rag doll body ) , and the second is rag doll in violet bloom dress . A dark brown headless teddy bear is also seen with the dolls . It is because Sid tortured Hannah 's toys . Yet , she is able to play with them . `` Marie Antoinette '' is probably a nickname ( given by Buzz ) , based on their headlessness rather than the actual name of one of the toys . Mutant toys ( edit ) The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid 's room . They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah ( hence the baby doll 's parts ) . They do not speak , though it is revealed they know Morse Code . Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them , before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate . They fix Buzz 's broken arm , Janie and the Pterodactyl , and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid . They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated , and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice . In Toy Story Treats , the Mutant Toys appear in Andy 's house . Baby Face -- The leader of the mutant toys , he is a one - eyed baby doll head staked on top of a spider - like body with crab - like pincers made of Erector set pieces . Baby Face lives in the shadows under Sid 's bed . One way Baby Face communicates with the other toys is by banging in Morse code on the side of Sid 's metal bedpost with his big claw . This method is used when he signals the other mutant toys to gather around to listen to Woody as he formulates his plan to rescue Buzz from Sid . When the mutant toys gain on Sid , Baby Face , suspended by Legs , lands on Sid 's head , scaring him . Baby Face is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Legs -- A toy fishing rod with Barbie doll legs . She is shown to be very strong , being able to hold Ducky 's and Baby Face 's weight . When Woody formulates his plan to save Buzz from Sid , he assigns Legs to partner up with Ducky . Legs opens the vent grating so she and Ducky can go to the front porch , where Legs lowers Ducky through the hole Ducky created so Ducky can swing toward the doorbell . After Ducky catches the Frog , Legs pulls both toys up to safety . Later , when the mutant toys advance on Sid , Legs lowers Baby Face onto Sid 's head , scaring him . Hand - in - the - Box -- Hand - in - the - box is based on the character Thing from the 1960s TV horror spoof The Addams Family . A green rubber arm that emerges from a black box , it appears to be based on the electro - mechanical coin - bank that was marketed as part of the show 's merchandising . During Woody 's plan to save Buzz from Sid , Hand - in - the - box , held by Rockmobile mounted on Babyface 's head , extends its hand to the doorknob , ready to open the door when the signal comes . After the Frog is let out the room to distract Scud , Hand - in - the - box mounts Roller Bob ( held by Rockmobile ) and extends its hand to pull Jingle Joe ( carrying Janie and the Pterodactyl ) when Woody motions the other mutant toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . The Hand also grabs Sid 's leg when the mutant toys surround him . Roller Bob -- A jet pilot action figure , whose torso has been attached to an old - school mini-skateboard . After the Frog is let out of Sid 's room to distract Scud , Roller Bob ferries Woody and the other mutant toys outside the house to Sid 's yard . The Frog -- The speediest toy of all . A tin wind - up frog with two different wheels ( left is from an erector set and right is from a monster truck ) instead of back legs . The Frog is missing his left front foot . As part of Woody 's plot to rescue Buzz from Sid , Woody orders , `` Wind the Frog ! '' , and the Walking Car twists the wind - up key on the Frog 's back to provide energy . When Ducky rings the doorbell , the Frog is let out of Sid 's room , allowing Scud to chase him down the stairs and out to the front porch , where he is caught by Ducky , and Legs reels both toys up to safety . Jingle Joe -- The result of a triple toy combination . He is a Combat Carl head staked on top of a Melody Push Chime toddler toy with an arm which is missing from a Mickey Mouse figure . He appears at the part when he turns Woody 's flashlight off by pressing the button . He helps in the plan to save Buzz by supplying motion for Janie and the Pterodactyl when there is no room on Roller Bob . Ducky -- Another triple toy combination : a duck - headed Pez dispenser with a baby doll torso and plunger base . Other than Rockmobile , he is the only one of Sid 's toys that can communicate orally . He and Legs go to the front porch via the vent , and Ducky , suspended from the porch ceiling by Legs , swings toward the doorbell until he finally activates it , giving Woody the signal to release the Frog . Ducky catches the Frog as Legs reels both toys up to safety . Rockmobile -- A figure with an insect 's head who sits in a headless upper torso of Rocky Gibraltar , in which is a steering wheel from a toy car . Rockmobile also walks on the Rocky doll 's hands . Walking Car -- A yellow 1957 Austin - Healey 3000 car with small baby doll arms . He can run and climb very quickly . As part of Woody 's plot to save Buzz from Sid , when Woody orders to wind the Frog , the Walking Car twists the screw on the Frog 's back , giving the Frog enough energy to speed from Sid 's room to the porch . Janie and Pterodactyl -- Hannah 's beloved rag doll , Janie , and Sid 's creepy toy , Pterodactyl ( a small plastic pterodactyl ) , are the subjects of Sid 's last `` operation '' , called a `` double bypass brain transplant '' ( he ripped off their heads and replaced Janie 's head with a pterodactyl 's ) . The mutant toys later put their heads on the correct bodies . After the Frog is released from Sid 's room for Scud to chase after , Janie and the Pterodactyl ride Jingle Joe ( since Roller Bob has run out of capacity ) as Woody motions the toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . Janie has yellow hair and a striped dress . Red Pickup Truck -- The Red Pickup Truck is a toy Toyota Hilux . It is a broken red pickup truck with crooked parts , missing ear windows and is covered in sand because it was abused and buried in the sandbox . It helps Woody and the other mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear from being blown up with a rocket by emerging from the sandbox along with Burned Rag Doll and Walking Car . Burned Rag Doll -- The Burned Rag Doll is a one eyed rag doll that was possibly burnt in an explosion or a fire . It repeatedly utters `` Mama ! '' , which signifies that it talks . It helps Woody and the mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear by coming out of the sandbox along with Walking Car and Red Pickup Truck . Mason 's toys ( edit ) Appearing in Toy Story That Time Forgot , these are the toys of Bonnie 's best friend Mason . Battlesaurs - A group of mostly humanoid dinosaur toys who initially believe themselves to be real beings rather than playthings ( like Buzz in the first and third films , and Buzz 2 in the second film ) . This illusion is encouraged by Mason 's greater interest in a new videogame system that he received for Christmas , and they become hostile to Mason 's other toys and to Bonnie 's when they are brought over for a playdate . However , Trixie is eventually able to convince them that being played with brings its own joy , and they happily embrace their life as toys . Reptillus Maximus ( voiced by Kevin McKidd ) - The Carcharodontosaurus - like Champion of the Battlesaurs , who is fascinated by Trixie after meeting her . Initially , Reptillus is resistant to the idea of being a plaything , feeling that to submit to the will of his child would be surrender and dishonorable . However , Trixie later helps him to see that being there for Mason is honorable , and he helps her divert Mason 's attention to his new toys . Near at the end of Toy Story That Time Forgot it 's implied that he has a crush on Trixie . The Cleric ( voiced by Steve Purcell ) - An anthropomorphic Ludodactylus and the `` spiritual '' leader of the Battlesaurs . The Cleric is the first Battlesaur shown to be aware of their status as toys , but conceals it from the others so that he can rule over them and Mason 's other toys . However , his plans are thwarted when Reptillus sides with Trixie ; he is later shown apparently enjoying his new role as Mason 's plaything . Ray - Gon ( voiced by Jonathan Kydd ) - A Scelidosaurus who serves as the armorer of the Battlesaurs , his main contribution is providing Trixie and Rex with battle armor , with the latter featuring remote - control arms that the Cleric uses to manipulate Rex . Goliathon - An Erythrosuchus that is kept as a pet by the other Battlesaurs and used to imprison their enemies in its belly . Guards - Various guards are part of the Battlesaur collections , with raptor - like males and Parasaurolophus - like females amongst others . Toy characters by location ( edit ) Al 's Toy Barn and apartment ( edit ) Shown in a Buzz Lightyear commercial in Toy Story , this section contains characters from Toy Story 2 . Al 's Toy Barn appears in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . Stinky Pete the Prospector ( edit ) Voiced by : Kelsey Grammer ( Toy Story 2 ) Stephen Stanton ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Stinky Pete , also known as Prospector , is a prospector doll and the primary antagonist of Toy Story 2 . He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show , Woody 's Roundup , where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete , and Bullseye . The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still `` Mint in the Box '' making him sought after by thousands of collectors . In contrast to the character on the show , Stinky Pete is quite intelligent , manipulative , and well - spoken and , when he first appears , he seems to be a grandfather figure and mentor . However , he becomes embittered because he has never been sold or played with until Al McWhiggin eventually found him . Stinky Pete makes no secret of his hatred for space toys like Buzz Lightyear , whom he blames for causing the show to be canceled after the launch of Sputnik , causing children all over America to lose their interest in cowboy toys , shifting their interest to space adventures instead . Years after being purchased , Stinky Pete would spend years in storage while Al bought more toys and advertisements from Woody 's Roundup . After Al had stolen Woody , Stinky Pete and Jessie were excited because now they could go to the Konishi Toy Museum in Japan , where they will be treated with respect . Woody reveals that he has an owner named Andy Davis , which infuriates Jessie and leads the Prospector to become determined to make sure Woody does n't go back to Andy at any cost , despite the fact that he is now aware that Al actually has stolen Woody because he still belongs to Andy . When Al accidentally rips off Woody 's arm , Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box and he sabotages Woody 's attempt to recover his arm and return to Andy by turning on the TV . He then frames Jessie for this by putting the TV remote near her before returning to his box and pretending that he `` does n't know '' how the TV turned on after Woody falls for his trick . He later convinces Woody to wait until his arm is supposed to be fixed in the morning , which is done after Al calls in a cleaner . After Woody 's arm is fixed , Stinky Pete convinces Woody after a story that Jessie tells him about her old owner , that Andy wo n't play with him anymore by the time he goes to college , but in Japan , Woody will be treasured forever . Woody agrees to stay with them instead of going back to Andy , much to Stinky Pete , Jessie and Bullseye 's delight . However , Woody 's friends arrive during a celebration of going to Japan and they demand that Woody returns to Andy , but Woody angrily refuses , resulting in the toys sadly saying goodbye and leaving without him . However , before leaving , Buzz says an upset goodbye to Woody by saying that he 'll be staying behind glass forever and not being loved again if he chooses to go to Japan , leaving Woody to think over his choice . However , Woody has a change of heart and tells Buzz that he is coming with them , and invites his friends to come with him to Andy 's house . However , Stinky Pete is very angry with Woody for attempting to leave with Jessie and Bullseye back to Andy 's house , and once again he sabotages Woody 's attempt to escape by tightening the bolt to the vent ( as well as revealing to the others that he can actually get out of his box whenever he wants ) and uses his pick axe to turn off the TV , causing Woody to realize that it was the Prospector who foiled his escape the previous night by turning on the TV and framing Jessie for it . He sees unpopular toys like him and the Roundup Gang doomed to either always ending up in storage or `` spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold , '' similar to his fate before Al found him , and does not want Woody , Jessie , and Bullseye to suffer the same fate . He also sees children as destroyers of toys whose ultimate fate will be `` spending eternity rotting in some landfill '' . This makes him all the more determined to go to the Tokyo museum and become an exhibit for the rest of his life , unlike Woody and Jessie . When Slinky attempts to get Woody out of Al 's suitcase , Stinky Pete quickly stops them and yanks Woody back in . When an angry Stinky Pete punches Buzz off the ramp at the airport to prevent Woody 's rescue , Woody confronts and fights Stinky Pete for harming his friend . Stinky Pete manages to overpower him , ripping his right arm in the process . He then attempts to finish Woody off after he refuses to get back in the case as told , assuring him that he will be fixed again in Japan while saying that going home will eventually end up with him being in pieces . The other toys blind and stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras that the toys found after they confused and mistook another green luggage case for Woody 's . Buzz , surviving the fall , captures Stinky Pete and Woody instructs Buzz and the other toys to dump Stinky Pete into a Barbie doll backpack that belongs to a little girl named Amy ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) , who enjoys decorating her dolls ' faces with tattoos , as punishment and revenge for his betrayal , knowing it will make him learn the true meaning of playtime . Upon learning of Amy 's occupations of decorating her dolls , Stinky Pete starts to weep as he is taken to his new owner 's home . Ironically , this fate is a rectification of a past injustice done to Stinky Pete . Since much of his anger came from never being sold , opened or played with ; now he is finally being owned by a child after waiting 50 years . However , after the film 's release , the film 's website featured interviews with the characters . In Stinky Pete 's interview , he has reformed and said that he has become accustomed to Amy decorating him , as well of being fond of Amy herself . Despite his appearance , Stinky Pete does not appear in the third film , because he was no longer mentioned , though he seems to accurately predict the events of Toy Story 3 ( as what he had said after his defeat started to come true in the film ) . He asks Woody if Andy will take him to college , and later tells the rest of the toys that children destroy toys , which occurs in the Sunnyside Daycare , and that they will be forgotten and end up in a landfill permanently , where the toys are narrowly rescued from the incinerator after an escape attempt and return to Andy 's . The last part of his prediction did not come true . According to his box , Stinky Pete had a total of 9 sayings . In one outtake , Stinky Pete is seen talking to two Barbie dolls in the box , promising them a role in the third film . In another outtake , Stinky Pete gives Woody a choice to go back to Andy 's home or stay , until he suffers a bout of flatulence , which he later implies is the reason for his nickname . Despite the fact that he does not appear in the third film , Stinky Pete does appear in the Toy Box Mode of Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . According to the DVD commentary , the Pixar team had deliberated for a while what the proper comeuppance for the Prospector would be before it was decided for him to be placed in a Barbie bag with a face - painted Barbie . Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Voiced by Tim Allen When searching for Woody at Al 's Toy Barn , Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle , causing him to stare in awe . While looking around , Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled `` New Utility Belt . '' Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt . When Buzz tries to take the belt , the newer Buzz ( who thinks he a real Space Ranger , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the original film ) springs to life and grabs him , believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger . Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded , which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him . Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser actually a light bulb . This does n't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could 've killed him . Buzz then decides that he 's had enough and tries to leave , only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him . After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in , he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang . When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg -- having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he 's been stuck on , Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg . While the gang search Al 's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al 's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz , they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude ( `` I 'm Buzz Lightyear ! I 'm always sure ! '' ) and strange actions ( such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he 's standing on the elevator , which is helping him fly ) until they are finally reunited with Andy 's Buzz , who defuses his counterpart 's confusion by claiming that the situation is a ' Code 546 ' ( Precisely what this involves is unknown , but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as `` Your Majesty '' ) . Heading to the elevator on the way down , they encounter a savage Emperor Zurg toy and Utility Belt Buzz engages him in battle . When Utility Belt Buzz claims Zurg killed his father , Zurg responds he is his father , causing Utility Belt Buzz to scream in dismay ( a parody of The Empire Strikes Back ) . Rex defeats Zurg by accident , sending him falling off the elevator to his apparent doom by knocking him off - balance with his tail when he turns away as Zurg prepares to shoot Utility Belt Buzz , upsetting him . He is last seen playing catch with his `` father , '' the Zurg toy , whose attitude towards Utility Belt Buzz has changed after the fall . Evil Emperor Zurg ( edit ) Voiced by : Andrew Stanton ( 1999 -- present ) Wayne Knight in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Jess Harnell ( mini counterpart ) Evil Emperor Zurg is a space villain action figure and Buzz Lightyear 's archenemy . He has red evil eyes with neon gritting teeth , silver horns on his head , a purple tunic with a black cape on it and his weapon , a gun ( which has a power control that , as an homage to This is Spinal Tap , goes to 11 ) . In some cases , he does not have a gun but a hand like the one on his other arm . In the first film , Zurg is a referenced character , and does not appear at all . However , Zurg is first seen in the opening sequence of the second film when Buzz is trying to take his main power away from him ( Zurg 's main power is from an AA battery which is actually revealed to be a hologram ) . In the ensuing battle , Zurg vaporizes the top half of Buzz Lightyear 's body with his gun , killing him . The sequence then cuts showing that the opening sequence was actually a video game played by Rex . As the story progresses , a Zurg toy in Al 's Toy Barn bursts out from its box and follows Andy 's Buzz Lightyear , who is on the way to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . Zurg is deluded , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the first film . In the second film , another copy of Buzz Lightyear , who also acts similar to Buzz in the first film , escapes from Al 's Toy Barn and battles with Zurg ( who says the exact same thing he said in the video game before the fight ) using toy components ( pin balls and lights ) . In a reference to the relationship of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader , the principal hero and villain respectively of the original Star Wars trilogy , Evil Emperor Zurg claims he is in fact the father of Buzz , in an almost word - for - word parody of the scene in The Empire Strikes Back . As Zurg attempts to finish off Utility Belt Buzz ( at point - blank range ) , Rex accidentally hits Zurg with his large tail , sending him falling down the elevator shaft . The second Buzz then looks over the shaft and reaches his hand out , thinking he has lost his father , while Rex is excited that he has finally managed to defeat Zurg in real life . Near the end of the film , Zurg is seen to have survived his fall with a bent horn and is now playing catch with the Buzz copy . He supposedly bumped his head so hard as he forgot he was Buzz Lightyear 's worst enemy . The second Buzz Lightyear then says , `` Oh , you 're a great dad ! '' as he rushes to catch another ball fired by Zurg . In the novelisation , however , Zurg is killed by the fall , Utility Belt Buzz finds him and takes him back to Al 's Toy Barn to bury him . Zurg is mentioned in the third film by Buzz in his bad guy character after Lotso resets him to Demo mode . Zurg appears briefly during a sequence in the end credits , where he is donated to Sunnyside Daycare center and greeted by Stretch . Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct - to - video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins . Zurg says he is Lightyear 's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear , before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim . Whether or not this is actually true , Buzz definitely does not know who his father is . This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up , going from the movie 's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one ; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent , similar to Skeletor . This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz 's speeches , maintaining a troll doll collection , and various other comedic habits . He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series . It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg , but she is never seen at all ( although he claims that she 's `` plenty evil '' ) . Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description , also much like Darth Vader . However , it has also been discussed amongst fans that his `` cybernetic '' traits could also very well be because of advanced technology . There is yet to be a clear answer . In the TV series , he is the warlord - like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots , as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods . The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z ( standing for Xrghthung ) . In various media surrounding the film , his planet is said to be called Xrghthung . However , because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply `` Z . '' It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds , but , if he does , they have not been revealed . Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance . Despite being frequently gullible and bungling , Zurg is evidently highly intelligent , able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes . Additionally , he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them , showing how aware he is of his similarity to them . For example , when designing a vast prison on Planet Z , he declines building an execution arena , for it simply `` gives the captives more time to get away . '' When he was designing a schematic for a new base , he expressedly forbade for air vents that allow `` hero - sized objects '' into the control room . `` And , may I remind you , no giant trash compactor ! When heroes fall in , they always have enough time to figure a way out . Make it -- an incinerator ! '' Despite his camp nature , he is just as fearsome and ruthless as his movie counterpart . Zurg is frequently mentioned to be the most evil villain in the galaxy and appears to possess authority over all other villains . In fact , he would appear to be a physical manifestation of pure evil . He is particularly proud of this and frequently brags of how `` evil '' he is . He is a parody of Darth Vader on Star Wars , Darkseid on DC Comics , Ming the Merciless on Flash Gordon , Megatron on Transformers , Doctor Doom on Marvel Comics as well as The Six Million Dollar Man . Zurg appears as a playable character in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game on the PlayStation 3 in Toy Box Mode after completing several missions . He also has a convertible ( the ZurgsMobile ) that matches his personality . His mini counterpart is featured in a short called Small Fry . Zurg appeared in the 2015 live - action Disney movie , Tomorrowland . Tour guide Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson Tour Guide Barbie is a Barbie doll initially from Al 's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2 . When Hamm , Slinky Dog , Rex and Mr. Potato Head come upon the Barbie aisle at Al 's Toy Barn while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie hops into the toy car they are driving . She gives the toys a tour in the toy barn and helps them locate Buzz Lightyear ( they actually find a different , ' limited - edition ' Buzz Lightyear ) . After the outtakes of the film , Tour Guide Barbie waves goodbye to the audience until her face hurts from smiling . She then leaves for a break . Sunnyside Daycare ( edit ) These characters live at Sunnyside Daycare Centre . All appear in Toy Story 3 only . Lots - O ' - Huggin ' bear ( edit ) Voiced by Ned Beatty Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear ( Lotso for short ) is a plush , hot pink teddy bear with a big plum nose , a sweet strawberry scent and a southern accent , who uses a wooden toy mallet as an assistive cane . He is the self - proclaimed leader of the toys at the Sunnyside Daycare Center and the main antagonist of the third film . He initially acts like a kind - hearted and wise caretaker , but is eventually revealed to be a ruthless prison warden , although his backstory makes him more of a tragic villain . In Toy Story 3 , he welcomes Andy 's toys to Sunnyside and assigns them to the Caterpillar Room . Woody tries to escape from Sunnyside so he could go back to Andy , but is instead found and taken by a little girl named Bonnie . Woody learns from Chuckles , one of Bonnie 's toys , that Lotso was once owned and loved by a girl named Daisy , having become Daisy 's favorite toy when she obtained it for Christmas . Lotso became friends with Chuckles and Big Baby . One day , Daisy and her family had a picnic in the countryside . When she fell asleep , her parents drove her home , inadvertently leaving the toys behind . Not wanting to give up , Lotso led his two friends on a long trek back to Daisy 's house , only to discover that Daisy had gotten another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear . Lotso became embittered and convinced Big Baby that they had been replaced , leaving Daisy 's home with Chuckles . Lotso eventually discovered Sunnyside Daycare Center and turned it into an internment camp for toys . Big Baby took on the role of Lotso 's enforcer while Chuckles was discovered by Bonnie and taken home . Meanwhile , Lotso realizes that Buzz is actually requesting a transfer of himself and the rest of Andy 's toys to the Butterfly Room . Thinking of Buzz to be useful to him , Lotso only approves the transfer to him . When Buzz refuses Lotso 's offer to stay in the Caterpillar Room , Lotso reverses Buzz to demo mode and manipulates him into imprisoning Andy 's other toys . When Woody and Andy 's toys attempt to flee from the daycare center . Lotso catches the group and once again offers them to stay at Sunnyside when a garbage truck arrives , but the toys refuse and Lotso instructs Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster . Woody argues with Lotso over his wrongdoings and reveals to him what he knows about Daisy and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag to him ; Lotso destroys it and says that toys are supposed to be discarded . His henchmen then turn on him and Big Baby throws him into the dumpster . As the toys attempt to flee , a vengeful Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects it to get the other toys to be sent to the dump . At the landfill , the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder . Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag , Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder , only to realize that it leads to an incinerator . As they are about to reach the incinerator , Lotso sees an emergency stop button , and with Woody and Buzz 's help , manages to reach it . However , instead of pushing the button , he chooses to leave them behind , as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump . When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens , Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die , but Woody talks them out of it , claiming that `` he 's not worth it '' and that the dump is the right place for him . Lotso ( who is unaware the Andy 's toys are still alive ) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear as a child , and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away . Lotso was intended to be in the first film ( originally for a sequel to Tin Toy ) , but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters , Inc. in 2001 , so he was saved for the third film . However , an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says `` Everybody hear me ? Up on the shelf , can you hear me ? Great ! '' and can be seen in the second film during the first Al 's Toy Barn Commercial . Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself . However , according to the DVD commentary , director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso not pushing the button to save the toys was intended for the audience to really care about the characters after three films of getting to know them when it looked like it was the end for them in the incinerator . The Pixar team took note of the people 's concerns and made Lotso to be an outright , selfish liar . Lotso also makes a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2009 movie Up in a little girl 's room in the city where Mr. Fredricksen 's house goes by in the bottom left corner in the shadow of the bed . Ned Beatty was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for his performance as Lotso , and Pixar and he received widespread praise for the character 's back story and Beatty 's performance . IGN named Lotso the best villain of the summer of 2010 . Ken ( edit ) Voiced by Michael Keaton Ken is a smooth - talking doll who falls in love with Barbie . He first appears wearing light blue pleated and cuffed shorts , and a tucked - in leopard - print shirt with short sleeves . His accessories include matching ascot , sensible loafers and a fashion - forward gold belt . He lives in Ken 's Dreamhouse , a big yellow doll house with three stories , a large wardrobe room , and an elevator . Barbie originally breaks up with Ken when she finds him , Lotso , his other henchmen , and a reset Buzz Lightyear locking up her friends and discovering their ulterior motive . Piqued , Ken orders her locked up as well . However , as part of a plan to escape , she pretends to forgive Ken , gaining access to his dream house . Barbie then ties Ken hostage to try to get him to reveal how to reset Buzz back to normal . As a provocation , she rips his clothing apart . Ken reveals the truth after she begins to sabotage his Nehru jacket . He is not seen again until Lotso has the toys cornered at the dumpster , where he is the first to turn on Lotso . Ken comes to Barbie 's help by trying to stop Lotso , having realized Barbie through her understanding of civics . Lotso tells Ken `` there 's 100,000,000 just like her '' , but Ken insists that for him , there is no one else like her , and wins back her affections . In the end credits of the film , he and Barbie are seen greeting new toys at Sunnyside as Barbie becomes his girlfriend again , and with Lotso gone , they both take charge of the Sunnyside toys as the new leaders . He resembles a real doll from 1988 called Animal Lovin ' Ken . Due to being called a `` girl 's toy , '' it is often joked about his femininity : such as his large selection and obsession with clothes , him wearing Barbie 's scarf , his rather feminine boxer - shorts , Bookworm not being suspicious seeing who he believed being Ken ( Barbie in a spacesuit outfit ) in high heels , as well as at the end Buzz believing Barbie wrote them the fancy note , only to discover Ken 's signature at the end . Ken , along with Barbie , appears in the theatrical short , Hawaiian Vacation , in which the two embark on a journey to Hawaii , but ends up in Bonnie 's room , where Woody and the other toys reenact various Hawaiian scenes . Big Baby ( edit ) Voiced by Woody Smith ( 2010 - present ) Big Baby is a Bitty Baby doll with a lazy eye who carries around a bottle and is adorned with childlike scribbling that resembles ferocious tattoos . He normally does not speak , instead communicating through baby sounds , with the exception of one spoken line after the toys escape Sunnyside . Big Baby was once one of Daisy 's toys before he , Lotso , and Chuckles were lost at a rest area . After returning home , Lotso lied to Big Baby that Daisy replaced them and arrived at Sunnyside . While there , Lotso took full control and Big Baby acted as his second - in - command and enforcer at Sunnyside . Eventually , Woody reveals to Lotso that Daisy still cared about them , causing Big Baby to regain his memory of his former owner , whom he called `` Mama '' . Lotso , infuriated , insults and bullies Big Baby for his attachment to Daisy ( still believing that she had abandoned them ) and destroys the name tag by smashing it to pieces with his mallet , and pokes Big Baby for being a dummy . Angered by that , Big Baby turns against Lotso where he throws him in the dumpster ( A parody of a scene from Return of the Jedi ) , blows him a raspberry , and helps Woody and his friends escape Sunnyside . In the credits , Big Baby is shown to be having a happier time at Sunnyside under Barbie and Ken 's care and is seen happily hugging and spinning the couple . At a party at Sunnyside he is shown wearing gold just like Barbie and Ken . The baby who provided the voice for Big Baby is named `` Woody , '' according to Lee Unkrich 's Twitter account , and the film 's credits confirm it as being Woody Smith ( listed under Additional voices ) . Twitch ( edit ) Voiced by John Cygan Twitch is a green `` insectaloid warrior '' action figure with a bug 's head , orange eyes with ferocious chomping mandibles , wings , and two muscular arms . He is one of the toy thugs working for Lotso . He helps to reprogram Buzz , and later apprehends Andy 's other toys . He keeps a search light working in the playground . He and Sparks `` break '' the Chatter telephone before he is convinced of Lotso 's evil by Woody and Ken . Because of how Lotso abused Big Baby , Twitch turns on Lotso , along with the other gang members . During the credits , he is seen living in a happier Sunnyside and is shown taking a turn to endure playtime with the young children in the Caterpillar Room , switching with Chunk so he can rest . Twitch is reminiscent of the 1980s `` He - Man and the Masters of the Universe '' toy line , and other similar lines . Stretch ( edit ) Voiced by Whoopi Goldberg Stretch is a toy rubber octopus with sticky suckers on her eight long arms and a glittery , purple body . She is the sole female member of Lotso 's gang , and at first welcomes the toys , but later helps capture them with her elastic tentacles . With her cohorts , she later catches Woody and his friends , and was eager to push them into the dumpster , should they not admit defeat . However , Stretch was also seen to be the first toy to doubt Lotso 's leadership and motives , as she was seen to visibly cringe at Lotso 's true character being revealed . After Lotso destroys Big Baby 's locket , he angrily orders Stretch to push Woody and his friends into the dumpster , which Stretch is now reluctant to do , causing Lotso to reveal his true feelings about all toys . Eventually , Lotso is thrown into the dumpster by Big Baby for his lies and treachery , and Stretch immediately leaves the area , shocked at what had happened but relieved . In the credits , she welcomes new toys happily without Lotso and is later seen sneaking a message to Woody and the gang in Bonnie 's backpack . She is based on a purple Wacky WallWalker toy from the 1980s . Chunk ( edit ) Voiced by Jack Angel Chunk is an orange muscular rock monster toy . He has two red eyes when fierce , blue eyes when he 's friendly , huge fists , and a face that you can change by rolling it up or down to a different facial expression or pressing a button at the top of his head . He welcomes the toys to Sunnyside , but later helps Lotso and Buzz imprison them . He is then convinced of Lotso 's deception when he abuses Big Baby , and is seen helping Woody and his friends climb to safety . In the credits , he is seen taking the abuse of the younger children , later taking a rest while Twitch takes his place . He is based on the short lived Rock Lords toyline . Chunk has a very low level of intelligence : During a gambling scene , he describes Buzz as `` He ai n't the sharpest knife in the ... place ... where they ... keep the knives '' . He enjoys teasing Ken during the gambling scene since he called him a `` girl 's toy . '' Sparks ( edit ) Voiced by Jan Rabson Sparks is a robot toy at Sunnyside Daycare . He has shown to be both blunt and sarcastic . Sparks ' retro design has flashing red LED eyes and a blaster cavity in his chest that spits out real sparks when he 's rolling around on his wheels , but is completely safe for children . He sports telescoping arms with working pincers and he can also elevate his body to make himself taller . He starts out as one of Lotso 's henchmen , but in the dumpster scene , when Ken states that Lotso put all of the toys in Sunnyside Daycare into a pyramid and placed himself on the top , he and Twitch ( and likely Chunk as well ) start to doubt Lotso 's leadership as both of them look at each other . Both of them are also in shock when Lotso shows his true colors and pokes Big Baby angrily in the stomach . They also witness Big Baby who retaliates by throwing Lotso into the dumpster , and he and the rest of his fellow henchmen let Andy 's toys escape . In the end , he and the rest of Lotso 's former henchmen reform for the better and become nicer . Sparks has only one line , when he points out Chunk 's low intelligence , he says , `` Neither are you , Chunk '' after Chunk gives his opinion on Buzz . Chatter Telephone ( edit ) Voiced by Teddy Newton Chatter Telephone is a character based on the real - life toy of the same name . He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle . He lives in the Caterpillar Room . He is the oldest toy at Sunnyside , and becomes an ally to Woody . When Woody returns to Sunnyside , he immediately says that coming back was a mistake because Lotso had rigged his security after he left and that the best action would be to just lay low . He reluctantly gives him instructions on how to escape Sunnyside . For this , he is later brutally beaten and broken for helping Woody and his group escape , and eventually rats Woody out when convinced that Woody and the other toys had already escaped , but are caught just before they can do so . He sadly apologizes to Woody who fortunately shows sympathy for the broken toy . In the credits , he has been repaired and now lives a happier life there at Sunnyside Daycare without Lotso , having been invited into the Butterfly Room . When Woody talked to him , he called him Ol ' Timer . Bookworm ( edit ) Voiced by Richard Kind The Bookworm is a green toy worm with a built - in flashlight who wears glasses . He is a genius who loves reading books . He keeps a library of instruction manuals in a closet at Sunnyside , and gives Lotso the instruction manual for Buzz Lightyear . He later gives the same manual to Barbie ( who he thinks is Ken since she is disguised in his spacesuit outfit ) . It is unknown if he is in allegiance with Lotso but is most likely not , since he is never seen with him very often . In the credits , he is happy without Lotso , and is seen using his flashlight to light a disco ball during a party at Sunnyside . He is based on the Glo Worm toys from the 1980s . He only has two lines in the film . Cymbal - banging monkey ( edit ) The cymbal - banging monkey is a monkey toy based on the Musical Jolly Chimp toy from the 1960s. he monitors the Sunnyside Daycare security cameras at night , and can alert Lotso and the gang of any toys attempting to escape by screeching into a microphone to broadcast over the intercom . Chatter Telephone tells Woody that he must get rid of the monkey before he and his friends can escape . Woody and Slinky manage to succeed in taking him down by wrapping him up in Scotch Tape and shutting him in a filing cabinet . In the credits , he is seen in a much happier situation , gently playing his clash cymbals while wearing star - shaped sunglasses . Toys in other projects ( edit ) The following toy characters were seen in other Toy Story projects : Discarded Fun Meal Toys ( edit ) Appearing in Small Fry , the Discarded Fun Meal Toys are toys that were discarded by children and have formed a support group in a storage room at Poultry Palace . Buzz Lightyear came across them at the time when he was replaced by the Fun Meal Toy version of Buzz . Among the Fun Meal Toys are : Queen Neptuna ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) -- Queen Neptuna is a mermaid toy who is leader of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She was from the `` Mermaid Battle Squadron '' line where the Mermaid Battle Squadron 's duties are to protect the oceans from pollution and exploitation . T - Bone ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- T - Bone is a steak - like Transformer who is Queen Neptuna 's second - in - command of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He was from the `` Steak Force '' line where they fight the Vegetenarians . DJ Blu - Jay ( voiced by Bret Parker ) -- DJ Blu - Jay is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small blue jay toy wearing a set of headphones with a disco player with a tree trunk to stand it up . Lizard Wizard ( voiced by Josh Cooley ) -- Lizard Wizard is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small lime green lizard toy with a beard , a violet wizard hat and a wizard robe . Bozu the Ninja Clown -- Bozu is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a circus clown by day , 15th century ninja from Feudal Japan by night . Vlad the Engineer ( voiced by Jess Harnell in a Transylvanian accent ) -- Vlad the Engineer is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . Vlad is a vampire in a conductor 's hat that rides in a purple steam engine . Vlad got discarded because `` nobody wanted to board the Vampire Express . '' Gary Grappling Hook ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Gary Grappling Hook is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a green toy gun with hands and legs and a blue grappling hook for a face . Buzz uses him to escape the toy psychotherapy meeting when he was paired up with Lizard Wizard . Tae - Kwon Doe ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- Tae - Kwon Doe is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic karate deer toy that can chop through the boards that are part of her toy . At one point , Queen Neptuna sees her hand up and thinks she is raising her hand . When Neptuna calls on her , Tae - Kwon Doe explains that it 's simply her play feature at which point her left hoof goes down hitting the plastic boards and `` breaking '' it . Her name is a play on `` Taekwondo '' . Super Pirate ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Super Pirate is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a pirate - themed superhero with an eyepatch on his left eye and a peg leg in place of the lower part of the left leg . Beef Stewardess -- Beef Stewardess is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic cow that is dressed as a stewardess . Nervous Sys - Tim ( voiced by Kitt Hiraski ) -- Nervous Sys - Tim is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a clear plastic human that shows many body parts such as the brain , the eyes , and the nervous system . Nervous Sys - Tim mentioned that nobody wanted him because he is an accurate depiction of the human nervous system and that would seem gross when kids were eating . Ghost Burger ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Ghost Burger is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a normal hamburger dressed in a ghost sheet . Koala Kopter ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in an Australian accent ) -- Koala Kopter is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a plastic koala on a helicopter that has a propeller on the top of his hat that is part of the `` Down Undermals '' set . Koala Kopter stated that he was switched out for a Kangaroo Kanoe . Roxy Boxy ( voiced by Emily Forbes ) -- Roxy Boxy is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is a boxing - themed turtle . Roxy Boxy mentioned that she was recalled because her boxing glove hands will come out and could hurt kids . This has happened during the meeting where it hit Lizard Wizard twice . Recycle Bin ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- Recycle Bin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue recycling bin with arms . Recycle Ben claimed that `` he was recycled . '' Funky Monk ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Funky Monk is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a monk with sunglasses and a gold chain with his initials around his neck . Condorman ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) -- Condorman is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a condor - themed superhero in his vehicle . Condorman is an allusion to the live - action 1981 Disney film of the same name . Franklin ( voiced by Jim Ward ) -- Franklin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a bald eagle sitting on a rolled - up version of the constitution that supports a feather pen on the back of it and the wheels are made up of quarters . Franklin did n't understand why kids disliked him because `` he is history , but on wheels . '' Pizza - Bot ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Pizza - Bot is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue pizza box - headed robot whose right hand holds a pizza and his left hand is a pizza cutter . It reads PIZZABOT5000 on his chest . His chest is possibly a pizza - carrying chest , such as the ones that you see when someone brings you pizza or the boxes that carry the pizzas at baseball games . Kids do not like Pizza - Bot for some reason which makes him sad . Sleep well toys ( edit ) A set of toys who were stolen from their owners during their stay at the Sleep Well roadside motel by Manager Ron 's pet iguana , Mr. Jones , so that Ron could sell them online . They appear in Toy Story of Terror ! , where they are held along with Bonnie 's toys while Ron auctions them off on the Internet . They eventually escape with help from Jessie , and depart the Sleep Well on a mail truck . Combat Carl ( voiced by Carl Weathers ) - A G.I. Joe-esque action figure . He is African - American in appearance , unlike the Caucasian character of the same name who briefly appeared in the first film . He is encountered by Jessie after all of her friends have been captured , having eluded Mr. Jones though losing a hand in the process . Carl is extremely paranoid and refers to himself in the third person , but later helps Jessie overcome her fears to save everyone . He was owned by a boy named Billy , to whom he is determined to return . Combat Carl Jr. ( voiced by Carl Weathers in a high - pitched voice ) - A miniature version of Combat Carl who has a close relationship with his larger self . Pocketeer ( voiced by Ken Marino ) - Part of an action figure line known as the `` Fastener Four , '' the Pocketeer has an outfit covered in pockets in which he keeps various helpful items . His fellows Zipper Man , Snaps , and Speed Lacer were sold by Ron prior to the capture of Bonnie 's toys . Pez Cat ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) - a Pez dispenser whose head is that of a cat wearing glasses , and who serves as the lookout for the trapped toys in the Sleep Well motel . Transitron ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) - a Transformers-esque transforming robot who splits into five vehicle components . Jessie freed Transitron from a box he was to be shipped in and then had him seal her inside so she could rescue Woody ; Transitron later joined up with the other stolen toys and departed the Sleep Well . Non-toy characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Andy Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : John Morris -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , Toy Story 3 Charlie Bright -- Toy Story 3 ( as a child ) Andrew `` Andy '' Davis Jr. is the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys in each of the three films . He lived with his mother and sister Molly , but left to go to college when he was 17 . However , his father is never seen or mentioned in the films . Toy Story 2 implies that Woody might be a hand - me - down toy , and when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles , John Lasseter said `` We always imagined he was a hand - me - down to Andy from his father . '' In Toy Story , Andy receives a Buzz Lightyear action figure for his 6th birthday party . Tension erupts between Buzz and Woody , who has always prided himself on being Andy 's favorite . Andy initially spends much more time with his new toy , but still has a special place in his heart for Woody . Thus , he becomes concerned when both toys go missing for a time , fearing they would be lost during his family 's move to a new house . In Toy Story 2 , Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending . During his appearances , it is clear that he still loves his toys very much . At the end of the film , Andy is pleased to have five new toys -- Jessie , Bullseye , and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens -- added into his collection . He marks them , as he has all his toys , with his name on the soles of their feet , or in Bullseye 's case , one letter of his name on each hoof . In Toy Story 3 , Andy is 17 and preparing to go off to college , intending to put most of his toys in the attic except for Woody , whom he initially plans to take with him . While he apparently has not played with his toys for some years and has given many of them away , he is still resistant to his mother 's suggestion to either donate or sell his remaining toys , referring to them as `` junk '' ( which the toys believe is what he truly thinks ) . When they go missing , however , he becomes upset and confused when he can not find them . Before he goes to college , Woody secretly puts the address of Bonnie ( the young daughter of a family friend ) on the box with the toys in it , causing Andy to come around to the idea of donating them . He passes them on to young Bonnie , who he realizes will look after his childhood playthings and gives them each their own introduction , stating the qualities that make each of them special . When Bonnie finds Woody in the box as well , Andy shows great reluctance to pass on his favorite toy , but ultimately relents , allowing the toys to stay together in an environment where they will be loved and played with . He spends time with Bonnie and the toys one last time before departing for college , and is noticeably sad when Bonnie has Woody `` wave '' to him . He then responds with a quiet `` Thanks , guys '' . According to Toy Story producer Ralph Guggenheim in a December 1995 Animation Magazine article : John Lasseter and the story team for Toy Story reviewed the names of Pixar employees ' children looking for the right name for Woody 's owner . Davis was ultimately named after and based on Andy Luckey , the son of legendary animator Bud Luckey , Pixar 's fifth employee and the creator of Woody . Luckey has declined to publicly comment on the connection . In the DVD feature for Toy Story 3 on the voice cast , the Pixar crew remark that they were n't sure if Morris would want to do it or would sound right , and were ecstatic when they heard his voice on an answering machine , Morris was perfect for teenage Andy . Bonnie Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Emily Hahn Bonnie Anderson appears in Toy Story 3 as one of the children who goes to Sunnyside Daycare . She becomes the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys at the end of the film . Her mother , Mrs. Anderson ( voiced by Lori Alan ) , works in the front desk . Although she has an active imagination and boisterous manner when playing with her toys , she is shy and withdrawn when she is around adults , but she quickly warms up to Andy , when he donates his toys to her . She finds Woody , who was trying to escape Sunnyside , takes him home , and plays with him . Woody is impressed by what he sees at her house and ultimately gets himself ( and all of Andy 's other toys ) donated to her . Andy briefly plays with her after handing over his toys , and tells her he needs someone `` very special '' to take care of them for him . In the short film Hawaiian Vacation , Bonnie goes on a vacation to Hawaii and leaves Barbie and Ken in her room . Molly Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : Hannah Unkrich -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 Bea Miller -- Toy Story 3 Molly Davis is Andy 's younger sister , seen as an infant in the first film , a toddler in the second film , and as a preteen in the third film . Andy uses her crib as the town jail during playtime at the beginning of the first film , implying they are sharing a room . When the family moves later in the film , Andy and Molly get separate rooms , though Molly has plans to move into Andy 's presumably larger room once he leaves for college . In the first film , she slobbers on Mr. Potato Head and throws him from the crib , causing his parts to scatter and earning her the nickname `` Princess Drool '' from him . At the end of the film , she receives a Mrs. Potato Head toy for Christmas . In Toy Story 3 , she also owned a Barbie doll , which she donates to the daycare center as she was less interested in dolls and toys by that time and is now a preteen . Mrs. Davis ( edit ) Voiced by Laurie Metcalf ( 1995 -- present ) Mrs. Davis is Andy and Molly 's single mother . In the first film , she has brown hair and ties it in a ponytail . In the other two films , her physical appearance is noticeably different and instead of brown , she has blonde hair and leaves it down . Though presented as a loving mother to Andy and Molly , Mrs. Davis is actually a major ( though indirect ) threat to the toys , as she frequently asks Andy to throw out the toys he no longer wants . Mrs. Davis ' actions regarding the toys sets the plot in motion in all three films , though they are not malicious . In the first film , she purchases a Buzz Lightyear toy for Andy on his birthday , prompting the rivalry between Buzz and Woody which leads to them being lost and forced to find their way home . In the second film , she puts Wheezy up for sale at a yard sale ( due to a broken squeaker ) , prompting Woody 's rescue attempt where he is subsequently stolen by Al . In the third film , she orders Andy to clean out his room before going to college and mistakenly throws away the bag of toys Andy was putting in the attic , causing them to be donated to a daycare center . Despite this , in the second film , she is overly protective of Woody , describing him as an old family toy . At the end of the third film , she breaks down and weeps at the departure of her first son , but Andy reassures her that she will always be with him even if they are apart . This moment between mother and son plays a major factor in Woody deciding to have Andy donate his toys to Bonnie , thus giving them a new lease on their lives . Some 2014 articles explore the possibility that Mrs. Davis is Jessie 's original owner , Emily from her flashback memories . The evidence cited references the flashbacks of Jessie and Emily from Toy Story 2 . The flashback sequence shows Emily as a child in the 1960s , which is when she would have been a child . The sequence also shows that the cowboy hat that Emily had is very similar to Andy 's hat but with an additional white lace area , and Emily 's hair was brown , just like Mrs. Davis 's hair in the first film . Sid Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Erik von Detten Sid Phillips is Andy 's neighbor until Andy moves , but it is unknown if he and Andy know each other . Sid is known for torturing and destroying toys . Many of his toys are either destroyed , have missing pieces , or replaced with parts from other toys , even Sid `` torturing '' Woody by burning his forehead with a magnifying glass . He is also shown tormenting his sister and destroying her toys by certain methods such as exploding , burning , and decapitating them . He also enjoys skateboarding , and his shirt depicts the logo for Zero Skateboards . The toys mention that he was consistently kicked out of summer camp ; and in the audio commentary on the tenth anniversary DVD , the directors mention that he is a bully but also the `` most creative character in the movie '' . It is also implied that he does not have the best home life . His parents do not make any major appearances : his mother 's voice is only heard briefly several times in the film , and his father is only seen briefly asleep on a chair in front of the TV in the living room . He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life . At the end of the first film , Woody and Sid 's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid , which causes him to become very frightened of toys . The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else . This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming , and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll . Sid does not appear in the second film , although he is mentioned once by Buzz during the toys ' mission to rescue Woody from the greedy toy collector Al McWhiggin . Sid also appears in the four - issue Monsters , Inc. comic mini-series produced by Boom ! Comics . In the third film , Sid ( now an adult ) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten . He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard , recognizable by his characteristic T - shirt . His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs , and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones . Hannah Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Sarah Freeman Hannah Phillips is Sid 's sweet - natured , younger sister who appears a few times in the first film . In Toy Story , Hannah has adjusted to her toys being mutilated by Sid . Most of her dolls either have different heads or altered body parts , and at the end of the film she finds enjoyment in scaring her brother after he has been horrified by Woody and the other toys . She spends most of the time during the movie playing with her altered dolls . Al McWhiggin ( edit ) Voiced by Wayne Knight Al McWhiggin - nicknamed `` The Chicken Man '' by Andy 's toys - is the owner of a chain of local toy stores and also an obsessive collector of all things related to the old Woody 's Roundup TV series . He steals Woody from a yard sale held by Andy 's mother in hopes of selling him to a toy museum in Tokyo , Japan . He is unscrupulously obsessive , overweight , very impatient , and lazy , as he complains of having to `` drive all the way to work on a Saturday '' , despite his apartment only being across the street from the store . He is partially inspired by his voice actor Wayne Knight ; during the production of Toy Story 2 , Knight had a goatee like Al in the movie . Cartoonist and animator Scott Shaw has also been acknowledged as another model and inspiration for Al . Al is the owner of a large toy store called `` Al 's Toy Barn '' . The store is mentioned in the first Toy Story in an advertisement of Buzz Lightyear toys , but Al did not appear . He is first seen in Toy Story 2 during an advertisement on TV in which he is dressed up in a chicken suit of which Hamm remarks `` I despise that chicken '' after turning off the TV . He later is seen trying to buy Woody in a yard sale held by Andy 's mom . After Andy 's mother refuses to hand over the doll and locks him in a box , Al steals Woody with the intent of selling him , along with the rest of his collection of Woody 's Roundup toys and memorabilia , to a Japanese toy museum for a large sum of money . Andy 's toys arrived at his apartment to rescue Woody but Stinky Pete 's interference allow Al to leave for the airport with the Roundup Gang . Andy 's toys follow him there on a stolen pizza planet truck . ( In the original script , Andy 's toys steal Al 's car and Al steals the pizza planet truck and gives chase ) As Al 's plane is about to fly off to Japan with the Roundup Gang packed in the luggage , Andy 's toys are able to save Woody , Jessie and Bullseye , while the Prospector is placed in a little girl 's backpack for his betrayal . During his latest commercial , Al is unable to control himself from hysterically sobbing over his losses as a result , which Hamm responded to by saying `` Well , I guess crime does n't pay . '' Al was originally conceived to appear in the first Toy Story film , but was cut in the final screenplay . However , Al 's Toy Barn makes an appearance in the first film during a television advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys . Al 's last name was revealed on the nameplate on his office desk ; also , when he is done taking pictures , he answers his cellphone and Mr. Konishi can be heard saying his full name . According to Disney Adventures magazine , Al was not permitted to play with his toys when he was a kid , which led to his toy - collecting niche . It is implied that Al 's full name is actually Carl McWhiggin , since Mr. Konishi is heard calling him that on the phone . His car 's license plate reads LZTYBRN , which is `` Al 's Toy Barn '' ( minus the vowel letters ) . It is also the actual license plate of Ash Brannon , co-director of Toy Story 2 , according to the Toy Story 2 : Special Edition commentary . Geri the cleaner ( edit ) Voiced by Jonathan Harris Geri , an elderly specialist in toy restoration and repair with a fully loaded toy repair kit , comes to Al 's apartment in Toy Story 2 to fix Woody up in preparation for his trip to Japan . He insists that Al let him take his time with the work and views it as more than a simple job , asserting , `` You ca n't rush art . '' Geri 's character model was reused from a previous Pixar short , Geri 's Game , where he plays a chess game against himself . In that short , he is voiced by Bob Peterson . One of the drawers in his carrying case contains chess pieces , a reference to the short . Emily ( edit ) Emily was the name of Jessie 's former owner and is mentioned by her in the second film . She appears in a flashback musical sequence while `` When She Loved Me '' by Sarah McLachlan is played . During this sequence , Jessie tells Woody of her first experience with an owner who was Emily and why she resented being a child 's toy . As a young child she was a fan of the Wild West and horses , along with the Woody 's Roundup TV show , apparent through her love of Jessie . As she became a teenager , her interest began to shift towards makeup , pop culture of the time and gossip with her friends which led to Jessie being neglected then thrown away through a donation box . She is mentioned by Jessie for the second time in the third film , when she fears of being thrown away by Andy , saying `` I should 've seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . Daisy ( edit ) Daisy is a little girl who appears in flashbacks in Toy Story 3 . She owned Lotso , Big Baby and Chuckles in the beginning , but accidentally left them behind at a rest area along the road . In order to pacify her , Daisy 's parents bought her another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear rather than finding Lotso and the rest of her toys , which made Lotso think he had been replaced and forgotten about , and changed him into a sinister , ruthless toy . Ron ( edit ) Voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky Ron is the greedy manager of the Sleep Well Motel , appearing in Toy Story of Terror . He has a habit of stealing toys from customers in his motel and selling them on the Internet , with the help from his pet iguana , Mr. Jones . When Bonnie and her mother went to Sleep Well after their car got a flat tire , Mr. Jones steals a number of Bonnie 's toys , including Woody , Buzz , and Jessie . Ron then takes pictures of the toys and puts them on his bidding sale , awaiting buyers . Jessie manages to trick Mr. Jones into tearing off the curtain , revealing the toys ' location and Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother , who then calls the police . Two police officers later arrive to question Ron , who attempts to escape by stealing their car but is forced to flee on foot after immediately crashing it into the motel sign . The police officers initiate a manhunt for him . Mason ( edit ) Voiced by R.C. Cope Mason is Bonnie 's best friend , and a post-Christmas playdate between the pair serves as the setting for Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mason receives an entire Battlesaurs collection for Christmas but is distracted from them by a new video game system . However , due to Trixie and Reptillus ' efforts he abandons the video game and plays with his new toys . He is later shown to write his name on his toys in similar fashion to Andy and Bonnie . Animals ( edit ) Scud ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Scud is Sid 's vicious Bull Terrier . His viciousness is first demonstrated when Sid sets a Squeeze Toy Alien on his nose and commands him to maul it mercilessly . Scud serves as an obstacle for Woody and Buzz as they try to escape Sid 's house . First , as Woody tries to run off when Sid leaves the bedroom door open he encounters Scud sleeping and accidentally wakes him , forcing him and Buzz to hide . When Sid takes Buzz to the backyard to blow him up with a rocket , Woody tries to save him but Scud traps him in Sid 's room . The mutant toys help Woody distract Scud so they can rescue Buzz . Scud later spots Woody and Buzz trying to escape on the moving van and pursues them , but is eluded when he runs after them into the middle of a traffic intersection and is trapped by the cars as they crash while trying to avoid him . Buster ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Buster is Andy 's pet dachshund , whom he receives at the end of Toy Story . Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . In Toy Story 2 , he is depicted as being very energetic . Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy 's room and is the only one in Andy 's house who knows that the toys are alive , and is fiercely loyal to Woody , obeying all commands given to him by Woody : when Wheezy is taken by Andy 's mother to be sold at a yard sale , Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy . However , he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever . Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds . In Toy Story 3 , Buster is now older and looks very aged , with mixed brown and gray fur , a gray - white snout , overweight , and too old to help Woody save the other toys ( in a direct parody of the rescue scene from Toy Story 2 ) , although he remains nice and loyal to them . He tends to fall asleep as well . Crazy Critters ( edit ) Crazy Critters are a bunch of 2 - dimensional animal puppets from the Woody 's Roundup show including an armadillo , bat , bear , beaver , bird , deer , vulture , bear cub , porcupine , flying squirrel , rabbit , skunk , snake , fox , raccoon , tortoise and bobcat . They come quickly when Jessie calls them , with the tortoise falling slightly behind the others . Woody understands them in the Woody 's Roundup show . The Crazy Critters make cameo appearances as prizes determined by the score of players in Toy Story Midway Mania ! , and in the Toy Story 2 video game on the Nintendo 64 . Mr. Jones ( edit ) Voiced by Dee Bradley Baker Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in `` Toy Story of Terror ! , '' owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel , Ron . He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet . During the majority of the special , he is seen snatching most of Bonnie 's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems . Eventually , he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head 's left arm and Combat Carl 's right hand . However , he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain , revealing Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother . It is unknown what happens to him afterwards , although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Toy Story 4 plot details emerge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Toy Story 4 ′ Finds Buzz and Woody on the Search for Bo Peep '' . Collider . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Totoro Makes Cameo in Pixar 's 3rd Toy Story 3 Trailer . '' Anime News Network . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Pixar Chief Discusses Totoro Cameo In ' Toy Story 3 ' Trailer . '' MTV . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Villain -- Lotso ( Ned Beatty ) , Toy Story 3 '' . IGN . Summer 2010 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Easter Eggs '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Unkrich , Lee ( @ leeunkrich ) ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Big Baby says one line in Toy Story 3 . And the name of the baby actor who supplied the voice ? Woody . Truth '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Medina , Joseph ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Toy Story : Woody 's Odd Case Of Amnesia Finally Explained ! '' . Latino Review Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Bonkers Theory on The True Identity of Andy 's Mom In Toy Story '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toy Story : The True Identity of Andy 's Mom Makes The Movie More Epic '' . Moviepilot . ( hide ) Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&oldid=832798742 '' Categories : Lists of Disney characters Toy Story characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do the aliens from toy story say	[ "In Toy Story 2, a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck. Buzz groans when he sees them, remembering them from the claw game in the first film. When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move, they tell Mr. Potato Head to \"use the wand of power\" (the truck's gear lever), which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game. They nearly fall out of the window, due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car. Fortunately, Mr. Potato Head saves them. The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear. Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say \"You have saved our lives, we are eternally grateful,\" much to Potato Head's dismay. The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the \"Mystic Portal\". They chase after the luggage with Rex, Hamm, and Potato Head, only to find cameras. Back home, the trio, along with Bullseye and Jessie, end up becoming some of Andy's toys. They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head, and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives, so she suggests that they adopt them, with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head \"daddy\"." ]	[ "You have saved our lives, we are eternally grateful,\"" ]
6617501725132437833	List of European countries by population	List of European countries by population - wikipedia List of European countries by population This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) European countries by population , 2018 List of European countries by population present the list of 50 countries and 8 territories and dependencies located in Europe . Transcontinental countries are included if they are members of the Council of Europe . The most populated country wholly within Europe is Germany . The largest city by total area is Paris . The most spoken languages are English , German , Russian , French , Turkish , Italian , Spanish , Ukrainian and Polish . Contents 1 Table 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Table ( edit ) European population by country ( top 10 ) . Russia ( 17.16 % ) Germany ( 9.90 % ) Turkey ( 9.62 % ) France ( 7.88 % ) United Kingdom ( 7.76 % ) Italy ( 7.21 % ) Spain ( 5.54 % ) Ukraine ( 5.10 % ) Poland ( 4.62 % ) Romania ( 2.36 % ) Other ( 22.85 % ) Transcontinental countries largely located in Asia . Countries located wholly in Asia but which may be considered European countries . Rank Country ( or dependent territory ) Current population % of population Average relative annual growth ( % ) Average absolute annual growth Estimated doubling time ( Years ) Official figure ( where available ) Date of last figure Regional grouping Source Russia 144,526,636 17.16 0.19 294,285 368 146,839,993 January 1 , 2017 EAEU ( 1 ) Germany 83,080,010 9.90 1.20 600,000 90 82,800,000 December 31 , 2016 EU Official estimate Turkey 80,810,525 9.62 1.34 1,035,000 52 77,695,904 December 31 , 2016 ( 2 ) France 67,431,000 7.88 0.39 261,022 177 66,991,000 March 1 , 2017 EU ( 3 ) United Kingdom 66,040,229 7.76 0.75 484,000 92 66,573,504 December 30 , 2016 EU Official estimate 6 Italy 60,494,118 7.21 0.49 298,000 141 60,788,845 January 1 , 2017 EU ( 4 ) 7 Spain 46,788,820 5.54 - 0.06 - 28,000 - 46,449,565 January 1 , 2015 EU Official estimate 8 Ukraine 42,895,704 5.10 - 0.32 - 136,000 - 42,726,067 March 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate 9 Poland 38,611,020 4.62 0.05 20,000 1,334 38,484,000 December 31 , 2014 EU Official estimate 10 Romania 19,622,000 2.36 - 0.41 - 81,000 - 19,942,642 January 1 , 2014 EU Official estimate 11 Kazakhstan 18,311,700 2.22 - 0.11 - 22,000 - 18,292,700 October 8 , 2018 EAEU ( 5 ) 12 Netherlands 17,271,800 2.12 0.37 62,000 189 17,157,200 October 29 , 2018 EU Official population clock 13 Belgium 11,502,204 1.36 0.52 58,000 134 11,370,968 August 1 , 2017 EU Monthly official estimate 14 Greece 10,816,286 1.28 0.16 - 12,000 - 11,142,161 May 24 , 2011 EU Final 2011 census result 15 Czech Republic 10,625,449 1.26 0.32 33,716 217 10,613,350 March 31 , 2018 EU Official estimate 16 Portugal 10,291,196 1.23 - 0.56 - 58,000 - 10,309,573 December 31 , 2016 EU Official estimate 17 Sweden 10,221,988 1.22 1.03 100,000 68 10,196,303 August 31 , 2018 EU Official estimate 18 Azerbaijan 9,898,085 1.17 1.23 117,000 57 9,810,000 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 19 Hungary 9,771,000 1.15 - 0.28 - 28,000 - 9,849,000 December 31 , 2014 EU Official estimate 20 Belarus 9,452,113 1.13 0.00 0 - 9,481,100 April 1 , 2015 EAEU Official estimate 21 Austria 8,861,091 1.04 0.67 57,000 104 8,838,171 July 1 , 2018 EU Official estimate 22 Switzerland 8,544,034 0.99 0.87 71,000 80 8,211,700 September 30 , 2014 EFTA Official estimate 23 Bulgaria 7,050,034 0.86 - 0.57 - 41,000 - 7,245,677 December 31 , 2017 EU Official estimate 24 Serbia 7,001,444 0.85 - 0.41 - 29,000 - 7,146,759 January 1 , 2018 Official estimate 25 Denmark 5,808,202 0.68 0.48 27,000 145 5,789,957 January 1 , 2018 EU Official estimate 26 Finland 5,519,463 0.66 0.11 6,000 632 5,473,465 March 31 , 2015 EU Monthly official estimate 27 Slovakia 5,443,120 0.65 0.13 7,000 537 5,415,949 September 30 , 2014 EU Official estimate 28 Norway 5,312,343 0.62 1.11 57,000 63 5,165,802 January 1 , 2015 EFTA Official estimate 29 Ireland 4,857,000 0.55 0.35 16,000 200 4,857,000 April 2018 EU Official estimate 30 Croatia 4,105,493 0.50 - 0.31 - 13,000 - 4,267,558 July 1 , 2012 EU Official estimate 31 Georgia 3,729,600 0.45 - 1.23 - 46,000 - 3,729,500 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 32 Moldova 3,564,000 0.42 0.48 17,000 145 3,555,200 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 33 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,511,372 0.42 - 0.64 - 24,000 - 3,511,372 June 30 , 2016 Preliminary 2016 census result 34 Armenia 2,925,000 0.36 - 0.03 - 1,000 - 3,010,600 January 1 , 2016 EAEU Monthly official estimate 35 Albania 2,887,000 0.35 - 0.41 - 12,000 - 2,893,005 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 36 Lithuania 2,797,000 0.35 - 0.85 - 25,000 - 2,912,566 September 1 , 2018 EU ( 6 ) 37 Macedonia 2,075,301 0.25 0.15 3,000 478 2,069,172 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate 38 Slovenia 2,066,880 0.25 0.15 3,000 477 2,062,731 October 1 , 2014 EU Official estimate 39 Latvia 1,934,379 0.24 - 0.90 - 18,000 - 1,983,300 January 1 , 2018 EU Official estimate Kosovo 1,867,000 0.22 1.08 20,000 64 1,815,606 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate 40 Estonia 1,315,000 0.16 0.46 6,000 152 1,315,635 January 1 , 2017 EU Official estimate 41 Cyprus 876,000 0.10 0.46 4,000 151 865,900 December 31 , 2012 EU Official estimate 42 Montenegro 642,550 0.07 0.00 0 - 622,359 April 1 , 2011 2011 census result 43 Luxembourg 602,000 0.07 2.52 14,000 28 562,958 January 1 , 2018 EU Official estimate ( 7 ) 44 Malta 475,700 0.05 0.47 2,000 147 417,432 November 20 , 2011 EU 2011 census result 45 Iceland 350,710 0.04 1.22 4,000 57 329,100 January 1 , 2015 EFTA Official estimate Jersey ( UK ) 103,000 0.01 0.98 1,000 71 97,857 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result Isle of Man ( UK ) 89,000 0.01 1.14 1,000 61 84,497 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result 46 Andorra 78,000 0.01 1.30 1,000 54 76,949 2014 Official estimate Guernsey ( UK ) 66,000 0.01 1.54 1,000 45 65,150 March 31 , 2014 Official estimate Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 50,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 48,693 February 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate 47 Liechtenstein 38,111 0.00 0.00 0 - 37,370 December 31 , 2014 EFTA Official estimate 48 Monaco 37,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 36,950 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate Gibraltar ( UK ) 34,000 0.00 3.03 1,000 23 30,001 2012 EU Official estimate 49 San Marino 33,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 32,798 February 28 , 2015 Monthly official estimate Åland Islands ( Finland ) 29,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 28,666 December 31 , 2013 EU Official estimate Svalbard ( Norway ) 3,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 2,575 July 1 , 2014 EFTA Official estimate 50 Vatican City 1,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 0 2012 Official estimate Total 855,220,000 100.00 0.33 2,746,307 210 See also ( edit ) List of countries by population List of African countries by population List of countries in the Americas by population List of Arab countries by population List of Asian countries by population List of Caribbean island countries by population List of Eurasian countries by population List of European Union member states by population List of Latin American countries by population List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population List of Middle East countries by population List of North American countries by population List of Oceania countries by population List of South American countries by population List of countries by past and future population List of countries by past population ( United Nations ) List of countries by population in 2000 List of countries by population in 2010 List of population concern organizations List of European countries List of European countries by population growth rate Largest urban areas of the European Union Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations estimates ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Age structure Dependency ratio Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Maternal mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only for widely recognized and non-dependent territories Jump up ^ It corresponds to the following formula : projection / projection x100 - 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the calculation : projection * annual_growth / 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the formula : LN ( 2 ) / LN ( growth / 100 + 1 ) , which produces exactly the same result as LOG ( 2 ) / LOG ( growth / 100 + 1 ) . Jump up ^ Excluding the disputed territory of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol ( the so - called Crimean Federal District ) , although the Russian official estimate includes both of them . Jump up ^ Figures refer not only to the population of European or Metropolitan France , but also include the overseas departments ( in French Départements d'outre - mer , DOM ) Jump up ^ Excluding Overseas Territories and Collectivities : French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Land , Clipperton Island , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna . Jump up ^ Note from source : `` Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city Sevastopol '' . Jump up ^ Enclave claimed by Spain . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_countries_by_population&oldid=866349075 '' Categories : Demographics of Europe Lists of countries in Europe Lists of countries by continent , by population Lists of countries by population Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from January 2016 All accuracy disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Ελληνικά Français Հայերեն ქართული ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی Português Română Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which country has the largest population in europe	[ "The most populated country wholly within Europe is Germany. The largest city by total area is Paris. The most spoken languages are English, German, Russian, French, Turkish, Italian, Spanish, Ukrainian and Polish.\n" ]	[ "Germany" ]
1641467600065226780	Count	Count - wikipedia Count `` Countess '' redirects here . For other uses , see Countess ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the style or title of nobility . For other uses , see Count ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Imperial , royal , noble and chivalric ranks Emperor / Empress King / Queen Archduke / Archduchess Grand Prince / Grand Princess Grand Duke / Grand Duchess Prince / Princess / Infante / Infanta / Królewicz / królewna Duke / Duchess Sovereign Prince / Sovereign Princess / Fürst / Fürstin Marquess / Marquis / Marchioness / Margrave / Landgrave / Count palatine Count / Countess / Earl Burgrave / Châtelain / Castellan Viscount / Viscountess / Vidame Baron / Baroness Baronet / Baronetess Hereditary Knight / Lady / Ritter / Ridder Knight / Dame Chevalier Esquire / Laird / Edler / Jonkheer / Junker Gentleman / Younger / Maid Count ( Male ) or Countess ( Female ) is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status , but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility . The word count came into English from the French comte , itself from Latin comes -- in its accusative comitem -- meaning `` companion '' , and later `` companion of the emperor , delegate of the emperor '' . The adjective form of the word is `` comital '' . The British and Irish equivalent is an earl ( whose wife is a `` countess '' , for lack of an English term ) . Equivalents of the rank of count exist or have existed in the nobility structures in various countries , such as graf in Germany and hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Comital titles in different European languages 2.1 Etymological derivations from the Latin comes 2.2 Etymological parallels of the German Graf ( some unclear ) 2.3 Compound and related titles 3 Lists of countships 3.1 Territory of today 's France 3.1. 1 West - Francia proper 3.1. 2 Parts of today 's France long within other kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire 3.2 The Holy Roman Empire 3.2. 1 In Germany 3.2. 2 In Italy 3.2. 2.1 Holy See 3.2. 3 In Austria 3.2. 4 In Poland 3.2. 5 In the Low Countries 3.2. 6 In Switzerland 3.3 In other continental European countries 3.3. 1 On the Iberian peninsula 3.3. 1.1 Portugal 3.3. 1.2 Spain 3.3. 2 Bulgaria 3.3. 3 Montenegro and Serbia 3.4 Crusader states 3.5 Scandinavia 4 Equivalents 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Definition ( edit ) Main article : Comes In the late Roman Empire , the Latin title comes , meaning ( imperial ) `` companion '' , denoted the high rank of various courtiers and provincial officials , either military or administrative : before Anthemius became emperor in the West in 467 , he was military comes charged with strengthening defenses on the Danube frontier . In the Western Roman Empire , Count came to indicate generically a military commander but was not a specific rank . In the Eastern Roman Empire , from about the seventh century , `` count '' was a specific rank indicating the commander of two centuries ( i.e. , 200 men ) . Military counts in the Late Empire and the Germanic successor kingdoms were often appointed by a dux and later by a king . From the start the count was not in charge of a roving warband , but settled in a locality , known as a county ; his main rival for power was the bishop , whose diocese was sometimes coterminous with the county . In many Germanic and Frankish kingdoms in the early Middle Ages , a count might also be a count palatine , whose authority derived directly from the royal household , the `` palace '' in its original sense of the seat of power and administration . This other kind of count had vague antecedents in Late Antiquity too : the father of Cassiodorus held positions of trust with Theodoric , as comes rerum privatarum , in charge of the imperial lands , then as comes sacrarum largitionum ( `` count of the sacred doles '' ) , concerned with the finances of the realm . The position of comes was originally not hereditary . By virtue of their large estates , many counts could pass the title to their heirs -- but not always . For instance , in Piast Poland , the position of komes was not hereditary , resembling the early Merovingian institution . The title had disappeared by the era of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the office had been replaced by others . Only after the Partitions of Poland did the title of `` count '' resurface in the title hrabia , derived from the German Graf . The title of Count was also often conferred by the monarch as an honorific title for special services rendered , without a feudal estate ( countship , county ) being attached , so it was merely a title , with or without a domain name attached to it . In the United Kingdom , the equivalent `` Earl '' can also be used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of a duke or marquess . In Italy , by contrast , all the sons of certain counts were counts ( contini ) . In Sweden there is a distinction between counts ( Swedish : greve ) created before and after 1809 . All children in comital families elevated before 1809 are called count / countess . In families elevated after 1809 , only the head of the family is called count , the rest had a status similar to barons and were called by the equivalent of Mr / Ms / Mrs , before the recognition of titles of nobility was abolished . Comital titles in different European languages ( edit ) The following lists are originally based on a Glossary on Heraldica.org by Alexander Krischnig . The male form is followed by the female , and when available , by the territorial circumscription . Etymological derivations from the Latin comes ( edit ) Language Male title Female title / Spouse Territory Albanian Kont Konteshë Konte Armenian Կոմս ( Koms ) Կոմսուհի ( Komsuhi ) Bulgarian Кмет ( Kmet ) , present meaning : mayor ; medieval ( 9th - century ) Комит ( Komit ) : hereditary provincial ruler Кметица ( Kmetitsa ) , woman mayor / Кметша ( Kmetsha ) , mayor 's wife Кметство ( Kmetstvo ) ; medieval Комитат ( Komitat ) Catalan Comte Comtessa Comtat English Count ( applies to title granted by monarchies other than the British where Earl applies ) Countess ( even where Earl applies ) Earldom for an Earl ; Countship or county for a count ( County persists in English - speaking countries as a sub-national administrative division ) French Comte Comtesse Comté Hungarian Vikomt Vikomtessz Actually meaning viscount . These forms are now archaic or literary ; Gróf is used instead . Irish Cunta ; Iarla Cuntaois , Baniarla Honorary title only ; iarla does not derive from Latin comes but rather from English `` earl '' . Italian Conte Contessa Contea , Contado , Comitato Greek Κόμης ( Kómēs ) Κόμησσα ( Kómēssa ) Κομητεία ( Komēteía ) ; in the Ionian Islands the respective Italianate terms Kóntes , Kontéssa were used instead Latin ( feudal jargon , not classical ) Comes Comitissa Comitatus Maltese Konti Kontessa Monegasque Conte Contessa Portuguese Conde Condessa Condado Romanian Conte Contesă Comitat Romansh Cont Contessa Spanish Conde Condesa Condado Turkish Kont Kontes Kontluk Etymological parallels of the German Graf ( some unclear ) ( edit ) Language Male title Female title / Spouse Territory Afrikaans Graaf Gravin Graafskap Belarusian Граф ( Hraf ) Графiня ( Hrafinia ) Графствa ( Hrafstva ) Bulgarian Граф ( Graf ) Графиня ( Grafinya ) Графство ( Grafstvo ) Croatian Grof Grofica Grofovija Czech Hrabě Hraběnka Hrabství Danish Greve Grevinde ( Count 's wife ) Komtesse ( Unmarried daughter of a count . ) Grevskab Dutch Graaf Gravin Graafschap English Grave Gravine Graviate Estonian Krahv Krahvinna Krahvkond Finnish Kreivi Kreivitär Kreivikunta German Graf Gräfin Grafschaft Greek Γράβος Georgian გრაფი ( Grafi ) გრაფინია ( Grafinya ) საგრაფო ( Sagrafo ) Hungarian Gróf Grófnő , Grófné Grófság Icelandic Greifi Greifynja Latvian Grāfs Grāfiene Grāfiste Lithuanian Grafas Grafienė Grafystė Luxembourgish Grof Gréifin Macedonian Гроф ( Grof ) Грофица ( Grofica ) Грофовија ( Grofovija ) Norwegian Greve Grevinne Grevskap Polish Hrabia Hrabina Hrabstwo Romanian Grof ( also Conte , see above ) Russian Граф ( Graf ) Графиня ( Grafinya ) Графство ( Grafstvo ) Serbian Гроф Грофица Грофовија Slovak Gróf Grófka Grófstvo Slovene Grof Grofica Grofija Swedish Greve Grevinna Grevskap Ukrainian Граф ( Hraf ) Графиня ( Hrafynya ) Графство ( Hrafstvo ) Compound and related titles ( edit ) Apart from all these , a few unusual titles have been of comital rank , not necessarily to remain there . Dauphin ( English : Dolphin ; Spanish : Delfín ; Italian : Delfino ; Portuguese : Delfim ; Latin : Delphinus ) was a multiple ( though rare ) comital title in southern France , used by the Dauphins of Vienne and Auvergne , before 1349 when it became the title of the heir to the French throne . The Dauphin was the lord of the province still known as the région Dauphiné . Conde - Duque `` Count - Duke '' is a rare title used in Spain , notably by Gaspar de Guzmán , Count - Duke of Olivares who had inherited the title of count of Olivares , but being created Duke of Sanlucar la Mayor by King Philip IV of Spain begged permission to preserve his inherited title in combination with the new honour -- according to a practice almost unique in Spanish history ; logically the incumbent ranks as Duke ( higher than Count ) just as he would when simply concatenating both titles . Conde - Barão ' Count - Baron ' is a rare title used in Portugal , notably by D. Luís Lobo da Silveira , 7th Baron of Alvito , who received the title of Count of Oriola in 1653 from King John IV of Portugal . His palace in Lisbon still exists , located in a square named after him ( Largo do Conde - Barão ) . Archcount is a very rare title , etymologically analogous to archduke , apparently never recognized officially , used by or for : the count of Flanders ( an original pairie of the French realm in present Belgium , very rich , once expected to be raised to the rank of kingdom ) ; the informal , rather descriptive use on account of the countship 's de facto importance is rather analogous to the unofficial epithet Grand Duc de l'Occident ( before Grand duke became a formal title ) for the even wealthier Duke of Burgundy at least one Count of Burgundy ( i.e. Freigraf of Franche - Comté ) In German kingdoms , the title Graf was combined with the word for the jurisdiction or domain the nobleman was holding as a fief or as a conferred or inherited jurisdiction , such as Markgraf ( see also Marquess ) , Landgraf , Freigraf ( `` free count '' ) , Burggraf , where burg signifies castle ; see also Viscount , Pfalzgraf ( translated both as `` Count Palatine '' and , historically , as `` Palsgrave '' ) , Raugraf ( `` Raugrave '' , see `` Graf '' , and Waldgraf ( comes nemoris ) , where wald signifies a large forest ) . The German Graf and Dutch graaf ( Latin : Grafio ) stems from the Byzantine - Greek grapheus meaning `` he who calls a meeting ( i.e. the court ) together '' ) . The Ottoman military title of Serdar was used in Montenegro and Serbia as a lesser noble title with the equivalent rank of a Count . These titles are not to be confused with various minor administrative titles containing the word - graf in various offices which are not linked to nobility of feudality , such as the Dutch titles Pluimgraaf ( a court sinecure , so usually held by noble courtiers , may even be rendered hereditary ) and Dijkgraaf ( to the present , in the Low Countries , a managing official in the local or regional administration of water household through dykes , ditches , controls etc ; also in German Deichgraf , synonymous with Deichhauptmann , `` dike captain '' ) . Lists of countships ( edit ) Territory of today 's France ( edit ) West - francia proper ( edit ) Since Louis VII ( 1137 -- 80 ) , the highest precedence amongst the vassals ( Prince - bishops and secular nobility ) of the French crown was enjoyed by those whose benefice or temporal fief was a pairie , i.e. carried the exclusive rank of pair ; within the first ( i.e. clerical ) and second ( noble ) estates , the first three of the original twelve anciennes pairies were ducal , the next three comital comté - pairies : Bishop - counts of Beauvais ( in Picardy ) Bishop - counts of Châlons ( in Champagne ) Bishop - counts of Noyon ( in Picardy ) Count of Toulouse , until united to the crown in 1271 by marriage Count of Flanders ( Flandres in French ) , which is in the Low countries and was confiscated in 1299 , though returned in 1303 Count of Champagne , until united to the crown ( in 1316 by marriage , conclusively in 1361 ) Later other countships ( and duchies , even baronies ) have been raised to this French peerage , but mostly as apanages ( for members of the royal house ) or for foreigners ; after the 16th century all new peerages were always duchies and the medieval countship - peerages had died out , or were held by royal princes Other French countships of note included those of : Count of Angoulême , later Dukes Count of Anjou , later Dukes Count of Auvergne Count of Bar , later Dukes Count of Blois Count of Boulogne Count of Foix Count of Montpensier Count of Poitiers Count of Saint Germain Parts of today 's France long within other kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) Freigraf ( `` free count '' ) of Burgundy ( i.e. present Franche - Comté ) The Dauphiné The Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) See also above for parts of present France In Germany ( edit ) Main article : Graf A Graf ruled over a territory known as a Grafschaft ( ' county ' ) . See also various comital and related titles ; especially those actually reigning over a principality : Gefürsteter Graf , Landgraf , Reichsgraf ; compare Markgraf , Pfalzgraf In Italy ( edit ) The title of Conte is very prolific on the peninsula . In the eleventh century , Conti like the Count of Savoy or the Norman Count of Apulia , was virtually sovereign lords of broad territories . Even apparently `` lower '' - sounding titles , like Viscount , could describe powerful dynasts , such as the House of Visconti which ruled a major city such as Milan . The essential title of a feudatory , introduced by the Normans , was signore , modeled on the French seigneur , used with the name of the fief . By the fourteenth century , conte and the Imperial title barone were virtually synonymous . Some titles of a count , according to the particulars of the patent , might be inherited by the eldest son of a Count . Younger brothers might be distinguished as `` X dei conti di Y '' ( `` X of the counts of Y '' ) . However , if there is no male to inherit the title and the count has a daughter , in some regions she could inherit the title . The Papacy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies might appoint counts palatine with no particular territorial fief . Until 1812 in some regions , the purchaser of land designated `` feudal '' was ennobled by the noble seat that he held and became a conte . This practice ceased with the formal abolition of feudalism in the various principalities of early - 19th century Italy , last of all in the Papal States . Many Italian counts left their mark on Italian history as individuals , yet only a few contadi ( countships ; the word contadini for inhabitants of a `` county '' remains the Italian word for `` peasant '' ) were politically significant principalities , notably : Norman Count of Apulia Count of Savoy , later Duke ( also partly in France and in Switzerland ) Count of Asti Count of Montferrat ( Monferrato ) Count of Montefeltro Count of Tusculum Holy see ( edit ) Further information : Papal count Count / Countess is one of the noble titles granted by the Pope as a temporal sovereign , and the title 's holder is sometimes informally known as a papal count / papal countess or less so as a Roman count / Roman countess , but mostly as count / countess . The comital title , which can be for life or hereditary , has been awarded in various forms by popes and Holy Roman Emperors since the Middle Ages , infrequently before the 14th century , and the pope continued to grant the comital and other noble titles even after 1870 and into the present day . In austria ( edit ) The principalities tended to start out as margraviate or ( promoted to ) duchy , and became nominal archduchies within the Habsburg dynasty ; noteworthy are : Count of Tyrol Count of Cilli Count of Schaumburg In Poland ( edit ) Numerous small ones , particularly : Counts of Galicia and Poland In the Low countries ( edit ) Apart from various small ones , significant were : in present Belgium : Count of Flanders ( Vlaanderen in Dutch ) , but only the small part east of the river Schelde remained within the empire ; the far larger west , an original French comté - pairie became part of the French realm Count of Hainaut Count of Namur , later a margraviate Count of Leuven ( Louvain ) soon became the Duke of Brabant Count of Mechelen , though the Heerlijkheid Mechelen was given the title of `` Graafschap '' in 1490 , the city was rarely referred to as a county and the title of Count has not been in practical use by or for anyone of the series of persons that became rightfully entitled to it ; the flag and weapon of the municipality still has the corresponding heraldic crowned single - headed eagle of sabre on gold . in the present Netherlands : Count of Guelders later Dukes of Guelders Count of Holland Count of Zeeland Count of Zutphen In Switzerland ( edit ) Comital ephemera : a Count 's coronet and crest on a doily . Count of Geneva Count of Neuenburg Count of Toggenburg Count of Kyburg Count de Salis - Soglio ( also in the UK , Canada and Australia ) Count de Salis - Seewis Count of Panzutti In other continental European countries ( edit ) On the iberian peninsula ( edit ) As opposed to the plethora of hollow `` gentry '' counts , only a few countships ever were important in medieval Iberia ; most territory was firmly within the Reconquista kingdoms before counts could become important . However , during the 19th century , the title , having lost its high rank ( equivalent to that of Duke ) , proliferated . Portugal ( edit ) Portugal itself started as a countship in 868 , but became a kingdom in 1139 ( see : County of Portugal ) . Throughout the History of Portugal , especially during the Constitutional Monarchy many other countships were created ( see : List of Countships in Portugal ) . Spain ( edit ) Coronet of a count ( Spanish heraldry ) In Spain , no countships of wider importance exist , except in the former Spanish march . County of Barcelona , the initial core of the Principality of Catalonia , later one of the states of the Crown of Aragon , which became one of the two main components of the Spanish crown . Count of Aragon Count of Castile Count of Galicia Count of Lara Count Cassius , progenitor of the Banu Qasi County of Urgell , later integrated into the Principality of Catalonia . The other Catalan counties were much smaller and were absorbed early into the County of Barcelona ( between parentheses the annexation year ) : County of Girona ( 897 ) , County of Besalú , County of Osona , which included the nominal County of Manresa ( 1111 ) , County of Berga and County of Conflent ( 1117 ) and County of Cerdanya ( 1118 ) . From 1162 these counties , together with that of Barcelona , were merged into the Principality of Catalonia , a sovereign state that absorbed some other counties : County of Roussillon ( 1172 ) , County of Pallars Jussà ( 1192 ) , County of Empúries ( 1402 ) , County of Urgell ( 1413 ) and County of Pallars Sobirà ( 1487 ) , giving the Principality its definitive shape . Bulgaria ( edit ) In the First Bulgarian Empire , a komit was a hereditary provincial ruler under the tsar documented since the reign of Presian ( 836 - 852 ) The Cometopouli dynasty was named after its founder , the komit of Sredets . Montenegro and Serbia ( edit ) The title of Count ( Serdar ) was used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as a lesser noble title below that of Vojvoda ( Duke ) . Crusader states ( edit ) Count of Edessa Count of Tripoli ( 1102 -- 1288 ) Scandinavia ( edit ) In Denmark and historically in Denmark - Norway the title of count ( greve ) is the highest rank of nobility used in the modern period . Some Danish / Dano - Norwegian countships were associated with fiefs , and these counts were known as `` feudal counts '' ( lensgreve ) . They rank above ordinary ( titular ) counts , and their position in the Danish aristocracy as the highest - ranking noblemen is broadly comparable to that of Duke in other European countries . The title of count is in modern times only granted to members of the Danish royal family , sometimes in addition to a princely title and sometimes instead of it . In the middle ages the title of jarl ( earl ) was the highest title of nobility . The title was eventually replaced by the title of duke , but that title was abolished in Denmark and Norway already in the middle ages . Titles were only reintroduced with the introduction of absolute monarchy in 1660 , with count as the highest title . In Sweden the rank of count is the highest rank conferred upon nobles in the modern era . Unlike the rest of Scandinavia , the title of duke is still used in the country , but only by members of the royal family . Equivalents ( edit ) Like other major Western noble titles , Count is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions , even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare , but which are considered `` equivalent '' in rank . This is the case with : the Chinese Bó ( 伯 ) , hereditary title of nobility ranking below Hóu ( 侯 ) and above Zĭ ( 子 ) the Japanese equivalent Hakushaku ( 伯爵 ) , adapted during the Meiji restoration the Korean equivalent Baekjak ( 백작 ) or Poguk in Vietnam , it is rendered Bá , one of the lower titles reserved for male members of the Imperial clan , above Tử ( Viscount ) , Nam ( Baron ) and Vinh phong ( lowest noble title ) , but lower than -- in ascending order -- Hầu ( Marquis ) , Công ( Prince ) , Quận - Công ( Duke / Duke of a commandery ) and Quốc - Công ( Grand Duke / Duke of the Nation ) , all under Vương ( King ) and Hoàng Đế ( Emperor ) . the Indian Sardar , adopted by the Maratha Empire , additionally , Jagirdar and Deshmukh are close equivalents the Arabic equivalent Sheikh In traditional Sulu equivalent to Datu Sadja See also ( edit ) County Viscount References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pine , L.G. Titles : How the King Became His Majesty . New York : Barnes & Noble , 1992 . p. 73 . OCLC 27827106 . Jump up ^ `` An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors '' . University of South Carolina . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2005 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Geschiedenis '' . Ppant.be . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mechelen de oude hoofdstad van de Nederlanden , F.O. Van Hammée ( not verified , referenced on a blog ) Jump up ^ Лъв Граматик , Гръцки извори за българската история , т . V , стр. 156 ; Жеков , Ж . България и Византия VII - IX в . - военна администрация , Университетско издателство `` Св . Климент Охридски '' , София , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 954 - 07 - 2465 - 2 , стр. 254 Jump up ^ Ferdinand Christian Herman von Krogh : Den høiere danske Adel . En genealogisk Haandbog , C. Steen & søn , 1866 Sources ( edit ) Labarre de Raillicourt : Les Comtes Romains Westermann , Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte ( in German ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Counts . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Count . Look up count in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Heraldica.org - here the French peerage Italian Titles of Nobility Webster 's 1828 Dictionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count&oldid=849205082 '' Categories : Counts Feudalism Roman Empire in Late Antiquity Noble titles Titles Men 's social titles Women 's social titles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano עברית Latina മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Română Simple English سنڌي Tagalog ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 08 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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350193242456007267	Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People	Forbes list of the World 's Most Powerful people - wikipedia Forbes list of the World 's Most Powerful people Since 2009 , Forbes business magazine had compiled an annual list of the world 's most powerful people . The list has one slot for every 100 million people , meaning in 2009 there were 67 people on the list and by 2018 there were 75 . Slots are allocated based on the amount of human and financial resources that they have sway over , as well as their influence on world events . Contents 1 Historical Top Ten rankings 2 Listed seven or more times 2.1 Listed every time 2.2 Listed eight times 2.3 Listed seven times 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Historical Top Ten rankings ( edit ) Note : No list was released for 2017 . 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Barack Obama President of the United States Hu Jintao General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Barack Obama President of the United States Vladimir Putin President of Russia Xi Jinping General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Hu Jintao General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Barack Obama President of the United States Vladimir Putin Prime Minister of Russia Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Barack Obama President of the United States Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Donald Trump President - elect of the United States Vladimir Putin President of Russia Vladimir Putin Prime Minister of Russia Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia Hu Jintao Presidents of China Vladimir Putin President of Russia Xi Jinping General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Barack Obama President of the United States Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Donald Trump President of the United States Ben Bernanke Chair of the Federal Reserve Vladimir Putin Prime Minister of Russia Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Bill Gates Co-Chair of the Gates Foundation Founder of Microsoft Francis Pope of the Holy See Xi Jinping General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany 5 Sergey Brin Larry Page Co-Founders of Google Benedict XVI Pope of the Holy See Bill Gates Co-Chair of the Gates Foundation Founder of Microsoft Benedict XVI Pope of the Holy See Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Xi Jinping General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Francis Pope of the Holy See Jeff Bezos Chairman and CEO of Amazon 6 Carlos Slim Chief executive of Telmex Angela Merkel Chancellor of Germany Abdullah of Saudi Arabia King of Saudi Arabia Ben Bernanke Chair of the Federal Reserve Bill Gates Co-Chair of the Gates Foundation Founder of Microsoft Janet Yellen Chair of the Federal Reserve Bill Gates Co-Chair of the Gates Foundation Founder of Microsoft Janet Yellen Chair of the Federal Reserve Francis Pope of the Holy See 7 Rupert Murdoch Chairman of News Corporation David Cameron Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Benedict XVI Pope of the Holy See Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud King of Saudi Arabia Ben Bernanke Chair of the Federal Reserve Bill Gates Co-Chair of the Gates Foundation Founder of Microsoft Janet Yellen Chair of the Federal Reserve Bill Gates Co-Chair of the Gates Foundation Founder of Microsoft 8 Mike Duke Chief Executive of Walmart Ben Bernanke Chair of the Federal Reserve Mario Draghi President of the European Central Bank Abdullah of Saudi Arabia King of Saudi Arabia Mario Draghi President of the European Central Bank David Cameron Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Larry Page Co-Founder of Google Mohammad bin Salman Al - Saud Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 9 Abdullah of Saudi Arabia King of Saudi Arabia Sonia Gandhi President of the Indian National Congress Mark Zuckerberg Founder & CEO of Facebook Xi Jinping General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Mario Draghi President of the European Central Bank Sergey Brin Larry Page Co-Founders of Google Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India 10 Bill Gates Co-Chair of the Gates Foundation Founder of Microsoft David Cameron Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Mike Duke Chief Executive of Walmart David Cameron Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Larry Page Co-Founder of Google Mark Zuckerberg Co-Founder of Facebook Larry Page Co-Founder of Google Listed seven or more times ( edit ) Listed every time ( edit ) Mukesh Ambani Lloyd Blankfein Michael Bloomberg Sergey Brin Warren Buffett Jamie Dimon Laurence D. Fink Bill Gates Li Ka - shing Ali Khamenei Angela Merkel Rupert Murdoch Benjamin Netanyahu Larry Page Vladimir Putin Carlos Slim Listed eight times ( edit ) Bernard Arnault ( not listed : 2016 ) Jeff Bezos ( not listed : 2009 ) Jeff Immelt ( not listed : 2018 ) Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ( not listed : 2009 ) Charles Koch ( not listed : 2009 ) Robin Li ( not listed : 2009 ) Barack Obama ( not listed : 2018 ) Masayoshi Son ( not listed : 2009 ) Rex Tillerson ( not listed : 2018 ) Mark Zuckerberg ( not listed : 2009 ) Listed seven times ( edit ) Tim Cook ( not listed : 2009 & 2010 ) Mario Draghi ( not listed : 2009 & 2010 ) Xi Jinping ( not listed : 2009 & 2010 ) Christine Lagarde ( not listed : 2009 & 2010 ) Lakshmi Mittal ( not listed : 2016 & 2018 ) John Roberts ( not listed : 2010 & 2011 ) Akio Toyoda ( not listed : 2010 & 2011 ) See also ( edit ) Forbes list of The World 's 100 Most Powerful Women 40 under 40 ( Fortune magazine ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Noer and Nicole Perlroth ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` The World 's Most Powerful People '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ewalt , David M. ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` The World 's Most Powerful People 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ewalt , David M. ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` The World 's Most Powerful People 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ewalt , David M. ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` The World 's Most Powerful People 2018 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) The World 's Most Powerful People , Forbes . Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 Forbes 500 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer 's most valuable teams Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes_list_of_The_World%27s_Most_Powerful_People&oldid=864657277 '' Categories : Forbes lists 21st century - related lists Top people lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 16 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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-7712094353329981205	Fuel pump	Fuel pump - wikipedia Fuel pump Not to be confused with fuel dispenser . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A high - pressure fuel pump on a Yanmar 2GM20 marine diesel engine A fuel pump is a frequently ( but not always ) essential component on a car or other internal combustion engined device . Many engines ( older motorcycle engines in particular ) do not require any fuel pump at all , requiring only gravity to feed fuel from the fuel tank or under high pressure to the fuel injection system . Often , carbureted engines use low pressure mechanical pumps that are mounted outside the fuel tank , whereas fuel injected engines often use electric fuel pumps that are mounted inside the fuel tank ( and some fuel injected engines have two fuel pumps : one low pressure / high volume supply pump in the tank and one high pressure / low volume pump on or near the engine ) . Fuel pressure needs to be within certain specifications for the engine to run correctly . If the fuel pressure is too high , the engine will run rough and rich , not combusting all of the fuel being pumped making the engine inefficient and a pollutant . If the pressure is too low , the engine may run lean , misfire , or stall . Contents 1 Mechanical pump 1.1 Plunger - Type Fuel Pump 1.2 Decline of mechanical pumps 2 Electric pump 3 Diesel Fuel Pumps 4 Turbopumps 5 References Mechanical pump ( edit ) Mechanical fuel pump , fitted to cylinder head Prior to the widespread adoption of electronic fuel injection , most carbureted automobile engines used mechanical fuel pumps to transfer fuel from the fuel tank into the fuel bowls of the carburetor . The two most widely used fuel feed pumps are diaphragm and plunger - type mechanical pumps . Diaphragm pumps are a type of positive displacement pump . Diaphragm pumps contain a pump chamber whose volume is increased or decreased by the flexing of a flexible diaphragm , similar to the action of a piston pump . A check valve is located at both the inlet and outlet ports of the pump chamber to force the fuel to flow in one direction only . Specific designs vary , but in the most common configuration , these pumps are typically bolted onto the engine block or head , and the engine 's camshaft has an extra eccentric lobe that operates a lever on the pump , either directly or via a pushrod , by pulling the diaphragm to bottom dead center . In doing so , the volume inside the pump chamber increased , causing pressure to decrease. This allows fuel to be pushed into the pump from the tank ( caused by atmospheric pressure acting on the fuel in the tank ) . The return motion of the diaphragm to top dead center is accomplished by a diaphragm spring , during which the fuel in the pump chamber is squeezed through the outlet port and into the carburetor . The pressure at which the fuel is expelled from the pump is thus limited ( and therefore regulated ) by the force applied by the diaphragm spring . The carburetor typically contains a float bowl into which the expelled fuel is pumped . When the fuel level in the float bowl exceeds a certain level , the inlet valve to the carburetor will close , preventing the fuel pump from pumping more fuel into the carburetor . At this point , any remaining fuel inside the pump chamber is trapped , unable to exit through the inlet port or outlet port . The diaphragm will continue to allow pressure to the diaphragm , and during the subsequent rotation , the eccentric will pull the diaphragm back to bottom dead center , where it will remain until the inlet valve to the carburetor reopens . Because one side of the pump diaphragm contains fuel under pressure and the other side is connected to the crankcase of the engine , if the diaphragm splits ( a common failure ) , it can leak fuel into the crankcase . The capacity of both mechanical and electric fuel pump is measured in psi ( which stands for pounds per square inch ) . Usually , this unit is the general measurement for pressure , yet it has slightly different meaning , when talking about fuel pumps . In this context it denotes the speed , at which the pump delivers fuel from the tank to the engine . This is one of fuel pump characteristics . The higher pressure is , the faster fuel flows . Diagram of diaphragm type fuel pump Plunger - type fuel pump ( edit ) Plunger - type pumps are a type of positive displacement pump that contain a pump chamber whose volume is increased and / or decreased by a plunger moving in and out of a chamber full of fuel with inlet and discharge stop - check valves . It is similar to that of a piston pump , but the high - pressure seal is stationary while the smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal . These pumps typically run at a higher pressure than diaphragm type pumps . Specific designs vary , but in the most common configuration , these pumps are mounted on the side of the injection pump and driven by the camshaft , either directly or via a pushrod . When the camshaft lobe is at top dead center , the plunger has just finished pushing the fuel through the discharge valve . A spring is used to pull the plunger outward creating a lower pressure pulling fuel into the chamber from the inlet valve . These pumps can run between 250 and 1,800 bar ( 3,625 and 26,000 psi ) . Because it is connected to the camshaft , the discharge pressure of these pumps is constant , but the rate at which it pumps is directly correlated to the revolutions per minute ( rpm ) of the engine . Both pumps create negative pressure to draw the fuel through the lines . However , the low pressure between the pump and the fuel tank , in combination with heat from the engine and / or hot weather , can cause the fuel to vaporize in the supply line . This results in fuel starvation as the fuel pump , designed to pump liquid , not vapor , is unable to suck more fuel to the engine , causing the engine to stall . This condition is different from vapor lock , where high engine heat on the pressured side of the pump ( between the pump and the carburetor ) boils the fuel in the lines , also starving the engine of enough fuel to run . Mechanical automotive fuel pumps generally do not generate much more than 10 -- 15 psi , which is more than enough for most carburetors . Decline of mechanical pumps ( edit ) As engines moved away from carburetors and towards fuel injection , mechanical fuel pumps were replaced with electric fuel pumps , because fuel injection systems operate more efficiently at higher fuel pressures ( 40 -- 60 psi ) than mechanical diaphragm pumps can generate . Electric fuel pumps are generally located in the fuel tank , in order to use the fuel in the tank to cool the pump and to ensure a steady supply of fuel . Another benefit of an in - tank mounted fuel pump is that a suction pump at the engine could suck in air through a ( difficult to diagnose ) faulty hose connection , while a leaking connection in a pressure line will show itself immediately . A potential hazard of a tank - mounted fuel pump is that all of the fuel lines are under ( high ) pressure , from the tank to the engine . Any leak will be easily detected , but is also hazardous . Electric pump ( edit ) A piston metering pump f.e. gasoline -- or additive metering pump In many modern cars the fuel pump is usually electric and located inside the fuel tank . The pump creates positive pressure in the fuel lines , pushing the gasoline to the engine . The higher gasoline pressure raises the boiling point . Placing the pump in the tank puts the component least likely to handle gasoline vapor well ( the pump itself ) farthest from the engine , submersed in cool liquid . Another benefit to placing the pump inside the tank is that it is less likely to start a fire . Though electrical components ( such as a fuel pump ) can spark and ignite fuel vapors , liquid fuel will not explode ( see flammability limit ) and therefore submerging the pump in the tank is one of the safest places to put it . In most cars , the fuel pump delivers a constant flow of gasoline to the engine ; fuel not used is returned to the tank . This further reduces the chance of the fuel boiling , since it is never kept close to the hot engine for too long . Electric fuel pump An advantage of an electric fuel pump is reduced fuel consumption because it does not have the resistance associated with a mechanical drive and because the fuel supply can be monitored more accurately by the electronic control unit ( ECU ) . Pre-delivery of fuel can also be accomplished by an electric fuel pump because it does not depend on engine rpm . Due to this , rapid engine starting can be implemented to conserve gas . This is particularly important in stop - start systems where the engine turns itself off when it senses no use , such as stopped at a stoplight . The ignition switch does not carry the power to the fuel pump ; instead , it activates a relay which will handle the higher current load . It is common for the fuel pump relay to become oxidized and cease functioning ; this is much more common than the actual fuel pump failing . Modern engines utilize solid - state control which allows the fuel pressure to be controlled via pulse - width modulation of the pump voltage . This increases the life of the pump , allows a smaller and lighter device to be used , and reduces electrical load . Cars with electronic fuel injection have an electronic control unit ( ECU ) and this may be programmed with safety logic that will shut the electric fuel pump off , even if the engine is running . In the event of a collision this will prevent fuel leaking from any ruptured fuel line . Additionally , cars may have an inertia switch ( usually located underneath the front passenger seat ) that is `` tripped '' in the event of an impact , or a roll - over valve that will shut off the fuel pump in case the car rolls over . Some ECUs may also be programmed to shut off the fuel pump if they detect low or zero oil pressure , for instance if the engine has suffered a terminal failure ( with the subsequent risk of fire in the engine compartment ) . The fuel sending unit assembly may be a combination of the electric fuel pump , the filter , the strainer , and the electronic device used to measure the amount of fuel in the tank via a float attached to a sensor which sends data to the dash - mounted fuel gauge . The fuel pump by itself is a relatively inexpensive part . But a mechanic at a garage might have a preference to install the entire unit assembly . Diesel fuel pumps ( edit ) Diesel fuel pumps operate at a much higher pressure due to the engine 's specs and are usually mechanical pumps such as common rail radial piston pump , common rail two piston radial , inline pump , port and helix , and metering unit design . Radial piston pumps used in cars and trucks are fuel lubricated , this helps with keeping oil out of the high pressure fuel . Oil in the fuel can raise emissions and clog injectors . Many diesel engines are common rail , which means all the injectors are supplied by one pipe full of high pressure fuel supplied by the fuel pump . Common rails dampen the pressure fluctuations when fuel is used by each injector and pumped into the cylinder . Common rails also make it easier for the fuel pressure to be measured by one device instead of one per cylinder . Port and Helix ( plunger type ) high pressure fuel pumps are most commonly used in marine diesels because of their simplicity , reliability , and its ability to be scaled up in proportion to the engine size . Port and Helix type pump Port and Helix pumps are cam driven plunger type pumps that run at one - half engine rpm for four stoke engines and at the same rpm in the case of a two stroke . The pump is similar to that of a radial piston type pump but instead of a piston it has a machined plunger that has no seals . When the plunger is at top dead center , the injection to the cylinder is finished and it is returned on its downward stroke by a compression spring . Because the height of the cam lobe can not be easily changed , the amount of fuel being pumped to the injector is controlled by a rack and pinion device that rotates the plunger allowing variable amounts of fuel to the area above the plunger . Inlet and outlet ports are located on two sides of the pumps cylinder walls allowing fuel to flow through the compression chamber until the plunger is driven up closing the two ports and starting the compression motion . The outlet port feeds back into the fuel tank / settler of the engine . The fuel is then forced through a stop check valve , to prevent backflow to the injector nozzle at pressures that can exceed 18,000 psi . Turbopumps ( edit ) Main article : Turbopump Many jet engines , including rocket engines use a turbopump which is a centrifugal pump usually propelled by a gas turbine or in some cases a ram - air device ( particularly in ramjet engines which lack a shaft ) . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuel pumps . Jump up ^ Hollembeak , Barry ( 2005 ) . Classroom Manual for Automotive Fuels and Emissions . Cengage Learning . p. 154 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zahl , Timothy ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Does My Vehicle Have a Mechanical or Electric Fuel Pump ? '' . CARiD.com . Jump up ^ Judge , A. ( 1965 ) . Modern Smaller Diesel Engines ( Vol. 7 ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Robert Bentley Inc . Jump up ^ Mollenhauer , K. , & Tschöke , H. ( 2010 ) . Handbook of Diesel Engines . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . ^ Jump up to : Mollenhauer , K. , & Tschöke , H. ( 2010 ) . Handbook of Diesel Engines . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . ^ Jump up to : Judge , A. ( 1965 ) . Modern Smaller Diesel Engines ( Vol. 7 ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Robert Bentley Inc . Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_pump&oldid=848873853 '' Categories : Pumps Engine fuel system technology Engine components Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Русский Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 23 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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-2034812474114210958	Out of the Woods (song)	Out of the Woods ( song ) - wikipedia Out of the Woods ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Out of the Woods '' Single by Taylor Swift from the album 1989 Released February 5 , 2016 Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Studio MXM Studios ( Stockholm ) Genre Pop synthpop Length 3 : 55 Label Big Machine Republic Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift Taylor Swift singles chronology `` Wildest Dreams '' ( 2015 ) `` Out of the Woods '' ( 2016 ) `` New Romantics '' ( 2016 ) `` Wildest Dreams '' ( 2015 ) `` Out of the Woods '' ( 2016 ) `` New Romantics '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Out of the Woods '' on YouTube `` Out of the Woods '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift . The song was written and produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff of fun ... It was the second song to be officially released from her fifth studio album 1989 , serving as the first promotional single on October 14 , 2014 . It is the fourth track on the album , after `` Style '' . `` Out of the Woods '' serves as the sixth official single with an accompanying music video that premiered on December 31 , 2015 , during Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve on ABC . It was released to radio on February 5 , 2016 . The song went number one in Israel and has reached the top 10 in Belgium , Canada , and New Zealand as well as the top 20 in Australia and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Arrangement 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances and covers 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Background and release ( edit ) Swift premiered a 15 - second clip of `` Out of the Woods '' on Good Morning America on October 13 , 2014 . Swift called `` Out of the Woods '' one of her `` favorite songs on this album because it best represents 1989 . '' She explained that the song is about `` the fragility and breakable nature of some relationships . This was a relationship where I was kind of living day - to - day wondering where it was going , if it was going to go anywhere , if it was going to end the next day . '' `` Out of the Woods '' was initially released as a promotional single on October 14 , 2014 , with no plans for a music video or an official release . On December 22 , 2015 , Good Morning America officially announced the release of a music video for the song to premiere during Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . `` Out of the Woods '' also serves as the sixth official single from 1989 , and it was released to radio stations on February 5 , 2016 . Arrangement ( edit ) `` Out of the Woods '' is a pop and synth - pop song . The track was written by Swift and Antonoff and is the first song that Swift has written to an existing track . Antonoff sent an early version of the song without the vocals or lyrics to Swift , which she then added in just 30 minutes . Speculation as to whom the song is about is rampant . The bridge section of the song references the snowmobile incident that Swift and her former boyfriend , One Direction 's Harry Styles , were reported to be involved in during their relationship . Max Martin produced Swift 's vocals for the song . It is written in the key of C Major with Swift 's vocals spanning two octaves , between G and E and runs three minutes and fifty - five seconds ( 3 : 55 ) , at 92 bpm . Featuring heavy synths and percussion , Antonoff described that the song is given an arrangement that combines both 1980s and modern elements . A Yamaha DX7 is used for the 1980s - tinged sounds apparent on most parts of the song , but they are countered with the Minimoog Voyager during the chorus sections , in which he explained , `` That sounds extremely modern to me . It 's that back - and - forth . '' Antonoff also provided backing vocals . He said , `` I just chopped this piece of my voice singing and started looping it over and over . Then I started banging on some drums I had in the room and stomping on the floor and sampling all these sounds to make this big bombastic looping beat with the sample on top of it . '' In an October 2014 interview with NPR , Swift provided a detailed explanation of the lyrics : That line is in there because it 's not only the actual , literal narration of what happened in a particular relationship I was in , it 's also a metaphor . `` Hit the brakes too soon '' could mean the literal sense of , we got in an accident and we had to deal with the aftermath . But also , the relationship ended sooner than it should 've because there was a lot of fear involved . And that song touches on a huge sense of anxiety that was , kind of , coursing through that particular relationship , because we really felt the heat of every single person in the media thinking they could draw up the narrative of what we were going through and debate and speculate . I do n't think it 's ever going to be easy for me to find love and block out all those screaming voices . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard gave the song four and half stars out of five . Chris Willman Writing for Yahoo called the song `` Pretty weird , and pretty wonderful '' . Katie Hasty of HitFlix gave the song an A+ writing that the song `` is damned near perfect . '' Writing for Vulture , Lindsay Zoladz stated that `` Swift revealed something even more promising : the cavernous , Antonoff - produced `` Out of the Woods , '' which seemed to herald an exciting , unexpected , and mature new direction in Swift 's sound . '' Sam Lansky of Time praised the track stating , `` It 's the furious chant of that anthemic chorus , all breathless urgency , and the left - of - center production that help Swift perform the niftiest sleight of hand : Even with lyrics that include some of her most headline - grabbing autobiographical admissions to date , the most interesting thing here is n't who it 's about , but rather , how different it sounds '' . `` Out of the Woods '' ranked number 94 on Pitchfork 's list of The 100 Best Tracks of 2014 . Commercial performance ( edit ) On the Billboard Hot 100 chart the song debuted and peaked at number 18 . It became Swift 's 61st song to enter the Hot 100 , making her the female artist to have the second most charted songs on the Hot 100 , behind Aretha Franklin ( 73 ) . The song debuted at number one on the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 195,000 copies and displacing Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' from the top spot . In doing so , Swift became the first lead artist to simultaneously occupy the top two positions twice since 2012 , when her songs `` Ronan '' and `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' occupied the top two positions . Swift stood at rank four as the artist with the most number - one Digital Songs and tied with Rihanna for the most number - one debuts . `` Out of the Woods '' was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for selling over 1,000,000 copies . In New Zealand , it debuted at number six , the highest debut that week . In Australia , it debuted at number twenty one on the Australian Singles Chart . In its first week of release , the song sold 21,000 downloads in Canada . The song entered the top 10 of the Canadian Hot 100 , debuting and peaking at number 8 on the week of November 1 , 2014 , making it the week 's highest debut . It dropped off the Hot 100 a week later . Music video ( edit ) Bethells Beach , the beach displayed at the end of the video The accompanying music video directed by Joseph Kahn premiered on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on ABC on December 31 , 2015 . It marked Swift 's and Kahn 's fourth collaboration in 1989 following `` Blank Space '' , `` Bad Blood '' and `` Wildest Dreams '' . The video was filmed on location in New Zealand in the mountains of Queenstown and on Bethells Beach . During the filming , a severe storm struck , causing trees to fall around them . After evacuating , filming resumed a week later . The video starts with the caption `` She lost him . '' Next , Swift is first seen on the beach barefoot and only wearing a blue dress . She runs through what appears to be enchanted woods that formed around her , chased by a pack of wolves who tear at her blue dress as she struggles to escape as some wooden roots constantly follow her . Then she finds herself in different locations representing the four basic elements of nature throughout the video like the snowy mountains , an ocean , a barren landscape , a muddy location , and a burning forest . At the end of the video , the `` woods '' she was crawling through disappear as she finds a beach , where another version of her is waiting by the shore as she reaches for her . The video ends with the caption `` She lost him , but she found herself , and somehow that was everything . '' , which was part of the secret messages in her song , `` Clean '' in the lyric - booklet of her 1989 record . Sharan Shetty of Slate wrote the subject of the song , anxiety , `` is literalized to an extreme degree in the song 's video '' . Peter Sblendorio of the New York Daily News deemed it `` perhaps her most stunning music video yet '' and hailed the visuals as `` eye - popping '' . People also called it `` an eye - popper of a video '' , while Billboard agreed on the stunningness of the clip . Writing for Spin , Harley Brown described the video as `` fantastically cinematic '' . The Huffington Post 's Dominique Mosbergen called the music video `` haunting ''. As of October 2017 the video have over 121 million views on YouTube . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Swift first performed the song as part of her `` 1989 Secret Sessions '' for IHeart Radio in New York City , the day 1989 was released in October 2014 . She then performed it in New York City for Good Morning America , on October 30 , 2014 , when she also performed `` Welcome to New York '' and `` Shake It Off . '' On December 3 , 2015 , Swift performed the song on a piano at Australia 's Hamilton Island , where radio channel Nova 96.9 hosted a small performance featuring the singer and a few of her fans . She also played a piano rendition of `` Out of the Woods '' at The Grammy Museum , where she did an acoustic performance to celebrate her attendance record breaking exhibit , on September 30 , 2015 . Swift also performed the song as the opening act to the 58th Annual Grammy Awards on February 15 , 2016 . The song was also a regular part of her setlist for the 1989 World Tour and was the penultimate song sung on the show each night . Ryan Adams recorded a soft rock cover of `` Out of the Woods '' for his album 1989 . Yahoo ! writer Oscar Gracey said that Adams ' cover `` makes us want to hike through a forest , find a clearing , and mourn the relationships that did n't quite work out . '' Credits and personnel ( edit ) Taylor Swift -- lead vocals , writer , producer Jack Antonoff -- writer , producer , background vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , keyboards , bass , drums Max Martin -- vocal production Laura Sisk -- recording Brendan Morawski -- assistant recording Sam Holland -- recording Serban Ghenea -- mixing John Hanes -- engineered for mix Tom Coyne -- mastering Credits are adapted from liner notes of 1989 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 64 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 50 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 13 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 9 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 France ( SNEP ) 70 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 37 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 43 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 48 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 136 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 14 , 2014 Digital download Big Machine Italy February 5 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal See also ( edit ) Taylor Swift portal List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( Canada ) List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( U.S. ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Release as a promotional single . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Inocencio , Marc ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Unveils New Song ' Out Of The Woods ' off ' 1989 ' Album : Listen '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Emilee ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Next Single ' Out Of The Woods ' Is On Its Way : Get The Deets '' . MTV . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods Radiodate '' . radioairplay.fm . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Emilee ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Listen To Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Clip As She Explains The ' Frantic Anxiety ' Of A Relationship '' . MTV . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Has Arrived ... with Lyrics : Listen '' . Billboard . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Song Confirmed A Break Up Song : ' This song is about the fragility and breakable nature of some relationships . '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Previews ' Out Of The Woods , ' New Track Out Tuesday : Listen '' . Billboard . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Taylor Swift created ' Out of the Woods ' '' . USA Today . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift releases Out of the Woods music video on New Year 's Eve '' . The Guardian . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Wears Catsuit to Perform ' Out of the Woods ' at Grammys 2016 '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen To Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Clip As She Explains The ' Frantic Anxiety ' Of A Relationship '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the week : Taylor Swift gets frantic in ' Woods ' '' . USA TODAY . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anna Silman ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Listen to Taylor Swift 's ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Unveils Synth - Heavy ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- 1989 by Taylor Swift '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melissa Block ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` ' Anything That Connects ' : A Conversation With Taylor Swift '' ( Audio upload and transcript ) . NPR . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Sprints Forward on ' Out Of The Woods ' : Song Review '' . Billboard . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roughly 1,989 Words About Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' ! A Track - by - Track Guide '' . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift , 1989 : Track - by - track album review '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Album Review : Taylor Swift 's 1989 - '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Taylor Swift 's Hypnotic New Song ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Time . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goble , Corban . `` The 100 Best Tracks of 2014 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Rules Hot 100 , Ed Sheeran Hits Top 10 , Glen Campbell Returns '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Women Overpower Men , Week 7 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journal of Musical ThingsWeekly Music Sales Report and Analysis : 22 October 2014 '' . A Journal of Musical Things . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erin Strecker ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Video for ' Out of the Woods ' Will Premiere on ' New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allison Takeda ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Premieres ' Out of the Woods ' Music Video on New Year 's Rockin ' Eve : Watch ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's new music video ' Out Of The Woods ' showcases New Zealand video '' . Stuff.co.nz . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brittany Spanos ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift Battle Nature in ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are The Secret Messages Taylor Swift Hid On Her ' 1989 ' Album '' . MTV News . October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Takes on Wolves , Forest Fires , Mud Pits in the `` Out of the Woods '' Music Video `` . Slate . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sblendorio , Peter ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift debuts stunning ' Out of the Woods ' music video '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Debuts ' Out of the Woods ' Music Video '' . People . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Releases ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Billboard . December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Harley ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Flees Wolves in ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Spin . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosbergen , Dominique ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift 's Haunting ' Out Of The Woods ' Music Video '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Teases ' 1989 ' Tour During ' Good Morning America ' Concert '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Taylor Swift Perform Acoustic Versions Of 1989 Hits For 100 Super Fans '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Performs An Acoustic Version Of ' Out Of The Woods ' At The GRAMMY Museum '' . Idolator . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Opened the Grammy Awards With ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Time.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gracey , Oscar ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Adams ' ' 1989 ' : Track By Track '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1989 ( Compact disc liner notes ) . Taylor Swift . Big Machine Records . 2014 . BMRBD0500A . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Taylor Swift . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Taylor Swift . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHART : CLUK Update 8 November 2014 ( wk44 ) '' . zobbel.de . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Taylor Swift . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Taylor Swift . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Taylor Swift . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods -- The Making Of '' on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' 1989 `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' Collaborations `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out_of_the_Woods_(song)&oldid=807291732 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2016 singles Big Machine Records singles Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Ryan Adams songs Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Taylor Swift Synthpop songs Taylor Swift songs Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who directed taylor swift out of the woods	[ "The accompanying music video directed by Joseph Kahn premiered on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on ABC on December 31, 2015.[31] It marked Swift's and Kahn's fourth collaboration in 1989 following \"Blank Space\", \"Bad Blood\" and \"Wildest Dreams\".[32] The video was filmed on location in New Zealand in the mountains of Queenstown and on Bethells Beach.[33] During the filming, a severe storm struck, causing trees to fall around them. After evacuating, filming resumed a week later.[34]" ]	[ "Joseph Kahn" ]
7263004073304146810	Tuesdays with Morrie	Tuesdays with Morrie - wikipedia Tuesdays with Morrie This article is about the book . For the film , see Tuesdays with Morrie ( film ) . Tuesdays with Morrie Author Mitch Albom Country United States Language English Genre Biographical , Philosophical novel , Memoir Publisher Doubleday Publication date Media type Print Hardcover , Paperback Pages 192 ISBN 0 - 385 - 48451 - 8 OCLC 36130729 Dewey Decimal 378.1 / 2 / 092 B 21 LC Class LD571. B418 S383 1997 Tuesdays with Morrie is a memoir by American writer Mitch Albom . The story was later recreated by Thomas Rickman into a TV movie of the same name directed by Mick Jackson , which aired on December 5 , 1999 and starred Hank Azaria . The book topped the New York Times Non-Fiction Bestsellers of 2000 . However , according to Amazon , this title is listed under fiction , biographical fiction , philosophical fiction , and memoir . An unabridged audiobook was also published , narrated by Albom himself . The appendix of the audiobook contains several minutes of excerpts from the audio recordings Albom made in his conversations with Morrie Schwartz in preparation for writing the book . In 2007 , the 10th anniversary of the book 's publishing , a new edition with an afterword by Mitch Albom was released . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Important Figures 3 Themes 4 Adaptations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Newspaper sports columnist Mitch Albom recounts the time spent with his 78 - year - old sociology professor , Morrie Schwartz , at Brandeis University , who was dying from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) . Albom , a former student of Schwartz , had not corresponded with him since attending his college classes 16 years earlier . The first three chapters incorporate an ambiguous introduction to the final conversation between Albom and Schwartz , a brief flashback to Albom 's graduation , and an account of the events Albom experienced between graduation and the reunion with his professor . The name Morrie comes from its meaning in Hebrew ( mori מורי ) , which means `` my teacher . '' Albom is a successful sports columnist for the Detroit Free Press despite his childhood dream of being a pianist . After seeing Schwartz on Nightline , Albom called Schwartz , who remembered his former pupil despite the lapse of 16 years . Albom was prompted to travel from Michigan to Massachusetts to visit Schwartz . A newspaper strike frees Albom to commute weekly , on Tuesdays , to visit with Schwartz . The resulting book is based on these fourteen Tuesdays they meet , supplemented with Schwartz 's lectures and life experiences and interspersed with flashbacks and allusions to contemporary events . Important figures ( edit ) Mitch Albom , is the author of Tuesdays With Morrie and serves as one of the main characters for the novel . Within the novel , Albom is a writer for a sports column in the Detroit Free Press and possess a Masters in Journalism . The book 's main story revolves around his rediscovery of his old college professor , Morrie Schwartz , through an episode of Nightline . After reconnecting with his old teacher , he finds himself Morrie 's pupil once again as the latter passes teachings of life , death , to Mitch . Morrie Schwartz was a professor of sociology at Brandeis University and a previous teacher of Albom during the latter 's college years . He is the main character within the story . After falling out of contact , Morrie is diagnosed with ALS and finds himself in deteriorating health . He later makes an appearance on Nightline , gaining national attention and reconnecting with Albom . Morrie once again serves as Albom 's teacher , this time , imparting wisdom about the happenings of life and death . Morrie eventually passes away from the terminal disease , but the impact of his final lesson is still relevant today through Albom 's writings . Themes ( edit ) Tuesdays With Morrie examines the interactions and phenomena between the human experience of living and dying . A theme of personal transcendence appears for both characters : Morrie and Albom . This transformation is experienced by both characters through Morrie 's deteriorating health . Morrie shows us the value of retaining dignity in the face of death ; that love is the most valuable thing we can offer to each other . For readers , this allows a casual avenue for learning about the dying process ; learning `` that not all stories end happily with a person going into remission and thus avoiding death . Rather , dying and death are natural processes and need to be acknowledged for what they are -- natural events . '' The role that culture plays in the development of happiness within our lives is also examined within the novel . Morrie remarks that we often see ourselves as dissimilar to each other , rather than similar . He goes on to promote the value of investing in people rather than material objects . Adaptations ( edit ) A 1999 TV movie of the same name was released . It was directed by Mick Jackson , written by Thomas Rickman , and executive produced by Oprah Winfrey . The movie premiered on December 5 , 1999 on the ABC Network and starred Jack Lemmon as Morrie and Hank Azaria as Mitch . This was one of Lemmon 's final performances before his death in 2001 . On November 19 , 2002 , the book was adapted as a stage play that opened Off Broadway at the Minetta Lane Theatre . Co-authored by Mitch Albom and Jeffrey Hatcher ( Three Viewings ) and directed by David Esbjornson ( The Goat or Who Is Sylvia ? ) . Tuesdays with Morrie starred Alvin Epstein as Morrie and Jon Tenney as Mitch ; it met with positive reviews . See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Five People You Meet in Heaven For One More Day The Last Lecture Have a Little Faith References ( edit ) Jump up ^ de Botton , Alain ( November 23 , 1997 ) . `` Continuing Ed '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesdays with Morrie '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Tuesdays with Morrie : An Old Man , a Young Man , and Life 's Greatest Lesson '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ Teeling , D. ( n.d. ) . Character List & Analysis . Retrieved November 02 , 2017 , from http://morrieschwartz.weebly.com/character-list--analysis.html Jump up ^ Teeling , D. ( n.d. ) . Character List & Analysis . Retrieved November 02 , 2017 , from http://morrieschwartz.weebly.com/character-list--analysis.html Jump up ^ `` Tuesdays with Morrie : An Old Man , a Young Man , and Life 's Greatest Lesson '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ Masters , J.L. ( 2003 ) . THURSDAYS WITH MORRIE : THE USE OF CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE IN A DEATH AND DYING COURSE . Omega : Journal Of Death & Dying , 47 ( 3 ) , 245 - 252 . Jump up ^ `` CNN - Books : Reviews - '' Tuesdays with Morrie '' - May 6 , 1998 `` . www.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://curtainupcom.siteprotect.net/tuesdayswithmorrie.html External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTuesdays with Morrieat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Tuesdays with Morrie at the Internet Book List Summary and analysis of Tuesdays with Morrie at Sparknotes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuesdays_with_Morrie&oldid=841868823 '' Categories : 1997 novels American novels adapted into films Biographical novels Brandeis University Films based on non-fiction books Novels set in Massachusetts American philosophical novels Self - help books English - language novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Русский کوردی Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 16 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what did morrie and mitch talk about on the third tuesday	[]	[]
-6110282692696639704	The Great Gatsby (2013 film)	The Great Gatsby ( 2013 film ) - wikipedia The Great Gatsby ( 2013 film ) The Great Gatsby Theatrical release poster Directed by Baz Luhrmann Produced by Lucy Fisher Catherine Knapman Baz Luhrmann Catherine Martin Douglas Wick Screenplay by Baz Luhrmann Craig Pearce Based on The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Tobey Maguire Carey Mulligan Joel Edgerton Isla Fisher Elizabeth Debicki Jason Clarke Amitabh Bachchan Music by Craig Armstrong Cinematography Simon Duggan Edited by Jason Ballantine Jonathan Redmond Matt Villa Production company Village Roadshow Pictures Bazmark Productions A&E Television Red Wagon Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( United States ) Roadshow Entertainment ( Australia ) Release date May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) ( New York City ) May 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) ( United States ) May 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) ( Australia ) Running time 142 minutes Country Australia United States Language English Budget $105 -- 190 million Box office $353.6 million The Great Gatsby is a 2013 American romantic drama film based on F. Scott Fitzgerald 's 1925 novel of the same name . The film was co-written and directed by Baz Luhrmann and stars Leonardo DiCaprio as the eponymous Jay Gatsby , with Tobey Maguire , Carey Mulligan , Joel Edgerton , Isla Fisher and Elizabeth Debicki . Production began in 2011 and took place in Australia , with a $105 million net production budget . The film follows the life and times of billionaire Jay Gatsby and his neighbor Nick Carraway ( Tobey Maguire ) , who recounts his encounter with Gatsby at the height of the Roaring Twenties on Long Island . The film polarized critics , receiving both praise and criticism for its acting performances , soundtrack , visual style , and direction . Audiences responded more positively and Fitzgerald 's granddaughter praised the film , stating `` Scott would have been proud . '' As of 2017 , it is Luhrmann 's highest - grossing film , grossing over $353 million worldwide . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film won in both of its nominated categories : Best Production Design and Best Costume Design . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Sets 3.3. 2 Costumes 3.4 Gatsby 's car 4 Release and marketing 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1929 , Nick Carraway , a World War I veteran , is receiving treatment for alcoholism at a psychiatric hospital . He talks about Jay Gatsby , the most hopeful man he had ever met . Nick 's doctor suggests that he writes his thoughts down , since writing is Nick 's passion . In the summer of 1922 , Nick moves from the Midwest to New York after abandoning writing . He rents a small house in the North Shore village of West Egg , next to the mansion of Gatsby , a mysterious business magnate who often holds extravagant parties . One day , while Nick has dinner with his cousin , Daisy Buchanan , and her husband , Tom , he is introduced to Jordan Baker by Daisy , who hopes to make a match between them . When Nick returns home , he sees Gatsby standing on the dock , reaching towards the green light coming from the Buchanan dock . Jordan tells Nick that Tom has a mistress who lives in the `` valley of ashes '' , an industrial dumping site between West Egg and The City . Nick and Tom visit the valley and stop at a garage owned by George Wilson and his wife , Myrtle , Tom 's mistress . Later , Nick receives an invitation to one of Gatsby 's parties . Upon arrival , Nick learns he is the only one to receive an invitation and none of the guests have ever met Gatsby . Nick encounters Jordan , and both meet Gatsby . Gatsby offers Nick a ride to town for lunch . On the way , Gatsby tells Nick he is an Oxford graduate and war hero from a wealthy Midwestern family . They go to a speakeasy , where Gatsby introduces Nick to his business partner , Meyer Wolfsheim . Jordan tells Nick that Gatsby had a relationship with Daisy years ago and is still in love with her , and that Gatsby threw parties in the hopes that Daisy would attend . Gatsby asks Nick to invite Daisy to tea . After an awkward reunion , Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair . Gatsby is dismayed when Daisy wants to run away with him and wants her to get a divorce . He asks Nick and Jordan to accompany him to the Buchanan home , where he and Daisy plan to tell Tom that Daisy is leaving him . During the luncheon , Tom becomes suspicious of Gatsby and Daisy , but Daisy stops Gatsby from revealing anything to Tom and suggests they all go to the Plaza Hotel . Tom drives Nick and Jordan in Gatsby 's car , while Gatsby drives Daisy in Tom 's car . Tom stops for gas at George 's garage , where George tells him that he and Myrtle are moving and that he suspects Myrtle is unfaithful . At the Plaza , Gatsby tells Tom of his affair with Daisy . Tom accuses Gatsby of having never attended Oxford and having made his fortune through bootlegging with mobsters . Daisy says she loves Gatsby but can not bring herself to say she never loved Tom . Eventually , both Gatsby and Daisy leave . After fighting with George over her infidelity , Myrtle runs into the street and is fatally struck by Gatsby 's car after mistaking it for Tom 's . After learning about Myrtle 's death , Tom tells George that the car belongs to Gatsby and that he suspects Gatsby was Myrtle 's lover . Nick deduces Daisy was the driver , and she was the killer too . Nick overhears Daisy accepting Tom 's promise to take care of everything , but he does not tell Gatsby . Gatsby admits to Nick that he was born penniless ; his real name is James Gatz , and he had asked Daisy to wait for him until he had made something of himself . The next day , Gatsby hears the phone ringing and thinks it is Daisy . Before he can answer it , he is shot and killed by a vengeful George , who then commits suicide . Nick is the only person other than reporters to attend Gatsby 's funeral , as Daisy and Tom are leaving New York . The media paints Gatsby as Myrtle 's lover and killer . Disgusted with both the city and its inhabitants , Nick leaves after taking a final walk through Gatsby 's deserted mansion and reflecting on Gatsby 's ability to hope . In the sanatorium , Nick finishes typing his memoir , titling it The Great Gatsby . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio as Jay Gatsby , a famous billionaire who hosts wild parties at his house in the hope that Daisy will show up . Tobey Maguire as Nick Carraway , a would - be writer who is also Gatsby 's neighbor and friend . He is the narrator of this movie . Carey Mulligan as Daisy Buchanan , Gatsby 's former lover , Tom 's wife and Nick 's cousin . Emily Foreman as Pamela `` Pammy '' Buchanan Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan , Upper class socialite who hates Gatsby because of his new money status and relationship with Daisy Elizabeth Debicki as Jordan Baker , Golf athlete and Daisy 's best friend Isla Fisher as Myrtle Wilson , Tom 's mistress and ambitious social climber Jason Clarke as George Wilson , owner of garage in Valley of Ashes Amitabh Bachchan as Meyer Wolfsheim , a gambler who met Gatsby in 1919 . Jack Thompson as Dr. Walter Perkins Adelaide Clemens as Catherine Callan McAuliffe as Young Jay Gatsby Richard Carter as Herzog Max Cullen as Owl Eyes Heather Mitchell as Daisy 's mother Gus Murray as Teddy Barton Steve Bisley as Dan Cody Vince Colosimo as Michaelis Felix Williamson as Henri Kate Mulvany as Mrs. Mckee Eden Falk as Chester Mckee Nick Jantz as Robert Stellenbosh iOTA as Trimalchio Brendan Maclean as Ewing Klipspringer Kahlia and Karinna Greksa as The Twins Blake Hatton as Rowdy Boy # 1 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Prior to this version , there had already been an opera and numerous other dramatic adaptations of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's acclaimed 1925 novel of the same name . In December 2008 , Variety reported that this film adaptation was to be made with Baz Luhrmann as director . Luhrmann stated that he planned it to be more up - to - date due to its theme of criticizing the often irresponsible lifestyles of wealthy people . To commit to the project , in September 2010 Luhrmann moved with his family from Australia to Chelsea in Lower Manhattan , where he had intended to film The Great Gatsby . While Luhrmann was at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011 , he told The Hollywood Reporter that he had been workshopping The Great Gatsby in 3D , though he had not yet decided whether to shoot in the format . In late January 2011 , Luhrmann showed doubt about staying on board with the project , before deciding to stay . In 2010 , it was reported that the film was being set up by Sony Pictures Entertainment but by 2011 , Warner Bros. was close to acquiring a deal to finance and take worldwide distribution of The Great Gatsby . Casting ( edit ) From left to right : Joel Edgerton and director Baz Luhrmann , Elizabeth Debicki , Carey Mulligan , Tobey Maguire , and producer and designer Catherine Martin at the premiere of The Great Gatsby in Sydney , May 22 , 2013 Luhrmann said the results from the movie 's workshop process of auditioning actors for roles in The Great Gatsby had been `` very encouraging '' to him . Leonardo DiCaprio was cast first , in the title role of Jay Gatsby . It is the second time Luhrmann and DiCaprio worked together ; DiCaprio costarred in Luhrmann 's Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) . Tobey Maguire was cast to play Nick Carraway . Reports linked Amanda Seyfried to the lead role of Daisy Buchanan , in October 2010 . The next month Deadline Hollywood reported that Luhrmann had been auditioning numerous actresses , including Keira Knightley , Rebecca Hall , Amanda Seyfried , Blake Lively , Abbie Cornish , Michelle Williams and Scarlett Johansson , as well as considering Natalie Portman , for Daisy . Soon afterward , with her commitment to Cameron Crowe 's We Bought a Zoo ( 2011 ) , Johansson pulled out . On November 15 , Luhrmann announced that Carey Mulligan had been cast to play Daisy after reading for the part on 2 November in New York . She got the role shortly after Luhrmann showed her audition footage to Sony Pictures Entertainment executives Amy Pascal and Doug Belgrad , who were impressed by the actress ' command of the character . Mulligan burst into tears after learning of her casting via a phone call from Luhrmann , who informed her of his decision while she was on the red carpet at an event in New York . Luhrmann said : `` I was privileged to explore the character with some of the world 's most talented actresses , each one bringing their own particular interpretation , all of which were legitimate and exciting . However , specific to this particular production of The Great Gatsby , I was thrilled to pick up the phone an hour ago to the young Oscar - nominated British actress Carey Mulligan and say to her : ' Hello , Daisy Buchanan . ' '' In April , Ben Affleck was in talks about playing the role of Tom Buchanan but had to pass due to a scheduling conflict with Argo ( 2012 ) . Several weeks later , Affleck was replaced by Joel Edgerton . Bradley Cooper had previously lobbied for the part and Luke Evans was a major contender . Isla Fisher was cast to play Myrtle Wilson . Australian newcomer Elizabeth Debicki won the part of Jordan Baker , right after graduating from Victorian College of the Arts . While casting for the supporting role of Jordan , the filmmaker said the character must be `` as thoroughly examined as Daisy , for this production , for this time '' , adding , `` It 's like Olivier 's Hamlet was the right Hamlet for his time . Who would Hamlet be today ? Same with a Jordan or a Daisy '' . In June 2011 , Jason Clarke was cast as George B. Wilson . Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan makes a cameo appearance as Meyer Wolfshiem ; this was his first Hollywood role . Filming ( edit ) St Patrick 's Seminary in Manly , New South Wales was used as Gatsby 's mansion . Palm trees had to be digitally removed in post-production to convey a faithfulness to the Long Island setting . The Great Gatsby was planned to be filmed in the New York City area where the novel is set , starting in June 2011 . The director instead opted to shoot principal photography in Sydney . Filming began on September 5 , 2011 , at Fox Studios Australia and finished on December 22 , 2011 , with additional shots filmed in January 2012 . The film was shot with Red Epic digital cameras and Zeiss Ultra Prime lenses . The `` Valley of Ashes '' , the desolate land located between West Egg and New York was shot in Balmain , New South Wales and Manly Business School in Manly -- known as Saint Patrick 's Seminary -- doubled as Gatsby 's mansion . Nick 's house was located in Centennial Park . Sets ( edit ) Beacon Towers in 1922 , during the period that Fitzgerald would have known it In creating the background scenery for the world depicted in the film , designer Catherine Martin stated that the team styled the interior sets of Jay Gatsby 's mansion with gilded opulence , in a style that blended establishment taste with Art Deco . The long - destroyed Beacon Towers , thought by scholars to have partially inspired Fitzgerald 's Jay Gatsby estate , was used as a main inspiration for Gatsby 's home in the film . The filming for the exterior of Jay Gatsby 's mansion was the college building of the International College of Management , Sydney , Some inspiration was also drawn from other Gold Coast , Long Island , mansions , including Oheka Castle and La Selva Mansion . Features evoking the Long Island mansions were added in post-production . Inspiration for the Buchanan estate came from Old Westbury Gardens in Old Westbury , New York . The inspiration for the film version of the Buchanan estate came from Old Westbury Gardens . The mansion exterior was built on a soundstage , with digital enhancements added . The interior sets for the Buchanan mansion were inspired by the style of Hollywood Regency . The home of Nick Carraway was conceived as an intimate cottage , in contrast with the grandeur of the neighboring Gatsby mansion . Objects chosen adhered to a central theme of what the designers saw as classic Long Island . The architecture conjures American Arts and Crafts , with Gustav Stickley - type furnishings inside and an Adirondack - style swing out . The opening scene was filmed from Rivendell Child , Adolescent and Family Unit in Concord , Sydney , only a few kilometres from Sydney 2000 Olympic Stadium . Costumes ( edit ) Many apparel designers were approached in collaboration of the film 's costumes . The Great Gatsby achieved the iconic 1920s look by altering pieces from the Prada and Miu Miu fashion archives . Martin also collaborated with Brooks Brothers for the costumes worn by the male cast members and extras . Tiffany & Co. provided the jewelry for the film . Catherine Martin and Miuccia Prada were behind the wardrobe and worked closely together to create pieces with `` the European flair that was emerging amongst the aristocratic East Coast crowds in the 1920s '' . Costume historians of the period , however , said that the costumes were not authentic , but instead modernized the 1920s - era fashions to look more like modern fashions . Most prominently , the women were clothed to emphasize their breasts , such as Daisy 's push - up bra , in contrast to the flat - chested fashions of the era . While the book was set in 1922 , the movie included fashions from the entire decade of the 1920s and even the 1930s . Many of the fashions from archives were concepts from runways and fashion magazines that were never worn by women in real life . Martin says that she took the styles of the 1920s and made them sexier and was trying to interpret 1920s styles for a modern audience . Alice Jurow , of the Art Deco Society of California , said that she loved the movie , but most of their members prefer more period - perfect films . The men 's costumes were more authentic , except that the pants were too tight . Gatsby 's car ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio alongside the 1929 Duesenberg J Although Gatsby 's car in the novel was a Rolls - Royce ( most likely a Silver Ghost ) , the film 's version was a Duesenberg . Both the novel and the film are clearly stated to be set in 1922 , yet the Duesenberg Model J used in the film was actually first introduced in 1929 . Release and marketing ( edit ) Originally scheduled for a December 25 , 2012 release , on August 6 , 2012 , it was reported that the film was being moved to a summer 2013 release date . In September 2012 , this date was confirmed to be May 10 , 2013 . The film opened the 66th Cannes Film Festival on May 15 , 2013 , shortly following its wide release in RealD 3D and 2D formats . The first trailer for The Great Gatsby was released on May 22 , 2012 , almost a year before the film 's release . Songs featured in various trailers include : `` No Church in the Wild '' by Jay - Z and Kanye West ; a cover of U2 's `` Love Is Blindness '' performed by Jack White ; a cover of The Turtles ' `` Happy Together '' by the band Filter ; a cover of Amy Winehouse 's `` Back to Black '' performed by André 3000 and Beyoncé ; `` Young and Beautiful '' performed by Lana Del Rey ; and two songs , `` Bedroom Hymns '' and `` Over the Love '' , performed by Florence and the Machine . On April 15 , 2013 , Brooks Brothers premiered `` The Gatsby Collection '' , a line of men 's clothing , shoes and accessories `` inspired by the costumes designed by Catherine Martin for Baz Luhrmann 's The Great Gatsby '' . According to Fashion Weekly , `` The looks were n't simply based on 1920s style : the new duds were designed based on the brand 's actual archives ( ... ) Brooks Brothers was one of the initial arbiters of Gatsby - era look . The actual costumes , designed by Catherine Martin , will be on display in select Brooks Brothers boutiques . '' On April 17 , 2013 , Tiffany & Co. unveiled windows at its Fifth Avenue flagship store `` inspired by '' Luhrmann 's film and created in collaboration with Luhrmann and costumer Catherine Martin . The jewelry store also premiered `` The Great Gatsby Collection '' line of jewelry designed in anticipation of the film . The collection comprises 7 pieces : a brooch , a headpiece ( both reportedly based on archival Tiffany designs ) , a necklace and four different rings , including one in platinum with a 5.25 - carat diamond , priced at US $875,000 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film Released on May 7 , the film 's soundtrack is also available in a deluxe edition ; a Target exclusive release also features three extra tracks . The film score was executive - produced by Jay - Z and The Bullitts . Penned by Lana Del Rey and the film 's director , Baz Luhrmann , the song `` Young and Beautiful '' was released to contemporary hit radio as a single , and was used as the film 's buzz single . A snippet of the track appeared in the official trailer for the film and played during the scene where the characters portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan express their romantic feelings for one another . Hip hop magazine Rap - Up called the single `` haunting '' , while MTV called it `` somber - sounding '' . The track performed by Florence and the Machine , `` Over the Love '' , references the `` green light '' symbol from the novel in its lyrics . Chris Payne of Billboard praised Beyoncé and André 3000 's cover of `` Back to Black '' , made unique with a downtempo EDM wobble . The xx recorded `` Together '' for the film , with Jamie Smith telling MTV that the band 's contribution to the soundtrack sounds like `` despair '' , and revealing that it utilizes a 60 - piece orchestra . Speaking of his goals for the movie 's musical backdrop , Baz Luhrmann expressed his desire to blend the music of the Jazz Age , associated with the 1922 setting of the story , with a modern spin . Much like his modern twists applied in Moulin Rouge ! and Romeo + Juliet , Baz uses the movie 's music not as a background , but instead prominently in the foreground , which takes on a character of its own . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Great Gatsby grosses $144.8 million in North America , and $208.8 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $353.6 million . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $58.6 million . In North America , The Great Gatsby earned US $19.4 million on its opening Friday , including US $3.25 million from Thursday night and midnight shows . It went on to finish in second place , behind Iron Man 3 , during its opening weekend , with US $51.1 million . This was the sixth - largest opening weekend for a film that did not debut in first place , the second largest opening weekend for a film starring Leonardo DiCaprio behind Inception , and Luhrmann 's highest - grossing movie . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 49 % based on 275 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While certainly ambitious -- and every bit as visually dazzling as one might expect -- Baz Luhrmann 's The Great Gatsby emphasizes visual splendor at the expense of its source material 's vibrant heart . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 55 out of 100 , based on reviews from 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by the market research firm CinemaScore gave an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal felt the elaborate production designs were a misfire and likened the film to the Roaring Twenties themselves as Fitzgerald envisioned and criticized them , stating that what is `` intractably wrong with the film is that there 's no reality to heighten ; it 's a spectacle in search of a soul . '' The Chicago Reader review felt `` Luhrmann is exactly the wrong person to adapt such a delicately rendered story , and his 3D feature plays like a ghastly Roaring 20s blowout at a sorority house . '' In The Atlantic , Christopher Orr observed that `` The problem is that when the movie is entertaining it 's not Gatsby , and when it 's Gatsby it 's not entertaining . '' The positive reviews included A.O. Scott of The New York Times , who felt the adaptation was `` a lot of fun '' and `` less a conventional movie adaptation than a splashy , trashy opera , a wayward , lavishly theatrical celebration of the emotional and material extravagance that Fitzgerald surveyed with fascinated ambivalence '' ; Scott advised `` the best way to enjoy the film is to put aside whatever literary agenda you are tempted to bring with you . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe reserved special praise for DiCaprio 's performance , saying `` magnificent is the only word to describe this performance -- the best movie Gatsby by far , superhuman in his charm and connections , the host of revels beyond imagining , and at his heart an insecure fraud whose hopes are pinned to a woman . '' The Scene Magazine gave the movie a `` B - '' rating , and praised the actors ' performances , in particular saying that `` the stand - out actor is Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan doing an excellent job of showing the character 's gruffness , despite the one - dimensionality given to him '' . A granddaughter of Fitzgerald praised the style and music of the film . Tobey Maguire 's role as Nick was given mixed reviews from critics , with Philip French of The Guardian calling him `` miscast or misdirected ; '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post saying `` Tobey Maguire is his usual recessive presence , barely registering as either a dynamic part of the events he describes or their watchful witness ; '' and Elizabeth Weitzman of The New York Daily News saying despite `` the wry - observational skills needed for Nick 's Midwestern decency '' , the character is `` directed toward a wide - eyed , one - note performance '' . Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail was more positive of Maguire 's character , saying `` our narrator , ( is ) prone to his occasionally purple rhetoric . But that imposed conceit , the image of a talented depressive writing from inside the bauble of his imagination , seems to validate his inflated prose and , better yet , lets us re-appreciate its inherent poetry . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Academy Awards March 2 , 2014 Best Production Design Catherine Martin ( Art Direction ) ; Beverley Dunn ( Set Decoration ) Won Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Won AACTA Awards January 30 , 2014 Best Film Baz Luhrmann , Catherine Martin , Douglas Wick , Lucy Fisher , and Catherine Knapman Won Best Direction Baz Luhrmann Won Best Adapted Screenplay Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce Won Best Actor in a Leading Role Leonardo DiCaprio Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Carey Mulligan Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Joel Edgerton Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role Elizabeth Debicki Won Isla Fisher Nominated Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Won Best Editing Matt Villa , Jason Ballantine , and Jonathan Redmond Won Best Original Music Score Craig Armstrong Won Best Sound Wayne Pashley , Jenny Ward , Fabian Sanjurjo , Steve Maslow , Phil Heywood , and Guntis Sics Won Best Production Design Catherine Martin , Karen Murphy , Ian Gracie , and Beverley Dunn Won Best Costume Design Catherine Martin , Silvana Azzi Heras , and Kerry Thompson Won AACTA International Awards January 10 , 2014 Best Supporting Actor Joel Edgerton Nominated Best Direction Baz Luhrmann Nominated Art Directors Guild February 8 , 2014 Excellence in Production Design -- Period Film Catherine Martin Won British Academy Film Awards February 16 , 2014 Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Won Best Make - up and Hair Maurizio Silvi , Kerry Warn Nominated Best Production Design Catherine Martin , Beverley Dunn Won Costume Designers Guild February 22 , 2014 Excellence in Period Film Catherine Martin Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 16 , 2014 Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Won Best Production Design Catherine Martin , Beverley Dunn Won Best Song `` Young and Beautiful '' - Lana Del Rey Nominated Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association January 21 , 2014 Campy Flick of the Year Nominated Visually Striking Film of the Year Nominated Empire Awards March 30 , 2014 Best Female Newcomer Elizabeth Debicki Nominated Grammy Awards January 26 , 2014 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Song Written For Visual Media Young and Beautiful Music by Lana Del Rey and Rick Nowels , Lyrics by Lana Del Rey Nominated Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media Craig Armstrong Nominated International 3D Society 's Creative Arts Awards January 28 , 2014 Outstanding Live Action 3D Feature Film Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards February 16 , 2014 Best Sound Editing : Music Score in a Feature Film Jason Ruder Won Satellite Awards February 23 , 2014 Best Art Direction and Production Design Catherine Martin ( Art Direction ) ; Beverley Dunn ( Set Decoration ) Won Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Nominated Best Original Song Young and Beautiful Music by Lana Del Rey and Rick Nowels , Lyrics by Lana Del Rey Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 14 , 2013 Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Nominated Best Art Direction Won Best Soundtrack Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 12 , 2014 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture Chris Godfrey , Prue Fletcher and Joyce Cox Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 9 , 2013 Best Director Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Art Direction Catherine Martin and Beverley Dunn Won Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Nominated Young Artist Awards May 4 , 2014 Best Supporting Young Actor in a Feature Film Callan McAuliffe Won See also ( edit ) Film portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Other film adaptations of The Great Gatsby include : The Great Gatsby ( 1926 film ) , a silent film starring Warner Baxter and Lois Wilson The Great Gatsby ( 1949 film ) , starring Alan Ladd and Betty Field The Great Gatsby ( 1974 film ) , starring Robert Redford and Mia Farrow The Great Gatsby ( 2000 film ) , a TV film starring Toby Stephens and Mira Sorvino , and Paul Rudd as Nick Carraway G , a loosely adapted hip hop musical starring Richard T. Jones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE GREAT GATSBY ( 12A ) '' . Warner Brothers Entertainment UK Ltd . British Board of Film Classification . April 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Feature Film Production Report '' ( PDF ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Feature Film Production Report '' ( PDF ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby -- In Theaters May 10 '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore Gets ' A ' From Studios , Especially When It Counters Critics '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ Kendall , Mary Claire ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` Loving ' Gatsby ' All About ' Living Fitzgerald ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Jones , Michael ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann eyes ' Great Gatsby ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Films of the 1960s & 1970s '' . Cinema Retro . December 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baz to make ' Gatsby ' choice '' . New York Post . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann might shoot `` Great Gatsby '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Is Baz Luhrmann Reconsidering Doing The Great Gatsby ? '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Flemming , Mike ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Baz Casting Wider Daisy Net For ' Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Warner Bros. Nearing Deal To Acquire Baz Luhrmann 's ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann Tells Deadline : Carey Mulligan Is My Daisy Buchanan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flores , Ramses ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio , Tobey Maguire , and Amanda Seyfried to Possibly Star in THE GREAT GATSBY '' . Collider . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Carey Mulligan Now the Front - runner to Play Daisy in Baz Luhrmann 's Great Gatsby '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ben Affleck out of ' The Great Gatsby ' ... so who will be in ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Joel Edgerton Gets Tom Buchanan Role In ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Edgerton , Evans up for key role in Luhrmann 's `` Gatsby '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Isla Fisher in Talks to Join Baz Luhrmann 's ' Great Gatsby ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Newcomer Elizabeth Debicki To Play Jordan Baker In ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann casts VCA graduate Elizabeth Debicki in ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Faculty Of VCA & MCM . University of Melbourne . May 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann 's Great Gatsby update : He 's now casting Jordan , he 'll reveal his research reading list on his website '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Chicago Code star joins Gatsby '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Barney ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Bollywood legend Amitabh Bachchan to make Hollywood debut in The Great Gatsby '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Attwooll , Jolyon ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` The real Great Gatsby locations '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bulbeck , Pip ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann 's $125 Million ' The Great Gatsby ' Begins Production in Sydney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bulleck , Pip ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann to Shoot ' Great Gatsby ' in Sydney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heuring , David ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Jazz Age '' . HDVideoPro . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Whitlock , Cathy ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Designer Catherine Martin Teases the Decadence of Baz Luhrmann 's ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Randall , Mónica ( 2003 ) . The Mansions of Long Island 's Gold Coast . Rizzoli . pp. 275 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 2649 - 0 . Jump up ^ Casey , Marcus ; Van Den Broeke , Leigh ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Manly man Leonardo DiCaprio unmoved by decadence '' . news.com.au . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldfarb , Brad ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` The Sets of The Great Gatsby '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hix , Lisa ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Did Hollywood Give the 1920s a Boob Job ? ' Gatsby ' Costume Designer Tells All '' . Collectors Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Warner Bros. Moves ' Great Gatsby ' to Summer 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Great Gatsby to kick off Cannes Film Festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , David ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` First Trailer for THE GREAT GATSBY Starring Leonardo DiCaprio , Tobey Maguire , and Carey Mulligan '' . Collider . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , August ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Gatsby ' soundtrack to feature Jay - Z , Lana del Rey , The xx and more '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , Jonathan ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Brooks Brothers ' New Gatsby Collection '' . Esquire . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks Brothers ' Great Gatsby - Inspired Collection Puts On The Ritz '' . Daily Front Row. April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany 's unveils `` The Great Gatsby '' windows `` . CBS News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Folan , Kerry ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Behold Tiffany & Co. 's Opulent Gatsby - Themed Jewelry Collection '' . Racked . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Age Glamour '' . Tiffany & Co . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Chris ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce , Lana Del Rey , Florence Music Featured In New ' Great Gatsby ' Trailer '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Jay - Z , The Bullitts to Score ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lazerine , Devin . `` Jay - Z Calls on Beyoncé , André 3000 , Fergie , & Lana Del Rey for ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack '' . Rap - Up . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Markman , Rob ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack Boasts Big Names Jay - Z , Beyonce And Lana Del Rey : Fourteen - song soundtrack also includes the likes of Florence and the Machine , will.i.am and Gotye '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muller , Marissa G . `` The xx 's Jamie Smith on His Solo Project , New Drake Beats and ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . MTV Hive . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lilah , Rose ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tracklist For `` The Great Gatsby '' Soundtrack Features New Music From Jay - Z , Beyonce , Andre 3000 & More ( Update : Listen to Album Snippets ) `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 7 ' Monsters University ' Vs. # 10 ' Thor : The Dark World ' ; # 2 ' Frozen ' Vs. # 15 ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Great Gatsby ' Has Jazzy $19.4 Million Opening Friday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Great Gatsby ' Dazzles With $51.1 Million Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The DiCaprio Show '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann Movie Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Grating ' Gatsby ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , J.R. ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby 3D '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` A Grating Great Gatsby '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Shimmying Off the Literary Mantle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann 's eyepopping vision of Gatsby '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Ellison , Stefan ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby -- Movie Review '' . The Scene Magazine . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Cannes 2013 : Great Gatsby gets thumbs up from F. Scott Fitzgerald 's granddaughter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( May 19 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Ann Hornaday reviews ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Elizabeth ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Great Gatsby ' : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby : A great adaptation of a great novel ( and just shy of a great film ) '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Oscar Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Oscars 2014 Winners : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Announced '' . Art Directors Guild . February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutecki , Jared ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Costume Designers Guild Award nominees '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Critics Choice Awards 2014 : Gravity exerts its force with seven wins '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Among Dorian Award Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2014 Nominations Are Here ! '' . Empire . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 56th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity , ' ' The Great Gatsby ' Among 3D Society 's Noms for Top Live - Action Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Jason ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sound Editors Announce 2013 Golden Reel Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher . `` ' Gravity ' and ' 12 Years a Slave ' lead MPSE Golden Reel Awards nominations '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity ' Tops Visual Effects Society Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . The Young Artist Foundation . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Great Gatsby ( 2013 film ) . Official website The Great Gatsby on IMDb The Great Gatsby at Box Office Mojo The Great Gatsby at Rotten Tomatoes The Great Gatsby at Metacritic The Great Gatsby : novel and film information Baz Luhrmann Film Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Australia ( 2008 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) Television The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Music Something for Everybody `` Everybody 's Free ( To Wear Sunscreen ) '' Related Red Curtain Trilogy No. 5 the Film Strictly Ballroom ( musical ) The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Characters Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Daisy Buchanan Films The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) Other The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film The Great Gatsby ( opera ) Francis Cugat AACTA Award for Best Film 1958 -- 1975 Conquest of the Rivers / Hard to Windward ( 1958 ) Edge of The Deep / The Power Makers ( 1959 ) Three in a Million ( 1960 ) Not awarded ( 1961 ) Bypass to Life / Night Freighter ( 1962 ) The Land That Waited ( 1963 ) The Dancing Class / I , the Aboriginal ( 1964 ) The Legend of Damien Parer / Stronger Since The War ( 1965 ) Concerto for Orchestra ( 1966 ) Cardin in Australia ( 1967 ) The Change at Groote / The Talgai Skull ( 1968 ) Jack and Jill : A Postscript ( 1969 ) Three To Go : Michael ( 1970 ) Homesdale ( 1971 ) Stork ( 1972 ) Libido : The Child / 27A ( 1973 ) Sunday Too Far Away ( 1974 / 75 ) 1976 -- 2000 The Devil 's Playground ( 1976 ) Storm Boy ( 1977 ) Newsfront ( 1978 ) My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) Breaker Morant ( 1980 ) Gallipoli ( 1981 ) Lonely Hearts ( 1982 ) Careful , He Might Hear You ( 1983 ) Annie 's Coming Out ( 1984 ) Bliss ( 1985 ) Malcolm ( 1986 ) The Year My Voice Broke ( 1987 ) The Navigator : A Medieval Odyssey ( 1988 ) Evil Angels ( 1989 ) Flirting ( 1990 ) Proof ( 1991 ) Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) Angel Baby ( 1995 ) Shine ( 1996 ) Kiss or Kill ( 1997 ) The Interview ( 1998 ) Two Hands ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lantana ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence ( 2002 ) Japanese Story ( 2003 ) Somersault ( 2004 ) Look Both Ways ( 2005 ) Ten Canoes ( 2006 ) Romulus , My Father ( 2007 ) The Black Balloon ( 2008 ) Samson and Delilah ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom ( 2010 ) Red Dog ( 2011 ) The Sapphires ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) The Babadook / The Water Diviner ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Lion ( 2017 ) AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score 1975 -- 2000 The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1975 ) Not awarded ( 1976 ) The Picture Show Man -- Peter Best ( 1977 ) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1978 ) Mad Max -- Brian May ( 1979 ) Manganinnie -- Peter Sculthorpe ( 1980 ) Fatty Finn -- Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond ( 1981 ) The Man from Snowy River -- Bruce Rowland ( 1982 ) Phar Lap -- Bruce Rowland ( 1983 ) Street Hero -- Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton ( 1984 ) Rebel -- Ray Cook , Chris Neal , Peter Best , Billy Byers , Bruce Rowland ( 1985 ) Young Einstein -- William Motzing and Martin Armiger ( 1986 ) The Tale of Ruby Rose -- Paul Schütze ( 1987 ) The Lighthorsemen -- Mario Millo ( 1988 ) Dead Calm -- Graeme Revell ( 1989 ) The Big Steal -- Phil Judd ( 1990 ) Dingo -- Michel Legrand and Miles Davis ( 1991 ) Romper Stomper -- John Clifford White ( 1992 ) The Piano -- Michael Nyman ( 1993 ) Traps -- Douglas Stephen Rae ( 1994 ) Hotel Sorrento -- Nerida Tyson - Chew ( 1995 ) Shine -- David Hirschfelder ( 1996 ) Doing Time for Patsy Cline -- Peter Best ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda -- Thomas Newman ( 1998 ) In a Savage Land -- David Bridie ( 1999 ) Bootmen -- Cezary Skubiszewski ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Dish -- Edmund Choi ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence -- Peter Gabriel ( 2002 ) Japanese Story -- Elizabeth Drake ( 2003 ) Somersault -- Decoder Ring ( 2004 ) The Proposition -- Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ( 2005 ) Suburban Mayhem -- Mick Harvey ( 2006 ) The Home Song Stories -- Antony Partos ( 2007 ) Unfinished Sky -- Antony Partos ( 2008 ) Mao 's Last Dancer -- Christopher Gordon ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom -- Antony Partos and Sam Petty ( 2010 ) The Hunter -- Andrew Lancaster , Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales ( 2011 ) Not Suitable for Children -- Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby -- Craig Armstrong ( 2013 ) The Railwayman -- David Hirschfelder ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- Tom Holkenborg ( 2015 ) Tanna -- Antony Partos ( 2016 ) Lion -- Volker Bertelmann and Dustin O'Halloran ( 2017 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 1044644974 VIAF : 305426802 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)&oldid=865631865 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films Films based on The Great Gatsby 2013 3D films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American romantic drama films Australian films Australian drama films Australian romance films Films directed by Baz Luhrmann Historical romance films Films shot in Sydney Village Roadshow Pictures films Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films scored by Craig Armstrong ( composer ) Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 04 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays tom buchanan in the great gatsby 2013	[ "Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan, Upper class socialite who hates Gatsby because of his new money status and relationship with Daisy" ]	[ "Joel Edgerton" ]
-3211652905007879433	List of England national rugby union team results 2010–19	List of England national rugby union team results 2010 -- 19 - wikipedia List of England national rugby union team results 2010 -- 19 See also : List of England national rugby union team tours and series See also : List of England national rugby union team matches Contents ( hide ) 2 2011 3 2012 4 2013 5 2014 6 2015 7 2016 8 2017 9 2018 10 Year Box Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 06 / 02 / 2010 Wales 30 17 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 14 / 02 / 2010 Italy 17 12 Stadio Flaminio , Rome England Six Nations 27 / 02 / 2010 Ireland 16 20 Twickenham , London Ireland Six Nations 13 / 03 / 2010 Scotland 15 15 Murrayfield , Edinburgh draw Six Nations 20 / 03 / 2010 France 10 12 Stade de France , Saint - Denis France Six Nations 12 / 06 / 2010 Australia 17 27 Subiaco Oval , Perth Australia First Test 19 / 06 / 2010 Australia 21 20 ANZ Stadium , Sydney England Second Test 06 / 11 / 2010 New Zealand 16 26 Twickenham , London New Zealand Test Match 13 / 11 / 2010 Australia 35 18 Twickenham , London England Test Match 20 / 11 / 2010 Samoa 26 13 Twickenham , London England Test Match 27 / 11 / 2010 South Africa 11 21 Twickenham , London South Africa Test Match 45.45 % winning rate for 2010 . 2011 ( edit ) Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 04 / 02 / 2011 Wales 26 19 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff England Six Nations 12 / 02 / 2011 Italy 59 13 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 26 / 02 / 2011 France 17 9 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 13 / 03 / 2011 Scotland 22 16 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 19 / 03 / 2011 Ireland 8 24 Aviva Stadium , Dublin Ireland Six Nations 06 / 08 / 2011 Wales 23 19 Twickenham , London England Test Match 13 / 08 / 2011 Wales 9 19 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff Wales Test Match 27 / 08 / 2011 Ireland 20 9 Aviva Stadium , Dublin England Test Match 10 / 09 / 2011 Argentina 13 9 Otago Stadium , Dunedin England 2011 Rugby World Cup 18 / 09 / 2011 Georgia 41 10 Otago Stadium , Dunedin England 2011 Rugby World Cup 24 / 09 / 2011 Romania 67 Otago Stadium , Dunedin England 2011 Rugby World Cup 01 / 10 / 2011 Scotland 16 12 Eden Park , Auckland England 2011 Rugby World Cup 08 / 10 / 2011 France 12 19 Eden Park , Auckland France 2011 Rugby World Cup 76.92 % winning rate for 2011 . 2012 ( edit ) Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 04 / 02 / 2012 Scotland 13 6 Murrayfield , Edinburgh England Six Nations 11 / 02 / 2012 Italy 19 15 Stadio Olimpico , Rome England Six Nations 25 / 02 / 2012 Wales 12 19 Twickenham , London Wales Six Nations 11 / 03 / 2012 France 24 22 Stade de France , Saint - Denis England Six Nations 17 / 03 / 2012 Ireland 30 9 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 09 / 06 / 2012 South Africa 17 22 Kings Park Stadium , Durban South Africa 2012 tour 16 / 06 / 2012 South Africa 27 36 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg South Africa 2012 tour 23 / 06 / 2012 South Africa 14 14 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth draw 2012 tour 10 / 11 / 2012 Fiji 54 12 Twickenham , London England Test match 17 / 11 / 2012 Australia 14 20 Twickenham , London Australia Test match 24 / 11 / 2012 South Africa 15 16 Twickenham , London South Africa Test match 01 / 12 / 2012 New Zealand 38 21 Twickenham , London England Test match 50 % winning rate for 2012 . 2013 ( edit ) Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 02 / 02 / 2013 Scotland 38 18 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 10 / 02 / 2013 Ireland 12 6 Aviva Stadium , Dublin England Six Nations 23 / 02 / 2013 France 23 13 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 9 / 03 / 2013 Italy 18 11 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 16 / 03 / 2013 Wales 30 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff Wales Six Nations 08 / 06 / 2013 Argentina 32 Estadio Padre Ernesto Martearena , Salta England First Test 15 / 06 / 2013 Argentina 51 26 Estadio José Amalfitani , Buenos Aires England Second Test 02 / 11 / 2013 Australia 20 13 Twickenham , London England Test match 09 / 11 / 2013 Argentina 31 12 Twickenham , London England Test match 16 / 11 / 2013 New Zealand 22 30 Twickenham , London New Zealand Test match 80 % winning rate for 2013 . 2014 ( edit ) Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 01 / 02 / 2014 France 24 26 Stade de France , Paris France Six Nations 8 / 02 / 2014 Scotland 20 0 Murrayfield , Edinburgh England Six Nations 22 / 02 / 2014 Ireland 13 10 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 09 / 03 / 2014 Wales 29 18 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 15 / 03 / 2014 Italy 52 11 Stadio Olimpico , Rome England Six Nations 07 / 06 / 2014 New Zealand 15 20 Eden Park , Auckland New Zealand First Test 14 / 06 / 2014 New Zealand 27 28 Forsyth Barr Stadium , Dunedin New Zealand Second Test 21 / 06 / 2014 New Zealand 13 36 Waikato Stadium , Hamilton New Zealand Third Test 08 / 11 / 2014 New Zealand 21 24 Twickenham , London New Zealand Test match 15 / 11 / 2014 South Africa 28 31 Twickenham , London South Africa Test match 22 / 11 / 2014 Samoa 28 9 Twickenham , London England Test match 29 / 11 / 2014 Australia 26 17 Twickenham , London England Test match 50 % winning rate for 2014 . 2015 ( edit ) Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 06 / 02 / 2015 Wales 21 16 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff England Six Nations 14 / 02 / 2015 Italy 47 17 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 01 / 03 / 2015 Ireland 9 19 Aviva Stadium , Dublin Ireland Six Nations 14 / 03 / 2015 Scotland 25 13 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 21 / 03 / 2015 France 55 35 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 15 / 08 / 2015 France 19 14 Twickenham , London England Test Match 22 / 08 / 2015 France 20 25 Stade de France , Saint - Denis France Test Match 05 / 09 / 2015 Ireland 21 13 Twickenham , London England Test Match 18 / 09 / 2015 Fiji 35 11 Twickenham , London England 2015 Rugby World Cup 26 / 09 / 2015 Wales 25 28 Twickenham , London Wales 2015 Rugby World Cup 03 / 10 / 2015 Australia 13 33 Twickenham , London Australia 2015 Rugby World Cup 10 / 10 / 2015 Uruguay 60 Etihad Stadium , Manchester England 2015 Rugby World Cup 66.67 % winning rate for 2015 . 2016 ( edit ) Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 06 / 02 / 2016 Scotland 15 9 Murrayfield , Edinburgh England Six Nations 14 / 02 / 2016 Italy 40 9 Stadio Olimpico , Rome England Six Nations 27 / 02 / 2016 Ireland 21 10 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 12 / 03 / 2016 Wales 25 21 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 19 / 03 / 2016 France 31 21 Stade de France , Saint - Denis England Six Nations 29 / 05 / 2016 Wales 27 13 Twickenham , London England Old Mutual Wealth Cup 11 / 06 / 2016 Australia 39 28 Suncorp Stadium , Brisbane , England 2016 England rugby union tour of Australia 18 / 06 / 2016 Australia 23 7 AAMI Park , Melbourne , England 2016 England rugby union tour of Australia 25 / 06 / 2016 Australia 44 40 Sydney Football Stadium , Sydney England 2016 England rugby union tour of Australia 12 / 11 / 2016 South Africa 37 21 Twickenham , London England Test match 19 / 11 / 2016 Fiji 58 15 Twickenham , London England Test match 26 / 11 / 2016 Argentina 27 14 Twickenham , London England Test match 03 / 12 / 2016 Australia 37 21 Twickenham , London England Test match 100 % winning rate for 2016 . 2017 ( edit ) Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 04 / 02 / 2017 France 19 16 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 11 / 02 / 2017 Wales 21 16 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff England Six Nations 26 / 02 / 2017 Italy 36 15 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 11 / 03 / 2017 Scotland 61 21 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 18 / 03 / 2017 Ireland 9 13 Aviva Stadium , Dublin Ireland Six Nations 28 / 05 / 2017 Barbarians F.C. 28 14 Twickenham , London England Old Mutual Wealth Cup 10 / 06 / 2017 Argentina 38 34 Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario , San Juan England 2017 England rugby union tour of Argentina 17 / 06 / 2017 Argentina 35 25 Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao López , Santa Fe England 2017 England rugby union tour of Argentina 11 / 11 / 2017 Argentina 21 8 Twickenham , London England Test match 18 / 11 / 2017 Australia 30 6 Twickenham , London England Test match 25 / 11 / 2017 Samoa 48 14 Twickenham , London England Test match Barbarians F.C. is classed as a capped match 90.90 % winning rate for 2017 . 2018 ( edit ) Scores and results list England 's points tally first . Date Opposition For Against Venue Winner Status 04 / 02 / 2018 Italy 46 15 Stadio Olimpico , Rome England Six Nations 10 / 02 / 2018 Wales 12 6 Twickenham , London England Six Nations 24 / 02 / 2018 Scotland 13 25 Murrayfield Stadium , Edinburgh Scotland Six Nations 10 / 03 / 2018 France 16 22 Stade de France , Saint - Denis France Six Nations 17 / 03 / 2018 Ireland 15 24 Twickenham , London Ireland Six Nations 27 / 05 / 2018 Barbarians F.C. 45 63 Twickenham , London Barbarians F.C. Quilter Cup 09 / 06 / 2018 South Africa 39 42 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg South Africa 2018 England rugby union tour of South Africa 16 / 06 / 2018 South Africa 12 23 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein South Africa 2018 England rugby union tour of South Africa 23 / 06 / 2018 South Africa Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 2018 England rugby union tour of South Africa Year box ( edit ) Preceded by 2000 -- 2009 England Rugby Results 2010 -- 2019 Succeeded by 2020 -- 2029 hide England national rugby union team Rugby Football Union History History Tries Players All Players Top Scorers Killed in the World Wars Home stadiums Twickenham Stadium Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup Six Nations Championship Triple Crown Grand Slam Calcutta Cup Cook Cup Hillary Shield Old Mutual Wealth Cup Millennium Trophy Related teams Sevens England Saxons RFU Championship XV England Counties XV U20s U18s Matches World Cup finals 1991 2003 2007 By opponent Argentina Australia Barbarians France Ireland Italy New Zealand Samoa Scotland South Africa Wales Results 1871 -- 79 1880 -- 89 1890 -- 99 1900 -- 09 1910 -- 14 1920 -- 29 1930 -- 39 1947 -- 49 1950 -- 59 1960 -- 69 1970 -- 79 1980 -- 89 1990 -- 99 2000 -- 09 2010 -- 19 See also All Matches Test Series Scotland ( 1871 ) England v President 's Overseas XV Tours Australia 1963 1988 1991 1997 1998 1999 2003 2006 2016 New Zealand 1963 1973 1985 1998 2003 2008 2014 South Africa 1972 1984 1998 2000 2007 2012 2018 Argentina 1981 1997 2002 2013 2017 Romania South Pacific 1973 1979 1988 1991 North America 1982 Asia 1971 1979 See also Swing Low , Sweet Chariot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_England_national_rugby_union_team_results_2010 -- 19&oldid = 846327892 '' Categories : Lists of England national rugby union team results 2009 -- 10 in English rugby union 2010 -- 11 in English rugby union 2011 -- 12 in English rugby union 2012 -- 13 in English rugby union 2013 -- 14 in English rugby union 2014 -- 15 in English rugby union 2015 -- 16 in English rugby union 2016 -- 17 in English rugby union 2017 -- 18 in English rugby union 2018 -- 19 in English rugby union Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 01 : 10 . 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138679503243386100	Grey's Anatomy (season 13)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) DVD cover art for the thirteenth season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Jerrika Hinton Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 Next → Season 14 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The thirteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy premiered on September 22 , 2016 , in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and consisted of 24 episodes . The season was ordered on March 3 , 2016 , along with ABC 's other shows . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . This season will be the first not to feature Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres since her introduction in the second season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off at Owen and Amelia 's wedding . After Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) had found a drunk Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) in a compromising situation during the previous season 's finale , he beats DeLuca to a pulp , sending him to the hospital and subsequently landing Alex in jail . Alex is charged with a felony and is at risk of serving substantial jail time until DeLuca drops the charges . Later , when Alex questions why Jo had turned down his proposal , she reveals that she is already married and has run away from her abusive husband . Meanwhile , Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) continues to pursue Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) after their recent sexual encounter , though Meredith has trouble letting go of her late husband , Derek Shepherd . Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) admits to Meredith that she has a crush on Riggs , unaware of Riggs and Meredith 's blossoming relationship , and asks him out , only to be rejected . Maggie is later faced with a bigger issue when she discovers that her adoptive mother has cancer and has come to Grey - Sloan for treatment ; her mother eventually passes away . April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) work together to co-parent their newborn daughter , Harriet , while maintaining a platonic relationship ; however , they sleep together when they travel to Montana to perform a surgery . As Chief of Surgery , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) appoints Meredith as Head of General Surgery and hires Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) to run the training aspect of the hospital . Though Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) goes on to date Minnick , the rest of the staff widely opposes Minnick 's teaching techniques and works to get her fired , only for Meredith to get temporarily suspended in the process . Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr . ) and Catherine Avery ( Debbie Allen ) argue over Minnick 's presence as well , making their marriage more divided than ever . Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) also have martial issues after Amelia reveals that she does n't want to have kids . This causes Amelia to move out and hide out at Stephanie 's apartment . During the season finale , a rapist is admitted to the hospital and attempts to attack Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) and a young girl . Stephanie starts a fire to escape the attacker , resulting in the entire hospital being destroyed . Owen 's missing sister , Megan , is found and transported to Seattle ; Meredith reveals this to Riggs and encourages him to return to Megan , whom he was engaged to before she was abducted . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Joe Adler as Dr. Isaac Cross Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Tessa Ferrer as Dr. Leah Murphy LaTanya Richardson Jackson as Diane Pierce Marika Dominczyk as Dr. Eliza Minnick Guest cast ( edit ) Sumalee Montano as Lena McCallister Kimberly Quinn as Reena Thompson Rusty Schwimmer as Patricia Phillips Jen Lilley as Kara Fisher Vicki Davis as Morgan Fisher Betsy Baker as Barbara Davis Ravi Patel as Timir Dhar Bridget Regan as Dr. Megan Hunt June Squibb as Elsie Clatch Hal Holbrook as Lewis Clatch Eric Roberts as Robert Avery Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Casting ( edit ) At the end of the twelfth season , the cast 's contracts had expired after previously renewing them at the end of the tenth season of Grey 's Anatomy . Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renewed their contracts for another two seasons ( seasons 11 and 12 ) on January 23 , 2014 , but Dempsey later left the series at the end of the eleventh season . The rest of the six original cast mates , Justin Chambers , Chandra Wilson and James Pickens Jr. , excluding Sandra Oh , renewed their contracts on May 26 , 2014 , as Drs . Alex Karev , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber , respectively , for the eleventh and twelfth season . Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons as Dr. Callie Torres . On June 28 , 2015 , before the twelfth season had begun airing , it was announced that Jessica Capshaw , whose contract expired after season 11 , had renewed her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins . That meant that her character would be staying on the show through season 13 and season 14 . Kevin McKidd had previously said that he was in negotiations to renew his contract after the twelfth season on January 9 , 2016 . After the season finale , McKidd confirmed that he would be back for the 13th season . Justin Chambers announced on March 11 , 2016 that he had renewed his contract and will be playing Dr. Alex Karev in the 13th season . The Hollywood Reporter reported on May 4 , 2016 , that the original cast were all negotiating new contracts . After the finale , Pompeo said that she would be returning in the next season , which was officially confirmed by Deadline on June 1 , 2016 . Series - veteran Sara Ramirez announced after the finale that she would not be returning for season 13 as Dr. Callie Torres , after the character left for New York to be with her girlfriend Dr. Penny Blake . Thus , this will be the first season since her introduction in season two in which Dr. Callie Torres , portrayed by Sara Ramirez , is not included in the main cast of characters . On June 10 , 2016 , it was officially announced that the rest of the cast members whose contracts expired after the twelfth season , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. and Kevin McKidd , will return for the next season . On September 28 , 2016 , it was announced that the Days of Our Lives alum Jen Lilley would appear in the third episode , playing Kara . Bridget Regan announced on her Instagram account that she would be appearing in the eighth episode `` The Room Where It Happens '' . It was reported that Tessa Ferrer would be reprising her role as Dr. Leah Murphy in a recurring role for the 13th season . On October 17 , 2016 ABC confirmed that Marika Dominczyk had been cast in a guest stint as Eliza Minnick . On January 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Jerrika Hinton would be departing the series regular cast this season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 13th season by ABC on March 3 , 2016 . TVLine announced that the 13th season will begin airing on September 22 , 2016 . Production began on May 25 , 2016 , when Rhimes announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing mapping the 13th season . Production began on July 21 , 2016 , with prepping for the season officially starting on July 28 , 2016 . The table read for the premiere was on July 22 , 2016 . Filming for the season began on August 1 , 2016 , with Shonda Rhimes tweeting that the crew were filming the 270th episode of the series , the season premiere . A promotional poster for the season was released on August 2 , 2016 , portraying Dr. Meredith Grey in Seattle , for which the series is located . The poster started speculation of its meaning towards the storyline for the 13th season . However Rhimes denied the speculation about the poster on Twitter as she said `` For anyone trying to interpret the `` meaning '' of the new Grey 's Anatomy poster design : it means ABC designs really cool posters . '' The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on October 22 , 2016 , where it was announced that Grey 's Anatomy would air nine episodes in the fall , rather than eight episode the previous two seasons has done , with the fall finale to air on November 17 , 2016 , just like the rest of ABC 's primetime thursday - lineup Notorious and How to Get Away with Murder , which was the same last year . The remaining 15 episodes will air after the winter break beginning airing on January 26 , 2017 . Writing ( edit ) In an interview with TV Guide , Kelly McCreary said that the 13th season would be focusing heavily on the characters that have been on the show since the first season ; Dr. Meredith Grey , Dr. Alex Karev , Dr. Miranda Bailey and Dr. Richard Webber . McCreary went more into the storyline as she commented that `` After such a long period of time and so many new people coming in and out , they remain the foundational characters of the show . We 're gon na be spending some more time with them to check in with where they are . '' In another interview , McCreary talked about the love - triangle drama that will unfold between Meredith , Maggie and Riggs , to which she commented on how `` Maggie 's ego will probably be wounded . '' Caterina Scorsone said that Amelia would be `` the middle - person between her sisters should the Riggs news come out . '' She confirmed that the season premiere will pick up right after where the finale ended and that Justin Chambers ' character Alex and his storyline with girlfriend Jo would play a bigger part of the premiere , in addition that Amelia and Kevin McKidd 's character Owen would not be much in the premiere . Jessica Capshaw will not be in the first two episodes , confirmed by Rhimes , because of wanting to be a little more with her kids . Rhimes reported that Capshaw 's character Dr. Arizona Robbins will have a new love interest . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 270 `` Undo '' Debbie Allen William Harper September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) 8.75 While Amelia and Owen 's wedding continues , DeLuca is brought to the ER after being assaulted by Alex , leading Meredith and the other doctors to the hospital to help . Meredith faces a dilemma about protecting Alex or telling Bailey the truth about the assault . Meanwhile , April and Catherine Avery clash about naming the new baby . Riggs and Meredith continue to work out their relationship at the same time as they try to hide it from Maggie , who is affected by DeLuca 's assault . In the end , Meredith tells Bailey the truth , but not before Alex turns himself in to the police . 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' Kevin McKidd Karin Gist September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 8.41 On DeLuca 's first day back , Alex is charged with felony assault in the second degree . When he 's distracted at work , a kid 's newly transplanted kidney ends up jeopardized , causing Bailey to decide that Alex can no longer work as a surgeon and demote him to work at the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic . April has trouble letting go of Harriet , who gets to go home with Jackson . Jackson asks April to move in with him so she can recover . Stephanie proves to be a good friend to Jo , who tells Alex she does n't want to be with him after what he did . Per Meredith 's request , Nathan turns Maggie down when she finally asks him out , but Maggie 's not planning on giving up just yet . 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' Rob Corn Andy Reaser October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 8.08 A car crash at a funeral makes for a hectic day in the ER and Stephanie has to figure out what to do with the corpse . April ca n't help but come to the hospital when she gets bored taking care of Harriet . Meredith does n't want to listen to Maggie talking about how asking out Riggs has ruined work for her , causing Amelia to mediate between the two . Arizona returns to Seattle after a visit to Callie in New York and finds herself caring for Andrew , but she also misses working with Alex , who 's determined to keep working in the clinic so he can come back from what he 's done . When Bailey 's too busy , Ben teaches Tucker a lesson after he hit someone . 273 `` Falling Slowly '' Victoria Mahoney Jen Klein October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 7.80 Alex has a terrible day in the Clinic when nurse Timir keeps bossing him around and wo n't allow him to go to his strategy session with his lawyer . He turns his day around by diagnosing a very rare condition , Ehlers - Danlos syndrome , thus saving the patient 's life . April and Jackson are walking on eggshells with their current living arrangement , but they agree to keep living together after venting their frustrations . When their patient deteriorates , Meredith fears Nathan supported her decision because of what 's going on between them and decides she wants to be just colleagues . Jo and Andrew bond since they ca n't talk to anyone else about what happened . Amelia and Owen come clean about horrible things from their pasts and decide to have children . 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' Chandra Wilson Mark Driscoll October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 8.17 Bailey and Meredith find themselves pitted against one another when both of their patients are in need of a liver transplant . Bailey frets that when she asks her elderly patient if she 'd give permission to redirect the liver to Meredith 's 25 - year - old patient , she 'll oblige ; however , to much of everyone 's surprise , Bailey 's patient denies , leaving Meredith 's patient in dire need . Amelia thinks that she 's pregnant and starts spreading the news to everyone except Owen . When she breaks the news to him , she takes her first pregnancy test which reveals she 's not . 275 6 `` Roar '' Nicole Rubio Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 8.17 Having trained to become better at another hospital , Leah Murphy re-joins the staff of Grey Sloan to learn from Maggie . When he 's at the court house to have a trial date set , Alex advises a pregnant woman to have her rash checked out at the clinic ; she 's found to have pancreatic cancer . Alex butts heads with Bailey so the patient will receive a surgery that means she wo n't have to terminate her pregnancy . Andrew appears to develop feelings for Jo . After dodging Owen all day , Amelia confesses to Alex that she 's relieved she 's not pregnant because of what happened in Los Angeles . Catherine decides it 's time to investigate why so many past and present residents have needed second chances . 276 7 `` Why Try To Change Me Now '' Jeannot Szwarc Austin Guzman November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 7.60 Miranda and Catherine hire a education consultant , Dr. Eliza Minnick , to over haul the training at Grey Sloan . Maggie finds a notebook that belongs to Eliza , it contains a list of attendings names , Maggie is at the very end , she has never been at the end of any list . Amelia and Owen fight over which procedure to do first on a patient . Edwards assists Amelia in the operation while Owen monitors the patient . April goes on a date with someone she found on Tinder and tells Jackson it went great . Later in the observation lounge April tells Jackson the date went bad . Maggie teaches Murphy on a high risk procedure , while Minnik is present in the OR and DeLuca is observing . Dr Minnick wants to teach Deluca a procedure so she nicks a vessel so Deluca can stop the bleed and learn . Maggie admits she is not a good teacher , but she is a genius and a rockstar . Amelia tells Owen she does not want a baby . Arizona confronts Eliza about the list as to why her name was not on it : the list was only for learning peoples ' names , and she would never forget Arizona Robbins . 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' Debbie Allen Meg Marinis November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 7.25 A male patient is wheeled into the OR where Meredith , Hunt , and Edwards are waiting . Meredith has been up for 48 hours and Hunt at least as long . Webber shows up to help having napped all day . Webber wants the patient to be given a name ; he picks Gail , a cello player and music teacher . Each of the doctors has a flashback to a tragic incident from their past . Hunt flashes back to working with his sister . She tells him to cut it out , meaning the liver , and he does . Edwards is asked to contact UNOS to get the patient added to donor list . Edwards determines the patient has an autoimmune disease , ITP . The doctors argue as to what needs to done at each stage in the OR . The patient is identified as Carl Henley from a photo they took of him to show a woman who called about her husband . Gail was Webber 's mother , who had pancreatic cancer and died when he was ten . Meredith eventually suggests using part of Carl 's own liver , calling it a hail Mary . The repaired liver is put back in , before moving him to the ICU . Meredith apologizes to Webber for the things she said . 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' Rob Corn Karin Gist November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 8.04 A building collapse crowds the hospital with injured people . Looking for forgiveness , the landlord confides in Ben that he did n't have the money to fix the damage caused by an earthquake last year , leading to the collapse . Maggie and Richard 's 12 - year - old patient dies on the table . Having overheard Ben and Stephanie talking about the landlord , the girl 's parents seek to avenge her death . Richard finds out that Eliza will take over his job and confronts Bailey about this . Maggie and Jackson gather the other attendings to stand up for Richard . Arizona and Eliza continue flirting in spite of the latter 's arrogant side . Fearing the subpoena , Jo tells Alex about her violent marriage , making him reconsider taking the plea deal and going to jail for 2 years . While waiting for the DA , he listens to voice mail Meredith left him after his goodbye to her . Meredith tells him he 's stronger and bigger than giving up and promises him she 'll go down swinging for him , making him doubt about taking the plea deal . Amelia takes off and leaves Owen with a note , asking him not to blame himself for it . 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' Jann Turner Tia Napolitano January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 9.59 On the day before Alex 's trial , Bailey , Arizona and Jo drive with medical equipment including an advanced ultrasound machine to a maximum security women 's prison hospital to treat a violent teenage inmate and her unborn baby . Jo bonds with the inmate , who says that she had good times with her mother in the past and that her mother will be taking care of the baby for her until she is released . However , her mother is downstairs and tells the doctors that her actual plan is to adopt the baby . The doctors wrestle with whether to tell the inmate about this news , given her violent tendencies . When the inmate goes into labor she demands to see her mother . Jo finally says that she is downstairs but refuses to come up , and the doctors help the inmate through the delivery . Later Arizona scornfully tells her mother that the delivery was a success , and asks whether she will abandon this baby too if she turns out bad . Meanwhile , Bailey learns about the realities of patient care in a prison environment . On the way back home , Bailey tells Jo that Alex plans to take the plea deal and will be going to jail , which makes her throw up . 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Zoanne Clack February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 8.49 Maggie and Meredith find out that Alex 's trial has been indefinitely postponed , leading them to think that Alex has taken the plea and is therefore in jail . Meredith sets out to find him , but to no avail . Owen is looking for Amelia , who 's hiding at Stephanie 's place . Owen finds out when Stephanie lets it slip that she asked Amelia to look at their patient 's scan and he asks her to ask Amelia to come home , though Amelia refuses . Maggie , April , Nathan , and Jackson spend all day denying Eliza Minnick access to their OR whereas Richard allows her to join him so he can demonstrate that he 's ready to fight her , leading to Bailey confronting Webber and revealing she 's not the only one who felt this change was needed . Arizona and Leah work on a pregnant mother who was in a car accident caused by her husband . Allowing Leah to work on the baby while she 's dealing with the mother , Arizona puts Eliza 's method to work , which Eliza interprets as Arizona being on her team . Ben spends all day working alongside and covering for a grumpy Jo , who refuses to talk about what 's happened with Alex. Andrew is surprised when Arizona admits that she misses Alex . After a long day , Meredith finally finds Alex in her bed , where he 's been sleeping all day . 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' Geary McLeod Andy Reaser February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 8.46 Alex reveals that Andrew made the D.A. drop the charges by threatening to otherwise tank the case with a ( fake ) testimony . When Alex confronts him about his reasons for doing so , Andrew states he did it because Jo 's been through enough . Alex gets his job back while Meredith gets suspended for refusing to let Eliza into her OR . Jo , who spent the day at home , only finds out about Alex later and goes to visit him at Meredith 's . Maggie 's mother Diane comes to Seattle to have Jackson remove a rash , but it turns out she 's suffering from inflammatory breast cancer . Jackson helps her prepare to tell Maggie , but before she can do so , Maggie has an outburst , revealing she 's still struggling with her mother destroying her parents ' marriage . Richard finds out that Catherine 's on Bailey 's side . Bailey hires April as Interim Head of General Surgery . Amelia continues to hide out at Stephanie 's apartment , and Owen decides he 's done waiting for her . 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' Jeannot Szwarc Lauren Barnett February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 7.68 Dr. Minnick implements phase 2 of her teaching plan , where two residents a week get to lead a surgery from start to finish . Ben 's first experience is ruined by Bailey and Webber arguing and Stephanie 's 9 - year - old patient dies . Stephanie is comforted by Webber , while instead of teaching her how to deal with loss , Minnick flees . Arizona learns that she 's never lost a child before and comforts her . April steps in as interim Head of General Surgery but the attendings give her the cold shoulder , especially Maggie , who believes April deserted Webber and is now on Bailey 's side . April and Maggie are forced to work together on a patient of Meredith 's , who 's reluctant to have a surgeon she does n't know operate on her . Catherine bonds with April and takes her out to dinner to celebrate her new job . 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' Oliver Bokelberg Jen Klein February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 7.71 Alex returns to the hospital , but finds himself doing resident work because of Minnick 's teaching method . Bailey visits a bored Meredith in an attempt to get her to agree to come back , but Meredith only does so when Richard drops by and convinces her not to do this to her career just because of him . April , Richard , Alex , and Jo get caught in a moral dilemma when a mother 's only kidney dies in the middle of a kidney transplant to her son . A possible solution means accepting a kidney from the abusive husband whom the patient left , which hits close to home for Jo . Maggie and Nathan treat a patient with mental illness who disappeared on her parents 12 years ago . Arizona has to hide her new friendship with Minnick from her colleagues , and the two of them end up kissing . 284 15 `` Civil War '' Nicole Rubio Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 7.31 Richard is revealed to be sleeping at the hospital , as politics within Grey Sloan Memorial boil over and spill in to his marriage with Catherine . Alex receives a tough peds case on a newborn baby with a heart problem . Tackling the case with DeLuca , who is now `` cool '' with Alex , they together proceed to go through with a procedure until Nathan is brought into the case . As Karev and Riggs clash over different surgical procedures , each of them ask DeLuca to contact different people as DeLuca juggles whose orders to obey. April , Jackson , Richard , and Catherine are in midst of a tough trauma case of a man who had an accident with another man and a deep fryer . As they begin their operation , Catherine tries to talk with Richard about their marriage and coming home which causes awkwardness within the OR . Meanwhile , Minnick invites Arizona out to a date at Arizona 's house while Meredith hears about the growing conflict between Riggs and Karev and tells Nathan to back off on Alex 's patient , causing Nathan to storm away in anger while it is revealed that DeLuca called UNOS betraying Karev . As he prepares to go into his surgery , Alex sees that DeLuca decided to obey Nathan which causes him to call Maggie who tells the two surgeons to get their act together . After his surgery , Richard accidentally walks in on Minnick and Arizona kissing , exposing their secret relationship . Meredith , who hears about the fight between Nathan and Alex , tells Nathan to back off and to not fight with Alex , causing Nathan to give her an ultimatum about their relationship , while Catherine and Richard 's marriage lies more divided than ever before . 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 7.90 April and Jackson travel to Montana to perform a throat transplant on a girl , leaving Harriet with Catherine . The two discover they still need to get consent from the donor 's heartbroken father , for which Jackson uses his experiences with fatherhood . However , when a lesion is discovered on the donor , the transplant is off the table , meaning a laryngectomy is the girl 's only option despite her parents ' objection . April discovers that Jackson took the case because his father owns a diner near the hospital , and encourages a distracted Jackson to go talk to his father so his head can be in the game for their patient . Jackson does so and discovers that his father left because being an Avery did n't fit him , and that he has a happy life and never actually missed his son . Jackson comes up with a solution for the girl and he and April pull it off . They end up sleeping together and agree that this was the reason Catherine had Meredith switched for April . Before returning to Seattle , Jackson goes to tell Robert that despite being glad to have met him , he 's not actually his father . 286 17 `` ' Til I Hear It From You '' Kevin McKidd Austin Guzman March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 7.80 After receiving chemo at home , Maggie 's mother returns to Seattle to undergo a mastectomy , performed by Jackson . Maggie ca n't understand her mother getting a breast augmentation , only to learn the devastating truth later . Stephanie meets one of her idols when the man 's wife collapses during a hike . The woman has a brain bleed , but the surgery is very risky due to her comorbidities . Her eventual death has Stephanie questioning her profession , and Andrew admits to her that he loves Jo . After he tells her to figure out what she wants , Amelia tells Owen that she feels suffocated by him and that he does n't get to set the rules in their marriage . Amelia questions if he 's actually ready for parenthood , which may turn out quite differently from the dream he has . Meredith wants a reason to date Nathan . He talks about how he fell in love with her and how he feels about her , leading to her agreeing to have dinner with him . Arizona and Richard clear the air between them . A complication during Diane 's surgery leaves Maggie devastated . 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' Ellen Pompeo Meg Marinis March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 7.62 A spot on a scan alongside her chest wall causes a downward spiral for Maggie 's mother . After surgery to remove the left - behind mass , Diane is found to have a metastasis in her liver . Meredith refuses to operate while Maggie thinks it 's the way to go , resulting in Diane firing Meredith from her case . Bailey does the surgery when Maggie gets her hopes up about a trial , which Diane enrolls in after the successful surgery . Despite all the side effects , Diane has a good day and she teaches Maggie to cook lasagna , but she starts coughing up blood during a dinner with Maggie 's friends . Richard fixes the esophageal tear in surgery , but Diane 's health continues to deteriorate . Diane thinks Maggie will be hurt if she stops fighting , but Richard convinces her that Maggie 's strong enough to handle it . Diane then stops the treatment and , after imparting wisdom and offering advice to her daughter , she passes away . Richard realizes he 's not a father figure to Maggie and calls in Bill Pierce to comfort her . He also buries the feud with Bailey . Nathan and Meredith agree their timing 's off and decide to postpone their promised dinner as Maggie would need Meredith to be there for her . 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' Nzingha Stewart Tia Napolitano April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 7.23 Stephanie and Andrew have to take care of intern Isaac , who has abdominal pain and insists it 's not `` internitis '' as Stephanie thinks . Maggie teams up with Arizona to remove a delicate tumor from a fetus 's chest while her colleagues worry she 's not ready yet , given it 's her first day back . Meredith agrees to hang out with Nathan to see if it could go somewhere before she tells Maggie . When Nathan finds out about her and Eliza , Arizona befriends Nathan and gives him some well - intended advice about dating Meredith . Richard and Bailey begin to work things out between them while Jackson attempts to console a distraught Maggie . 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' Chandra Wilson Stacy McKee April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 7.06 Nathan and Meredith end up on a flight to a conference together . She tries to ignore his moves but ends up having sex with him in the bathroom , insisting it does n't mean anything . After heavy turbulence hits , Meredith and Nathan tend to the injured while receiving help from Harrison Peters , a pediatric dentist . In a quiet moment , Meredith tells Nathan about her own plane crash and losing her sister Lexie . One of their patients starts showing signs of an epidural brain bleed while the pilot is unable to land the plane because it 's caught between two storm systems . Meredith continuously has to relieve pressure on the man 's brain with a needle and syringe on the shaky plane , while Nathan has to save a man with pulmonary hypertension . When the plane finally lands , Nathan questions how Meredith can still be scared of letting go of Derek and starting something with him . She then decides to ignore her fear of yet again losing someone she cares about , and agrees to give it a chance . 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' Louis Venosta Andy Reaser April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 7.02 April , Andrew , Stephanie , and Richard have bad news for their patient and her new boyfriend when she turns out to have worms breeding in her intestines. Bailey enlists April 's help to get Catherine and Richard back together , but it turns out that Bailey 's similarity to Catherine is the key . During a press conference about the events on the plane , Maggie derives that something happened between Nathan and Meredith . Meredith tries to explain things to an angry Maggie and ask for her forgiveness . Alex 's pregnant patient with pancreatic cancer from the Clinic returns to the hospital . Her cancer has metastasized to her spine , messing up the parents ' plan for the future . The case strikes a chord with Amelia in particular . 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' Zetna Fuentes Elisabeth R. Finch May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 7.09 April and Meredith discover that their patient has an inoperable heart tumor , which the patient already knew about . While the woman has made peace with it and has resorted to having as much good sex as she can before dying , Maggie ca n't let it go that easily . However , she comes to realize that there 's nothing she can do . Inspired to do what 's good for her in the moment , Meredith removes the tumor on the wall and the Post-it from her bedroom and takes Nathan home with her . Eliza and Arizona have sex after a whole day of anticipation . Richard has to second Eliza 's statement that Ben has been playing it safe lately , while Stephanie lets her anger take over when a religious father threatens to sue the hospital for operating on his son 's life - threatening tumor without his and his wife 's permission . Andrew plans to tell Jo about his feelings , but she stops him since she already knows . 292 23 `` True Colors '' Kevin McKidd William Harper May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 7.02 Alex hires a private investigator and finds Jo 's husband , Paul Stadler . He attends a conference where Paul is speaking , but he realizes that whatever he does will end badly for either Jo or himself and opts to let Paul go without a confrontation . Owen receives news that his sister was found in a basement after a raid in a rebel - led neighborhood . Amelia supports him and calls Teddy to verify Megan 's identity and secure her transfer to Grey Sloan . Back at the hospital , the doctors are thrown for a loop when they discover that their half - naked car accident victims are n't a couple , but instead a woman who drove off the cliff on purpose to avoid getting raped . This discovery comes too late for Stephanie , whom the rapist has captured to secure an easy way out of the hospital . When the hospital lockdown traps Stephanie and a young girl wandering around the hospital with the rapist , the rapist starts a fire to open the doors . Stephanie seizes the opportunity and sets the man on fire , but he drags himself towards gas tanks in a lab . Just as Stephanie goes to drag him away , the tanks explode . 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' Debbie Allen Stacy McKee May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 7.92 As the flames rage throughout Grey Sloan , Bailey issues a mass - evacuation while Jackson and Meredith desperately search for Stephanie and Nathan . Stephanie , who is revealed to be alive , is forced to perform a surgery on Erin 's leg , while the flames grow even bigger and looms closer towards the duo . Meanwhile , Owen and Amelia continue preparing for their journey , despite finding out about the incident at the hospital , to visit Owen 's MIA sister , Megan . Back at the hospital , Stephanie is forced to go to extremes as she braves the growing flames on her floor , ending up in the staircase . Crawling towards the roof access with Erin in tow , Stephanie comes to the horrifying realization that her key card is missing , which is needed to open the door . Seeing no other option , she wraps Erin in a water - soaked blanket as she prepares to sacrifice herself . But just as the smoke reaches her , she sees that her key card is within sight and fights to retrieve it . As Stephanie and Erin at last enter onto the roof , Erin codes leaving Stephanie hysterical for help . As Stephanie is performing CPR while screaming for assistance , Ben leads a group of firefighters towards Stephanie 's location , finally rescuing her at last . In the aftermath of the blaze , Minnick is fired by Bailey after an inquiry regarding the fire , Erin is alive and in recovery , Stephanie too is recovering from her burns as she tearfully tells Richard she 's quitting , Nathan finds out about Megan from Meredith who encourages him to reunite with his true love , Maggie is told by April that if she wants she could see Jackson , and Owen and Amelia finally arrive at Madigan Army Medical Center as Megan 's helicopter lands and she is pulled away on a gurney towards Owen , as he at long last comes to terms that his sister is truly alive . Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 270 `` Undo '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 / 9 8.75 12 21 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 2.4 / 9 8.41 13 25 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 2.2 / 8 8.08 10 18 273 `` Falling Slowly '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 2.1 / 8 7.80 13 23 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 2.1 / 8 8.17 12 21 275 6 `` Roar '' October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 2.2 / 8 8.17 14 24 276 7 `` Why Try to Change Me Now '' November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 2.1 / 7 7.60 10 19 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 1.9 / 7 7.25 15 22 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 2.2 / 8 8.04 10 21 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 2.6 / 9 9.59 6 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 2.3 / 8 8.49 8 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 2.1 / 8 8.46 7 10 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 2.1 / 7 7.68 13 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 2.0 / 7 7.71 8 12 284 15 `` Civil War '' March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 7.31 6 18 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 2.0 / 8 7.90 6 10 286 17 `` Till I Hear It From You '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 1.9 / 7 7.80 9 12 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 2.0 / 8 7.62 9 16 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 1.7 / 7 7.23 8 17 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 1.8 / 7 7.06 12 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 1.8 / 7 7.02 14 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 1.8 / 7 7.09 19 292 23 `` True Colors '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1.8 / 7 7.02 18 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 2.0 / 8 7.92 10 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 270 `` Undo '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 3.56 4.0 12.32 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 1.6 3.71 4.0 12.13 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 1.5 3.77 3.8 11.87 273 `` Falling Slowly '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 1.6 3.79 3.7 11.59 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 1.6 3.51 3.7 11.69 275 6 `` Roar '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 1.6 3.51 3.7 11.69 276 7 `` Why Try to Change Me Now '' November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 1.3 3.19 3.4 10.79 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 1.4 3.32 3.3 10.57 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 1.4 3.40 3.6 11.45 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.5 3.39 4.1 12.98 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 1.3 3.34 3.6 11.84 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 1.4 3.20 3.5 11.67 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 1.3 3.26 3.4 10.94 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 1.4 3.39 3.4 11.11 284 15 `` Civil War '' March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 1.6 3.64 3.5 10.94 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 1.5 3.34 3.5 11.25 286 17 `` ' Till I Hear It From You '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 1.3 3.18 3.2 10.99 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 1.3 3.05 3.3 10.67 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 1.3 3.14 3.0 10.44 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 1.3 3.18 3.1 10.37 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 1.3 3.30 3.1 10.39 292 23 `` True Colors '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1.4 3.26 3.2 10.29 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 1.3 3.09 3.3 11.01 DVD release ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Thirteenth Season Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Deleted Scenes In Stitches : Season Thirteen Outtakes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 August 29 , 2017 October 2 , 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Egner , Jeremy ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Loses Longtime Cast Member Sara Ramirez '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 - 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Tessa Ferrer Set to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Enlists Another Member of the Shondaland Extended Family '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucky me '' . Instagram . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Contract Scoop : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey Sign New 2 - Year Deals '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Read Patrick Dempsey 's final exit interview from Grey 's Anatomy -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Closes New Long - Term Deals With Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez and 2 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin McKidd Eyes Grey 's Anatomy Contract Extension : ' I Do n't See Any Reason to Run Away ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Caterina Scorsone Dishes on Amelia / Owen 's Future , Mer / Nathan 's Secret , Jo 's Dilemma '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Justin Chambers Confirms Season 13 Return '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Negotiating New Contracts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Ellen Pompeo ' disappointed ' over fan response to McDreamy 's death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Eva ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ellen Pompeo Set To Return To ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Ink New Contracts to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jen Lilley to appear on an upcoming episode of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Soaps.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Grey 's , Once , Kiefer 's POTUS Drama and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ amandaaaavic yep . first day of prep is today '' . Twitter . July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ July 22 , 2016 . `` # GreysAnatomy season premiere table read ! Everyone looking lovely and rested and ready to rock on to season 13 '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Today we begin shooting the 270th episode . And I remember wondering if we 'd get to shoot 13 ... # GreysAnatomy # LoveMyJob '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Poster Puts ( Half of ) Meredith Front and Center '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Megan ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 13 Spoilers : New Poster Released , Teases Head - Turning Drama '' . Ibtimes . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Suzannah ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Has A Message For Fans Reading Way Too Much Into That Grey 's Anatomy Poster '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` For anyone trying to interpret the `` meaning '' of the new # GreysAnatomy poster design : it means ABC designs really cool posters . # artdeptrocks `` . Twitter . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Scandal season 6 gets premiere date , trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Will Focus on the `` Originals '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ abrams , Natalie ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Quantico , Game of Thrones , Outlander and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Prison Break , Grey 's Anatomy , UnREAL and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Blindspot , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Caterina Scorsone on Amelia 's ' Cake ' Baby , Jo 's ' Huge ' Story '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Arizona 's getting a new love interest ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Good Place ' adjust up , ' Notorious ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Superstore ' and ' The Good Place ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Superstore ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and ABC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Notorious ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Pure Genius , ' other CBS shows down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' How to Get Away ' adjust up , ' Great Indoors ' and NBC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' and NBC adjust down with NFL pre-emptions : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Great Indoors ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday Final Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blacklist : Redemption ' and ' The Catch ' adjust down , final NCAA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` NCAA Sweet 16 up a little vs. last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' CBS and NBC lead premiere week : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Football , ' Empire ' and NBC lead week 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' breaks ' Empire ' streak , CBS wins week 3 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : October 18 , 2016 . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' suffers , but NBC still tops week 4 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' and NFL score in week 5 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` World Series gives FOX a huge week 6 boost : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` World Series carries FOX again in Week 7 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` NFL , election night rule week 8 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and football lead week 9 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , ' This Is Us ' and ' NCIS ' sit atop the week 19 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl gives FOX a huge lift : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys carry CBS to victory in week 21 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' leads quiet week 22 broadcast Top 25 , plus network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Faltering Oscars still sit atop the week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' NCIS ' top the week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' top the week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' is low , still tops week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' is No. 1 in week 32 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards , ' NCIS ' top the week 35 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( July 17 , 2017 ) . TV Shows on DVD ( Grey 's Anatomy - The Studio Cracks Open the Press Release for ' The Complete 13th Season ' Grey 's Anatomy - The Studio Cracks Open the Press Release for ' The Complete 13th Season ' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_13)&oldid=810193039 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 21 : 24 . 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About Wikipedia	when does greys anatomy season 13 come on now tv	[ "\n\nGrey's Anatomy (season 13)\n\n\n\nDVD cover art for the thirteenth season of Grey's Anatomy\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nEllen Pompeo\nJustin Chambers\nChandra Wilson\nJames Pickens, Jr.\nKevin McKidd\nJessica Capshaw\nSarah Drew\nJesse Williams\nCaterina Scorsone\nCamilla Luddington\nJerrika Hinton\nKelly McCreary\nJason George\nMartin Henderson\nGiacomo Gianniotti\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n24\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC\n\n\nOriginal release\nSeptember 22, 2016 (2016-09-22) – May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 12\nNext →\nSeason 14\n\n\n\nList of Grey's Anatomy episodes\n\n" ]	[ "September 22, 2016" ]
1488552009521950769	Santa Claus	Santa Claus - wikipedia Santa Claus Jump to : navigation , search `` Santa '' redirects here . For other uses , see Santa ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the legendary character . For other uses , see Santa Claus ( disambiguation ) . 1881 illustration by Thomas Nast who , along with Clement Clarke Moore 's poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' , helped to create the modern image of Santa Claus The modern portrayal of Santa Claus frequently depicts him listening to the Christmas wishes of children . Santa Claus , also known as Saint Nicholas , Saint Nick , Kris Kringle , Father Christmas , or simply Santa ( Santy in Hiberno - English ) , is a legendary figure of Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well - behaved ( `` good '' or `` nice '' ) children on Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day ( 25 December ) . The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas , a fourth - century Greek bishop and gift - giver of Myra , the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas ( himself also based on Saint Nicholas ) . Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan , who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky . Santa Claus is generally depicted as a portly , joyous , white - bearded man -- sometimes with spectacles -- wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs , white - fur - cuffed red trousers , and black leather belt and boots and who carries a bag full of gifts for children . This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of the 1823 poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' and of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast . This image has been maintained and reinforced through song , radio , television , children 's books , films , and advertising . Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world , categorizing them according to their behavior ( `` good '' and `` bad '' , or `` naughty '' and `` nice '' ) and to deliver presents , including toys , and candy to all of the well - behaved children in the world , and coal to all the misbehaved children , on the single night of Christmas Eve . He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves , who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole , and his flying reindeer , who pull his sleigh . He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole and saying `` ho ho ho '' often . Contents ( hide ) 1 Predecessor figures 1.1 Saint Nicholas 1.2 Father Christmas 1.3 Dutch and Belgian folklore 1.4 Germanic paganism , Wodan , and Christianization 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 3 In popular culture 4 Traditions and rituals 4.1 Chimney tradition 4.2 Christmas Eve rituals 4.3 Ho , ho , ho 4.4 Home 4.5 Parades , department stores , and shopping malls 4.6 Letter writing to Santa 4.7 Santa tracking , Santa websites and email to and from Santa 5 Criticism 5.1 Calvinist and Puritan opposition 5.2 Opposition under state atheism 5.3 Symbol of commercialism 5.4 Controversy about deceiving children 6 See also 6.1 Related figures in folklore 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Predecessor figures Saint Nicholas A 13th - century depiction of St. Nicholas from Saint Catherine 's Monastery , Sinai Main article : Saint Nicholas Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th - century Greek Christian bishop of Myra ( now Demre ) in Lycia , a province of the Byzantine Empire , now in Turkey . Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor , in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes . He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity . In continental Europe ( more precisely the Netherlands , Belgium , Austria and Germany ) he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes . The remains of Saint Nicholas are in Italy . In 1087 , the Italian city of Bari mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Saint . The reliquary of St. Nicholas was conquered by Italian sailors and his relics were taken to Bari where they are kept to this day . A basilica was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout . Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas ' skeleton , leaving all the minor fragments in the grave . These were collected by Venetian sailors during the First Crusade and taken to Venice , where a church to St. Nicholas , the patron of sailors , was built on the San Nicolò al Lido . This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice , which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton . Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a patron saint of many diverse groups , from archers , sailors , and children to pawnbrokers . He is also the patron saint of both Amsterdam and Moscow . During the Middle Ages , often on the evening before his name day of 6 December , children were bestowed gifts in his honour . This date was earlier than the original day of gifts for the children , which moved in the course of the Reformation and its opposition to the veneration of saints in many countries on the 24 and 25 December . So Saint Nicholas changed to Santa Claus . The custom of gifting to children at Christmas has been propagated by Martin Luther as an alternative to the previous very popular gift custom on St. Nicholas , to focus the interest of the children to Christ instead of the veneration of saints . Martin Luther first suggested the Christkind as the bringer of gifts . But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people . Father Christmas `` Ghost of Christmas Present '' , an illustration by John Leech made for Charles Dickens 's festive classic A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) . Main article : Father Christmas Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in England during the reign of Henry VIII , when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur . He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas , bringing peace , joy , good food and wine and revelry . As England no longer kept the feast day of Saint Nicholas on 6 December , the Father Christmas celebration was moved to 25 December to coincide with Christmas Day . The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of ' good cheer ' . His physical appearance was variable , with one famous image being John Leech 's illustration of the `` Ghost of Christmas Present '' in Charles Dickens 's festive classic A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , as a great genial man in a green coat lined with fur who takes Scrooge through the bustling streets of London on the current Christmas morning , sprinkling the essence of Christmas onto the happy populace . Dutch and belgian folklore See also : Sinterklaas and Saint Nicholas Sinterklaas , Netherlands ( 2009 ) on his horse called Slecht Weer Vandaag or Amerigo In the Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus has to compete with that of Sinterklaas , Santa 's presumed progenitor . Santa Claus is known as de Kerstman in Dutch ( `` the Christmas man '' ) and Père Noël ( `` Father Christmas '' ) in French . But for children in the Netherlands Sinterklaas remains the predominant gift - giver in December ; 36 % of the Dutch only give presents on Sinterklaas day , whereas Christmas is used by another 21 % to give presents . Some 26 % of the Dutch population gives presents on both days . In Belgium , Sinterklaas day presents are offered exclusively to children , whereas on Christmas Day , all ages may receive presents . Sinterklaas ' assistants are called `` Zwarte Pieten '' ( in Dutch , `` Pères Fouettard '' in French ) , so they are not elves . Germanic paganism , Wodan , and Christianization An 1886 depiction of the long - bearded Norse god Odin by Georg von Rosen Prior to Christianization , the Germanic peoples ( including the English ) celebrated a midwinter event called Yule ( Old English geola or giuli ) . With the Christianization of Germanic Europe , numerous traditions were absorbed from Yuletide celebrations into modern Christmas . During this period , supernatural and ghostly occurrences were said to increase in frequency , such as the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky . The leader of the wild hunt is frequently attested as the god Wodan ( Norse Odin ) , bearing ( among many names ) the names Jólnir , meaning `` Yule figure '' , and Langbarðr , meaning `` long - beard '' , in Old Norse . Wodan 's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas in a variety of facets , including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides ( compare Odin 's horse Sleipnir ) or his reindeer in North American tradition . Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that `` the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas , whose day is 25th of December , owes much to Odin , the old blue - hooded , cloaked , white - bearded Giftbringer of the north , who rode the midwinter sky on his eight - footed steed Sleipnir , visiting his people with gifts . ( ... ) Odin , transformed into Father Christmas , then Santa Claus , prospered with St Nicholas and the Christchild , became a leading player on the Christmas stage . '' In Finland they still use Joulupukki or the Christmas Goat . History Origins Pre-modern representations of the gift - giver from Church history and folklore , notably St Nicholas ( known in Dutch as Sinterklaas ) , merged with the English character Father Christmas to create the character known to Americans and the rest of the English - speaking world as `` Santa Claus '' ( a phonetic derivation of `` Sinterklaas '' ) . In the English and later British colonies of North America , and later in the United States , British and Dutch versions of the gift - giver merged further . For example , in Washington Irving 's History of New York ( 1809 ) , Sinterklaas was Americanized into `` Santa Claus '' ( a name first used in the American press in 1773 ) but lost his bishop 's apparel , and was at first pictured as a thick - bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat . Irving 's book was a lampoon of the Dutch culture of New York , and much of this portrait is his joking invention . 19th century Illustration to verse 1 of Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 1850 illustration of Saint Nicolas with his servant Père Fouettard / Zwarte Piet `` December 24 , 1864 . This has usually been a very busy day with me , preparing for Christmas not only for my own tables , but for gifts for my servants . Now how changed ! No confectionary , cakes , or pies can I have . We are all sad ; no loud , jovial laugh from our boys is heard . Christmas Eve , which has ever been gaily celebrated here , which has witnessed the popping of firecrackers ... and the hanging up of stockings , is an occasion now of sadness and gloom . I have nothing even to put in 8 - year - old daughter Sadai 's stocking , which hangs so invitingly for Santa Claus . How disappointed she will be in the morning , though I have explained to her why he can not come . Poor children ! Why must the innocent suffer with the guilty ? '' Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge , a Maine native , widow of Thomas Burge , and resident living c. 40 miles southeast of Atlanta near Covington , Georgia . This entry from Mrs. Burge 's diary was five weeks after most of General T. Sherman 's U.S. Army forces had passed on their blackened - earth `` march across Georgia '' toward Savanna , after the army 's destruction of Atlanta in mid-November 1864 . U.S. Army mop - up companies and stragglers during those intervening weeks continued to `` forage '' , loot , burn , and liberate slaves , hence , the concern of Mrs. Burge and her household . In 1821 , the book A New - year 's present , to the little ones from five to twelve was published in New York . It contained Old Santeclaus with Much Delight , an anonymous poem describing Santeclaus on a reindeer sleigh , bringing presents to children . Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became canon after the anonymous publication of the poem `` A Visit From St. Nicholas '' ( better known today as `` The Night Before Christmas '' ) in the Troy , New York , Sentinel on 23 December 1823 ; Clement Clarke Moore later claimed authorship , though some scholars contest persuasively that Henry Livingston , Jr. ( who died nine years before Moore 's claim ) was the author . St. Nick is described as being `` chubby and plump , a right jolly old elf '' with `` a little round belly '' , that `` shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly '' , in spite of which the `` miniature sleigh '' and `` tiny reindeer '' still indicate that he is physically diminutive . The reindeer were also named : Dasher , Dancer , Prancer , Vixen , Comet , Cupid , Dunder and Blixem ( Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning , which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen ) . By 1845 ' Kris Kringle ' was a common variant of Santa in parts of the U.S. A magazine article from 1853 , describing American Christmas customs to British readers , refers to children hanging up their stockings on Christmas Eve for ' a fabulous personage ' whose name varies : in Pennsylvania he is usually called ' Krishkinkle ' but in New York he is ' St. Nicholas ' or ' Santa Claus ' . The author quotes Moore 's poem in its entirety , saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too . As the years passed , Santa Claus evolved in popular culture into a large , heavyset person . One of the first artists to define Santa Claus 's modern image was Thomas Nast , an American cartoonist of the 19th century . In 1863 , a picture of Santa illustrated by Nast appeared in Harper 's Weekly . Thomas Nast immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of Harper 's Weekly . Santa was dressed in an American flag , and had a puppet with the name `` Jeff '' written on it , reflecting its Civil War context . The story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation . His Christmas image in the Harper 's issue dated 29 December 1866 was a collage of engravings titled Santa Claus and His Works , which included the caption `` Santa Claussville , N.P. '' A color collection of Nast 's pictures , published in 1869 , had a poem also titled `` Santa Claus and His Works '' by George P. Webster , who wrote that Santa Claus 's home was `` near the North Pole , in the ice and snow '' . The tale had become well known by the 1870s . A boy from Colorado writing to the children 's magazine The Nursery in late 1874 said , `` If we did not live so very far from the North Pole , I should ask Santa Claus to bring me a donkey . '' The idea of a wife for Santa Claus may have been the creation of American authors , beginning in the mid-19th century . In 1889 , the poet Katharine Lee Bates popularized Mrs. Claus in the poem `` Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride '' . `` Is There a Santa Claus ? '' was the title of an editorial appearing in the 21 September 1897 edition of The New York Sun . The editorial , which included the famous reply `` Yes , Virginia , there is a Santa Claus '' , has become an indelible part of popular Christmas lore in the United States and Canada . 20th century L. Frank Baum 's The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus , a 1902 children 's book , further popularized Santa Claus . Much of Santa Claus 's mythos was not set in stone at the time , leaving Baum to give his `` Neclaus '' ( Necile 's Little One ) a wide variety of immortal support , a home in the Laughing Valley of Hohaho , and ten reindeer -- who could not fly , but leapt in enormous , flight - like bounds . Claus 's immortality was earned , much like his title ( `` Santa '' ) , decided by a vote of those naturally immortal . This work also established Claus 's motives : a happy childhood among immortals . When Ak , Master Woodsman of the World , exposes him to the misery and poverty of children in the outside world , Santa strives to find a way to bring joy into the lives of all children , and eventually invents toys as a principal means . Santa later appears in The Road to Oz as a honored guest at Ozma 's birthday party , stated to be famous and beloved enough for everyone to bow even before he is announced as `` The most Mighty and Loyal Friend of Children , His Supreme Highness - Santa Claus '' . Images of Santa Claus were further popularized through Haddon Sundblom 's depiction of him for The Coca - Cola Company 's Christmas advertising in the 1930s . The popularity of the image spawned urban legends that Santa Claus was invented by The Coca - Cola Company or that Santa wears red and white because they are the colors used to promote the Coca - Cola brand . Historically , Coca - Cola was not the first soft drink company to utilize the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising -- White Rock Beverages had already used a red and white Santa to sell mineral water in 1915 and then in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 . Earlier still , Santa Claus had appeared dressed in red and white and essentially in his current form on several covers of Puck magazine in the first few years of the 20th century . A man dressed as Santa Claus fundraising for Volunteers of America on the sidewalk of street in Chicago , Illinois , in 1902 . He is wearing a mask with a beard attached . The image of Santa Claus as a benevolent character became reinforced with its association with charity and philanthropy , particularly by organizations such as the Salvation Army . Volunteers dressed as Santa Claus typically became part of fundraising drives to aid needy families at Christmas time . In 1937 , Charles W. Howard , who played Santa Claus in department stores and parades , established the Charles W. Howard Santa School , the oldest continuously - run such school in the world . In some images from the early 20th century , Santa was depicted as personally making his toys by hand in a small workshop like a craftsman . Eventually , the idea emerged that he had numerous elves responsible for making the toys , but the toys were still handmade by each individual elf working in the traditional manner . The 1956 popular song by George Melachrino , `` Mrs. Santa Claus '' , and the 1963 children 's book How Mrs. Santa Claus Saved Christmas , by Phyllis McGinley , helped standardize and establish the character and role of Mrs. Claus in the popular imagination . Seabury Quinn 's 1948 novel Roads draws from historical legends to tell the story of Santa and the origins of Christmas . Other modern additions to the `` story '' of Santa include Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the 9th and lead reindeer immortalized in a Gene Autry song , written by a Montgomery Ward copywriter . In popular culture See also : SantaCon By the end of the 20th century , the reality of mass mechanized production became more fully accepted by the Western public . Elves had been portrayed as using assembly lines to produce toys early in the 20th century . That shift was reflected in the modern depiction of Santa 's residence -- now often humorously portrayed as a fully mechanized production and distribution facility , equipped with the latest manufacturing technology , and overseen by the elves with Santa and Mrs. Claus as executives and / or managers . An excerpt from a 2004 article , from a supply chain managers ' trade magazine , aptly illustrates this depiction : Santa 's main distribution center is a sight to behold . At 4,000,000 square feet ( 370,000 m ) , it 's one of the world 's largest facilities . A real - time warehouse management system ( WMS ) is of course required to run such a complex . The facility makes extensive use of task interleaving , literally combining dozens of DC activities ( putaway , replenishing , order picking , sleigh loading , cycle counting ) in a dynamic queue ... the DC elves have been on engineered standards and incentives for three years , leading to a 12 % gain in productivity ... The WMS and transportation system are fully integrated , allowing ( the elves ) to make optimal decisions that balance transportation and order picking and other DC costs . Unbeknownst to many , Santa actually has to use many sleighs and fake Santa drivers to get the job done Christmas Eve , and the transportation management system ( TMS ) optimally builds thousands of consolidated sacks that maximize cube utilization and minimize total air miles . In the cartoon base , Santa has been voiced by several people , including Stan Francis , Mickey Rooney , Ed Asner , John Goodman , and Keith Wickham . Santa has been described as a positive male cultural icon : Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who 's male , does not carry a gun , and is all about peace , joy , giving , and caring for other people . That 's part of the magic for me , especially in a culture where we 've become so commercialized and hooked into manufactured icons . Santa is much more organic , integral , connected to the past , and therefore connected to the future . -- TV producer Jonathan Meath who portrays Santa , 2011 Many television commercials , comic strips and other media depict this as a sort of humorous business , with Santa 's elves acting as a sometimes mischievously disgruntled workforce , cracking jokes and pulling pranks on their boss . For instance , a Bloom County story from 15 December 1981 through 24 December 1981 has Santa rejecting the demands of PETCO ( Professional Elves Toy - Making and Craft Organization ) for higher wages , a hot tub in the locker room , and `` short broads , '' with the elves then going on strike . President Reagan steps in , fires all of Santa 's helpers , and replaces them with out - of - work air traffic controllers ( an obvious reference to the 1981 air traffic controllers ' strike ) , resulting in a riot before Santa vindictively rehires them in humiliating new positions such as his reindeer . In The Sopranos episode , `` ... To Save Us All from Satan 's Power '' , Paulie Gualtieri says he `` Used to think Santa and Mrs. Claus were running a sweatshop over there ... The original elves were ugly , traveled with Santa to throw bad kids a beatin ' , and gave the good ones toys . '' 2009 Liverpool Santa Dash In Kyrgyzstan , a mountain peak was named after Santa Claus , after a Swedish company had suggested the location be a more efficient starting place for present - delivering journeys all over the world , than Lapland . In the Kyrgyz capital , Bishkek , a Santa Claus Festival was held on 30 December 2007 , with government officials attending . 2008 was officially declared the Year of Santa Claus in the country . The events are seen as moves to boost tourism in Kyrgyzstan . The Guinness World Record for the largest gathering of Santa Clauses is held by Thrissur , Kerala , India where on 27 December 2014 , 18,112 Santas came overtaking the current record of Derry City , Northern Ireland . On 9 September 2007 where a total of 12,965 people dressed up as Santa or Santa 's helper which previously brought down the record of 3,921 , which was set during the Santa Dash event in Liverpool City Centre in 2005 . A gathering of Santas in 2009 in Bucharest , Romania attempted to top the world record , but failed with only 3,939 Santas . Traditions and rituals Chimney tradition Steen 's The Feast of Saint Nicholas The tradition of Santa Claus entering dwellings through the chimney is shared by many European seasonal gift - givers . In pre-Christian Norse tradition , Odin would often enter through chimneys and fire holes on the solstice . In the Italian Befana tradition , the gift - giving witch is perpetually covered with soot from her trips down the chimneys of children 's homes . In the tale of Saint Nicholas , the saint tossed coins through a window , and , in a later version of the tale , down a chimney when he finds the window locked . In Dutch artist Jan Steen 's painting , The Feast of Saint Nicholas , adults and toddlers are glancing up a chimney with amazement on their faces while other children play with their toys . The hearth was held sacred in primitive belief as a source of beneficence , and popular belief had elves and fairies bringing gifts to the house through this portal . Santa 's entrance into homes on Christmas Eve via the chimney was made part of American tradition through the poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' where the author described him as an elf . Christmas Eve rituals Santa Claus waves to children from an annual holiday train in Chicago . In the United States and Canada , children traditionally leave Santa a glass of milk and a plate of cookies ; in Britain and Australia , he is sometimes given sherry or beer , and mince pies instead . In Denmark , Norway and Sweden , it is common for children to leave him rice porridge with cinnamon sugar instead . In Ireland it is popular to give him Guinness or milk , along with Christmas pudding or mince pies . In Hungary , St. Nicolaus ( Mikulás ) comes on the night of 5 December and the children get their gifts the next morning . They get sweets in a bag if they were good , and a golden colored birch switch if not . On Christmas Eve `` Little Jesus '' comes and gives gifts for everyone . In Slovenia , Saint Nicholas ( Miklavž ) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December . Božiček ( Christmas Man ) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December , and Dedek Mraz ( Grandfather Frost ) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day . Hanging up stockings for Santa Claus , Ohio , 1928 New Zealander , British , Australian , Irish , Canadian , and American children also leave a carrot for Santa 's reindeer , and were traditionally told that if they are not good all year round , that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings , although this practice is now considered archaic . Children following the Dutch custom for sinterklaas will `` put out their shoe '' ( leave hay and a carrot for his horse in a shoe before going to bed , sometimes weeks before the sinterklaas avond ) . The next morning they will find the hay and carrot replaced by a gift ; often , this is a marzipan figurine . Naughty children were once told that they would be left a roe ( a bundle of sticks ) instead of sweets , but this practice has been discontinued . Other Christmas Eve Santa Claus rituals in the United States include reading A Visit from St. Nicholas or other tale about Santa Claus , watching a Santa or Christmas - related animated program on television ( such as the aforementioned Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town and similar specials , such as Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , among many others ) , and the singing of Santa Claus songs such as `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' , `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' , and `` Up on the House Top '' . Last minute rituals for children before going to bed include aligning stockings at the mantelpiece or other place where Santa can not fail to see them , peeking up the chimney ( in homes with a fireplace ) , glancing out a window and scanning the heavens for Santa 's sleigh , and ( in homes without a fireplace ) unlocking an exterior door so Santa can easily enter the house . Tags on gifts for children are sometimes signed by their parents `` From Santa Claus '' before the gifts are laid beneath the tree . A classic American image of Santa Claus . Ho , ho , ho Ho ho ho is the way that many languages write out how Santa Claus laughs . `` Ho , ho , ho ! Merry Christmas ! '' It is the textual rendition of a particular type of deep - throated laugh or chuckle , most associated today with Santa Claus and Father Christmas . The laughter of Santa Claus has long been an important attribute by which the character is identified , but it also does not appear in many non-English - speaking countries . The traditional Christmas poem A Visit from St. Nicholas relates that Santa has : ... a little round belly That shook when he laugh 'd , like a bowl full of jelly Home See also : Santa 's workshop § Location of Santa 's Workshop Santa Claus 's home traditionally includes a residence and a workshop where he creates -- often with the aid of elves or other supernatural beings -- the gifts he delivers to good children at Christmas . Some stories and legends include a village , inhabited by his helpers , surrounding his home and shop . In North American tradition ( in the United States and Canada ) , Santa lives on the North Pole , which according to Canada Post lies within Canadian jurisdiction in postal code H0H 0H0 ( a reference to `` ho ho ho '' , Santa 's notable saying , although postal codes starting with H are usually reserved for the island of Montreal in Québec ) . On 23 December 2008 , Jason Kenney , Canada 's minister of Citizenship , Immigration and Multiculturalism , formally awarded Canadian citizenship status to Santa Claus . `` The Government of Canada wishes Santa the very best in his Christmas Eve duties and wants to let him know that , as a Canadian citizen , he has the automatic right to re-enter Canada once his trip around the world is complete , '' Kenney said in an official statement . There is also a city named North Pole in Alaska where a tourist attraction known as the `` Santa Claus House '' has been established . The US postal service uses the city 's zip code of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus . A Wendy 's in North Pole , AK has also claimed to have a `` sleigh fly through '' . Each Nordic country claims Santa 's residence to be within their territory . Norway claims he lives in Drøbak . In Denmark , he is said to live in Greenland ( near Uummannaq ) . In Sweden , the town of Mora has a theme park named Tomteland . The national postal terminal in Tomteboda in Stockholm receives children 's letters for Santa . In Finland , Korvatunturi has long been known as Santa 's home , and two theme parks , Santa Claus Village and Santa Park are located near Rovaniemi . In Belarus there is a home of Ded Moroz in Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park . Parades , department stores , and shopping malls See also : Santa 's workshop § Santa Claus grottos / department stores The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eaton 's Santa Claus Parade , 1918 , Toronto , Canada . Having arrived at the Eaton 's department store , Santa is readying his ladder to climb up onto the building . Giant Santa Claus , Philippines Santa Claus appears in the weeks before Christmas in department stores or shopping malls , or at parties . The practice of this has been credited to James Edgar , as he started doing this in 1890 in his Brockton , Massachusetts department store . He is played by an actor , usually helped by other actors ( often mall employees ) dressed as elves or other creatures of folklore associated with Santa . Santa 's function is either to promote the store 's image by distributing small gifts to children , or to provide a seasonal experience to children by listening to their wishlist while having them sit on his knee ( a practice now under review by some organisations in Britain , and Switzerland ) . Sometimes a photograph of the child and Santa are taken . Having a Santa set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918 . The area set up for this purpose is festively decorated , usually with a large throne , and is called variously `` Santa 's Grotto '' , `` Santa 's Workshop '' or a similar term . In the United States , the most notable of these is the Santa at the flagship Macy 's store in New York City -- he arrives at the store by sleigh in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade on the last float , and his court takes over a large portion of one floor in the store . This was popularized by the 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street with Santa Claus being called Kris Kringle . The Macy 's Santa Claus in New York City is often said to be the real Santa . Essayist David Sedaris is known for the satirical SantaLand Diaries he kept while working as an elf in the Macy 's display , which were turned into a famous radio segment and later published . Quite often the Santa , if and when he is detected to be fake , explains that he is not the real Santa and is helping him at this time of year . Most young children accept this explanation . At family parties , Santa is sometimes impersonated by the male head of the household or other adult male family member . In Canada , malls operated by Oxford Properties established a process by which autistic children could visit Santa Claus at the mall without having to contend with crowds . The malls open early to allow entry only to families with autistic children , who have a private visit with Santa Claus . In 2012 , the Southcentre Mall in Calgary was the first mall to offer this service . Santa Claus portrayed by children 's television producer Jonathan Meath There are schools offering instruction on how to act as Santa Claus . For example , children 's television producer Jonathan Meath studied at the International School of Santa Claus and earned the degree Master of Santa Claus in 2006 . It blossomed into a second career for him , and after appearing in parades and malls , he appeared on the cover of the American monthly Boston Magazine as Santa . There are associations with members who portray Santa ; for example , Mr. Meath was a board member of the international organization called Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas . Letter writing to Santa `` Letters to Santa '' redirects here . For the Muppet television film , see A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa . For the Polish film , see Letters to Santa ( film ) . Writing letters to Santa Claus has been a Christmas tradition for children for many years . These letters normally contain a wishlist of toys and assertions of good behavior . Some social scientists have found that boys and girls write different types of letters . Girls generally write longer but more polite lists and express the nature of Christmas more in their letters than in letters written by boys . Girls also more often request gifts for other people . Many postal services allow children to send letters to Santa Claus . These letters may be answered by postal workers and / or outside volunteers . Writing letters to Santa Claus has the educational benefits of promoting literacy , computer literacy , and e-mail literacy . A letter to Santa is often a child 's first experience of correspondence . Written and sent with the help of a parent or teacher , children learn about the structure of a letter , salutations , and the use of an address and postcode . According to the Universal Postal Union ( UPU ) 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) has the oldest Santa letter answering effort by a national postal system . The USPS Santa letter answering effort started in 1912 out of the historic James Farley Post Office in New York , and since 1940 has been called `` Operation Santa '' to ensure that letters to Santa are adopted by charitable organizations , major corporations , local businesses and individuals in order to make children 's holiday dreams come true from coast to coast . Those seeking a North Pole holiday postmark through the USPS , are told to send their letter from Santa or a holiday greeting card by 10 December to : North Pole Holiday Postmark , Postmaster , 4141 Postmark Dr , Anchorage , AK 99530 - 9998 . In 2006 , according to the UPU 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , France 's Postal Service received the most letters for Santa Claus or `` Père Noël '' with 1,220,000 letters received from 126 countries . France 's Postal Service in 2007 specially recruited someone to answer the enormous volume of mail that was coming from Russia for Santa Claus . Other interesting Santa letter processing information , according to the UPU 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , are : Countries whose national postal operators answer letters to Santa and other end - of - year holiday figures , and the number of letters received in 2006 : Germany ( 500,000 ) , Australia ( 117,000 ) , Austria ( 6,000 ) , Bulgaria ( 500 ) , Canada ( 1,060,000 ) , Spain ( 232,000 ) , United States ( no figure , as statistics are not kept centrally ) , Finland ( 750,000 ) , France ( 1,220,000 ) , Ireland ( 100,000 ) , New Zealand ( 110,000 ) , Portugal ( 255,000 ) , Poland ( 3,000 ) , Slovakia ( 85,000 ) , Sweden ( 150,000 ) , Switzerland ( 17,863 ) , Ukraine ( 5,019 ) , United Kingdom ( 750,000 ) . In 2006 , Finland 's national postal operation received letters from 150 countries ( representing 90 % of the letters received ) , France 's Postal Service from 126 countries , Germany from 80 countries , and Slovakia from 20 countries . In 2007 , Canada Post replied to letters in 26 languages and Deutsche Post in 16 languages . Some national postal operators make it possible to send in e-mail messages which are answered by physical mail . All the same , Santa still receives far more letters than e-mail through the national postal operators , proving that children still write letters . National postal operators offering the ability to use an on - line web form ( with or without a return e-mail address ) to Santa and obtain a reply include Canada Post ( on - line web request form in English and French ) , France 's Postal Service ( on - line web request form in French ) , and New Zealand Post ( on - line web request form in English ) . In France , by 6 December 2010 , a team of 60 postal elves had sent out reply cards in response to 80,000 e-mail on - line request forms and more than 500,000 physical letters . Canada Post has a special postal code for letters to Santa Claus , and since 1982 over 13,000 Canadian postal workers have volunteered to write responses . His address is : Santa Claus , North Pole , Canada , H0H 0H0 ; no postage is required . ( see also : Ho ho ho ) . ( This postal code , in which zeroes are used for the letter `` O '' , is consistent with the alternating letter - number format of all Canadian postal codes . ) Sometimes children 's charities answer letters in poor communities , or from children 's hospitals , and give them presents they would not otherwise receive . From 2002 to 2014 , the program replied to approximately `` one million letters or more a year , and in total answered more than 24.7 million letters '' ; as of 2015 , it responds to more than 1.5 million letters per year , `` in over 30 languages , including Braille ... answer ( ing ) them all in the language they are written '' . In Britain it was traditional for some to burn the Christmas letters on the fire so that they would be magically transported by the wind to the North Pole . However this has been found to be less efficient than the use of the normal postal service , and this tradition is dying out in modern times , especially with few homes having open fires . According to the Royal Mail website , Santa 's address for letters from British children is : Santa / Father Christmas , Santa 's Grotto , Reindeerland , XM4 5HQ In Mexico and other Latin American countries , besides using the mail , sometimes children wrap their letters to a small helium balloon , releasing them into the air so Santa magically receives them . In 2010 , the Brazilian National Post Service , `` Correios '' formed partnerships with public schools and social institutions to encourage children to write letters and make use of postcodes and stamps . In 2009 , the Brazilian National Post Service , `` Correios '' answered almost two million children 's letters , and spread some seasonal cheer by donating 414,000 Christmas gifts to some of Brazil 's neediest citizens . Through the years , the Finnish Santa Claus ( Joulupukki or `` Yule Goat '' ) has received over eight million letters . He receives over 600,000 letters every year from over 198 different countries with Togo being the most recent country added to the list . Children from Great Britain , Poland and Japan are the busiest writers . The Finnish Santa Claus lives in Korvatunturi , however the Santa Claus Main Post Office is situated in Rovaniemi precisely at the Arctic circle . His address is : Santa Claus ' Main Post Office , Santa Claus Village , FIN - 96930 Arctic Circle . The post office welcomes 300,000 visitors a year , with 70,000 visitors in December alone . Children can also receive a letter from Santa through a variety of private agencies and organizations , and on occasion public and private cooperative ventures . An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the opportunity for expatriate and local children and parents to receive postmarked mail and greeting cards from Santa during December in the Finnish Embassy in Beijing , People 's Republic of China , Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi , Finland , and the People 's Republic of China Postal System 's Beijing International Post Office . Parents can order a personalized `` Santa letter '' to be sent to their child , often with a North Pole postmark . The `` Santa Letter '' market generally relies on the internet as a medium for ordering such letters rather than retail stores . Santa tracking , Santa websites and e-mail to and from Santa The Christmas issue of NOAA 's Weather Bureau Topics with `` Santa Claus '' streaking across a weather radar screen , 1958 Over the years there have been a number of websites created by various organizations that have purported to track Santa Claus . Some , such as NORAD Tracks Santa , the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project , the Santa Update Project , and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured . Others , such as the Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport 's Tracks Santa Project , the Santa Retro Radar -- Lehigh Valley Project , and the NASA Tracks Santa Project , have fallen by the wayside . 1955 Sears ad with the misprinted telephone number that led to the creation of the NORAD Tracks Santa program The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955 , when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs , Colorado , gave children a number to call a `` Santa hotline '' . The number was mistyped , resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command ( CONAD ) on Christmas Eve instead . The Director of Operations , Colonel Harry Shoup , received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole . A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command ( NORAD ) . This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD 's website . In the past , many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they `` tracked Santa Claus '' in their own metropolitan areas through the stations ' meteorologists . In December 2000 , the Weather Channel built upon these local efforts to provide a national Christmas Eve `` Santa tracking '' effort , called `` SantaWatch '' in cooperation with NASA , the International Space Station , and Silicon Valley - based new multimedia firm Dreamtime Holdings . In the 21st century , most local television stations in the United States and Canada rely upon outside established `` Santa tracking '' efforts , such as NORAD Tracks Santa . Many other websites became available year - round , devoted to Santa Claus and purport to keep tabs on his activities in his workshop . Many of these websites also include email addresses which allow children to send email to Santa Claus . Most of these websites use volunteer living people as `` elves '' to answer email sent to Santa . Some websites , such as Santa 's page on Microsoft 's Windows Live Spaces , however have used or still use `` bots '' to compose and send email replies , with occasional unfortunate results . The Santa Claus Museum in Columbus , Texas In addition to providing holiday - themed entertainment , `` Santa tracking '' websites raise interest in space technology and exploration , serve to educate children in geography . and encourage them to take an interest in science . Criticism See also : Christmas controversy Calvinist and Puritan opposition Santa Claus has partial Christian roots in Saint Nicholas , particularly in the high church denominations that practice the veneration of him , in addition to other saints . In light of this , the character has sometimes been the focus of controversy over the holiday and its meanings . Some Christians , particularly Calvinists and Puritans , disliked the idea of Santa Claus , as well as Christmas in general , believing that the lavish celebrations were not in accordance with their faith . Other nonconformist Christians condemn the materialist focus of contemporary gift giving and see Santa Claus as the symbol of that culture . Condemnation of Christmas was prevalent among the 17th - century English Puritans and Dutch Calvinists who banned the holiday as either pagan or Roman Catholic . The American colonies established by these groups reflected this view . Tolerance for Christmas increased after the Restoration but the Puritan opposition to the holiday persisted in New England for almost two centuries . In the Dutch New Netherland colony , season celebrations focused on New Year 's Day . Excerpt from Josiah King 's The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas ( 1686 ) , published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England ; Folger Shakespeare Library , Washington , D.C. Following the Restoration of the monarchy and with Puritans out of power in England , the ban on Christmas was satirized in works such as Josiah King 's The Examination and Tryal of Old Father Christmas ; Together with his Clearing by the Jury ( 1686 ) . Reverend Paul Nedergaard , a clergyman in Copenhagen , Denmark , attracted controversy in 1958 when he declared Santa to be a `` pagan goblin '' ( translated from Danish ) after Santa 's image was used on fundraising materials for a Danish welfare organization Clar , 337 . A number of denominations of Christians have varying concerns about Santa Claus , which range from acceptance to denouncement . Mary Baker Eddy , the founder of the Christian Science movement , wrote : `` the children should not be taught that Santa Claus has aught to do with this ( Christmas ) pastime . A deceit or falsehood is never wise . Too much can not be done towards guarding and guiding well the germinating and inclining thought of childhood . To mould aright the first impressions of innocence , aids in perpetuating purity and in unfolding the immortal model , man in His image and likeness . '' Opposition under state atheism Under the Marxist -- Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet antireligious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being Santa Claus and the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays including Easter ; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . Symbol of commercialism In his book Nicholas : The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus , writer Jeremy Seal describes how the commercialization of the Santa Claus figure began in the 19th century . `` In the 1820s he began to acquire the recognizable trappings : reindeer , sleigh , bells , '' said Seal in an interview . `` They are simply the actual bearings in the world from which he emerged . At that time , sleighs were how you got about Manhattan . '' Writing in Mothering , writer Carol Jean - Swanson makes similar points , noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about conspicuous consumption : Our jolly old Saint Nicholas reflects our culture to a T , for he is fanciful , exuberant , bountiful , over-weight , and highly commercial . He also mirrors some of our highest ideals : childhood purity and innocence , selfless giving , unfaltering love , justice , and mercy . ( What child has ever received a coal for Christmas ? ) The problem is that , in the process , he has become burdened with some of society 's greatest challenges : materialism , corporate greed , and domination by the media . Here , Santa carries more in his baggage than toys alone ! In the Czech Republic , a group of advertising professionals started a website against Santa Claus , a relatively recent phenomenon in that country . `` Czech Christmases are intimate and magical . All that Santa stuff seems to me like cheap show business , '' said David König of the Creative Copywriters Club , pointing out that it is primarily an American and British tradition . `` I 'm not against Santa himself . I 'm against Santa in my country only . '' In the Czech tradition , presents are delivered by Ježíšek , which translates as Baby Jesus . In the United Kingdom , Father Christmas was historically depicted wearing a green cloak . As Father Christmas has been increasingly merged into the image of Santa Claus , that has been changed to the more commonly known red suit . One school in the seaside town of Brighton banned the use of a red suit erroneously believing it was only indicative of the Coca - Cola advertising campaign . School spokesman Sarah James said : `` The red - suited Santa was created as a marketing tool by Coca - Cola , it is a symbol of commercialism . '' However , Santa had been portrayed in a red suit in the 19th century by Thomas Nast among others . Controversy about deceiving children See also : Paternalistic deception Various psychologists and researchers have wrestled with the ways that parents collude to convince young children of the existence of Santa Claus , and have wondered whether children 's abilities to critically weigh real - world evidence may be undermined by their belief in this or other imaginary figures . For example , University of Texas psychology professor Jacqueline Woolley helped conduct a study that found , to the contrary , that children seemed competent in their use of logic , evidence , and comparative reasoning even though they might conclude that Santa Claus or other fanciful creatures were real : The adults they count on to provide reliable information about the world introduce them to Santa . Then his existence is affirmed by friends , books , TV and movies . It is also validated by hard evidence : the half - eaten cookies and empty milk glasses by the tree on Christmas morning . In other words , children do a great job of scientifically evaluating Santa . And adults do a great job of duping them . -- Jacqueline Wooley Woolley posited that it is perhaps `` kinship with the adult world '' that causes children not to be angry that they were lied to for so long . However , the criticism about this deception is not that it is a simple lie , but a complicated series of very large lies . Objections include that it is unethical for parents to lie to children without good cause , and that it discourages healthy skepticism in children . With no greater good at the heart of the lie , some have charged that it is more about the parents than it is about the children . For instance , writer Austin Cline posed the question : `` Is it not possible that kids would find at least as much pleasure in knowing that parents are responsible for Christmas , not a supernatural stranger ? '' Others , however , see no harm in the belief in Santa Claus . Psychologist Tamar Murachver said that because it is a cultural , not parental , lie , it does not undermine parental trust . The New Zealand Skeptics also see no harm in parents telling their children that Santa is real . Spokesperson Vicki Hyde said , `` It would be a hard - hearted parent indeed who frowned upon the innocent joys of our children 's cultural heritage . We save our bah humbugs for the things that exploit the vulnerable . '' Dr. John Condry of Cornell University interviewed more than 500 children for a study of the issue and found that not a single child was angry at his or her parents for telling them Santa Claus was real . According to Dr. Condry , `` The most common response to finding out the truth was that they felt older and more mature . They now knew something that the younger kids did not '' . See also Christmas portal Holidays portal Mythology portal Christmas controversy Yes , Virginia , there is a Santa Claus Flying Santa -- a northeastern US tradition of pilots delivering presents to families in remote lighthouses Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas Santa Claus , Indiana -- a small Midwestern United States town named after the figure , and home to Holiday World amusement park Easter Bunny Tooth fairy Santa Claus 's reindeer Related figures in folklore Joulupukki Original Santa - Claus from Finland Mikulás Hungary , Poland , Romania Slovenia , Czech Republic , Slovakia , a figure who brings treats before Christmas Companions of Saint Nicholas Jack Frost and Old Man Winter -- Mythical characters Olentzero , Basque character , possibly derived from Roman traditions Saint Nicholas of Myra and Saint Basil Sinterklaas , Dutch mythical figure Tomte -- Scandinavian mythical character Yule Goat -- Scandinavian Christmas symbol Yule Lads a group of Icelandic figures who may leave gifts or rotting potatoes in the days before Christmas Ded Moroz ( Father Frost , Russian : Дед Мороз ) plays a role similar to Santa Claus Befana In Italian folklore , an old woman who plays a role similar to Santa Claus Moș Gerilă name of a character from Romanian communist propaganda Krampus In German - speaking Alpine folklore , a horned figure who , during the Christmas season , punishes children who have misbehaved Amu Nowruz References Notes Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert . `` How Does Santa Do It ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coke denies claims it bottled familiar Santa image , Jim Auchmutey , Rocky Mountain News , 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Santa 's arrival lights up the Green '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Penne L. Restad ( 1996 - 12 - 05 ) . Christmas in America : A History . ISBN 9780195355093 . Jump up ^ B.K. Swartz , Jr. ; THE ORIGIN OF AMERICAN CHRISTMAS MYTH AND CUSTOMS Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ; Retrieved 22 December 2007 Jump up ^ Jeff Westover ; The Legendary Role of Reindeer in Christmas Archived 3 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ; Retrieved 22 December 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Claus : The real man behind the myth '' . MSNBC. 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ St. Nicholas of Myra Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Saint Nicholas Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Saint Nicholas : : : People '' . Stnicholascenter.org . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Nicholas : : : Places '' . Stnicholascenter.org . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Rudolf Öller : 2004 Martin Luthers Christkind ; in : Welt der Naturwissenschaften , Ausgabe Dezember 2004 Jump up ^ Wie Abraham Lincoln den Weihnachtsmann erfand -- spiegel.de Jump up ^ `` Ein Verkaufsfahrer diente als Vorbild - angeblich - manager magazin '' . ^ Jump up to : William J. Federer ( 2002 ) . `` There Really Is a Santa Claus : The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions '' p. 39 . Amerisearch , Inc. , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Jacqueline Simpson , Steve Roud ( 2000 ) `` English Folklore '' . Oxford University Press , 2000 Jump up ^ A children 's party given in England on 26 December 1842 featured ' venerable effigies ' of Father Christmas and the Old Year ; ' ... Father Christmas with scarlet coat and cocked hat , stuck all over with presents for the guests ... ' R.L. Brett , ed. , Barclay Fox 's Journal , Bell and Hyman , London , 1979 Jump up ^ `` Nibud Pers , persberichten '' ( in Dutch ) . NIBUD. 2003 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 14 . Netherlands budget institute table showing money spent by households categorised into those that give gifts only on Sint ( 36 % ) , only on Christmas day ( 21 % ) , on both days ( 26 % ) Jump up ^ `` Sinterklaas Arrival -- Amsterdam , the Netherlands '' . St. Nicholas Center . 2008 . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Orchard , Andy ( 1997 ) . Dictionary of Norse Mythology and Legend , page 187 . Cassell . Jump up ^ Simek , Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall . Dictionary of Northern Mythology , pages 379 -- 380 . D.S. Brewer . & Orchard ( 1997 : 1987 ) . Jump up ^ For the wild hunt , Simek ( 2010 : 372 -- 373 ) . For Jólnir , see Simek ( 2010 : 180 ) and Orchard ( 1997 : 189 ) . For Langbarðr , see Simek ( 2010 : 186 ) . Jump up ^ For example , see McKnight , George Harley ( 1917 ) . St. Nicholas : His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs , pages 24 -- 26 , 138 -- 139 . G.P. Putman 's sons . & Springwood , Charles Fruehling ( 2009 ) . `` If Santa Wuz Black : The Domestication of a White Myth '' , pages 243 -- 244 . As published in Studies in Symbolic Interaction : Volume 33 of Studies in Symbolic Interactions Series . Emerald Group Publishing . ISBN 9781848557840 archive.org copy Jump up ^ Baker , Margaret ( 2007 1962 ) . Discovering Christmas Customs and Folklore : A Guide to Seasonal Rites Throughout the World , page 62 . Osprey Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Last Monday , the anniversary of St. Nicholas , otherwise called Santa Claus , was celebrated at Protestant Hall , at Mr. Waldron 's ; where a great number of sons of the ancient saint the Sons of Saint Nicholas celebrated the day with great joy and festivity . '' Rivington 's Gazette ( New York City ) , 23 December 1773 . Jump up ^ A Woman 's Wartime Journal , An account of Sherman 's devastation of a southern plantation . Dolly Sumner Lunt Burge , 1988 ( orig. 1927 ) , Cherokee Publishing , Marietta GA . ISBN 0 - 87797 - 149 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` mentioning Don Foster , ' ' Author Unknown : On the Trial of Anonymous ( New York : Henry Holt , 2000 : 221 -- 75 ) for the attribution of ' ' Old Santeclaus ' ' to Clement Clarke Moore '' . Tspace.library.utoronto.ca . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 2000 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Whose Jolly Old Elf Is That , Anyway ? ; Literary Sleuth Casts Doubt on the Authorship of an Iconic Christmas Poem '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Snopes The Donner Party 's over ; on reindeer name changes . Jump up ^ ( newspaperarchive.com `` Advertisement for Harrison 's Bookstore '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Baltimore American Republican And Daily Clipper ( p. 3 ) . January 1 , 1846 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The article is signed ' Uneda ' , an anagrammatic pen - name used by William Duane ( 1808 - 1882 ) of Philadelphia , son of William John Duane . Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615 Jump up ^ Thomas Nast , Santa Claus and His Works , 1866 . The phrase `` Santa Claussville , N.P. '' is on the curved border to the right of center , above the large word `` Claus '' . Jump up ^ Jeremy Seal , Nicholas : The Epic Journey From Saint to Santa Claus , Bloomsbury , 2005 , p. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 419 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ralph Armstrong , age 6 , `` A Letter From Colorado '' , The Nursery , 1875 , vol. 18 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Image Gallery Santa 1931 '' . Press Center . Coca Cola Company . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ The Claus That Refreshes Snopes.com . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . Jump up ^ The White Rock Collectors Association , `` Did White Rock or The Coca - Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement ? , '' whiterocking.org , 2001 Retrieved 19 January 2007 . Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , 18 December 2006 . Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , 18 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2007 . Jump up ^ thumb Santa Claus on the 1902 cover of Puck magazine , thumb Santa Claus on the 1904 cover of Puck magazine , thumb Santa Claus on the 1905 cover of Puck magazine . Jump up ^ Tina Susman ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Claus and effect : The ultimate Santa school '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Nissenbaum , chap. 2 ; Belk , 87 -- 100 Jump up ^ The North Pole 's Turbo Supply Chain SupplyChainDigest News , 16 December 2004 Jump up ^ Ian Aldrich ( November 2011 ) . `` The Big Question : Why Should We Believe in Santa ? We ask Kris Kringle , a.k.a. Jonathan Meath : Why Should We Believe in Santa ? '' . Yankee Magazine . Retrieved 12 December 2012 ... Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who 's male , does not carry a gun , and is all about peace ... Jump up ^ `` High Five ! Top Five ! -- Bizarre Santa Claus Cameos in Comics by Robert Bazz , December 13 , 2010 '' . High Five ! Comics . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyrgyzstan : Central Asian Country Welcomes Santa Claus To His New Home . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 30 December 2007 Jump up ^ guinness world records http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/amazing_feats/mass_participation/largest_gathering_Santa_Claus.aspx Jump up ^ `` Guiness ( sic ) World Record Santa Claus Costumes WebPhotoBlog imagini , fotografii , pictures , poze , images '' . Webphoto.ro. 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Joseph J ... Were They Wise Men Or Kings ? : The Book of Christmas Questions . Westminster John Knox Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22312 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post - Newsroom - Letters to the Editor '' . 24 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Santa Claus declared a Canadian citizen Toronto Sun , 12 December 2008 Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 North Pole Visitor Guide '' ( PDF ) . webcache.googleusercontent.com. 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Беловежская пуща - Фотоэнциклопедия Беларуси '' . Jump up ^ Allegrini , Elaine ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` James Edgar 's Santa Claus -- the spirit of Christmas '' . The Enterprise . Brockton , Massachusetts . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Santa clauses introduced '' . BBC News . 9 December 2002 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Kate Connolly . `` Swiss Santas are banned from sitting children on their laps '' . The Daily Telegraph . Berlin . Archived from the original on 20 July 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Visit from St. Nick '' . Squareamerica.com . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ DeMara , Bruce ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` Autistic kids get quiet time with Santa at malls '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian malls offer quieter , calmer visits with Santa for kids with autism '' . CTVNews. 24 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Edward B. Colby ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Town in the spirit : Dedham Square to be filled with song , shopping '' . Dedham Transcript . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . DEDHAM -- The fifth annual Dedham Square Holiday Stroll this ... At 6 p.m. , Jonathan Meath -- better known as Santa JG , who performs with the Boston Pops -- will entertain children and families at Cafe Video Paradiso with a sing - along with Santa . `` We booked him months ago because we knew that he 's in demand this time of year , '' Haelsen says . Jump up ^ Mary Ann Georgantopoulos ( 23 December 2007 ) . `` Miracle on Mass . Ave. : City Santa takes suit seriously '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Santa Claus is coming to town . More accurately , he 's from town -- Cambridge that is . Jonathan Meath is the perfect fit for a Santa . Jump up ^ Santa Glen , secretary ( October 2010 ) . `` Minutes of meeting '' . San Diego Chapter of F.O.R.B.S. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Hello fellow Santas , Once again we had an informative and fun gathering . Ten Santas were in attendance and we were happy to welcome Karilyn Curran , the chair person of our up and coming Santa Luncheon for 2011 ... Fashion Show : ... Jonathan Meath ... Jump up ^ `` Understanding What Christmas Gifts Mean to Children '' by Jenniina Halkoaho and Pirjo Laaksonnen , pages 248 -- 255 in `` Young Consumers '' and their reference to the 1994 article by Otnes , Cele , Kyungseung Kim , and Young Chan Kim . `` Yes , Virginia , There is a Gender Difference : Analyzing Children 's Requests to Santa Claus . '' in the Journal of Popular Culture , Vol. 28 , no . 1 ( Summer 1994 ) , pp. 17 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Claus receives more than six million letters annually and growing , 20 Dec 2007 '' . Asian Tribune . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` No small job for postal elves , 15 Dec 2010 '' . Universal Postal Union -- UPU . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . Jump up ^ 15 November 2011 No Comments ( 15 November 2011 ) . `` Operation Santa Claus at James Farley Post Office 2012 Operation Santa Claus -- Santa 's Blog '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Mail - Letters to Santa '' . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` France answers the most Santa letters , 21 Dec 2007 '' . xmas.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Holiday -- Santa 's Corner '' . Canadapost.ca . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` : LA POSTE Père Noël : '' . Laposte.fr . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Father Christmas 's French office open , 18 Nov 2010 '' . The Connexion . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Send a letter to Santa New Zealand Post '' . Nzpost.co.nz . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Post to tighten net for Santa , by Alexis Grant , 30 Nov 2004 '' . New Zealand Herald . 30 November 2004 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Canada Post . `` Canada Post -- Employment Opportunities -- Traditions '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Time to write to Santa ! '' . Canada Post . 19 Nov 2015 . Retrieved 2 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Write to Santa and he 'll write you back ! '' . Canada Post . 5 Nov 2015 . Retrieved 2 Aug 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ' Letters to Santa Claus '. ( 2000 ) . In The World Encyclopedia of Christmas . Gerry Bowler , Editor . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Limited . pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas letters to Santa '' . Royal Mail . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About this site -- Embassy of Finland , Beijing -- Consulates General of Finland , Shanghai and Guangzhou : Current Affairs '' . Finland.cn. 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Post Office '' . Beijing Your Way . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing International Post Office '' . Vip.fesco.com.cn . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Expat kids get the chance to connect with Santa , November 17 , 2010 by Todd Balazovic and Li Jing ( China Daily ) '' . China Daily News . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Say hello to Santa Claus , November 24 , 2010 by Zhao Hongyi '' . Beijing Today . Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Santa 2010 website by Airservices Australia '' . Mirror.airservicesaustralia.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Safe Travels Santa ! We will Be Watching , 19 Dec 2005 '' . NASA 's Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex . Archived from the original on 16 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New technology to map Santa 's flight , 24 Dec 2009 '' . The Observer . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to The North Pole -- A Virtual Earth 3D Experience ! '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Santa with Bing Maps , by Chris Pendleton , 24 Dec 2009 '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 1 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DFW airport unveils Santa Tracker website , 18 Dec 2006 '' . PegNews wire . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DFW Airport 's ' Santa Tracker ' Is Operational , by BJ Austin , 24 Dec 2009 '' . PBS KERA . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From NORAD Santa Tracker To Twitter : Santa Tracking For Christmas Eve 2009 , by Danny Sullivan , 23 Dec 2009 '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frank and Debi DeFreitas of Holoworld '' . Frank and Debi DeFreitas . Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes Santa Claus ! Watch it on the Web ! , 24 Dec 2005 '' . WRAL.com -- Raleigh , Durham , Fayetteville -- North Carolina 's TV Station website . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Gurnon , Emily ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` How A Sears Typo Led To NORAD 's Santa Tracker '' . Forbes . New York , United States : Forbes , Inc . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norad Santa Tracker : Christmas tradition began with a wrong number '' . CBC News . CBC. 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SantaWatch : Hunt for Santa to Include Clues from the International Space Station , by Dreamtime , 18 Dec 2000 '' . Dreamtime . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keep track of Santa thanks to NORAD , by WKTV News , 24 Dec 2009 '' . Dreamtime . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft pulls plug on potty - mouth Santa , by John Fontana , 4 Dec 2007 '' . Network World . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` For a Jolly Good Time , Chat With Santa on Windows Live Messenger , 13 Dec 2006 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NORAD Tracks Santa -- Citation -- Space Certification Program as a Corporate Patron Level Partner in the Certified Imagination Product Category , December 2007 '' . Space Foundation . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hi - tech helps track Santa Claus , December 24 , 2008 '' . BBC News . 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` You 'd Better Not Pout ! Booz Allen Supports NORAD to Track Santa 's Approach This Year , December 1 , 2010 by Booz Allen Hamilton '' . Booz Allen Hamilton . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time for e-Sputnik , by Patrick Gorman , December 8 , 2010 '' . Government Executive . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Kippenberg , Hans G. ; Kuiper , Yme B. ; Sanders , Andy F. ( January 1 , 1990 ) . Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought . Walter de Gruyter . p. 363 . ISBN 3110874377 . Jump up ^ Bowler , Gerry ( 27 July 2011 ) . Santa Claus : A Biography . Random House . ISBN 1551996081 . Jump up ^ `` When Christmas Was Banned -- The early colonies and Christmas '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History -- Ten Ages of Christmas '' . BBC . 13 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Nissenbaum , chap. 1 Jump up ^ Santa Claus : The great imposter , Terry Watkins , Dial - the - Truth Ministries . Jump up ^ To Santa or Not to Santa , Sylvia Cochran , Families Online Magazine . Jump up ^ Eddy , Mary Baker ( 1925 ) . Miscellany , p. 261 , in Prose Works other than Science and Health . Trustees under the will of Mary Baker G. Eddy , Boston , USA . Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 9781860643972 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 . Jump up ^ Echo of Islam . MIG. 1993 . In the former Soviet Union , fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year 's day , following a tradition established by the officially atheist state . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Luzer , Daniel ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` What a Real War on Christmas Looks Like '' . Pacific Standard . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . There were several anti-religious campaigns , the most dramatic of which occurred in the 1920s . According to a piece published by the School of Russian and Asia Studies : In 1925 , Christmas was effectively banned under the officially atheist Soviets , and was not to return to Russian lands until 1992 . The New Year celebration usurped the traditions of a Christmas Tree ( Ёлка ) , Santa ( known in Russian as `` Дед Mopoз '' or `` Grandfather Frost '' ) , and presents . In the Russian tradition , Grandfather Frost 's granddaughter , the Snow Maiden ( Снегурочка ) , always accompanies him to help distribute the gifts . Elves are not associated with the holiday . The state prohibited people from selling Christmas trees . There were even festivals , organized by the League of Militant Atheists , specifically to denigrate religious holidays . Their carnivals were inspired by similar events staged by activists after the French Revolution . From 1923 to 1924 and then again from 1929 to 1930 the `` Komsomol Christmases '' and Easters were basically holiday celebrations of atheism . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( 10 November 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521022309 . The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion . Jump up ^ How St. Nicholas Became Santa Claus : One Theory , interview with Jeremy Seal at the St. Nicholas Center . Jump up ^ `` In defense of Santa Claus '' . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . , Carol - Jean Swanson , Mothering , Fall 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Better Watch Out , Better Not Cry '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Hilda Hoy , The Prague Post , 13 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Santa goes green ! ; BBC.co.uk ; 26 November 2007 ; Retrieved 22 December 2007 Jump up ^ Parents see red over school 's green - suited santa , Olinka Koster , The Daily Mail ( UK ) , 22 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nast , Thomas : `` Merry Old Santa Claus '' -- Encyclopædia Britannica `` . Britannica.com . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Do You Believe in Surnits ? , Jaqueline Woolley , The New York Times , December 23 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Santa Claus : Should Parents Perpetuate the Santa Claus Myth ? , Austin Cline , About.com ^ Jump up to : `` How to deal with the ' is Santa real ? ' '' . The Dominion Post . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Kutner ; Parent & Child ; New York Times ; 21 November 1991 ; Retrieved 22 December 2007 Bibliography Belk , Russell . 1989 . `` Materialism with the modern U.S. Christmas '' . In Interpretive Consumer Research , ed. by Elizabeth C. Hirschman , Provo , UT : Association for Consumer Research , 75 -- 104 . Bowler , Gerry , Editor ( 2004 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Christmas , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1535 - 9 ( 0 - 7710 - 1535 - 6 ) Bowler , Gerry , ( 2007 ) . Santa Claus : A Biography , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1668 - 4 ( 0 - 7710 - 1668 - 9 ) Crump , William D. Editor ( 2006 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 2nd edition , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2293 - 7 Nissenbaum , Stephen ( 1997 ) . The Battle for Christmas , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74038 - 4 ( 0 - 679 - 74038 - 4 ) Further reading Joffe - Walt , Chana ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Without Magic , Santa Would Need 12 Million Employees '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . External links Find more aboutSanta Clausat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote An article on the History of Santa Claus from the St. Nicholas Center The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas North Pole Flooded With Letters -- MSNBC Research guides for Thomas Nast and Santa Claus at The Morristown & Morris Township Public Library , NJ `` THE KNICKERBOCKERS RESCUE SANTA CLAUS : ' CLAAS SCHLASCHENSCHLINGER ' from James Kirke Paulding 's The Book of Saint Nicholas '' ( 1836 ) Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Cyber Monday Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Commons Portal Forbes Fictional 15 2002 Santa Claus Richie Rich Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Scrooge McDuck Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Bruce Wayne Lex Luthor J.R. Ewing Auric Goldfinger C. Montgomery Burns Charles Foster Kane Cruella de Vil Gordon Gekko Jay Gatsby 2005 Santa Claus Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Richie Rich Lex Luthor C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Jed Clampett Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Arthur Bach Ebenezer Scrooge Lara Croft Cruella de Vil Lucius Malfoy 2006 Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Jed Clampett Mr. Monopoly Bruce Wayne Tony Stark Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Tony Montana Lara Croft Mario 2007 Scrooge McDuck Ming the Merciless Richie Rich Mom Jed Clampett C. Montgomery Burns Carter Pewterschmidt Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Tony Stark Fake Steve Jobs Gomez Addams Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Princess Peach 2008 Uncle Sam Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Gordon Gekko Jabba the Hutt Ebenezer Scrooge Tony Stark Thurston Howell III Bruce Wayne Adrian Veidt Jed Clampett Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Carlisle Cullen Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Tony Stark Jed Clampett Adrian Veidt Bruce Wayne Tooth fairy Thurston Howell III Sir Topham Hatt Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Jay Gatsby Lucille Bluth 2011 Scrooge McDuck Carlisle Cullen Artemis Fowl II Richie Rich Jed Clampett Tony Stark Smaug Bruce Wayne Mr. Monopoly Arthur Bach Jo Bennett C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Gordon Gekko Jeffrey Lebowski 2012 Smaug Flintheart Glomgold Carlisle Cullen Jed Clampett Tony Stark Richie Rich Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Forrest Gump Mr. Monopoly Lisbeth Salander Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Robert Crawley Jo Bennett 2013 Scrooge McDuck Smaug Carlisle Cullen Tony Stark Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Richie Rich Christian Grey Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Walden Schmidt Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Mary Crawley Jay Gatsby GND : 4322773 - 9 NDL : 001123057 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&oldid=801602882 '' Categories : Advertising characters Christian folklore Christmas traditions Fictional Christian saints Folk saints Holiday characters Fictional toymakers and toy inventors Santa Claus Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Pages with URL errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2016 North America - centric All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2016 Articles with minor POV problems from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 17 : 58 . 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-7031096254223080881	Automotive paint	Automotive paint - Wikipedia Automotive paint Jump to : navigation , search Robotic arm applying paint on car parts . Automotive paint is paint used on automobiles for both protection and decoration purposes . Enamel paint is currently the most widely used paint for reasons including reducing paint 's environmental impact . Modern automobile paint is applied in several layers , with a total thickness of around 100 μm ( 0.1 mm ) . Paint application requires preparation and primer steps to ensure proper application . A basecoat is applied after the primer paint is applied . Following this , a clearcoat of paint may be applied that forms a glossy and transparent coating . The clearcoat layer must be able to withstand UV light . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Processes and coatings 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Primer 2.3 Basecoat 2.4 Clearcoat 3 References History ( edit ) In the early days of the automobile industry , paint was applied manually and dried for weeks at room temperature . As mass production of cars started , paint was dried in ovens . Nowadays , paint is usually applied by robotic arms and dried in just a few hours . Until several decades ago lead , chromium and other heavy metals were used in automotive paint . Environmental laws have prohibited this , which has resulted in a move to water - based paints . Up to 85 % of lacquer paint can evaporate into the air , polluting the atmosphere . Enamel paint is better for the environment and has become the most widely used paint . Processes and coatings ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) High - pressure water spray jets are directed to the body . Without proper pretreatment , premature failure of the finish system can almost be guaranteed . A phosphate coat is necessary to protect the body against corrosion effects and prepares the surface for the E-Coat . The body is dipped into the Electro - Coat Paint Operation ( ELPO / E-Coat ) , then a high voltage is applied . The body works as a cathode and the paint as an anode sticking on the body surface . It is an eco-friendly painting process . In E-Coat , also called CED paint , utilization is approximately 99.9 % and has great salt spray test life compared to other painting processes . Primer ( edit ) See also : Primer ( paint ) The primer is the first coat to be applied . The main functions of the primer are to act as a leveler and protector , and to make the base coat easier to apply to the component to which it is applied . The primer serves several purposes . It serves as a leveler , which is important since the cab often has marks and other forms of surface defect after being manufactured in the body shop . A smoother surface is created by leveling out these defects and therefore a better final product . It serves as a protector , the primer will protect from corrosion , heat differences , bumps , stone - chips , UV - light , etc . It also improves ease of application by making it easier for paints to stick to the surface , a more varied range of paints can be used . Basecoat ( edit ) The base coat is applied after the primer coat . This coat contains the visual properties of color and effects , and is usually the one referred to as the paint . Base coat used in automotive applications is commonly divided into three categories : solid , metallic , and pearlescent pigments . Solid paints have no sparkle effects except the color . This is the easiest type of paint to apply , and the most common type of paint for heavy transportation vehicles , construction equipment and aircraft . It is also widely used on cars , trucks , and motorcycles . Clear coat was not used on solid colors until the early 1990 's . Metallic paints contain aluminium flakes to create a sparkling and grainy effect , generally referred to as a metallic look . This paint is harder to manage than solid paints because of the extra dimensions to consider . Metallic and pearlescent paints must be applied evenly to ensure a consistent looking finish without light and dark spots which are often called `` mottling '' . Metallic basecoats are formulated so that the aluminium flake is parallel to the substrate . This maximises the `` flop '' . This is the difference in the brightness between looking perpendicularly at the paint and that at an acute angle . The `` flop '' is maximised if the basecoat increases in viscosity shortly after application so that the aluminium flake which is in a random orientation after spraying is locked into this position while there is still much solvent ( or water ) in the coating . Subsequent evaporation of the solvent ( or water ) , leads to a reduction in the film thickness of the drying coating , causing the aluminium flake to be dragged into an orientation parallel to the substrate . This orientation then needs to be unaffected by the application of the clear coat solvents . The formulation of the clear coat needs to be carefully chosen so that it will not `` re-dissolve '' the basecoat and thus affect the orientation of the metallic flake but will still exhibit enough adhesion between the coatings so as to avoid delamination of the clear coat . A similar mode of action occurs with pearlescent pigmented basecoats . Pearlescent Paints contain special iridescent pigments commonly referred to as `` pearls '' . Pearl pigments impart a colored sparkle to the finish which works to create depth of color . Pearlescent paints can be two stage in nature ( pearl base color + clear ) or 3 stage in nature ( basecoat + pearl mid-coat + clear - coat ) . Clearcoat ( edit ) Usually sprayed on top of a colored basecoat , clearcoat is a glossy and transparent coating that forms the final interface with the environment . For this reason , clearcoat must be durable enough to resist abrasion and chemically stable enough to withstand UV light . Clearcoat can be either solvent or water - borne . One part and two part formulations are often referred to as 1k and 2k respectively . OEM ( original equipment manufacture ) clear coats applied to the metal bodies of cars are normally 1K systems since they can be heated to around 140 deg C to effect cure . The clear coats applied to the plastic components like the bumpers and wing mirrors however are 2K systems since they can normally only accept temperatures up to about 90 deg C. These 2 K systems are normally applied `` off line '' with the coated plastic parts fixed to the painted metallic body . Owing to the difference in formulation of the 1K and 2K systems and the fact they are coated in different locations they have a different effect on the `` redissolving '' of the metallic base coat . This is most easily seen in the light metallic paints like the silver and light blue or green shades where the `` flop '' difference is most marked . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John Pfanstiehl ( 1998 ) . Automotive Paint Handbook : Paint Technology for Auto Enthusiasts & Body Shop Professionals . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55788 - 291 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kimio Toda ; Abraham Salazar ; Kozo Saito ( 21 December 2012 ) . Automotive Painting Technology : A Monozukuri - Hitozukuri Perspective . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5095 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to Seals in the AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY , PRE-TREATMENT & PAINT PLANTS '' ( PDF ) . arthomson.com . p. p. 4 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ A Guide to Auto Paint Colors Jump up ^ DuPont Automotive : Paint & Coatings for Metal Exterior Jump up ^ 1K Coating vs 2K Coatings Automotives Paints and Coatings , Streitberger & Dössel , 2008 Hans - Joachim Streitberger ; Karl - Friedrich Dossel ( 31 March 2008 ) . Automotive Paints and Coatings . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 30971 - 9 . This article about an automotive technology is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_paint&oldid=801801137 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Painting materials Automotive technology stubs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 23 : 17 . About Wikipedia	what type of paint are cars painted with	[ "Automotive paint is paint used on automobiles for both protection and decoration purposes.[1][2] Enamel paint is currently the most widely used paint for reasons including reducing paint's environmental impact." ]	[ "Enamel" ]
-3984445723070904764	1800s (decade)	1800s ( decade ) - Wikipedia 1800s ( decade ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Millennium : 2nd millennium Centuries : 18th century 19th century 20th century Decades : 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s Years : 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 Categories : Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments The 1800s decade lasted from January 1 , 1800 , to December 31 , 1809 . Contents 1 Overview 2 Politics and wars 2.1 Napoleonic Wars 2.2 Other wars and political upheavals 2.3 Slavery 2.4 Prominent political events 2.5 World leaders 2.6 Colonies 3 Science and technology 3.1 Electricity 3.2 Transportation 3.3 Astronomy 3.4 Other advances 4 Culture 4.1 Music 4.2 Fashion 4.3 Other 5 Wikisource reference work 6 References Overview ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) Colonial empires in the world in 1800 Politics and wars ( edit ) This decade saw the rise of Napoleon I , who led the French army to conquer a substantial portion of Europe during this time . Napoleonic wars ( edit ) Main article : Napoleonic Wars The European political landscape was dominated by the Napoleonic Wars , a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon 's First French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815 . As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789 , they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale , mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription . French power rose quickly , conquering most of Europe by the end of the decade . The decade brought hard times . On 9 November 1799 ( 18 Brumaire ) , Napoleon overthrew the French government , replacing it with the Consulate , in which he was First Consul . On 2 December 1804 , after a failed assassination plot , he crowned himself Emperor . In 1805 , Napoleon planned to invade Britain , but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria ( Third Coalition ) , forced him to turn his attention towards the continent , while at the same time failure to lure the superior British fleet away from the English Channel , ending in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October put an end to hopes of an invasion of Britain . On 2 December 1805 , Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro - Russian army at Austerlitz , forcing Austria 's withdrawal from the coalition ( see Treaty of Pressburg ) and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire . In 1806 , a Fourth Coalition was set up , on 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt , marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at Friedland . The Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw . The War of the Fifth Coalition , fought in the year 1809 , pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against the French Empire and Bavaria . Major engagements between France and Austria , the main participants , unfolded over much of Central Europe from April to July , with very high casualty rates . Britain , already involved on the European continent in the ongoing Peninsular War , sent another expedition , the Walcheren Campaign , to the Netherlands in order to relieve the Austrians , although this effort had little impact on the outcome of the conflict . After much campaigning in Bavaria and across the Danube valley , the war ended favorably for the French after the bloody struggle at Wagram in early July , resulting in the Treaty of Schönbrunn . Although fighting in the Iberian Peninsula continued , the War of the Fifth Coalition was the last major conflict on the European continent until the French invasion of Russia in 1812 sparked the Sixth Coalition . Other wars and political upheavals ( edit ) End of the White Lotus Rebellion ( 1796 -- 1804 ) , an uprising against the Qing Dynasty in China . Beginning of the Russo - Turkish War ( 1806 -- 1812 ) between Russia and the Ottoman Empire . The First Barbary War ( 1801 -- 1805 ) is fought between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa . End of the Quasi-War ( 1800 ) . The Second Anglo - Maratha War ( 1803 -- 1805 ) is fought between the Maratha Peshwa on one side and minor chieftains of the Maratha Confederacy Sindhia , Bhonsle and Holkar on the other resulting in a crushing defeat of the rebel chieftains and the breakup of the Maratha confederacy . The Fulani War ( 1804 -- 1810 ) is fought in present - day Nigeria and Cameroon . The First Serbian Uprising ( 1804 − 1813 ) marks the first time in 300 years Serbia perceives itself an independent state . Haiti gains independence from France on January 1 , 1804 . Slavery ( edit ) See also : History of slavery This decade marked the height of the Atlantic slave trade to the United States . During the period of 1798 and 1808 , approximately 200,000 slaves were imported from Africa to the United States . Still , the abolitionist movement began to gain ground in this period . Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act 1807 , which barred the trade of slaves in Great Britain ( though slavery was still legal ) . The United States enacted a similar ban in 1808 . However , Napoleon revoked the French Empire 's ban on slavery with the Law of 20 May 1802 . Prominent political events ( edit ) 1801 Under the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 , Washington , D.C. , a new planned city and capital of the United States , was placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress . The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 . 1803 United States doubles its size with territories gained from Napoleon Bonaparte in the Louisiana Purchase . World leaders ( edit ) North America United States President John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) President Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) President James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Haiti Jean - Jacques Dessalines ( 1801 -- 1806 ) Alexandre Pétion ( Republic of Haiti ) ( 1806 -- 1818 ) Henri Christophe ( State / Kingdom of Haiti ) ( 1807 -- 1820 ) Western Europe Emperor Francis II ( Holy Roman Empire ) Pope Pius VII King Gustavus IV Adolphus ( Sweden ) King Charles XIII ( Sweden ) King Christian VII ( Denmark ) and ( Norway ) ( 1766 -- 1808 ) King Frederick VI ( Denmark ) ( 1808 -- 1839 ) and ( Norway ) ( 1808 -- 1814 ) First Consul / Emperor Napoleon I ( First French Republic / First French Empire ) * * King D. João VI ( United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and Algarve ) ( 1792 -- 1826 ) King George III , ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) King Charles IV ( Spain ) Eastern Europe Tsar Paul I ( Russia ) Tsar Alexander I ( Russia ) Ottoman Empire Selim III ( 1789 -- 1807 ) Mustafa IV ( 1807 -- 1808 ) Mahmud II ( 1808 -- 1839 ) Frederick William III of Prussia ( Prussia ) Asia Jiaqing Emperor of China ( Qing Dynasty ) Mughal Empire Shah Alam II 1759 -- 1806 Akbar II 1806 -- 1837 Baji Rao II ( Peshwa of the Marathas ) Maharaja Ranjit Singh ( Sikh Empire , Punjab ) 1801 -- 1839 Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty ( Persia ) Colonies ( edit ) North America / Latin America Canada - a colony of Great Britain under the control of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Russian America - Alaska down through parts of California were claimed by Russia during this time , commercialized through the establishment of the Russian - American Company New Spain - Present day Mexico , Central America , and the western United States were under the control of Spain during this decade . South America Largely under colonial rule by Spain and Portugal . Spain was losing its grip due to problems at home , setting the stage for Spanish American wars of independence in the following decade . Africa The Ottoman Empire loosely controlled the Maghreb ( a.k.a. the Barbary Coast ) Science and technology ( edit ) Electricity ( edit ) See also : History of electromagnetism and History of electrochemistry A voltaic pile on display in the Tempio Voltiano . This decade contained some of the earliest experiments in electrochemistry . In 1800 Alessandro Volta constructed a voltaic pile , the first device to produce a large electric current , later known as the electric battery . Napoleon , informed of his works , summoned him in 1801 for a command performance of his experiments . He received many medals and decorations , including the Légion d'honneur . Also in 1800 , William Nicholson and Johann Wilhelm Ritter succeeded in decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis . Soon thereafter Ritter discovered the process of electroplating . He also observed that the amount of metal deposited and the amount of oxygen produced during an electrolytic process depended on the distance between the electrodes . By 1801 Ritter observed thermoelectric currents and anticipated the discovery of thermoelectricity by Thomas Johann Seebeck . In 1806 , Humphry Davy decomposed potash and soda , employing a voltaic pile of approximately 250 cells , showing that these substances were respectively the oxides of potassium and sodium , which metals previously had been unknown . Employing a battery of 2,000 elements of a voltaic pile and charcoal enclosed in a vacuum , Davy gave the first public demonstration of the electric arc lamp in 1809 . The London Steam Carriage Transportation ( edit ) See also : Timeline of transportation technology Steam transportation started to become viable during this decade . In 1803 , William Symington 's Charlotte Dundas , generally considered to be the world 's first practical steamboat , made her first voyage . Later , in 1807 , Robert Fulton 's North River Steamboat , the world 's first commercially successful steamboat , made her maiden voyage . In 1801 , Richard Trevithick ran a full - sized steam ' road locomotive ' on the road in Camborne , England , followed by his 10 - seater London Steam Carriage in 1803 . In 1804 , Trevithick built a prototype steam - powered railway locomotive . The first railway began operating during this time . The Surrey Iron Railway in Great Britain was established by the British Parliament in 1801 , and began operation on 26 July 1803 . The railway relied on horse - drawn haulage than powered locomotives . In 1807 , Isaac de Rivas made a hydrogen gas - powered vehicle , the first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine . James Watt creates first steam engine based on Newcomen 's design . Astronomy ( edit ) The first known asteroids are discovered in this decade : Ceres ( January 1 , 1801 ) . Ceres is reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 . Pallas ( March 28 , 1802 ) Juno ( September 1 , 1804 ) Vesta ( March 29 , 1807 ) Other advances ( edit ) Invention of the Jacquard loom in 1801 . Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter in 1801 . Flag semaphore is gradually adopted by various navies of the world . Morphine is isolated from opium for the first time in 1804 . Nicolas Appert develops a method to preserve food by means of canning in 1809 . John Dalton publishes his atomic theory 1803 . Culture ( edit ) The end of the Enlightenment following the beginning of the Romantic era in the next decade . Ludwig van Beethoven in 1804 Music ( edit ) Ludwig van Beethoven 's Symphony No. 1 premiers in Vienna in 1800 . Bach 's Sonatas and partitas for solo violin are published by Bote and Bock in 1802 . Symphony No. 3 ' Eroica ' by Ludwig van Beethoven is completed in 1804 . Fidelio by Ludwig van Beethoven is completed in 1805 . Fourth Piano Concerto and Violin Concerto by Ludwig van Beethoven are completed in 1806 . La Vestale by Gaspare Spontini is completed in 1807 . Beethoven completes both his 5th Symphony and 6th Symphony `` Pastoral '' in 1808 . Fashion ( edit ) Main article : 1795 -- 1820 in fashion High - waisted dancing dress from 1809 Fashion in this period in European and European - influenced countries saw the final triumph of undress or informal styles over the brocades , lace , periwig , and powder of the earlier eighteenth century . Beau Brummell Fashionable women 's clothing styles were based on the Empire silhouette -- dresses were closely fitted to the torso just under the bust , falling loosely below . Inspired by neoclassical tastes , the short - waisted gowns sported soft , flowing skirts and were often made of white , almost transparent muslin , which was easily washed and draped loosely like the garments on Greek and Roman statues . No respectable woman would leave the house without a hat or bonnet . The antique head - dress , or Queen Mary coif , Chinese hat , Oriental inspired turban , and Highland helmet were popular . As for bonnets , their crowns and brims were adorned with increasingly elaborate ornamentations , such as feathers and ribbons . In fact , ladies of the day embellished their hats frequently , replacing old decorations with new trims or feathers . 1800 -- 1809 was the height of dandyism in men 's fashion in Europe , following the example of Beau Brummell . Older men , military officers , and those in conservative professions such as lawyers and physicians retained their wigs and powder into this period , but younger men of fashion wore their hair in short curls , often with long sideburns . This period saw the final abandonment of lace , embroidery , and other embellishment from serious men 's clothing outside of formalized court dress . Instead , cut and tailoring became much more important as an indicator of quality . Other ( edit ) November 10 , 1809 -- Berners Street hoax : Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 54 Berners Street in London . Wikisource reference work ( edit ) Adams , Henry ( 1889 - 90 ) . History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 - 1809 ) . History that in part contains six chapters of narration remarking upon significant individuals of that era with added wikilinks linking back to their Wikipedia articles . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Wikisource . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. - Africa Chronology '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . `` Forgotten step towards freedom , '' New York Times . 30 December 2007 , Jump up ^ Maver , William Jr. : `` Electricity , its History and Progress '' , The Encyclopedia Americana ; a library of universal knowledge , vol . X , pp. 172ff. ( 1918 ) . New York : Encyclopedia Americana Corp . ^ Jump up to : C.D. Buchanan ( 1958 ) . `` 1 '' . Mixed Blessing : The Motor in Britain . Leonard Hill . Jump up ^ Introduction to Rail 150 : The Stockton and Darlington Railway and what followed by Jack Simmons , publ. 1975 by Methuen Jump up ^ Eckermann , Erik ( 2001 ) . World History of the Automobile . Warrendale , PA : Society of Automotive Engineers . ISBN 0 - 7680 - 0800 - X . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University press . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57600 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Regency Fashion and Costume '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Payne , Blanche : History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century , pp. 452 -- 455 , Harper & Row , 1965 . No ISBN for this edition ; ASIN B0006BMNFS History of the 19th century Timeline Decades 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s Topics Christianity Literature Philosophy Science Theatre Lists State leaders Earthquakes Lunar eclipses Solar eclipses Volcanic eruptions Category * Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1800s_(decade)&oldid=864583000 '' Categories : 1800s Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from March 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Коми Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Nouormand Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Yorùbá 粵語中文 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 05 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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7057368640576943759	Bank of England	Bank of England - wikipedia Bank of England `` English bank '' redirects here . For banking in England , see Banking in the United Kingdom . For the corpus linguisics project , see Bank of English . Governor and Company of the Bank of England Headquarters Threadneedle Street London , EC2 England , United Kingdom Established 27 July 1694 ; 323 years ago ( 1694 - 07 - 27 ) Governor Mark Carney ( 2013 ) Central bank of United Kingdom Currency Pound sterling GBP ( ISO 4217 ) Bank rate 0.5 % Website www.bankofengland.co.uk The Bank of England , formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England , is the central bank of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the model on which most modern central banks have been based . Established in 1694 , it is the second oldest central bank in operation today , after Sveriges Riksbank . The Bank of England is the world 's 8th oldest bank . It was established to act as the English Government 's banker and is still one of the bankers for the Government of the United Kingdom . The Bank was privately owned by stockholders from its foundation in 1694 until it was nationalised in 1946 . In 1998 , it became an independent public organization , wholly owned by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of the government , with independence in setting monetary policy . The Bank is one of eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom , but it has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales and regulates the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland . The Bank 's Monetary Policy Committee has a devolved responsibility for managing monetary policy . The Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee `` if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances '' , but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days . The Bank 's Financial Policy Committee held its first meeting in June 2011 as a macro prudential regulator to oversee regulation of the UK 's financial sector . The Bank 's headquarters have been in London 's main financial district , the City of London , on Threadneedle Street , since 1734 . It is sometimes known by the metonym The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street or The Old Lady , a name taken from the satirical cartoon by James Gillray in 1797 . The busy road junction outside is known as Bank junction . As a regulator and central bank , the Bank of England has not offered consumer banking services for many years , but it still does manage some public - facing services such as exchanging superseded bank notes . Until 2016 , the bank provided personal banking services as a popular privilege for employees . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 18th century 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th century 1.5 21st century 2 Functions 2.1 Monetary stability 2.2 Asset purchase facility 3 Banknote issues 4 Gold vault 5 Governance of the Bank of England 5.1 Governors 5.2 Court of Directors 5.3 Other staff 6 Criticism 6.1 Bullionist Perspective 6.2 Brexit 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) Sealing of the Bank of England Charter ( 1694 ) , by Lady Jane Lindsay , 1905 England 's crushing defeat by France , the dominant naval power , in naval engagements culminating in the 1690 Battle of Beachy Head , became the catalyst for England 's rebuilding itself as a global power . England had no choice but to build a powerful navy . No public funds were available , and the credit of William III 's government was so low in London that it was impossible for it to borrow the £ 1,200,000 ( at 8 % p.a. ) that the government wanted . To induce subscription to the loan , the subscribers were to be incorporated by the name of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England . The Bank was given exclusive possession of the government 's balances , and was the only limited - liability corporation allowed to issue bank notes . The lenders would give the government cash ( bullion ) and issue notes against the government bonds , which can be lent again . The £ 1.2 m was raised in 12 days ; half of this was used to rebuild the navy . As a side effect , the huge industrial effort needed , including establishing ironworks to make more nails and advances in agriculture feeding the quadrupled strength of the navy , started to transform the economy . This helped the new Kingdom of Great Britain -- England and Scotland were formally united in 1707 -- to become powerful . The power of the navy made Britain the dominant world power in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . The establishment of the bank was devised by Charles Montagu , 1st Earl of Halifax , in 1694 . The plan of 1691 , which had been proposed by William Paterson three years before , had not then been acted upon . ( It is worth noting though , that 58 years earlier , in 1636 , Financier to the king Philip Burlamachi had proposed exactly the same idea in a letter addressed to Sir Francis Windebank . ) He proposed a loan of £ 1.2 m to the government ; in return the subscribers would be incorporated as The Governor and Company of the Bank of England with long - term banking privileges including the issue of notes . The royal charter was granted on 27 July through the passage of the Tonnage Act 1694 . Public finances were in such dire condition at the time that the terms of the loan were that it was to be serviced at a rate of 8 % per annum , and there was also a service charge of £ 4,000 per annum for the management of the loan . The first governor was Sir John Houblon , who is depicted in the £ 50 note issued in 1994 . The charter was renewed in 1742 , 1764 , and 1781 . 18th century ( edit ) Satirical cartoon protesting against the introduction of paper money , by James Gillray , 1797 . The `` Old Lady of Threadneedle St '' ( the Bank personified ) is ravished by William Pitt the Younger . The Bank 's original home was in Walbrook , a street in the City of London , where during reconstruction in 1954 archaeologists found the remains of a Roman temple of Mithras ( Mithras is -- rather fittingly -- said to have been worshipped as , amongst other things , the God of Contracts ) ; the Mithraeum ruins are perhaps the most famous of all 20th - century Roman discoveries in the City of London and can be viewed by the public . The Bank moved to its current location in Threadneedle Street in 1734 , and thereafter slowly acquired neighbouring land to create the edifice seen today . Sir Herbert Baker 's rebuilding of the Bank , demolishing most of Sir John Soane 's earlier building , was described by architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as `` the greatest architectural crime , in the City of London , of the twentieth century '' . When the idea and reality of the National Debt came about during the 18th century , this was also managed by the Bank . During the American war of independence , business for the Bank was so good that George Washington remained a shareholder throughout the period . By the charter renewal in 1781 it was also the bankers ' bank -- keeping enough gold to pay its notes on demand until 26 February 1797 when war had so diminished gold reserves that - following an invasion scare caused by the Battle of Fishguard days earlier - the government prohibited the Bank from paying out in gold by the passing of the Bank Restriction Act 1797 . This prohibition lasted until 1821 . 19th century ( edit ) Bank Stock of the Bank of England , issued 25 . January 1876 The 1844 Bank Charter Act tied the issue of notes to the gold reserves and gave the Bank sole rights with regard to the issue of banknotes . Private banks that had previously had that right retained it , provided that their headquarters were outside London and that they deposited security against the notes that they issued . A few English banks continued to issue their own notes until the last of them was taken over in the 1930s . Scottish and Northern Irish private banks still have that right . The bank acted as lender of last resort for the first time in the panic of 1866 . The last private bank in England to issue its own notes was Thomas Fox 's Fox , Fowler and Company bank in Wellington , which rapidly expanded , until it merged with Lloyds Bank in 1927 . They were legal tender until 1964 . There are nine notes left in circulation ; one is housed at Tone Dale House Wellington . 20th century ( edit ) The main Bank of England façade , c. 1980 Britain remained on the gold standard until 1931 when the gold and foreign exchange reserves were transferred to the Treasury , but they continued to be managed by the Bank . During the governorship of Montagu Norman , from 1920 -- 44 , the Bank made deliberate efforts to move away from commercial banking and become a central bank . In 1946 , shortly after the end of Norman 's tenure , the bank was nationalised by the Labour government . After 1945 the Bank pursued the multiple goals of Keynesian economics , especially `` easy money '' and low interest rates to support aggregate demand . It tried to keep a fixed exchange rate , and attempted to deal with inflation and sterling weakness by credit and exchange controls . In 1977 , the Bank set up a wholly owned subsidiary called Bank of England Nominees Limited ( BOEN ) , a private limited company , with two of its hundred £ 1 shares issued . According to its Memorandum & Articles of Association , its objectives are : `` To act as Nominee or agent or attorney either solely or jointly with others , for any person or persons , partnership , company , corporation , government , state , organisation , sovereign , province , authority , or public body , or any group or association of them ... '' Bank of England Nominees Limited was granted an exemption by Edmund Dell , Secretary of State for Trade , from the disclosure requirements under Section 27 ( 9 ) of the Companies Act 1976 , because `` it was considered undesirable that the disclosure requirements should apply to certain categories of shareholders . '' The Bank of England is also protected by its royal charter status , and the Official Secrets Act . BOEN is a vehicle for governments and heads of state to invest in UK companies ( subject to approval from the Secretary of State ) , providing they undertake `` not to influence the affairs of the company '' . BOEN is no longer exempt from company law disclosure requirements . Although a dormant company , dormancy does not preclude a company actively operating as a nominee shareholder . BOEN has two shareholders : the Bank of England , and the Secretary of the Bank of England. . In 1981 the reserve requirement for banks to hold a minimum fixed proportion of their deposits as reserves at the Bank of England was abolished : see reserve requirement for more details . The contemporary transition from Keynesian economics to Chicago economics was analysed by Kaldor in The Scourge of Monetarism On 6 May 1997 , following the 1997 general election which brought a Labour government to power for the first time since 1979 , it was announced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Gordon Brown , that the Bank would be granted operational independence over monetary policy . Under the terms of the Bank of England Act 1998 ( which came into force on 1 June 1998 ) , the Bank 's Monetary Policy Committee was given sole responsibility for setting interest rates to meet the Government 's Retail Prices Index ( RPI ) inflation target of 2.5 % . The target has changed to 2 % since the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) replaced the Retail Prices Index as the Treasury 's inflation index . If inflation overshoots or undershoots the target by more than 1 % , the Governor has to write a letter to the Chancellor of the Exchequer explaining why , and how he will remedy the situation . The success of inflation targeting in the United Kingdom has been attributed to the Bank 's focus on transparency . The Bank of England has been a leader in producing innovative ways of communicating information to the public , especially through its Inflation Report , which have been emulated by many other central banks . Independent central banks that adopt an inflation target are known as Friedmanite central banks . Inflation targets combined with central bank independence have been characterised as a `` starve the beast '' strategy creating a lack of money in the public sector . This change in Labour 's politics was described by Skidelsky in The Return of the Master as a mistake and as an adoption of the Rational Expectations Hypothesis as promulgated by Walters The handing over of monetary policy to the Bank had been a key plank of the Liberal Democrats ' economic policy since the 1992 general election . Conservative MP Nicholas Budgen had also proposed this as a private member 's bill in 1996 , but the bill failed as it had the support of neither the government nor the opposition . 21st century ( edit ) Mark Carney assumed the post of Governor of the Bank of England on 1 July 2013 . He succeeded Mervyn King , who took over on 30 June 2003 . Carney , a Canadian , will serve an initial five - year term rather than the typical eight , and will seek UK citizenship . He is the first non-British citizen to hold the post . As of January 2014 , the Bank also has four Deputy Governors . BOEN was dissolved , following liquidation , in July 2017 . Functions ( edit ) There are two main areas which are tackled by the Bank to ensure it carries out these functions efficiently : Bank House , the Bank of England offices on King Street in Leeds . Monetary stability ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Note : It is important to note that `` monetary '' and `` financial '' are synonyms . Stable prices and confidence in the currency are the two main criteria for monetary stability . Stable prices are maintained by seeking to ensure that price increases meet the Government 's inflation target . The Bank aims to meet this target by adjusting the base interest rate , which is decided by the Monetary Policy Committee , and through its communications strategy , such as publishing yield curves . Maintaining financial stability involves protecting against threats to the whole financial system . Threats are detected by the Bank 's surveillance and market intelligence functions . The threats are then dealt with through financial and other operations , both at home and abroad . In exceptional circumstances , the Bank may act as the lender of last resort by extending credit when no other institution will . The Bank works together with other institutions to secure both monetary and financial stability , including : HM Treasury , the Government department responsible for financial and economic policy ; and Other central banks and international organisations , with the aim of improving the international financial system . The 1997 memorandum of understanding describes the terms under which the Bank , the Treasury and the FSA work toward the common aim of increased financial stability . In 2010 the incoming Chancellor announced his intention to merge the FSA back into the Bank . As of 2012 , the current director for financial stability is Andy Haldane . The Bank acts as the government 's banker , and it maintains the government 's Consolidated Fund account . It also manages the country 's foreign exchange and gold reserves . The Bank also acts as the bankers ' bank , especially in its capacity as a lender of last resort . The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales . Scottish and Northern Irish banks retain the right to issue their own banknotes , but they must be backed one for one with deposits at the Bank , excepting a few million pounds representing the value of notes they had in circulation in 1845 . The Bank decided to sell its banknote printing operations to De La Rue in December 2002 , under the advice of Close Brothers Corporate Finance Ltd . Since 1998 , the Monetary Policy Committee ( MPC ) has had the responsibility for setting the official interest rate . However , with the decision to grant the Bank operational independence , responsibility for government debt management was transferred in 1998 to the new Debt Management Office , which also took over government cash management in 2000 . Computershare took over as the registrar for UK Government bonds ( gilt - edged securities or gilts ) from the Bank at the end of 2004 . The Bank used to be responsible for the regulation and supervision of the banking and insurance industries . This responsibility was transferred to the Financial Services Authority in June 1998 , but after the financial crises in 2008 new banking legislation transferred the responsibility for regulation and supervision of the banking and insurance industries back to the Bank . In 2011 the interim Financial Policy Committee ( FPC ) was created as a mirror committee to the MPC to spearhead the Bank 's new mandate on financial stability . The FPC is responsible for macro prudential regulation of all UK banks and insurance companies . To help maintain economic stability , the Bank attempts to broaden understanding of its role , both through regular speeches and publications by senior Bank figures , a semiannual Financial Stability Report , and through a wider education strategy aimed at the general public . It maintains a free museum and runs the Target Two Point Zero competition for A-level students . Asset Purchase Facility ( edit ) The Bank has operated , since January 2009 , an Asset Purchase Facility ( APF ) to buy `` high - quality assets financed by the issue of Treasury bills and the DMO 's cash management operations '' and thereby improve liquidity in the credit markets . It has , since March 2009 , also provided the mechanism by which the Bank 's policy of quantitative easing ( QE ) is achieved , under the auspices of the MPC . Along with the managing the £ 200 billion of QE funds , the APF continues to operate its corporate facilities . Both are undertaken by a subsidiary company of the Bank of England , the Bank of England Asset Purchase Facility Fund Limited ( BEAPFF ) . Banknote issues ( edit ) Main article : Bank of England note issues The Bank has issued banknotes since 1694 . Notes were originally hand - written ; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards , cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone . Notes were fully printed from 1855 . Until 1928 all notes were `` White Notes '' , printed in black and with a blank reverse . In the 18th and 19th centuries White Notes were issued in £ 1 and £ 2 denominations . During the 20th century White Notes were issued in denominations between £ 5 and £ 1000 . Until the mid-19th century , commercial banks were allowed to issue their own banknotes , and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation . The Bank Charter Act 1844 began the process of restricting note issue to the Bank ; new banks were prohibited from issuing their own banknotes and existing note - issuing banks were not permitted to expand their issue . As provincial banking companies merged to form larger banks , they lost their right to issue notes , and the English private banknote eventually disappeared , leaving the Bank with a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales . The last private bank to issue its own banknotes in England and Wales was Fox , Fowler and Company in 1921 . However , the limitations of the 1844 Act only affected banks in England and Wales , and today three commercial banks in Scotland and four in Northern Ireland continue to issue their own banknotes , regulated by the Bank . At the start of the First World War , the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1914 was passed , which granted temporary powers to HM Treasury for issuing banknotes to the values of £ 1 and 10 / - ( ten shillings ) . Treasury notes had full legal tender status and were not convertible into gold through the Bank ; they replaced the gold coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling and to enable raw material purchases for armament production . These notes featured an image of King George V ( Bank of England notes did not begin to display an image of the monarch until 1960 ) . The wording on each note was : UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND -- Currency notes are Legal Tender for the payment of any amount -- Issued by the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty 's Treasury under the Authority of Act of Parliament ( 4 & 5 Geo . V c. 14 ) . Treasury notes were issued until 1928 , when the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 returned note - issuing powers to the banks . The Bank of England issued notes for ten shillings and one pound for the first time on 22 November 1928 . During the Second World War the German Operation Bernhard attempted to counterfeit denominations between £ 5 and £ 50 , producing 500,000 notes each month in 1943 . The original plan was to parachute the money into the UK in an attempt to destabilise the British economy , but it was found more useful to use the notes to pay German agents operating throughout Europe . Although most fell into Allied hands at the end of the war , forgeries frequently appeared for years afterwards , which led banknote denominations above £ 5 to be removed from circulation . In 2006 , over £ 53 million in banknotes belonging to the Bank was stolen from a depot in Tonbridge , Kent . Modern banknotes are printed by contract with De La Rue Currency in Loughton , Essex . Gold vault ( edit ) The Bank is custodian to the official gold reserves of the United Kingdom and around 30 other countries . The vault , beneath the City of London , covers a floor space greater than that of the third - tallest building in the City , Tower 42 , and needs keys that are three feet ( 91 cm ) long to open . As of April 2016 , the Bank held around 400,000 bars , which is equivalent to 5,134 tonnes of gold . These gold deposits were estimated in July 2017 to have a current market value of £ 142,000,000,000 . These estimates suggest the vault could hold as much as 3 % of the gold mined throughout human history . Governance of the Bank of England ( edit ) Governors ( edit ) Main article : Governor of the Bank of England Following is a list of the Governors of the Bank of England since the beginning of the 20th century : Name Period Samuel Gladstone 1899 -- 1901 Augustus Prevost 1901 -- 03 Samuel Morley 1903 -- 05 Alexander Wallace 1905 -- 07 William Campbell 1907 -- 09 Reginald Johnston 1909 -- 11 Alfred Cole 1911 -- 13 Walter Cunliffe 1913 -- 18 Brien Cokayne 1918 -- 20 Montagu Norman 1920 -- 44 Thomas Catto 1944 -- 49 Cameron Cobbold 1949 -- 61 Rowland Baring ( 3rd Earl of Cromer ) 1961 -- 66 Leslie O'Brien 1966 -- 73 Gordon Richardson 1973 -- 83 Robert Leigh - Pemberton 1983 -- 93 Edward George 1993 -- 2003 Mervyn King 2003 -- 13 Mark Carney 2013 -- Court of Directors ( edit ) The Court of Directors is a unitary board which is responsible for setting the organisation 's strategy and budget and taking key decisions on resourcing and appointments . It consists of five executive members from the Bank plus up to 9 non-executive members , all of which are appointed by the Crown . One of the non-executive members is selected to act as Chairman by the Chancellor . It is required to meet at least 7 times a year . The Governor serves for a period of eight years , the Deputy Governors for five years , and the non-executive members for up to four years . Court of Directors ( 2015 ) Name Function Anthony Habgood Chairman of Court . Chairman of RELX Group and Preqin Mark Carney Governor Benjamin Broadbent Deputy Governor , Monetary Policy Sir Jon Cunliffe Deputy Governor , Financial Stability Sam Woods Deputy Governor , Prudential Regulation & Chief Executive of the Prudential Regulation Authority Sir David Ramsden Deputy Governor , Markets and Banking Bradley Fried Managing Partner of Grovepoint Capital LLP Tim Frost Chairman , Cairn Capital Group Limited Diana ' Dido ' Harding Member of the House of Lords Dave Prentis General Secretary of UNISON Don Robert Chairman , Experian plc Dorothy Thompson Chief Executive , Drax Group plc Other staff ( edit ) Since 2013 , the Bank has had a chief operating officer ( COO ) . As of 2015 , the Bank 's COO has been Charlotte Hogg . As of 2014 , the Bank 's chief economist is Andrew Haldane . Criticism ( edit ) Bullionist perspective ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Representing the Bullionist perspective , Economist David Ricardo argued that the Bank of England caused inflation and depreciation of the pound by over-issuing banknotes to purchase government securities because of the 1797 suspension of convertibility of pound into specie . The convertibility was suspended to prevent widespread conversion of banknotes into specie as the likelihood of war between England and France grew and fears of a French invasion increased . Before 1797 , banknotes issued by the Bank of England were required to be convertible into specie . In the end , Ricardo won with his recommendation to return to convertibility to prevent further conflicts and to ensure price stability . The suspension remained in effect until 1821 . After convertibility was reinstated in 1821 , the discussion shifted to the Currency - Banking Controversy . Brexit ( edit ) Mark Carney and the Bank were criticised by Jacob Rees - Mogg in the run - up to and after the referendum , for their ' unreserved support ' for remain during the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Numismatics portal United Kingdom portal List of British currencies Bank of England Act Bank of England club Coins of the pound sterling East India Company shareholders Financial Sanctions Unit Fractional - reserve banking Commonwealth banknote - issuing institutions Bank of England Museum Deputy Governor of the Bank of England List of directors of the Bank of England References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bank of England ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Bank Rate increased to 0.50 % '' . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Debate 29th October 1945 , Second Reading of the Bank of England Bill '' . Hansard.millbanksystems.com . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England Act 1946 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Information -- disclosures '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ 1 June 1998 , The Bank of England Act 1998 ( Commencement ) Order 1998 s 2 Jump up ^ `` BBC On This Day - 6 - 1997 : Brown sets Bank of England free '' . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England - About the Bank '' . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England : Relationship with Parliament '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bank of England 's Role in Regulating the Issue of Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknotes '' . Bank of England website . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Act of Parliament gives devolved responsibility to the MPC with reserve powers for the Treasury '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bank of England , `` Who is The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street ? '' . Accessed 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanging for an individual at the Bank of England counter '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Topham , Gwyn . `` Bank of England to close personal banking service for employees '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bagehot , Walter ( 1873 ) . Lombard Street : a description of the money market . London : Henry S. King and Co . Jump up ^ `` BBC : Empire of the Seas programme '' . webcache.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Committee of Finance and Industry 1931 ( Macmillan Report ) description of the founding of Bank of England . Books.google.ca. 1 January 1979 . ISBN 9780405112126 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . `` Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans . Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament , certain privileges of issuing bank notes . The corporation commenced , with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year 's notice . ' ' ' Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State ' ' ' '' Jump up ^ Calendar Of State Papers Domestic Series p. 73 1636 - 1637 Jump up ^ H. Roseveare , / The Financial Revolution 1660 -- 1760 / ( 1991 , Longman ) , pp. 34 Jump up ^ III , Kenneth E. Hendrickson ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810888883 . Jump up ^ `` MITHRA i . MITRA IN OLD INDIAN -- Encyclopaedia Iranica '' . www.iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England : Buildings and Architects '' . The Bank of England . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The many , often competing , jobs of the Bank of England '' . The Economist. 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From lender of last resort to global currency ? Sterling lessons for the US dollar '' . VOX. 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ John Fforde , The Role of the Bank of England , 1941 -- 1958 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` 27 July 1694 : the Bank of England is created by Royal Charter '' . MoneyWeek. 2015 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the House of Commons , 21st April 1977 '' . Jump up ^ `` Guardian article on Queen 's private wealth , 30th May 2002 '' . The Guardian . London . 30 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the House of Lords , 26th April 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England Nominees Company Accounts '' . Jump up ^ `` Example of a Dormant Nominee Company '' . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Information Act response regarding Bank of England Nominees Limited '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ The Scourge of Monetarism . Oxford University Press . 1 Jan 1982 . ISBN 9780198771876 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sattler , Thomas ; Brandt , Patrick T. ; Freeman , John R. ( April 2010 ) . `` Democratic accountability in open economies '' . Quarterly Journal of Political Science . Now Publishing Inc. 5 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 97 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.503. 6174 . doi : 10.1561 / 100.00009031 . Jump up ^ `` Key Monetary Policy Dates Since 1990 '' . Bank of England . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Remit of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England and the New Inflation Target '' ( PDF ) . HM Treasury . 10 December 2003 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Policy Framework '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Targeting Inflation : The United Kingdom in Retrospect '' ( PDF ) . IMF . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation Targeting Has Been A Successful Monetary Policy Strategy '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The Return of the Master . Public Affairs . 2009 . ISBN 1610390032 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Walters , A.A. ( June 1971 ) . `` Consistent expectations , distributed lags and the quantity theory '' . The Economic Journal . Wiley . 81 ( 322 ) : 273 -- 281 . doi : 10.2307 / 2230071 . JSTOR 2230071 . Jump up ^ Liberal Democrat election manifesto , 1992 Jump up ^ `` Mark Carney named new Bank of England governor '' . BBC . 26 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/01307478/filing-history Jump up ^ `` The Bank 's core purposes '' ( PDF ) . Annual Report 2011 . Bank of England . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bank of England -- Yield Curves by Internet Archive. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Memorandum of Understanding between the HM Treasury , the Bank of England and the Financial Services Authority '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hannah Kuchler and Claire Jones ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` BoE 's Haldane says Occupy was right '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Sale of Bank Note Printing '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England : Education '' . Bank of England . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asset Purchase Facility '' . Bank of England . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` £ 2 note issued by Evans , Jones , Davies & Co '' . British Museum . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of banknotes '' . Bank of England website . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fox , Fowler & Co. £ 5 note '' . British Museum . Archived from the original on 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Trevor R Howard . `` Treasury notes '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Record £ 53m stolen in depot raid '' . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Banknote Production '' . bankofengland.co.uk . Bank of England . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Mike ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` The Big Picture : This vast vault of gold under the Bank of England should weather the credit crunch '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Belton , Pádraig ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` The city with $248 billion beneath its pavement '' . BBC . Jump up ^ http://onlygold.com/Info/Value-Of-Gold.asp Jump up ^ 5,134 tonnes / 171,300 tonnes = 2.997 % Jump up ^ `` Governors of the Bank of England : A chronological list ( 1694 -- present ) '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Court of Directors '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Court of Directors Website der Bank of England . Accessed 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News Release - Appointment of Chief Operating Officer '' . Bank of England . 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hogg - Chief Operating Officer '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England Keeps Rates Steady '' . ABC News . Associated Press . 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/oct/25/bank-of-england-chief-mark-carney-is-enemy-of-brexit-says-jacob-rees-mogg Further reading ( edit ) Brady , Robert A. ( 1950 ) . Crisis in Britain . Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government . University of California Press . , on nationalisation 1945 -- 50 , pp 43 -- 76 Capie , Forrest . The Bank of England : 1950s to 1979 ( Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) . xxviii + 890 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19282 - 8 excerpt and text search Clapham , J.H. Bank of England ( 2 vol 1944 ) for 1694 -- 1914 Fforde , John . The Role of the Bank of England , 1941 -- 1958 ( 1992 ) excerpt and text search Francis , John . History of the Bank of England : Its Times and Traditions excerpt and text search Hennessy , Elizabeth . A Domestic History of the Bank of England , 1930 -- 1960 ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Roberts , Richard , and David Kynaston . The Bank of England : Money , Power and Influence 1694 -- 1994 ( 1995 ) Sayers , R.S. The Bank of England , 1891 -- 1944 ( 1986 ) excerpt and text search Schuster , F. The Bank of England and the State Wood , John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States ( Cambridge University Press , 2005 ) External links ( edit ) Official website Clippings about the Bank of England in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) . 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301001421963967136	Take Me to Church	Take Me to Church - wikipedia Take Me to Church Jump to : navigation , search `` Take Me to Church '' Single by Hozier from the album Take Me to Church EP and Hozier Released 13 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 13 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Indie rock soul blues Length 4 : 02 Label Rubyworks Island Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Hozier - Byrne Producer ( s ) Rob Kirwan Hozier singles chronology `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2013 ) `` From Eden '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2014 ) `` From Eden '' ( 2014 ) Hozier chronology Take Me to Church ( 2014 ) ' Take Me to Church'2014 From Eden ( 2014 ) ' From Eden'2014 `` Take Me to Church '' is a song by Irish musician Hozier from his debut extended play ( EP ) Take Me to Church ( 2013 ) -- -- originally released as a free download in September 2013 , featuring original recordings & mixes of songs `` Take Me To Church , '' `` Like Real People Do , '' `` Angel Of Small Death And The Codeine Scene , '' and `` Cherry Wine '' -- -- as well as his later self - titled debut album ( 2014 ) . The song was released as his debut single September 13 , 2013 . Hozier , a struggling musician at the time of its writing , wrote & recorded the song in the attic of his parents ' home in Bray , County Wicklow , Ireland . A mid-tempo soul song , its lyrics detail Hozier 's frustration with the Catholic Church and its stance on homosexuality . The song first caught the attention of independent label Rubyworks , where producer Rob Kirwan overdubbed the original demo with live instruments . Only two musicians feature on the track : Andrew Hozier - Byrne ( Hozier ) and drummer Fiachra Kinder . The song 's music video has contributed to its widespread popularity . The clip , directed by Brendan Canty and Conal Thomson of small production company Feel Good Lost , follows the relationship between two men and the subsequent violent homophobic backlash . Upon its YouTube release in September 2013 , the video quickly began to go viral , leading to Hozier 's subsequent license with Columbia Records US and Island Records UK . In 2014 , the song achieved widespread global popularity , topping the charts in 12 countries and reaching the top 10 in 21 other territories . Aided by music platforms Shazam and Spotify to become a rock radio hit in the US , the song spent 23 consecutive weeks at the top of the Hot Rock Songs chart , tied with Imagine Dragons ' `` Radioactive '' as the longest - running # 1 in its chart - history ( at the time ) , later crossing over to the all - genre Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at # 2 in December 2014 . The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards . The song has been certified five times platinum in the US . April 16 , 2016 , Hozier released the original Take Me To Church EP on special edition 12 - inch vinyl picture disc for Record Store Day UK ; this was the first time the EP was available as a physical release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Lyrical interpretation 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Track listing 6 Cover versions and use in media 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time chart 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 2013 , Hozier was a struggling musician , often seen in Dublin - area open mic nights . During this period , he penned `` Take Me to Church '' at his parents ' home in Bray , County Wicklow , Ireland , and recorded a rough demo in their attic with a programmed backing track . He wrote the song after a bad breakup . `` The vocals were recorded in my attic at 2 o'clock in the morning . So it 's a real homemade job '' , he later remarked . It caught the attention of independent label Rubyworks , who paired him with producer Rob Kirwan . The song was overdubbed with live instrumentation , but the original demo vocals remained , as Kirwan found them `` powerful '' enough to remain . Lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` Take Me to Church '' A 24 - second sample of `` Take Me to Church '' by Hozier , where a portion of the chorus is heard . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Lyrically , `` Take Me to Church '' is a metaphor , with the protagonist comparing his lover to religion . The song grew out of Hozier 's frustration with the Catholic Church 's teachings which , although he himself was raised in the Protestant Quaker faith , dominated the social and political outlook of the Irish state . `` Growing up , I always saw the hypocrisy of the Catholic church '' , Hozier said in an interview with Rolling Stone . `` The history speaks for itself and I grew incredibly frustrated and angry . I essentially just put that into my words . '' In an interview with The Irish Times , Hozier stated , I found the experience of falling in love or being in love was a death , a death of everything . You kind of watch yourself die in a wonderful way , and you experience for the briefest moment -- if you see yourself for a moment through their eyes -- everything you believed about yourself gone . In a death - and - rebirth sense . In an interview with New York magazine , he elaborated : Sexuality , and sexual orientation -- regardless of orientation -- is just natural . An act of sex is one of the most human things . But an organization like the church , say , through its doctrine , would undermine humanity by successfully teaching shame about sexual orientation -- that it is sinful , or that it offends God . The song is about asserting yourself and reclaiming your humanity through an act of love . The song draws inspiration from atheist author Christopher Hitchens and paraphrases the poet Fulke Greville 's verse `` Created sick , commanded to be sound . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) I never wrote music for the mainstream . I think I was incredibly fortunate that the song crossed over and people connected with it . Spotify played a big role . It 's a discovery platform and it 's been invaluable to me over the past year . `` '' Hozier in 2015 The song rose in prominence alongside its viral music video , attracting A&R representatives from major labels in a bidding war to sign Hozier . He was signed by Justin Eshak of Columbia Records , who later opined that the song became a hit due to a shift on pop radio , spearheaded by Sam Smith : `` The music is connecting because when it gets on the air it 's such a sharp juxtaposition to the existing material on top 40 radio . '' The song first experienced chart success in his native Ireland , climbing the charts in October 2013 and eventually reached number 2 on Irish Singles Chart . In May 2014 , Hozier performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman . It was sent to US modern rock radio on 24 June 2014 by Columbia Records . It eventually reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks in December 2014 and January 2015 , behind Taylor Swift 's `` Blank Space '' , while becoming his first top - five single there . As of July 2015 , the song has sold 4,270,000 copies in the US . The track has since reached top 5 in many other countries including peaking at number 2 in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . The song initially attracted US attention in Nashville via an adult album alternative radio station . From there , it became the top song for the area on music identification application Shazam , which led to its appearance on a local top 40 station . `` Take Me to Church '' achieved widespread popularity in the United States between the summer and fall of 2014 . Despite the song 's popularity on YouTube , the song achieved more listens on Spotify , becoming the service 's most - streamed song of 2014 , achieving 87 million listens . Music video ( edit ) The concept for the `` Take Me to Church '' music video was the result of a collaboration between Hozier , Brendan Canty and his writing partner Emmet O'Brien . It was directed by Brendan Canty and Conal Thomson of Feel Good Lost and was released on 25 September 2013 . The video , shot in grayscale on location at Inniscarra Dam in Cork , Ireland , follows a same - sex relationship and the violently homophobic backlash that ensues when the community learns of one of the men 's sexuality . The song went viral following its release . `` I remember someone texting me to say it was getting 10,000 views an hour '' , he recalled . The song achieved 230,000 YouTube views within two weeks . Hozier stated , `` The song was always about humanity at its most natural , and how that is undermined ceaselessly by religious organizations and those who would have us believe they act in its interests . What has been seen growing in Russia is no less than nightmarish . I proposed bringing these themes into the story and Brendan liked the idea . '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- single No . Title Length 1 . `` Take Me to Church '' 4 : 01 Digital download -- EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Take Me to Church '' 4 : 01 2 . `` Like Real People Do '' 3 : 17 3 . `` Angel of Small Death & the Codeine Scene '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Cherry Wine '' ( Live ) 3 : 59 German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Take Me to Church '' 4 : 01 2 . `` Run '' 3 : 17 Cover versions and Use in Media ( edit ) Matt McAndrew performed `` Take Me to Church '' on U.S. television program The Voice season 7 as his top 12 act . His cover peaked at number 5 on the iTunes charts and at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was used in season 14 of the documentary series Intervention . The song was used in a commercial for Beats by Dre which featured LeBron James . The commercial showed James returning to his old high school in Akron , Ohio . Ellie Goulding posted a cover of `` Take Me to Church '' on her official YouTube channel . The cover was featured in the Supergirl episode `` Livewire '' . The song was used in the closing credits of the third episode of the first season of The Leftovers . India Carney performed this song on U.S. television program The Voice season 8 as her Top 12 act . Amber Galloway Gallego performed an ASL version of the song Industrial metal band Vampires Everywhere ! released a cover of the song in their 2016 album `` Ritual ( Vampires Everywhere ! album ) '' , featuring Chelsea Grin vocalist Alex Koehler . Morgan James performed a cover version arranged by Scott Bradlee on the Postmodern Jukebox YouTube channel . Wé McDonald performed this song on U.S. television program The Voice season 11 as her Top 12 act . Sergei Polunin danced to the song , directed by David LaChapelle . Several artists have covered this song , including YouTube star Jasmine Thompson Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 13 Colombia ( National - Report Top Rock ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Dominican Republic ( Monitor Latino ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 37 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( Tonlist Lagalistinn ) India ( Angrezi Top 20 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 10 Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Russia ( 2M ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 83 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 61 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 37 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 84 UK Singles Chart 66 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 17 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 8 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Israel ( Media Forest ) 25 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 26 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 All - time chart ( edit ) Chart Position Italy ( FIMI ) 12 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 640,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 450,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 7 × Platinum 70,000 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) 269,845 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 5,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 2,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 , RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ireland 13 September 2013 Digital download ( EP ) Rubyworks United States 16 September 2013 24 February 2014 Adult album alternative radio Columbia Ireland 20 March 2014 Digital download Rubyworks United States 24 June 2014 Modern rock radio Columbia 8 September 2014 Hot adult contemporary radio 16 September 2014 Contemporary hit radio Italy 14 November 2014 Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Hozier '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Behind Hozier 's Unlikely Rise '' . Rolling Stone . New York City . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rob LeDonne ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` For Hozier and ' Take Me To Church , ' a Four - Year Overnight Success Story '' . The New York Observer . ISSN 1052 - 2948 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew R. Chow ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Protesting Injustice , Accepting Fame '' . The New York Times . ISSN 1052 - 2948 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Regan , Brendan . `` RTÉ 's new season is a mixed blessing '' . The Irish Catholic . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullally , Una ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Hozier : An Interview '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Hozier on Gay Rights , Sexuality , and Good Hair '' . NY Magazine . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier : The best vocalists I can think of are female '' . Jump up ^ `` Hozier '' . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Interview '' . Jump up ^ `` Hozier wows US on David Letterman with rendition of Take Me to Church '' . Irish Independent . 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Future Releases on Alternative Radio Stations '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Blank Space ' No. 1 on Hot 100 for Second Week '' . Billboard . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` YTD Marketshare at the Seven - Month Mark '' . HITS Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . July 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ William Gruger ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Spotify Seems to Be Gaining on YouTube 's Streaming Dominance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roisin O'Connor ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Hozier 's ' Take Me To Church ' named Spotify 's most viral song of 2014 '' . The Independent . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( 26 July 2015 ) . `` Man behind Hozier 's Take Me To Church video hoping to crack the film industry after getting two nominations at the MTV VMAs '' . Irish Mirror . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Eoin . `` How a € 1,500 video made in Cork made Hozier : the biggest name in music '' . Irish Examiner . Jump up ^ Nichols , James ( 26 September 2013 ) . `` Hozier 's ' Take Me To Church ' Echoes Russian LGBT Violence '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Udell , Phil ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Video Premiere : Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . State . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Me To Church -- Single by Hozier '' . iTunes Store . Ireland : Apple . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Me To Church -- EP by Hozier '' . iTunes Store . Ireland : Apple . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me To Church ( 2 - Track ) '' . Archived from the original on 21 December 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre Presents : LeBron James in RE-ESTABLISHED 2014 '' . Beats by Dre. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding -- Take Me To Church ( Hozier cover ) '' . Ellie Goulding . 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me to Church ASL Cover '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4ONNATQdt4 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Take Me To Church -- Piano / Vocal Hozier Cover ft . Morgan James '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sergei Polunin , `` Take Me to Church '' by Hozier , Directed by David LaChapelle `` . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ROCK '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 27 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201504 into search . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201450 into search . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts monitorLATINO '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Hozier . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier : Take Me To Church '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Greece Digital Songs for Hozier . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Angrezi Top 20 '' . The Times of India -- Radio Mirchi . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier -- Take Me To Church Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me to Church '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NRJ TOP 20 21 - 11 - 2014 -- Hozier '' . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier -- Chart history '' Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Hozier . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Hozier '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lenta.ru : Песня Гагариной на `` Евровидении '' `` . Lenta.ru ( in Russian ) . Rambler Media Group . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201506 into search . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201450 into search . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official singles weekly charts '' ( in Slovenian ) . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Flanders : Year End 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Airplay Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2015&cat=s Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 2015 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICHE `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : LA MUSICA ITALIANA IN VETTA NEGLI ALBUM E NEI SINGOLI DIGITALI '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier : Take Me To Church '' ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Singles '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Enter Hozier in the field Interpret . Enter Take Me To Church in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Take Me to Church '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Hozier ; ' Take Me To The Church ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Online Download ( international ) -- 2015 '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2015 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Hozier ; ' Take Me to Church ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me to Church '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Enter Take Me to Church in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me to Church ( Digital Download -- Ruby Works # RWXCD 109D ) -- Hozier '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mompellio , Gabriel . `` Hozier -- Take Me To Church ( Island Records ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official video on YouTube Hozier Discography Studio albums Hozier ( 2014 ) Extended plays Take Me to Church ( 2013 ) From Eden ( 2014 ) Singles `` Take Me to Church '' `` From Eden '' `` Sedated '' `` Work Song '' `` Someone New '' Related articles Rubyworks Records Island Records Columbia Records Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s She 's Leaving Home ( 1968 ) 1970s Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? ( 1970 ) Something ( 1971 ) Do n't Let It Die ( 1972 ) Without You ( 1973 ) Daniel ( 1974 ) Streets of London * ( 1975 ) Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( 1978 ) Baker Street ( 1979 ) 1980s The Logical Song ( 1980 ) Woman in Love ( 1981 ) Memory ( 1982 ) Have You Ever Been in Love ( 1983 ) Every Breath You Take ( 1984 ) Against All Odds ( 1985 ) Nikita ( 1986 ) Do n't Give Up ( 1987 ) Something Inside So Strong ( 1988 ) They Dance Alone ( 1989 ) 1990s The Living Years ( 1990 ) Sacrifice ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon ( 1992 ) Why ( 1993 ) If I Ever Lose My Faith in You ( 1994 ) Think Twice ( 1995 ) Common People ( 1996 ) Too Much Love Will Kill You ( 1997 ) Paranoid Android ( 1998 ) Believe ( 1999 ) 2000s Strong ( 2000 ) Babylon ( 2001 ) Walk On ( 2002 ) The Other Side ( 2003 ) Leave Right Now ( 2004 ) Dry Your Eyes ( 2005 ) Suddenly I See ( 2006 ) Elusive ( 2007 ) Love Is a Losing Game ( 2008 ) One Day Like This ( 2009 ) 2010s The Fear ( 2010 ) Becoming a Jackal ( 2011 ) The A Team ( 2012 ) Next to Me ( 2013 ) Strong ( 2014 ) Take Me to Church ( 2015 ) Was n't Expecting That ( 2016 ) Black Man in a White World ( 2017 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Me_to_Church&oldid=824639341 '' Categories : 2013 singles 2013 songs Black - and - white music videos Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Soul ballads Hozier ( musician ) songs Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland 2010s ballads Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Debut singles Viral videos Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Songs critical of religion Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Luxembourgdigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 16 : 05 . 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2003915571626446209	List of Formula One driver records	List of Formula One driver records - wikipedia List of Formula One driver records Jump to : navigation , search For other records relating to Formula One motorsport , see List of Formula One records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Formula One Current season ( show ) 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship Related articles ( show ) History of Formula One Formula One racing Formula One regulations Formula One cars Formula One engines Formula One tyres Lists ( show ) Drivers ( GP winners Polesitters Fastest laps Champions Numbers ) Constructors ( GP winners Champions ) Seasons Grands Prix Circuits Race Promoters ' Trophy winners Points scoring systems National colours Sponsorship liveries Racing flags Red - flagged races Female drivers TV broadcasters Fatalities Video games Records ( hide ) Drivers Constructors Engines Tyres Races Organisations ( show ) FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council Formula One Group Formula One Constructors ' Association Formula One Teams Association Grand Prix Drivers ' Association This is a list of driver records in the FIA World Championships , since 1950 . Drivers who competed in the 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship are highlighted in bold . Although the Indianapolis 500 was not run to Formula 1 rules and the 1952 and 1953 Grands Prix were run to Formula 2 rules , these races are included as they were qualifying races for the World Drivers ' Championship . Formula 1 races that were not qualification rounds for the World Championship have been ignored . This page is accurate as of the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . Table of contents Driver records Races entered and started Total entries / starts Youngest to start a race Oldest to enter / start a race Consecutive Same constructor Same engine manufacturer Wins Total Percentage In one season Highest percentage in one season Consecutive In first season Youngest Oldest Fewest races before first Most races before first Most races without a win From farthest back on the starting grid Most at the same GP Most consecutive at the same GP Most by drivers who have not won a World Championship Most consecutive seasons with Pole positions Total Percentage Consecutive Most at the same GP In one season Highest percentage in one season Seasons with most pole positions Youngest Oldest Most races without Fastest laps Total Percentage In one season Highest percentage in one season Youngest Oldest Most at the same GP Podium finishes Total Percentage In one season Consecutive Consecutive from first race of season Youngest Oldest Most career starts without a podium Most career podiums without a win Most career podiums without a World Championship Most races before scoring a podium finish Points Career points Total races finished in the points Consecutive races finished in the points Highest average points per race started Highest percentage of races finished in the points Most in one season Youngest Oldest Most points without a win Most without being World Champion World Champions with fewest career points Most races before scoring points Most races without scoring points Race leaders Every lap , total For at least one lap , total Youngest Most laps Longest distance Most laps without a win Most consecutive laps in the lead Multiple driver records Pole & win in same race Most wins from pole position in a season Pole , win and fastest lap in same race Pole , win , fastest lap , and led every lap Youngest Oldest Drivers ' Championships Total Fewest seasons before first title Most seasons before first title Youngest first - time champion Youngest double champion Youngest triple champion Youngest champion Other driver records Other Formula One records Constructor records Engines records Tyres records Race records Notes References See also Races entered and started ( edit ) Drivers are considered to be entered into a race if they attempt to compete in at least one official practice session with the intent of entering the race . These drivers are noted on the entry list for that race . A driver is considered to have started a race if they line up on the grid or at the pitlane exit for the start of a race . If a race is stopped and restarted , participation in any portion of the race is counted , but only if that portion was in any way counted towards the final classification ( e.g. , most races stopped before the end of the leader 's 2nd lap had the first part declared null and void in the 1990s and early 2000s , but the first part did count if it was run for more than 1 complete lap before the race was stopped ) . Total entries ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 326 Jenson Button 2000 -- 2017 309 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 Fernando Alonso 2001 , 2003 -- 2017 293 5 Kimi Räikkönen 2001 -- 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 273 6 Felipe Massa 2002 , 2004 -- 2017 272 7 Riccardo Patrese 1977 -- 1993 257 8 Jarno Trulli 1997 -- 2011 256 9 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 247 10 Giancarlo Fisichella 1996 -- 2009 231 Source : Total starts ( edit ) Driver Seasons Starts Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 322 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 306 Jenson Button 2000 -- 2017 Fernando Alonso 2001 , 2003 -- 2017 291 5 Kimi Räikkönen 2001 -- 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 271 6 Felipe Massa 2002 , 2004 -- 2017 269 7 Riccardo Patrese 1977 -- 1993 256 8 Jarno Trulli 1997 -- 2011 252 9 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 246 10 Giancarlo Fisichella 1996 -- 2009 229 Source : Youngest drivers to start a race ( edit ) Driver Age Place Race Max Verstappen 17 years , 166 days Ret 2015 Australian Grand Prix Lance Stroll 18 years , 148 days Ret 2017 Australian Grand Prix Jaime Alguersuari 19 years , 125 days 15th 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix Mike Thackwell 19 years , 182 days Ret 1980 Canadian Grand Prix 5 Ricardo Rodriguez 19 years , 208 days Ret 1961 Italian Grand Prix 6 Fernando Alonso 19 years , 218 days 12th 2001 Australian Grand Prix 7 Esteban Tuero 19 years , 320 days Ret 1998 Australian Grand Prix 8 Chris Amon 19 years , 324 days Ret 1963 Belgian Grand Prix Daniil Kvyat 9th 2014 Australian Grand Prix 10 Esteban Ocon 19 years , 345 days 16th 2016 Belgian Grand Prix Sources : Oldest driver to enter a race ( edit ) Driver Age Place Race Louis Chiron 58 years , 288 days DNQ 1958 Monaco Grand Prix Luigi Platé 56 years , 0 days DNA 1950 Italian Grand Prix Philippe Étancelin 55 years , 191 days 8th 1952 French Grand Prix Arthur Legat 54 years , 232 days Ret 1953 Belgian Grand Prix 5 Kurt Kuhnke 53 years , 96 days DNQ 1963 German Grand Prix 6 Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1st 1951 French Grand Prix 7 Piero Dusio 52 years , 330 days DNQ 1952 Italian Grand Prix 8 Adolf Brudes 52 years , 293 days Ret 1952 German Grand Prix 9 Hans Stuck 52 years , 260 days 14th 1953 Italian Grand Prix 10 Jack Ensley 52 years , 225 days DNQ 1959 Indianapolis 500 Sources : Oldest drivers to start a race ( edit ) Driver Age Place Race Louis Chiron 55 years , 292 days 6th 1955 Monaco Grand Prix Philippe Étancelin 55 years , 191 days 8th 1952 French Grand Prix Arthur Legat 54 years , 232 days Ret 1953 Belgian Grand Prix Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1st 1951 French Grand Prix 5 Adolf Brudes 52 years , 293 days Ret 1952 German Grand Prix 6 Hans Stuck 52 years , 260 days 14th 1953 Italian Grand Prix 7 Bill Aston 52 years , 127 days Ret 1952 German Grand Prix 8 Clemente Biondetti 52 years , 16 days Ret 1950 Italian Grand Prix 9 Louis Rosier 50 years , 274 days 5th 1956 German Grand Prix 10 Rudolf Schoeller 50 years , 98 days Ret 1952 German Grand Prix Source : Most consecutive race starts ( edit ) Most consecutive races that the driver entered and actually started . Driver Consecutive starts Races Lewis Hamilton 208 2007 Australian -- 2017 Abu Dhabi ( ongoing ) Nico Rosberg 206 2006 Bahrain -- 2016 Abu Dhabi Riccardo Patrese 187 1982 Belgian -- 1993 Australian Jenson Button 179 2005 French -- 2015 Chinese 5 Fernando Alonso 176 2005 French -- 2014 Abu Dhabi 6 David Coulthard 175 1995 Brazilian -- 2005 Canadian 7 Rubens Barrichello 167 2002 German -- 2011 Brazilian 8 Alain Prost 160 1981 USA West -- 1991 Brazilian 9 Sebastian Vettel 159 2007 Hungarian -- 2016 Australian 10 Mark Webber 157 2005 French -- 2013 Brazilian Source : Most races with a single constructor ( edit ) Driver Constructor Seasons Entries Starts Michael Schumacher Ferrari 1996 -- 2006 181 179 David Coulthard McLaren 1996 -- 2004 150 150 Felipe Massa Ferrari 2006 -- 2013 140 139 Jenson Button McLaren 2010 -- 2017 137 136 5 Nico Rosberg Mercedes 2010 -- 2016 136 136 6 Mika Häkkinen McLaren 1993 -- 2001 133 131 7 Jacques Laffite Ligier 1976 -- 1982 , 1985 -- 1986 132 132 8 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 2007 -- 2009 , 2014 -- 2017 131 9 Mark Webber Red Bull 2007 -- 2013 129 129 10 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull 2009 -- 2014 113 113 Source : Most races with a single engine manufacturer ( edit ) Driver Engine Seasons Entries Starts Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 2007 -- 2017 208 208 Felipe Massa Ferrari 2002 , 2004 -- 2013 193 191 Michael Schumacher Ferrari 1996 -- 2006 181 179 David Coulthard Mercedes 1996 -- 2004 150 150 5 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 2001 , 2007 -- 2009 , 2014 -- 2017 149 148 6 Emerson Fittipaldi Ford Cosworth 1970 -- 1980 148 143 7 Jenson Button Honda 2003 -- 2008 , 2015 -- 2017 145 142 8 Jean - Pierre Jarier Ford Cosworth 1971 , 1973 -- 1983 138 129 9 Nico Rosberg Mercedes 2010 -- 2016 136 136 10 Mark Webber Renault 2007 -- 2013 129 129 Source : Wins ( edit ) Total wins ( edit ) See also : List of Formula One Grand Prix winners Driver Seasons Entries Wins Percentage Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 91 7001295500000000000 ♠ 29.55 % Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 208 62 7001298100000000000 ♠ 29.81 % Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 51 7001252500000000000 ♠ 25.25 % Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2017 199 47 7001236200000000000 ♠ 23.62 % 5 Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 41 7001253100000000000 ♠ 25.31 % 6 Fernando Alonso 2001 , 2003 -- 2017 293 32 7001109200000000000 ♠ 10.92 % 7 Nigel Mansell 1980 -- 1992 , 1994 -- 1995 191 31 7001162300000000000 ♠ 16.23 % 8 Jackie Stewart 1965 -- 1973 100 27 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27.00 % 9 Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 25 7001342500000000000 ♠ 34.25 % Niki Lauda 1971 -- 1979 , 1982 -- 1985 177 7001141200000000000 ♠ 14.12 % Sources : Percentage wins ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Wins Percentage Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 24 7001461500000000000 ♠ 46.15 % Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 33 13 7001393900000000000 ♠ 39.39 % Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 25 7001342500000000000 ♠ 34.25 % Lee Wallard 1950 -- 1951 , 1954 7001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 % Bill Vukovich 1950 -- 1955 6 6 Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 208 62 7001298100000000000 ♠ 29.81 % 7 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 91 7001295500000000000 ♠ 29.55 % 8 Jackie Stewart 1965 -- 1973 100 27 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27.00 % 9 Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 41 7001253100000000000 ♠ 25.31 % 10 Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 51 7001252500000000000 ♠ 25.25 % Sources : Most wins in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Wins Entries Percentage Michael Schumacher 13 18 7001722200000000000 ♠ 72.22 % Sebastian Vettel 2013 19 7001684200000000000 ♠ 68.42 % Michael Schumacher 2002 11 17 7001647099999999999 ♠ 64.71 % Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 7001578900000000000 ♠ 57.89 % Lewis Hamilton 2014 6 Lewis Hamilton 2015 10 19 7001526300000000000 ♠ 52.63 % 2016 21 7001476200000000000 ♠ 47.62 % 8 Nigel Mansell 1992 9 16 7001562500000000000 ♠ 56.25 % Michael Schumacher 1995 17 7001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 % 2000 2001 Nico Rosberg 2016 21 7001428600000000000 ♠ 42.86 % Lewis Hamilton 2017 20 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45.00 % Sources : Highest percentage of wins in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Percentage Races Wins Alberto Ascari 1952 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 % 8 6 Michael Schumacher 7001722200000000000 ♠ 72.22 % 18 13 Jim Clark 1963 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 % 10 7 Sebastian Vettel 2013 7001684200000000000 ♠ 68.42 % 19 13 5 Juan Manuel Fangio 1954 7001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 % 9 6 6 Michael Schumacher 2002 7001647099999999999 ♠ 64.71 % 17 11 7 Jim Clark 1965 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 % 10 6 8 Sebastian Vettel 2011 7001578900000000000 ♠ 57.89 % 19 11 Lewis Hamilton 2014 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 1955 7001571400000000000 ♠ 57.14 % 7 Sources : Most consecutive wins ( edit ) Driver Season ( s ) Wins Consecutive races won Sebastian Vettel 2013 9 Belgium , Italy , Singapore , Korea , Japan , India , Abu Dhabi , United States , Brazil Alberto Ascari 1952 -- 1953 7 Belgium , France , Britain , Germany , Holland , Italy , 1953 Argentina Michael Schumacher Europe , Canada , United States , France , Britain , Germany , Hungary Nico Rosberg 2015 -- 2016 Mexico , Brazil , Abu Dhabi , 2016 Australia , Bahrain , China , Russia 5 Michael Schumacher 2000 -- 2001 6 Italy , United States , Japan , Malaysia , 2001 Australia , Malaysia 6 Jack Brabham 1960 5 Holland , Belgium , France , Britain , Portugal Jim Clark 1965 Belgium , France , Britain , Holland , Germany Nigel Mansell 1992 South Africa , Mexico , Brazil , Spain , San Marino Michael Schumacher Australia , Malaysia , Bahrain , San Marino , Spain Lewis Hamilton 2014 Italy , Singapore , Japan , Russia , United States Source : Most wins in first championship season ( edit ) Driver Season Wins Races won Jacques Villeneuve European , British , Hungarian , Portuguese Lewis Hamilton 2007 Canadian , United States , Hungarian , Japanese Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 Monaco , Belgian , French Nino Farina 1950 British , Swiss , Italian 5 Johnnie Parsons 1950 Indianapolis 500 Giancarlo Baghetti 1961 French Jackie Stewart 1965 Italian Emerson Fittipaldi 1970 United States Clay Regazzoni 1970 Italian Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 Italian Source : Youngest winners ( edit ) ( only the first win for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Max Verstappen 18 years , 228 days 2016 Spanish Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 73 days 2008 Italian Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 22 years , 26 days 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix Troy Ruttman 22 years , 80 days 1952 Indianapolis 500 5 Bruce McLaren 22 years , 104 days 1959 United States Grand Prix 6 Lewis Hamilton 22 years , 154 days 2007 Canadian Grand Prix 7 Kimi Räikkönen 23 years , 157 days 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix 8 Robert Kubica 23 years , 184 days 2008 Canadian Grand Prix 9 Jacky Ickx 23 years , 188 days 1968 French Grand Prix 10 Michael Schumacher 23 years , 240 days 1992 Belgian Grand Prix Source : Oldest winners ( edit ) ( only the last win for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1951 French Grand Prix Nino Farina 46 years , 276 days 1953 German Grand Prix Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 41 days 1957 German Grand Prix Piero Taruffi 45 years , 219 days 1952 Swiss Grand Prix 5 Jack Brabham 43 years , 339 days 1970 South African Grand Prix 6 Sam Hanks 42 years , 321 days 1957 Indianapolis 500 7 Nigel Mansell 41 years , 97 days 1994 Australian Grand Prix 8 Lee Wallard 40 years , 264 days 1951 Indianapolis 500 9 Maurice Trintignant 40 years , 200 days 1958 Monaco Grand Prix 10 Graham Hill 40 years , 92 days 1969 Monaco Grand Prix Source : Fewest races before first win ( edit ) Entry Driver Race 1st race Nino Farina 1950 British Grand Prix Johnnie Parsons 1950 Indianapolis 500 Giancarlo Baghetti 1961 French Grand Prix 2nd race Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Lee Wallard 1951 Indianapolis 500 6 3rd race Troy Ruttman 1952 Indianapolis 500 Bill Vukovich 1953 Indianapolis 500 Tony Brooks 1957 British Grand Prix 9 4th race Bob Sweikert 1955 Indianapolis 500 Jacques Villeneuve 1996 European Grand Prix Source : Most races before first win ( edit ) Start Driver Race 130th race Mark Webber 2009 German Grand Prix 123rd race Rubens Barrichello 2000 German Grand Prix 119th race Jarno Trulli 2004 Monaco Grand Prix 113th race Jenson Button 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix 5 111th race Nico Rosberg 2012 Chinese Grand Prix 6 110th race Giancarlo Fisichella 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix 7 96th race Mika Häkkinen 1997 European Grand Prix 8 95th race Thierry Boutsen 1989 Canadian Grand Prix 9 91st race Jean Alesi 1995 Canadian Grand Prix 10 82nd race Eddie Irvine 1999 Australian Grand Prix Valtteri Bottas 2017 Russian Grand Prix Sources : Most races without a win ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Andrea de Cesaris 214 208 Nick Heidfeld 185 183 Martin Brundle 165 158 Derek Warwick 162 147 5 Jean - Pierre Jarier 143 134 Eddie Cheever 132 7 Nico Hülkenberg 137 135 Sergio Pérez 134 9 Adrian Sutil 128 128 10 Pierluigi Martini 124 119 Source : Wins from farthest back on the starting grid ( edit ) Driver Race Start pos . John Watson 1983 United States Grand Prix West 22nd Bill Vukovich 1954 Indianapolis 500 19th Rubens Barrichello 2000 German Grand Prix 18th John Watson 1982 Detroit Grand Prix 17th Kimi Räikkönen 2005 Japanese Grand Prix 6 Jackie Stewart 1973 South African Grand Prix 16th Michael Schumacher 1995 Belgian Grand Prix 8 Fernando Alonso 2008 Singapore Grand Prix 15th 9 Bob Sweikert 1955 Indianapolis 500 14th Alan Jones 1977 Austrian Grand Prix Olivier Panis 1996 Monaco Grand Prix Johnny Herbert 1999 European Grand Prix Jenson Button 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix Source : Most wins at the same Grand Prix ( edit ) Driver Wins Grand Prix Seasons Michael Schumacher 8 French Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 Michael Schumacher 7 Canadian Grand Prix 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 San Marino Grand Prix 1994 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 Alain Prost 6 Brazilian Grand Prix 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 French Grand Prix 1981 , 1983 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 Ayrton Senna Monaco Grand Prix 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Michael Schumacher Belgian Grand Prix 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2002 Spanish Grand Prix 1995 , 1996 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Japanese Grand Prix 1995 , 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 European Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 Lewis Hamilton Canadian Grand Prix 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 United States Grand Prix 2007 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Source : Most Grand Prix wins by drivers that have not won a World Championship ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Wins Stirling Moss 1951 -- 1961 67 16 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 247 13 Carlos Reutemann 1972 -- 1982 146 12 Felipe Massa 2002 -- 2017 272 11 Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 326 6 Ronnie Peterson 1970 -- 1978 123 10 Gerhard Berger 1984 -- 1997 210 8 Mark Webber 2002 -- 2013 217 9 9 Jacky Ickx 1967 -- 1979 122 8 10 Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 -- 2006 95 7 René Arnoux 1978 -- 1989 165 Source : Most consecutive seasons with a Grand Prix win ( edit ) Driver Seasons Total Michael Schumacher 1992 -- 2006 15 Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 11 Alain Prost 1981 -- 1990 10 Ayrton Senna 1985 -- 1993 9 5 Nelson Piquet 1980 -- 1987 8 6 Stirling Moss 1955 -- 1961 7 Jim Clark 1962 -- 1968 David Coulthard 1997 -- 2003 9 Jackie Stewart 1968 -- 1973 6 Sebastian Vettel 2008 -- 2013 Sources : Pole positions ( edit ) Total pole positions ( edit ) See also : List of Formula One polesitters Driver Seasons Entries Poles Percentage Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 208 72 7001346209999900000 ♠ 34.62 % Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 68 7001220800000099999 ♠ 22.08 % Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 65 7001401209999900000 ♠ 40.12 % Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2017 199 50 7001251300000000000 ♠ 25.13 % 5 Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 33 7001452100000000000 ♠ 45.21 % Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 7001163400000000000 ♠ 16.34 % 7 Nigel Mansell 1980 -- 1992 , 1994 -- 1995 191 32 7001167500000000000 ♠ 16.75 % 8 Nico Rosberg 2006 -- 2016 206 30 7001145600000000000 ♠ 14.56 % 9 Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 29 7001557700000000000 ♠ 55.77 % 10 Mika Häkkinen 1991 -- 2001 165 26 7001157600000000000 ♠ 15.76 % Sources : Percentage pole positions ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Poles Percentage Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 29 7001557700000000000 ♠ 55.77 % Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 33 7001452100000000000 ♠ 45.21 % Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 33 14 7001424200000000000 ♠ 42.42 % Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 65 7001401209999900000 ♠ 40.12 % 5 Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 208 72 7001346209999900000 ♠ 34.62 % 6 Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2017 199 50 7001251300000000000 ♠ 25.13 % 7 Stirling Moss 1951 -- 1961 67 16 7001238800000000000 ♠ 23.88 % 8 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 68 7001220800000099999 ♠ 22.08 % 9 Jerry Hoyt 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1955 5 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20.00 % Duke Nalon 1950 -- 1954 5 Source : Most consecutive pole positions ( edit ) Driver Poles Races Ayrton Senna 8 1988 Spanish -- 1989 United States Ayrton Senna 7 1990 Spanish -- 1991 Monaco Alain Prost 1993 South African -- 1993 Canadian Michael Schumacher 2000 Italian -- 2001 Brazilian Lewis Hamilton 2015 Monaco -- 2015 Italian 6 Niki Lauda 6 1974 Dutch -- 1974 Italian Ayrton Senna 1988 Brazilian -- 1988 Detroit 1989 Belgian -- 1989 Australian Nigel Mansell 1992 South African -- 1992 Monaco Mika Häkkinen 1999 British -- 1999 Italian Nico Rosberg 2015 Japanese -- 2015 Abu Dhabi Lewis Hamilton 2016 United States -- 2017 Chinese Source : Most pole positions at the same Grand Prix ( edit ) Driver Poles Grand Prix Seasons Ayrton Senna 8 San Marino Grand Prix 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 Michael Schumacher Japanese Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 Michael Schumacher 7 Spanish Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Hungarian Grand Prix 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2005 5 Ayrton Senna 6 Australian Grand Prix 1985 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 Brazilian Grand Prix 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 Michael Schumacher Canadian Grand Prix 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 Lewis Hamilton Australian Grand Prix 2008 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Chinese Grand Prix 2007 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Canadian Grand Prix 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Italian Grand Prix 2009 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Sources : Most pole positions in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Entries Poles WDC Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 15 1st Nigel Mansell 1992 16 14 1st Ayrton Senna 1988 16 13 1st 1989 16 2nd Alain Prost 1993 16 1st 6 Lewis Hamilton 2016 21 12 2nd 7 Mika Häkkinen 1999 16 11 1st Michael Schumacher 2001 17 1st Nico Rosberg 2014 19 2nd Lewis Hamilton 2015 19 1st 2017 20 1st Sources : Highest percentage of pole positions in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Races Poles Percentage Nigel Mansell 1992 16 14 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 % Ayrton Senna 1988 16 13 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 % 1989 Alain Prost 1993 5 Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 15 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 % 6 Juan Manuel Fangio 1956 8 6 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 % 7 Jim Clark 1963 10 7 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 % 8 Mika Häkkinen 1999 16 11 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 % 9 Jim Clark 1962 9 6 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 % Alberto Ascari 1953 Source : Youngest polesitters ( edit ) ( only the first pole position for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 72 days 2008 Italian Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 21 years , 236 days 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix Rubens Barrichello 22 years , 97 days 1994 Belgian Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton 22 years , 153 days 2007 Canadian Grand Prix 5 Andrea de Cesaris 22 years , 308 days 1982 United States Grand Prix West 6 Nico Hülkenberg 23 years , 79 days 2010 Brazilian Grand Prix 7 Robert Kubica 23 years , 120 days 2008 Bahrain Grand Prix 8 Jacky Ickx 23 years , 216 days 1968 German Grand Prix 9 Kimi Räikkönen 23 years , 255 days 2003 European Grand Prix 10 David Coulthard 24 years , 13 days 1995 Argentine Grand Prix Source : Oldest polesitters ( edit ) Driver Age Race Nino Farina 47 years , 79 days 1954 Argentine Grand Prix Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 209 days 1958 Argentine Grand Prix Jack Brabham 44 years , 17 days 1970 Spanish Grand Prix Mario Andretti 42 years , 196 days 1982 Italian Grand Prix 5 Nigel Mansell 41 years , 97 days 1994 Australian Grand Prix 6 Carlos Reutemann 39 years , 188 days 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix 7 Graham Hill 39 years , 156 days 1968 British Grand Prix 8 Fred Agabashian 38 years , 283 days 1952 Indianapolis 500 9 Alain Prost 38 years , 241 days 1993 Japanese Grand Prix 10 Riccardo Patrese 38 years , 121 days 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix Source : Note : Michael Schumacher was aged 43 years , 144 days when he set the fastest time in qualifying for the 2012 Monaco Grand Prix but due to a 5 place grid penalty from the previous race he did not start the race from pole position . Most races without a pole position ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Best grid position Johnny Herbert 165 161 4th Martin Brundle 158 3rd Derek Warwick 162 147 3rd Olivier Panis 158 157 3rd 5 Eddie Irvine 148 147 2nd 6 Eddie Cheever 143 132 2nd 7 Sergio Pérez 137 134 4th 8 Adrian Sutil 128 128 2nd 9 Pierluigi Martini 124 119 2nd 10 Philippe Alliot 116 109 5th Source : Fastest laps ( edit ) Total fastest laps ( edit ) Main article : List of Formula One drivers who set a fastest lap Driver Fastest laps Starts Percentage Michael Schumacher 77 306 7001251600000000000 ♠ 25.16 % Kimi Räikkönen 45 271 7001166100000000000 ♠ 16.61 % Alain Prost 41 199 7001206000000000000 ♠ 20.60 % Lewis Hamilton 38 208 7001182700000000000 ♠ 18.27 % 5 Sebastian Vettel 33 198 7001166700000000000 ♠ 16.67 % 6 Nigel Mansell 30 187 7001160400000000000 ♠ 16.04 % 7 Jim Clark 28 72 7001388900000000000 ♠ 38.89 % 8 Mika Häkkinen 25 161 7001155300000000000 ♠ 15.53 % 9 Niki Lauda 24 171 7001140400000099999 ♠ 14.04 % 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 23 51 7001451000000000000 ♠ 45.10 % Nelson Piquet 204 7001112700000000000 ♠ 11.27 % Fernando Alonso 291 7000790000000000000 ♠ 7.90 % Source : Percentage fastest laps ( edit ) Driver Seasons Starts Fastest laps Percentage Bill Vukovich 1951 -- 1955 5 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 % Lee Wallard 1950 -- 1951 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 51 23 7001451000000000000 ♠ 45.10 % Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 72 28 7001388900000000000 ♠ 38.89 % 5 Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 32 12 7001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 % 6 Stirling Moss 1951 -- 1961 66 19 7001287900000000000 ♠ 28.79 % 7 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 306 77 7001251600000000000 ♠ 25.16 % 8 Jose Froilan Gonzalez 1950 -- 1957 , 1960 26 6 7001230800000099999 ♠ 23.08 % 9 Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 199 41 7001206000000000000 ♠ 20.60 % 10 Jim Rathmann 1950 , 1952 -- 1960 10 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20.00 % Source needed Most fastest laps in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Entries Fastest laps Percentage WDC Michael Schumacher 18 10 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 % 1st Kimi Räikkönen 2008 3rd 2005 19 7001526300000000000 ♠ 52.63 % 2nd Mika Häkkinen 2000 17 9 7001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 % 2nd 5 Nigel Mansell 1992 16 8 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % 1st Michael Schumacher 1994 1st 1995 17 7001470600000000000 ♠ 47.06 % 1st Lewis Hamilton 2015 19 7001421100000000000 ♠ 42.11 % 1st 9 Nelson Piquet 1986 16 7 7001437500000000000 ♠ 43.75 % 3rd Alain Prost 1988 2nd Michael Schumacher 2002 17 7001411800000000000 ♠ 41.18 % 1st 2006 18 7001388900000000000 ♠ 38.89 % 2nd Mark Webber 2011 19 7001368400000000000 ♠ 36.84 % 3rd Sebastian Vettel 2013 1st Lewis Hamilton 2014 1st 2017 20 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35.00 % 1st Source needed Highest percentage of fastest laps in a season ( edit ) Driver Fastest laps Races Season Percentage Alberto Ascari 6 8 1952 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 % Juan Manuel Fangio 5 8 1951 7001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 % Jim Clark 6 10 1963 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 % 1965 5 Jim Clark 5 9 1962 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 % Michael Schumacher 10 18 Kimi Räikkönen 2008 8 Mika Häkkinen 9 17 2000 7001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 % 9 Kimi Räikkönen 10 19 2005 7001526300000000000 ♠ 52.63 % 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 8 1956 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % Nigel Mansell 8 16 1992 Michael Schumacher 1994 Source needed Youngest drivers to set fastest lap ( edit ) ( only the first fastest lap for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Max Verstappen 19 years , 44 days 2016 Brazilian Grand Prix Nico Rosberg 20 years , 258 days 2006 Bahrain Grand Prix Esteban Gutiérrez 21 years , 280 days 2013 Spanish Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 21 years , 321 days 2003 Canadian Grand Prix 5 Bruce McLaren 21 years , 322 days 1959 British Grand Prix 6 Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 353 days 2009 British Grand Prix 7 Daniil Kvyat 22 years , 19 days 2016 Spanish Grand Prix 8 Lewis Hamilton 22 years , 91 days 2007 Malaysian Grand Prix 9 Sergio Pérez 22 years , 125 days 2012 Monaco Grand Prix 10 Kimi Räikkönen 22 years , 137 days 2002 Australian Grand Prix Source needed Oldest drivers to set fastest lap ( edit ) ( only the last fastest lap for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 209 days 1958 Argentine Grand Prix Piero Taruffi 45 years , 219 days 1952 Swiss Grand Prix Nino Farina 44 years , 321 days 1951 Italian Grand Prix Jack Brabham 44 years , 107 days 1970 British Grand Prix 5 Luigi Villoresi 44 years , 22 days 1953 Dutch Grand Prix 6 Karl Kling 43 years , 319 days 1954 German Grand Prix 7 Michael Schumacher 43 years , 201 days 2012 German Grand Prix 8 Paul Russo 42 years , 50 days 1956 Indianapolis 500 9 Maurice Trintignant 42 years , 43 days 1959 United States Grand Prix 10 Jacques Laffite 41 years , 319 days 1985 European Grand Prix Source needed Podium finishes ( edit ) Total podium finishes ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Podiums Percentage Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 155 7001503200000000000 ♠ 50.32 % Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 208 117 7001562500000000000 ♠ 56.25 % Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 106 7001524800000099999 ♠ 52.48 % Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2017 199 99 7001497500000000000 ♠ 49.75 % 5 Fernando Alonso 2001 , 2003 -- 2017 293 97 7001331100000000000 ♠ 33.11 % 6 Kimi Räikkönen 2001 -- 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 273 91 7001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 % 7 Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 80 7001493800000000000 ♠ 49.38 % 8 Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 326 68 7001208600000000000 ♠ 20.86 % 9 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 247 62 7001251000000000000 ♠ 25.10 % 10 Nelson Piquet 1978 -- 1991 207 60 7001289900000000000 ♠ 28.99 % Source : Percentage podium finishes ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Podiums Percentage Dorino Serafini 1950 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 % Luigi Fagioli 1950 -- 1951 7 6 7001857109999999999 ♠ 85.71 % Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 35 7001673100000000000 ♠ 67.31 % Nino Farina 1950 -- 1955 34 20 7001588200000000000 ♠ 58.82 % 5 Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 208 117 7001562500000000000 ♠ 56.25 % 6 José Froilán González 1950 -- 1957 , 1960 27 15 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 % 7 Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 106 7001524800000099999 ♠ 52.48 % 8 Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 33 17 7001515200000000000 ♠ 51.52 % 9 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 155 7001503200000000000 ♠ 50.32 % 10 Lee Wallard 1950 -- 1951 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 % Bill Holland 1950 -- 1953 Mauri Rose 1950 -- 1951 Sam Hanks 1950 -- 1957 8 Source : Percentage podium finishes ( minimum 15 entries ) ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Podiums Percentage Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- 1958 52 35 7001673100000000000 ♠ 67.31 % Nino Farina 1950 -- 1955 34 20 7001588200000000000 ♠ 58.82 % Lewis Hamilton 2007 -- 2017 208 117 7001562500000000000 ♠ 56.25 % Jose Froilan Gonzalez 1950 -- 1957 , 1960 27 15 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 % 5 Alain Prost 1980 -- 1991 , 1993 202 106 7001524800000099999 ♠ 52.48 % 6 Alberto Ascari 1950 -- 1955 33 17 7001515200000000000 ♠ 51.52 % 7 Michael Schumacher 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 308 155 7001503200000000000 ♠ 50.32 % 8 Sebastian Vettel 2007 -- 2017 199 99 7001497500000000000 ♠ 49.75 % 9 Ayrton Senna 1984 -- 1994 162 80 7001493800000000000 ♠ 49.38 % 10 Jim Clark 1960 -- 1968 73 32 7001438400000000000 ♠ 43.84 % Source : Most podium finishes in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Entries Podiums Michael Schumacher 2002 17 17 Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 Lewis Hamilton 2015 2016 21 5 Sebastian Vettel 2013 19 16 Lewis Hamilton 2014 Nico Rosberg 2016 21 8 Michael Schumacher 18 15 Fernando Alonso 2005 19 Nico Rosberg 2014 2015 Source needed Most consecutive podium finishes ( edit ) Driver Season Consecutive podium finishes Podiums Michael Schumacher 2001 -- 2002 2001 United States -- 2002 Japanese 19 Lewis Hamilton 2014 -- 2015 2014 Italian -- 2015 British 16 Fernando Alonso 2005 -- 2006 2005 Turkish -- 2006 Canadian 15 Sebastian Vettel 2010 -- 2011 2010 Brazilian -- 2011 British 11 2013 2013 German -- 2013 Brazilian 6 Jim Clark 1963 1963 Belgian -- 1963 South African 9 Niki Lauda 1975 -- 1976 1975 Italian -- 1976 Swedish Nelson Piquet 1987 Monaco -- 1987 Portuguese Michael Schumacher 2000 -- 2001 2000 Hungarian -- 2001 Brazilian 2004 European -- 2004 Italian Lewis Hamilton 2007 2007 Australian -- 2007 British Nico Rosberg 2015 2015 Australian -- 2015 British 2016 2016 Belgian -- 2016 Abu Dhabi Source Most consecutive podium finishes from first race of season ( edit ) Driver Season Consecutive podium finishes Podiums Michael Schumacher 2002 Australian -- Japanese 17 Fernando Alonso 2006 Bahrain -- Canadian 9 Lewis Hamilton 2007 Australian -- British 2015 Australian -- British Sebastian Vettel 2011 Australian -- British Nico Rosberg 2015 Australian -- British 7 Nico Rosberg 2014 Australian -- Austrian 8 8 Niki Lauda 1976 Brazilian -- Swedish 7 Alain Prost 1988 Brazilian -- French Michael Schumacher 1994 Brazilian -- French Jenson Button 2009 Australian -- Turkish Source needed Youngest drivers to score a podium finish ( edit ) ( only the first podium finish for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Place Race Max Verstappen 18 years , 228 days 1st 2016 Spanish Grand Prix Lance Stroll 18 years , 239 days 3rd 2017 Azerbaijan Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 73 days 1st 2008 Italian Grand Prix Daniil Kvyat 21 years , 91 days 2nd 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix 5 Kevin Magnussen 21 years , 162 days 2nd 2014 Australian Grand Prix 6 Fernando Alonso 21 years , 237 days 3rd 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix 7 Robert Kubica 21 years , 278 days 3rd 2006 Italian Grand Prix 8 Ralf Schumacher 21 years , 287 days 3rd 1997 Argentine Grand Prix 9 Elio de Angelis 21 years , 307 days 2nd 1980 Brazilian Grand Prix 10 Bruce McLaren 21 years , 322 days 3rd 1959 British Grand Prix Source : Oldest drivers to score a podium finish ( edit ) ( only the last podium finish for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Place Race Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1st 1951 French Grand Prix Louis Chiron 50 years , 291 days 3rd 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Felice Bonetto 49 years , 363 days 3rd 1953 Dutch Grand Prix Piero Taruffi 48 years , 334 days 2nd 1955 Italian Grand Prix 5 Nino Farina 48 years , 218 days 3rd 1955 Belgian Grand Prix 6 Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 76 days 2nd 1957 Italian Grand Prix 7 Karl Kling 44 years , 303 days 3rd 1955 British Grand Prix 8 Louis Rosier 44 years , 225 days 3rd 1950 Belgian Grand Prix 9 Luigi Villoresi 44 years , 120 days 3rd 1953 Italian Grand Prix 10 Jack Brabham 44 years , 107 days 2nd 1970 British Grand Prix Source : Most career starts without a podium ( edit ) Driver Seasons Entries Starts Nico Hülkenberg 2010 , 2012 -- 2017 137 135 Adrian Sutil 2007 -- 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 128 128 Pierluigi Martini 1984 -- 1985 , 1988 -- 1995 124 119 Philippe Alliot 1984 -- 1990 , 1993 -- 1994 116 109 5 Pedro Diniz 1995 -- 2000 99 98 6 Ukyo Katayama 1992 -- 1997 97 95 7 Jonathan Palmer 1983 -- 1989 88 83 8 Marc Surer 1979 -- 1986 82 9 Vitantonio Liuzzi 2005 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2011 81 80 10 Piercarlo Ghinzani 1981 , 1983 -- 1989 111 76 Source : Most career podiums without a win ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Podiums Nick Heidfeld 185 183 13 Stefan Johansson 103 79 12 Chris Amon 108 97 11 Romain Grosjean 124 122 10 5 Martin Brundle 165 158 9 Eddie Cheever 143 132 Jean Behra 53 52 8 Luigi Villoresi 34 31 8 9 Sergio Pérez 137 134 7 10 Andrea de Cesaris 214 208 5 Source : Most career podiums without a World Championship ( edit ) Driver Seasons Starts Wins Podiums Rubens Barrichello 1993 -- 2011 326 11 68 David Coulthard 1994 -- 2008 247 13 62 Gerhard Berger 1984 -- 1997 210 10 48 Carlos Reutemann 1972 -- 1982 146 12 45 5 Mark Webber 2002 -- 2013 215 9 42 6 Felipe Massa 2002 , 2004 -- 2017 269 11 41 7 Riccardo Patrese 1977 -- 1993 256 6 37 8 Jacques Laffite 1974 -- 1986 176 6 32 Jean Alesi 1989 -- 2001 201 10 Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 -- 2006 94 7 30 Source : Most races before scoring a podium finish ( edit ) Entry Driver Race 91st race Martin Brundle 1992 French Grand Prix 73rd race Mika Salo 1999 German Grand Prix 68th race Jenson Button 2004 Malaysian Grand Prix 67th race Johnny Herbert 1995 Spanish Grand Prix Pedro de la Rosa 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix 6 60th race Gianni Morbidelli 1995 Australian Grand Prix 7 57th race Felipe Massa 2006 European Grand Prix 8 56th race Mark Webber 2005 Monaco Grand Prix 9 55th race Kamui Kobayashi 2012 Japanese Grand Prix Daniel Ricciardo 2014 Spanish Grand Prix Source needed Points ( edit ) Throughout the history of the World Championship , the points - scoring positions and the number of points awarded to each position have varied -- see the List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems for details . Career points ( edit ) Driver Points Lewis Hamilton 2610 Sebastian Vettel 2425 Fernando Alonso 1849 Nico Rosberg 1592.5 5 Michael Schumacher 1566 6 Kimi Räikkönen 1565 7 Jenson Button 1235 8 Felipe Massa 1167 9 Mark Webber 1047.5 10 Daniel Ricciardo 816 Source : Total races finished in the points ( edit ) Driver Points finishes Michael Schumacher 221 Fernando Alonso 193 Kimi Räikkönen 187 Lewis Hamilton 172 5 Felipe Massa 165 6 Jenson Button 162 7 Sebastian Vettel 159 8 Rubens Barrichello 140 9 Nico Rosberg 133 10 Alain Prost 128 Source : Most consecutive points finishes ( edit ) Driver Points finishes Races Kimi Räikkönen 27 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix -- 2013 Hungarian Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton 25 2016 Japanese Grand Prix -- 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix ( ongoing ) Michael Schumacher 24 2001 Hungarian Grand Prix -- 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 23 2011 European Grand Prix -- 2012 Hungarian Grand Prix 5 Sebastian Vettel 21 2014 British Grand Prix -- 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix 6 Sebastian Vettel 19 2010 Brazilian Grand Prix -- 2011 Indian Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton 2014 Italian Grand Prix -- 2015 Italian Grand Prix 8 Michael Schumacher 18 2003 San Marino Grand Prix -- 2004 Spanish Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 2005 Turkish Grand Prix -- 2006 German Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 2016 Japanese Grand Prix -- 2017 Italian Grand Prix Source : Highest average points per race started ( edit ) Driver Starts Points Average points per race started Lewis Hamilton 208 2610 12.55 Sebastian Vettel 198 2425 12.25 Nico Rosberg 206 1594.5 7.74 Valtteri Bottas 97 716 7.38 5 Max Verstappen 60 421 7.02 6 Fernando Alonso 291 1849 6.35 7 Daniel Ricciardo 129 816 6.33 8 George Amick 6 6.00 9 Kimi Räikkönen 271 1565 5.77 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 51 277.64 5.44 Source needed Highest percentage of races finished in the points ( at least 15 entries ) ( edit ) Driver Entries Points finishes Percentage Juan Manuel Fangio 52 43 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % Lewis Hamilton 208 172 Sebastian Vettel 199 159 7001799000000000000 ♠ 79.90 % Nino Farina 34 25 7001735300000000000 ♠ 73.53 % 5 José Froilán González 26 19 7001730800000000000 ♠ 73.08 % 6 Michael Schumacher 308 221 7001717500000000000 ♠ 71.75 % 7 Alberto Ascari 33 23 7001697000000000000 ♠ 69.70 % 8 Kimi Räikkönen 273 187 7001685000000000000 ♠ 68.50 % 9 Max Verstappen 60 40 7001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 % 10 Valtteri Bottas 98 65 7001663300000000000 ♠ 66.33 % Source : Most championship points in a season ( edit ) Driver Points Season WDC Races % of max points possible Sebastian Vettel 397 2013 1st 19 7001835800000000000 ♠ 83.58 % Sebastian Vettel 392 2011 1st 19 7001825300000000000 ♠ 82.53 % Nico Rosberg 385 2016 1st 21 7001733300000000000 ♠ 73.33 % Lewis Hamilton 384 2014 1st 19 7001768000000000000 ♠ 76.80 % 5 Lewis Hamilton 381 2015 1st 19 7001802109999999999 ♠ 80.21 % 6 Lewis Hamilton 380 2016 2nd 21 7001723800000000000 ♠ 72.38 % 7 Lewis Hamilton 363 2017 1st 20 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69.00 % 8 Nico Rosberg 322 2015 2nd 19 7001677900000000000 ♠ 67.79 % 9 Nico Rosberg 317 2014 2nd 19 7001634000000000000 ♠ 63.40 % 10 Sebastian Vettel 317 2017 2nd 20 7001667409999900000 ♠ 66.74 % Source : Double points awarded in last race Youngest drivers to score points ( edit ) ( only the first points finish for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Place Race Career race number Max Verstappen 17 years , 180 days 7th 2015 Malaysian Grand Prix 2nd race Lance Stroll 18 years , 225 days 9th 2017 Canadian Grand Prix 7th race Daniil Kvyat 19 years , 324 days 9th 2014 Australian Grand Prix 1st race Sebastian Vettel 19 years , 349 days 8th 2007 United States Grand Prix 1st race 5 Jaime Alguersuari 20 years , 12 days 9th 2010 Malaysian Grand Prix 11th race 6 Jenson Button 20 years , 67 days 6th 2000 Brazilian Grand Prix 2nd race 7 Ricardo Rodríguez 20 years , 123 days 4th 1962 Belgian Grand Prix 3rd race 8 Sébastien Buemi 20 years , 149 days 7th 2009 Australian Grand Prix 1st race 9 Esteban Ocon 20 years , 190 days 10th 2017 Australian Grand Prix 10th race 10 Carlos Sainz Jr . 20 years , 195 days 9th 2015 Australian Grand Prix 1st race Source : Oldest drivers to score points ( edit ) ( only the last points finish for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Place Race Philippe Étancelin 53 years , 249 days 5th 1950 Italian Grand Prix Luigi Fagioli 53 years , 22 days 1st 1951 French Grand Prix Louis Chiron 50 years , 291 days 3rd 1950 Monaco Grand Prix Louis Rosier 50 years , 274 days 5th 1956 German Grand Prix 5 Felice Bonetto 50 years , 75 days 4th 1953 Swiss Grand Prix 6 Piero Taruffi 48 years , 334 days 2nd 1955 Italian Grand Prix 7 Nino Farina 48 years , 218 days 3rd 1955 Belgian Grand Prix 8 Chico Landi 48 years , 191 days 4th 1956 Argentine Grand Prix 9 Luigi Villoresi 47 years , 18 days 5th 1956 Belgian Grand Prix 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 47 years , 12 days 4th 1958 French Grand Prix Source : Most points without a win ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Points Sergio Pérez 137 134 467 † Nico Hülkenberg 135 405 † Romain Grosjean 124 122 344 † Nick Heidfeld 185 183 259 † 5 Daniil Kvyat 74 72 133 † 6 Kamui Kobayashi 76 75 125 † 7 Adrian Sutil 128 128 124 † 8 Paul di Resta 59 59 121 † 9 Carlos Sainz Jr . 60 60 118 † 10 Martin Brundle 165 158 98 Source needed † Includes points with the current points system . Most career points without being World Champion ( edit ) Driver Points Best WDC finish Felipe Massa 1167 2nd in 2008 Mark Webber 1047.5 3rd in 2010 , 2011 and 2013 Daniel Ricciardo 816 3rd in 2014 and 2016 Valtteri Bottas 716 3rd in 2017 5 Rubens Barrichello 658 2nd in 2002 and 2004 6 David Coulthard 535 2nd in 2001 7 Sergio Pérez 467 7th in 2016 and 2017 8 Max Verstappen 421 5th in 2016 9 Nico Hülkenberg 405 9th in 2014 and 2016 10 Gerhard Berger 385 3rd in 1988 and 1994 Source needed World Champions with fewest career points ( edit ) Driver Points World Champion year ( s ) Phil Hill 98 1961 Jochen Rindt 109 1970 Nino Farina 127.33 1950 Mike Hawthorn 127.64 1958 5 Alberto Ascari 140.14 1952 and 1953 6 Keke Rosberg 159.5 1982 7 James Hunt 179 1976 8 Mario Andretti 180 1978 John Surtees 1964 10 Alan Jones 206 1980 Source needed Most races before scoring points ( edit ) Entry Driver Race 44th race Nicola Larini 1994 San Marino Grand Prix 42nd race Jonathan Palmer 1987 Monaco Grand Prix 32nd race Philippe Alliot 1986 Mexican Grand Prix Alessandro Nannini 1988 San Marino Grand Prix 5 31st race Alex Caffi 1989 Monaco Grand Prix Ukyo Katayama 1994 Brazilian Grand Prix 7 26th race Harry Schell 1956 Belgian Grand Prix 8 25th race Jan Magnussen 1998 Canadian Grand Prix Jules Bianchi 2014 Monaco Grand Prix 10 24th race Pedro Diniz 1996 Spanish Grand Prix Source needed Most races without scoring points ( edit ) Driver Entries Starts Luca Badoer 58 50 Charles Pic 39 39 Max Chilton 35 35 Brett Lunger 43 34 5 Toranosuke Takagi 32 32 6 Mike Beuttler 29 28 Enrique Bernoldi 29 28 8 Scott Speed 28 28 9 Ricardo Rosset 33 26 10 Rupert Keegan 37 25 Huub Rothengatter 30 25 Source needed Race leaders ( edit ) Every lap , total ( edit ) Driver Races Ayrton Senna 19 Jim Clark 13 Sebastian Vettel Lewis Hamilton 5 Michael Schumacher 11 Jackie Stewart 7 Nigel Mansell 9 8 Alberto Ascari 7 Alain Prost Nico Rosberg Source : For at least one lap , total ( edit ) Driver Races Michael Schumacher 142 Lewis Hamilton 114 Sebastian Vettel 88 Ayrton Senna 86 5 Alain Prost 84 Fernando Alonso 7 Kimi Räikkönen 76 8 David Coulthard 62 9 Nelson Piquet 58 10 Nigel Mansell 55 Nico Rosberg Source : For at least one lap , youngest leaders ( edit ) ( only the first race led for each driver is listed ) Driver Age Race Max Verstappen 18 years , 228 days 2016 Spanish Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 20 years , 89 days 2007 Japanese Grand Prix Sébastien Buemi 21 years , 225 days 2010 Canadian Grand Prix Fernando Alonso 21 years , 237 days 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix 5 Robert Kubica 21 years , 278 days 2006 Italian Grand Prix 6 Esteban Gutiérrez 21 years , 280 days 2013 Spanish Grand Prix 7 Jimmy Davies 21 years , 285 days 1951 Indianapolis 500 8 Sergio Pérez 22 years , 60 days 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix 9 Lewis Hamilton 22 years , 70 days 2007 Australian Grand Prix 10 Troy Ruttman 22 years , 80 days 1952 Indianapolis 500 Source needed Most laps led , total ( edit ) Driver Laps Michael Schumacher 5,111 Lewis Hamilton 3,517 Sebastian Vettel 2,990 Ayrton Senna 2,931 5 Alain Prost 2,683 6 Nigel Mansell 2,091 7 Jim Clark 1,943 8 Jackie Stewart 1,919 9 Fernando Alonso 1,767 10 Nelson Piquet 1,600 Source : Longest distance led , total ( edit ) Driver Distance ( km ) Michael Schumacher 24,148 Lewis Hamilton 17,868 Sebastian Vettel 15,510 Ayrton Senna 13,430 5 Alain Prost 12,474 6 Jim Clark 10,125 7 Nigel Mansell 9,649 8 Juan Manuel Fangio 9,316 9 Jackie Stewart 9,183 10 Fernando Alonso 8,643 Source : Most laps led without a win ( edit ) Driver Laps Chris Amon 183 Jean Behra 107 Jean - Pierre Jarier 79 Jack McGrath 70 5 Johnny Thomson 55 6 Pat O'Connor 46 7 Ivan Capelli 46 8 Nico Hülkenberg 43 9 Romain Grosjean 40 10 Carlos Menditeguy 39 Source : Most consecutive laps in the lead ( edit ) Driver Laps in the lead Races Alberto Ascari 304 1952 Belgian Grand Prix -- 1952 Dutch Grand Prix Ayrton Senna 264 1988 British Grand Prix -- 1988 Italian Grand Prix Ayrton Senna 237 1989 San Marino Grand Prix -- 1989 United States Grand Prix Nigel Mansell 235 1992 Brazilian Grand Prix -- 1992 Monaco Grand Prix 5 Sebastian Vettel 205 2012 Singapore Grand Prix -- 2012 Indian Grand Prix 6 Jim Clark 186 1963 Mexican Grand Prix -- 1964 Monaco Grand Prix 7 Jim Clark 165 1963 Belgian Grand Prix -- 1963 French Grand Prix 8 Kimi Räikkönen 162 2005 Spanish Grand Prix -- 2005 European Grand Prix 9 Mark Webber 159 2010 Spanish Grand Prix -- 2010 Turkish Grand Prix 10 Alain Prost 156 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix -- 1988 Japanese Grand Prix Source : Multiple driver records ( edit ) Pole & win in Same race ( edit ) Driver Races Michael Schumacher 40 Lewis Hamilton Ayrton Senna 29 Sebastian Vettel 5 Alain Prost 18 6 Nigel Mansell 17 7 Jim Clark 15 Juan Manuel Fangio Nico Rosberg 10 Fernando Alonso 14 Sources : Most wins from pole position in a season ( edit ) Driver Season Entries Wins from pole Nigel Mansell 1992 16 9 Sebastian Vettel 2011 19 Michael Schumacher 18 8 Sebastian Vettel 2013 19 Lewis Hamilton 2017 20 6 Ayrton Senna 1988 16 7 1991 Lewis Hamilton 2015 19 2016 21 10 Ayrton Senna 1989 16 6 Alain Prost 1993 16 Michael Schumacher 2001 17 Lewis Hamilton 2014 19 Nico Rosberg 2016 21 Source : Pole , win and fastest lap in same race ( edit ) This is sometimes referred to as a `` hat - trick '' . Driver Races Michael Schumacher 22 Lewis Hamilton 14 Jim Clark 11 Juan Manuel Fangio 9 5 Alain Prost 8 Sebastian Vettel 7 Alberto Ascari 7 Ayrton Senna 9 Nigel Mansell 5 Damon Hill Mika Häkkinen Fernando Alonso Source : Pole , win , fastest lap , and led every lap ( edit ) This is sometimes referred to as a `` grand slam '' or ( in French ) `` grand chelem '' . Driver Total Races Jim Clark 8 1962 British Grand Prix , 1963 Dutch Grand Prix , 1963 French Grand Prix , 1963 Mexican Grand Prix , 1964 British Grand Prix , 1965 South African Grand Prix , 1965 French Grand Prix , 1965 German Grand Prix Alberto Ascari 5 1952 French Grand Prix , 1952 German Grand Prix , 1952 Dutch Grand Prix , 1953 Argentine Grand Prix , 1953 British Grand Prix Michael Schumacher 1994 Monaco Grand Prix , 1994 Canadian Grand Prix , 2002 Spanish Grand Prix , 2004 Australian Grand Prix , 2004 Hungarian Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton 2014 Malaysian Grand Prix , 2015 Italian Grand Prix , 2017 Chinese Grand Prix , 2017 Canadian Grand Prix , 2017 British Grand Prix 5 Jackie Stewart 1969 French Grand Prix , 1971 Monaco Grand Prix , 1971 French Grand Prix , 1972 United States Grand Prix Ayrton Senna 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix , 1989 Spanish Grand Prix , 1990 Monaco Grand Prix , 1990 Italian Grand Prix Nigel Mansell 1991 British Grand Prix , 1992 South African Grand Prix , 1992 Spanish Grand Prix , 1992 British Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel 2011 Indian Grand Prix , 2012 Japanese Grand Prix , 2013 Singapore Grand Prix , 2013 Korean Grand Prix 9 Nelson Piquet 1980 United States Grand Prix West , 1981 Argentine Grand Prix , 1984 Canadian Grand Prix 10 Juan Manuel Fangio 1950 Monaco Grand Prix , 1956 German Grand Prix Jack Brabham 1960 Belgian Grand Prix , 1966 British Grand Prix Mika Häkkinen 1998 Brazilian Grand Prix , 1998 Monaco Grand Prix Nico Rosberg 2016 Russian Grand Prix , 2016 European Grand Prix Sources : Note : Only Ascari ( Germany -- Netherlands 1952 ) , Clark ( Netherlands -- France 1963 ) and Vettel ( Singapore -- Korea 2013 ) have achieved the feat in consecutive races . Only Ascari ( French , German , Dutch 1952 ) , Clark ( Dutch , French , Mexican 1963 ) , Mansell ( South Africa , Spain , Britain 1992 ) and Hamilton ( China , Canada , Britain 2017 ) have achieved this feat three times in a single season . Youngest ( edit ) Record Driver Age Race Pole and win Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 73 days 2008 Italian Grand Prix Pole , win and fastest lap Sebastian Vettel 21 years , 353 days 2009 British Grand Prix Pole , win , fastest lap , and led every lap Sebastian Vettel 24 years , 119 days 2011 Indian Grand Prix Source needed Oldest ( edit ) Record Driver Age Race Pole and win Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 41 days 1957 German Grand Prix Pole , win and fastest lap Juan Manuel Fangio 46 years , 41 days 1957 German Grand Prix Pole , win , fastest lap , and led every lap Juan Manuel Fangio 45 years , 42 days 1956 German Grand Prix Source needed Drivers ' Championships ( edit ) Total championships ( edit ) Driver WDC Seasons Michael Schumacher 7 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Juan Manuel Fangio 5 1951 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 Alain Prost 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 Sebastian Vettel 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Lewis Hamilton 2008 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 6 Jack Brabham 1959 , 1960 , 1966 Jackie Stewart 1969 , 1971 , 1973 Niki Lauda 1975 , 1977 , 1984 Nelson Piquet 1981 , 1983 , 1987 Ayrton Senna 1988 , 1990 , 1991 Source needed Fewest World Championship seasons before first title ( edit ) ( excluding drivers that competed from the very first championship season of 1950 ; including winning season ) Driver Seasons First championship Debut year Jacques Villeneuve 1997 Lewis Hamilton 2008 2007 Denny Hulme 1967 1965 Emerson Fittipaldi 1972 1970 5 Phil Hill 1961 1958 Jim Clark 1963 1960 James Hunt 1976 1973 Nelson Piquet 1981 1978 Michael Schumacher 1994 1991 Fernando Alonso 2005 2001 Sebastian Vettel 2007 Source needed Most World Championship seasons before first title ( edit ) Driver Seasons First championship Debut year Nigel Mansell 13 1992 1980 Nico Rosberg 11 2016 2006 Mario Andretti 10 1978 1968 Jenson Button 2009 2000 5 Jody Scheckter 8 1979 1972 Mika Häkkinen 1998 1991 7 Mike Hawthorn 7 1958 1952 Jochen Rindt 1970 1964 Kimi Räikkönen 2007 2001 10 Alan Jones 6 1980 Alain Prost 1985 1980 Source needed Youngest World Drivers ' Championship first - time winners ( edit ) ( at the moment they clinched their first title ) Driver Age Year Sebastian Vettel 23 years , 134 days Lewis Hamilton 23 years , 300 days 2008 Fernando Alonso 24 years , 59 days 2005 Emerson Fittipaldi 25 years , 303 days 1972 5 Michael Schumacher 25 years , 314 days 1994 6 Niki Lauda 26 years , 197 days 7 Jacques Villeneuve 26 years , 200 days 1997 8 Jim Clark 27 years , 174 days 1963 9 Kimi Räikkönen 28 years , 4 days 2007 10 Jochen Rindt 28 years , 169 days 1970 Sources : Youngest double World Drivers ' Championship winners ( edit ) ( at the moment they clinched their second title ) Driver Age Year Sebastian Vettel 24 years , 99 days 2011 Fernando Alonso 25 years , 85 days 2006 Michael Schumacher 26 years , 293 days 1995 Emerson Fittipaldi 27 years , 299 days 5 Niki Lauda 28 years , 202 days 1977 6 Jim Clark 29 years , 137 days 1965 7 Lewis Hamilton 29 years , 321 days 2014 8 Ayrton Senna 30 years , 215 days 1990 9 Mika Häkkinen 31 years , 33 days 1999 10 Nelson Piquet 31 years , 60 days Source : Youngest triple World Drivers ' Championship winners ( edit ) ( at the moment they clinched their third title ) Driver Age Year Sebastian Vettel 25 years , 146 days 2012 Lewis Hamilton 30 years , 292 days 2015 Ayrton Senna 31 years , 214 days 1991 Michael Schumacher 31 years , 280 days 2000 5 Jackie Stewart 34 years , 91 days 1973 6 Alain Prost 34 years , 241 days 1989 7 Nelson Piquet 35 years , 63 days 8 Niki Lauda 35 years , 243 days 1984 9 Jack Brabham 40 years , 128 days 1966 10 Juan - Manuel Fangio 44 years , 23 days 1955 Source : Youngest World Drivers ' Championship winners ( edit ) ( at the moment they clinched the title ) Driver Age Year Sebastian Vettel 23 years , 134 days Lewis Hamilton 23 years , 300 days 2008 Fernando Alonso 24 years , 59 days 2005 Sebastian Vettel 24 years , 99 days 2011 5 Fernando Alonso 25 years , 85 days 2006 6 Sebastian Vettel 25 years , 146 days 2012 7 Emerson Fittipaldi 25 years , 303 days 1972 8 Michael Schumacher 25 years , 314 days 1994 9 Sebastian Vettel 26 years , 117 days 2013 10 Niki Lauda 26 years , 197 days Source : Other driver records ( edit ) Description Record Details Ref . Championships Most races left in the season when becoming World Champion 6 Michael Schumacher ( 2002 in round 11 of 17 ) Most consecutive races as championship leader 37 Michael Schumacher ( 2000 United States Grand Prix -- 2002 Japanese Grand Prix ) Most races as championship leader 121 Michael Schumacher Most points between first and second in the World Championship 155 between Sebastian Vettel ( 397 pts . ) and Fernando Alonso ( 242 pts . ) in 2013 ( In 2003 -- 2009 scoring format : 160 − 100 = 60 ; in 1991 -- 2002 scoring format : 150 − 71 = 79 ) Record holder before 2010 : 67 points between Michael Schumacher ( 144 pts . ) and Rubens Barrichello ( 77 pts . ) in 2002 ( 157 points in 2010 -- 2017 excluding 2014 scoring format ) Highest percentage points difference between first and second in the World Championship 48.15 between Nigel Mansell ( 108 pts . ) and Riccardo Patrese ( 56 pts . ) in 1992 Fewest points between first and second in the World Championship 0.5 between Niki Lauda ( 72 pts . ) and Alain Prost ( 71.5 pts . ) in 1984 Longest time between successive World Championship titles 7 years Niki Lauda ( between 1977 and 1984 ) Youngest World Championship leader 22 years , 126 days Lewis Hamilton ( at 2007 Spanish Grand Prix ) Oldest World Champion 46 years , 41 days Juan Manuel Fangio ( 1957 ) Highest finishing position in a World Championship for a rookie ( not including 1950 ) 2nd Jacques Villeneuve ( 1996 ) Lewis Hamilton ( 2007 ) Drivers ' Championships won with most constructors Juan Manuel Fangio ( Alfa Romeo , Maserati , Mercedes , Ferrari ) Most leader changes in a Drivers ' Championship in a season 10 times 2010 ( Fernando Alonso , Felipe Massa , Jenson Button , Mark Webber , Lewis Hamilton , Mark Webber , Lewis Hamilton , Mark Webber , Fernando Alonso , Sebastian Vettel ) Most World Champions competing in a season 6 2012 ( Sebastian Vettel , Jenson Button , Lewis Hamilton , Kimi Räikkönen , Fernando Alonso , Michael Schumacher ) Most World Championship seasons as runner - up Stirling Moss , Alain Prost Wins Most different Grands Prix won 22 Michael Schumacher Wins at most different circuits 24 Lewis Hamilton Most wins with the same team 72 Michael Schumacher ( Ferrari ) Wins with most different constructors 5 Stirling Moss ( Mercedes , Maserati , Vanwall , Cooper , Lotus ) Longest time between first and last wins 5,145 days Michael Schumacher ( 1992 Belgian Grand Prix -- 2006 Chinese Grand Prix ) Longest time between successive wins 2,402 days Riccardo Patrese ( 1983 South African Grand Prix -- 1990 San Marino Grand Prix ) Most race winners in one year 11 ( 1982 ) Alain Prost , Niki Lauda , Didier Pironi , John Watson , Riccardo Patrese , Nelson Piquet , René Arnoux , Patrick Tambay , Elio de Angelis , Keke Rosberg , Michele Alboreto Most different race winners in consecutive races 9 ( 1961 -- 1962 ) ( 1982 ) Giancarlo Baghetti ( 1961 French Grand Prix ) , Wolfgang von Trips ( 1961 British Grand Prix ) , Stirling Moss ( 1961 German Grand Prix ) , Phil Hill ( 1961 Italian Grand Prix ) , Innes Ireland ( 1961 United States Grand Prix ) , Graham Hill ( 1962 Dutch Grand Prix ) , Bruce McLaren ( 1962 Monaco Grand Prix ) , Jim Clark ( 1962 Belgian Grand Prix ) , Dan Gurney ( 1962 French Grand Prix ) Riccardo Patrese ( 1982 Monaco Grand Prix ) , John Watson ( 1982 Detroit Grand Prix ) , Nelson Piquet ( 1982 Canadian Grand Prix ) , Didier Pironi ( 1982 Dutch Grand Prix ) , Niki Lauda ( 1982 British Grand Prix ) , René Arnoux ( 1982 French Grand Prix ) , Patrick Tambay ( 1982 German Grand Prix ) , Elio de Angelis ( 1982 Austrian Grand Prix ) , Keke Rosberg ( 1982 Swiss Grand Prix ) Most different race winners in consecutive races ( starting from first race of the season ) 7 ( 2012 ) Jenson Button ( 2012 Australian Grand Prix ) , Fernando Alonso ( 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix ) , Nico Rosberg ( 2012 Chinese Grand Prix ) , Sebastian Vettel ( 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix ) , Pastor Maldonado ( 2012 Spanish Grand Prix ) , Mark Webber ( 2012 Monaco Grand Prix ) , Lewis Hamilton ( 2012 Canadian Grand Prix ) Fewest race wins in World Championship winning year Mike Hawthorn ( 1958 ) Keke Rosberg ( 1982 ) World Champion with fewest career wins Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill Most race wins in one season without becoming World Champion 10 Lewis Hamilton ( 2016 ) Podiums Highest percentage of podium finishes in one season 100 Michael Schumacher , 17 podium finishes out of 17 races in 2002 Most podiums for the same team 116 Michael Schumacher ( Ferrari ) Longest time between successive podium finishes 2,870 days Alexander Wurz ( 1997 British Grand Prix -- 2005 San Marino Grand Prix ) Most consecutive podium finishes ( starting from debut ) 9 Lewis Hamilton ( 2007 Australian Grand Prix -- 2007 British Grand Prix ) Most podium finishes before a victory 15 Jean Alesi , Mika Häkkinen , Eddie Irvine and Patrick Depailler Most races before first podium 91 Martin Brundle Most second places 43 Michael Schumacher Most third places 37 Kimi Räikkönen Pole position Most pole positions in a debut season 6 Lewis Hamilton ( 2007 ) Fewest pole positions scored in a Championship - winning season 0 Denny Hulme ( 1967 ) Niki Lauda ( 1984 ) Pole positions at most different Grands Prix 23 Lewis Hamilton Pole positions at most different circuits 26 Lewis Hamilton Longest time between successive pole positions 3,262 days Kimi Räikkönen ( 2008 French Grand Prix -- 2017 Monaco Grand Prix ) Most races before first pole position 131 Mark Webber Most pole positions without a victory 5 Chris Amon Laps in the lead Most laps led in a season 739 Sebastian Vettel ( 2011 ) Highest percentage of laps led in a season 71.47 Jim Clark ( 1963 ) Most consecutive races with at least one lap in the lead 18 Lewis Hamilton ( 2014 Hungarian Grand Prix -- 2015 British Grand Prix ) Most races without leading 165 Martin Brundle Race starts ( entries ) Longest time between first and last starts 7,763 days Michael Schumacher ( 1991 Belgian Grand Prix -- 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix ) Longest time between successive starts 3,767 days Jan Lammers ( 1982 Dutch Grand Prix -- 1992 Japanese Grand Prix ) Entries with most constructors 13 Chris Amon ( Lola , Lotus , Brabham , Cooper , Ferrari , March , Matra , Tecno , Tyrrell , Amon , BRM , Ensign , Williams ) Most entries without starting 14 Claudio Langes ( 1990 United States Grand Prix -- 1990 Spanish Grand Prix ) Most failed attempts to pre-qualify 25 Gabriele Tarquini Most races without scoring points 58 ( 50 starts ) Luca Badoer Most consecutive race starts without scoring points 62 Heikki Kovalainen Most races before scoring first points 69 ( 43 starts ) Nicola Larini Shortest Formula One career ( having qualified for at least one race ) 2 meters ( 6 1 / 2 feet ) Ernst Loof ( 1953 German Grand Prix ) Most seasons with at least one start 19 Rubens Barrichello ( 1993 -- 2011 ) Michael Schumacher ( 1991 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2012 ) Youngest driver to drive at a Grand Prix meeting 17 years , 3 days Max Verstappen ( 2014 Japanese Grand Prix ) Finishes Most classified finishes 239 Michael Schumacher Most race finishes 235 Michael Schumacher Most consecutive classified finishes 41 Nick Heidfeld ( 2007 French Grand Prix -- 2009 Italian Grand Prix ) Most consecutive race finishes 33 Nick Heidfeld ( 2007 Chinese Grand Prix -- 2009 Italian Grand Prix ) Most consecutive finishes from start of career 27 Esteban Ocon ( 2016 Belgian Grand Prix -- 2017 Mexican Grand Prix ) Most retirements 148 Andrea de Cesaris Most consecutive retirements 22 ( 18 DNF ) Andrea de Cesaris Most retirements in a season 16 ( 14 DNF ) Andrea de Cesaris ( from 16 races in 1987 ) Longest time between first and last points finishes 7,749 days Michael Schumacher ( 1991 Italian Grand Prix -- 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix ) Longest time between successive points finishes 2,898 days Lucien Bianchi ( 1960 Belgian Grand Prix -- 1968 Monaco Grand Prix ) Other Most pit stops by a driver in a single race 7 Alain Prost in the 1993 European Grand Prix Most pit stops by a winning driver in a single race 6 ( including 1 penalty ) Jenson Button in the 2011 Canadian Grand Prix Most ( driving ) penalties in a season 10 Pastor Maldonado ( 2014 ) Shortest time elapsed before earning a penalty 9 seconds Sebastian Vettel ( 2006 Turkish Grand Prix ; recorded speeding in pit lane nine seconds into his career as a Formula One driver ) Driver who was passed more than any other in a season 70 times Charles Pic ( 2012 ) Most races as teammates 104 Michael Schumacher and Rubens Barrichello ( Ferrari , 2000 -- 2005 ) Most positions gained from starting position to finishing position 30 Jim Rathmann ( 32nd to 2nd at the 1957 Indianapolis 500 ) Not all De Cesaris 's retirements were classified as ' DNF ' : he was classified as 3rd at the 1987 Belgian Grand Prix after running out of fuel and pushing his car over the line . For this reason , some sources list his 13 retirements and 1 DNQ in 1986 as the record for consecutive non-finishes in a season and 18 non-finishes starting the previous season . See also ( edit ) List of Formula One drivers List of Formula One World Drivers ' Champions Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Indianapolis 500 was a round of the World Drivers ' Championship from 1950 to 1960 . Drivers competing in the Indianapolis 500 during these years were credited with participation in a World Championship race and the top five finishers were credited with World Championship points . ^ Jump up to : This includes Sauber which used Ferrari engines with Petronas branding between the 1997 & 2005 seasons . Jump up ^ This includes BAR which used Honda engines in 2000 -- 2005 , Honda which used their own engines in 2006 -- 2008 and McLaren which used Honda engines from 2015 onward . ^ Jump up to : Fangio entered 52 separate races , but shared 6 cars with other drivers in 5 Grands Prix which would reduce his percentage win ratio to 41.38 . ^ Jump up to : Ascari entered 33 separate races , but shared 3 cars with other drivers in 3 Grands Prix which would reduce his percentage win ratio to 37.14 . Jump up ^ Some sources extend Ascari 's sequence to 9 wins , including the subsequent 1953 Holland and Belgium Grands Prix and discounting the intervening 1953 Indianapolis 500 , on the basis that very few of the European drivers competed in the Indianapolis 500 when it was part of the Drivers ' Championship . Jump up ^ Juan Manuel Fangio began racing in pre-World Championship Grands Prix in 1948 . Jump up ^ Giuseppe Farina began racing in pre-World Championship Grands Prix in the 1930s . Jump up ^ Shared drive with Stirling Moss Jump up ^ A year after the victory Renault were charged with race fixing which led to the team 's suspended disqualification , however , the original results were left in place . ^ Jump up to : Farina 's total of 20 podiums includes both 2nd and 3rd places at the 1955 Argentine Grand Prix . Jump up ^ González finished 18 races in the points and earned points for fastest lap in 1 additional race that he did not finish . He earned points in 19 different races . Jump up ^ Ascari finished 20 races in the points and earned points for fastest lap in 3 additional races that he did not finish . He earned points in 23 different races . Jump up ^ This includes partial seasons . Jump up ^ Alonso did not compete in Formula One in 2002 as he spent the season as Renault 's test driver , so he won the championship in the fourth season he contested . Jump up ^ This includes partial seasons . Jump up ^ Andretti did not compete in Formula One in 1973 , so he won the championship in the tenth season he contested . Jump up ^ Rindt was killed in an accident while quailfying for the Italian Grand Prix on September 5 , 1970 , aged 28 years , 140 days . This is the age Rindt would have been on October 4 , 1970 when he ( posthumously ) clinched the title . Jump up ^ Denny Hulme won the 1967 championship without ever having scored a pole , although 6 years later , in 1973 , Hulme did finally rack up the solitary pole of his 112 - race career . Jump up ^ Loof started one World Championship race at the 1953 German Grand Prix but only made it two meters off the starting grid . Marco Apicella is frequently referred to as having the shortest Formula One career , but that is false . Jump up ^ Kimi Räikkönen finished the final 8 races of 2009 , but then took a two - year sabbatical . If those eight races were added on , he would have finished 38 consecutive races . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arron , Simon ; Gilmour , Rod ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Rubens Barrichello set for 257th race record '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix Number '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Age and the F1 driver '' . F1.com. 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Prix By Age '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Natasha ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Lewis Hamilton 's record - breaking season and the targets that are next on his list '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix With the Same Constructor '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix With the Same Engine '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where does Lewis Hamilton stand among Formula 1 's greats after his fourth F1 world title ? '' . Skysports.com. 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wins By Number '' . StatsF1.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zuvela , Matt ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Vettel ends F1 season with 9th straight win at Brazilian GP '' . DW.com . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamilton at 150 - how he stacks up against the greats '' . Formula1.com. 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Gemma ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Vettel stuns formula one with masterful victory in the rain at Monza '' . Guardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ( 12 July 2009 ) . `` German GP : Mark Webber wins in Nurburgring '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Steven ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` The king of fastest laps '' . ESPN F1 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Diepraam , Mattijs ( January 1999 ) . `` Persistent non-winner '' . Forix 8W . Haymarket Media . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` F1 's best losers , famous Belgians and chasing crumpet '' . ESPN F1. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GRAND PRIX RESULTS : FRENCH GP , 2006 '' . GrandPrix.com . Inside F1. 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Moss regains unwanted F1 record '' . Times of Malta. 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most wins consecutive seasons '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schumi breaks Senna pole record '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 22 April 2006 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Gary ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Lewis Hamilton breaks pole record - how he did it in numbers '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most pole positions '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive pole positions '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most poles '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All time Formula One records '' . F1Technical . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom . `` Indian Grand Prix : Red Bull 's Sebastian Vettel sets F1 record with team 's 16th pole '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 29 March 2013 ) . `` Ask Steven '' . ESPNF1 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most grand prix without pole '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Podiums by number '' . statsf1.com. 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive podium finishes '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grands Prix -- without podium '' . statsF1.com. 23 July 2016 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Collantine , Keith ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Heidfeld sets record for most podiums without a win '' . F1 Fanatic . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 F1 Drivers '' . www.f1-fansite.com . www.f1-fansite.com. 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` F1 stat attack : Vettel and Alonso level on points '' . Motorsport.com. 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points GP in '' . Stat F1. 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive points finishes '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Froilan Gonzalez '' . F1-fansite.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Ascari '' . F1-fansite.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lead throughout a grand prix '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lead a grand prix '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lead by laps '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lead by km '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vettel leads 145 laps in a row -- and counting '' . F1Fanatic . Jump up ^ `` Lead consecutive laps '' . stats f1 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pole & Win '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hat Trick '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Collantine , Keith ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Hamilton claims record with first ever ' grand slam ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Chelem '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions by age '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Vettel becomes youngest double World Champion ( in ) Grand Prix history '' . Mirror . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vettel is F1 's youngest triple champion '' . China Daily . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Vettel wins Abu Dhabi GP to capture F1 title '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All time Championship leader '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drivers World Championship Gap '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points Comparison 2013 season 1991 -- 2002 scoring '' . formula1 markwessel . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points Comparison 2013 season 2003 -- 2009 scoring '' . Formula 1 markwessel . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points Comparison 2002 season 2010 -- 2015 excluding 2014 scoring '' . Formula 1 markwessel . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wins at different grand prix '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wins at different circuits '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most wins & podiums for same team '' . Stats F1 . Jump up ^ `` Most wins different constructors '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Least wins in World Championship winning year '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most grand prix without podium '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Least career wins by World Champion '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grands Prix before podium '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most 2nd places '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 3rd places '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 23 August 2009 ) . `` Back on track '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pole positions by different Grand Prix '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest interval between Pole positions '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 British GP : Hamilton breaks 45 - year - old F1 record '' . Thisisf1.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea de Cesaris retirements '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive retirements '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Formula One driver Andrea de Cesaris dies at 55 '' . 5 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brabham BT56 '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Steven ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` The closest ever top three '' . ESPNF1.com . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Vettel quickest in Turkey '' . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Pic breaks Formula 1 mobile chicane record as most overtaken in 2012 '' . F1SA.com. 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gain in position '' . Stats F1 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea de Cesaris -- obituary '' . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) ChicaneF1 -- Records Stats F1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Formula_One_driver_records&oldid=815442464 '' Categories : Formula One - related lists Auto racing records Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Italiano Latviešu Magyar Polski Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 21 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the best f1 driver in history	[]	[]
8289353131290611371	Sonnets from the Portuguese	Sonnets from the Portuguese - wikipedia Sonnets from the Portuguese Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Phoebe Anna Traquair 's illuminated copy of Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's Sonnets from the Portuguese - Sonnet 30 . The Sonnets from the Portuguese , published by Adelaide Hanscom Leeson . Sonnets from the Portuguese , written ca . 1845 -- 1846 and published first in 1850 , is a collection of 44 love sonnets written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning . The collection was acclaimed and popular during the poet 's lifetime and it remains so . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Numbers 33 and 43 2.1 Number 33 2.2 Number 43 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Title ( edit ) Barrett Browning was initially hesitant to publish the poems , believing they were too personal . However , her husband Robert Browning insisted they were the best sequence of English - language sonnets since Shakespeare 's time and urged her to publish them . To offer the couple some privacy , she decided to publish them as if they were translations of foreign sonnets . She initially planned to title the collection `` Sonnets translated from the Bosnian '' , but Browning proposed that she claim their source was Portuguese , probably because of her admiration for Camões and Robert 's nickname for her : `` my little Portuguese '' . The title is also a reference to Les Lettres Portugaises ( 1669 ) . Numbers 33 and 43 ( edit ) The most famous poems from this collection are numbers 33 and 43 : Number 33 ( edit ) Yes , call me by my pet - name ! let me hear The name I used to run at , when a child , From innocent play , and leave the cow - slips piled , To glance up in some face that proved me dear With the look of its eyes . I miss the clear Fond voices which , being drawn and reconciled Into the music of Heaven 's undefiled , Call me no longer . Silence on the bier , While I call God -- call God ! -- So let thy mouth i moved back from the west to the north , Gather the north flowers to complete the south , And catch the early love up in the late . Yes , call me by that name , -- and I , in truth , With the same heart , will answer and not wait . Number 43 ( edit ) How do I love thee ? Let me count the ways . I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach , when feeling out of sight For the ends of Being and ideal Grace . I love thee to the level of everyday 's Most quiet need , by sun and candlelight . I love thee freely , as men strive for Right ; I love thee purely , as they turn from Praise . I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs , and with my childhood 's faith . I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints , -- I love thee with the breath , Smiles , tears , of all my life ! -- and , if God choose , I shall but love thee better after death . See also ( edit ) Thomas James Wise , who authenticated a forged edition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gosse , Edmund ( 1896 ) . Critical Kit - kats . William Heinemann . Jump up ^ Browning , Elizabeth Barrett ( 1850 ) . Sonnet 's from the Portuguese and other love poems ( Reissue August 1 , 1990 ed . ) . Doubleday ; . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0385416184 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Sonnets from the Portuguese Books about Browning , Elizabeth Barrett , 1806 - 1861 at Project Gutenberg Sonnets from the Portuguese at Project Gutenberg Reely 's Poetry Pages Hear Sonnets 43 and 33 A Different Slant of Light : The Art and Life of Adelaide Hanscom Leeson : The Sonnets from the Portuguese by Elizabeth Barrett Browning , a photo - illustration of The Sonnets from the Portuguese , includes select photo - illustrations . ( hide ) Elizabeth Barrett Browning Poetry `` Sebastian , or , Virtue Rewarded '' ( c. 1815 , unpublished ) The Battle of Marathon : A Poem ( 1820 ) `` Sabbath Morning at Sea '' ( 1839 ) `` A Child Asleep '' ( 1840 ) Sonnets from the Portuguese ( 1850 ) Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ) Family life Robert Browning ( husband ) Robert Barrett Browning ( son ) Casa Guidi Related Armstrong Browning Library , collections and papers Clasped Hands of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( 1853 sculpture ) The Barretts of Wimpole Street 1934 film 1957 film Elizabeth Barrett Browning : A Biography ( 1988 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonnets_from_the_Portuguese&oldid=824059073 '' Categories : British poems Sonnets Victorian poetry 1850 poems Poetry by Elizabeth Barrett Browning English poetry collections Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 02 : 27 . 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-252707669930779558	Legal issues in airsoft	Legal issues in airsoft - wikipedia Legal issues in airsoft Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Airsoft is considered to be a modern shooting sport . Airsoft guns themselves are legal in many parts of the world , although some countries , states , and cities have specific restrictions against the items . For example , California State Law states that peoples of all age can use these items , classing them as both tools , and toys . Safety regulations in many areas require bright markings on the items ( such as an orange tip ) . They are officially classed as `` soft air devices '' or `` air compressed toys , '' depending on the location . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Argentina 3 Armenia 4 Belgium 5 Brazil 6 Bulgaria 7 Canada 8 Chile 9 China 10 Croatia 11 Czech Republic 12 Denmark 13 Egypt 14 Estonia 15 Finland 16 France 17 Germany 18 Greece 19 Hong Kong 20 Indonesia 21 India 22 Ireland 23 Israel 24 Italy 25 Japan 26 Kuwait 27 Lithuania 28 Macau 29 Malaysia 30 Malta 31 Mexico 32 Netherlands 33 New Zealand 34 Norway 35 Philippines 36 Poland 37 Portugal 38 Republic of Korea 39 Romania 40 Russia 41 Serbia 42 Slovakia 43 Slovenia 44 Singapore 45 Spain 46 Sweden 47 Switzerland 48 Thailand 49 Ukraine 50 United Kingdom 51 United States 51.1 Selected local requirements 52 References Australia ( edit ) Importation of airsoft guns ( referred officially as toy models by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection ) , regardless of their legal status by state , requires an Australian Customs B709 Importation of Firearms -- Police Confirmation and Certification Form . These forms can be obtained from the relevant state 's police department , however some states may require operators hold a valid license for the class of firearm wished to import before the forms will be issued even though airsoft possession is generally not considered a valid reason for obtaining a firearms license . As a general rule , the following types of airsoft guns are illegal in all states : Guns capable of fully automatic fire . Guns that outwardly resemble a sub-machine gun or machine pistol . In addition , each state has its own legislation regarding possession and use of airsoft guns : New South Wales Airsoft is regulated in New South Wales under the Firearms Act 1996 that classifies them as firearms , which the New South Wales Police do not allow for any reason . Victoria Airsoft articles are not permitted in Victoria under the Victorian Legislation , and Victoria Police Licensing & Regulation Division ( LRD ) will not issue any authorization for their importation on the basis that `` no genuine reason exists to own them , because there is no approved range in Victoria to undertake these war games '' and `` their militaristic appearance also plays a part in their perceived undesirability '' . Queensland Airsoft weapons , under current state legislation , irrespective of muzzle velocity , can not be lawfully possessed in Queensland . As airsoft guns can not be used in Queensland lawfully it can not be imported into Queensland . South Australia Changes to South Australian law ( in particular the Firearms Amendment Act 2008 ) mean that airsoft guns with a muzzle velocity of less than 53 m / s ( 175 ft / s ) are considered `` regulated imitation firearms '' , while those guns exceeding this limit are considered real firearms . In practice , both types fall under the same licensing and storage requirements , as `` regulated imitations '' are considered de facto firearms by law ; furthermore , they are considered to belong to the class of firearm they imitate -- for example , a Marushin M1 Carbine would be considered a Class D firearm , as it imitates a semi-automatic center - fire rifle . Regardless of this , South Australian Police will refuse to register an airsoft gun . Western Australia Airsoft articles are prohibited in Western Australia and Western Australian Police will not issue any authorization for their importation . Northern Territory Paintball guns are allowed in the Northern Territory , and all other airsoft firearms are legal with the right firearms licence . Australian Capital Territory The ACT is governed by the Australian Federal Police ; all airsoft guns that resemble semiautomatic or automatic military rifles or shotguns adapted for military purpose are considered prohibited weapons , as are an imitation or replica of any firearm ( including an imitation or replica pistol , shortened firearm , machine gun or submachine gun ) unless it is of a type approved by the Registrar . Tasmania Due to the nature of the sport of airsoft ( as with paintball ) it is classified as a `` war game '' which is defined in the Firearms Act 1996 as a simulated military exercise or similar activity in which a firearm is used or carried by a person . Section 119 of the Firearms Act 1996 ( TAS ) prohibits a person from taking part in , allowing , causing , assisting or advertising or promoting any war games . As a result , war games such as paintball and airsoft are prohibited in Tasmania . It has previously been established that an airsoft gun would be categorized as an air rifle or air pistol for which a Category A ( air rifle ) or Category H ( air pistol ) firearms licence would be required . However , the Firearms Act does not provide for an appropriate `` genuine reason '' to possess a firearm for airsoft activities ; therefore , an airsoft gun would not be able to be registered in Tasmania , as the applicant could not provide a satisfactory reason for wanting to own and possess the firearm . In short , the playing of the sport of airsoft and the possession of airsoft guns in Tasmania is currently banned , and that position will most likely not change in the near future . Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , Airsoft guns can be bought and used by anyone over the age of 18 , however the import , sale and manufacture of replica guns is requires a permit by federal law 26.216 ( edited March 2018 ) Armenia ( edit ) Airsoft guns with muzzle energy below 3 joules ( muzzle velocity 173.2 m / s or 568 ft / s for a 0.20 g projectile ) are legal . They are not considered weapons and do not require any permission . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , weapons that launch a projectile without the use of a combustion / fire are unrestricted , it is stipulated as a free - to - purchase weapon which can be only bought by persons aged 18 years or older , as checked from any form of identification . The only exclusions are those on the Forbidden Weapons List . This includes those used for airsoft and Paintball . However , if a weapon is shorter than 60 cm , or has a barrel shorter than 30 cm and shoots 7.5 joules of energy ( 0.20 g pellet travelling at 273.9 m / s or 898.5 ft / s ) or above ( measured 2.5 meters from the muzzle ) , it is classified as a firearm and needs registration . Commercial sales / imports / exports may only be done by licensed firearms dealers . Non-commercial sales or owner transfers can be freely done by anyone aged 18 years or older . In general , all events must take place in private locations . Organizations may host airsoft events under the condition that they are not affiliated with ideological or religious agendas . Also the local authorities such as the mayor 's administration and the police need to be notified and their consent has to be given . In the Flemish region and when organizing more than two times per year with maximum four days in a row , it is mandatory to have an environment permit , also when organizing in a designated forest area a permission from the regional nature and forest agency is needed . In the Walloon area in general it is sufficient to inform the local authorities . There is no clear law on how to transport airsoft replicas , but it is commonly accepted among players to transport replicas as if they were real firearms , as to avoid any chance of hassle with the authorities . This means that the replicas must be covered while transporting them through public domain , in a gun - bag for example . Also when carrying / transporting airsoft replicas , a plausible explanation has to be given when asked by law enforcement authorities . Also due to strict environmental laws , it is mandatory to use bio-degradable BB 's . The use of gun - mounted lasers or night - vision scopes / sights is illegal for civilians , however the use of regular scopes / sights ( even illuminated ones ) and night - vision - goggles is not . This is because gun - mounted lasers and night - vision scopes / sights are looked upon as being only useful in military context or for assassination ( which is , of course , illegal ) . Also the possession and using a real silencer is forbidden for the same reasons though a dummy / fake silencer is legal . Brazil ( edit ) Airsoft is a very recent shooting sport in Brazil . In the past , due to lack of regulation , airsoft was usually misinterpreted as a firearm clone or replica . Nowadays , airsoft is legal but there are strong restrictions . Based on the current minutes that have gone public , airsoft is considered a gun subjected to control.To import is necessary to pay import taxes of 60 % of the value of the product including the freight plus about 150 reais ( around 50 dollars ) for administrative fees . It is also necessary before importing any weapon or accessory of weapon to make an application of CII ( International Import Certificate ) to the Brazilian Army containing the data of the equipment that wants to import , location of the airport or port of departure in the country of foreigner and in the national arrival , store and buyer data and product values . This request can be approved or denied and can take up to 3 months ( this response must be sent to the seller to attach to the outside of the merchandise if it does not have CII when the merchandise arrives in Brazil it will be confiscated ) . This bureaucracy causes a gigantic delay in the domestic market with the international market , it also causes the lack of use of low prices abroad and as Brazil has high - interest rates ( along with import taxes ) the product often comes to triple the price . All Guns do not need any transportation permit after import . People under 18 are not allowed to buy airsoft guns and commercial entities / importers are obliged to retain documentation of airsoft buyers for 5 years . An Orange tip or red tip is required in order to differentiate it from firearms . There are still strong restrictions to import accessories such as holographic sights , red dots , and magazines ( need CII and administrative taxes ) . Airsoft is also expensive in Brazil , as it costs almost the same as a real firearm in the US , which will make it very hard for airsoft to become popular in Brazil . However , now the sport has grown quite large due to the youtubers and it is estimated almost 100 thousand participants ( 11 / 14 / 2017 ) . The Brazilian market due to the high import rates are loaded with cheap weapons of entry of brands like CYMA , JG , King Arms , Cybergun , and Umarex . The airsoft community adopts national speed limits but there is no compelling law . The most usual limits are : Assault : 400FPS . Sniper : 550FPS and do not shoot less than 15 meters , mandatory secondary up to 400 fps . DMR : 450FPS and not shoot less than 15 meters , mandatory secondary up to 400 fps . Bulgaria ( edit ) Airsoft is a legal sport in Bulgaria and there are no restrictions placed on the guns apart from a parents ' permission for people under 18 . As airsoft guns are considered air guns by the Bulgarian law , no documents or licenses are needed to possess them . There are no restrictions about lasers , flashlights etc . Moreover , there is no need for the end of the barrel to be painted in orange ( like in the United States ) . There are neither restrictions about the power of the air guns / airsoft guns nor about carrying them in public areas , although it is highly advisable not to carry replica firearms in public places outside of a carry case or an appropriate backpack . This rule is unofficially enforced by the Airsoft Bulgaria organisation and is punishable by ban from official games ( temporary or permanent ) , as it creates an unwanted friction between the players and the authorities and public . Shooting in `` protected '' ( quote from the law ) areas is forbidden . Protected areas include schools , administrative buildings , public property , and public areas . Now it is required that private regulated land must obtain urban planning application / consent to make it public land before starting a paintball field with an internal boundary of 3 m . A lot of the people in Bulgaria have their own field rules which usually require to have 18 years of age . There are some exception tho : The CRG airsoft field in slunchev breag has no age limit ( http://www.crgroup.bg/ ) and the Airsoft Sofia Field has an age restriction of 16 , and players between the age of 16 and 18 can participate with parental permission . ( http://airsoftsofiafield.com ) Canada ( edit ) Under the Canadian Firearms Program , Airsoft guns resembling with near precision an existing make and model of an arm , other than an antique arm , are considered replica arms and therefore are prohibited devices . Models resembling antique arms may be allowed . Generally , antique arms are those manufactured before 1898 . Individuals may keep replica guns they owned on 1 December 1998 and no license is required , however the import or acquisition of replica firearms is prohibited . If the replica firearm is taken out of Canada it will not be allowed back in . Air guns ( other than replicas ) with a maximum muzzle velocity of 152.4 m / s ( 500 ft / s ) or a maximum muzzle energy of 5.7 joules ( 4.2 foot - pounds ) are exempt from licensing , registration , and other requirements ; and from penalties for possessing an arm without a valid license or registration certificate but are considered a firearm under the Criminal Code if used to commit a crime . Airsoft guns that exceed both the maximum velocity and maximum muzzle energy are subject to the same licence , registration , and safe handling requirements that apply to conventional firearm . A Airsoft ( bb ) gun may be imported if it meets the required markings . An airsoft gun that , is obviously a child 's toy ( e.g. made out of clear plastic ) , that only fires a very light pellet ( less than 2g ) no faster than 152.4 m / s ( 500 ft / s ) would not be classified as a firearm under the Canadian Firearms Act . In Manitoba , Saskatchewan , Ontario , British Columbia , and Quebec , the minimum age to purchase an airsoft gun is 18 . Children under that age are still able to use airsoft guns but only if supervised by someone over 18 . Overseas / international retailers may sell Canadian - ready guns , or offer services to make them meet Canada 's requirements . If the Canada Border Services Agency suspects an import is illegal a letter may be sent out to inform the importer , and an appeal can be made to test the gun . These airsoft guns are typically sent to the importer 's local police agency for the firearms to be tested . This process could take between 2 weeks to a year anecdotally . Chile ( edit ) Chile recognized airsoft as a legal sport activity under Exempt Resolution No. 245 of 20 January 2011 by the National Institute of Sports . Exempt Resolution No. 245 . IND . Page 1 . Exempt Resolution No. 245 . IND. Page 2 . Exempt Resolution No. 245 . IND. Page 3 . Although airsoft replicas are not clearly regulated under Chilean gun law , modifying toy guns to use real ammunition and carrying an unconcealed weapon in a public area is illegal and punishable by law . Also there is not law restriction to who is buying it or who is using an airsoft gun , but stores and sports club usually restrict them to be 18 or older to be able to buy or to play . China ( edit ) In People 's Republic of China , despite the common belief that airsoft is outright banned , the official stance on airsoft is that it is technically just `` tightly controlled '' . However , the control standards are so strict and the punishments are so heavy - handed , that involvement in the sport ( regarded as `` wargame '' or `` live action CS '' ) is considered too impractical for common individuals in Mainland China . According to the `` Identification Standards of Imitation Guns '' ( 仿真枪认定标准 ) dictated by the Ministry of Public Security ( the central coordinating agency of the Chinese police system ) in 2008 , a replica ( `` imitation '' ) gun is recognized according to any one of the following criteria : Fulfils the firearm component parts stipulated by the Law of the People 's Republic of China on Control of Guns , and shoots pellets of metal or other materials that has a muzzle - ratio kinetic energy ( Chinese : 枪口比动能 , the muzzle energy of a projectile divided by the internal / bore cross sectional area of the barrel that fired it ) less than 1.8 J / cm and greater than 0.16 J / cm ( equivalent to a single 0.20 gram , 6 mm airsoft pellet shot out at a muzzle velocity of 21.3 ~ 71.3 m / s or 70 ~ 234 fps , or kinetic energy of 0.045 ~ 0.51 J ) ; Has external features of a firearm , as well as barrel , trigger , receiver or action mechanisms that are either materially or functionally similar to a service firearm ; Has same or similar shape and color , as well as a size between 50 ~ 100 % ( later amended to `` 50 ~ 200 % '' in 2011 ) of the corresponding real service firearm . If a replica exceeds any single criterion , it will no longer be categorized as a replica / toy gun , but rather considered a real weapon , and therefore illegal to purchase and possess . Offenders can be judged as arms traffickers and subjected to penalties as high as capital punishment and life imprisonment . Prior to the Beijing Olympics , airsoft was an increasingly popular sport among Chinese military enthusiasts . However , since the 2008 standards came out , there has been thousands of arrests and seizures made on toy gun merchants and consumers for `` arms trafficking '' and `` illegal possession of firearms '' , because people are often unaware that their hobbies are now suddenly spelt as illegal under the new standards , and the Ministry of Public Security or police never actively informed the public about the change . Law enforcement is also highly arbitrary , and many of the merchandises confiscated are actually either non-functional props or well below the replica limit . This is also compounded by hyped moral panics from the mass media and parents groups who exaggerate the safety threat posed by these toys . Such examples include confusing the definition of airsoft guns with the far more powerful air guns , slippery slope arguments that airsoft weapons can be easily modified to shoot more lethal projectiles or even converted into real firearms , or alarmist overgeneralization of danger citing demonstrations from inappropriately designed experiments of how airsoft guns are capable of penetrate paper targets at point - blank range , all appealing for a blanket ban on replica toys out of concerns for child safety . As a result of the crackdown by the authorities and negative social sentiments from various moral entrepreneurs , airsoft is in effect banished from the public eyes , and domestic manufacturers and importers have become essentially extinct . However , despite all the negativities against the sport , many people ( even some police officers ) still take risks to acquire airsoft replicas ( often bought from Hong Kong , then secretly smuggled back into the Mainland via Shenzhen ) . To avoid the government tracing online , various underground airsoft community forums often refer the commonly seen battery - powered automatic airsoft guns as `` electric dogs '' ( Chinese : 电狗 ; pinyin : Diàn Gǒu , playing a joking near - homophone on the English word `` gun '' ) or `` pets '' ( Chinese : 宠物 ; pinyin : Chǒng Wù ) . Alternative MilSim activities using gel ball shooters ( similar to Maya 's Xploderz ) or even foam dart shooters ( similar to Hasbro 's Nerf Blaster ) as replacements have also became increasingly popular . There has also been ongoing debates in the blogosphere against the official `` 1.8 J / cm '' definition , since the pre-2008 Chinese criteria defined that a minimal muzzle - ratio kinetic energy ( MRKE ) of 16 J / cm was needed to breach human skin at close range and hence qualifiable as a real firearm -- 9 times higher than the current standards . In comparison , the maximum MRKE allowed for replica guns in Hong Kong is at 7.077 J / cm , Taiwan at 20 J / cm and Japan at 3.2 J / cm , while most other countries like Germany and United States are often at up to 78.5 J / cm ( though with restrictions on minimal engagement distances ) . Some netizens even accused the legislative and law enforcement authorities of procrastinative / corrupt practices because it is much more convenient for police officers to claim commendations and promotions from picking on soft targets such as the generally law - obiding toy gun owners , rather than risking violence to confront the often threatening real criminals . This sentiment was often reinforced by reports of selective enforcements , where offenders of special backgrounds ( foreign nationals , ethnic minorities , political / social elites and associates ) were given significantly lighter penalty than other average citizens . Some legal academics and lawyers have also pointed out that the Ministry of Public Security , who solely dictated the above - mentioned definition on real guns vs. replicas , is a law enforcement body but not a legislative one , and thus has no jurisdiction in defining legal standards , meaning that the current replica gun standard is in fact unconstitutional . Croatia ( edit ) Airsoft replicas fall into the D category of weapons and to buy one , users have to be at least 18 years old . The maximum allowed muzzle velocity for various categories of rifles by Croatian Airsoft Federation are : AEG - 1 , 49J ( joules ) - max 1 , 56J Machinegun - 1 , 49J ( joula ) - max 1 , 56J DMR - 2 , 32J ( joules ) -- max 2 , 42J ( minimum allowed range of action is 20 m , mandatory sidearm and integrated optics to enlarge ) Bolt - action - 3 , 34J ( joules ) - max 3 , 46J ( minimum allowed range of action is 30 m , mandatory sidearm and integrated optics to enlarge ) use automatic ( burst ) mode shooting replicas in enclosed spaces is allowed if the replicas do not have a kinetic energy greater than 0 , 84J ( joules ) , mandatory reporting of such replicas to the organizer , it is referred to in the manner and at the discretion of the organizers - ALLOWED use only replicas which are in reality DMR any other conversions are not allowed AK / M4 ff . - Replicas of the DMR , which are not mechanically unable to switch to auto - fire regime can not be used at the meeting Czech Republic ( edit ) Airsoft guns in the Czech Republic are `` category D firearms '' , which are regulated by Czech Firearms and Ammunition act . Weapons and ammunition can be purchased , owned and used by anyone older than 18 years old . There is no need to have any certificate or permission . Airsoft weapons are prohibited to use in public places where they might threaten other people or damage property . Firearm laws prohibit ( not only in category D ) the use of specific gun accessories like night vision or a laser . Airsoft guns are limited to 16 joules , but this is a limitation for all weapons in category D , those with higher muzzle energy are category C weapons and require a Firearm License ( Zbrojní průkaz ) and registration of the weapon . However , most airsoft guns have much lower muzzle energy than 16 Joules . Carrying any visible firearm in public places is prohibited . Denmark ( edit ) Airsoft guns are mentioned as exempt in the Danish `` Våbenlov '' ( arms control legislation ) . Persons have to be at least 18 years old to buy , hand over , or possess airsoft guns . They may be used on police - approved sites , with a permission slip , at the age of 16 . A firearms certificate is not required . All airsoft guns have to be transported concealed in a bag , in a trunk , etc . Egypt ( edit ) Airsoft guns are Legal to own or possess in Egypt , it 's sold by some weapon stores . Civilians Cannot import or order Airsoft Weapons , only weapon stores can import them as Air Guns . You may also find some low quality unbranded Airsoft Guns in Toy Stores or Gift Store During Ramdan , Eid el - Fetr or Eid el - Adha . Currently civilians interested in the sport are appealing to the Egyptian government to allow the importation and ownership of airsoft guns . Estonia ( edit ) The law does not mention or recognize airsoft guns in detail , but sets restrictions on public carry of firearm replicas . While the current firearm law would classify airsoft guns as airguns , it also sets restrictions for airguns to not exceed 4.5 mm diameter pellets (. 177 caliber , ) making 6mm BB 's de jure illegal . Despite laws being unclear , the sport is practiced widely without any actual issues so far . Customs enable import without any limitations , local law enforcement is aware of public sales and organized events , and even the military has acquired airsoft guns for urban and close - quarters combat training . Finland ( edit ) Airsoft guns are not treated as firearms in law , but visible transportation of any replica firearms in public areas is forbidden . All replica firearms must be covered with something , for example , a firearm case , when moving on public area . Land owner 's permission is needed to play airsoft in any area . Minors ( under the age of 18 ) are able to purchase airsoft guns only with written permission from their legal guardians . France ( edit ) Visible transportation of replica firearms in public areas is forbidden . They must be covered with something like a firearm case . Land owner 's permission is needed to play airsoft in any area . An orange marking on the tip is not needed . Minors ( under 18 ) can only buy airsoft guns which are under 0.08 joules in power . Airsoft guns may only have a power under two joules ( 464 fps with 0.2 g bb 's ) , otherwise they are no longer qualified as airsoft replicas but firearms and owners should follow the French weapons law ( dated 2013 ) . Germany ( edit ) Airsoft guns under 0.5 joules are deemed to be toy guns and can be used by all people , although pretty much every shop will not sell airsoft guns to anyone under the age of 14 . In addition , they must not be worn in public as they can be authentic looking weapons . If the muzzle energy is between 0.5 and 7.5 joules , Airsoft guns are no longer seen as toy guns . In that case , they are treated as air rifles , the minimum age for purchasing and / or using an airsoft gun is 18 years . These guns need a special marking , the so - called `` F in a pentagon '' and have to be not able to shoot fully automatically , otherwise they are illegal to possess . The trade and possession of Airsoft guns is otherwise mainly unrestricted , but transportation is permitted only in a closed container . Transportation of toys with a weapon like look requires a locked container . The shoot or ready access port is permitted only on a closed private property and if this does n't disturb any other people . The possession of lamps or lasers meant for ( Airsoft ) guns requires a permission , a violation constitutes an offense . Greece ( edit ) Airsoft is basically an underground sport in Greece because the law is a little foggy . According to the law , airsoft guns fall into the same general category as air guns , which are not real firearms , and are free to be purchased from specialized shops . However , the purchase and use of airsoft guns is not permitted for people under 18 years old . It is prohibited to have any replica gun in public sight . This is treated similarly to illegal possession of a real firearm . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , airsoft guns are considered toys as long as they are not able to be fired with a muzzle energy above 2 joules of kinetic energy , above which they are considered as a firearm and need registration , and possession of an unregistered firearm is illegal . Under the Section 13 of Cap 238 Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance of the Hong Kong Law , unrestricted use of firearms and ammunition requires a license . Those found in possession without a license could be fined HKD $100,000 and be imprisoned for up to 14 years . Airsoft guns in Hong Kong are not required to have an orange tip . However , public possession or exposure of airsoft gun is not recommended by the police department in Hong Kong , as it is difficult to identify whether it is a real firearm or not . It is also not required to obtain a licence to sell an airsoft gun in Hong Kong . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , there are no strict rules about airsoft and there still has been no consideration by the government as to whether airsoft guns are treated as `` toys '' or are equal to real guns . However , when airsoft was first brought to Indonesia in 1996 , founders of Indonesian airsoft communities put some restrictions on airsoft games . For example , airsoft players are encouraged not to upgrade their gun above 450 fps , or they will be rejected from the community . Moreover , anyone who wants to buy an airsoft gun , must be at least 18 years old and know the regulations and rules about the airsoft gun . Some events have occurred that are perceived as endangering the continuity of the hobby , such as some robberies in which airsoft replicas were used . Therefore , in order to control its growth , there is a government - authorized club called Perbakin ( Indonesian Shooting Club ) which is currently appointed by police to accommodate airsoft as a new - born sport . Other authorized clubs that exist in Indonesia to accommodate airsoft and all of its users include the Persatuan Olahraga Airsoft Seluruh Indonesia ( PORGASI ) , the Airsoft Brotherhood Unity ( ABU ) , and the Indonesian Airsoft Federation ( FAI ) . In recent developments in the start of 2013 , the police and people from the airsoft communities have exchanged words and are now in a negotiation to legalize the sport provided the players make their units ( AEGs or GBBRs ) distinctive from a real firearm through the use of orange tipped muzzle brakes India ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Airsoft is an unrecognized sporting activity in India . Officially , mention of this sport does not exist in Indian sports guidelines , laws or documents . Therefore it does not come under any category of sports or recreational activities . India does not have an airsoft manufacturing sector like most other nations . Thus every need for this activity has to be met through imports . Since the Indian Customs and the government are not aware about the existence of this sport or the nature of equipment used , imports will get seized citing resemblance to firearms . Inclusion of these items under Toy category rarely happens due to lack of awareness . There is also the risk of wrong classification under prohibited airgun caliber since only . 177 cal is allowed for conditional civilian import into India . Detained items may be destroyed or sent for lab tests depending on the situation , with long waiting periods to obtain results . Another side of non-recognition is the pseudo legal nature of this activity , since it is not mentioned anywhere . This has resulted in a thriving black market which effectively destroyed the true nature of this sport in India . Entry level equipment are being sold at more than premium prices with active support from corrupt authorities . This ended up turning airsoft into a collection activity than a field sport . This does not mean airsoft as a sport is not happening in India . It is unorganized and in a much smaller scale than developed nations . Also some imports are successful , but these are mostly exception than norm . Ireland ( edit ) The status of airsoft in Ireland was changed after the 2006 Criminal Justice Act , which amended the previous Firearms Acts . Where once authorisation or a license was required for all devices which fired a projectile from a barrel , the law now defines a firearm as ( amongst other things ) : an air gun ( including an air rifle and air pistol ) with a muzzle energy greater than one joule of kinetic energy or any other firearm incorporating a barrel from which any projectile can be discharged with such a muzzle energy The aim of this change was to establish a classification of firearms in order to eliminate the legal oddity where toy suction cup dart guns and the like were legally classified as firearms , thus bringing Ireland into line with the rest of the EU . In this case , one joule was used as the limit , as opposed to seven joules in Germany , twelve foot - pounds force ( 16.2 J ) in the UK and so on . The one - joule limit most likely arose from UK case law where it was found that energies in excess of one joule were required to penetrate an eyeball ( thus causing serious injury ) . As a result , airsoft devices under one joule of power have been declassified and have become legal to possess and use within Ireland . No airsoft site in Ireland would allow any player to use an airsoft device in excess of one Joule . Israel ( edit ) Airsoft guns are classified as `` dangerous toys '' in Israel which makes airsoft legal to import , manufacture and sell by licensed retailers only . Due to the fact that this law is not related to criminal acts , thus not being very well enforced , until the year 2010 , it was possible to find private retailers who import MPEG and AEG level airsoft guns . Currently , purchase of airsoft guns of all levels is possible only through one or two licensed retailers only . Israeli airsofters have created airsoft associations in an attempt to make airsoft legal − Girit `` Girit Airsoft Association in Israel '' ( `` גירית -- עמותת איירסופט לישראל '' ) and ASI − Association of Israeli Strikeball ( עמותת סטרייקבול ישראלית ) . Girit is cooperating with the Israeli Shooting Federation , joining it shortly as a member and cooperating with other governmental authorities in an attempt to make airsoft legal in Israel . Girit Airsoft Association has established cooperation with USAPSA , Ukrainian , Slovenian , Swedish , and Czech airsofters . An Israeli national airsoft tactical shooting competition took place near Beit Berel March 2007 . As of Jul 2010 , the Israeli airsoft associations had finished negotiations with the Israeli government . Since then , every association ( or Tacticball Club Member ) can carry airsoft gear ( guns , parts , etc . ) at home . Also transportation and carrying of airsoft guns may be done only if a tip of the barrel painted in red or orange color . Italy ( edit ) Airsoft guns and pistols are allowed a muzzle velocity below 100 m / s ( 328 ft / s ) ( i.e. equivalent to a muzzle energy equal or minor to one joule ) . Under the law , airsoft guns are not classified as firearms , but as toys . One can buy and sell them both from stores and from another private citizen , either domestically or from abroad . Internet purchasing and mail shipping is legal and unrestricted . No license or registration is required . There is no mandatory minimum age to purchase airsoft and use it . The Italian Ministry of Interior only recommends that their sale be restricted to people over the age of 18 or 14 if accompanied by a parent or legal tutor or if the replica is not particularly realistic or powerful ( i.e. low - grade airsoft products ) . Red tips must be present on the barrel ends of the airsoft gun when they are imported and sold by a store . Once owning the airsoft gun , one may remove the red tip . However , the similarity between genuine firearms and airsoft replicas is close enough to provoke interaction with law enforcement personnel if an airsoft gun is mistaken for its real counterpart . Airsoft used to commit a crime is treated as if using the real gun , assault weapons carry an extra mandatory sentence in addition to the regular punishment for the crime committed . Usage and open carriage of airsoft guns in public places is forbidden . One can play on private property away from public sight or in a well - delimited private or state property after having asked the local authorities for a limited - time permit ( usually from six to 48 hours ) and having alerted the local police command to avoid alarmed citizens calling for emergency . As the law limits the muzzle energy that an airsoft replica can develop before being classified by law as an air gun , modifying an airsoft gun to deliver more power or to shoot anything other than 6 mm BB plastic pellets is a felony . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , airsoft guns are legal , but may not shoot with a muzzle energy above 0.988 joules . And for adolescents , 0.135 joules . Legal requirements are based on an airsoft model manufacturers to prevent any possibility of replica firearms being converted into actual firearms . Standards include ( but are not limited to ) use of low - melting point metals and non-ballistic plastics in structural components and incompatibility of mechanical components with actual firearm components and mechanisms . The overall litmus test used by the Japanese National Police Authority is whether the replica firearm can be made to chamber and fire an actual round of ammunition . These standards have proven successful within Japan , as it has been found that criminal elements discovered that it is significantly easier to purchase an actual illegal firearm in comparison to modifying a comparatively fragile replica into a functional firearm . Due to this reality , most crimes involving a threat of physical violence are perpetrated with edged weapons , as firearms seen in public are ( by default ) believed to be toys by the public at large . Kuwait ( edit ) In Kuwait , airsoft guns can be bought by anyone of any age . New growth in the airsoft market has helped to create many stores that sell gas and electric operated airsoft guns with an FPS ( Feet per second ) of 300 - 450 . Airsoft is also an unorganized sport , along with paint - balling , although official places do have official airsoft and paint - ball arenas . Thus , airsoft is legal , and is considered a toy . Lithuania ( edit ) Registration of any sort is not required for airsoft firearms . If the gun has under 2.5 Joules of energy , it is not considered a weapon and only those over 18 years of age can purchase airsoft . Macau ( edit ) Airsoft guns with under two joules muzzle energy are legal . Malaysia ( edit ) Airsoft guns are not classified as real weapon counterparts but airsoft is illegal to own , import , manufacture , and sell without a permit , which is very hard and expensive to get . Currently , no companies or sports associations have the permits to import airsoft weapons . Most applications come from security services related companies . As of now , no legislation specifically for Airsoft has been drafted . In their absence , the Firearms Act , has precedence . The legal status of Airsoft is that it is not legal to own , trade , transport , display , or play openly . Malta ( edit ) Airsoft guns were legally introduced in 1985 . They have been classified under the category of air guns . In this classification , one finds air rifles ( any power limit ) , airsoft guns , and paintball guns . At that time , to own and purchase any of these guns , one must have a Target Shooter B license and be member of a registered and licensed club . Now , there is an amendment to the current regulation which came into effect in 2013 for airsoft and paintball guns , which are non-lethal guns . It is no longer required to have a Target shooter license B to purchase , use , and own airsoft or paintball devices . México ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Airsoft is not currently regulated in Mexico and replicas are not governed by the Federal Law on Firearms and Explosives nor its regulations . Accordingly , the practice of Airsoft as well as the ownership and possession of Airsoft replicas and accessories is a legal activity in the country under the Constitution . The import of Gas Blow Back Airsoft replicas or other replicas powered by a compressed gas and its parts are in fact regulated , requiring a permit issued by the Ministry of National Defense . Airsoft replicas powered by a piston and spring mechanism , such as bolt action replicas and AEGs , are not subject to an import permit . For purposes of the General Law on Import and Export Tariffs , Airsoft replicas as well as Paintball guns and any other artifacts shooting projectiles of any kind through the use of compressed gasses ( air , CO2 , propane , green gas , red gas , etc . ) that are not the result of the conflagration of gunpowder or similar substances , are classified under Heading 93 ( Weapons ) of the Tariff , subheading 04 pertaining to ( Other Weapons - actioned by spring or compressed gases ) , and would generally fall within the scope of subheading 9304.00. 99 ( Others ) , as provided by notes four , five and six of the Explanatory Notes to the Import Tariff , published by the Ministry of Economy on July , 7 , 2007 in the Official Gazette of the Federation . Under the Executive Order that governs the sections of the Import Tariff that are subject to prior permit from the Ministry of National Defense and its modification published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 10 June 2014 , the import of merchandise classified in tariff 9304.00. 99 is subject to a permit when dealing with Compressed gas contained in pressurized containers , such as CO2 or carbonic gas . Weapons based on air compressed by spring or piston are specifically excluded therefrom . Refer to the following regulations : Acuerdo que establece la clasificación y codificación de las mercancías cuya importación o exportación están sujetas a regulación por parte de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional , published in the Official Gazette of the Federation ( Diario Oficial de la Federación ) 30 June 2007 , modified by executive orders published on October 2014 , and 13 January 2016 . Even though AEGs and Spring Powered replicas are not required to process an import permit from the Ministry of Defense , care should be taken by anyone importing any such replicas as customs will seize the replica and direct the importer of record to get an Import Permit with the Ministry of Defense . The importer must be well prepared with documentation in Spanish showing the technical specifications and characteristics of the replicas in question , before the Customs authorities will authorize the extraction of the replica from customs premises . For any doubts as to whether a particular item is subject to an import permit , any individual or entity can submit a consultation with the National Defense Authority addressed to Dirección General del Registro Federal de Armas de Fuego y Control de Explosivos , Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra número 596 , Campo Militar número 1 - J , Predio Reforma , D.F. , colonia Irrigación , CDMX , México . Netherlands ( edit ) On 1 January 2013 , new Dutch laws regarding airsoft came into effect . Airsoft devices are air , gas , or spring powered weapons with a maximum shooting energy of 3.5 Joule and look almost completely like real firearms . Those who wish to possess an airsoft replica or participate in a skirmish will have to be registered with a certified airsoft organization . As of May 2016 , only the NABV , the Dutch Airsoft Sport Association , was registered . Participation in a skirmish for non members is allowed up to 6 times per Year , but the Dutch Airsoft Sports Association will need to receive certain details about the player , this is usually done when you Rent at an airsoft Site . In order to obtain membership with the NABV a person must pass a police background check and must not have committed any crimes in the last 8 years . Skirmish limits are 500 fps for Bolt action snipers or 2 second delay DMR , 450 fps for DMR without delay or 360 for any other Airsoftgun Any player who is not a Dutch citizen can play without membership in the Netherlands , but they have to file for Exemption at the Dutch Airsoft Sport Association New Zealand ( edit ) Air - powered firearms are legal to possess and use in New Zealand , provided that the person is either over 18 years of age or 16 with a firearms license . A person under 18 may not possess an air gun , but may use one under the direct supervision of someone over 18 or a firearms license holder ( Direct supervision requires that the license holder be able to take control of the firearm at all times , so they must remain within arms reach ) . It is illegal to use these firearms in any manner that may endanger or intimidate members of the public except where there is reasonable cause such as an airsoft game . Police , New Zealand , Airguns Factsheet , retrieved 24 July 2007 In order to import an airsoft gun , one must meet one of these stipulations : Seeks to possess the restricted airgun as part of a collection , and demonstrates that it fits with and enhances an existing collection . Participates in an identifiable shooting discipline or sport at an incorporated sports club with rules encouraging safe and legal use of airguns and a range certified for the shooting activity and intends to use the restricted airgun in an event at that sports club . Wishes to use the restricted airgun in a capacity equivalent to that described in section 29 ( 2 ) ( e ) of the Arms Act 1983 ( ' theatrical purposes ' ) . Wishes to replace an unsafe or unserviceable restricted airgun . Requires the restricted airgun for occupational purposes . The individual applying for the permit to import demonstrates the special significance of that particular restricted airgun as an heirloom or memento . A dealer needs to import restricted airguns for the purposes of maintaining a stock of restricted airguns used for an identifiable shooting discipline or sport . A dealer is importing the restricted airgun as agent for an individual who has a special reason for importing that item . A dealer wishes to replace an unsafe or unserviceable restricted airgun . Legislation , New Zealand , Arms Act 1983 , retrieved 15 July 2014 Norway ( edit ) The arms control legislation ( Våpenforskrift ) requires that one has to be at least 18 years old to buy airsoft but can use and own airsoft as a minor if they are wearing protection and have approval by parents . Using an airsoft firearm while committing a crime receives the same punishment as the one received for using a real weapon . One is also required to carry firearms inside a bag , or some other kind of container to conceal the firearm from the public . Philippines ( edit ) In the Letter of Instruction 1264 , a Presidential Directive , signed by former President Ferdinand Marcos in 1982 , bans the import , sale and public display of gun replicas . The Philippine National Police has been given the authority to classify what constitutes a gun replica and airsoft guns were deemed different from replicas , therefore the common legal interpretation is that there may be no need to repeal LOI 1264 in order to achieve full legalization of airsoft in the Philippines . The Republic Act No. 10591 declassified airsoft weapons as actual firearms . A ban places airsoft guns on the list of banned firearms . It classifies that no person is permitted to carry firearms in public except for security officers , police officers and military personnel on duty . Despite this , there are many active Airsoft communities within the Philippines . which are left to their own devices . Poland ( edit ) Airsoft guns as well as the sport of Airsoft are legal in Poland . The law does not distinguish Airsoft guns from Airguns , thus the only requirement is that they can not exceed 17J of energy , which would classify them as pneumatic weapons . Open carrying an Airsoft replica in a public area is prohibited . Using an Airsoft replica is not a crime , but a lot of events take place in woods or abandoned buildings , so using grenades during the games may attract attention of police officers ( normally they give you a warning and go away ) . One must be 18 to buy an Airsoft gun but there are no age restrictions to who can use one . Usually power limits are only for playing in buildings from 350fps to 450fps depending on the region with single fire restriction for stronger guns . In some regions no fps limits apply , this may vary from event to event so checking with the event organizer is a must . Portugal ( edit ) With the new revision of the `` Firearms and Ammunition Act '' , airsoft guns are not considered as firearms . Currently , the formal definition of an Airsoft gun is a recreational firearm reproduction ( a `` replica '' have a different legal application under the same law ) . However , in order to be characterized as a recreational firearm reproduction , its muzzle energy must not exceed 1.3 J ( equivalent to a muzzle velocity of 374 fps with a 0 , 2g BB ) . The minimum age to purchase and use these reproductions is 18 years old but can drop to 16 if a written parental consent is issued . Under the same act , to purchase and operate an Airsoft gun , one must be a member of an APD - Sport Promotion Association . Recognition of this APD is made by the IPDJ - Portuguese Youth and Sports Institute as it represents the state . The Firearms and Ammunition Act also states that after being approved by the IDP , the APD must be enlisted as such by the Portuguese law enforcement authority . There are several APDs for Airsoft in Portugal , CAM - Clube de Airsoft da Maia , ALA ( FPA ) Associação Lusitana de Airsoft , APA - Associação Portuguesa de Airsoft , ANA - Associação Nacional de Airsoft , APMA - Associação Portuguesa de Milsim e Airsoft , ADAPT - Associação Desportiva de Airsoft Português , and AACP - Associação Airsoft Costa de Prata . In addition , Airsoft guns have to be painted either in fluorescent yellow or fluorescent red and be in compliance with the following criteria : Long guns ( ≥ 60 cm ) - 10 cm from the barrel tip and 100 % of the stock . Short guns ( ≤ 60 cm ) - 5 cm from the barrel tip and 100 % of the grip . Republic of Korea ( edit ) Airsoft guns in Republic of Korea are deemed to be toy guns ( not for sports ) but considered illegal and imitation guns if any of laws are broken . According to the `` ENFORCEMENT DECREE OF THE CONTROL OF FIREARMS , SWORDS , EXPLOSIVES , ETC . ACT '' , ( 총포 도검 화약류 등 단속법 시행령 ) in 2017 , imitation guns are recognized according to any one of the following criteria : 1 . An object manufactured by metal or non-metal material , very similar to shape of the gun that can be high possibility to use for crime . 2 . An object manufactured by metal or non-metal material , shoots metal or non-metal projectile , or make sound / fire that any one of the following criteria : a . Diameter of the projectile is less than 5.7 mm b . Weight of the projectile is over 0.2 g c . Kinetic energy ( destructive power ) of the projectile is over 0.02 kgm d . Head of the projectile is sharp that not round treated e . An object make instant explosion sound is over the 90db or make combustible flame Romania ( edit ) Law nr. 295 ( Regimul Armelor şi Muniţiilor ) regulates all use of firearms and associated ammunition . The law is quite unclear ( concerning airsoft firearms ) as to whether this kind of firearm classifies as a `` non-lethal weapon '' or `` toy . '' The law regulates the use of air - powered firearms ( e.g. sport / competition use that use a metal projectile ) under the `` non-lethal '' category and solely requires that one is at least 18 years old to purchase and register the firearm at the police precinct nearest to one 's location . Any air / gas - powered weapon that shoots plastic projectiles only and does not exceed the velocity of 200 m / s ( e.g. : airsoft guns ) can be purchased by anyone who has 18 + years old without any need of registering . The law specifies that usage of night vision ( infrared ) or laser aiming devices designed for military use is completely restricted to members of the army and associated entities even if the aiming device is used on a lower - restriction category firearm ( e.g. such as on an airsoft gun ) . The law , however , does not restrict in any way the use of aiming devices not designed for military use . The use or show of airsoft guns replicas is not permitted in public places , they can be used only in dedicated or non populated areas with the permission of the owner / administrator . For transporting , the airsoft replica must be unloaded and secured from public view ( transportation bag ) . Furthermore , the law specifies that , should one attempt to use a non-lethal or replica gun to perform ( or attempt to perform ) armed robbery , one shall be prosecuted as if a real firearm had been used . Russia ( edit ) Airsoft guns with a muzzle energy below 3 joules ( muzzle velocity 173.2 m / s for 0.20 g projectiles ) are legal , are not considered weapons , and do not require any permission . Serbia ( edit ) According to the Law on Weapons and Ammunition , airsoft guns fall into category D , which means anyone over 18 may legally acquire an airsoft gun . No licensing is required . There are no special regulations regarding shape , function or other characteristics of an airsoft gun . Slovakia ( edit ) Airsoft guns have a status similar to the Czech Republic and Slovakia , where they are considered to be firearms . All firearms are governed by law 190 / 2003 . Here , airsoft guns fit into firearm class D ( § 7b ) and no permit is needed . The use of airsoft guns is allowed by players that are least 18 years old . Guns may not have an energy greater than 15 joules . The use of night vision scopes is forbidden . The owner of a gun is required by law to secure the firearm when not using it . Importation of airsoft guns ( from outside of EU ) , all critical parts / components of airsoft guns and aiming devices ( optics , RDS , ... ) are permitted only with a weapon importation license . For airsoft parts , most monitored on customs are barrels , optics , magazines , receivers and accessories like grenades . Springs , gears , hop - ups , pistons , cylinders , switches , triggers are usually let through . External and non-critical parts like rails , holders , bipods , etc. can be legally imported without the license . Slovenia ( edit ) One has to be at least 18 years to buy airsoft guns . If the velocity of an airsoft gun is below 100 m / s ( 328 ft / s ) i.e. equivalent to one joule , it is considered to be a toy . If the velocity is higher than 100 m / s ( 328 ft / s ) , the airsoft gun is classified as a section D firearm in the Firearms control legislation of Slovenia . Singapore ( edit ) No form of airsoft weapons of any kind , is allowed . Spain ( edit ) Players have to comply with their Town Halls ' requirements , which differ from town to town . Some towns however require players to provide a clear Criminal Record Certificate , pass a psychological exam ( usual for firearms ) , have the guns serialized by a certified armorer , and have them inspected to check that the serial numbers match the declared ones . It is legal to buy , possess and sell airsoft replicas and accessories . Attention ! Since December 27 , 2012 , the airsoft guns are now considered 4th category weapons , for which we need to have them duly registered . Last update published on 10 / 23 / 2017 of the Spanish Weapon Regulations : https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/1993/BOE-A-1993-6202-consolidado.pdf Section 3 . Classification of statutory weapons Article 3 . 4th category : 1 . Carbines and pistols , semi-automatic and repeating shot ; and double revolvers action , driven by air or other compressed gas not assimilated to shotguns . 2 . Carbines and pistols , of smooth or striped bore , and of a single shot , and revolvers of simple action , driven by air or another compressed gas not assimilated to shotguns . Weapons cards : http://www.interior.gob.es/web/servicios-al-ciudadano/seguridad/armas-y-explosivos/tarjetas-de-armas http://www.guardiacivil.es/es/servicios/armasyexplosivo/controldearmas/autorizaci_armas/tarjetas_armas/index.html Required documentation : Certificate of criminal record in force . Photocopy of the applicant 's DNI Purchase bill of the weapon Weapons cards Present the weapon for which the Card is requested Weapons transport To carry and use weapons of the fourth category , they must be documented individually by a weapon card according to article 105 of the Weapons Regulation . Articles 146 , 147 , 148 and 149 of said Weapons Regulation also apply . Sweden ( edit ) One must be at least 18 years old to buy and use airsoft firearms . Minors ( under the age of 18 ) can practice targetshooting under supervision by the legal guardian of the minor . In order to possess a CO , air , or spring operated firearm without a license , the impact energy of a projectile fired at a distance of four meters ( from the muzzle ) must be less than ten joules . As of 2 January 2015 it is legal to own and import gas operated airsoft weapons without special permits in Sweden . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , airsoft guns are considered weapons . Airsoft firearms may not be sold to or possessed by persons who are under 18 or who have a criminal conviction . Additionally , airsoft firearms may not be sold to individuals from Albania , Algeria , Bosnia - Herzegovina , Kosovo , Macedonia , Serbia , Turkey or Sri Lanka . The importation of airsoft firearms is restricted to companies and individuals who hold weapons import licences . Private individuals can apply for a permit to import up to three firearms which is valid for six months . For private sales to take place , there must be a written contract between both parties . Both parties are required to retain the contract for a period of ten years . As long as they contain no propellant , there is no restriction on the purchase or import of airsoft BBs . It is illegal to carry any airsoft firearms in a public place , however it is permissible to transport them directly between a player 's home and an event site . Thailand ( edit ) Whilst shops sell Airsoft guns and supplies , the law is a bit vague . Paintball guns , BB guns , and airsoft guns are not considered firearms , so it is legal to possess them without having a permit or registering them . However the owner must comply with the following conditions : The gun has not been modified to use CO2 . Only plastic bullets are used . When carrying the gun outside of the owner 's property , it must be packed in a safe case or box . It is not allowed to be carried in shirt or trouser pockets , nor can it be left out in the open . The gun can not be used to commit a crime or torture animals . The gun is considered illegal if any of these rules are broken . Ukraine ( edit ) Ukrainian law the same as in Russia . United Kingdom ( edit ) There are currently certain restrictions on the possession of airsoft replicas , which came in with the introduction of the ASBA ( Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 ) Amendments , prohibiting the possession of any firearms replica in a public place without good cause ( to be concealed in a gun case or container only , not to be left in view of public at any time ) . According to Section 36 of the VCRA ( Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ) which came into effect on 1 October 2007 , RIF 's ( Realistic Imitation Firearms ) may not be sold , imported , or manufactured . Unrealistic imitation firearms ( IF 's ) must have their principle color as transparent , bright red , bright orange , bright yellow , bright blue , bright green , bright pink , or bright purple or have dimensions of no more than a height of 38 millimetres and a length of 70 millimetres ( as defined in the Home Office regulations for the VCRA ) . Exceptions to the act are available for the following : a museum or gallery theatrical performances and rehearsals of such performances the production of films and television programs the organisation and holding of historical re-enactments crown servants . The notes for the VCRA state the following : `` The regulations provide for two new defenses . The first is for the organisation and holding of airsoft skirmishing . This is defined by reference to `` permitted activities '' and the defence applies only where third party liability insurance is held in respect of the activities . '' and `` The defence for airsoft skirmishing can apply to individual players because their purchase of realistic imitation firearms for this purpose is considered part of the `` holding '' of a skirmishing event . '' The airsoft defence is based on whether or not a person is a skirmisher . One of the measures put in place by retailers was the forming of a centrally recorded and maintained database . This system is managed by the United Kingdom Airsoft Retailers Association or UKARA . UKARA shares the database of registered skirmishers with the member retailers allowing verification that the purchaser is allowed to buy a RIF under the VCRA skirmisher defence . To qualify for the UKARA database , a person must skirmish three or more times over a period of at least 56 days , and typically at one site . The airsoft site they register at must hold Public Liability Insurance . It is an offence for anyone under 18 to purchase an airsoft gun ( realistic or otherwise ) or to sell one to a person under 18 . Gifting is not an offence . United states ( edit ) Under federal law , airsoft guns are not classified as firearms and are legal for all ages . People under the age of 18 are not permitted to buy airsoft guns over the counter in stores . However , a person of any age may use one ( with the permission of their parents of course for anyone under 18 ) . This is also the case for the laws in each state . However , in some major cities , the definition of a firearm within their respected ordinances includes propulsion by spring or compressed air , thus making airsoft subject to applicable laws . For example , airsoft guns within the state of California can only be bought by a person above the age of 18 . However , no laws indicate an age requirement to sell airsoft guns . Generally speaking , toy , look - alike , and imitation firearms must have an orange tip during shipping and transportation . Although airsoft guns in the United States are generally sold with a 0.24 in . or longer orange tip on the barrel in order to distinguish them from real firearms , this is not required by federal law . Manufacturers and importers may cite Part 272 of Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations on foreign commerce and trade ( 15 CFR 272 ) , which stipulates that `` no person shall manufacture , enter into commerce , ship , transport , or receive any toy , look - alike , or imitation firearm '' without approved markings ; these may include an orange tip , orange barrel plug , brightly colored exterior of the whole toy , or transparent construction . However these restrictions do not apply to `` traditional B-B , paint - ball , or pellet - firing air guns that expel a projectile through the force of compressed air , compressed gas , or mechanical spring action , or any combination thereof . '' This language exempts airsoft guns from these requirements , placing them in the same category as bb - guns , pellet , air , and paintball , none of which are conventionally sold or used with an orange tip , and many of which bear as much resemblance to real firearms as airsoft guns do . Airsoft guns ' trademarks must be removed where the manufacturer does not have an existing license agreement with the manufacturer of the real fire arm . For example : Classic Army has a Sublicensing agreement with ActionSportGames ® A / S ( ASG ) which holds the worldwide rights for ArmaLite and others , so the trademarks can stay on imported replicas of ArmaLite 's weapons . In practice , enforcement is a hit or a miss . One might get an `` unlicensed '' gun through customs with trademarks intact , while a licensed gun might be held in customs by a uniformed customs agent . In early 2007 , a United States House of Representatives resolution to allow imports to retain trademarks , even without agreement between the real firearms manufacturer and the replica manufacturer , was unsuccessful . In addition , the similarity between genuine firearms and airsoft replicas is close enough to provoke interaction with local law enforcement personnel if an airsoft gun is carried openly in public . If someone were to , for example , attempt a robbery with an airsoft gun , they would be charged as if the airsoft gun were a real firearm . In some recent cases , people carrying or brandishing airsoft guns have been fatally shot by law enforcement personnel : ( 2006 ) Christopher Penley , Longwood , Florida ( 2007 ) Justin Gregg , Denton , Texas ( 2011 ) Ernest Vassell , Miami , Florida ( 2011 ) Kyle Miller , Broomfield , Colorado ( 2012 ) Jaime Gonzalez Jr. , Brownsville , Texas ( 2013 ) Andy Lopez , Santa Rosa , California ( 2014 ) Rocendo Arias , Yakima , Washington ( 2014 ) John Crawford III , Dayton , Ohio ( 2014 ) Kristopher Barkus , Butler Township , Pennsylvania ( 2014 ) Sebastian Lewandowski , Vancouver , Washington ( 2014 ) Tamir Rice , Cleveland , Ohio ( 2015 ) Matthew Hoffman ( apparent suicide ) , San Francisco , California ( 2015 ) Cody Evans , Provo , Utah ( 2015 ) Vincente David Montano , Nashville , Tennessee ( 2015 ) La'Vante Biggs , Durham , North Carolina ( 2016 ) Christine Lucas , Rising Sun , Maryland ( 2016 ) Charles Hollstein , Zion , Illinois ( 2016 ) Eric Provost , Orlando , Florida ( 2016 ) Thomas Hirko , Perry Township , Ohio ( 2016 ) Paul Gaston , Cheviot , Ohio ( 2016 ) Lionel Gibson , Long Beach , California ( 2016 ) Tyre King , Columbus , Ohio Selected local requirements ( edit ) California Makes it illegal to sell Airsoft / BB guns to anyone under 18 without their parent 's permission and all airsoft guns are required to be fitted with an orange blaze barrel for sale and transport . Since 2016 , the state will also require all airsoft guns to have fluorescent coloration over the trigger guard and grip ( with additional requirements for rifles or long guns ) . During 1987 in New York City , more than 1400 toy imitation weapons involved in criminal acts were seized by New York City police ; approximately 80 percent higher from the previous four years . On the basis of legislative intent dealing with the increasing volume of criminal acts in correlation with toy imitation weapons , New York City introduced new guidelines regulating the manufacture , importation , distribution , and sale of such imitation weapons . New York City requires that all realistic toy or imitation firearms be made of clear or brightly colored plastics . Furthermore , New York City makes possession of any pistol or rifle or similar instrument in which the propelling force is a spring or air unlawful without a license . See New York City Administrative Code § 10 - 131 ( b ) and New York City Administrative Code § 10 - 131 ( g ) ( 1 ) ( a ) . Michigan allows the purchase of airsoft guns . However , they must have an orange tip on the barrel . Texas allows airsoft guns to be owned , but most cities require that the airsoft guns be discharged only while outside city limits . Some cities in Illinois consider shipping or distributing airsoft guns illegal . In Minnesota , it is illegal for a child under the age of 14 to possess an airsoft gun unless under the supervision of a parent or adult . It is also illegal for any child under 16 to purchase an airsoft gun without parental advisory involvement . In Saint Paul and Minneapolis , airsoft guns can not be carried in public unless they either have an orange tip or the airsoft guns are clear or brightly colored . It is legal to possess airsoft guns in these cities as long as they are transported in a closed and fastened gun case ( in accordance with Minnesota firearm transportation laws ) and unloaded . The vast majority of municipalities ( Excluding Duluth and Rochester ) in Minnesota ban the firing of an airsoft gun within the city limits . Arkansas has passed a bill which went into effect in January 2010 which mirrors the federal law on airsoft guns in that it bans the sale or transport airsoft guns without orange tips , a transparent / translucent body , or colored other than black / brown / blue / silver / metallic . Guns that are translucent or clear are allowed to be sold or transported . The bill bans `` imitation firearms '' , but has the following to say about the definition of `` imitation firearms '' in section 2B : `` Imitation firearm '' does not include : ( 1 ) A nonfiring , collector replica of an antique firearm developed before 1898 . ( 2 ) Traditional BB , paintball , or pellet - firing air guns that expel a projectile through the force of air pressure . ( 3 ) A device : ( A ) For which an orange solid plug or marking is permanently affixed to the muzzle end of the barrel for a depth of not more than six millimeters ( 6 mm ) . ( B ) For which the entire exterior surface is predominantly colored other than black , brown , blue , silver , or metallic . ( C ) That is constructed of transparent or translucent materials that permit unmistakable observation of the complete contents of the device . Therefore , the bill bans neither : imitation firearms ( including airsoft guns ) that are predominantly colored something other than black , brown , blue , silver or metallic ; nor imitation firearms that are built of predominantly transparent or translucent materials , allowing anyone to determine the contents of the firearm ; nor those which have bright orange tips which indicate that they are a `` toy '' and not a real firearm . In New Jersey , airsoft guns currently do not fall under the state 's definition of firearms . Instead , like other ' toy ' guns , they are regulated as ' imitation firearms ' , but how they are regulated can vary differently from city to city . It seems that their role in state law comes from the fact that airsoft guns do not typically carry enough force combined with the materials of the projectile to cause an assured level of damage akin to that of real steel firearms or their more conventional cousins , the airgun or BB gun . Airsoft guns typically deliver projectiles at a lower velocity than airguns and fire polymer BB 's which are not typically capable of piercing clothing , flesh , or bone in the same manner as full metal BB 's or pellets or real steel ammunition . Between 2006 and 2012 , bills such as S810 , the last descendant of four bills to have been introduced to the senate , were created to revise the legislature and `` clarify '' that airsoft guns fall under the state 's definition of firearms . It did so by adding that `` polymer balls and metallic - coated polymer balls '' identify as one of the projectiles launched by airguns . All four bills have been unsuccessful in becoming law , thus airsoft guns have retained their status as imitation firearms . Under NJ law , imitation firearms are fake guns that can be reasonably mistaken for real firearms . Very few cities in New Jersey regulate airsoft guns , and the ones that do also regulate imitation firearms such as cap guns , etc. , in the same manner . Most cities and counties in the Garden State regard airsoft guns as `` toys '' and as such are subject to federal and state imitation firearm laws which almost completely mirror the laws of their real steel counterparts . As they are not real steel firearms , airsoft guns do not require permits nor a Firearms Purchaser Identification card ( also known as an FID ) to purchase or own . However , to purchase an airsoft gun , one must be at least 18 years old and the gun must be sold with an orange tip in compliance with federal law . However , it is very much expected and encouraged by New Jersey law enforcement as well as its citizens that airsoft guns be treated with the same respect as their real steel counterparts . It is a crime to fire or brandish airsoft guns in public view ; airsoft guns should be fired indoors , on private property , or anywhere designated for use of airsoft guns such as an outdoor or indoor airsoft field . When transporting airsoft guns they must be stored in a gun bag away from public view . While transporting by vehicle they must remain inside their bag ( s ) , and in the trunk of said vehicle . Carrying an airsoft gun on one 's person , for example in one 's waistband , outside or off of personal private property , and not in a bag or fastened case is cause for alarm in New Jersey . Should an observer assume it is a real firearm , it can lead to confiscation of the airsoft gun and in some cases prosecution for possession of an imitation firearm for unlawful purpose . If determined by an observer or law enforcement that a person is carrying an airsoft gun to commit a crime or using one during the commission of a crime , that person will be charged with possession of an imitation firearm for unlawful purpose . This charge can accompany crimes as low as disorderly conduct to generating public alarm to assault to armed robbery . As earlier mentioned , a few cities in New Jersey have their own separate laws regarding imitation firearms . However , the majority follow federal and state guidelines regarding these guns . Atlantic City , in particular , has placed a ban on the sale and possession of `` realistic - looking toy guns '' within the city unless if they are colored in a manner that can immediately identify them as toys . Clear imitation firearms are also acceptable . An exception applies to this ban if said imitation firearms are non-firing antiques or movie props . As such , information about airsoft and other imitation firearms laws in local areas should be retrieved from the city in question 's police department . For current state laws , it is best to contact the Firearms Investigation Unit of the New Jersey State Police , or the office of the Attorney General . In Illinois , you have to be 18 to buy one at the counter , but to shoot one you can be of any age . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Airsoft : What is it ? '' . airsoft-facts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Importing SoftAir ( BB ) Firearms '' ( PDF ) . Australian Customs and Border Protection . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airsoft rifles '' . Victorian Government . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` QueensLand Police - Airsoft firearms '' . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Firearm Storage '' . South Australia Police . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Act Amendments 2008 '' . South Australian Government . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Act 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Capital Territory . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tony Grincais . `` Legalities of Airsoft '' . Tasmanian Police Firearms Branch . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antiques '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Air Guns '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gun control laws '' . Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Security Bureau review of airsoft issue '' . Law-lib.com . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Public Security notice of `` Recognized standard of an imitation gun '' `` . Gov.cn . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 一图了解 : 什么是枪支 ? '' . 正义网. 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 仿真枪入刑数万人遭殃 : 有卖家与死刑犯关同一牢房 '' . 鹅立方. 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese gun enthusiast , 18 , gets life sentence for ordering 24 replica firearms online '' . Daily Mail . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 少年网购玩具枪被判无期案再审律师将做无罪辩护 '' . 鹅立方. 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bai Tiantian ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Owning toy guns leads to life imprisonment in China due to strict laws on firearms '' . Global Times . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 仿真枪是枪吗 ? '' . 检察日报. 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 警察买仿真枪练射击被查 : 没人提醒不能玩 '' . 北京时间. 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why did they destroy 320,000 plastic toy guns ? '' . Plastic news . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inferior Toys Threaten Children 's Health '' . Xinhua News Agency . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to play `` dogs '' legally in China `` '' . Prcguns.co . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 网友 : 老外用枪打海鸥警方回应 : 是支玩具枪只是用来作道具摆 POSE '' . 云南网. 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 李双江之子未解除刑拘警方谈 '' 冲锋枪 `` 非仿真枪 '' . 新华网. 11 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 京城四少王烁被曝因持枪案获缓刑期间 2 次伤人 '' . 新华新闻. 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 律师谈王烁持枪为何缓刑 : 法院认定其无害 '' . 网易娱乐. 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 西宁一网友持仿真枪谎称猎捕野生动物被批评教育 '' . 中国新闻网. 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 專家熱議 : 少年網購仿真槍判無期不合理 '' . 大案 case . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 公安部专家详解枪支标准 : 违规和判刑是两码事 '' . 京港台. 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Police Force - Advice for Tourists '' . Police.gov.hk . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CAP 238 FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION ORDINANCE s 13 Possession of arms or ammunition without licence '' . Hklii.org . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legal Issues Confronting Philippine Airsoft '' . Popular Airsoft . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lei 17 / 2009 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . CAM - Clube de Airsoft da Maia Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Federação Portuguesa de Airsoft Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Associação Portuguesa de Airsoft Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . ANA - Associação de Airsoft Nacional Jump up ^ `` APMA Associação Portuguesa de Milsim e Airsoft APD '' . Apmairsoft.com. 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Associação de Airsoft Costa de Prata Jump up ^ http://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=90765&chrClsCd=010203&urlMode=engLsInfoR&viewCls=engLsInfoR#0000 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://nsp-policija.org.rs/zakon-o-oruzju-i-municiji/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SR 514.54 Bundesgesetz über Waffen , Waffenzubehör und Munition '' . Admin.ch . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SR 514.541 Verordnung über Waffen , Waffenzubehör und Munition '' . Admin.ch . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Thailand Airsoft Thailand Airsoft bbgun ประเทศไทย อัดลม '' . Thailandairsoft.com . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ( Realistic Imitation Firearms ) Regulations 2007 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Office circular 031 / 2007 : The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ( Commencement No 3 ) Order 2007 '' . UK Home Office . 28 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Title 15 Part 272 Marking of toy , look - alike and imitation firearms '' . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations . US Government Printing Office . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . § 272.2 Prohibitions . No person shall manufacture , enter into commerce , ship , transport , or receive any toy , look - alike , or imitation firearm ( `` device '' ) covered by this part as set forth in § 272.1 unless such device contains , or has affixed to it , one of the markings set forth in § 272.3 , or unless this prohibition has been waived by § 272.4 . Jump up ^ 15 CFR 272.2 Archived 2 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Prohibitions Jump up ^ 15 CFR 272.3 Archived 2 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Approved markings Jump up ^ 15 CFR 272.1 Applicability . This part applies to toy , look - alike , and imitation firearms ( `` devices '' ) having the appearance , shape , and / or configuration of a firearm and produced or manufactured and entered into commerce on or after 5 May 1989 , including devices modelled on real firearms manufactured , designed , and produced since 1898 . This part does not apply to : ( ... ) ( b ) Traditional B-B , paint - ball , or pellet - firing air guns that expel a projectile through the force of compressed air , compressed gas or mechanical spring action , or any combination thereof , as described in American Society for Testing and Materials standard F 589 - 85 , Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns , 28 June 1985 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 607 -- 110th Congress ( 2007 ) : Military Toy Replica Act '' . GovTrack.us . Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ North Carolina Criminal Law . Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Air Guns ( accessed 9 November 2011 ) Jump up ^ Steinmetz , Katy ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Toy Guns , Deadly Consequences '' . Time . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Fielder , Donna ( 10 August 2007 ) . `` Fatal shooting at Whataburger '' . Denton Record - Chronicle . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Philip ( 1 September 2011 ) . `` North Miami cops shoot and kill man carrying realistic toy gun ; family says man was disabled '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Megan ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` No charges in shooting death of Miller '' . Denver Post . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( 8 January 2012 ) . `` Texas Death Offers Grim Reminder That Gun Replicas Can Fool Police '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Prengaman , Kate ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Man shot by Yakima police was holding a replica firearm '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Butler man was carrying airsoft gun when fatally shot by off - duty trooper '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kasia ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` Vancouver man shot by police after brandishing AR - 15 lookalike Airsoft gun identified '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Ian ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Man Killed by San Francisco Police Had Air Gun and Suicide Motive , They Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ho , Vivian ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Man killed by S.F. police wrote apparent suicide note '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Amy ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` Who is Cody Evans ? Mother rules out suicide by cop '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Queally , James ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Nashville theater attack : Police identify hatchet - wielding man , say he had pellet gun '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Virginia ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Durham police : Man fatally shot by officers was pointing air gun at one of them '' . The News&Observer . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Halsey III , Ashley ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Maryland state troopers shoot and kill woman in her living room '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Abderholden , Frank S. ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Nerheim : Fatal police - involved shooting in Zion justified '' . Lake County News - Sun . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` OPD : Man killed by officers had airsoft gun that looked real '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cass , Andrew ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Perry Township family releases statement after stabbing , fatal shooting '' . The News - Herald . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salinger , Tobia S. ( 18 February 2016 ) . `` Man fatally shot by officers grabbed for ' very realistic - looking ' airsoft pistol , Cincinnati police chief says ( WARNING - GRAPHIC VIDEO ) '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Stephanie ; Smith , Keeley ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` UPDATE : Man Killed In Officer - Involved Shooting Identified by Coroner 's Office '' . Long Beach Post . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ KURT CHIRBAS , ALEXANDER SMITH and ERIK ORTIZ ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Tyre King , 13 , Fatally Shot by Police in Columbus , Ohio '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` California SB - 199 BB devices '' . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about Airsoft Gun Laws GetAirsoftGun.com '' . GetAirsoftGun.com. 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Administrative Code , Title 10 , Chapter 1 ( Public Safety ) , Section 10 - 131 ( Firearms ) '' . Public Portal to the Laws of New York City . 9 February 2015 . 10 - 131 ( g ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` New York City Administrative Code , Title 10 , Chapter 1 ( Public Safety ) , Section 10 - 131 ( Firearms ) '' . Public Portal to the Laws of New York City . 9 February 2015 . 10 - 131 ( b ) Jump up ^ Act 1495 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , arkleg.state.ar.us ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . `` NJ Legislature , Bill S810 '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.nj.com/gloucester-county/index.ssf/2014/09/south_jersey_police_officers_residents_weigh_in_on_toy_gun_ban.html Philippines , Airsoft guns need to be registered - ( 1 ) American Airsoft Laws http://scag.darkbb.com/front-page-f9/pnp-circular-no-11-t222.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_in_airsoft&oldid=843181368 '' Categories : Airsoft Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 12 : 44 . 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4716694078877363896	Lunar eclipse	Lunar eclipse - wikipedia Lunar eclipse Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lunar eclipse ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Solar eclipse . Recent total eclipses April 15 , 2014 October 8 , 2014 April 4 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra ( shadow ) . This can occur only when the sun , Earth , and moon are aligned ( in `` syzygy '' ) exactly , or very closely so , with the Earth in the middle . Hence , a lunar eclipse can occur only the night of a full moon . The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon 's location relative to its orbital nodes . A total lunar eclipse has the direct sunlight completely blocked by the earth 's shadow . The only light seen is refracted through the earth 's shadow . This light looks red for the same reason that the sunset looks red , due to rayleigh scattering of the more blue light . Because of its reddish color , a total lunar eclipse is sometimes called a blood moon . Unlike a solar eclipse , which can be viewed only from a certain relatively small area of the world , a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of the Earth . A lunar eclipse lasts for a few hours , whereas a total solar eclipse lasts for only a few minutes at any given place , due to the smaller size of the Moon 's shadow . Also unlike solar eclipses , lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions , as they are dimmer than the full moon . For the date of the next eclipse see the section Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of lunar eclipse 1.1 Selenelion 2 Timing 3 Danjon scale 4 Lunar versus solar eclipse 4.1 Lunar eclipse appearance 5 March 1504 lunar eclipse 6 Lunar eclipse in culture 6.1 Incans 6.2 Mesopotamians 6.3 Chinese 7 Blood moon 8 Occurrence 8.1 Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Types of lunar eclipse Schematic diagram of the shadow cast by the Earth . Within the central umbra shadow , the moon is totally shielded from direct illumination by the Sun . In contrast , within the penumbra shadow , only a portion of Sunlight is blocked . A total penumbral lunar eclipse dims the moon in direct proportion to the area of the Sun 's disk blocked by the Earth . This comparison shows the southern shadow penumbral lunar eclipse of January 1999 ( left ) to the moon outside of the shadow ( right ) demonstrates this subtle dimming . The shadow of the Earth can be divided into two distinctive parts : the umbra and penumbra . Within the umbra , there is no direct solar radiation . However , as a result of the Sun 's large angular size , solar illumination is only partially blocked in the outer portion of the Earth 's shadow , which is given the name penumbra . A penumbral eclipse occurs when the moon passes through the Earth 's penumbra . The penumbra causes a subtle darkening of the moon 's surface . A special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral eclipse , during which the Moon lies exclusively within the Earth 's penumbra . Total penumbral eclipses are rare , and when these occur , that portion of the moon which is closest to the umbra can appear somewhat darker than the rest of the moon . A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of the moon enters the umbra . When the moon travels completely into the Earth 's umbra , one observes a total lunar eclipse . The moon 's speed through the shadow is about one kilometer per second ( 2,300 mph ) , and totality may last up to nearly 107 minutes . Nevertheless , the total time between the moon 's first and last contact with the shadow is much longer and could last up to four hours . The relative distance of the moon from the Earth at the time of an eclipse can affect the eclipse 's duration . In particular , when the moon is near its apogee , the farthest point from the Earth in its orbit , its orbital speed is the slowest . The diameter of the umbra does not decrease appreciably within the changes in the orbital distance of the moon . Thus , a totally eclipsed moon occurring near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality . A central lunar eclipse is a total lunar eclipse during which the moon passes through the centre of the Earth 's shadow . These are relatively rare . Selenelion October 2014 lunar eclipse viewed from Minneapolis , with a partially eclipsed Moon still up after sunrise , seen as sunlight on the tree on the right . A selenelion or selenehelion occurs when both the Sun and the eclipsed Moon can be observed at the same time . This can happen only just before sunset or just after sunrise , and both bodies will appear just above the horizon at nearly opposite points in the sky . This arrangement has led to the phenomenon being referred to as a horizontal eclipse . There are typically a number of high ridges undergoing sunrise or sunset that can see it . Although the moon is in the Earth 's umbra , the Sun and the eclipsed Moon can both be seen at the same time because the refraction of light through the Earth 's atmosphere causes each of them to appear higher in the sky than their true geometric position . Timing As viewed from Earth , the Earth 's shadow can be imagined as two concentric circles . As the diagram illustrates , the type of lunar eclipse is defined by the path taken by the Moon as it passes through Earth 's shadow . If the moon passes through the outer circle but does not reach the inner circle , it is a penumbral eclipse ; if only a portion of the moon passes through the inner circle , it is a partial eclipse ; and if entire Moon passes through the inner circle at some point , it is a total eclipse . Contact points relative to the Earth 's umbral and penumbral shadows , here with the Moon near is descending node The timing of total lunar eclipses are determined by its contacts : P1 ( First contact ) : Beginning of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U1 ( Second contact ) : Beginning of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U2 ( Third contact ) : Beginning of the total eclipse . The Moon 's surface is entirely within Earth 's umbra . Greatest eclipse : The peak stage of the total eclipse . The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth 's umbra . U3 ( Fourth contact ) : End of the total eclipse . The Moon 's outer limb exits Earth 's umbra . U4 ( Fifth contact ) : End of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra leaves the Moon 's surface . P4 ( Sixth contact ) : End of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon . Danjon scale The following scale ( the Danjon scale ) was devised by André Danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses : L = 0 : Very dark eclipse . Moon almost invisible , especially at mid-totality . L = 1 : Dark eclipse , gray or brownish in coloration . Details distinguishable only with difficulty . L = 2 : Deep red or rust - colored eclipse . Very dark central shadow , while outer edge of umbra is relatively bright . L = 3 : Brick - red eclipse . Umbral shadow usually has a bright or yellow rim . L = 4 : Very bright copper - red or orange eclipse . Umbral shadow is bluish and has a very bright rim . Lunar versus solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs in the day time at new moon , when the moon is between the Earth and the sun , while a lunar eclipse occurs at night when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon . There is often confusion between a solar and lunar eclipse . While both involve interactions between the sun , Earth , and moon , they are very different in their interactions . Lunar eclipse appearance A lunar eclipse occurs in two regions , an outer penumbral shadow where the sunlight is dimmed , and an inner umbral shadow , where much dimmer sunlight only exists by refraction through the Earth 's atmosphere , leaving a red color . This can be seen in different exposures of a partial lunar eclipse , for example here with exposures of 1 / 80 , 2 / 5 , and 2 seconds . The moon does not completely disappear as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by the Earth 's atmosphere into the shadow cone ; if the Earth had no atmosphere , the Moon would be completely dark during an eclipse . The reddish coloration arises because sunlight reaching the Moon must pass through a long and dense layer of the Earth 's atmosphere , where it is scattered . Shorter wavelengths are more likely to be scattered by the air molecules and the small particles , and so by the time the light has passed through the atmosphere , the longer wavelengths dominate . This resulting light we perceive as red . This is the same effect that causes sunsets and sunrises to turn the sky a reddish color ; an alternative way of considering the problem is to realize that , as viewed from the moon , the sun would appear to be setting ( or rising ) behind the Earth . From the Moon , a lunar eclipse would show a ring of reddish - orange light surrounding a dark Earth in the sky . The amount of refracted light depends on the amount of dust or clouds in the atmosphere ; this also controls how much light is scattered . In general , the dustier the atmosphere , the more that other wavelengths of light will be removed ( compared to red light ) , leaving the resulting light a deeper red color . This causes the resulting coppery - red hue of the moon to vary from one eclipse to the next . Volcanoes are notable for expelling large quantities of dust into the atmosphere , and a large eruption shortly before an eclipse can have a large effect on the resulting color . March 1504 lunar eclipse Christopher Columbus predicting the lunar eclipse . Main article : March 1504 lunar eclipse When Christopher Columbus came to the New World -- specifically , the north coast of Jamaica -- he was able to use European scientific understanding to correctly predict a lunar eclipse . The event is known as the March 1504 lunar eclipse and occurred when Columbus , after he wanted to be seen as god - like , stated that he would make the moon disappear during the night of February 29 , 1504 . The reason Columbus wanted to prove he could make the moon disappear is because he and his crew were eating a great deal of the inhabitants ' food , and the inhabitants refused to feed them anymore . Columbus was right in his prediction , for he used astronomical tables and local clocks in order to predict when the lunar eclipse would happen and was able to convince the inhabitants that he had the power to make the moon disappear and then reappear . After the inhabitants believed that Columbus was truly able to make the moon disappear , they begged him to return the moon to its previous form , and after roughly an allotted amount of time ( the amount of time Columbus discerned to be how long the eclipse would last ) , Columbus agreed to return the moon , and the moon began to reappear . The next day , the inhabitants gave Columbus and his crew the food they desired . Lunar eclipse in culture Several cultures have myths related to lunar eclipses or allude to the lunar eclipse as being a good or bad omen . The Egyptians saw the eclipse as a sow swallowing the moon for a short time ; other cultures view the eclipse as the moon being swallowed by other animals , such as a jaguar in Mayan tradition , or a three legged toad in China . Some societies thought it was a demon swallowing the moon , and that they could chase it away by throwing stones and curses at it . The Greeks were ahead of their time when they said the Earth was round and used the shadow from the lunar eclipse as evidence . Some Hindus believe in the importance of bathing in the Ganges River following an eclipse because it will help to achieve salvation . Incans Similarly to the Mayans , the Incans believed that lunar eclipses occurred when a jaguar would eat the moon , which is why a blood moon looks red . The Incans also believed that once the jaguar finished eating the moon , it could come down and devour all the animals on Earth , so they would take spears and shout at the moon to keep it away . Mesopotamians The ancient Mesopotamians believed that a lunar eclipse was when the moon was being attacked by seven demons . This attack was more than just one on the moon , however , for the Mesopotamians linked what happened in the sky with what happened on the land , and because the king of Mesopotamia represented the land , the seven demons were thought to be also attacking the king . In order to prevent this attack on the king , the Mesopotamians made someone pretend to be the king so they would be attacked instead of the true king . After the lunar eclipse was over , the substitute king was made to disappear ( possibly by poisoning ) . Chinese In some Chinese cultures , people would ring bells to prevent a dragon or other wild animals from biting the moon . In the nineteenth century , during a lunar eclipse , the Chinese navy fired its artillery because of this belief . During the Zhou Dynasty in the Book of Songs , the sight of a red moon engulfed in darkness was believed to foreshadow famine or disease . Blood moon See also : Blood Moon Prophecy Due to its reddish color , a totally eclipsed moon is sometimes referred to as a `` blood moon '' . In addition , in the 2010s the media started to associate the term with the four full moons of a lunar tetrad , especially the 2014 -- 15 tetrad coinciding with the feasts of Passover and Tabernacles . A lunar tetrad is a series of four consecutive total lunar eclipses , spaced six months apart . Blood Moon is not a scientific term but has come to be used due to the reddish color seen on a Super Moon during the lunar eclipse . When sunlight passes through the earth 's atmosphere , it filters and refracts in such a way that the green to violet lights on the spectrum scatters more strongly than the red light . This results the moon to get more red light Occurrence Time - lapse sequence of lunar eclipse visible at ESO headquarters , 7 Aug 2017 . Lunar Eclipse Transition See also : Saros ( astronomy ) and Eclipse cycle Every year , there are at least two lunar eclipses and as many as five , although total lunar eclipses are significantly less common . If one knows the date and time of an eclipse , it is possible to predict the occurrence of other eclipses using an eclipse cycle like the saros . Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses Main article : List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Further information : Lists of lunar eclipses Eclipses only occur during an eclipse season , when the Sun is close to either the ascending or descending node of the Moon . ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 1998 -- 2002 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Viewing Type Chart Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 1998 Aug 08 Penumbral 114 1999 Jan 31 Penumbral 119 1999 Jul 28 Partial 124 2000 Jan 21 Total 129 2000 Jul 16 Total 134 2001 Jan 09 Total 139 2001 Jul 05 Partial 144 2001 Dec 30 Penumbral 149 2002 Jun 24 Penumbral Last set 1998 Sep 06 Last set 1998 Mar 13 Next set 2002 May 26 Next set 2002 Nov 20 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2002 -- 2005 Descending node Ascending node Saros Photo Date View Type Chart Saros Photo Date View Type Chart 111 2002 May 26 penumbral 116 2002 Nov 20 penumbral 121 2003 May 16 total 126 2003 Nov 09 total 131 2004 May 04 total 136 2004 Oct 28 total 141 2005 Apr 24 penumbral 146 2005 Oct 17 partial Last set 2002 Jun 24 Last set 2001 Dec 30 Next set 2006 Mar 14 Next set 2006 Sep 7 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2006 -- 2009 Descending node Ascending node Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart 113 2006 Mar 14 penumbral 118 2006 Sep 7 partial 123 2007 Mar 03 total 128 2007 Aug 28 total 133 2008 Feb 21 total 138 2008 Aug 16 partial 143 2009 Feb 09 penumbral 148 2009 Aug 06 penumbral Last set 2005 Apr 24 Last set 2005 Oct 17 Next set 2009 Dec 31 Next set 2009 Jul 07 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2009 -- 2013 Ascending node Descending node Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart 110 2009 July 07 penumbral 115 2009 Dec 31 partial 120 2010 June 26 partial 125 2010 Dec 21 total 130 2011 June 15 total 135 2011 Dec 10 total 140 2012 June 04 partial 145 2012 Nov 28 penumbral 150 2013 May 25 penumbral Last set 2009 Aug 06 Last set 2009 Feb 9 Next set 2013 Apr 25 Next set 2013 Oct 18 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2013 -- 2016 Ascending node Descending node Saros Viewing date Type Saros Viewing date Type 112 2013 Apr 25 Partial 117 2013 Oct 18 Penumbral 122 2014 Apr 15 Total 127 2014 Oct 08 Total 132 2015 Apr 04 Total 137 2015 Sep 28 Total 142 2016 Mar 23 Penumbral 147 2016 Sep 16 Penumbral Last set 2013 May 25 Last set 2012 Nov 28 Next set 2017 Feb 11 Next set 2016 Aug 18 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2016 -- 2020 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Type Viewing Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 2016 Aug 18 Penumbral 114 2017 Feb 11 Penumbral 119 2017 Aug 07 Partial 124 2018 Jan 31 Total 129 2018 Jul 27 Total 134 2019 Jan 21 Total 139 2019 Jul 16 Partial 144 2020 Jan 10 Penumbral 149 2020 Jul 05 Penumbral Last set 2016 Sep 16 Last set 2016 Mar 23 Next set 2020 Jun 05 Next set 2020 Nov 30 See also Moon portal Book : Lunar Eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses and List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Moon illusion Orbit of the Moon References Jump up ^ Hannu Karttunen . Fundamental Astronomy . Springer . Jump up ^ `` In Search of Selenelion '' . Observing Blog - SkyandTelescope.com. 2010 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Kevin . `` On the nature of eclipses '' . Inconstant Moon . Cyclopedia Selenica . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Deans and Alan M. MacRobert ( July 16 , 2006 ) . `` Observing and Photographing Lunar Eclipses '' . Sky & Telescope . F + W. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus . `` Visual Appearance of Lunar Eclipses '' . NASA . The troposphere and stratosphere act together as a ring - shaped lens that refracts heavily reddened sunlight into Earth 's umbral shadow Jump up ^ Peterson , Ivars . `` The Eclipse That Saved Columbus '' . ScienceNews . Society for Science & the Public . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Littmann , Mark ; Espenak , Fred ; Willcox , Ken ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eclipses in Mythology '' . Totality Eclipses of the Sun ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953209 - 4 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Rebecca . `` Ancient Myths Revised with Lunar Eclipse '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ani . `` Hindus take a dip in the Ganges during Lunar Eclipse '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jane . `` Lunar Eclipse Myths From Around the World '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Quilas , Ma Evelyn . `` Interesting Facts and Myths about Lunar Eclipse '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MYTHOLOGY OF THE LUNAR ECLIPSE '' . Jump up ^ Kaul , Gayatri . `` What Lunar Eclipse Means in Different Parts of the World '' . India.com . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigro , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . Knack Night Sky : Decoding the Solar System , from Constellations to Black Holes . Globe Pequot . pp. 214 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6604 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Blood Moon to arrive Monday night . What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Earth & Sky . 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the ' blood moon ' '' . theguardian. 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Eclipse @ ESO '' . www.eso.org . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Further reading Bao - Lin Liu , Canon of Lunar Eclipses 1500 B.C. - A.D. 3000 , 1992 Jean Meeus and Hermann Mucke Canon of Lunar Eclipses . Astronomisches Büro , Vienna , 1983 Espenak , F. , Fifty Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses : 1986 - 2035 . NASA Reference Publication 1216 , 1989 External links Find more aboutLunar eclipseat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks `` Lunar Eclipse Essentials '' : video from NASA Animated explanation of the mechanics of a lunar eclipse , University of South Wales U.S. Navy Lunar Eclipse Computer NASA Lunar Eclipse Page Search among the 12,064 lunar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps Lunar Eclipses for Beginners Tips on photographing the lunar eclipse from New York Institute of Photography Lunar Eclipse 08 October 2014 on YouTube The Moon Physical features Face on the Moon Internal structure Gravity field Topography Magnetic field Atmosphere Ion tail Moonlight Lunar swirls Orbit Orbit of the Moon Phases Lunation Lunar libration Full Moon Lunar terminator Full moon cycle Earthshine Lunar eclipse Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Tide Surface Selenography Near side Far side North pole South pole Lunar mare List Craters List Calderas Mountains Valleys Volcanic features South Pole -- Aitken basin Shackleton crater Water Soil Ray systems Peak of eternal light Crater of eternal darkness Space weathering Transient lunar phenomenon Lunar basalt 70017 Science Geology timescale Giant - impact hypothesis Hill sphere Moon rocks Lunar meteorites KREEP Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Observation Origin Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 lunar sample display Apollo 17 lunar sample display Exploration Apollo program Exploration of the Moon Colonization of the Moon List of lunar probes List of missions to the Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Related topics Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Craters named after people Double planet Lunar effect Man in the Moon Memorials on the Moon Month Lunar month Moon illusion Harvest moon Hunter 's moon Moon in art and literature Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil ( Norse legends ) Moon is made of green cheese Natural satellite Solar System Supermoon Theia Tourism Phases / Occurrence Black moon Blue moon Lunar phase New moon Dark moon Wet moon Lilith ( hypothetical moon ) Category Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Lunar eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses All Central total eclipses Total penumbral eclipses Historically significant Lunar eclipses by century 20th BCE 19th BCE 18th BCE 17th BCE 16th BCE 15th BCE 14th BCE 13th BCE 12th BCE 11th BCE 10th BCE 9th BCE 8th BCE 7th BCE 6th BCE 5th BCE 4th BCE 3rd BCE 2nd BCE 1st BCE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Lunar eclipses by Saros series 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 Partial eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1952 Feb 1952 Aug 1954 Jul 1955 Nov 1956 May 1958 May 1959 Mar 1961 Mar 1961 Aug 1963 Jul 1965 Jun 1970 Feb 1970 Aug 1972 Jul 1973 Dec 1974 Jun 1976 May 1977 Apr 1979 Mar 1981 Jul 1983 Jun 1988 Aug 1990 Aug 1991 Dec 1992 Jun 1994 May 1995 Apr 1997 Mar 1999 Jul 2001 Jul 2005 Oct 2006 Sep 2008 Aug 2009 Dec 2010 Jun 2012 Jun 2013 Apr 2017 Aug → 2019 Jul 2021 Nov 2023 Oct 2024 Sep 2026 Aug 2028 Jan 2028 Jul 2030 Jun 2034 Sep 2035 Aug 2037 Jul 2039 Jun 2039 Nov 2041 May 2041 Nov 2046 Jan 2046 Jul 2048 Jun Total eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1950 Apr 1950 Sep 1953 Jan 1953 Jul 1954 Jan 1956 Nov 1957 May 1957 Nov 1960 Mar 1960 Sep 1963 Dec 1964 Jun 1964 Dec 1967 Apr 1967 Oct 1968 Apr 1968 Oct 1971 Feb 1971 Aug 1972 Jan 1974 Nov 1975 May 1975 Nov 1978 Mar 1978 Sep 1979 Sep 1982 Jan 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1985 May 1985 Oct 1986 Apr 1986 Oct 1989 Feb 1989 Aug 1990 Feb 1992 Dec 1993 Jun 1993 Nov 1996 Apr 1996 Sep 1997 Sep 2000 Jan 2000 Jul 2001 Jan 2003 May 2003 Nov 2004 May 2004 Oct 2007 Mar 2007 Aug 2008 Feb 2010 Dec 2011 Jun 2011 Dec 2014 Apr 2014 Oct 2015 Apr 2015 Sep → 2018 Jan 2018 Jul 2019 Jan 2021 May 2022 May 2022 Nov 2025 Mar 2025 Sep 2026 Mar 2028 Dec 2029 Jun 2029 Dec 2032 Apr 2032 Oct 2033 Apr 2033 Oct 2036 Feb 2036 Aug 2037 Jan 2040 May 2040 Nov 2043 Mar 2043 Sep 2044 Mar 2044 Sep 2047 Jan 2047 Jul 2048 Jan Penumbral eclipses Partial Previous penumbral : 2017 Feb 11 Next penumbral : → 2020 Jan 10 Total 1963 Jan 09 1981 Jan 20 1988 Mar 03 1999 Jan 31 2006 Mar 14 → 2042 May 05 2053 Aug 29 See also Danjon scale Gamma Book Category Commons Portal WikiProject → symbol denotes next eclipse in series GND : 4170432 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_eclipse&oldid=796626257 '' Categories : Astronomical events Eclipses Lunar eclipses Lunar observation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 03 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	phase of the moon during a lunar eclipse	[ "A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra (shadow). This can occur only when the sun, Earth, and moon are aligned (in \"syzygy\") exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can occur only the night of a full moon. The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon's location relative to its orbital nodes." ]	[ "a lunar eclipse can occur only the night of a full moon" ]
-5352316609749217561	Holiday (Green Day song)	Holiday ( Green Day song ) - wikipedia Holiday ( Green Day song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Holiday '' Single by Green Day from the album American Idiot Released March 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 14 ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Recorded March 26 , 2004 Genre Punk rock pop punk Length 3 : 52 Label Reprise Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Billie Joe Armstrong Mike Dirnt Tré Cool Producer ( s ) Rob Cavallo Green Day Green Day singles chronology `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' ( 2004 ) `` Holiday '' ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' ( 2004 ) `` Holiday '' ( 2005 ) `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ( 2005 ) Audio sample file help `` Holiday '' is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . It was released as the third single from the group 's seventh studio album American Idiot . The song is in the key of F minor . Though the song is a prelude to `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' , `` Holiday '' was released as a single later on , in the spring of 2005 . The song achieved considerable popularity across the world and performed moderately well on the charts . In the US , it reached number nineteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks and Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks charts . It debuted at number eleven in the UK and at number twenty - one in Canada . The song has been featured in the 2006 comedy film , Accepted . The NHL 's Vancouver Canucks once used it as their goal song . The song also appeared in an episode of CSI : NY . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Live performances 3 Personnel 4 Music video 5 Track listing 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Certifications 7 Notable covers 8 Notes 8.1 References 8.2 Sources 9 External links Background ( Edit ) One of two explicitly political songs on the album ( the other being fellow single `` American Idiot '' ) , `` Holiday '' took two months to finish writing , as Armstrong continually felt his lyrics were not good enough . Aided by the encouragement of Cavallo , he completed the song . `` Holiday '' was inspired by the music of Bob Dylan . Armstrong wanted to write something stronger than `` American Idiot '' , with harsh language to illustrate his points . The song takes aim at American conservatism . Armstrong felt that Republican politicians were `` strategic '' in alienating one group of people -- for example , the gay community -- in order to buy the votes of another . He later characterized the song as an outspoken `` fuck you '' to then - President George W. Bush . Armstrong for the first time imagined how he would perform the songs he was writing , and envisioned an audience responding to his lyric `` Can I get another Amen ? '' The song 's bridge , which Armstrong hoped to be as `` twisted as possible , '' was designed as a `` politician 's worst nightmare . '' The chorus 's refrain -- `` This is our lives on holiday '' -- was intended to reflect the average American 's apathy on the issues of the day . Armstrong characterized the song as `` not anti-American , it 's anti-war . '' Live performances ( Edit ) In live performances , video screens would display footage of helicopters dropping bombs . In New Jersey , at the Revolution Radio Tour , the lyrics `` Pulverize the Eiffel Towers '' were changed to `` Pulverize the Donald Trump Towers '' . Personnel ( edit ) Billie Joe Armstrong -- lead vocals , lead and rhythm guitar Mike Dirnt -- bass guitar , backing vocals Tré Cool -- drums , backing vocals Music video ( Edit ) The first half of the video takes place in a car ( a 1968 Mercury Monterey convertible ) , where Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt and Tré Cool are partying around in Las Vegas . In the second half they are cavorting in a bar where each of the band members portrays several different characters . Billie Joe Armstrong plays the mentioned Representative of California , two fighting clients , a punk rocker and a nerd . Tré Cool plays a drunken priest , an arrested patron , and a female prostitute . Mike Dirnt plays the barman , another punk , and a policeman . There are also scenes featuring seemingly worn - down can - can dancers . At the end of the video , the car smokes to a halt in the field that `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' begins in . Like the video for `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' , this video was directed by Samuel Bayer . The band arrived at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards in the same car , this time `` pimped out '' by James Washburn , a friend of the band . Track listing ( Edit ) CD 1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Holiday '' 3 : 53 2 . `` Holiday '' ( live ) 4 : 07 3 . `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' ( live ) 4 : 24 CD 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Holiday '' 3 : 53 2 . `` Minority '' ( live ) 6 : 01 7 '' picture disc Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Holiday '' 3 : 53 Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` Minority '' ( live ) 6 : 01 Vinyl Boxset Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Holiday '' 3 : 53 2 . `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' 4 : 45 Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` Letterbomb '' 4 : 06 2 . `` Governator '' ( non-LP track ) 2 : 32 Live tracks were recorded on September 21 , 2004 at the Irving Plaza in New York City . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 24 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 45 Brazil ( ABPD ) 29 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 21 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 81 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Japan ( Oricon Top 100 ) 38 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Norway ( VG - lista ) 19 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 44 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Billboard Pop 100 18 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Be Yourself '' by Audioslave Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks number - one single May 7 -- 21 , 2005 Succeeded by `` The Hand that Feeds '' by Nine Inch Nails Preceded by `` Happy ? '' by Mudvayne Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks number - one single June 4 -- 18 , 2005 Succeeded by `` Remedy '' by Seether Notable covers ( Edit ) `` Holiday '' Single by Scuba Dice Released March 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 13 ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Recorded 2006 Genre Punk rock pop punk Length 3 : 44 Label Independent Songwriter ( s ) Billie Joe Armstrong Mike Dirnt Tré Cool Producer ( s ) Rob Cavallo Green Day Scuba Dice singles chronology `` Holiday '' ( 2006 ) `` Made '' ( 2006 ) `` Holiday '' ( 2006 ) `` Made '' ( 2006 ) The song was first covered by the Irish pop punk band Scuba Dice in 2006 and charted at number 8 on the Irish Singles Chart , number 2 on the download chart that week , and went on to be the forty - second best - selling single of 2008 by an Irish artist . Hayseed Dixie also performed a bluegrass cover of the song on the band 's album A Hot Piece of Grass . The song `` Dr. Who on Holiday '' , from the mash - up album American Edit , combines `` Holiday '' , The KLF single `` Doctorin ' the Tardis '' , and the original theme from the television show Doctor Who , while the intro juxtaposes George W. Bush with the Daleks , a race of monsters from the aforementioned British television series . Notes ( Edit ) References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Pauker , Lance ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` 49 Phenomenally Angsty Pop - Punk Songs From The 2000s You Forgot Existed '' . Thought Catalog . The Thought & Expression Co . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Winwood ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Secrets Behind The Songs : `` American Idiot '' `` . Kerrang ! . London : Bauer Media Group ( 1414 ) . ISSN 0262 - 6624 . Jump up ^ Steve Baltin ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` Green Day '' . AMP . pp. 62 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Victoria Durham ( March 1 , 2005 ) . `` Green Day : Let The Good Times Roll '' . Rock Sound . London : Freeway Press Inc. ( 70 ) : 50 -- 55 . ISSN 1465 - 0185 . Jump up ^ `` International Superhits '' . Kerrang ! . London : Bauer Media Group ( 1061 ) : 52 -- 53 . June 18 , 2005 . ISSN 0262 - 6624 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` How Green Day saved rock -- and their own career '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winwood 2010 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ John Colapinto ( November 17 , 2005 ) . `` Green Day : Working Class Heroes '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 987 ) : 50 -- 56 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Hendrickson ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` Green Day and the Palace of Wisdom '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 968 ) . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Green Day -- Holiday '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Green Day -- Holiday '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200615 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Green Day -- Holiday '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Green Day Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Holiday '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Green Day -- Holiday '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Green Day -- Holiday '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Green Day -- Holiday '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Green Day -- Holiday '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ Green Day at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Green Day -- Holiday '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Green Day -- Holiday '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` About RTÉ : RTÉ 's You 're A Star Storms The Charts '' . Rte.ie. 2007 - 03 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Sources ( Edit ) Winwood , Ian ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` '' It Was a Great Time for Us ! `` '' . Kerrang ! . London : Bauer Media Group ( 1330 ) : 48 -- 52 . ISSN 0262 - 6624 . External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong Mike Dirnt Tré Cool Jason White John Kiffmeyer Studio albums 39 / Smooth Kerplunk Dookie Insomniac Nimrod Warning American Idiot 21st Century Breakdown ¡ Uno ! ¡ Dos ! ¡ Tré ! Revolution Radio Live albums Live Tracks Tune In , Tokyo ... Bullet in a Bible Awesome as Fuck Compilation albums 1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours International Superhits ! Shenanigans Green Day Demolicious Greatest Hits : God 's Favorite Band EPs 1,000 Hours Slappy Sweet Children Last Night on Earth : Live in Tokyo Singles `` Longview '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Basket Case '' `` When I Come Around '' `` She '' `` J.A.R. '' `` Geek Stink Breath '' `` Stuck with Me '' `` Brain Stew / Jaded '' `` Walking Contradiction '' `` Hitchin ' a Ride '' `` Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) '' `` Redundant '' `` Nice Guys Finish Last '' `` Minority '' `` Warning '' `` Waiting '' `` Macy 's Day Parade '' `` American Idiot '' `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' `` Holiday '' `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' `` Jesus of Suburbia '' `` Know Your Enemy '' `` 21 Guns '' `` East Jesus Nowhere '' `` 21st Century Breakdown '' `` Last of the American Girls '' `` When It 's Time '' `` Oh Love '' `` Kill the DJ '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Stray Heart '' `` The Forgotten '' `` X-Kid '' `` Xmas Time of the Year '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Still Breathing '' `` Revolution Radio '' `` Fell for You ( Otis Mix ) '' Tours Pop Disaster Tour American Idiot World Tour 21st Century Breakdown World Tour 99 Revolutions Tour Revolution Radio Tour Associated acts Foxboro Hot Tubs The Network Pinhead Gunpowder The Frustrators The Lookouts The Big Cats The Influents Related articles Discography List of songs Awards and nominations Adeline Records Cigarettes and Valentines Money Money 2020 Stop Drop and Roll ! ! ! American Edit Green Day 's American Idiot soundtrack Green Day : Rock Band songs ¡ Cuatro ! Foreverly Book Portal Scuba Dice Joe Grace Padraig King Liam Bryne Shane Pearson Sean Savage Eoin Murphy Daire Nolan Extended plays Scuba Dice EP Scuba Dice EP 2 Singles `` Holiday '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holiday_(Green_Day_song)&oldid=810950897 '' Categories : 2004 songs 2005 singles Anti-war songs Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Green Day songs Songs written by Billie Joe Armstrong Music videos directed by Samuel Bayer American Idiot Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo Political songs Protest songs LGBT - related songs Songs about George W. Bush Works about George W. Bush Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	meaning of the song holiday by green day	[]	[]
2341696601736943953	Longest word in English	Longest word in English - wikipedia Longest word in English Not to be confused with Longest words . The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language , as well as how length should be compared . In addition to words derived naturally from the language 's roots ( without any known intentional invention ) , English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction ; place names may be considered words ; technical terms may be arbitrarily long . Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters , or ( less commonly ) phonology and the number of phonemes . Word Letters Characteristics Dispute Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl ... isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin , the largest known protein Technical ; not in dictionary ; disputed whether it is a word Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl ... serine 1,909 Longest published word Technical Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano ... pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author , the longest word ever to appear in literature Coined ; not in dictionary ; Ancient Greek transliteration Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary Technical ; coined to be the longest word Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Coined Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-coined word in a major dictionary Technical Floccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Coined Antidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-coined and nontechnical word Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare 's works ; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels Latin Contents 1 Major dictionaries 2 Creations of long words 2.1 Coinages 2.2 Agglutinative constructions 2.3 Technical terms 3 Notable long words 3.1 Place names 3.2 Personal names 3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length 3.3. 1 Typed words 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Major dictionaries The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis , a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles , specifically from a volcano ; medically , it is the same as silicosis . The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English , and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning , lending at least some degree of validity to its claim . The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism ( 30 letters ) . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism ( 28 letters ) , as the editors found no widespread , sustained usage of the word in its original meaning . The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically ( 27 letters ) . The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is floccinaucinihilipilification at 29 letters . Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning `` nothing '' and defined as `` the act of estimating something as worthless '' ; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741 . Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text , meaning non-technical present - day text seen by casual readers , in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word . According to Eckler , the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries , with 22 letters each . A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically , at 20 letters . The word internationalization is abbreviated `` i18n '' , the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last . Creations of long words Coinages In his play Assemblywomen ( Ecclesiazousae ) , the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters ( 183 in the transliteration below ) , which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients : Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon . Henry Carey 's farce Chrononhotonthologos ( 1743 ) holds the opening line : `` Aldiborontiphoscophornio ! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos ? '' Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall : osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous ( 44 characters ) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary ( 51 characters ) . James Joyce made up nine 100 - letter words plus one 101 - letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake , the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk . Appearing on the first page , it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve . As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage , it is generally not accepted as a real word . Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar , when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake . `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' , the 34 - letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins , does appear in several dictionaries , but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title . The attributed meaning is `` a word that you say when you do n't know what to say . '' The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman . Agglutinative constructions The English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes . This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction . This process can create arbitrarily long words : for example , the prefixes pseudo ( false , spurious ) and anti ( against , opposed to ) can be added as many times as desired . A word like anti-aircraft ( pertaining to the defense against aircraft ) is easily extended to anti-anti - aircraft ( pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft , a legitimate concept ) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of `` anti - '' s , each time creating a new level of counteraction . More familiarly , the addition of numerous `` great '' s to a relative , e.g. great - great - great - grandfather , can produce words of arbitrary length . In musical notation , a 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver . Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction . Technical terms Parastratiosphecomyia sphecomyioides A number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words . The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open - ended , giving rise to the 189,819 - letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl ... isoleucine for the protein also known as titin , which is involved in striated muscle formation . In nature , DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names . For example , the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs , so the sequence of one of its strands , if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl ... , would be about 8 billion letters long . The longest published word , Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso ... serine , referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus , was 1,185 letters long , and appeared in the American Chemical Society 's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966 . In 1965 , the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names . John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open - ended system for naming powers of 10 , in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion , coming from the Latin name for 6560 , is the name for 10 = 10 . Under the long number scale , it would be 10 = 10 . Jonathan Bowers has developed a system for even larger numbers ( enneenneconteennahecteika - enneenneconteennahectenedaka - enneenneconteennahecteyodaka - enneenneconteennahectezedaka - enneenneconteennahecteexdaka - enneenneconteennahectepedaka - enneennecontehectetedaka - enneenneconteennahectetradaka - enneenneconteennahectedoka - enneenneconteennahectehendaka - enneenneconteennahectedaka - enneenneconteennahectexenna - enneenneconteennahecteyotta - enneenneconteennahectezetta - enneenneconteennahecteexa - enneenneconteennahectepeta - enneenneconteennahectetera - enneenneconteennahectegiga - enneenneconteennahectemega - enneenneconteennahectekilla - enneenneconteennahectillion for 10 3 ∗ 10 3 ∗ 10 63 − 3 + 3 ( \ displaystyle 10 ^ ( 3 * 10 ^ ( 3 * 10 ^ ( 63 ) - 3 ) + 3 ) ) ) . Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name -- it is a kind of amphipod . However , this name , proposed by B. Dybowski , was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case . Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name . It is a species of soldier fly . Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic , at 52 letters , describing the spa waters at Bath , England , is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother ( 1675 -- 1737 ) . The word is composed of the following elements : Aequeo : equal ( Latin , aequo ) Salino : containing salt ( Latin , salinus ) Calcalino : calcium ( Latin , calx ) Ceraceo : waxy ( Latin , cera ) Aluminoso : alumina ( Latin ) Cupreo : from `` copper '' Vitriolic : resembling vitriol Notable long words Place names The sign at Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu The station sign at Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch in North Wales Main article : List of long place names The longest officially recognized place name in an English - speaking country is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu ( 57 letters ) , which is a hill in New Zealand . The name is in the Māori language . A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu ( 85 letters ) , which appears on the signpost at the location ( see the photo on this page ) . In Māori , the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters . In Canada , the longest place name is Dysart , Dudley , Harcourt , Guilford , Harburn , Bruton , Havelock , Eyre and Clyde , a township in Ontario , at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters . The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot ( 19 letters ) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton - under - Whitestonecliffe ( 29 characters ) . The longest place name in the United States ( 45 letters ) is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg , a lake in Webster , Massachusetts . It means `` Fishing Place at the Boundaries -- Neutral Meeting Grounds '' and is sometimes facetiously translated as `` you fish your side of the water , I fish my side of the water , nobody fishes the middle '' . The lake is also known as Webster Lake . The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester - on - the - Severn , a town in Maryland , and Washington - on - the - Brazos , a notable place in Texas history . The longest official geographical name in Australia is Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya . It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning `` where the Devil urinates '' . In Ireland , the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtownmountkennedy in County Wicklow . See also : List of short place names Personal names Guinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used . From about 1975 to 1985 , the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorffvoralternwarengewissenhaftschaferswessenschafewarenwohlgepflegeundsorgfaltigkeitbeschutzenvonangreifendurchihrraubgierigfeindewelchevoralternzwolftausendjahresvorandieerscheinenwanderersteerdemenschderraumschiffgebrauchlichtalsseinursprungvonkraftgestartseinlangefahrthinzwischensternartigraumaufdersuchenachdiesternwelchegehabtbewohnbarplanetenkreisedrehensichundwohinderneurassevonverstandigmenschlichkeitkonntefortplanzenundsicherfreuenanlebenslanglichfreudeundruhemitnichteinfurcht vorangreifenvonandererintelligentgeschopfsvonhinzwischensternartigraum , Senior ( 746 letters ) , also known as Wolfe + 585 , Senior . After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name . The category was removed shortly afterward . Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons . The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin , who proposed the given name `` Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116 '' for their child ( pronounced ( ˈalːbɪn ) , 43 characters ) , which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad , southern Sweden . Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of the longest English words with one syllable Schmaltzed and strengthed ( 10 letters ) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary , while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster 's Third New International Dictionary ; but squirrelled ( 11 letters ) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only ( as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel , and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ) . Schtroumpfed ( 12 letters ) was coined by Umberto Eco , while broughammed ( 11 letters ) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed ( 10 letters ) was coined by George Bernard Shaw . Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel . Euouae , a medieval musical term , is the longest English word consisting only of vowels , and the word with the most consecutive vowels . However , the `` word '' itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase `` seculorum Amen '' at the end of the lesser doxology . ( Although u was often used interchangeably with v , and the variant `` Evovae '' is occasionally used , the v in these cases would still be a vowel . ) The longest words with no repeated letters are dermatoglyphics , misconjugatedly and uncopyrightables . The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight - letter Aegilops , a grass genus . However , this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun . There are several six - letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order , including abhors , almost , begins , biopsy , chimps and chintz . The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once , and in order , are abstemiously , affectiously , and tragediously ( OED ) . Fracedinously and gravedinously ( constructed from adjectives in OED ) have thirteen letters ; Gadspreciously , constructed from Gadsprecious ( in OED ) , has fourteen letters . Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all five vowels and the semivowel y . The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator , another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil . Typed words The longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades , aftercataracts , and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses . Using the right hand alone , the longest word that can be typed is johnny - jump - up , or , excluding hyphens , monimolimnion and phyllophyllin . The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters : rupturewort . Similar words with 10 letters include : pepperwort , perpetuity , proprietor , requietory , repertoire , tripertite , pourriture and ( fittingly ) typewriter . The word teetertotter ( used in North American English ) is longer at 12 letters , although it is usually spelled with a hyphen . The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas ( 10 letters ) . Nine - letter words include flagfalls , galahads and alfalfas . Since the bottom row contains no vowels , no standard words can be formed . Exceptions might include Zzz , seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep , or m ' , the clitic form of my . The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively . On a Dvorak keyboard , the longest `` left - handed '' words are epopoeia , jipijapa , peekapoo , and quiaquia . Other such long words are papaya , Kikuyu , opaque , and upkeep . Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger , and so the longest one - fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard . There are no vowels on the right - hand side , and so the longest `` right - handed '' word is crwth . See also Lipogram List of the longest English words with one syllable Longest English sentence Longest word in French Longest word in Spanish Longest word in Turkish Number of words in English Scriptio continua Sesquipedalianism Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft , longest published word in German References Jump up ^ Colista Moore ( 2011 ) . Student 's Dictionary . p. 524 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934669 - 21 - 1 . Jump up ^ see separate article Lopado ... pterygon Jump up ^ Donald McFarlan ; Norris Dewar McWhirter ; David A. Boeh ( 1989 ) . Guinness book of world records : 1990 . Sterling . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 5790 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Coined around 1935 to be the longest word ; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat . First appeared in the MWNID supplement , 1939 . Today OED and several others list it , but citations are almost always as `` longest word '' . More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis . Jump up ^ `` What is the longest English word ? '' . AskOxford . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What is the longest English word ? '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ http://www.innocentenglish.com/cool-interesting-and-strange-facts/cool-strange-and-interesting-facts-page-3-3.html See fact # 99 Jump up ^ `` pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis -- definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Word in the Dictionary '' ( Video ) . Ask the Editor . Merriam - Webster . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Floccinaucinihilipilification '' by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006 - 08 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. ; Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Records , in its 1992 and previous editions , declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification . More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis . What is the longest English word ? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006 - 08 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ In recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd `` Mr. President , may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York , I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago . I can not remember just when or what the occasion was , but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment . '' Congressional Record June 17 , 1991 , p . S7887 , and at the White House by Bill Clinton 's press secretary Mike McCurry , albeit sarcastically . December 6 , 1995 , White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions : `` But if you -- as a practical matter of estimating the economy , the difference is not great . There 's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here . '' Jump up ^ Eckler , R. Making the Alphabet Dance , p 252 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Common Words -- Modern '' . Maltron.com . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of W3C Jargon '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the Abbreviation I18n '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Localization vs. Internationalization '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paux et al. ( 2008 ) Science , Vol. 322 ( 5898 ) 101 - 104 . A Physical Map of the 1 - Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chemical Abstracts Formula Index , Jan. - June 1964 , Page 967F ; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll . Formulas , C H - Z , 56 - 65 , 1962 -- 1966 , Page 6717F Jump up ^ `` 2.4 - Large Numbers '' . sites.google.com . Archived from the original on 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion 105 . Dybowski 's ( 1926 ) Names of Crustacea Suppressed '' . Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature : Opinions 105 to 114 . Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73 ( 6 ) . 1929 . pp. 1 -- 3 . hdl : 10088 / 23619 . BHL page 8911139 . Jump up ^ rjk . `` World 's longest name of an animal . Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly '' . thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English , see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived April 12 , 2012 , at WebCite Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` GeoNames Government of Canada site '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Belluck , Pam ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) . `` What 's the Name of That Lake ? It 's Hard to Say '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Geoscience Australia Gazeteer '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` South Australian State Gazeteer '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Guinness Records Jump up ^ `` Fun With Words : Word Oddities '' . Rinkworks.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typewriter Words '' . Questrel.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Science Links Japan Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal '' . Sciencelinks.jp. 2009 - 03 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary entry for monimolimnion , a word that , at 13 letters , is longer than any of the words linked in the source above '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Word Records '' . Fun-with-words.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Typewriter Words '' . Wordnik.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Dvorak Keyboard and You '' . Theworldofstuff.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . External links Wiktionary has a category on Long English words Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Longest word in English '' dated 2011 - 01 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles A Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia -- Long words Long words ( chemical names ) Long words ( place names ) What is the longest English word ? , AskOxford.com `` Ask the Experts '' What is the Longest Word ? , Fun-With-Words.com Full chemical name of titin . Taxonomy of Wordplay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longest_word_in_English&oldid=857101967 '' Categories : Superlatives Types of words English words Long words Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 All articles that may contain original research Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk Русский தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 15 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-8378621166463154487	United States Postal Service	United States Postal Service - Wikipedia United States Postal Service `` United States Post Office '' redirects here . For individual post offices , see List of United States Post Offices . `` USPS '' redirects here . For the non-profit boating safety and education organization , see United States Power Squadrons . United States Postal Service Logo used since 1993 USPS headquarters Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 - 07 - 01 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Type Independent Headquarters 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Washington , D.C. 20260 - 0004 U.S. Employees 639,789 ( 508,908 career , 130,881 non-career ) as of September 30 , 2016 Agency executives Megan Brennan , Postmaster General Ronald A. Stroman , Deputy Postmaster General Key document Postal Clause of the United States Constitution Website www.usps.com Revenue ( 2017 ) US $ 69.636 billion Net income ( 2017 ) US $ ( 2.742 ) billion The full eagle logo , used in various versions from 1970 to 1993 The United States Postal Service ( USPS ; also known as the Post Office , U.S. Mail , or Postal Service ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States , including its insular areas and associated states . It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution . The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress , when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general . The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin 's operation , elevated to a cabinet - level department in 1872 , and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency . The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees and operated 211,264 vehicles in 2014 . The USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world . The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans , regardless of geography , at uniform price and quality . The USPS still has exclusive access to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' and personal letterboxes in the United States , but now has to compete against private package delivery services , such as United Parcel Service and FedEx . Since the early 1980s , many of the direct tax subsidies to the Post Office ( with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with the disabled and overseas voters ) have been reduced or eliminated in favor of indirect subsidies , in addition to the advantages associated with a government - enforced monopoly on the delivery of first - class mail . Since the 2006 all - time peak mail volume , after which Congress passed the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act ( which mandated $5.5 billion per year to be paid into an account to fully prefund employee retirement health benefits , a requirement exceeding that of other government and private organizations ) , revenue dropped sharply due to recession - influenced declining mail volume , prompting the postal service to look to other sources of revenue while cutting costs to reduce its budget deficit . Contents 1 History 1.1 Foundations 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 2 Current operations 2.1 Five - year plans 2.2 Initiatives 3 Budget 3.1 Revenue decline and planned cuts 3.1. 1 Declining mail volume 3.1. 2 Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown 3.1. 3 Post office closures 3.1. 4 Elimination of Saturday delivery averted 3.2 Retirement funding and payment defaults 3.3 Rate increases 3.4 Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery 4 Governance and organization 5 Universal service obligation and monopoly status 5.1 Legal basis and rationale 5.2 2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly 5.3 Competitors 5.4 Alternative transmission methods 5.5 Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly 6 Law enforcement agencies 6.1 Postal Inspection Service 6.2 Office of Inspector General 7 How delivery services work 7.1 Elements of addressing and preparing domestic mail 7.1. 1 Delivery Point Validation 7.2 Paying postage 7.2. 1 Postage meters 7.2. 2 PC postage 7.3 Other electronic postage payment methods 7.3. 1 Stamp copyright and reproduction 7.4 Service level choices 7.4. 1 General domestic services 7.4. 2 Bulk mail 7.4. 3 Extra services 7.5 International services 7.5. 1 The discontinuation of international surface mail 7.6 Sorting and delivery process 7.6. 1 Types of postal facilities 7.6. 1.1 Automated Postal Centers 7.6. 2 Evolutionary Network Development ( END ) program 7.6. 3 Airline and rail division 7.6. 4 Parcel forwarding and private interchange 7.7 Delivery timing 7.7. 1 Delivery days 7.7. 2 Direct delivery vs. customer pickup 7.7. 3 Special delivery 7.7. 4 Same - day trials 7.7. 5 Forwarding and holds 8 Financial services 9 Employment in the USPS 9.1 Workplace violence 10 In fiction 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Foundations ( edit ) Running pony logo used by the U.S. Post Office Department before the creation of the USPS In the early years of the North American colonies , many attempts were made to initiate a postal service . These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony for example , setting up a location in Boston where one could post a letter back home to England . Other attempts focused on a dedicated postal service between two of the larger colonies , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , but the available services remained limited in scope and disjointed for many years . For example , informal independently - run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639 , with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672 . A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691 , when Thomas Neale received a 21 - year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service . On February 17 , 1691 , a grant of letters patent from the joint sovereigns , William III and Mary II , empowered him : `` to erect , settle , and establish within the chief parts of their majesties ' colonies and plantations in America , an office or offices for receiving and dispatching letters and pacquets , and to receive , send , and deliver the same under such rates and sums of money as the planters shall agree to give , and to hold and enjoy the same for the term of twenty - one years . '' The patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds . The tax was repealed a year later . Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton , Governor of New Jersey , as his deputy postmaster . The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692 . Rates of postage were fixed and authorized , and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia . Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed postal laws , and a very imperfect post office system was established . Neale 's patent expired in 1710 , when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies . The chief office was established in New York City , where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic . Before the Revolution , there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies . Most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London . The revolution made Philadelphia , the seat of the Continental Congress , the information hub of the new nation . News , new laws , political intelligence , and military orders circulated with a new urgency , and a postal system was necessary . Journalists took the lead , securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost , and to exchange news from newspapers between the thirteen states . Overthrowing the London - oriented imperial postal service in 1774 -- 1775 , printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership , and created a new postal system . The United States Post Office ( USPO ) was created on July 26 , 1775 , by decree of the Second Continental Congress . Benjamin Franklin headed it briefly . Before the Revolution , individuals like Benjamin Franklin and William Goddard were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post . The official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department ( USPOD ) . It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress `` To establish post offices and post roads '' . The 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network , and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate . The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence , and provided the entire country with low - cost access to information on public affairs , while establishing a right to personal privacy . Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger . Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi . At the same time Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson , judge of Louisiana Territory , the largest territory in North America . Bruce Adamson wrote that : `` Next to Benjamin Franklin , Rufus Easton was one of the most colorful people in United States Postal History . '' It was Easton who educated Abraham Lincoln 's Attorney General , Edward Bates . In 1815 Edward Bates moved into the Easton home and lived there for years at Third and Elm . Today this is the site of the Jefferson Memorial Park . In 1806 Postmaster General Gideon Granger wrote a three - page letter to Easton , begging him not to partake in a duel with vice-president Aaron Burr . Two years earlier it was Burr who had shot and killed Alexander Hamilton . Many years later in 1852 , Easton 's son , Major - General Langdon Cheves Easton , was commissioned by William T. Sherman , at Fort Union to deliver a letter to Independence , Missouri . Sherman wrote : `` In the Spring of 1852 , General Sherman mentioned that the quartermaster , Major L.C. Easton , at Fort Union , New Mexico , had occasion to send some message east by a certain date , and contracted with Aubrey to carry it to the nearest post office ( then Independence , Missouri ) , making his compensation conditional on the time consumed . He was supplied with a good horse , and an order on the outgoing trains for exchange . Though the whole route was infested with hostile Indians , and not a house on it , Aubrey started alone with his rifle . He was fortunate in meeting several outward - bound trains , and thereby made frequent changes of horses , some four or five , and reached Independence in six days , having hardly rested or slept the whole way . '' To cover long distances , the Post Office used a hub - and - spoke system , with Washington as the hub and chief sorting center . By 1869 , with 27,000 local post offices to deal with , it had changed to sorting mail en route in specialized railroad mail cars , called Railway Post Offices , or RPOs . The system of postal money orders began in 1864 . Free mail delivery began in the larger cities in 1863 . 19th century ( edit ) The postal system played a crucial role in national expansion . It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive , fast , convenient communication system . Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West , helped scattered families stay in touch and provide assistance , assisted entrepreneurs in finding business opportunities , and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants in the west and wholesalers and factories back east . The postal service likewise assisted the Army in expanding control over the vast western territories . The widespread circulation of important newspapers by mail , such as the New York Weekly Tribune , facilitated coordination among politicians in different states . The postal service helped integrate established areas with the frontier , creating a spirit of nationalism and providing a necessary infrastructure . The Post Office in the 19th century was a major source of federal patronage . Local postmasterships were rewards for local politicians -- often the editors of party newspapers . About three quarters of all federal civilian employees worked for the Post Office . In 1816 it employed 3341 men , and in 1841 , 14,290 . The volume of mail expanded much faster than the population , as it carried annually 100 letters and 200 newspapers per 1000 white population in 1790 , and 2900 letters and 2700 newspapers per thousand in 1840 . The Post Office Department was enlarged during the tenure of President Andrew Jackson . As the Post Office expanded , difficulties were experienced due to a lack of employees and transportation . The Post Office 's employees at that time were still subject to the so - called `` spoils '' system , where faithful political supporters of the executive branch were appointed to positions in the post office and other government corporations as a reward for their patronage . These appointees rarely had prior experience in postal service and mail delivery . This system of political patronage was replaced in 1883 , after passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . In 1823 , ten years after the Post Office had first begun to use steamboats to carry mail between post towns where no roads existed , waterways were declared post roads . Once it became clear that the postal system in the United States needed to expand across the entire country , the use of the railroad to transport the mail was instituted in 1832 , on one line in Pennsylvania . All railroads in the United States were designated as post routes , after passage of the Act of July 7 , 1838 . Mail service by railroad increased rapidly thereafter . ~ Benjamin Franklin ~ George Washington ~ The First U.S. Postage Stamps Issued 1847 The first stamp issues were authorized by an act of Congress and approved on March 3 , 1847 . The earliest known use of the Franklin 5 ¢ is July 7 , 1847 , while the earliest known use of the Washington 10 ¢ is July 2 , 1847 . Remaining in postal circulation for only a few years , these issues were declared invalid for postage on July 1 , 1851 . An Act of Congress provided for the issuance of stamps on March 3 , 1847 , and the Postmaster General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon , Wright , Hatch , and Edson . The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1 , 1847 , in New York City , with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter . The 5 - cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1 oz ( 28 g ) and traveling less than 300 miles , the 10 - cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles , or twice the weight deliverable for the 5 - cent stamp . In 1847 , the U.S. Mail Steamship Company acquired the contract which allowed it to carry the U.S. mails from New York , with stops in New Orleans and Havana , to the Isthmus of Panama for delivery in California . The same year , the Pacific Mail Steamship Company had acquired the right to transport mail under contract from the United States Government from the Isthmus of Panama to California . In 1855 , William Henry Aspinwall completed the Panama Railway , providing rail service across the Isthmus and cutting to three weeks the transport time for the mails , passengers and goods to California . This remained an important route until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 . Railroad companies greatly expanded mail transport service after 1862 , and the Railway Mail Service was inaugurated in 1869 . Rail cars designed to sort and distribute mail while rolling were soon introduced . RMS employees sorted mail `` on - the - fly '' during the journey , and became some of the most skilled workers in the postal service . An RMS sorter had to be able to separate the mail quickly into compartments based on its final destination , before the first destination arrived , and work at the rate of 600 pieces of mail an hour . They were tested regularly for speed and accuracy . Parcel Post service began with the introduction of International Parcel Post between the USA and foreign countries in 1887 . That same year , the U.S. Post Office ( predecessor of the USPS ) and the Postmaster General of Canada established parcel - post service between the two nations . A bilateral parcel - post treaty between the independent ( at the time ) Kingdom of Hawaii and the USA was signed on 19 December 1888 and put into effect early in 1889 . Parcel - post service between the USA and other countries grew with the signing of successive postal conventions and treaties . While the Post Office agreed to deliver parcels sent into the country under the UPU treaty , it did not institute a domestic parcel - post service for another twenty - five years . 20th century ( edit ) The advent of Rural Free Delivery ( RFD ) in the U.S. in 1896 , and the inauguration of a domestic parcel post service by Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock in 1913 , greatly increased the volume of mail shipped nationwide , and motivated the development of more efficient postal transportation systems . Many rural customers took advantage of inexpensive Parcel Post rates to order goods and products from businesses located hundreds of miles away in distant cities for delivery by mail . From the 1910s to the 1960s , many college students and others used parcel post to mail home dirty laundry , as doing so was less expensive than washing the clothes themselves . After four - year - old Charlotte May Pierstorff was mailed from her parents to her grandparents in Idaho in 1914 , mailing of people was prohibited . In 1917 , the Post Office imposed a maximum daily mailable limit of two hundred pounds per customer per day after a business entrepreneur , W.H. Coltharp , used inexpensive parcel - post rates to ship more than eighty thousand masonry bricks some four hundred seven miles via horse - drawn wagon and train for the construction of a bank building in Vernal , Utah . The advent of parcel post also led to the growth of mail order businesses that substantially increased rural access to modern goods over what was typically stocked in local general stores . Historic Mineral Wells , Texas post office built between 1911 and 1913 In 1912 , carrier service was announced for establishment in towns of second and third class with $100,000 appropriated by Congress . From January 1 , 1911 , until July 1 , 1967 , the United States Post Office Department operated the United States Postal Savings System . An Act of Congress of June 25 , 1910 , established the Postal Savings System in designated Post Offices , effective January 1 , 1911 . The legislation aimed to get money out of hiding , attract the savings of immigrants accustomed to the postal savings system in their native countries , provide safe depositories for people who had lost confidence in banks , and furnish more convenient depositories for working people . The law establishing the system directed the Post Office Department to redeposit most of the money in the system in local banks , where it earned 2.5 percent interest . The system paid 2 % interest per year on deposits . The half - percent difference in interest was intended to pay for the operation of the system . Certificates were issued to depositors as proof of their deposit . Depositors in the system were initially limited to hold a balance of $500 , but this was raised to $1,000 in 1916 and to $2,500 in 1918 . The initial minimum deposit was $1 . In order to save smaller amounts for deposit , customers could purchase a 10 - cent postal savings card and 10 - cent postal savings stamps to fill it . The card could be used to open or add to an account when its value , together with any attached stamps , amounted to one or more dollars , or it could be redeemed for cash . At its peak in 1947 , the system held almost $3.4 billion in deposits , with more than four million depositors using 8,141 postal units . The Post Office Department played an important intelligence role during World War I , implementing the Espionage and Trading with the Enemy Acts , monitoring foreign mail and acting as counter-espionage to help secure allied victory . On August 12 , 1918 , the Post Office Department took over airmail service from the United States Army Air Service ( USAAS ) . Assistant Postmaster General , Otto Praeger , appointed Benjamin B. Lipsner to head the civilian - operated Air Mail Service . One of Lipsner 's first acts was to hire four pilots , each with at least 1,000 hours ' flying experience , paying them an average of $4,000 per year ( $65.1 thousand today ) . The Post Office Department used new Standard JR - 1B biplanes specially modified to carry the mail while the war was still in progress , but following the war operated mostly World War I surplus military de Havilland DH - 4 aircraft . During 1918 , the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots . In its first year of operation , the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings . Of those , 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure . By 1920 , the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters . Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975 , and international air mail in 1995 , when the USPS began transporting First - Class mail by air on a routine basis . The Post Office was one of the first government departments to regulate obscene materials on a national basis . When the U.S. Congress passed the Comstock laws of 1873 , it became illegal to send through the U.S. mail any material considered obscene or indecent , or which promoted abortion issues , birth control , or alcohol consumption . On March 18 , 1970 , postal workers in New York City -- upset over low wages and poor working conditions , and emboldened by the Civil Rights movement -- organized a strike against the United States government . The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City , but it eventually gained support of over 210,000 United States Post Office Department workers across the nation . While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government , it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted , as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12 , 1970 . The Act replaced the cabinet - level Post Office Department with a new federal agency , the United States Postal Service , and took effect on July 1 , 1971 . Current operations ( edit ) USPS service delivery truck The United States Postal Service employs some 617,000 workers , making it the third - largest civilian employer in the United States behind the federal government and Wal - Mart . In a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision , the Court noted : `` Each day , according to the Government 's submissions here , the United States Postal Service delivers some 660 million pieces of mail to as many as 142 million delivery points . '' As of 2016 , the USPS operates 31,585 post offices and locations in the U.S. , and delivers 153.4 billion pieces of mail annually . The USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world , with an estimated 227,896 vehicles , the majority of which are the easily identified Chevrolet / Grumman LLV ( long - life vehicle ) , and the newer Ford / Utilimaster FFV ( flex - fuel vehicle ) , originally also referred to as the CRV ( carrier route vehicle ) . It is by geography and volume the globe 's largest postal system , delivering 47 % of the world 's mail . For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline , the USPS spends an extra US $8 million per year to fuel its fleet . The number of gallons of fuel used in 2009 was 444 million , at a cost of US $1.1 billion . The fleet is notable in that many of its vehicles are right - hand drive , an arrangement intended to give drivers the easiest access to roadside mailboxes . Some rural letter carriers use personal vehicles . Standard postal - owned vehicles do not have license plates . These vehicles are identified by a seven - digit number displayed on the front and rear . A fleet of post office vehicles at the James Griffith Station in Spring Branch , Houston The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military ; this is known as the Army Post Office ( for Army and Air Force postal facilities ) and the Fleet Post Office ( for Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard postal facilities ) . In February 2013 , the Postal Service announced that on Saturdays it would only deliver packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , and Express Mail , effective August 10 , 2013 . However , this change was reversed by federal law in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 . They now deliver packages on Sunday -- only for Amazon.com . During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013 , packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas . Parcels are also delivered on holidays , with the exception of Thanksgiving and Christmas . Five - year plans ( edit ) In October 2016 , the Postal Service released Future Ready , a five - year plan required by law starting in 1993 . The plan outlines the Postal Service 's goals for the next five years . 1 . Deliver a world - class customer experience . 2 . Equip , empower , and engage employees . 3 . Innovate faster to deliver value . 4 . Invest in our future platforms . Initiatives ( edit ) In 2011 , numerous media outlets reported that the USPS was going out of business . The USPS 's strategy came under fire as new technologies emerged and the USPS was not finding ways to generate new sources of revenue . Budget ( edit ) In 2016 , the Postal Service collected $71.49 billion in revenue . Revenue decline and planned cuts ( edit ) In 2016 , the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss , in the amount of $5.59 billion , of which $5.8 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments . Declining mail volume ( edit ) First - class mail volume peaked in 2001 , declining by 43 % as of 2017 due to the increasing use of email and the World Wide Web for correspondence and business transactions . Private courier services , such as FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) , directly compete with USPS for the delivery of urgent letters and packages . Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day , six days a week . According to an official report on November 15 , 2012 , the U.S. Postal Service lost $15.9 billion its 2012 fiscal year . Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown ( edit ) In response , the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007 , through increased automation , route re-optimization , and facility consolidation . Despite these efforts , the organization saw an $8.5 billion budget shortfall in 2010 , and was losing money at a rate of about $3 billion per quarter in 2011 . On December 5 , 2011 the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers , eliminate 28,000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First - Class Mail . This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers . ( At peak mail volume in 2006 , the USPS operated 673 facilities . ) As of May 2012 , the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012 , pause from September to December , and begin a second round in February 2014 ; 80 % of first - class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013 . New delivery standards were issued in January 2015 , and the majority of single - piece ( not presorted ) first - class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one . Large commercial mailers can still have first - class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning , though as of 2014 this represented only 11 % of first - class mail . Unsorted first - class mail will continued to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days . Post Office closures ( edit ) In July 2011 , the USPS announced a plan to close about 3,700 small post offices . Various representatives in Congress protested , and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices farther than 10 miles from the next office . In May 2012 , the service announced it had modified its plan . Instead , rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours ( some as little as two hours per day ) unless there was a community preference for a different option . In a survey of rural customers , 20 % preferred the `` Village Post Office '' replacement ( where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours ) , 15 % preferred merger with another Post Office , and 11 % preferred expanded rural delivery services . Approximately 40 % of postal revenue already comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart , Staples , Office Depot , Walgreens , Sam 's Club , Costco , and grocery stores . The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union 's arguments that these counters should be manned by postal employees who earn far more and have `` a generous package of health and retirement benefits '' . Elimination of Saturday delivery averted ( edit ) On January 28 , 2009 , Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate that , if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits , as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 , the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June , July , and August . H.R. 22 , addressing this issue , passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30 , 2009 . However , Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery . On June 10 , 2009 , the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) was contacted for its input on the USPS 's current study of the effect of five - day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five - day service plan . A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff has been given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study . The current concept examines the effect of five - day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday , with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open . On Thursday , April 15 , 2010 , the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled `` Continuing to Deliver : An Examination of the Postal Service 's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability . '' At which , PMG Potter testified that by the year 2020 , the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion , and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009 . In February 2013 , the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year , Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , Express Mail , and mail delivered to Post Office boxes , beginning August 10 , 2013 . However , the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 , passed in March , reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery . Retirement funding and payment defaults ( edit ) The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 ( PAEA ) obligates the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations ( essentially past promises which have not yet come due ) within a ten - year time span . In contrast , private businesses in the United States have no legal obligation to pay for retirement costs at promise - time rather than retirement - time , but about one quarter do . The Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees . The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund ( PSRHB ) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7 % deducted from their wages . Currently all new employees contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System ( FERS ) once they become a full - time regular employees . On September 30 , 2014 , the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt , the fourth such default . Rate increases ( edit ) Congress has limited rate increases for First - Class Mail to the cost of inflation , unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission . A three - cent surcharge above inflation increased the 1 oz ( 28 g ) rate to 49 ¢ in January , 2014 , but this was approved by the Commission for two years only . Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery ( edit ) Comprehensive reform packages considered in the 113th Congress include S. 1486 and H.R. 2748 . These include the efficiency measure , supported by Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe of ending door - to - door delivery of mail for some or most of the 35 million addresses that currently receive it , replacing that with either curbside boxes or nearby `` cluster boxes '' . This would save $4.5 billion per year out of the $30 billion delivery budget ; door - to - door city delivery costs annually on average $353 per stop , curbside $224 , and cluster box $160 ( and for rural delivery , $278 , $176 , and $126 , respectively ) . S. 1486 , also with the support of Postmaster Donahoe , would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law , from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21 . This is projected to raise approximately $50 million per year . ( Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under 18 U.S.C. § 1716 ( f ) . ) In 2014 , the Postal Service was requesting reforms to workers ' compensation , moving from a pension to defined contribution retirement savings plan , and paying senior retiree health care costs out of Medicare funds , as is done for private - sector workers . Governance and organization ( edit ) The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy , procedure , and postal rates for services rendered , and has a similar role to a corporate board of directors . Of the eleven members of the Board , nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate ( see 39 U.S.C. § 202 ) . The nine appointed members then select the United States Postmaster General , who serves as the board 's tenth member , and who oversees the day - to - day activities of the service as Chief Executive Officer ( see 39 U.S.C. § § 202 -- 203 ) . The ten - member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General , who acts as Chief Operating Officer , to the eleventh and last remaining open seat . The independent Postal Regulatory Commission ( formerly the Postal Rate Commission ) is also controlled by appointees of the President confirmed by the Senate . It oversees postal rates and related concerns , having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals . The USPS is often mistaken for a government - owned corporation ( e.g. , Amtrak ) because it operates much like a business . It is , however , an `` establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States '' , ( 39 U.S.C. § 201 ) as it is controlled by Presidential appointees and the Postmaster General . As a government agency , it has many special privileges , including sovereign immunity , eminent domain powers , powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations , and an exclusive legal right to deliver first - class and third - class mail . Indeed , in 2004 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the USPS was not a government - owned corporation , and therefore could not be sued under the Sherman Antitrust Act . The U.S. Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS 's statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge ; it thus remains illegal in the U.S. for anyone , other than the employees and agents of the USPS , to deliver mailpieces to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' . The Postal Service also has a Mailers ' Technical Advisory Committee and local Postal Customer Councils , which are advisory and primarily involve business customers . Universal Service obligation and monopoly status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legal basis and rationale ( edit ) Article I , section 8 , Clause 7 of the United States Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads , which has been interpreted as a de facto Congressional monopoly over the delivery of first - class residential mail -- which has been defined as non-urgent residential letters ( not packages ) . Accordingly , no other system for delivering first - class residential mail -- public or private -- has been tolerated , absent Congress 's consent . The mission of the Postal Service is to provide the American public with trusted universal postal service . While not explicitly defined , the Postal Service 's universal service obligation ( USO ) is broadly outlined in statute and includes multiple dimensions : geographic scope , range of products , access to services and facilities , delivery frequency , affordable and uniform pricing , service quality , and security of the mail . While other carriers may claim to voluntarily provide delivery on a broad basis , the Postal Service is the only carrier with a legal obligation to provide all the various aspects of universal service . Proponents of universal service principles claim that since any obligation must be matched by the financial capability to meet that obligation , the postal monopoly was put in place as a funding mechanism for the USO , and it has been in place for over a hundred years . It consists of two parts : the Private Express Statutes ( PES ) and the mailbox access rule . The PES refers to the Postal Service 's monopoly on the delivery of letters , and the mailbox rule refers to the Postal Service 's exclusive access to customer mailboxes . Proponents of universal service principles further claim that eliminating or reducing the PES or mailbox rule would affect the ability of the Postal Service to provide affordable universal service . If , for example , the PES and the mailbox rule were to be eliminated , and the USO maintained , then either billions of dollars in tax revenues or some other source of funding would have to be found . Some proponents of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications . This separates private communications from the ability of a private for - profit or non-profit organization to corrupt . Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office , maintaining confidentiality and anonymity , as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying . It is seen by some as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office , as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy . However , as the recent notice of a termination of mail service to residents of the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness indicates , mail service has been contracted to private firms such as Arnold Aviation for many decades . KTVB - TV reported : `` We can not go out every week and pick up our mail ... it 's impossible '' , said Heinz Sippel . `` Everyone gets their mail . Why ca n't we ? '' said Sue Anderson . Getting mail delivered , once a week , by airplane is not a luxury , it 's a necessity for those who live in Idaho 's vast wilderness -- those along the Salmon and Selway rivers . It 's a service that 's been provided to them for more than half a century -- mostly by Ray Arnold of Arnold Aviation . The decision was reversed ; U.S. Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail . 2008 report on universal Postal Service and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) The Postal Act of 2006 required the Postal Regulatory Commission ( PRC ) to submit a report to the President and Congress on universal postal service and the postal monopoly in December 2008 . The report must include any recommended changes . The Postal Service report supports the requirement that the PRC is to consult with and solicit written comments from the Postal Service . In addition , the Government Accountability Office is required to evaluate broader business model issues by 2011 . On October 15 , 2008 , the Postal Service submitted a report to the PRC on its position related to the Universal Service Obligation ( USO ) . It said no changes to the USO and restriction on mailbox access were necessary at this time , but increased regulatory flexibility was required to ensure affordable universal service in the future . In 2013 , the Postal Service announced that starting August 2013 , Saturday delivery would be discontinued . Obligations of the USO include uniform prices , quality of service , access to services , and six - day delivery to every part of the country . To assure financial support for these obligations , the postal monopoly provides the Postal Service the exclusive right to deliver letters and restricts mailbox access solely for mail . The report argued that eliminating or reducing either aspect of the monopoly `` would have a devastating impact on the ability ... to provide the affordable universal service that the country values so highly . '' Relaxing access to the mailbox would also pose security concerns , increase delivery costs , and hurt customer service , according to the Post Office . The report notes : It is somewhat misleading to characterize the mailbox rule as a `` monopoly , '' because the enforcement of 18 U.S.C. § 1725 leaves customers with ample alternative means of delivering their messages . Customers can deliver their messages either by paying postage , by placing messages on or under a door or a doormat , by using newspaper or non-postal boxes , by telephoning or emailing , by engaging in person - to - person delivery in public areas , by tacking or taping their notices on a door post , or by placing advertisements in local newspapers . These methods are comparable in efficacy to communication via the mailbox . Most of these alternatives are not actually free in some communities . For example , in the Chicago metropolitan area and many other major metros one must get a background check from police and pay a daily fee for the right to solicit or post commercial messages on private property . Regarding the monopoly on delivery of letters , the report notes that the monopoly is not complete , as there is an exception for letters where either the amount paid for private carriage of the letter equals at least six times the current rate for the first ounce of a single - piece First - Class Mail letter ( also known as the `` base rate '' or `` base tariff '' ) or the letter weighs at least 12.5 ounces . The Postal Service said that the USO should continue to be broadly defined and there should be no changes to the postal monopoly . Any changes would have far - reaching effects on customers and the trillion dollar mailing industry . `` A more rigidly defined USO would ... ultimately harm the American public and businesses , '' according to the report , which cautions that any potential change must be studied carefully and the effects fully understood . Competitors ( edit ) USPS Terminal Annex building in Los Angeles FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services , making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages . Due to the postal monopoly , they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations . However , both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination , including Post Office Box destinations . These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept . DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009 , when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States . A variety of other transportation companies in the United States move cargo around the country , but either have limited geographic scope for delivery points , or specialize in items too large to be mailed . Many of the thousands of courier companies focus on same - day delivery , for example , by bicycle messenger . Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors , USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of 2 -- 3 Day Priority Mail and Priority Mail Express ( typically delivered overnight ) . Alternative transmission methods ( edit ) The Post Office Department owned and operated the first public telegraph lines in the United States , starting in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore , and eventually extending to New York , Boston , Buffalo , and Philadelphia . In 1847 the telegraph system was privatized , except for a period during World War I , when it was used to accelerate the delivery of letters arriving at night . Between 1942 and 1945 `` V - Mail '' ( for `` Victory Mail '' ) service was available for military mail . Letters were converted into microfilm and reprinted near the destination , to save room on transport vehicles for military cargo . From 1982 to 1985 Electronic Computer Originated Mail , known as E-COM was accepted for bulk mailings . Text was transmitted electronically to one of 25 post offices nationwide . The Postal Service would print the mail and put it in special envelopes bearing a blue E-COM logo . Delivery was assured within 2 days . To improve accuracy and efficiency , the Postal Service introduced the Intelligent Mail program to complement the ZIP code system . This system , which was intended to replace the depreciated POSTNET system , allows bulk mailers to use pre-printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting . Additional features , called Enhanced , or Full - Service , Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office . Criticism of the universal Service requirement and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) Critics of the universal service requirement and the statutory postal monopoly include several professional economists advocating for the privatization of the mail delivery system , or at least a relaxation of the universal service model that currently exists . Rick Geddes argued in 2000 : First , basic economics implies that rural customers are unlikely to be without service under competition ; they would simply have to pay the true cost of delivery to them , which may or may not be lower than under monopoly . Second , basic notions of fairness imply that the cross-subsidy should be eliminated . To the extent that people make choices about where they live , they should assume the costs of that decision . Third , there is no reason why the government monopoly is necessary to ensure service to sparsely populated areas . The government could easily award competitive contracts to private firms for that service . Fourth , early concerns that rural residents of the United States would somehow become isolated without federally subsidized mail delivery today are simply unfounded ... Once both sender and receiver have access to a computer , the marginal cost of sending an electronic message is close to zero . Furthermore , some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different than profit maximization , they might have more of an incentive than profit - maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing , misstating costs , and creating barriers to entry . To resolve those issues , one economist proposes a cost - allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS 's common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products . Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market . Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) The Food and Drug Administration inspects packages for illegal drug shipments Postal Inspection Service ( edit ) The United States Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) is one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Founded by Benjamin Franklin , its mission is to protect the Postal Service , its employees , and its customers from crime and protect the nation 's mail system from criminal misuse . Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail , the postal system or postal employees . The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non-urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors . According to the American Enterprise Institute , a private conservative think tank , the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly `` extremely urgent . '' It was found that the mail was not , and Equifax was fined $30,000 . Lastly , the PIS oversees the activities of the Postal Police Force who patrol in and around selected high - risk postal facilities in major metropolitan areas in the United States and its territories . Office of Inspector General ( edit ) The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) was authorized by law in 1996 . Prior to the 1996 legislation , the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG . The Inspector General , who is independent of postal management , is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed , Senate -- confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service . The primary purpose of the OIG is to prevent , detect and report fraud , waste and program abuse , and promote efficiency in the operations of the Postal Service . The OIG has `` oversight '' responsibility for all activities of the Postal Inspection Service . How delivery services work ( edit ) Elements of addressing and preparing Domestic mail ( edit ) See also : Address ( geography ) § United States All mailable articles ( e.g. , letters , flats , machinable parcels , irregular parcels , etc . ) shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) . Before addressing the mailpiece , one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as : minimum / maximum dimensions and weight , acceptable mailing containers , proper mailpiece sealing / closure , utilization of various markings , and restrictions relating to various hazardous ( e.g. , explosives , flammables , etc . ) and restricted ( e.g. , cigarettes , smokeless tobacco , etc . ) materials , as well as others articulated in § 601 of the DMM . The USPS specifies the following key elements when preparing the face of a mailpiece : Proper Placement : The Delivery Address should be left - justified and located roughly in the center of mailpiece 's largest side . More precisely , on a letter - size piece , the recommended address placement is within the optical character reader ( OCR ) read area , which is a space on the address side of the mailpiece defined by these boundaries : Left -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the left edge of the piece ; Right -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the right edge of the piece ; Top -- 2 - 3 / 4 inches ( 70 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece ; Bottom -- 5 / 8 inch ( 16 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece . Preferred placement of a return address is in the upper left portion of the mailpiece -- on the side of the piece bearing postage . Finally , postage ( e.g. , stamps , meter imprints , information - based indicia ( IBI ) , etc . ) is to be affixed in the upper right corner of the address side of the mail cover . It should be noted that any stamp / indicia partly concealed or otherwise obscured by an overlapping stamp / indicia may not be counted as valid postage . Delivery Address ( party receiving mail ) : The mail piece must have the address of the intended recipient , visible and legible , only on the side of the mail piece bearing postage . Generally , the name of the addressee should be included above the address itself . A ZIP + 4 code will facilitate delivery . Return Address ( party sending mail ) : A return address tells the USPS where the sender wants the mail returned if it is undeliverable . Usage of a return address is required for some postal services ( including Priority Mail , Express Mail , Periodicals in envelopes or wrappers , Insured Mail , Registered Mail , and parcel services ) . Postage Payment : All mailpieces must include appropriate valid postage . Postage payment may be in the form of stamps , stamped stationery , precanceled stamps , postage meter imprints & PC Postage products ( `` Postage Evidencing Systems '' ) , or permit imprint ( indicia ) . Members of the U.S. Congress , among others , have franking privileges , which require only a signature . Domestic First - Class Mail costs 50 ¢ for envelopes ( 35 ¢ for post cards ) and upwards , depending on the weight and dimensions of the letter and the class . Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office ( FPO ) and to Army or Air Force installations use the city abbreviation APO ( Army Post Office or Air Force Post Office ) . Undeliverable mail that could not be readily returned , including mail without a return address , is treated as dead mail at a Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia or Saint Paul , Minnesota . Sticker promoting ZIP code use The format of the address is as follows Line 1 : Name of recipient Line 2 : Street address or P.O. Box Line 3 : City , State ( ISO 3166 - 2 : US code or APO / FPO code ) and ZIP + 4 code Example Clifford Clavin 789 Beacon Street Boston MA 02186 - 1234 The USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations . The format of a return address is similar . Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts , for optimal automatic character recognition , the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail . The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations , and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP + 4 code . If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough , it will require hand - processing , delaying that particular item . The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards . Postal address verification tools and services are offered by the USPS and third party companies to help ensure mail is deliverable by fixing formatting , appending information such as ZIP code and validating the address is a valid delivery point . Customers can look up ZIP codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page , as well as on third - party sites . Delivery point validation ( edit ) Delivery Point Validation ( DPV ) provides the highest level of address accuracy checking . In a DPV process , the address is checked against the AMS data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point . The USPS does not offer DPV validation on their website ; however , there are companies that offer services to perform DPV verification . Paying postage ( edit ) The actual postage can be paid via : Stamps purchased online at usps.com , at a Post Office , from a stamp vending machine or `` Automated Postal Center '' which can also handle packages , or from a third party ( such as a grocery store ) Pre-cancelled stamps for bulk mailings Postal meter Prepaid envelope Shipping label purchased online and printed by the customer on standard paper ( e.g. with Click - N - Ship , or via a third - party such as PayPal or Amazon shipping ) All unused U.S. postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value . Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid , although the value depends upon the particular stamp . For some stamps issued without a printed value , the current value is the original value . But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier , including Forever Stamps ( issued from April 2007 ) and all first - class , first - ounce stamps issued from January 21 , 2011 , the value is the current value of a first - class - mail first - ounce stamp . The USPS calls these Forever Stamps but the generic name is non-denominated postage . Forever stamps are sold at the First - Class Mail postage rate at the time of purchase , but will always be valid for First - Class Mail ( 1 oz and under ) , no matter how rates rise in the future . Britain has had a similar stamp since 1989 . The cost of mailing a 1 oz ( 28 g ) First - Class letter increased to 50 cents on 28 January 2018 Postage meters ( edit ) Main article : Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage ( or franking ) to mailed matter . Postage meters are regulated by a country 's postal authority ; for example , in the United States , the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation , support , and use of postage meters . A postage meter imprints an amount of postage , functioning as a postage stamp , a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one . The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps . PC postage ( edit ) In addition to using standard stamps , postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp , or e-stamp , from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia . This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer 's computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service . Other electronic postage payment methods ( edit ) Electronic Verification System ( eVS ) is the Postal Service 's integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports . Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne ! , eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard - copy manifests , postage statements and drop - shipment verification forms . Instead , mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online . Beginning in August 2007 , the Postal Service began requiring mailers shipping Parcel Select packages using a permit imprint to use eVS for manifesting their packages . Stamp copyright and reproduction ( edit ) All U.S. postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright , but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted . The United States Copyright Office in section 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices holds that `` Works prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Postal Service ... are not considered works of the U.S. Government '' and are therefore eligible for registration . Thus , the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code . Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images , although under USPS rules , permission is `` generally '' not required for `` educational use '' , `` news reporting '' or `` philatelic advertising use , '' but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as `` © United States Postal Service . All rights reserved . '' Service level choices ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) General Domestic services ( edit ) Former Tyvek envelope design for Express Mail before July 28 , 2013 As of April 2011 , domestic postage levels for low - volume mailers include : Priority Mail Express ( Formerly Express Mail ) : Overnight delivery guaranteed to most locations Sunday , holiday and 10 : 30 am delivery available for additional charge . $100 insurance included . Tracking included . Flat Rate envelopes are available . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight and distance . Priority Mail : Day specific delivery service ranging from 1 -- 3 days depending on origin of shipment ( not guaranteed ) As of January 27 , 2013 , tracking via Delivery Confirmation is now included on all Priority Mail shipments . Flat Rate envelopes and boxes ( various sizes ) are available free from the Postal Store . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight , size and distance . $50 insurance for retail / $100 insurance for commercial starting on July 28 , 2013 . Tracking Included First - Class Mail 2 - to 3 - day delivery . In most cases for letters and small packages . Rate varies by size and weight , but not distance . Postcards ( 5 '' × 3.5 '' × 0.007 to 6 '' × 4.25 '' × 0.016 '' ( 127 × 89 × 0.18 to 152 × 108 × 0.4 mm ) ) : 35 ¢ Letters ( up to 11.5 '' × 6.125 '' × 0.25 `` , 3.5 oz ( 292 × 156 × 6.4 mm , 100 g ) ) : 50 ¢ + 21 ¢ for each additional ounce Large Envelope or Flat ( up to 15 '' × 12 '' × 0.75 `` , 13 oz ( 381 × 305 × 19 mm , 370 g ) ) : 90 ¢ + 21 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) . Must be rectangular , uniformly thick , and not too rigid . Package / Parcel ( Up to 108 inches ( 270 cm ) length plus girth , 13 ounces ( 370 g ) : $1.95 + 17 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) over 3 ounces ( 84 g ) ) USPS Retail Ground ( formerly Parcel Post ) Slowest but cheapest service for packages too large or heavy for First Class -- uses surface transport . 2 - to 9 - day service to contiguous U.S. , 4 -- 14 days internal to AK / HI / territories , 3 -- 6 weeks between mainland and outlying areas ( travels by ship ) . Variable pricing by weight , size and distance . Free forwarding if recipient has filed change - of - address form , or return if the item is undeliverable . Media Mail -- formerly `` Book Rate '' Books and recorded media only . No advertising . Pricing by weight only . Transit time similar to Parcel Post . Cheaper than Parcel Post but only due to increased restrictions on package contents . Library Mail Similar to Media Mail , but cheaper and restricted to academic institutions , public libraries , museums , etc . The Post Office will not deliver packages heavier than 70 pounds ( 32 kg ) or if the length ( the package 's longest dimension ) plus the girth ( the measurement around the package at its largest point in the two shorter dimensions ) is greater than 108 inches ( 270 cm ) combined ( 130 inches ( 330 cm ) for Parcel Post ) Bulk mail ( edit ) See also : Bulk mail USPS Dodge Caravan used for residential delivery in Omaha , Nebraska USPS - operated minivan serving in the LLV 's role Discounts are available for large volumes of mail . Depending on the postage level , certain conditions might be required or optional for an additional discount : Minimum number of pieces Weight limits Ability for the USPS to process by machine Addresses formatting standardized USPS - readable barcode Sorted by three - digit ZIP code prefix , five - digit ZIP code , ZIP + 4 , or 11 - digit delivery point Delivered in trays , bundles , or pallets partitioned by destination Delivered directly to a regional Bulk Mail Center , destination SCF , or destination Post Office Certification of mailing list accuracy and freshness ( e.g. correct ZIP codes , purging of stale addresses , processing of change - of - address notifications ) In addition to bulk discounts on Express , Priority , and First - Class Mail , the following postage levels are available for bulk mailers : Periodicals Standard Mail ( A ) Automation Enhanced Carrier Route Regular Standard Mail ( B ) Parcel Post Bound Printed Matter -- Cheaper than Media Mail , for advertising catalogs , phone books , etc. up to 15 lb Special Standard Mail Library Mail Nonprofit Extra services ( edit ) A Long Life Vehicle seen in Guam Depending on the type of mail , additional services are available for an additional fee : Certificate of Mailing provides proof of the date a package was mailed . Certified Mail provides proof of mailing , and a delivery record . Used for serving legal documents and for sending U.S. Government classified information , up to the `` confidential '' level . Collect on Delivery ( C.O.D. ) allows merchants to offer customers an option to pay upon delivery , up to $1000 . Includes insurance . USPS Tracking provides proof of delivery to sorting facilities , local post office and destination , but no signature is required . Insurance is shipping insurance against loss or damage for the value of the goods mailed . Amount of coverage can be specified , up to $5,000 . Registered Mail is used for highly valuable or irreplaceable items , and classified information up to the `` secret '' level . Registered mail is transported separately from other mail , in locked containers . Tracking is included and insurance up to $25,000 is available . Restricted Delivery requires delivery to a specific person or their authorized agent , not just to a mailbox . Return Receipt actively sends signature confirmation back to the sender by postcard or emailed PDF ( as opposed to merely putting this information into the online tracking system ) . Signature Confirmation requires a delivery signature , which is kept on file . The online tracking system displays the first initial and last name of the signatory . Special Handling is for unusual items , like live animals . International services ( edit ) Packages awaiting inspection at the International Mail Facility in JFK airport In May 2007 , the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options . Formerly , USPS International services were categorized as Airmail ( Letter Post ) , Economy ( Surface ) Parcel Post , Airmail Parcel Post , Global Priority , Global Express , and Global Express Guaranteed Mail . The former Airmail ( Letter Post ) is now First - Class Mail International , and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds ( 1.8 kg ) . Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service , while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International . Priority Mail International Flat - Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced , with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority . Global Express is now Express Mail International , while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged . The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express , Express Guaranteed , and Priority ( except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes ) . One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS - supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use . These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe . The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service , FedEx . An m - bag The USPS provides an M - bag service for international shipment of printed matter ; previously surface M - bags existed , but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail , only airmail M - bags remain . The term `` M - bag '' is not expanded in USPS publications ; M - bags are simply defined as `` direct sacks of printed matter ... sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address '' ; however , the term is sometimes referred to informally as `` media bag '' , as the bag can also contain `` discs , tapes , and cassettes '' , in addition to books , for which the usual umbrella term is `` media '' ; some also refer to them as `` mail bags '' . Military mail is billed at domestic rates when being sent from the United States to a military outpost , and is free when sent by deployed military personnel . The overseas logistics are handled by the Military Postal Service Agency in the Department of Defense . Outside of forward areas and active operations , military mail First - Class takes 7 -- 10 days , Priority 10 -- 15 days , and Parcel Post about 24 days . Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. ( Palau , the Marshall Islands , and the Federated States of Micronesia ) have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service : Each associated state maintains its own government - run mail service for delivery to and pickup from retail customers . The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system . The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states , and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS . The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail , ( as of November 19 , 2007 , after a 23 - month period of being treated as international mail ) . Incoming mail does require customs declarations because , like some U.S. territories , the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States . The discontinuation of International surface mail ( edit ) For more information about surface mail , see Surface mail . In 2007 , the US Postal Service discontinued its outbound international surface mail ( `` sea mail '' ) service , mainly because of increased costs . Returned undeliverable surface parcels had become an expensive problem for the USPS . The discontinuation has been criticized by independent booksellers , by other small businesses which ship internationally , by the Peace Corps , and by military personnel . Domestic surface mail ( now `` Retail Ground '' or `` Commercial Parcel Select '' ) remains available . Alternatives to international surface mail include : International Surface Air Lift . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service includes neither tracking nor insurance ; but it may be possible to purchase shipping insurance from a third - party company . USPS Commercial ePacket . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service is trackable . Ordinary first - class international airmail . Sorting and delivery process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mail flow through national infrastructure Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated , including reading of handwritten addresses . Mail from individual customers and public postboxes is collected by mail carriers into plastic tubs , which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers ( P&DC ) across the United States . Each P&DC sorts mail for a given region ( typically with a radius of around 200 miles ( 320 km ) ) and connects with the national network for interregional mail . The USPS has consolidated mail sorting for large regions into the P&DCs on the basis that most mail is addressed to faraway destinations , but for cities at the edge of a P&DC 's region , this means all locally addressed mail must now travel long distances ( that is , to and from the P&DC for sorting ) to reach nearby addresses . At the P&DC , mail is emptied into hampers which are then automatically dumped into a Dual Pass Rough Cull System ( DPRCS ) . As mail travels through the DPRCS , large items , such as packages and mail bundles , are removed from the stream . As the remaining mail enters the first machine for processing standard mail , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System ( AFCS ) , pieces that passed through the DPRCS but do not conform to physical dimensions for processing in the AFCS ( e.g. , large envelopes or overstuffed standard envelopes ) are automatically diverted from the stream . Mail removed from the DPRCS and AFCS is manually processed or sent to parcel sorting machines . In contrast to the previous system , which merely canceled and postmarked the upper right corner of the envelope , thereby missing any stamps which were inappropriately placed , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System locates indicia ( stamp or metered postage mark ) , regardless of the orientation of the mail as it enters the machine , and cancels it by applying a postmark . Detection of indicia enables the AFCS to determine the orientation of each mailpiece and sort it accordingly , rotating pieces as necessary so all mail is sorted right - side up and faced in the same direction in each output bin . Mail is output by the machine into three categories : mail already affixed with a bar code and addressed ( such as business reply envelopes and cards ) ; mail with machine printed ( typed ) addresses ; and mail with handwritten addresses . Additionally , machines with a recent Optical Character Recognition ( OCR ) upgrade have the capability to read the address information , including handwritten , and sort the mail based on local or outgoing ZIP codes . Mail with typed addresses goes to a Multiline Optical Character Reader ( MLOCR ) which reads the ZIP Code and address information and prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelope . Mail ( actually the scanned image of the mail ) with handwritten addresses ( and machine - printed ones that are not easily recognized ) goes to the Remote Bar Coding System . It also corrects spelling errors and , where there is an error , omission , or conflict in the written address , identifies the most likely correct address . When it has decided on a correct address , it prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelopes , similarly to the MLOCR system . RBCS also has facilities in place , called Remote Encoding Centers , that have humans look at images of mail pieces and enter the address data . The address data is associated with the image via an ID Tag , a fluorescent barcode printed by mail processing equipment on the back of mail pieces . Processed mail is imaged by the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking ( MICT ) system to allow easier tracking of hazardous substances . Images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers , and are destroyed after being retained for 30 days . If a customer has filed a change of address card and his or her mail is detected in the mailstream with the old address , the mailpiece is sent to a machine that automatically connects to a Computerized Forwarding System database to determine the new address . If this address is found , the machine will paste a label over the former address with the current address . The mail is returned to the mailstream to forward to the new location . Mail with addresses that can not be resolved by the automated system are separated for human intervention . If a local postal worker can read the address , he or she manually sorts it out according to the ZIP code on the article . If the address can not be read , mail is either returned to the sender ( First - Class Mail with a valid return address ) or is sent to the Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia ( formerly known as the dead letter office ) . At this office , the mail is opened to try to find an address to forward to . If an address is found , the contents are resealed and delivered . Otherwise , the items are held for 90 days in case of inquiry by the customer ; if they are not claimed , they are either destroyed or auctioned off at the monthly Postal Service Unclaimed Parcel auction to raise money for the service . Once the mail is bar coded , it is automatically sorted by a Delivery Bar Code Sorter ( DBCS ) that reads the bar code , identifies the destination of the mailpiece , and sends it to an appropriate tray that corresponds to the next segment of its journey . Regional mail is either trucked to the appropriate local post office , or kept in the building for carrier routes served directly from the P&DC . Out - of - region mail is trucked to the airport and then flown , usually as baggage on commercial airlines , to the airport nearest the destination station . At the destination P&DC , mail is once again read by a DBCS which sorts items to local post offices ; this includes grouping mailpieces by individual mail carrier . At the carrier route level , 95 % of letters arrive pre-sorted ; the remaining mail must be sorted by hand . The Post Office is working to increase the percentage of automatically sorted mail , including a pilot program to sort `` flats '' . FedEx provides air transport service to USPS for Priority and Express Mail . Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the closest FedEx - served airport , where they are handed off to FedEx . FedEx then flies them to the destination airport and hands them back to USPS for transport to the local post office and delivery . Types of Postal facilities ( edit ) Historic main post office in Tomah , Wisconsin A typical post office station in the Spring Branch area of Houston , Texas A combined Post Office , Customs House , and Federal Court House in Galveston , Texas Floating post office , Halibut Cove , Alaska Although its customer service centers are called post offices in regular speech , the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities , including the following : A main post office ( formerly known as a general post office ) is the primary postal facility in a community . A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office , but that is within the corporate limits of the community . A branch or post office branch is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community . A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS . A contract postal unit ( or CPU ) is a station or branch operated by a contractor , typically in a store or other place of business . A community post office ( or CPO ) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued . A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail , but does not provide delivery . A village post office ( VPO ) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS . First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices , village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP code . A processing and distribution center ( P&DC , or processing and distribution facility , formerly known as a General Mail Facility ) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area ( 251 nationwide ) . A sectional center facility ( SCF ) is a P&DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three - digit ZIP code prefixes . An international service center ( ISC ) is an international mail processing facility . There are only five such USPS facilities in the continental United States , located in Chicago , New York , Miami , Los Angeles and San Francisco . A network distribution center , formerly known as a bulk mail center ( BMC ) , is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network . An auxiliary sorting facility ( ASF ) is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network . A remote encoding center ( REC ) is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces ( those with hard - to - read addresses , etc . ) via secure Internet - type feeds and manually type the addresses they can decipher , using a special encoding protocol . The mail pieces are then sprayed with the correct addresses or are sorted for further handling according to the instructions given via encoding . The total number of RECs is down from 55 in 1998 to just 1 center in December 2016 . The last REC is in Salt Lake City , Utah . While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as `` substations '' , the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word . Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city 's central business district . In those locations , often Courthouses and Federal Buildings , the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U.S. Postal Services operates as a tenant . The USPS retail system has approximately 36,000 post offices , stations , and branches . Automated Postal Centers ( edit ) A 24 - hour Automated Postal Center kiosk inside the Webster , Texas main post office In the year 2004 , the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers ( APCs ) . APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing , franking , and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps . Since its introduction , APCs do not take cash payments -- they only accept credit or debit cards . Similarly , traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps , though these are being phased out in many areas . Due to increasing use of Internet services , as of June 2009 , no retail post office windows are open 24 hours ; overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center . Evolutionary network development ( end ) program ( edit ) In February 2006 , the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility - types with five processing facility - types : Regional Distribution Centers ( RDCs ) , which will process all classes of parcels and bundles and serve as Surface Transfer Centers ; Local Processing Centers ( LPCs ) , which will process single - piece letters and flats and cancel mail ; Destination Processing Centers ( DPC ) , sort the mail for individual mail carriers ; Airport Transfer Centers ( ATCs ) , which will serve as transfer points only ; and Remote Encoding Centers ( RECs ) . Over a period of years , these facilities are expected to replace Processing & Distribution Centers , Customer Service Facilities , Bulk Mail Centers , Logistic and Distribution Centers , annexes , the Hub and Spoke Program , Air Mail Centers , and International Service Centers . The changes are a result of the declining volumes of single - piece First - Class Mail , population shifts , the increase in drop shipments by advertising mailers at destinating postal facilities , advancements in equipment and technology , redundancies in the existing network , and the need for operational flexibility . Airline and rail division ( edit ) A former United States Postal Service Boeing 727 - 200 aircraft at Miami International Airport in 1999 The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains , although both were formerly operated . The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement . The contracts change periodically . Contract airlines have included : UPS , Emery Worldwide , Ryan International Airlines , FedEx Express , American Airlines , United Airlines , and Express One International . The Postal Service also contracts with Amtrak to carry some mail between certain cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The last air delivery route in the continental U.S. , to residents in the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness , was scheduled to be ended in June 2009 . The weekly bush plane route , contracted out to an air taxi company , had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000 , or $2400 / year per residence , over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States . This decision has been reversed by the U.S. Postmaster General . Parcel forwarding and private interchange ( edit ) Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper , relocation , Ex-pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers . Delivery timing ( edit ) USPS contractor - driven semi-trailer truck seen near Mendota , California USPS Ford Windstar used for residential delivery in Olympia , Washington 1998 United States Postal Service Ford Windstar , showing the larger driver 's side door Delivery days ( edit ) From 1810 , mail was delivered seven days a week . In 1828 , local religious leaders noticed a decline in Sunday - morning church attendance because of local post offices ' doubling as gathering places . These leaders appealed to the government to intervene and close post offices on Sundays . The government , however , declined , and mail was delivered 7 days a week until 1912 . Today , U.S. Mail ( with the exception of Express Mail ) is not delivered on Sunday . Saturday delivery was temporarily suspended in April 1957 , because of lack of funds , but quickly restored . Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009 . This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week , which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect . ( See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts . ) Direct delivery vs. customer pickup ( edit ) Originally , mail was not delivered to homes and businesses , but to post offices . In 1863 , `` city delivery '' began in urban areas with enough customers to make this economical . This required streets to be named , houses to be numbered , with sidewalks and lighting provided , and these street addresses to be added to envelopes . The number of routes served expanded over time . In 1891 , the first experiments with Rural Free Delivery began in less densely populated areas . There is currently an effort to reduce direct delivery in favor of mailbox clusters . To compensate for high mail volume and slow long - distance transportation which saw mail arrive at post offices throughout the day , deliveries were made multiple times a day . This ranged from twice for residential areas to up to seven times for the central business district of Brooklyn , New York . In the late 19th century , mail boxes were encouraged , saving carriers the time it took to deliver directly to the addressee in person ; in the 1910s and 1920s , they were phased in as a requirement for service . In the 1940s , multiple daily deliveries began to be reduced , especially on Saturdays . By 1990 , the last twice - daily deliveries in New York City were eliminated . Today , mail is delivered once a day on - site to most private homes and businesses . The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery ( where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches , or to commercial reception areas ) and rural delivery ( where carriers generally drive ) . With `` curbside delivery '' , mailboxes are at the ends of driveways , on the nearest convenient road . `` Central point delivery '' is used in some locations , where several nearby residences share a `` cluster '' of individual mailboxes in a single housing . Some customers choose to use post office boxes for an additional fee , for privacy or convenience . This provides a locked box at the post office to which mail is addressed and delivered ( usually earlier in the day than home delivery ) . Customers in less densely populated areas where there is no city delivery and who do not qualify for rural delivery may receive mail only through post office boxes . High - volume business customers can also arrange for special pick - up . Another option is the old - style general delivery , for people who have neither post office boxes nor street addresses . Mail is held at the post office until they present identification and pick it up . Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door - to - door delivery to their location or a nearby box . People with medical problems can request door - to - door delivery . Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster , or can use general delivery . Special delivery ( edit ) From 1885 to 1997 , a service called special delivery was available , which caused a separate delivery to the final location earlier in the day than the usual daily rounds . Same - day trials ( edit ) In December 2012 , the USPS began a limited one - year trial of same - day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area , a service it dubbed `` Metro Post '' . The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1 - 800 - FLOWERS . In March 2013 , the USPS faced new same - day competition for e-commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express . In November 2013 , the Postal Service began regular package delivery on Sundays for Amazon customers in New York and Los Angeles , which it expanded to 15 cities in May 2014 . Amazon Sunday delivery has now been expanded to most major markets as of September , 2015 . Other competition in this area includes online grocers such as AmazonFresh , Webvan , and delivery services operated by grocery stores like Peapod and Safeway . Forwarding and holds ( edit ) Residential customers can fill out a form to forward mail to a new address , and can also send pre-printed forms to any of their frequent correspondents . They can also put their mail on `` hold '' , for example , while on vacation . The Post Office will store mail during the hold , instead of letting it overflow in the mailbox . These services are not available to large buildings and customers of a commercial mail receiving agency , where mail is subsorted by non-Post Office employees into individual mailboxes . Financial services ( edit ) Postal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail , and are available in any amount up to $1,000 . Like a bank cheque , money orders are cashable only by the recipient . Unlike a personal bank check , they are prepaid and therefore can not be returned because of insufficient funds . Money orders are a declining business for the USPS , as companies like PayPal , PaidByCash and others are offering electronic replacements . From 1911 to 1967 , the Postal Service also operated the United States Postal Savings System , not unlike a savings and loan association with the amount of the deposit limited . A January 2014 report by the Inspector General of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn $8.9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services , especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office , and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts . Employment in the USPS ( edit ) A Rural Letter Carrier from Fort Myers , Florida The Postal Service is the nation 's second - largest civilian employer . As of 2011 , it employed 574,000 personnel , divided into offices , processing centers , and actual post offices . The United States Postal Service would rank 29th on the 2010 Fortune 500 list , if considered a private company . Labor unions representing USPS employees include : The American Postal Workers Union ( APWU ) , which represents postal clerks and maintenance , motor vehicle , mail equipment shops , material distribution centers , and operating services and facilities services employees , postal nurses , and IT and accounting ; the National Association of Letter Carriers ( NALC ) , which represents city letter carriers ; the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) , which represents rural letter carriers ; and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union ( NPMHU ) . USPS employees are divided into three major crafts according to the work they engage in : Mail carriers , also referred to as mailmen or letter carriers , prepare and deliver mail and parcels . They are divided into two categories : City Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NALC , and Rural Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NRLCA . City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty . City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather , daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail ( letters in one hand , magazines in the other and advertisements in a mailbag ) in addition to parcels up to a total of 70 lbs . Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints ( mailbox barcodes ) on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the Carriers ' whereabouts up until the last 5 minutes of any given workday . Rural carriers are under a form of salary called `` evaluated hours '' , usually with overtime built into their pay . The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks , and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted . Mail handlers and processors , prepare , separate , load and unload mail and parcels , by delivery ZIP code and station , for the clerks . They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches . Clerks , have a dual function by design of where their assignment is . Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter , sort box mail and also sort first - class letters , standard and bulk - rate mail for the carriers on the work floor . Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities , outside of the public view , sorting mail . Data Conversion Operators , who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers , are also members of the clerk craft . Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU , respectively . Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include : Maintenance and custodians , who see to the overall operation and cleaning of mail sorting machines , work areas , public parking and general facility operations . City Carrier Assistants . ( CCAs ) With the Das Arbitration award the designation of PTF City Carrier has been abolished . TE City Carriers will have the opportunity to become CCAs . A CCA is a non-career employee who is hired for a 360 - day term , similar to what TEs had . CCAs earn annual leave . CCAs , unlike TEs do have a direct path to becoming career employees . When excess City Carrier positions exist the CCA in that work installation with the highest `` relative standing '' will be promoted to a career employee and be assigned to the vacant position . Career , Part Time Flexible and Transitional employees ( Career , PTF & TE ) There are a variety of other non-managerial positions in such crafts as accounting , information technology , and the remote encoding center . These are under a different contract than plant workers or mail carriers . Though the USPS employs many individuals , as more Americans send information via email , fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail . Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing , replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP ( Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process ) agreement . A major round of job cuts , early retirements , and a construction freeze were announced on March 20 , 2009 . Workplace violence ( edit ) Main article : List of postal killings § United States In the early 1990s , widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts . Due to media coverage , postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill . The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that `` Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work . '' In the documentary Murder by Proxy : How America Went Postal , it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees . This series of events in turn has influenced American culture , as seen in the slang term `` going postal '' ( see Patrick Sherrill for information on his August 20 , 1986 , rampage ) and the computer game Postal . Also , in the opening sequence of Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult , a yell of `` Disgruntled postal workers '' is heard , followed by the arrival of postal workers with machine guns . In an episode of Seinfeld , the mailman character , Newman , explained in a dramatic monologue that postal workers `` go crazy and kill everyone '' because the mail never stops . In The Simpsons episode `` Sunday , Cruddy Sunday , '' Nelson Muntz asks Postmaster Bill if he has `` ever gone on a killing spree '' ; Bill replies , `` The day of the gun - toting , disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena '' . The series of massacres led the USPS to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms ( except for those issued to Postal Inspectors ) in all designated USPS facilities . In 2016 , video footage was released showing a group of police officers from the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) arresting a USPS worker while he was in the middle of his deliveries . The footage showed that the officers were dressed in civilian clothing . The NYPD is reportedly investigating alleged disorderly conduct . In fiction ( edit ) In the film Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , the identity of Kris Kringle ( played by Edmund Gwenn ) as the one and only `` Santa Claus '' was validated by a state court , based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail ( famously carried into the courtroom ) to the character in question . The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to `` Santa Claus '' to the character `` Kris Kringle '' unless he were , in fact , the one and only Santa Claus . Judge Henry X . Harper ( played by Gene Lockhart ) ruled that since the U.S. Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus , the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision . The novel Post Office ( 1971 ) , written by poet and novelist Charles Bukowski , is a semi-autobiographical account of his life over the years as a mail carrier . Bukowski would , under duress , quit and years later return as a mail clerk . His personal account would detail the work at lengths as frustrating , menial , boring , and degrading . David Brin 's novel The Postman ( 1985 ) portrays the USPS and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post-apocalyptic world . It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997 . The comedy film Dear God ( 1996 ) , starring Greg Kinnear and Laurie Metcalf , portrays a group of quirky postal workers in a dead letter office that handle letters addressed to the Easter Bunny , Elvis , and even God himself . In 2015 , The Inspectors , which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes , debuted on CBS . The series uses the USPIS seal and features messages and tips from the Chief Postal Inspector at the end of each episode . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Philately portal List of U.S. state abbreviations United States Postal Service creed USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program Unions of the U.S. Postal Service American Postal Workers Union National Association of Letter Carriers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association History American Letter Mail Company History of United States postage rates Owney ( dog ) Post Office Murals Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Railway Mail Service International associations Universal Postal Union Postal Union of the Americas , Spain and Portugal Mail bag types Catcher pouch Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Pony Express mochila Portmanteau Workplace violence `` Going postal '' List of postal killings References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The history of the United States Postal Service : 1775 -- 2006 '' . USPS . May 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . October 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to renew Idaho back country mail route Archived March 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Alyson Outen , KTVB - TV , April 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Minnick , Walt ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press Releases . Congressman Walt Minnick . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx SmartPost ® Shipping & Tracking for Low Weight Packages '' . FedEx . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPS Mail Innovations -- Overview '' . United Parcel Service . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail Express - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph : Early Postal Role '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` V - Mail '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-COM , Electronic Computer Originated Mail '' ( PDF ) . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent Mail '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick . `` Do Vital Economists Reach a Policy Conclusion on Postal Reform ? '' ( April 2004 ) . econjournalwatch.org Jump up ^ `` Neither Snow nor Sleet ... Can Dampen This Monopoly '' . Hoover Institution . Jump up ^ Sappington , David E.M. ; Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2003 ) . `` Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises '' ( PDF ) . Review of Industrial Organization . 22 : 183 , 184 . Jump up ^ Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2015 ) . `` Maximizing the Postal Service 's Profits from Competitive Products '' . Journal of Competition Law & Economics . 11 ( 3 ) : 617 . doi : 10.1093 / joclec / nhv026 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . USPS.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Opportunities for Anticompetitive Behavior in Postal Services '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ca n't You Start a Rival Post Office ? '' . 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 600 : Basic Standards For All Mailing Services . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 101 : Physical Standards . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 601 : Mailability . Pe.usps.com ( August 20 , 1912 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5 : Elements of Addressing -- Return Address . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Customer 's Guide to Mailing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5.3 Addressing -- Required Use of Return Addresses . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 604 Postage Payment Methods . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS list of abbreviations . Usps.com . Retrieved on September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ USPS postal addressing standards . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zip '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Postal Rates Set to Go Up on May 14 . March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New Prices Coming May 12 , 2008 Archived August 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS announces new 2018 prices '' . about.usps.com . Jump up ^ van Tilborg , Henk C.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Electronic Postage '' . Encyclopedia of cryptography and security . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 23473 - 1 . Jump up ^ Advanced Preparation and Special Postage Payment Systems -- Manifest Mailing System -- Electronic Verification System . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Memo To Mailers -- August 2006 `` Making It E-Easy For High - Volume Shippers '' Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stamp Collecting : What other stamp materials can I collect ? '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices , § 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Copyright Office . December 22 , 2014 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rights and Permission Overview '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : USPS FAQ -- Domestic Classes of Mail Estimated Delivery Time Archived 2013 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Postage Payment for Bound Printed Matter Limited to Permit Imprint '' . USPS . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 10501 . Fas.org . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Delivery Options '' . USPS . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS International Mail Manual , Issue 35 . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ First - Class Mail International . USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS press release , June 8 , 2004 , Release No. 40 , FedEx to deliver premium postal int'l service Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Styling for `` M - bag '' is inconsistent -- the term is styled both as M - bag ( with a hyphen ) and M -- bag ( with an en - dash ) . ^ Jump up to : Postal Explorer > IMM Issue 37 -- International Mail Manual > 2 Conditions for Mailing > 260 Direct Sacks of Printed Matter to One Addressee ( M -- bags ) Jump up ^ Airmail M - Bags . Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mailing to military personnel . Faq.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. and Palau Agreement '' . US Department of the Interior . 2011 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Under Construction '' . Mipsa.biz . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` FSM Communications '' . Government of the Federated States of Micronesia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Domestic Mail Service Returns to the FSM and RMI '' . US Embassy in Kolonia. 2007 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` USPS International Mail - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DWTripp . `` USPS mail changes - international surface mail going away '' . BoardGameGeek `` Chit Chat '' forum . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Internal newsletters detailed a huge loss for the USPS in the failed delivery of packages sent from the USA via surface . Since the USPS can not dictate how scores of different countries handle surface mail , and since its agreements required the USPS to take back undeliverable parcels , the losses were mounting . Jump up ^ `` Why nobody offers USPS International Surface Air Lift for international shipment ? '' . BoardGameGeek `` General Gaming '' forum . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . The reason , probably , why no other dealers offer it : ... it is very difficult and time - consuming to do . Plus , there is no tracking , no insurance , and lots of complaints -- as those packages can easily take 60 days to arrive . ^ Jump up to : Author unknown ( date unknown ) . Direct Marketing Direct Mail . Allbusiness.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Equipment Scheduling at Mail Processing and Distribution Centers '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ Wade , Madison ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Changes announced for Redding mail processing center '' . KRCR News Channel ABC 7 . Redding : Bonten Media Group . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Benda , David ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Mail sorting facility will close ; move will affect 90 jobs in Redding '' . Redding Record - Searchlight . Gannett . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Miga , Andrew ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` AP Interview : Postal Service takes photos of all mail , keeps images for up to a month '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Publication 32 -- Glossary of Postal Terms Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS VPO Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . usps.com . July 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Processing Facilities '' ( PDF ) . USPS News Kit : Our Future Network ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Jump up ^ `` USPS Postal News Release No. 08 - 063 '' . usps.com . June 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piper , Matthew . `` The first and last of its kind , a Salt Lake City postal facility looks to grow '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Federal Buildings : Galveston U.S. Post Office and Courthouse '' . General Services Administration . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corley , Cheryl ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago 's 24 - Hour Postal Service Comes To An End '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` USPS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Air mail route grounded for Central Idaho backcountry , an April 2009 article from the Idaho Statesman Jump up ^ `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press release . House.gov . May 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Forward Mail USPS '' . www.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ About.com , `` Sunday Mail Service in a Christian Nation '' , Austin Cline , February 19 , 2006 Archived September 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Unlikely Alliance That Ended Sunday Mail Delivery ... in 1912 '' . Jump up ^ USPS -- Express Mail Delivery Chart Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 13 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 15 ^ Jump up to : `` City Delivery '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Deliveries per Day Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Home Delivery Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Caller Service , multiple pickups for a fee Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Firm Holdout Service , free pickup once a day Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Do I qualify for free box service ? Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Hardship / Medical Problems Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mail service available for the homeless Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Post office tests same - day delivery '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Target ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) . `` USPS.com ® -- Metro Post '' . Usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Corbin ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` USPS Adding Retailers to Same Day Delivery Trial http://www.ecommercebytes.com/cab/abn/y13/m01/i14/s04 '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Jump up ^ Joseph Adinolfi ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Terms Of Deal For US Postal Service ( USPS ) To Deliver Amazon ( AMZN ) Packages Not Revealed By USPS Or Amazon '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Amazon and USPS expand Sunday delivery to 15 more cities , will reach ' large portion ' of U.S. this year '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Commercial Mail Receiving Agency ( CMRA ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Domestic Money Orders Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Savings System by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Non-Bank Financial Services for the Underserved '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Postal Facts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . -- There is also a web version of the content . Jump up ^ Collective Bargaining Agreement between APWU and USPS Jump up ^ `` IT / ASC & OS Employees '' . APWU . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal service to slash more than 3,000 jobs , offer early retirements '' . CNN . March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Resources '' . About.usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace , January 31 , 2006 Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vick , Karl , `` Violence at work tied to loss of esteem '' , St. Petersburg Times , Dec 17 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Year in Review 1993 '' , Los Angeles Times , December 31 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons Episode Scripts : AABF08 -- Sunday , Cruddy Sunday '' . Springfieldspringfield.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Firearms Postal Explorer '' . pe.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal worker speaks out on controversial NYPD arrest caught on video '' . 28 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Adelman , Joseph M. `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Fuller , Wayne . American Mail : Enlarger of the Common Life ( 1972 ) Gallagher , Winifred . How the Post Office Created America ( New York : Penguin , 2017 ) . 326 pp Henkin , David M. The Postal Age : The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth - Century America ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search John , Richard R. Spreading the News : The American Postal System From Franklin to Morse ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Kielbowicz , Richard . `` The Press , Post Office , and Flow of News in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 1983 ) 3 : 255 -- 80 . Kielbowicz , Richard . News in the Mail : The Press , Post Office , and Public Information , 1700 - 1860s ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Leonard , Devin ( 2016 ) . Neither Snow nor Rain : A History of the United States Postal Service . Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0802124586 . McCaleb , Walter Flavius . `` The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy , '' American Historical Review ( 1906 ) 12 # 1 pp. 66 -- 74 in JSTOR Musacco Ph. D , Stephen . `` Beyond Going Postal : Shifting from Workplace Tragedies and Toxic Work Environments to a Safe and Healthy Organization '' , ( 2009 ) Booksurge Publishing , Book Trailer Rich , Wesley Everett . The History of the United States Post Office to the Year 1829 ( Harvard University Press , 1924 ) Smith , William . `` The Colonial Post-Office , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 2 pp. 258 -- 275 in JSTOR United States Postal Service ( May 2007 ) . The United States Postal Service : An American History 1775 -- 2006 ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Publication 100 White , Leonard D . The Federalists : A study in administrative history : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1948 ) , pp 173 -- 98 White , Leonard D . The Jeffersonians : A study in administrative history : 1801 -- 29 ( 1950 ) , pp 299 -- 335 White , Leonard D . The Jacksonians : A study in administrative history : 1829 -- 61 ( 1954 ) , pp 251 -- 83 White , Leonard D . The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , pp 257 -- 77 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Postal Service . Official website ( Mobile ) United States Postal Service in the Federal Register United States Postal Service Organizations American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General Systems Address Management System Advanced Facer - Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System Services Click - N - Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling Facilities Air Mail Facility Boat Railway Post Office Community post office Dead letter office Highway Post Office J.W. 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1 ISNI : 0000 0004 0630 4902 SUDOC : 029875412 VIAF : 134186571 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Postal_Service&oldid=856456696 '' Categories : United States Postal Service Independent agencies of the United States government Postal organisations Express mail Postal system of the United States 1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies 1971 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - 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