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962502118285667801	Binary number	Binary number - wikipedia Binary number Jump to : navigation , search Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems In mathematics and digital electronics , a binary number is a number expressed in the base - 2 numeral system or binary numeral system , which uses only two symbols : typically 0 ( zero ) and 1 ( one ) . The base - 2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2 . Each digit is referred to as a bit . Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates , the binary system is used by almost all modern computers and computer - based devices . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Egypt 1.2 China 1.3 India 1.4 Other cultures 1.5 Western predecessors to Leibniz 1.6 Leibniz and the I Ching 1.7 Later developments 2 Representation 3 Counting in binary 3.1 Decimal counting 3.2 Binary counting 4 Fractions 5 Binary arithmetic 5.1 Addition 5.1. 1 Long carry method 5.1. 2 Addition table 5.2 Subtraction 5.3 Multiplication 5.3. 1 Multiplication table 5.4 Division 5.5 Square root 6 Bitwise operations 7 Conversion to and from other numeral systems 7.1 Decimal 7.2 Hexadecimal 7.3 Octal 8 Representing real numbers 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) The modern binary number system was studied in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries by Thomas Harriot , Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz , and Gottfried Leibniz . However , systems related to binary numbers have appeared earlier in multiple cultures including ancient Egypt , China , and India . Leibniz was specifically inspired by the Chinese I Ching . Egypt ( edit ) See also : Ancient Egyptian mathematics Arithmetic values represented by parts of the Eye of Horus The scribes of ancient Egypt used two different systems for their fractions , Egyptian fractions ( not related to the binary number system ) and Horus - Eye fractions ( so called because many historians of mathematics believe that the symbols used for this system could be arranged to form the eye of Horus , although this has been disputed ) . Horus - Eye fractions are a binary numbering system for fractional quantities of grain , liquids , or other measures , in which a fraction of a hekat is expressed as a sum of the binary fractions 1 / 2 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 8 , 1 / 16 , 1 / 32 , and 1 / 64 . Early forms of this system can be found in documents from the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt , approximately 2400 BC , and its fully developed hieroglyphic form dates to the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt , approximately 1200 BC . The method used for ancient Egyptian multiplication is also closely related to binary numbers . In this method , multiplying one number by a second is performed by a sequence of steps in which a value ( initially the first of the two numbers ) is either doubled or has the first number added back into it ; the order in which these steps are to be performed is given by the binary representation of the second number . This method can be seen in use , for instance , in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus , which dates to around 1650 BC . China ( edit ) Daoist Bagua The I Ching dates from the 9th century BC in China . The binary notation in the I Ching is used to interpret its quaternary divination technique . It is based on taoistic duality of yin and yang . eight trigrams ( Bagua ) and a set of 64 hexagrams ( `` sixty - four '' gua ) , analogous to the three - bit and six - bit binary numerals , were in use at least as early as the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China . The Song Dynasty scholar Shao Yong ( 1011 -- 1077 ) rearranged the hexagrams in a format that resembles modern binary numbers , although he did not intend his arrangement to be used mathematically . Viewing the least significant bit on top of single hexagrams in Shao Yong 's square and reading along rows either from bottom right to top left with solid lines as 0 and broken lines as 1 or from top left to bottom right with solid lines as 1 and broken lines as 0 hexagrams can be interpreted as sequence from 0 to 63 . India ( edit ) The Indian scholar Pingala ( c. 2nd century BC ) developed a binary system for describing prosody . He used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables ( the latter equal in length to two short syllables ) , making it similar to Morse code . Pingala 's Hindu classic titled Chandaḥśāstra ( 8.23 ) describes the formation of a matrix in order to give a unique value to each meter . The binary representations in Pingala 's system increases towards the right , and not to the left like in the binary numbers of the modern , Western positional notation . Other cultures ( edit ) The residents of the island of Mangareva in French Polynesia were using a hybrid binary - decimal system before 1450 . Slit drums with binary tones are used to encode messages across Africa and Asia . Sets of binary combinations similar to the I Ching have also been used in traditional African divination systems such as Ifá as well as in medieval Western geomancy . The base - 2 system utilized in geomancy had long been widely applied in sub-Saharan Africa . Western predecessors to Leibniz ( edit ) In 1605 Francis Bacon discussed a system whereby letters of the alphabet could be reduced to sequences of binary digits , which could then be encoded as scarcely visible variations in the font in any random text . Importantly for the general theory of binary encoding , he added that this method could be used with any objects at all : `` provided those objects be capable of a twofold difference only ; as by Bells , by Trumpets , by Lights and Torches , by the report of Muskets , and any instruments of like nature '' . ( See Bacon 's cipher . ) John Napier in 1617 described a system he called location arithmetic for doing binary calculations using a non-positional representation by letters . Thomas Harriot investigated several positional numbering systems , including binary , but did not publish his results ; they were found later among his papers . Possibly the first publication of the system in Europe was by Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz , in 1700 . Leibniz and the I Ching ( edit ) Gottfried Leibniz Leibniz studied binary numbering in 1679 ; his work appears in his article Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire ( published in 1703 ) The full title of Leibniz 's article is translated into English as the `` Explanation of Binary Arithmetic , which uses only the characters 1 and 0 , with some remarks on its usefulness , and on the light it throws on the ancient Chinese figures of Fu Xi '' . ( 1703 ) . Leibniz 's system uses 0 and 1 , like the modern binary numeral system . An example of Leibniz 's binary numeral system is as follows : 0 0 0 1 numerical value 2 0 0 1 0 numerical value 2 0 1 0 0 numerical value 2 1 0 0 0 numerical value 2 Leibniz interpreted the hexagrams of the I Ching as evidence of binary calculus . As a Sinophile , Leibniz was aware of the I Ching , noted with fascination how its hexagrams correspond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111 , and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired . Leibniz was first introduced to the I Ching through his contact with the French Jesuit Joachim Bouvet , who visited China in 1685 as a missionary . Leibniz saw the I Ching hexagrams as an affirmation of the universality of his own religious beliefs as a Christian . Binary numerals were central to Leibniz 's theology . He believed that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of creatio ex nihilo or creation out of nothing . ( A concept that ) is not easy to impart to the pagans , is the creation ex nihilo through God 's almighty power . Now one can say that nothing in the world can better present and demonstrate this power than the origin of numbers , as it is presented here through the simple and unadorned presentation of One and Zero or Nothing . -- Leibniz 's letter to the Duke of Brunswick attached with the I Ching hexagrams Later developments ( edit ) George Boole In 1854 , British mathematician George Boole published a landmark paper detailing an algebraic system of logic that would become known as Boolean algebra . His logical calculus was to become instrumental in the design of digital electronic circuitry . In 1937 , Claude Shannon produced his master 's thesis at MIT that implemented Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic using electronic relays and switches for the first time in history . Entitled A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits , Shannon 's thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design . In November 1937 , George Stibitz , then working at Bell Labs , completed a relay - based computer he dubbed the `` Model K '' ( for `` Kitchen '' , where he had assembled it ) , which calculated using binary addition . Bell Labs authorized a full research program in late 1938 with Stibitz at the helm . Their Complex Number Computer , completed 8 January 1940 , was able to calculate complex numbers . In a demonstration to the American Mathematical Society conference at Dartmouth College on 11 September 1940 , Stibitz was able to send the Complex Number Calculator remote commands over telephone lines by a teletype . It was the first computing machine ever used remotely over a phone line . Some participants of the conference who witnessed the demonstration were John von Neumann , John Mauchly and Norbert Wiener , who wrote about it in his memoirs . The Z1 computer , which was designed and built by Konrad Zuse between 1935 and 1938 , used Boolean logic and binary floating point numbers . Representation ( edit ) Any number can be represented by a sequence of bits ( binary digits ) , which in turn may be represented by any mechanism capable of being in two mutually exclusive states . Any of the following rows of symbols can be interpreted as the binary numeric value of 667 : 1 0 0 0 0 ― ― ― ― ☒ ☐ ☒ ☐ ☐ ☒ ☒ ☐ ☒ ☒ y n y n n y y n y y A binary clock might use LEDs to express binary values . In this clock , each column of LEDs shows a binary - coded decimal numeral of the traditional sexagesimal time . The numeric value represented in each case is dependent upon the value assigned to each symbol . In a computer , the numeric values may be represented by two different voltages ; on a magnetic disk , magnetic polarities may be used . A `` positive '' , `` yes '' , or `` on '' state is not necessarily equivalent to the numerical value of one ; it depends on the architecture in use . In keeping with customary representation of numerals using Arabic numerals , binary numbers are commonly written using the symbols 0 and 1 . When written , binary numerals are often subscripted , prefixed or suffixed in order to indicate their base , or radix . The following notations are equivalent : 100101 binary ( explicit statement of format ) 100101b ( a suffix indicating binary format ; also known as Intel convention ) 100101B ( a suffix indicating binary format ) bin 100101 ( a prefix indicating binary format ) 100101 ( a subscript indicating base - 2 ( binary ) notation ) % 100101 ( a prefix indicating binary format ; also known as Motorola convention ) 0b100101 ( a prefix indicating binary format , common in programming languages ) 6b100101 ( a prefix indicating number of bits in binary format , common in programming languages ) When spoken , binary numerals are usually read digit - by - digit , in order to distinguish them from decimal numerals . For example , the binary numeral 100 is pronounced one zero zero , rather than one hundred , to make its binary nature explicit , and for purposes of correctness . Since the binary numeral 100 represents the value four , it would be confusing to refer to the numeral as one hundred ( a word that represents a completely different value , or amount ) . Alternatively , the binary numeral 100 can be read out as `` four '' ( the correct value ) , but this does not make its binary nature explicit . Counting in binary ( edit ) Decimal pattern Binary number 0 0 10 11 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 9 1001 10 1010 11 1011 12 1100 13 1101 14 1110 15 1111 Counting in binary is similar to counting in any other number system . Beginning with a single digit , counting proceeds through each symbol , in increasing order . Before examining binary counting , it is useful to briefly discuss the more familiar decimal counting system as a frame of reference . Decimal counting ( edit ) Decimal counting uses the ten symbols 0 through 9 . Counting begins with the incremental substitution of the least significant digit ( rightmost digit ) which is often called the first digit . When the available symbols for this position are exhausted , the least significant digit is reset to 0 , and the next digit of higher significance ( one position to the left ) is incremented ( overflow ) , and incremental substitution of the low - order digit resumes . This method of reset and overflow is repeated for each digit of significance . Counting progresses as follows : 000 , 001 , 002 , ... 007 , 008 , 009 , ( rightmost digit is reset to zero , and the digit to its left is incremented ) 010 , 011 , 012 , ... ... 090 , 091 , 092 , ... 097 , 098 , 099 , ( rightmost two digits are reset to zeroes , and next digit is incremented ) 100 , 101 , 102 , ... Binary counting ( edit ) This counter shows how to count in binary from numbers zero through thirty - one . Binary counting follows the same procedure , except that only the two symbols 0 and 1 are available . Thus , after a digit reaches 1 in binary , an increment resets it to 0 but also causes an increment of the next digit to the left : 0000 , 0001 , ( rightmost digit starts over , and next digit is incremented ) 0010 , 0011 , ( rightmost two digits start over , and next digit is incremented ) 0100 , 0101 , 0110 , 0111 , ( rightmost three digits start over , and the next digit is incremented ) 1000 , 1001 , 1010 , 1011 , 1100 , 1101 , 1110 , 1111 ... In the binary system , each digit represents an increasing power of 2 , with the rightmost digit representing 2 , the next representing 2 , then 2 , and so on . The equivalent decimal representation of a binary number is sum of the powers of 2 which each digit represents . For example , the binary number 100101 is converted to decimal form as follows : 100101 = ( ( 1 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 0 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 0 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 1 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 0 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 1 ) × 2 ) 100101 = ( 1 × 32 ) + ( 0 × 16 ) + ( 0 × 8 ) + ( 1 × 4 ) + ( 0 × 2 ) + ( 1 × 1 ) 100101 = 37 Fractions ( edit ) Fractions in binary only terminate if the denominator has 2 as the only prime factor . As a result , 1 / 10 does not have a finite binary representation , and this causes 10 × 0.1 not to be precisely equal to 1 in floating point arithmetic . As an example , to interpret the binary expression for 1 / 3 = . 010101 ... , this means : 1 / 3 = 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + ... = 0.3125 + ... An exact value can not be found with a sum of a finite number of inverse powers of two , the zeros and ones in the binary representation of 1 / 3 alternate forever . Fraction Decimal Binary Fractional approximation 1 / 1 1 or 0.999 ... 1 or 0.111 ... 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 ... 1 / 2 0.5 or 0.4999 ... 0.1 or 0.0111 ... 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 ... 1 / 3 0.333 ... 0.010101 ... 1 / 4 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 ... 1 / 4 0.25 or 0.24999 ... 0.01 or 0.00111 ... 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 ... 1 / 5 0.2 or 0.1999 ... 0.00110011 ... 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 128 ... 1 / 6 0.1666 ... 0.0010101 ... 1 / 8 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 128 ... 1 / 7 0.142857142857 ... 0.001001 ... 1 / 8 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 512 ... 1 / 8 0.125 or 0.124999 ... 0.001 or 0.000111 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 64 ... 1 / 9 0.111 ... 0.000111000111 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 64 ... 1 / 10 0.1 or 0.0999 ... 0.000110011 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 256 ... 1 / 11 0.090909 ... 0.00010111010001011101 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 128 ... 1 / 12 0.08333 ... 0.00010101 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 256 ... 1 / 13 0.076923076923 ... 0.000100111011000100111011 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 128 + 1 / 256 ... 1 / 14 0.0714285714285 ... 0.0001001001 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 128 + 1 / 1024 ... 1 / 15 0.0666 ... 0.00010001 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 256 ... 1 / 16 0.0625 or 0.0624999 ... 0.0001 or 0.0000111 ... 1 / 32 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 128 ... Binary arithmetic ( edit ) Arithmetic in binary is much like arithmetic in other numeral systems . Addition , subtraction , multiplication , and division can be performed on binary numerals . Addition ( edit ) Main article : binary adder The circuit diagram for a binary half adder , which adds two bits together , producing sum and carry bits . The simplest arithmetic operation in binary is addition . Adding two single - digit binary numbers is relatively simple , using a form of carrying : 0 + 0 → 0 0 + 1 → 1 1 + 0 → 1 1 + 1 → 0 , carry 1 ( since 1 + 1 = 2 = 0 + ( 1 × 2 ) ) Adding two `` 1 '' digits produces a digit `` 0 '' , while 1 will have to be added to the next column . This is similar to what happens in decimal when certain single - digit numbers are added together ; if the result equals or exceeds the value of the radix ( 10 ) , the digit to the left is incremented : 5 + 5 → 0 , carry 1 ( since 5 + 5 = 10 = 0 + ( 1 × 10 ) ) 7 + 9 → 6 , carry 1 ( since 7 + 9 = 16 = 6 + ( 1 × 10 ) ) This is known as carrying . When the result of an addition exceeds the value of a digit , the procedure is to `` carry '' the excess amount divided by the radix ( that is , 10 / 10 ) to the left , adding it to the next positional value . This is correct since the next position has a weight that is higher by a factor equal to the radix . Carrying works the same way in binary : 1 1 1 1 1 ( carried digits ) 0 1 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- - = 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 36 In this example , two numerals are being added together : 01101 ( 13 ) and 10111 ( 23 ) . The top row shows the carry bits used . Starting in the rightmost column , 1 + 1 = 10 . The 1 is carried to the left , and the 0 is written at the bottom of the rightmost column . The second column from the right is added : 1 + 0 + 1 = 10 again ; the 1 is carried , and 0 is written at the bottom . The third column : 1 + 1 + 1 = 11 . This time , a 1 is carried , and a 1 is written in the bottom row . Proceeding like this gives the final answer 100100 ( 36 decimal ) . When computers must add two numbers , the rule that : x xor y = ( x + y ) mod 2 for any two bits x and y allows for very fast calculation , as well . Long carry method ( edit ) A simplification for many binary addition problems is the Long Carry Method or Brookhouse Method of Binary Addition . This method is generally useful in any binary addition where one of the numbers contains a long `` string '' of ones . It is based on the simple premise that under the binary system , when given a `` string '' of digits composed entirely of n ones ( where : n is any integer length ) , adding 1 will result in the number 1 followed by a string of n zeros . That concept follows , logically , just as in the decimal system , where adding 1 to a string of n 9s will result in the number 1 followed by a string of n 0s : Binary Decimal 1 1 1 1 1 likewise 9 9 9 9 9 + 1 + 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Such long strings are quite common in the binary system . From that one finds that large binary numbers can be added using two simple steps , without excessive carry operations . In the following example , two numerals are being added together : 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 ( 958 ) and 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 ( 691 ) , using the traditional carry method on the left , and the long carry method on the right : Traditional Carry Method Long Carry Method vs. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( carried digits ) 1 ← 1 ← carry the 1 until it is one digit past the `` string '' below 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 cross out the `` string '' , + 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 + 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 and cross out the digit that was added to it -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 The top row shows the carry bits used . Instead of the standard carry from one column to the next , the lowest - ordered `` 1 '' with a `` 1 '' in the corresponding place value beneath it may be added and a `` 1 '' may be carried to one digit past the end of the series . The `` used '' numbers must be crossed off , since they are already added . Other long strings may likewise be cancelled using the same technique . Then , simply add together any remaining digits normally . Proceeding in this manner gives the final answer of 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 ( 1649 ) . In our simple example using small numbers , the traditional carry method required eight carry operations , yet the long carry method required only two , representing a substantial reduction of effort . Addition table ( edit ) 0 0 0 10 The binary addition table is similar , but not the same , as the truth table of the logical disjunction operation ∨ ( \ displaystyle \ lor ) . The difference is that 1 ( \ displaystyle 1 ) ∨ ( \ displaystyle \ lor ) 1 = 1 ( \ displaystyle 1 = 1 ) , while 1 + 1 = 10 ( \ displaystyle 1 + 1 = 10 ) . Subtraction ( edit ) Further information : signed number representations and two 's complement Subtraction works in much the same way : 0 − 0 → 0 0 − 1 → 1 , borrow 1 1 − 0 → 1 1 − 1 → 0 Subtracting a `` 1 '' digit from a `` 0 '' digit produces the digit `` 1 '' , while 1 will have to be subtracted from the next column . This is known as borrowing . The principle is the same as for carrying . When the result of a subtraction is less than 0 , the least possible value of a digit , the procedure is to `` borrow '' the deficit divided by the radix ( that is , 10 / 10 ) from the left , subtracting it from the next positional value . * * * * ( starred columns are borrowed from ) 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 − 1 0 1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 * ( starred columns are borrowed from ) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 0 1 0 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Subtracting a positive number is equivalent to adding a negative number of equal absolute value . Computers use signed number representations to handle negative numbers -- most commonly the two 's complement notation . Such representations eliminate the need for a separate `` subtract '' operation . Using two 's complement notation subtraction can be summarized by the following formula : A − B = A + not B + 1 Multiplication ( edit ) Multiplication in binary is similar to its decimal counterpart . Two numbers A and B can be multiplied by partial products : for each digit in B , the product of that digit in A is calculated and written on a new line , shifted leftward so that its rightmost digit lines up with the digit in B that was used . The sum of all these partial products gives the final result . Since there are only two digits in binary , there are only two possible outcomes of each partial multiplication : If the digit in B is 0 , the partial product is also 0 If the digit in B is 1 , the partial product is equal to A For example , the binary numbers 1011 and 1010 are multiplied as follows : 1 0 1 1 ( A ) × 1 0 1 0 ( B ) -- -- -- -- - 0 0 0 0 ← Corresponds to the rightmost ' zero ' in B + 1 0 1 1 ← Corresponds to the next ' one ' in B + 0 0 0 0 + 1 0 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - = 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Binary numbers can also be multiplied with bits after a binary point : 1 0 1 . 1 0 1 A ( 5.625 in decimal ) × 1 1 0 . 0 1 B ( 6.25 in decimal ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 1 . 0 1 1 0 1 ← Corresponds to a ' one ' in B + 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 ← Corresponds to a ' zero ' in B + 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 + 1 0 1 1 . 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 0 . 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - = 1 0 0 0 1 1 . 0 0 1 0 1 ( 35.15625 in decimal ) See also Booth 's multiplication algorithm . Multiplication table ( edit ) 0 0 0 0 0 The binary multiplication table is the same as the truth table of the logical conjunction operation ∧ ( \ displaystyle \ land ) . Division ( edit ) See also : Division algorithm Long division in binary is again similar to its decimal counterpart . In the example below , the divisor is 101 , or 5 decimal , while the dividend is 11011 , or 27 decimal . The procedure is the same as that of decimal long division ; here , the divisor 101 goes into the first three digits 110 of the dividend one time , so a `` 1 '' is written on the top line . This result is multiplied by the divisor , and subtracted from the first three digits of the dividend ; the next digit ( a `` 1 '' ) is included to obtain a new three - digit sequence : 1 ___________ 1 0 1 ) 1 1 0 1 1 − 1 0 1 -- -- - 0 0 1 The procedure is then repeated with the new sequence , continuing until the digits in the dividend have been exhausted : 1 0 1 ___________ 1 0 1 ) 1 1 0 1 1 − 1 0 1 -- -- - 1 1 1 − 1 0 1 -- -- - 1 0 Thus , the quotient of 11011 divided by 101 is 101 , as shown on the top line , while the remainder , shown on the bottom line , is 10 . In decimal , 27 divided by 5 is 5 , with a remainder of 2 . Square root ( edit ) The process of taking a binary square root digit by digit is the same as for a decimal square root , and is explained here . An example is : 1 0 0 1 -- -- -- -- - √ 1010001 1 -- -- -- -- - 101 01 0 -- -- -- -- 1001 100 0 -- -- -- -- 10001 10001 10001 -- -- -- - 0 Bitwise operations ( edit ) Main article : bitwise operation Though not directly related to the numerical interpretation of binary symbols , sequences of bits may be manipulated using Boolean logical operators . When a string of binary symbols is manipulated in this way , it is called a bitwise operation ; the logical operators AND , OR , and XOR may be performed on corresponding bits in two binary numerals provided as input . The logical NOT operation may be performed on individual bits in a single binary numeral provided as input . Sometimes , such operations may be used as arithmetic short - cuts , and may have other computational benefits as well . For example , an arithmetic shift left of a binary number is the equivalent of multiplication by a ( positive , integral ) power of 2 . Conversion to and from other numeral systems ( edit ) Decimal ( edit ) Conversion of ( 357 ) to binary notation results in ( 101100101 ) To convert from a base - 10 integer to its base - 2 ( binary ) equivalent , the number is divided by two . The remainder is the least - significant bit . The quotient is again divided by two ; its remainder becomes the next least significant bit . This process repeats until a quotient of one is reached . The sequence of remainders ( including the final quotient of one ) forms the binary value , as each remainder must be either zero or one when dividing by two . For example , ( 357 ) is expressed as ( 101100101 ) Conversion from base - 2 to base - 10 simply inverts the preceding algorithm . The bits of the binary number are used one by one , starting with the most significant ( leftmost ) bit . Beginning with the value 0 , the prior value is doubled , and the next bit is then added to produce the next value . This can be organized in a multi-column table . For example , to convert 10010101101 to decimal : Prior value × 2 + Next bit Next value 0 × 2 + = 1 × 2 + 0 = 2 × 2 + 0 = 4 × 2 + = 9 9 × 2 + 0 = 18 18 × 2 + = 37 37 × 2 + 0 = 74 74 × 2 + = 149 149 × 2 + = 299 299 × 2 + 0 = 598 598 × 2 + = 1197 The result is 1197 . Note that the first Prior Value of 0 is simply an initial decimal value . This method is an application of the Horner scheme . Binary 0 0 0 0 0 Decimal 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 = 1197 The fractional parts of a number are converted with similar methods . They are again based on the equivalence of shifting with doubling or halving . In a fractional binary number such as 0.11010110101 , the first digit is 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , the second ( 1 2 ) 2 = 1 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , etc . So if there is a 1 in the first place after the decimal , then the number is at least 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , and vice versa . Double that number is at least 1 . This suggests the algorithm : Repeatedly double the number to be converted , record if the result is at least 1 , and then throw away the integer part . For example , ( 1 3 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , in binary , is : Converting Result 1 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0 . 1 3 × 2 = 2 3 < 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ times 2 = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) < 1 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0.0 2 3 × 2 = 1 1 3 ≥ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ times 2 = 1 ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ geq 1 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0.01 1 3 × 2 = 2 3 < 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ times 2 = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) < 1 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0.010 2 3 × 2 = 1 1 3 ≥ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ times 2 = 1 ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ geq 1 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0.0101 Thus the repeating decimal fraction 0. 3 ... is equivalent to the repeating binary fraction 0. 01 ... Or for example , 0.1 , in binary , is : Converting Result 0.1 0 . 0.1 × 2 = 0.2 < 1 0.0 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 < 1 0.00 0.4 × 2 = 0.8 < 1 0.000 0.8 × 2 = 1.6 ≥ 1 0.0001 0.6 × 2 = 1.2 ≥ 1 0.00011 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 < 1 0.000110 0.4 × 2 = 0.8 < 1 0.0001100 0.8 × 2 = 1.6 ≥ 1 0.00011001 0.6 × 2 = 1.2 ≥ 1 0.000110011 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 < 1 0.0001100110 This is also a repeating binary fraction 0.0 0011 ... It may come as a surprise that terminating decimal fractions can have repeating expansions in binary . It is for this reason that many are surprised to discover that 0.1 + ... + 0.1 , ( 10 additions ) differs from 1 in floating point arithmetic . In fact , the only binary fractions with terminating expansions are of the form of an integer divided by a power of 2 , which 1 / 10 is not . The final conversion is from binary to decimal fractions . The only difficulty arises with repeating fractions , but otherwise the method is to shift the fraction to an integer , convert it as above , and then divide by the appropriate power of two in the decimal base . For example : x = 1100 . 1 01110 _̄ ... x × 2 6 = 1100101110 . 01110 _̄ ... x × 2 = 11001 . 01110 _̄ ... x × ( 2 6 − 2 ) = 1100010101 x = 1100010101 / 111110 x = ( 789 / 62 ) 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) x& = &1100&. 1 ( \ overline ( 01110 ) ) \ ldots \ \ x \ times 2 ^ ( 6 ) & = &1100101110&. ( \ overline ( 01110 ) ) \ ldots \ \ x \ times 2& = &11001&. ( \ overline ( 01110 ) ) \ ldots \ \ x \ times ( 2 ^ ( 6 ) - 2 ) & = &1100010101 \ \ x& = &1100010101 / 111110 \ \ x& = & ( 789 / 62 ) _ ( 10 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Another way of converting from binary to decimal , often quicker for a person familiar with hexadecimal , is to do so indirectly -- first converting ( x ( \ displaystyle x ) in binary ) into ( x ( \ displaystyle x ) in hexadecimal ) and then converting ( x ( \ displaystyle x ) in hexadecimal ) into ( x ( \ displaystyle x ) in decimal ) . For very large numbers , these simple methods are inefficient because they perform a large number of multiplications or divisions where one operand is very large . A simple divide - and - conquer algorithm is more effective asymptotically : given a binary number , it is divided by 10 , where k is chosen so that the quotient roughly equals the remainder ; then each of these pieces is converted to decimal and the two are concatenated . Given a decimal number , it can be split into two pieces of about the same size , each of which is converted to binary , whereupon the first converted piece is multiplied by 10 and added to the second converted piece , where k is the number of decimal digits in the second , least - significant piece before conversion . Hexadecimal ( edit ) Main article : Hexadecimal 0 = 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 = = 0 0 0 = = 0 0 0 = = 0 0 = = 0 0 0 5 = 5 = 5 0 0 6 = 6 = 6 0 0 7 = 7 = 7 0 8 = 8 = 10 0 0 0 9 = 9 = 11 0 0 = 10 = 12 0 0 = 11 = 13 0 = 12 = 14 0 0 = 13 = 15 0 = 14 = 16 0 = 15 = 17 Binary may be converted to and from hexadecimal more easily . This is because the radix of the hexadecimal system ( 16 ) is a power of the radix of the binary system ( 2 ) . More specifically , 16 = 2 , so it takes four digits of binary to represent one digit of hexadecimal , as shown in the adjacent table . To convert a hexadecimal number into its binary equivalent , simply substitute the corresponding binary digits : 3A = 0011 1010 E7 = 1110 0111 To convert a binary number into its hexadecimal equivalent , divide it into groups of four bits . If the number of bits is n't a multiple of four , simply insert extra 0 bits at the left ( called padding ) . For example : 1010010 = 0101 0010 grouped with padding = 52 11011101 = 1101 1101 grouped = DD To convert a hexadecimal number into its decimal equivalent , multiply the decimal equivalent of each hexadecimal digit by the corresponding power of 16 and add the resulting values : C0E7 = ( 12 × 16 ) + ( 0 × 16 ) + ( 14 × 16 ) + ( 7 × 16 ) = ( 12 × 4096 ) + ( 0 × 256 ) + ( 14 × 16 ) + ( 7 × 1 ) = 49,383 Octal ( edit ) Main article : Octal Binary is also easily converted to the octal numeral system , since octal uses a radix of 8 , which is a power of two ( namely , 2 , so it takes exactly three binary digits to represent an octal digit ) . The correspondence between octal and binary numerals is the same as for the first eight digits of hexadecimal in the table above . Binary 000 is equivalent to the octal digit 0 , binary 111 is equivalent to octal 7 , and so forth . Octal Binary 0 000 001 010 011 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 Converting from octal to binary proceeds in the same fashion as it does for hexadecimal : 65 = 110 101 17 = 001 111 And from binary to octal : 101100 = 101 100 grouped = 54 10011 = 010 011 grouped with padding = 23 And from octal to decimal : 65 = ( 6 × 8 ) + ( 5 × 8 ) = ( 6 × 8 ) + ( 5 × 1 ) = 53 127 = ( 1 × 8 ) + ( 2 × 8 ) + ( 7 × 8 ) = ( 1 × 64 ) + ( 2 × 8 ) + ( 7 × 1 ) = 87 Representing real numbers ( edit ) Non-integers can be represented by using negative powers , which are set off from the other digits by means of a radix point ( called a decimal point in the decimal system ) . For example , the binary number 11.01 thus means : 1 × 2 ( 1 × 2 = 2 ) plus 1 × 2 ( 1 × 1 = 1 ) plus 0 × 2 ( 0 × ⁄ = 0 ) plus 1 × 2 ( 1 × ⁄ = 0.25 ) For a total of 3.25 decimal . All dyadic rational numbers p 2 a ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( p ) ( 2 ^ ( a ) ) ) ) have a terminating binary numeral -- the binary representation has a finite number of terms after the radix point . Other rational numbers have binary representation , but instead of terminating , they recur , with a finite sequence of digits repeating indefinitely . For instance 1 10 3 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1_ ( 10 ) ) ( 3_ ( 10 ) ) ) ) = 1 2 11 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1_ ( 2 ) ) ( 11_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = 0.01010101 01 ... 12 10 17 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 12_ ( 10 ) ) ( 17_ ( 10 ) ) ) ) = 1100 2 10001 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1100_ ( 2 ) ) ( 10001_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = 0.10110100 10110100 10110100 ... The phenomenon that the binary representation of any rational is either terminating or recurring also occurs in other radix - based numeral systems . See , for instance , the explanation in decimal . Another similarity is the existence of alternative representations for any terminating representation , relying on the fact that 0.111111 ... is the sum of the geometric series 2 + 2 + 2 + ... which is 1 . Binary numerals which neither terminate nor recur represent irrational numbers . For instance , 0.10100100010000100000100 ... does have a pattern , but it is not a fixed - length recurring pattern , so the number is irrational 1.0110101000001001111001100110011111110 ... is the binary representation of 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) , the square root of 2 , another irrational . It has no discernible pattern . See irrational number . See also ( edit ) Mathematics portal Information technology portal Binary code Binary - coded decimal Finger binary Gray code Linear feedback shift register Offset binary Quibinary Reduction of summands Redundant binary representation Repeating decimal SZTAKI Desktop Grid searches for generalized binary number systems up to dimension 11 . Two 's complement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robson , Eleanor ; Stedall , Jacqueline , eds. ( 2009 ) , `` Myth No. 2 : the Horus eye fractions '' , The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics , Oxford University Press , p. 790 , ISBN 9780199213122 Jump up ^ Chrisomalis , Stephen ( 2010 ) , Numerical Notation : A Comparative History , Cambridge University Press , pp. 42 -- 43 , ISBN 9780521878180 . Jump up ^ Rudman , Peter Strom ( 2007 ) , How Mathematics Happened : The First 50,000 Years , Prometheus Books , pp. 135 -- 136 , ISBN 9781615921768 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Hacker ; Steve Moore ; Lorraine Patsco ( 2002 ) . I Ching : An Annotated Bibliography . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93969 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Redmond & Hon ( 2014 ) , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Shectman ( 2003 ) . Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments , Inventions , and Discoveries of the 18th Century . Greenwood Publishing . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32015 - 6 . Jump up ^ Zhonglian , Shi ; Wenzhao , Li ; Poser , Hans ( 2000 ) . Leibniz ' Binary System and Shao Yong 's '' Xiantian Tu ' ' in : Das Neueste über China : G.W. Leibnizens Novissima Sinica von 1697 : Internationales Symposium , Berlin 4 . bis 7 . Oktober 1997 . Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag . pp. 165 -- 170 . ISBN 3515074481 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Julio ; Canton , Maria P. ( 2007 ) . Microcontroller programming : the microchip PIC . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 7189 - 9 . Jump up ^ W.S. Anglin and J. Lambek , The Heritage of Thales , Springer , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 94544 - X Jump up ^ Binary Numbers in Ancient India Jump up ^ Math for Poets and Drummers ( pdf , 145KB ) Jump up ^ `` Binary Numbers in Ancient India '' . Jump up ^ Stakhov , Alexey ; Olsen , Scott Anthony ( 2009 ) . The mathematics of harmony : from Euclid to contemporary mathematics and computer science . ISBN 978 - 981 - 277 - 582 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bender , Andrea ; Beller , Sieghard ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 : 1322 -- 1327 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1309160110 . PMC 3910603 . PMID 24344278 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Francis ( 1605 ) . `` The Advancement of Learning '' . London . pp. Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Shirley , John W. ( 1951 ) . `` Binary numeration before Leibniz '' . American Journal of Physics. 19 ( 8 ) : 452 -- 454 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1933042 . Jump up ^ Ineichen , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Leibniz , Caramuel , Harriot und das Dualsystem '' ( PDF ) . Mitteilungen der deutschen Mathematiker - Vereinigung ( in German ) . 16 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Leibniz G. , Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire , Die Mathematische Schriften , ed. C. Gerhardt , Berlin 1879 , vol. 7 , p. 223 ; Engl . transl. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : J.E.H. Smith ( 2008 ) . Leibniz : What Kind of Rationalist ? : What Kind of Rationalist ? . Springer . p. 415 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8668 - 7 . Jump up ^ Aiton , Eric J. ( 1985 ) . Leibniz : A Biography . Taylor & Francis . pp. 245 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 85274 - 470 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yuen - Ting Lai ( 1998 ) . Leibniz , Mysticism and Religion . Springer . pp. 149 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 5223 - 5 . Jump up ^ Boole , George ( 2009 ) ( 1854 ) . An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities ( Macmillan , Dover Publications , reprinted with corrections ( 1958 ) ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 00153 - 3 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Claude Elwood ( 1940 ) . A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits . Cambridge : Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` National Inventors Hall of Fame -- George R. Stibitz '' . 20 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Stibitz : Bio '' . Math & Computer Science Department , Denison University . 30 April 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneers -- The people and ideas that made a difference -- George Stibitz ( 1904 -- 1995 ) '' . Kerry Redshaw. 20 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Robert Stibitz -- Obituary '' . Computer History Association of California . 6 February 1995 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Konrad Zuse 's Legacy : The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3 '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 ( 2 ) : 5 -- 15 . 1997 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.586067 . ^ Jump up to : Küveler , Gerd ; Schwoch , Dietrich ( 2013 ) ( 1996 ) . Arbeitsbuch Informatik - eine praxisorientierte Einführung in die Datenverarbeitung mit Projektaufgabe ( in German ) . Vieweg - Verlag , reprint : Springer - Verlag . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 322 - 92907 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 528 - 04952 - 2 . 9783322929075 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Küveler , Gerd ; Schwoch , Dietrich ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) . Informatik für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler : PC - und Mikrocomputertechnik , Rechnernetze ( in German ) . 2 ( 5 ed . ) . Vieweg , reprint : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 3834891916 . 9783834891914 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Base System '' . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Sanchez , Julio ; Canton , Maria P. ( 2007 ) . Microcontroller programming : the microchip PIC . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 7189 - 9 . Redmond , Geoffrey ; Hon , Tze - Ki ( 2014 ) . Teaching the I Ching . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 976681 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Binary numeral system . Binary System at cut - the - knot Conversion of Fractions at cut - the - knot Binary Digits at Math Is Fun How to Convert from Decimal to Binary at wikiHow Learning exercise for children at CircuitDesign.info Binary Counter with Kids `` Magic '' Card Trick Quick reference on Howto read binary Binary converter to HEX / DEC / OCT with direct access to bits Sir Francis Bacon 's BiLiteral Cypher system , predates binary number system . Leibniz ' binary numeral system , ' De progressione dyadica ' , 1679 , online and analyzed on BibNum ( click ' à télécharger ' for English analysis ) GND : 4150805 - 1 NDL : 00568548 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binary_number&oldid=832503010 '' Categories : Binary arithmetic Computer arithmetic Elementary arithmetic Positional numeral systems Gottfried Leibniz Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 79 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 12 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	binary number system represents values as a sequence of	[ "In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, which uses only two symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one)." ]	[ "0 (zero) and 1 (one)" ]
-5978355453546617611	Cortical homunculus	Cortical homunculus - wikipedia Cortical homunculus Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 2 - D cortical sensory homunculus A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body , based on a neurological `` map '' of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing motor functions , or sensory functions , for different parts of the body . Homunculus is Latin for `` little man '' , and was a term used in alchemy and folklore prior to the concept being utilized in scientific literature . A cortical homunculus , or `` cortex man '' , illustrates the concept of a representation of the body lying within the brain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Arrangement 3 Discovery 4 Representation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types ( edit ) A 2 - D cortical motor homunculus A motor homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body . The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus , and handles signals coming from the premotor area of the frontal lobes . A sensory homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body . The primary sensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus , and handles signals coming from the thalamus . These signals are transmitted on from the gyri to the brain stem and spinal cord via corresponding nerves . Arrangement ( edit ) Along the length of the primary motor and sensory cortices , the areas specializing in different parts of the body are arranged in an orderly manner , although ordered differently than one might expect . The toes are represented at the top of the cerebral hemisphere ( or more accurately , `` the upper end '' , since the cortex curls inwards and down at the top ) , and then as one moves down the hemisphere , progressively higher parts of the body are represented , assuming a body that 's faceless and has arms raised . Going further down the cortex , the different areas of the face are represented , in approximately top - to - bottom order , rather than bottom - to - top as before . The homunculus is split in half , with motor and sensory representations for the left side of the body on the right side of the brain , and vice-versa . The amount of cortex devoted to any given body region is not proportional to that body region 's surface area or volume , but rather to how richly innervated that region is . Areas of the body with more complex and / or more numerous sensory or motor connections are represented as larger in the homunculus , while those with less complex and / or less numerous connections are represented as smaller . The resulting image is that of a distorted human body , with disproportionately huge hands , lips , and face . In the sensory homunculus , below the areas handling sensation for the teeth , gums , jaw , tongue , and pharynx lies an area for intra-abdominal sensation . At the very top end of the primary sensory cortex , beyond the area for the toes , it has traditionally been believed that the sensory neural networks for the genitals occur . However , more recent research has suggested that there may be two different cortical areas for the genitals , possibly differentiated by one dealing with erogenous stimulation and the other dealing with non-erogenous stimulation . Discovery ( edit ) 3 - D Sensory and Motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum , London Dr. Wilder Penfield and his co-investigators Edwin Boldrey and Theodore Rasmussen are considered to be the originators of the sensory and motor homunculi . They were not the first scientists to attempt to objectify human brain function by means of a homunculus . However , they were the first to differentiate between sensory and motor function and to map the two across the brain separately , resulting in two different homunculi . In addition , their drawings and later drawings derived from theirs became perhaps the most famous conceptual maps in modern neuroscience because they compellingly illustrated the data at a single glance . Penfield first conceived of his homunculi as a thought experiment , and went so far as to envision an imaginary world in which the homunculi lived , which he referred to as `` if '' . He and his colleagues went on to experiment with electrical stimulation of different brain areas of patients undergoing open brain surgery to control epilepsy , and were thus able to produce the topographical brain maps and their corresponding homunculi . More recent studies have improved this understanding of somatotopic arrangement using techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) . Representation ( edit ) Penfield referred to his creations as `` grotesque creatures '' due to their strange - looking proportions . For example , the sensory nerves arriving from the hands terminate over large areas of the brain , resulting in the hands of the homunculus being correspondingly large . In contrast , the nerves emanating from the torso or arms cover a much smaller area , thus the torso and arms of the homunculus look comparatively small and weak . Penfield 's homunculi are usually shown as 2 - D diagrams . This is an oversimplification , as it can not fully show the data set Penfield collected from his brain surgery patients . Rather than the sharp delineation between different body areas shown in the drawings , there is actually significant overlap between neighboring regions . The simplification suggests that lesions of the motor cortex will give rise to specific deficits in specific muscles . However , this is a misconception , as lesions produce deficits in groups of synergistic muscles . This finding suggests that the motor cortex functions in terms of overall movements as coordinated groups of individual motions . The sensorimotor homunculi can also be represented as 3 - D figures ( such as the sensory homunculus sculpted by Sharon Price - James shown from different angles below ) , which can make it easier for laymen to understand the ratios between the different body regions ' levels of motor or sensory innervation . However , these 3 - D models do not illustrate which areas of the brain are associated with which parts of the body . See also ( edit ) Homunculus Somatotopic arrangement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marieb , E. , Hoehn , K. Human Anatomy and Physiology . 7th Ed . 2007 . Pearson Benjamin Cummings : San Francisco . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . McGraw Hill . p. 544 - 546 Jump up ^ Covington , Jr. , William Oates ( 2015 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Homunculus ( Topographic ) Diagram '' . willcov.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Neurocritic : A New Clitoral Homunculus ? '' . 2009 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cazala , Fadwa ; Vienney , Nicolas ; Stoléru , Serge ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) . `` The cortical sensory representation of genitalia in women and men : a systematic review '' . Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology . 5 . ISSN 2000 - 9011 . PMC 4357265 . PMID 25766001 . doi : 10.3402 / snp. v5. 26428 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Penfield , Wilder ; Boldrey , Edwin ( 1937 ) . `` Somatic Motor And Sensory Representation In The Cerebral Cortex Of Man As Studied By Electrical Stimulation '' . Brain . 60 ( 4 ) : 389 - 443 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 60.4. 389 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Grodd W , Hülsmann E , Lotze M , Wildgruber D , Erb M. Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum : fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization . Hum Brain Mapp. 2001 Jun ; 13 ( 2 ) : 55 - 73 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cortical homunculus . Mole - ratunculus -- an analog of a sensory homunculus , except for a mole - rat , from the paper Somatosensory cortex dominated by the representation of teeth in the naked mole - rat brain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortical_homunculus&oldid=790080223 '' Categories : Sensory systems Cerebrum Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the primary purpose of the primary motor cortex homunculus	[ "A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological \"map\" of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body. Homunculus is Latin for \"little man\", and was a term used in alchemy and folklore prior to the concept being utilized in scientific literature. A cortical homunculus, or \"cortex man\", illustrates the concept of a representation of the body lying within the brain." ]	[ "processing motor functions" ]
8731611496704349806	Jujutsu	Jujutsu - wikipedia Jujutsu Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jujutsu Jujutsu training at an agricultural school in Japan around 1920 Also known as Jiu - jitsu , Jiujitsu , Ju - jitsu , Jujitsu , Ju - jutsu Focus Hybrid Country of origin Japan Famous practitioners Takeda Sōkaku , Seishiro Okazaki , Jigoro Kano , Morihei Ueshiba , Wally Jay , Gokor Chivichyan , Gene LeBell , Lee Hasdell , Carlos Newton , Benny Urquidez , Tim Kennedy , Shonie Carter , Bill Underwood , Harold Howard , Michel van Rijt , Moshé Feldenkrais , Dong Jin Kim , Mikinosuke Kawaishi , Jean - Yves Thériault , Alexis Davis , Stephen Thompson , Serge Mol , Mikhail Zayats , Matt Larsen Parenthood Various Japanese martial arts Descendant arts Judo , Sambo , Brazilian jiu - jitsu ( via Judo ) , Aikido , Hapkido , Bartitsu , Catch Wrestling , German ju - jutsu Olympic sport Judo Jujutsu ( / dʒ uː ˈdʒuːtsuː / joo - JOOT - soo ; Japanese : 柔術 , jūjutsu listen ( help info ) ) is a Japanese martial art and a method of close combat for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon or only a short weapon . `` Jū '' can be translated to mean `` gentle , soft , supple , flexible , pliable , or yielding . '' `` Jutsu '' can be translated to mean `` art '' or `` technique '' and represents manipulating the opponent 's force against himself rather than confronting it with one 's own force . Jujutsu developed to combat the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon , or only a short weapon . Because striking against an armored opponent proved ineffective , practitioners learned that the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins , joint locks , and throws . These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker 's energy against him , rather than directly opposing it . There are many variations of the art , which leads to a diversity of approaches . Jujutsu schools ( ryū ) may utilize all forms of grappling techniques to some degree ( i.e. throwing , trapping , joint locks , holds , gouging , biting , disengagements , striking , and kicking ) . In addition to jujutsu , many schools teach the use of weapons . Today , jujutsu is practiced in both traditional and modern sports forms . Derived sport forms include the Olympic sport and martial art of judo , which was developed by Kanō Jigorō in the late 19th century from several traditional styles of jujutsu , and Brazilian jiu - jitsu , which was derived from earlier ( pre -- World War II ) versions of Kodokan judo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Development 3 Description 4 Schools and derivatives and others 4.1 Derivatives and influences 4.1. 1 Aikido 4.1. 2 Bartitsu 4.1. 3 Judo 4.1. 3.1 Brazilian jiu - jitsu 4.1. 3.2 Sambo 4.2 Modern schools 4.3 Sport jujutsu 5 Heritage and philosophy 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) Jujutsu , the current standard spelling , is derived using the Hepburn romanization system . Before the first half of the 20th century , however , Jiu - Jitsu and Ju - Jitsu were preferred , even though the romanization of the second kanji as Jitsu is unfaithful to the standard Japanese pronunciation . Since Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West in that time period , these earlier spellings are still common in many places . Ju - Jitsu is still a common spelling in France , Canada , and the United Kingdom while Jiu - Jitsu is most widely used in Germany and Brazil . Some define jujutsu and similar arts rather narrowly as `` unarmed '' close combat systems used to defeat or control an enemy who is similarly unarmed . Basic methods of attack include hitting or striking , thrusting or punching , kicking , throwing , pinning or immobilizing , strangling , and joint locking . Great pains were also taken by the bushi ( classic warriors ) to develop effective methods of defense , including parrying or blocking strikes , thrusts and kicks , receiving throws or joint locking techniques ( i.e. , falling safely and knowing how to `` blend '' to neutralize a technique 's effect ) , releasing oneself from an enemy 's grasp , and changing or shifting one 's position to evade or neutralize an attack . As jujutsu is a collective term , some schools or ryu adopted the principle of ju more than others . From a broader point of view , based on the curricula of many of the classical Japanese arts themselves , however , these arts may perhaps be more accurately defined as unarmed methods of dealing with an enemy who was armed , together with methods of using minor weapons such as the jutte ( truncheon ; also called jitter ) , tantō ( knife ) , or Kaku shi buki ( hidden weapons ) , such as the ryofundo kusari ( weighted chain ) or the bankokuchoki ( a type of knuckle - duster ) , to defeat both armed or unarmed opponents . Furthermore , the term jujutsu was also sometimes used to refer to tactics for infighting used with the warrior 's major weapons : katana or tachi ( sword ) , yari ( spear ) , naginata ( glaive ) , and jo ( short staff ) , bo ( quarterstaff ) . These close combat methods were an important part of the different martial systems that were developed for use on the battlefield . They can be generally characterized as either Sengoku Jidai ( Sengoku Period , 1467 -- 1603 ) katchu bu Jutsu or yoroi kumiuchi ( fighting with weapons or grappling while clad in armor ) , or Edo Jidai ( Edo Period , 1603 -- 1867 ) suhada bu Jutsu ( fighting while dressed in the normal street clothing of the period , kimono and hakama ) . The Chinese character 柔 ( Mandarin : róu ; Japanese : jū ; Korean : yū ) is the same as the first one in 柔道 / judo ( Mandarin : róudào ; Japanese : jūdō ; Korean : Yudo ) . The Chinese character 術 ( Mandarin : shù ; Japanese : jutsu ; Korean : sul ) is the same as the second one in 武術 ( Mandarin : wǔshù ; Japanese : bujutsu ; Korean : musul ) . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Jujutsu first began during the Sengoku period of the Muromachi period combining various Japanese martial arts which were used on the battlefield for close combat in situations where weapons were ineffective . In contrast to the neighbouring nations of China and Okinawa whose martial arts were centered around striking techniques , Japanese hand - to - hand combat forms focused heavily upon throwing , immobilizing , joint locks and choking as striking techniques were ineffective towards someone wearing armor on the battlefield . The original forms of jujutsu such as Takenouchi - ryū also extensively taught parrying and counterattacking long weapons such as swords or spears via a dagger or other small weapon . In the early 17th century during the Edo period , jujutsu would continue to evolve due to the strict laws which were imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate to reduce war as influenced by the Chinese social philosophy of Neo-Confucianism which was obtained during Hideyoshi 's invasions of Korea and spread throughout Japan via scholars such as Fujiwara Seika . During this new ideology weapons and armor became unused decorative items , so hand - to - hand combat flourished as a form of self - defense and new techniques were created to adapt to the changing situation of unarmored opponents . This included the development of various striking techniques in jujutsu which expanded upon the limited striking previously found in jujutsu which targeted vital areas above the shoulders such as the eyes , throat , and back of the neck . However towards the 18th century the number of striking techniques was severely reduced as they were considered less effective and exert too much energy ; instead striking in jujutsu primarily became used as a way to distract the opponent or to unbalance him in the lead up to a joint lock , strangle or throw . During the same period the numerous jujutsu schools would challenge each other to duels which became a popular pastime for warriors under a peaceful unified government , from these challenges randori was created to practice without risk of breaking the law and the various styles of each school evolved from combating each other without intention to kill . The term jūjutsu was not coined until the 17th century , after which time it became a blanket term for a wide variety of grappling - related disciplines and techniques . Prior to that time , these skills had names such as `` short sword grappling '' ( 小具足腰之廻 , kogusoku koshi no mawari ) , `` grappling '' ( 組討 or 組打 , kumiuchi ) , `` body art '' ( 体術 , taijutsu ) , `` softness '' ( 柔 or 和 , yawara ) , `` art of harmony '' ( 和術 , wajutsu , yawarajutsu ) , `` catching hand '' ( 捕手 , torite ) , and even the `` way of softness '' ( 柔道 , jūdō ) ( as early as 1724 , almost two centuries before Kanō Jigorō founded the modern art of Kodokan Judo ) . Today , the systems of unarmed combat that were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period ( 1333 -- 1573 ) are referred to collectively as Japanese old - style jujutsu ( 日本古流柔術 , Nihon koryū jūjutsu ) . At this period in history , the systems practiced were not systems of unarmed combat , but rather means for an unarmed or lightly armed warrior to fight a heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield . In battle , it was often impossible for a samurai to use his long sword or polearm , and would , therefore , be forced to rely on his short sword , dagger , or bare hands . When fully armored , the effective use of such `` minor '' weapons necessitated the employment of grappling skills . Methods of combat ( as mentioned above ) included striking ( kicking and punching ) , throwing ( body throws , joint lock throws , unbalance throws ) , restraining ( pinning , strangling , grappling , wrestling ) and weaponry . Defensive tactics included blocking , evading , off - balancing , blending and escaping . Minor weapons such as the tantō ( knife ) , ryofundo kusari ( weighted chain ) , kabuto wari ( helmet breaker ) , and Kaku shi buki ( secret or disguised weapons ) were almost always included in Sengoku jujutsu . Development ( edit ) In later times , other koryu developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of Nihon jujutsu commonly seen today . These are correctly classified as Edo jūjutsu ( founded during the Edo period ) : they are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in a battlefield environment . Most systems of Edo jujutsu include extensive use of atemi waza ( vital - striking technique ) , which would be of little use against an armored opponent on a battlefield . They would , however , be quite valuable in confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire ( referred to as `` suhada bujutsu '' ) . Occasionally , inconspicuous weapons such as tantō ( daggers ) or tessen ( iron fans ) were included in the curriculum of Edo jūjutsu . Another seldom - seen historical side is a series of techniques originally included in both Sengoku and Edo jujutsu systems . Referred to as Hojo waza ( 捕縄術 hojojutsu , Tori Nawa Jutsu , nawa Jutsu , hayanawa and others ) , it involves the use of a hojo cord , ( sometimes the sageo or tasuke ) to restrain or strangle an attacker . These techniques have for the most part faded from use in modern times , but Tokyo police units still train in their use and continue to carry a hojo cord in addition to handcuffs . The very old Takenouchi - ryu is one of the better - recognized systems that continue extensive training in hojo waza . Since the establishment of the Meiji period with the abolishment of the Samurai and the wearing of swords , the ancient tradition of Yagyu Shingan Ryu ( Sendai and Edo lines ) has focused much towards the jujutsu ( Yawara ) contained in its syllabus . Many other legitimate Nihon jujutsu Ryu exist but are not considered koryu ( ancient traditions ) . These are called either Gendai Jujutsu or modern jujutsu . Modern jujutsu traditions were founded after or towards the end of the Tokugawa period ( 1868 ) when more than 2000 schools ( ryu ) of jūjutsu existed . Various traditional ryu and ryuha that are commonly thought of as koryu jujutsu are actually gendai jūjutsu . Although modern in formation , very few gendai jujutsu systems have direct historical links to ancient traditions and are incorrectly referred to as traditional martial systems or ryu . Their curriculum reflects an obvious bias towards Edo jūjutsu systems as opposed to the Sengoku jūjutsu systems . The improbability of confronting an armor - clad attacker is the reason for this bias . Over time , Gendai jujutsu has been embraced by law enforcement officials worldwide and continues to be the foundation for many specialized systems used by police . Perhaps the most famous of these specialized police systems is the Keisatsujutsu ( police art ) Taiho jutsu ( arresting art ) system formulated and employed by the Tokyo Police Department . Jujutsu techniques have been the basis for many military unarmed combat techniques ( including British / US / Russian special forces and SO1 police units ) for many years . Since the early 1900s , every military service in the world has an unarmed combat course that has been founded on the principal teachings of Jujutsu . There are many forms of sports jujutsu , the original and most popular being judo , now an Olympic sport . One of the most common is mixed - style competitions , where competitors apply a variety of strikes , throws , and holds to score points . There are also kata competitions , where competitors of the same style perform techniques and are judged on their performance . There are also freestyle competitions , where competitors take turns attacking each other , and the defender is judged on performance . Another more recent form of competition growing much more popular in Europe is the Random Attack form of competition , which is similar to Randori but more formalized . Description ( edit ) The word Jujutsu can be broken down into two parts . `` Ju '' is a concept . The idea behind this meaning of Ju is `` to be gentle '' , `` to give way '' , `` to yield '' , `` to blend '' , `` to move out of harm 's way '' . `` Jutsu '' is the principle or `` the action '' part of Ju - Jutsu . In Japanese this word means science or art . Japanese jujutsu systems typically emphasize more on throwing , pinning , and joint - locking techniques as compared with martial arts such as karate , which rely more on striking techniques . Striking techniques were seen as less important in most older Japanese systems because of the protection of samurai body armor and were used as set - ups for their grappling techniques . However , many modern - day jujutsu schools include striking , both as a set - up for further techniques or as a stand - alone action . In jujutsu , practitioners train in the use of many potentially fatal moves . However , because students mostly train in a non-competitive environment , the risk is minimized . Students are taught break falling skills to allow them to safely practice otherwise dangerous throws . Schools and derivatives and others ( edit ) Because jujutsu contains so many facets , it has become the foundation for a variety of styles and derivations today . As each instructor incorporated new techniques and tactics into what was taught to him originally , he could codify and create his own ryu ( school ) or Federation to help other instructors , schools , and clubs . Some of these schools modified the source material so much that they no longer considered themselves a style of jujutsu . In around 1600 there were over 2000 Japanese jujutsu ryū , and common features characterized most of them . Specific technical characteristics varied from school to school . Many of the generalizations noted above do not hold true for some schools of jujutsu. Old schools of Japanese jujutsu include : Hontai Yōshin - ryū ( Takagi Ryu ) Kashima Shin - ryū Kitō - ryū Kukishin - ryū Kyushin - ryū Sekiguchi - ryū Shindō Yōshin - ryū Sōsuishi - ryū Takenouchi - ryū Tatsumi - ryū Tenjin Shin'yō - ryū Yagyū Shingan - ryū Yōshin - ryū Derivatives and influences ( edit ) Some examples of martial arts that have developed from or have been influenced by jujutsu are : aikido , bartitsu , hapkido , judo ( and thence Brazilian jiu - jitsu and sambo ) , kajukenbo , krav maga , kapap , pangamot , and kenpo . Some schools also went on to influence modern Japanese karate . A major Japanese divergence occurred in 1905 when a number of jujutsu schools joined the Kodokan . The relationships between schools and styles can be complex . For example , the Wado - ryu school of karate is partially descended from Shindō Yōshin - ryū jujutsu , itself in turn influenced by Okinawan karate . Aikido ( edit ) Main article : Aikido Aikido is a modern martial art developed in the 1910s and 1930s by Morihei Ueshiba from the system of Daitō - ryū Aiki - jūjutsu techniques to focus on the spiritual principle of harmony which distinguishes Budō from Bujutsu . Ueshiba was an accomplished student of Takeda Sokaku . Aikido is a systemic refinement of defensive techniques from Aiki - Jujutsu in ways that are intended to prevent harm to either the attacker or the defender . Aikido evolved much during Ueshiba 's lifetime , so earlier styles ( such as Yoshinkan ) are more like the original Aiki - Jujutsu than ones ( such as Ki - Aikido ) that more resemble the techniques and philosophy that Ueshiba stressed towards the end of his life . Bartitsu ( edit ) Main article : Bartitsu Jujutsu was first introduced to Europe in 1898 by Edward William Barton - Wright , who had studied Tenjin Shinyō - ryū and Shinden Fudo Ryu in Yokohama and Kobe . He also trained briefly at the Kodokan in Tokyo . Upon returning to England he folded the basics of all of these styles , as well as boxing , savate , and forms of stick fighting , into an eclectic self - defence system called Bartitsu . Judo ( edit ) Kanō Jigorō , founder of Judo Main article : Judo Modern judo is the classic example of a sport that derived from jujutsu and became distinct . Many who study judo believe as Kano did , that judo is not a sport but a self - defense system creating a pathway towards peace and universal harmony . Another layer removed , some popular arts had instructors who studied one of these jujutsu derivatives and later made their own derivative succeed in competition . This created an extensive family of martial arts and sports that can trace their lineage to jujutsu in some part . The way an opponent is dealt with also depends on the teacher 's philosophy with regard to combat . This translates also in different styles or schools of jujutsu . Because in jujutsu every conceivable technique is allowed ( including biting , hair - pulling , eye - gouging , and striking the groin ) , there is unlimited choice of techniques . By contrast , judo emphasizes grappling and throwing , while karate emphasizes punching or kicking . Not all jujutsu was used in sporting contests , but the practical use in the samurai world ended circa 1890 . Techniques like hair - pulling and eye - poking were and are not considered acceptable in sport , thus , they are excluded from judo competitions or randori . However , Judo did preserve the more lethal , dangerous techniques in its kata . The kata were intended to be practiced by students of all grades but now are mostly practiced formally as complete set - routines for performance , kata competition , and grading , rather than as individual self - defense techniques in class . However , judo retained the full set of choking and strangling techniques for its sporting form and all manner of joint locks . Even judo 's pinning techniques have pain - generating , spine - and - rib - squeezing and smothering aspects . A submission induced by a legal pin is considered a legitimate win . Kano viewed the safe ' contest ' aspect of judo as an important part of learning how to control an opponent 's body in a real fight . Kano always considered judo a form of , and a development of , jujutsu . A judo technique starts with gripping your opponent , followed by off - balancing them and using their momentum against them , and then applying the technique . Kuzushi ( the art of breaking balance ) is also used in jujutsu , where the opponent 's attack is deflected using their momentum against them in order to arrest their movements then throw them or pin them with a technique -- thus controlling the opponent . In both systems , Kuzushi is essential in order to use as little energy as possible . Jujutsu differs from judo in a number of ways . In some circumstances , judoka generate kuzushi by striking one 's opponent along his weak line . Other methods of generating kuzushi include grabbing , twisting , or poking areas of the body known as atemi points or pressure points ( areas of the body where nerves are close to the skin - see kyusho - jitsu ) . Brazilian jiu - Jitsu ( edit ) Mitsuyo Maeda Main article : Brazilian jiu - jitsu Brazilian jiu - jitsu ( BJJ ) was developed after Mitsuyo Maeda brought judo to Brazil in 1914 . Maeda agreed to teach the art to Luiz França and Carlos Gracie , son of his friend , businessman and politician Gastão Gracie . Luiz França went on to teach it to Oswaldo Fadda . After Carlos learned the art from Maeda , he passed his knowledge to his brothers Oswaldo , Gastão Jr. , and George . Meanwhile , Hélio Gracie would peek in and practice the techniques , although he was told he was too young to practice . At the time , judo was still commonly called Kano jiu - jitsu ( from its founder Kanō Jigorō ) , which is why this derivative of judo is called Brazilian jiu - jitsu rather than Brazilian judo . Its emphasis shifted to ground grappling because the Gracie family thought it was more efficient and much more practical . Carlos and Helio helped the development by promoting fights ( mostly against practitioners of other martial arts ) , competitions and experimenting throughout decades of intense training . BJJ dominated the first large modern mixed martial arts competitions , causing the emerging field to adopt many of its practices . Less - practiced stand - up techniques in Gracie Jiu Jitsu remain from its judo and jujutsu heritage ( knife defense , gun defense , throws , blocking , striking etc . ) . Sambo ( edit ) Main article : Sambo ( martial art ) Sambo is a Russian martial art and sport derived from Japanese Judo and traditional Central Asian styles of folk wrestling . One of Sambo 's founders , Vasili Oschepkov , was one of the first foreigners to learn Judo in Japan and earned a second - degree black belt awarded by Kano Jigoro himself . Modern sports Sambo is similar to sport Judo or sport Brazilian jiu - jitsu , with differences including use of a jacket and shorts rather than a full keikogi , as well as a higher occurrence of leglocks . Modern schools ( edit ) After the transplantation of traditional Japanese jujutsu to the West , many of these more traditional styles underwent a process of adaptation at the hands of Western practitioners , molding the art of jujutsu to suit western culture in its myriad varieties . There are today many distinctly westernized styles of jujutsu , that stick to their Japanese roots to varying degrees . Some of the largest post-reformation ( founded post-1905 ) jujutsu schools include ( but are certainly not limited to these in that there are hundreds ( possibly thousands ) , of new branches of `` jujutsu '' ) : Danzan - ryū German ju - jutsu Jigo Tensin Ryu Atemi Ju - Jitsu Hakkō - ryū Shorinji Kan Ju Jitsu Small Circle JuJitsu Sport jujutsu ( edit ) There are many types of Sports Jujutsu . One version of Sports jujutsu is known as `` JJIF Rules Sports Ju - Jitsu '' , organized by Ju - Jitsu International Federation ( JJIF ) , and has been recognized an official sport of the World Games . Sport Jujutsu comes in three main variants : Duo ( self - defense demonstration ) where both the tori ( attacker ) and the uke ( defender ) come from the same team and demonstrate self - defense techniques . In this variant , there is a special system named Random Attacks , focusing on instilling quick reaction times against any given attack by defending and countering . The tori and the uke are also from the same team but here they do n't know what the attack will be , which is given to the uke by the judges , without the tori 's knowledge . The second variant is the Fighting System ( Freefighting ) where competitors combine striking , grappling and submissions under rules which emphasise safety . Many of the potentially dangerous techniques such as scissor takedowns , necklocks and digital choking and locking are prohibited in Sport Jujutsu . There are a number of other styles of sport jujutsu with varying rules . The third variant is the Japanese / Ne Waza ( grappling ) system in which competitors start standing up and work for a submission . Striking is not allowed . Heritage and philosophy ( edit ) Japanese culture and religion have become intertwined into the martial arts . Buddhism , Shinto , Taoism and Confucian philosophy co-exist in Japan , and people generally mix and match to suit . This reflects the variety of outlook one finds in the different schools . Jujutsu expresses the philosophy of yielding to an opponent 's force rather than trying to oppose force with force . Manipulating an opponent 's attack using his force and direction allows jujutsuka to control the balance of their opponent and hence prevent the opponent from resisting the counterattack . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Takahashi , Masao ( May 3 , 2005 ) . Mastering Judo . Human Kinetics . p. viii . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 5099 - X . ^ Jump up to : Mol , Serge ( 2001 ) . Classical Fighting Arts of Japan : A Complete Guide to Koryū Jūjutsu . Tokyo , Japan : Kodansha International . pp. 24 -- 54 . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2619 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kanō , Jigorō ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . `` A Brief History of Jujutsu '' . In Murata , Naoki . Mind over muscle : writings from the founder of Judo . trans . Nancy H. Ross ( 2 ed . ) . Japan : Kodansha International . p. 13 . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 3015 - 0 . Jump up ^ Skoss , Meik ( 1995 ) . `` Jujutsu and Taijutsu '' . Aikido Journal . 103 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 儒学者藤原惺窩 / 三木市 '' . City.miki.lg.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ 日本武道全集 . 第 5 巻 . Shin - Jinbutsuoraisha. 1966 . ASIN B000JB7T9U . Jump up ^ Matsuda , Ryuichi ( 2004 ) . 秘伝日本柔術 . Doujinshi . ISBN 4 - 915906 - 49 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.perthmartialarts.com.au/jiu-jitsu/ Jump up ^ `` Jujutsu '' . Mysensei.net. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` A history of Kukishin Ryu '' . Shinjin.co.jp . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bartitsu '' . Jump up ^ `` 和道流空手道連盟 '' . Wado-ryu.jp . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jiu - Jitsu Rules '' . Cmgc.ca . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` AAU Freestyle Jujitsu Rules '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jujutsu . Look up jujitsu in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Jujutsu '' by Jigorō Kanō and T. Lindsay , 1887 ( Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan , Volume 15 ) . On jujutsu and the origins of judo . 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6520926500048337781	Universal background check	Universal background check - wikipedia Universal background check This article is about background checks for private sales of firearms in the United States . For background checks in general , see Background check . Desert Eagle 44 mag . private sale Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) , closing what is sometimes called the private sale loophole . In a 2017 survey , a panel of 32 scholars of criminology , public health , and law rated universal background checks as the most effective policy to prevent gun deaths , ranking it # 1 of 29 possible gun - related policies . Universal background checks enjoy high levels of public support . Contents 1 Background 2 Private sale loophole 3 Public opinion 4 Opposition 5 Effectiveness 6 Implications for mental health counseling 7 States with universal background check laws 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Background ( edit ) Main article : Gun show loophole Currently , federal law requires background checks ( through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System ) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers , which account for 78 % of all gun sales in the United States . This figure was published in a 2017 study by the Annals of Internal Medicine which compared data from 1994 , indicating 40 % of recent gun acquisitions were completed without a background check , to a 2015 survey which found that 22 % of recent gun acquisitions were completed without a background check . The current federal law allows people not `` engaged in the business '' of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records . The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence ( CSGV ) states that the National Instant Criminal Background Check System has prevented over two million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms . According to the CSGV , the law also has a prohibitive effect , that deters illegal purchases . In November 1998 , President Bill Clinton directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General ( A.G. ) to provide recommendations concerning the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run background checks on potential buyers . This was called the gun show loophole . Two months later , Gun Shows : Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released . The Secretary and the A.G. made seven recommendations , including expanding the definition of `` gun show , '' and reviewing the definition of `` engaged in the business . '' After the Columbine High School massacre in April 1999 , gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate . In May , the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) told the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime , `` We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory , instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show . '' Those concerned about the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms . Efforts to reverse a key feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Act ( FOPA ) by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows , which had become prolific in the U.S. since the law 's passage in 1986 , were unsuccessful . Private sale loophole ( edit ) In the August 5 , 2010 , issue of The New England Journal of Medicine , researchers Garen J. Wintemute , Anthony A. Braga , and David M. Kennedy , wrote that gun shows account for only a fraction of all U.S. gun sales and that a more effective strategy would be to make all private - party gun sales go through the screening and record - keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do . Their report concluded : Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience notwithstanding , 83 % of self - reported gun owners and 87 % of the general population endorsed regulation for all private - party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advocacy organization Mayors Against Illegal Guns . Gun owners gave stronger support to this all - inclusive approach than to a gun - show - only proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the same organization . Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Hill . It would therefore seem preferable to move forward with the version that is most likely to reduce the rates of firearm - related violence . Following the December 14 , 2012 , Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre there were numerous calls for universal background checks , to close what is now referred to as the `` private sale loophole . '' In an essay published in 2013 , Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would result in a simple , fair framework for retail firearms commerce . In February 2014 , researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research reported that after the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long - standing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background check there was a 23 percent increase in firearms homicides . In 2017 , a study by researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Health showed that 22 % of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a background check before doing so . Public opinion ( edit ) Universal background checks enjoy high levels of public support ; a 2016 representative survey found 86 % of U.S. registered voters supported the measure . Five national polls conducted in 2015 show high levels of support for `` expanded background checks for gun purchases , '' with rates varying ( 93 % and 89 % support in two Quinnipiac University surveys , 92 % support in a CBS / New York Times survey , 86 % support in a Gallup survey , 85 % support in a Pew Research Center survey ) . A 2015 survey found that more than 90 % of Americans supported universal background checks , and that , on average , Americans thought they would be more effective than any other gun policy . There is evidence that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law ; a 2016 survey found that 41 % of Americans believed this to be the case . The same survey found that 77 % of Americans supported universal background checks , while only 53 % supported stricter gun laws . Based on this data , the authors concluded that `` this difference might be attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws . '' In 2015 , large majorities of American adults , both Republicans ( 79 % ) and Democrats ( 88 % ) , supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows , according to a Pew Research Center survey . In 2017 , strong majorities of American adults , both gun owners ( 77 % ) and non-gun owners ( 87 % ) , supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows , according to a Pew Research Center survey with an error attributable to sampling of + / - 2.8 % at the 95 % level of confidence . In 2018 , after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland , Florida , nearly all Americans supported universal background checks . 88 % of registered voters supported universal background checks , according to a Politico / Morning Consult poll with a margin of error + / - 2 % . 97 % of American voters supported universal background checks , according to a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll with a margin of error of + / - 3.4 % . Opposition ( edit ) Those who oppose universal background checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient ; that the government does not prosecute enough of the attempted buyers who are turned away by the current system ; that background checks are an invasion of privacy ; that `` transfer '' might be defined too broadly . Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not stop crime and assert that the only way to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database . Gun - rights advocate and author John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns . Lott said that , as of December 2015 , background checks added an effective cost of $80 ( New York ) , $60 ( Washington state ) , or $200 ( Washington , D.C. ) to transferring a firearm . Lott argues that universal background checks are an effective tax on guns and can prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them , and that this disproportionately affects poor minorities who live in high - crime urban areas . Effectiveness ( edit ) In a 2017 survey , a panel of 32 scholars of criminology , public health and law rated universal background checks as the most effective policy to prevent gun deaths , ranking it # 1 of 29 possible gun - related policies . Research demonstrates that background check laws may be effective in decreasing gun homicides and suicides . A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that a Connecticut law ( enacted in 1995 ) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check ( in order to obtain a required permit ) `` was associated with a 40 percent decline in gun homicides and a 15 percent drop in suicides '' during the law 's first ten years in effect . A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health found that the 2007 repeal of a `` permit - to - purchase '' handgun law in Missouri ( including the repeal of a background - check requirement ) was associated with a 23 % increase in the firearm homicide rate and a 15 % increase in the murder rate , translating `` to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri . '' The study controlled for other variables that might affect homicides , including `` changes in rates of unemployment , poverty , incarceration , burglary , law enforcement officers per capita , and the presence of four other types of state laws . '' Implications for mental Health counseling ( edit ) Universal background check laws , which require that a background check be conducted before any gun transfer , may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals . Some clinicians have reported that these laws have created confusion about whether a gun transfer would be legal , and therefore made it more difficult for them to counsel their patients . States with universal background check laws ( edit ) Currently 8 U.S. states and the District of Columbia `` have extended the background check requirement beyond federal law to at least some private sales . '' Universal background check map Check needed at Point of transfer Check needed at Point of transfer for handguns only Permit needed by buyer Permit needed by buyer for handguns only No check needed Eight states , plus the District of Columbia , universally prohibit any transfer of a firearm without a background check : California , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , New York , Oregon , Rhode Island , Washington State Two states universally prohibit any transfer of a handgun only without a background check : Maryland , Pennsylvania Four states require the buyer to pass a background check in order to obtain a permit required for buying a firearm : Hawaii , Illinois , Massachusetts and New Jersey Four states require the buyer to pass a background check in order to obtain a permit required for buying a handgun only : Iowa , Michigan , Nebraska , and North Carolina . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A report released in 2009 , 10 years after Columbine , discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Quoctrung Bui & Margot Sanger - Katz , How to Prevent Gun Deaths ? Where Experts and the Public Agree , New York Times ( January 10 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Lauren ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Laura Ingraham wrongly says claim that 90 % support for gun background checks has been debunked '' . Politifact . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Kim ; Menasce Horowitz , Juliana ; Igielnik , Ruth ; Oliphant , Baxter ; Brown , Anna ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Complex Relationship With Guns '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepard , Steven ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Gun control support surges in polls '' . Politico . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Eighty - eight percent support requiring background checks on all gun sales . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Support For Gun Control Tops 2 - 1 , Highest Ever , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds '' . Quinnipiac University Polling Institute . February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Support for universal background checks is itself almost universal , 97 - 2 percent ... Jump up ^ Matthew Miller , MD , ScD ; Lisa Hepburn , PhD ; Deborah Azrael , PhD . `` Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of the Treasury , U.S. Department of Justice ( January 1999 ) . `` Gun Shows : Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces '' ( PDF ) . atf.gov . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( ATF ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Gun Show undercover '' ( PDF ) . October 2009 . p. 11 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firearms Trafficking : U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges '' ( PDF ) . gao.gov . United States Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . June 2009 . GAO - 09 - 709 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers '' . Berkeley Media Studies Group . January 1 , 2000 . Jump up ^ National Conference of State Legislatures ( June 1 , 2000 ) . `` Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate '' . The Free Library by Farlex . Gale Group . Jump up ^ `` No Questions Asked : Background Checks , Gun Shows , and Crime '' ( PDF ) . Americans for Gun Safety Foundation . April 1 , 2001 . Jump up ^ LaPierre , Wayne ( May 27 , 1999 ) . `` Statement of Wayne LaPierre , Executive Vice President , National Rifle Association '' . commdocs.house.gov ( Testimony ) . Washington , D.C . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . No loopholes anywhere for anyone . Jump up ^ `` Following the Gun : Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) . June 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Olinger , David ( February 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dealers live for gun shows '' . Denverpost.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baum , Dan ( June 8 , 2000 ) . `` What I saw at the gun show '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wintemute , Garen J. ; Braga , Anthony A. ; Kennedy , David M. ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Private - Party Gun Sales , Regulation , and Public Safety '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . Massachusetts Medical Society . 363 ( 6 ) : 508 -- 511 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1006326 . PMID 20592291 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Published online at nejm.org on June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hartfield , Elizabeth ( December 24 , 2012 ) . `` In Gun Control Debate , Arguments for Tougher Background Checks , Better State Reporting '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullum , Jacob ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` 4 Questions About ' Universal Background Checks ' for Gun Purchases '' . Reason.com ( Blog ) . Reason Foundation . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ More universal sources : Avlon , John ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Gun debate still rages after Sandy Hook slaughter '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Sullivan , Cheryl ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Gun debate 101 : Time for ' universal ' background checks on buyers ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Martinez , Michael ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Universal background check : ' What does it mean ? '' . Cable News Network . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Kristin ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Illegal Internet Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia '' . WUSA9 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . These Internet sales really are the new gun shows . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Eliza ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Gun - Control Lobby Targets Obama , Demands Reform '' . Daily Beast . Jump up ^ More private sale loophole sources : Kirkham , Chris ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Private Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market , Prompts Calls For Reform '' . The Huffington Post . `` Universal Background Checks & the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary '' . Smart Gun Laws . Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Taylor , Marisa ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Gun law loophole could have provided Brinsley 's murder weapon , say experts '' . Al Jazeera America . Through something known as the private sale loophole , he could have purchased the firearm in the private market at a gun show or out of someone 's trunk . Dobbs , Taylor ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Gun Rights Group Slams Proposed Legislation '' . Vermont Public Radio . Jump up ^ Wintemute , Garen J. ( 2013 ) . `` Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales : Evidence from Gun Shows '' . In Webster , Daniel W. ; Vernick , Jon S. Reducing Gun Violence in America . JHU Press . pp. 95 -- 107 . ISBN 9781421411101 . OCLC 823897002 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webster , Daniel ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` ID Check Repeal Prompts Spike In Murders , Study Finds '' . All Things Considered ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Audie Cornish . NPR . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , M ; Hepburn , L ; Azrael , D ( 3 January 2017 ) . `` Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks : Results of a National Survey '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 166 : 233 -- 239 . doi : 10.7326 / M16 - 1590 . PMID 28055050 . Jump up ^ Sorenson , Susan B. ( October 2015 ) . `` Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy : A look at type of violence and expected effectiveness '' . Preventive Medicine . 79 : 50 -- 54 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ypmed. 2015.04. 025 . Jump up ^ Aronow , Peter M ; Miller , Benjamin T ( January 2016 ) . `` Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation '' . The Lancet . 387 ( 10015 ) : 223 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 00042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fingerhut , Hannah ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` 5 facts about guns in the United States '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Good , Chris ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Case Against Gun Background Checks '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : G&A online editors ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` NRA Members : Universal Background Checks ' Not a Solution ' '' . Guns & Ammo . Intermedia Outdoors . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Lott , John . `` Mass Shootings and Gun Control '' . National Review . Jump up ^ Danielle Kurtzleben , Research Suggests Gun Background Checks Work , But They 're Not Everything , NPR ( January 9 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Kara E. Rudolph , Elizabeth A. Stuart , Jon S. Vernick & Daniel W. Webster , Association Between Connecticut 's Permit - to - Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides . American Journal of Public Health ( August 2015 ) , Vol. 105 , No. 8 , pp. e49 - e54 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2015.302703 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Webster , Cassandra Kercher Crifasi & Jon S. Vernick , Effects of the repeal of Missouri 's handgun purchaser licensing law on homicides. , Journal of Urban Health ( April 2014 ) , Vol. 91 , No. 2 , pp. 293 - 302 . doi : 10.1007 / s11524 - 014 - 9865 - 8 . Jump up ^ McCourt , AD ; Vernick , JS ; Betz , ME ; Brandspigel , S ; Runyan , CW ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Home to Prevent Suicide : Legal Obstacles and Recommendations '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . 177 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 101 . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2016.5704 . PMID 27842186 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Background Checks '' . Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Eighteen states and D.C. have extended the background check requirement beyond federal law to at least some private sales ... Further reading ( edit ) Editorial board ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Missouri study shows why we need universal gun background checks '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Krouse , William J. ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Gun Control Proposals in the 113th Congress : Universal Background Checks , Gun Trafficking , and Military Style Firearms '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Gun control in the United States Assault weapons legislation in the United States Federal Assault Weapons Ban Gun show loophole Public opinion on gun control in the United States Gun laws in the United States by state Red flag law Child access prevention law Universal background check National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) High - capacity magazine ban Gun permits Gun buyback programs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_background_check&oldid=853129417 '' Categories : Gun politics in the United States United States federal firearms legislation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 16 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	does the us require background checks for guns	[]	[]
3485836861661880651	The Family (2013 film)	The Family ( 2013 film ) - wikipedia The Family ( 2013 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Family Theatrical release poster Directed by Luc Besson Produced by Ryan Kavanaugh Virginie Silla Screenplay by Luc Besson Michael Caleo Based on Malavita by Tonino Benacquista Starring Robert De Niro Michelle Pfeiffer Tommy Lee Jones Dianna Agron John D'Leo Music by Evgueni Galperine Sacha Galperine Cinematography Thierry Arbogast Edited by Julien Rey Production company EuropaCorp Relativity Media TF1 Films Production Grive Productions Canal+ TF1 Distributed by Relativity Media EuropaCorp Release date 10 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) ( New York City ) 13 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 13 ) ( US ) 23 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) ( France ) Running time 111 minutes Country France United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $78.4 million The Family ( released as Malavita and Cosa Nostra in some countries ) is a 2013 black comedy crime film directed by Luc Besson , starring Robert De Niro , Michelle Pfeiffer , Tommy Lee Jones , Dianna Agron , and John D'Leo . The film follows a Mafia family in the witness protection program who want to change their lives . The film is based on the French novel Malavita ( Badfellas in the 2010 English translation ) by Tonino Benacquista . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Title 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Mafia boss Giovanni Manzoni , who offended Don Luchese , a rival mafia boss , survives an attempted hit on him and his family at a barbecue . He snitches on Luchese , which sends Luchese to prison ; Manzoni and his family enter an FBI witness protection program under the supervision of Agent Robert Stansfield , and are relocated to a small town in Normandy . In adjusting to life in the village , each family member runs into trouble . Giovanni is being observed by two FBI agents to ensure he does n't leave his house . Giovanni claims to be an author writing a historical novel on the Normandy landings , which is problematic as many citizens in the area are much more familiar with the event than he is . Giovanni finds ways to slip away and begins a quest to discover why the water in his house is brown . He beats a plumber who tries to shake him down for money to unnecessarily change all the pipes in his house and a local fertilizer factory owner who interrupts him while he is talking . Daughter Belle falls in love with Henri , a college student working as a substitute math teacher . She pretends to need private math lessons so she can get time alone with him and she eventually seduces him . Wife Maggie blows up a small grocery store when its owner spews anti-American comments in French to the other customers and often visits the undercover FBI agents . She spends a lot of time at the church , where she and the local priest have an amicable relationship . Their friendship ends when she confesses the numerous crimes her family has committed and he tells her never to come back . On the first day of class at the local school , son Warren is beaten up by a small gang , but he digs up information and uses it to gain favor with the most influential students , creating a mini-mafia within the school . This sway allows him to beat up the gang . He inadvertently alerts Don Luchese to their location when he quotes one of the kingpin 's sayings in a school paper , which makes its way back to Luchese through a series of chance events . Giovanni is asked to attend an American film event due to his supposed historical expertise and he brings Agent Stansfield along , claiming to want to bond with him , but it 's an alibi for a timed explosive he has rigged to destroy the structure causing his brown water . The film screening takes an unexpected turn when instead of Some Came Running , the scheduled film , they watch Goodfellas . Throughout the film , Giovanni expresses a desire to talk about his life as a mobster , seemingly expressing some guilt . The debate after the film prompts him to tell his story to the audience . Feeling his cover has been compromised , Agent Stansfield gives an order to relocate the family again . Meanwhile , the school detects Warren 's activities so he decides to leave town with a fake passport , afraid that the FBI will drop the family 's protection . At the train station , he sees seven hitmen arrive and head for the town . He returns home to warn the family . Henri breaks up with Belle , which causes her to contemplate suicide , but she stops when she sees the hitmen enter the police station and kill several officers . As Giovanni returns home , Maggie arrives outside and notices the team of hitmen , who have already killed firemen and who have proceeded to kill their neighbours . She takes cover in the FBI safe - house across the street . The hitmen blow up the family 's house and soon an intense gunfight ensues which involves all family members . Giovanni and Maggie strangle and stab a hitman after he raids the safe - house and tries to sexually assault Maggie . Belle kills a hitman who went to look for weapons in his car 's trunk . Using weapons she found in the trunk , she shoots one of the five hitmen near the burning house . Warren also takes guns from the trunk of the car and shoots two of the hitmen while being given cover fire by Belle . One hitman is killed by the family dog . While chasing Belle , the lead hitman is killed by Stansfield 's car . The family relocates again . Despite numerous innocent townspeople being slaughtered , Giovanni expresses his happiness at having had the chance to tell his story , saying that it brought the family closer . Cast ( edit ) Robert De Niro as Fred Blake / Giovanni Manzoni , the father . Michelle Pfeiffer as Maggie Blake / Maggie Manzoni , the mother . Dianna Agron as Belle Blake / Belle Manzoni , the daughter . John D'Leo as Warren Blake / Warren Manzoni , the son . Tommy Lee Jones as Robert Stansfield , the FBI agent . Jimmy Palumbo as Di Cicco Domenick Lombardozzi as Caputo Stan Carp as Don Luchese Vincent Pastore as Fat Willy Jonas Bloquet as André Jon Freda as Rocco Michael J. Panichelli Jr. as Billy the Bug Paul Borghese as Albert Anthony Desio as Bernie Ted Arcidi as Tommy David Belle as Mezzo Oisín Stack as Henri Dan Cade as BBQ Guest Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) EuropaCorp and Relativity Media signed during March 2012 to develop two films , including their distribution . The Family would become the first one , and the second one would be Three Days to Kill ( 2014 ) . Tonino Benacquista , the author of Malavita . The script , written by Luc Besson and Michael Caleo , is based on the novel Malavita by Tonino Benacquista , published in 2004 . The author did not want to be very involved in the development of the film , he said : `` I knew that EuropaCorp would be capable of producing a film that could be distributed , both in the United States and France , and it was a very tempting topic '' . The producer of the film , Virginie Besson - Silla , said that the film 's storyline is nearly the same as the novel 's . Originally , Besson would be only the producer . But after finding out that he was going to work with Robert De Niro and not finding a proper director , he decided to direct the film as well : `` I thought that it was out of the question to entrust this project to any other person ! I know the American and French cultures , so I decided to make me the director . '' De Niro asked Besson why he was not the director , and Besson told him : `` Okay , you won . '' Casting ( edit ) The book 's author wanted the cast to be `` American actors that have their own legend , and when appearing on the big screen , they do n't have to convince . '' When Besson asked him who he wanted to be the lead role , he proposed Robert De Niro . They sent him a letter , and later De Niro agreed to participate in the project . In June 2012 , it was confirmed that Michelle Pfeiffer would join the cast of The Family , as she was interested in working with De Niro . They had starred together in different films but never were able to film scenes with each other . Before casting the movie , Besson said that author Tonino Benacquista mused , `` ( I ) t would be so perfect if Robert De Niro and Michelle Pfeiffer played the roles . '' `` It was like a dream . '' said Besson . Besson always thought of Dianna Agron while writing the character Belle Blake . Despite this , Agron had to attend multiple auditions . Agron later won the part . The entire Glee cast and crew supported Agron 's departure from the show to be part of the film . A dog named Emeron was chosen to be Malavita , the canine pet of the main family , who follows De Niro 's character everywhere he goes . Emeron was trained by a specialist , and De Niro was the only person , beside the dog trainer , to spend time with him during the workout . Besson auditioned more than 500 actors for the character of Warren Blake , before casting D'Leo . The Family was De Niro 's 90th feature film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began 8 August 2012 and completed on 27 October 2012 . Filming took place in the locations of both Gacé and Le Sap in Normandy , and in New York City . Some of the filming also took place L'Aigle and at Cité du Cinéma in Saint - Denis for 1 month . Title ( edit ) In May 2013 , it was revealed that the film , originally titled Malavita , would be re-titled The Family in the United States and some English - speaking countries . In countries , including France , the Malavita title was retained . Music ( edit ) The Family ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released 13 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 13 ) Length 39 : 42 Label EuropaCorp Producer Luc Besson The Family ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released on 13 September 2013 , the same day of the film 's premiere . It includes original compositions by Evgueni Galperine and Sacha Galperine . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Gangster Tango '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 34 2 . `` 20 Million Dollars ( Interlude Dialogue ) '' 0 : 18 3 . `` Me and My Baby '' Don Cavalli 2 : 38 4 . `` First Love '' Evgueni Galperine 0 : 42 5 . `` The Body '' Evgueni Galperine 0 : 49 6 . `` Shoot the Dog ( Interlude Dialogue ) '' Paul Borghese 0 : 21 7 . `` Teens Fight Back '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 35 8 . `` Once Upon a Time '' Evgueni Galperine 0 : 54 9 . `` Both Arms and Both Legs ( Interlude Dialogue ) '' 0 : 22 10 . `` The Plumer '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 01 11 . `` Bad Guys in Town '' Evgueni Galperine 3 : 06 12 . `` The Greatest '' Cat Power 3 : 22 13 . `` I Want My Water Crystal Clear '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 34 14 . `` Best Dad Ever '' Evgueni Galperine 0 : 55 15 . `` The Bomb '' Evgueni Galperine 0 : 47 16 . `` New York , I Love You but You 're Bringing Me Down '' LCD Soundsystem 5 : 35 17 . `` Bazooka '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 46 18 . `` Manzoni the Writer '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 10 19 . `` I Gave You My Soul '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 14 20 . `` They Found Us ( Interlude Dialogue ) '' 0 : 12 21 . `` They Are Here '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 42 22 . `` The Battle '' Evgueni Galperine 2 : 05 23 . `` After the War '' Evgueni Galperine 1 : 40 24 . `` Doce doce '' Fred Bongusto 4 : 20 25 . `` Clint Eastwood '' Gorillaz 4 : 25 ' Clint Eastwood ' and ' To Binge ' by Gorillaz and ' The Greatest ' by Cat Power are used in the film but does not appear on the Soundtrack album . Another notable song that does not appear on the soundtrack , but appears in the film nonetheless , is ' Genius Of Love ' by Tom Tom Club . The song plays in the background during the barbeque scene . Release ( edit ) The first trailer of The Family was released on 4 June 2013 . For France , the first trailer for Malavita was released in mid-July 2013 . In August , some TV spots were released to promote the film . The film was initially set to be released , by Relativity Media , on 18 October 2013 , then changed to 20 September 2013 . The film was eventually pushed up to 13 September 2013 . Home Media ( edit ) The Family was released on Cassette Tape and Paperback on 17 December 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes shows that 29 % of 127 reviews rated it positively ; the average rating is 4.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus is : `` Luc Besson 's The Family suffers from an overly familiar setup and a number of jarring tonal shifts . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 42 based on 32 reviews . Ignatiy Vishnevetsky from The A.V. Club gave the film a B − , and said : `` Besson creates the impression that The Family is set in a world drawn from gangster movies and comic strips -- an idea that culminates in De Niro participating , as the town 's token American , in a film club discussion of a certain Martin Scorsese movie . '' Stephanie Merry from The Washington Post gave the film one out of four stars , stating : `` There 's little to laugh about in dark comedy ' The Family ' . '' Time Out 's critic , Nick Schager , gave the film one out of five stars , sayin that film director Luc Besson `` treats his protagonists as likable cartoons yet never provides a single reason to view them as anything less than remorseless , repugnant psychos . '' MSN Entertainment gave the film three out of five stars , saying : `` Sharper , smarter and slicker than it looks , there 's a lot to like about `` The Family . '' Linda Barnard from Toronto Star gave the film two out of four stars , saying : `` While Besson knows his way around an action film , he 's not as adept at comedy . The result is an often - violent , occasionally amusing fish - out - of - eau tale that plunks a family of wise guys in the French countryside with predictable results . '' Mack Rawden from Cinema Blend gave the film three out of five stars , saying : `` It uses irregular De Niro voiceovers on occasion . It reads segments of a book on occasion . It even uses bad dreams and flashbacks , all of which , when used together , make the film seem disorganized and poorly put together . All of that , coupled with more than a few jokes that fall flat and a plot that 's windy and strangely paced keep The Family from being anything more than a likeable enough way to spend an hour and forty - five minutes . '' Stephen Holden of the New York Times summed up the mixed reaction to the film : `` The movie has holes galore . It has abrupt tonal shifts , an incoherent back story and abandoned subplots ... But buoyed by hot performances , it sustains a zapping electrical energy . '' Although the film did not generate many positive reviews , the cast was praised by critics . THV11 said : `` The core actors of The Family were really solid and the whole film comes together to make a solid movie . '' Entertainment Weekly commented about Robert De Niro 's role , saying : `` At this point , Robert De Niro has built an entire subgenre of movies in which he sticks his tongue out at his cinematic legacy . '' The Huffington Post said that : `` De Niro , Pfeiffer and Jones all brought 100 % to their roles . Glee actress Dianna Agron was the stand - out here , shining as the daughter who was falling in love for the first time , while defending her family from total annihilation by the mafia . '' Box Office ( edit ) The Family debuted at # 2 in its first weekend , with $14 million , coming in behind Insidious : Chapter 2 , which made $40.3 million in its opening weekend . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE FAMILY ( 15 ) '' . E1 Films . British Board of Film Classification . 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Family ( 2013 ) ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB. 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family ( 2013 ) ( 2013 ) '' . BoxOffice. 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tonino Benacquista ( 1 January 2010 ) . Badfellas . Bitter Lemon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904738 - 43 - 5 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Family Trailer and Cast - Yahoo Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` EuropaCorp , Relativity ink for co-prods '' . Variety . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anecdotes du film Malavita - AlloCiné '' . Allocine.fr . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Pfeiffer In Talks to Join Luc Besson 's ' Malavita ' '' . Screenrant.com. 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` De Niro , Pfeiffer go back to the Mob in ' The Family ' '' . The Courier - Journal . courier-journal.com. 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dianna Agron -- Nylon For Guys September 2013 '' . Fashion Scans Remastered ! . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin . `` ' Glee ' Star Dianna Agron Joins Luc Besson 's ' Malavita ' '' . IndieWire . The Playlist . Jump up ^ `` Dianna Agron Online '' . Dianna-agron.org . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Robert De Niro 's ' Family ' Mob dog '' . Usatoday.com. 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( 8 August 2012 ) . Malavita Begins Principal Photography in France . MovieWeb.com Jump up ^ `` Le tournage de '' Malavita `` , c'est parti ! '' ( in French ) . Ouest-france.fr . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Pfeiffer in Talks to Join Robert De Niro in ' Malavita ' '' . Overallsite . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) : Evgueni Galperine / Sacha Galperine : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Family ' Theatrical Trailer Watch the video - Yahoo Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com. 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luc Besson 's ' Malavita ' Release Date Set '' . Hollywoodreporter.com. 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family ( 2013 ) : Release Info '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE FAMILY Starring Robert De Niro , Michelle Pfeiffer & Dianna Agron Hits Blu - ray & DVD December 17th '' . Gotham News . 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family : movie review review , synopsis , book tickets , showtimes , movie release date Time Out New York '' . Timeout.com. 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family ( 2013 ) - Critics ' Reviews - MSN Movies '' . Movies.msn.com . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family review : Whack thy neighbour Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com. 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family Review '' . CinemaBlend.com. 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Holden , `` In ' The Family , ' DeNiro and Pfeiffer Head a Mob Family , ' New York Times , 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Today 's Box Office : The Family '' . thv11.com. 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Family preview Review Movie Reviews and News '' . EW.com. 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Just Seen It : The Family Movie Review Zorianna Kit '' . Huffingtonpost.com. 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Pandya , Gitesh ( 15 September 2013 ) . `` Box Office Guru Wrapup : Insidious Soars to Chilling $41 M Debut '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Family on IMDb The Family at Box Office Mojo The Family at Rotten Tomatoes The Family at Metacritic ( hide ) Luc Besson Directed Le Dernier Combat ( 1983 ) Subway ( 1985 ) The Big Blue ( 1988 ) Nikita ( 1990 ) Atlantis ( 1991 ) Léon : The Professional ( 1994 ) The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc ( 1999 ) Angel - A ( 2005 ) Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ( 2010 ) The Lady ( 2011 ) The Family ( 2013 ) Lucy ( 2014 ) Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) Anna ( 2018 ) Produced Le Dernier Combat ( 1983 ) Subway ( 1985 ) Atlantis ( 1991 ) Cold Moon ( 1991 ) Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) Taxi ( 1998 ) Taxi 2 ( 2000 ) Kiss of the Dragon ( 2001 ) Wasabi ( 2001 ) La Turbulence des fluides ( 2002 ) The Transporter ( 2002 ) Fanfan la Tulipe ( 2003 ) Les Côtelettes ( 2003 ) Michel Vaillant ( 2003 ) Taxi 3 ( 2003 ) District 13 ( 2004 ) Taxi ( 2004 ) Revolver ( 2005 ) The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada ( 2005 ) Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) Unleashed ( 2005 ) Angel - A ( 2005 ) Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) Bandidas ( 2006 ) Love and Other Disasters ( 2006 ) Nuovomondo ( 2006 ) Tell No One ( 2006 ) The Secret ( 2007 ) Taxi 4 ( 2007 ) Hitman ( 2007 ) Taken ( 2008 ) Transporter 3 ( 2008 ) District 13 : Ultimatum ( 2009 ) Home ( 2009 ) Staten Island ( 2009 ) Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) From Paris with Love ( 2010 ) 22 Bullets ( 2010 ) Colombiana ( 2011 ) The Source ( 2011 ) A Monster in Paris ( 2011 ) The Lady ( 2011 ) Lockout ( 2012 ) Taken 2 ( 2012 ) No Limit ( 2012 ) Collison ( 2013 ) Jack and the Cuckoo - Clock Heart ( 2013 ) 3 Days to Kill ( 2013 ) The Family ( 2013 ) Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) The Homesman ( 2014 ) Taken 3 ( 2015 ) The Transporter Refueled ( 2015 ) The Warriors Gate ( 2016 ) Renegades ( 2016 ) Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) Taxi 5 ( 2018 ) Anna ( 2018 ) Written Taxi ( 1998 ) Taxi 2 ( 2000 ) Kiss of the Dragon ( 2001 ) Wasabi ( 2001 ) Yamakasi ( 2001 ) The Transporter ( 2002 ) Fanfan la Tulipe ( 2003 ) Taxi 3 ( 2003 ) Michel Vaillant ( 2003 ) Crimson Rivers II : Angels of the Apocalypse ( 2004 ) District 13 ( 2004 ) Revolver ( 2005 ) Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) Unleashed ( 2005 ) Bandidas ( 2006 ) Taxi 4 ( 2007 ) Taken ( 2008 ) Transporter 3 ( 2008 ) District 13 : Ultimatum ( 2009 ) From Paris with Love ( 2010 ) Colombiana ( 2011 ) Lockout ( 2012 ) Taken 2 ( 2012 ) 3 Days to Kill ( 2014 ) Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) Lucy ( 2014 ) Taken 3 ( 2015 ) The Transporter Refueled ( 2015 ) The Warriors Gate ( 2016 ) Renegades ( 2017 ) Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) Anna ( 2018 ) TV series No Limit ( 2012 - 2015 ) Taxi Brooklyn ( 2014 ) Taken ( 2017 ) See also Filmography EuropaCorp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Family_(2013_film)&oldid=818199504 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s black comedy films 2010s criminal comedy films American films American action films American black comedy films American criminal comedy films French films French action films French comedy films French crime films Films about contract killing Films about dysfunctional families Films based on French novels Films directed by Luc Besson Films set in 1996 Films set in New York City Films set in Normandy Films set in Paris Films shot in New York City Films shot in Normandy Films shot in Paris Mafia comedy films Entertainment One films Films produced by Luc Besson Works about witness protection Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from September 2013 Film articles using image size parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the movie the family with robert de niro	[]	[]
-4971210270624610777	Friday Night Lights (TV series)	Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2006 TV series . For the 2004 film , see Friday Night Lights ( film ) . For other uses , see Friday Night Lights ( disambiguation ) . Friday Night Lights Intertitle , seasons 4 -- 5 Genre Sports drama Teen drama Family drama Based on Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H.G. Bissinger Developed by Peter Berg Starring Kyle Chandler Connie Britton Gaius Charles Zach Gilford Minka Kelly Adrianne Palicki Taylor Kitsch Jesse Plemons Scott Porter Aimee Teegarden Michael B. Jordan Jurnee Smollett Matt Lauria Madison Burge Grey Damon Theme music composer W.G. Snuffy Walden Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 76 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Berg Brian Grazer David Nevins Sarah Aubrey Jason Katims Jeffrey Reiner David Hudgins Location ( s ) Austin , Texas Pflugerville , Texas Cinematography Todd McMullen David Boyd Ian Ellis Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Universal Media Studios Imagine Television Film 44 Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC The 101 Network ( 2008 -- 11 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release October 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) -- February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) External links Website www.nbc.com/friday-night-lights/ Friday Night Lights is an American drama television series about a high school football team in the fictional town of Dillon , Texas . It was developed by Peter Berg and executive produced by Brian Grazer , David Nevins , Sarah Aubrey and Jason Katims , based on the 1990 nonfiction book by H.G. Bissinger , adapted as the 2004 film of the same name . The series ' primary setting , Dillon , is a small , close - knit community in rural Texas . Team coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) and his family , Tami , Julie and Grace , are featured . The show uses this small - town backdrop to address many issues facing contemporary American culture , including family values , school funding , racism , drugs , abortion and lack of economic opportunities . Produced by NBCUniversal , Friday Night Lights premiered on October 3 , 2006 , and aired for two seasons on NBC . Although the show had garnered critical acclaim and passionate fans , the series suffered low ratings and was in danger of cancellation after the second season . To save the series , NBC struck a deal with DirecTV to co-produce three more seasons ; each subsequent season premiered on DirecTV 's 101 Network , with NBC rebroadcasts a few months later . The series ended its run on The 101 Network on February 9 , 2011 , after five seasons . Though Friday Night Lights never garnered a sizable audience , it was a critical success , lauded for its realistic portrayal of Middle America and deep exploration of its central characters . The show appeared on a number of best lists and was awarded a Peabody Award , a Humanitas Prize , a Television Critics Association Award and several technical Primetime Emmy Awards . At the 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards , the show was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series . Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton also scored multiple nominations for the Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress awards for a drama series . Executive producer Jason Katims was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Chandler and Katims each won the Emmy in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Inspiration 1.2 Conception 2 Production 2.1 Performances 2.2 Filming 2.3 Marketing 3 Cast and characters 4 Plot 4.1 Season one 4.2 Season two 4.3 Season three 4.4 Season four 4.5 Season five 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and accolades 5.3 Fan base 6 Television ratings 6.1 U.S. ratings 6.2 International ratings 6.3 DVR ratings 6.4 Affluent viewers 7 Distribution 7.1 Online episodes 7.2 Syndication 7.3 DirecTV 8 Home media releases 8.1 DVD and Blu - ray 8.2 Soundtracks 9 Potential film sequel 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( film ) Friday Night Lights was inspired by H.G. `` Buzz '' Bissinger 's non-fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream ( 1990 ) and the 2004 film based on it . The book , which explores the 1988 season of the Permian Panthers , a high school football team in Odessa , Texas , was a factual work of documentary journalism . The people featured were not renamed in the book . The Universal Pictures film , which stars Billy Bob Thornton and was directed by Peter Berg , Bissinger 's second cousin , based its characters on the residents of Odessa c. 1988 . Conception ( edit ) Peter Berg , who directed the film , developed the series , and wrote and directed the pilot episode . Once filming on the movie was completed , Berg began to explore adapting the story for television . Berg later said he had regretted having to jettison many of the interpersonal topics from the book because of the time constraints of a feature film . Creating a TV series , particularly one based on fictional characters , allowed him to address many of those elements in - depth . He decided to set the series in a fictional town of Dillon , Texas , with some characteristics of Odessa . The football team was given the Panthers name . Berg deliberately carried elements from the film to the series , particularly for the pilot , which was closely related to the film . He cast Connie Britton as the wife of head coach Eric Taylor , and Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity , a major businessman and football booster , in roles similar to those they played in the film . Production ( edit ) Filming for the show 's pilot began in February 2006 in Austin , Texas . Berg said he required filming the pilot and eventually the show in Texas as `` a deal breaker '' in order to agree to participate weekly in the project . The show features homages to its Texas heritage . In the pilot , Berg featured Texas Longhorns football coach Mack Brown as a Dillon booster and had a caller to the fictional Panther Radio compare Panthers ' coach Eric Taylor to Brown . The pilot referred to much of the surrounding area in its scenes . Football scenes were filmed at Pflugerville High School 's Kuempel Stadium and at the RRISD Complex . The Dillon Panther football team and coaches ' uniforms were based on the uniforms of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some of the scenes were filmed at Texas School for the Deaf . Berg 's observation of local high school students while preparing to film the movie inspired his development of some of the characters . For example , Jason Street , the character whose promising football career is ended by a spinal injury in the pilot , was inspired by a local event . David Edwards , a football player from San Antonio 's Madison High , was paralyzed during a November 2003 game . Berg was at the game when this accident occurred ; he was profoundly affected by Edwards ' injury and how it overturned his life . Berg set up a similar incident in the pilot . Performances ( edit ) While relying on a script each week , the producers decided at the outset to allow the cast leeway in what they said and did on the show . Their decisions could affect the delivery of their lines and the blocking of each scene . If the actors felt that something was untrue to their character or a mode of delivery did n't work , they were free to change it , provided they still hit the vital plot points . This freedom was complemented by filming without rehearsal and without extensive blocking . Camera operators were trained to follow the actors , rather than having the actors stand in one place with cameras fixed around them . The actors knew that the filming would work around them . Executive producer Jeffrey Reiner described this method as `` no rehearsal , no blocking , just three cameras and we shoot . '' Working in this fashion profoundly influenced everyone involved with the show . Series star Kyle Chandler said : `` When I look back at my life , I 'm going to say , ' Wow , ( executive producer ) Peter Berg really changed my life . ' '' Executive producer and head writer Jason Katims echoed this sentiment , saying : `` When I first came on ( the FNL ) set , I thought , it 's interesting -- this is what I imagined filmmaking would be , before I saw what filmmaking was . '' Filming ( edit ) All five seasons of Friday Night Lights were filmed in Austin and Pflugerville . With the show yielding roughly $33 million a year in revenue , other states courted the production company after the state of Texas failed to pay all the rebates it had promised to the show 's producers . The Texas legislature authorized funding to match the offers of other states , and the production company preferred to stay near Austin , so the show remained in Texas . Friday Night Lights is unusual for using actual locations rather than stage sets and sound stage . These factors together with reliance on filming hundreds of locals as extras , gives the series an authentic feel and look . The producers used a documentary - style filming technique . Three cameras were used for each shoot and entire scenes were shot in one take . In contrast , most productions film a scene from each angle and typically repeat the scene several times while readjusting lighting to accommodate each shot . The first takes usually made the final cut . By filming a scene all at once , the producers tried to create an environment for the actors that was more organic and allowed for the best performances . The series borrowed the uniforms , cheerleaders , fans and stadium of the Pflugerville Panthers . Producers shot Pflugerville games and used them as game footage in the series . University of Southern California football announcers Peter Arbogast and Paul McDonald provided off - screen commentary during the football game sequences . The facilities , colors and bobcat logos of Texas State University in San Marcos were used as the setting and creative inspiration for the fictional Texas Methodist University . The show features the fictional Herrmann Field , named for George Herrmann , the head coach of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some scenes were filmed outside Texas . On June 20 , 2010 , scenes were filmed at Temple University , which was to portray the fictional Braemore College . An episode from Julie 's senior year in high school was filmed in the Boston area , at Boston College , Boston University , and Tufts University . Some scenes at fictional Oklahoma Tech University were filmed at Gregory Gym at The University of Texas at Austin . Marketing ( edit ) Promotional website with Toyota . Initially targeted at the youth market , the show emphasized the football element . NBC teamed with social networking site Bebo to create a site that allowed students to upload video and photos , as well as create blogs about their local football teams . Students who participated were eligible for one of 10 $5,000 scholarships . NBC had negotiated with Bebo for network and series promotion on Bebo 's network of youth - oriented sites including Piczo , Hi5 , Tickle , Ringo , and FastWeb . To complement this promotion , NBC sent out `` School Spirit '' kits to 1,000 high schools around the country . These kits included posters , pom - poms , mini-footballs and disposable cameras , all bearing the show 's logo . The kits also contained copies of the show 's pilot episode on DVD . The network repeated this promotion for its second season promotion , when it teamed with HouseParty.com to send out 1,000 `` Party Kits , '' which contained advance copies of the Season 2 opener along with other promotional material . NBC also paired with Toyota to create the `` Hometown Sweepstakes '' , in which students could earn cash grants of up to $50,000 for their school 's athletics program . It was open to high school students ages 14 to 18 and was designed to draw people to the show 's official website , where they could download AOL Instant Messenger icons , screensavers and desktop wallpaper . Students who registered could also download free movie theater passes to special early screenings of the pilot episode . These movie theater screenings took place in 50 cities nationwide and ran until a week before the show premiered on NBC . In the later part of the season , NBC chose to switch course and pursue the female demographic . The network designed a strategy based on the personal elements of the show , giving the show the tagline , `` It 's about life '' . NBC Marketing President Vince Manze stressed that the goal was to ensure viewers that the show was family and relationships as well as athletics . The network ran 30 - second spots in movie theaters that featured cast members and fans being interviewed about the show . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Friday Night Lights characters Young members of the Friday Night Lights cast As a show about the community of Dillon , Texas , Friday Night Lights has an ensemble cast . The show features Panthers ' football coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) , who strives to balance his work , family , status in a sometimes confrontational community and his personal ambitions . His family -- wife Tami Taylor ( Connie Britton ) , a guidance counselor turned principal at Dillon High , and teenage daughter Julie Taylor ( Aimee Teegarden ) -- are also central to the show . Coach Taylor and Tami are the only two characters to appear in every episode . Outside of the Taylor family , the show explores the lives of the Dillon high school football players . In the pilot , Coach Taylor 's protege and star quarterback Jason Street ( Scott Porter ) , suffers a spinal injury that ends his football career . He faces life as a paraplegic . At first , Street struggles with these disabilities and the upturn of his life . Gradually , he copes with his new reality . Lyla Garrity ( Minka Kelly ) , his girlfriend , undergoes her own changes , making a transition from a Panthers cheerleader to a Christian youth leader . Because of Street 's injury , sophomore Matt Saracen ( Zach Gilford ) , who is quiet and reserved , becomes the Panthers ' starting quarterback . He eventually dates the coach 's daughter , Julie . Viewers learn that Saracen 's father is serving as a soldier in Iraq , and Saracen is the sole caretaker for his grandmother Lorraine Saracen ( Louanne Stephens ) . Saracen receives little help , except from his best friend Landry Clarke ( Jesse Plemons ) and eventual live - in nurse and love interest Carlotta Alonso ( Daniella Alonso ) . Star running back Brian `` Smash '' Williams ( Gaius Charles ) works to get a college football scholarship . Fullback Tim Riggins ( Taylor Kitsch ) struggles with alcoholism and complicated family problems . His brother Billy Riggins ( Derek Phillips ) , while not his legal guardian , serves as Tim 's caretaker . Tyra Collette ( Adrianne Palicki ) stars as a town vixen who wants to leave Dillon for a better life . Involved with Riggins , Tyra eventually develops a complicated relationship with Landry Clarke . Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Friday Night Lights episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season one ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 1 ) Season one revolves around two main events : Coach Eric Taylor beginning as head coach and the injury and paralysis of star quarterback Jason Street in the first game of the season . Coach Taylor 's career depends on his ability to get the Dillon Panthers to the state championship , despite the loss of Street . If the team suffers a losing streak , he knows his family will no longer be welcome in Dillon . His wife Tami Taylor begins work as a guidance counselor at the local high school . Over the course of the season , she becomes a support and a mentor to many of the students , and her position plays a pivotal role in the season finale . Jason Street and Matt Saracen each struggle within extremely difficult conditions . Street must learn to live with his disability in a town that worships athletics . Saracen has to face new challenges as a lead athlete . As Street 's friendship with Herc , his rehab roommate and wheelchair rugby teammate , grows stronger , so do his will and independence . For the quiet Matt , who seldom plays football , his new role of QB1 calls for a different part of him . Motherless , he also cares for his grandmother while his father is fighting in Iraq . Matt falls in love with Coach Taylor 's daughter , Julie , who loathes Texas small town life and dislikes football . She falls for Matt and their relationship slowly blossoms over the season . Also explored is the pressure on the cocky , driven Brian `` Smash '' Williams . Easily the most promising player on the Panthers ' roster , he works hard to achieve excellence and sees his future career as instrumental in gaining a better life for him and his family . Since his father was killed in a car accident , his mother Corrina has taken multiple jobs to keep the family afloat . Smash decides to take performance - enhancing drugs to ensure he can gain a college football scholarship . Tim Riggins is struggling with alcoholism and absentee parents , with few prospects beyond high school . He is portrayed as a loyal friend with a good heart . Tyra Collette also comes from a broken home ; her mother suffers abusive relationships with men . Tyra begins the season as Riggins ' girlfriend . Thanks to counselor Tami Taylor and Landry Clarke -- the school math geek and Saracen 's best friend -- Tyra starts to see hope that she might get out of Dillon and break the cycle of women in her family . Meanwhile , Lyla Garrity undergoes significant changes . Faced with Jason 's injury , she begins seeing Riggins for some comfort . Jason begins growing closer to another woman . Lyla learns about her father 's many adulterous affairs and begins to establish her independence . Season two ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 2 ) Season two begins with Coach Taylor living and working in Austin as an assistant coach at fictional TMU , while wife Tami remains in Dillon with daughter Julie and newborn baby Gracie . Tami is struggling with the demands of the new baby and Julie 's rebellious behavior . The Panthers ' new coach , Bill McGregor , creates friction between Smash and Matt by showing blatant favoritism to Smash , drives Tim so hard he passes out during practice from dehydration and is hospitalized , alienates assistant coach Jason Street by his condescending manner , and alienates Boosters president Buddy Garrity by barring him from team practices . When Smash and Matt actually come to blows on the field and a crucial game is won by Smash , Buddy engineers the firing of the new coach and persuades Taylor that both the team and his family are suffering in his absence . Taylor agrees to return . Julie continues to act out . She ends her romantic relationship with Matt , whom she sees as turning into a replica of her father , and pursues an older man , `` the Swede , '' who works with her as a lifeguard at the local pool . When she finds the Swede has no interest in a serious relationship , she begins a friendship with a young teacher that her mother feels is inappropriate . Tami confronts the teacher at school , but some students overhear the conversation and spread rumors about Julie ; Julie is mortified and furious at her mother . Meanwhile , Coach Taylor attempts to win games with the Panthers but faces a number of issues . Tim is kicked off the team after missing a week of practice when he leaves on the spur of the moment to go with Jason Street to Mexico to look for a treatment for Jason 's paralysis . On returning to Dillon , Tim finds that a neighbor woman , with whom he had a brief affair , is now seeing his brother Billy and has all but moved into their house . Tim moves out but has trouble finding another place to live and ultimately returns . Coach Taylor allows him to rejoin the team after he shows up at practice and on his own initiative apologizes to everyone on the team for his lack of commitment . Lyla Garrity becomes increasingly involved in an organization for young Christians . As part of a religious outreach program , she befriends a young convict , Santiago Herrera , who is released from juvenile detention shortly after they first meet . She gets him a job at her father Buddy 's car dealership . Buddy encourages Santiago to try out for football after noticing his superior speed and coordination . When Taylor expresses interest in the boy , it is discovered that his legal guardian has left town and he has no adult in his life . Buddy agrees to take legal responsibility for him . Smash is courted by a number of college recruiters . He makes it clear his priority is a quick route to the NFL , leading to tension between him and his mother , who insists his priority should be getting an education . Smash accepts a scholarship to the prestigious TMU . However , Smash punches a white teenager who sexually harasses his sister when they 're at the movies . This turns into a blown - out - of - proportion racial incident , and Smash is deemed someone who has `` character issues . '' His scholarship to TMU is revoked . He later commits to Whitmore University , a smaller historically black college that is more highly regarded for its academics than its athletic programs . The football coach at Whitmore has a strong relationship with Coach Taylor , and had been scouting Smash since he was in middle school . Matt begins a relationship with a cheerleader before leaving her for his grandmother 's new live - in nurse , Carlotta . Additionally , the early season follows an arc where Landry kills and hides the body of a man who attempted to rape Tyra , leading to a romance between the two . Eventually , guilt builds within Landry and he confesses . Charges are not pressed , although tension between him and Tyra remains . Landry also joins the football team . Jason Street impregnates a woman in what was supposed to be a one - night stand at the end of season two . Jason pleads with the woman to keep the child and promises to take care of the two . This season ends on a cliffhanger due to the Writers ' Strike . The show 's head writer and executive producer , Jason Katims , stated that this last episode was `` not in any way viewed as the season finale ... If we were leading to the end of the season ( under normal circumstances ) , we would have most likely brought the story around to the coach and his family again , '' and there would have been a strong football element as well , Katims said . Seven of the 22 episodes NBC ordered for Season 2 were n't made . Season three ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 3 ) The season began with Coach Taylor failing to lead the Panthers to another State championship the year before , creating new pressure for him . Quarterback Matt Saracen 's position is threatened by the arrival of freshman J.D. McCoy , an amazing natural talent who comes from a rich family with an overbearing father , Joe . Matt moves to wide receiver after Taylor names J.D. starting quarterback . Tyra starts dating a cowboy named Cash , leading to complications in her relationship with Landry . Tim and Lyla start dating . Tami Taylor becomes the principal of Dillon High School and fights with Buddy Garrity about the allocation of funds toward a Jumbotron . Smash Williams , who injured his knee during the previous year 's playoffs , rediscovers his love for the game . Billy , Tim , Herc , and Jason decide to flip Buddy Garrity 's house for a profit . Matt and Julie reconcile and rekindle their romance . Smash gets a tryout with Texas A&M , and succeeds in winning a spot on their team . Lyla helps Tim pursue a college football scholarship . Tim initially puts off the recruiter and is concerned Lyla is trying to turn him into someone he 's not by encouraging him to pursue college , but he sees she 's looking out for his best interests . Buddy loses money , which is Lyla 's college fund , in a bad business deal and he retaliates by trashing the strip club , The Landing Strip . Lyla wants to attend Vanderbilt University and after Buddy loses the money , she considers going to San Antonio State University , the school that gives Tim a scholarship . Lyla moves in with Tim after she and her father have a fight . Billy Riggins gets engaged to Tyra 's older sister Mindy . Mindy is pregnant at the time of their engagement . Jason Street eventually finds a job at a sports agency in New York City , after visiting a former Panthers player who is now playing professionally , and moves to the northeast to be close to his girlfriend and newborn baby . Matt is pushed back into his former football role in the playoffs . While Eric Taylor and Buddy Garrity were making a visit to a possible recruit who just moved into town , the coach learns of a plot to have him replaced as head coach of the Dillon Panthers . They learn that Joe McCoy wants Taylor replaced with Wade Aikman , J.D. 's personal coach . After the school 's administration meets to decide who gets the coaching job , Aikman is offered the job at Dillon High School , while Taylor is offered the job of coaching at recently reopened East Dillon High School . Billy and Mindy 's wedding ends the season . Season four ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 4 ) Season 4 kicks off with Eric Taylor struggling as the East Dillon High coach . The team , field and conditions are a complete change from the privileged and sparkling conditions at West Dillon . East Dillon High resembles Odessa High from the source novel Friday Night Lights , Permian High 's sister school and the home of the Odessa Bronchos , with whom they have an annual rivalry match which divides the town . The East Dillon Lions and Odessa Bronchos both wear red uniforms and are considered underdogs to the Panthers . Additionally , Odessa High and East Dillon are both underfunded and considered inferior compared to their rival school , and serve a predominately poor minority community . Additionally , the school district boundaries between East and West Dillon were intentionally drawn to ensure the majority of talented players would be zoned for West Dillon ; the districts between Permian and Odessa High were drawn in a similar manner . As Coach begins putting together his new Lion team , he realizes he 's in for more than he bargained for . The players who try out are less than desirable , but Coach gets a lucky break with a couple of new faces . The first is Vince Howard ( Michael B. Jordan ) , a student who has gotten in trouble with the law too many times . He is given one last chance if he plays football for the East Dillon Lions . Although he has no prior football experience , he has natural talent and becomes the team 's first star quarterback . The second break comes to the Lions when Buddy Garrity reveals to Eric that the address on file for the Panthers new prodigy running back , Luke Cafferty , is nothing more than a mailbox in front of an empty lot , and Luke is really zoned for East Dillon . Tami is faced with a struggle as the principal of West Dillon . A new character on the show , Becky , is introduced when Tim Riggins rents a trailer on her mother 's property . Although she is in love with Tim , she and Luke are both shopping at a convenience store and she allows Luke to drive her home . The two have sex and Becky becomes pregnant . Even though she is a student at East Dillon , she seeks out Tami 's help with the situation . Tami discusses all of the options with her and Becky decides to get an abortion . Her mother goes with her to the procedure . Parents find out about this and led by Luke 's mother , seek Mrs. Taylor 's dismissal as principal . When Tami refuses to apologize , as she followed procedure , she is put on leave . She decides to return to her role as a guidance counselor , but at East Dillon . The football season is one focused on growth and reestablishing a sense of Lion pride . The culmination of their hard work is tested in their last game of the season as they play the Dillon Panthers led by J.D. McCoy . In an amazing show of perseverance , the East Dillon Lions defeat the Dillon Panthers , ruining the Panthers ' playoff chances . In season four , Matt Saracen struggles with staying in Dillon and living as a townie . He turned down an art school in Chicago and is instead studying art at the local technical college . After returning from a hunting trip with Tim Riggins , he finds out that his father was killed in Iraq . The episode `` The Son '' shows Matt going through the five stages of grief as he comes to accept the death of his father , a man he claims to hate . This episode garnered much buzz online and resulted in a failed campaign for Zach Gilford to get an Emmy nomination in the guest actor category ; however , the episode did get an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series . After this emotionally charged episode , Matt abruptly moves to Chicago without saying goodbye to his girlfriend or best friend . He returns briefly in the finale and makes amends with both Julie and Landry , who ends up flying back to Chicago with Matt . The character of Tim Riggins has developed over time from an unfocused and moody alcoholic to a young man of character and dependability . Sometimes that dependability is reflected in his uncanny ability to make the wrong choices for the right reasons , which usually involve his brother . Even though he has proven his ability to help others correct their misguided choices , unfortunately there is no one who does this for Tim . In this season , his irresponsible , headstrong , but lovable brother again entices Tim into another wrong choice by convincing Tim that the only way they can make any money is by transforming their newly opened garage into a chop shop . Just as they finally end this side business and Tim has enough for the down payment on a large amount of land he 's been dreaming about , the police show up to arrest him at the garage . The police officers recognize Tim as `` number 33 '' giving Tim no chance to deny that it 's his chop shop . True to his character , he makes the decision to take the rap and allows his brother to be with his new wife and child . The season ends as Tim walks toward the jail . Season five ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 5 ) Season 5 , the final season , opens with summer wrapping up in Dillon : Billy Riggins joins Coach Taylor as a special teams coach for the East Dillon Lions . Tami is the new guidance counselor at East Dillon , where she is faced with the challenge of a particularly difficult student named Epyck . Landry is departing for Rice University , and Tim Riggins has three more months in jail . Becky experiences turmoil in her living situation and moves in with Billy and Mindy and develops a family of her own with them , while also developing a closer relationship with Luke . With Vince leading the Lions , along with Luke Cafferty , new recruit Hastings Ruckle , and the rest of the team standing strong behind him , Eric Taylor has strong hopes for the team to go to state . But as Vince 's past comes back to haunt him , it seems that the team will have to deal with struggles off the field , as well as on . Vince 's troubles also cause his relationship with Jess to take a hit . Julie 's college experience is nothing like she imagined , and after she experiences a difficult situation involving her history TA , she is forced to take a good look at what she wants . Buddy Garrity becomes a father again when Buddy Jr. , who developed problems in California , is sent back to Dillon to get help from his father . He 's pleased when his son becomes a Lions football player . Julie looks for support first from her parents , and then from her old boyfriend Matt Saracen , who is living in Chicago and attending art school . Julie drives up to spend some time with him , but leaves still confused about her future . Tim is up for parole , and with the help of Coach Taylor and Buddy Garrity , is approved for early release . Buddy gives him a job as a bartender at his bar . Tim is angry with his brother Billy and threatens to move to Alaska to work on a pipeline but Tyra Collette comes back for a visit to Dillon and tells him he needs to repair his relationship with Billy . After they spend the night together , she asks Tim to show her his land , and the episode closes with Tyra asking , `` Alaska , Tim ? '' to which Tim smiles a guilty smile . In the last episode , East Dillon wins the state championship after Coach Taylor and Vince share a moment of respect for each other . Coach Taylor then moves with his wife to Philadelphia as she accepts the job as Dean of Admissions at a prestigious school , and the show ends showing them living happily . Tim and Tyra talk about their dreams and a potential future at his new home site . Julie is engaged to Matt and lives with him in Chicago . Vince is the quarterback of the Dillon Panthers `` Superteam '' , consisting of Both East and West Dillon High School athletes , joined by Buddy Jr. , Tinker , and possibly Hastings . Jess is living in Dallas , and helping to student coach a team and is following her dreams . Billy is expecting twins with Mindy . Luke Cafferty is seen with Becky at the bus depot departing for the Army . The second to the last scene is of Tim and Billy , taking a break while putting up the frame of Tim 's new house . They sit back , crack open a beer , and Billy toasts , `` Texas Forever ? '' to which Tim responds emphatically , `` Texas Forever '' and they clink their beers . The series ends with Eric coaching a new high school team in Philadelphia ( in a noticeably smaller stadium than those in Texas ) . After practice , Eric recites the phrase : `` Clear eyes , full hearts ... '' After not getting the normal response of `` Ca n't lose , '' he says , `` We 'll deal with that later . '' Tami then shows up and the two walk off the field as the lights turn off . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Connie Britton and Kyle Chandler received unanimous praise for their performances throughout the series . Although the series never had a high viewership , it was met with critical acclaim and has a strong fan - base . On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the first season received a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 reviews . Virginia Heffernan wrote for The New York Times that `` if the season is anything like the pilot , this new drama about high school football could be great -- and not just television great , but great in the way of a poem or painting . '' The Washington Post similarly praised the series as `` extraordinary in just about every conceivable way . '' Bill Simmons , a former columnist for ESPN Magazine implored readers of his column in the September 24 , 2007 issue to watch the show , calling it `` the greatest sports - related show ever made . '' Positive reviews also came from USA Today , the San Francisco Chronicle , and international sources , with The Guardian 's Jonathan Bernstien calling the pilot `` beautifully shot '' and the Metro awarding it 4 out of 5 stars . Throughout its inaugural season , many online journalists responded positively to the show . Matt Roush of TV Guide dedicated several of his `` Roush Dispatch '' columns to the show calling the last episodes of season one `` terrifically entertaining '' while Zap2it 's Amy Amatangelo asked her readers to `` promise to watch ( the last 4 episodes of ) Friday Night Lights . '' The show 's pilot did , however , receive negative reviews as well . The Philadelphia Inquirer 's review was particularly harsh , calling the show a `` standard high school sports soap opera . '' Season two reviews were considerably less positive than for the first , with the Landry and Tyra murder plot being particularly panned by critics . The Los Angeles Times said that the show had lost its innocence , while The Boston Globe said the event was `` out of sync with the real - life tone of the show . '' Others were more positive , though , with Variety saying `` faith should be shown in showrunner / writer Jason Katims '' while The New York Times said `` to hold Friday Night Lights to a measure of realism would be to miss what are its essentially expressionistic pleasures . '' Time Out magazine 's Andrew Johnston included the series in his list of the ten best TV shows for both 2006 and 2007 , stating `` Who 'd have thought a tribute to heartland values would turn out to be the most avant - garde show on TV ? The music and random close - ups said more than the dialogue in Peter Berg 's phenomenal football drama . '' Time magazine 's James Poniewozik named it one of the Top 10 Returning Series of 2007 , ranking it at No. 4 . In 2007 , AOL ranked Friday Night Lights the fifth Best School Show of All Time . The same year , the show placed No. 71 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list . In 2009 , Alan Sepinwall placed it in his `` Best of the ' 00s in TV : Best Dramas '' and wrote : `` Few shows are as willing to so directly confront the emotions of its characters , aided by central performances -- as one of TV 's most realistic and loving couples -- from Chandler and Connie Britton . '' The A.V. Club named it the 16th best TV series of the 2000s . In 2010 , Kristin Dos Santos of E ! Online ranked it number 4 on her list , `` Top 20 TV Series of the Past 20 Years '' . Friday Night Lights 's final season was lauded by critics . Based on 10 reviews , the season obtained a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic , indicating `` universal acclaim '' and it was included on numerous best lists . Poniewozik ranked it No. 7 on his list of 2011 's Top 10 TV Series , saying , `` The final season of this drama came down , as you would expect , to a final dramatic game . But the real action was always just as much in the stands '' . He also ranked the final episode `` Always '' No. 1 on 2011 's Top 10 TV Episodes list . Paste also named it one of the 20 best TV shows of 2011 and Slant Magazine ranked Friday Night Lights No. 10 on its list of 2011 's 25 Best TV Shows , concluding `` The show 's true concerns -- obsession , class , family -- were articulated beautifully as ever in the quiet , familiar relationships between a town and its team , and a coach and his wife '' . The Salt Lake Tribune in its list of the Top 10 series of 2011 ranked Friday Night Lights No. 1 explaining `` For five seasons , Friday Night Lights was both the simplest and most complex show on TV . It felt like real life , and real life is complicated . '' TV Guide named the show among its Best TV Shows of 2011 praising the fact that `` Friday Night Lights left its fans with the best portrait of a marriage ever on TV '' . It was also included on The Huffington Post 's and E ! Online 's 2011 's Best TV Shows . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked Friday Night Lights No. 22 in its of the `` 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Friday Night Lights Friday Night Lights won a Peabody Award , three AFI awards , an Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , an ACE Eddie Award for editing , an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing , a Television Critics Association Award , and has earned multiple Writers Guild of America nominations . The show 's two leading actors , Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton , received Emmy nominations for their performances in 2010 , while executive producer Jason Katims won two Humanitas Prize awards for writing . In 2011 , after concluding its run , the show was honored by four Emmy nominations and Kyle Chandler won the award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Jason Katims won for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Always '' . Fan base ( edit ) Friday Night Lights enjoys what former NBC President Kevin Reilly called a `` passionate and vocal ( fanbase ) '' . This fan dedication has shown itself in everything from advertisers expressing their support for the show to news outlets getting massive amounts of support mail after running positive pieces about the show . After some statements made by NBC 's Entertainment head Ben Silverman about the future of the show and the fact that everything seemed to point that Friday Night Lights would n't return after the writers ' strike , fans put together several campaigns . Save FNL Campaign raised money to send footballs and contributions to charity foundations that were related to the show . The Save FNL Campaign raised a total of $15,840 for 18,750 footballs , $2061 for charity , and $924 worth of DVDs for troops stationed overseas . Television ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Though it was critically acclaimed , Friday Night Lights never enjoyed high ratings . The first two seasons averaged roughly 6 million viewers each . Ratings dropped in subsequent seasons with the third season averaging 4.6 million viewers , the fourth season with 3.8 million , and fifth season with 3.6 million . International ratings ( edit ) The show 's pilot , which aired on February 21 , 2007 on ITV4 , was watched by 26,000 viewers in the UK . This was attributed to the program being aired opposite of the Barcelona -- Liverpool football game in the first knockout round of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League . DVR ratings ( edit ) On December 29 , 2006 Nielsen Media Research reported the results of having , for the first time , monitored viewers who use a Digital Video Recorder to record shows for later viewing . These ratings , called `` live plus seven '' , include all viewers who use a DVR to record the show and then watch it within a week of its initial airing . According to the Nielsen numbers , DVR viewers increased Friday Night Lights ratings by 7.5 % overall in December . When Nielsen monitored viewers again in April 2007 the increase went up to 17 % for the week ending on April 8 . Affluent viewers ( edit ) On March 5 , 2007 , Media Life Magazine reported that Friday Night Lights was one of the most popular shows among `` affluent viewers '' who had little experience playing football . This was determined using a report from Magna Global who in turn used analysis done by Nielsen Media Research . Affluence in the study was determined by yearly income . In the study , Friday Night Lights tied for the 11th most watched show by affluent viewers . According to the study viewers of the show have a median household income of $65,000 per year . Distribution ( edit ) Online episodes ( edit ) Streaming videos , such as cast interviews and the full episode from the previous week , have been available on NBC.com since the series ' inception . In December 2006 , NBC expanded this selection to include every episode of the season . The move to offer every episode was made for only a few select shows and represents a marketing push on NBC 's part . In addition to the free ad - support offerings , every episode of Friday Night Lights became available for download on the iTunes Store on February 10 , 2007 for $1.99 per episode . As a special promotion , the pilot was initially offered as a free download . The series was available on Netflix through October 1 , 2017 . Syndication ( edit ) ABC Family acquired syndication rights for the first four seasons and began airing reruns September 6 , 2010 , but it was pulled on October 18 , 2010 , due to low ratings . In July 2011 , it was announced that ESPN Classic had acquired the rights of all five seasons and started airing the series beginning on July 12 , 2011 . In an attempt to bolster series ratings , NBC repositioned reruns of the show to air on its sister network Bravo , during the weeks leading up to the season one finale on NBC . These episodes aired on a schedule of one hour every Friday and three hours every Saturday . Bravo is known to have an audience that is upscale and largely female , which is in line with the new strategy of NBC 's then - President Kevin Reilly ( now at FOX ) for selling the show . When questioned about this strategy , he admitted to having regrets about initially marketing the show incorrectly , saying : `` It 's been so clear to me that ( the marketing for ) the show ended up confusing people in terms of what ( the public thought ) it was supposed to be '' . He said he felt the show is , at its core , a `` women 's show '' , and his wish is that the marketing had reflected that to a greater extent . Once the 2006 -- 2007 television season ended , NBC planned to air reruns throughout the summer in the hopes of gaining new viewers during the summer hiatus . Despite rising ratings for the reruns , NBC abruptly pulled them from the network 's schedule on June 24 , 2007 . NBC resumed airing reruns in late August / early September , timed to the Season 1 DVD release . TeenNick acquired the rights in 2015 and began airing the series , in chronological order , on April 10 , 2015 with a week - long event in which three episodes aired nightly . DirecTV ( edit ) During the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , NBC Universal 's decision to release the Season 2 DVD with only the 15 produced episodes and comments by NBC chief Ben Silverman led to speculation that the show would be canceled . In March 2008 , it was confirmed that NBC had picked up the series for a third season , after a cost - sharing partnership between NBC and DirecTV was struck . The agreement had first run episodes airing exclusively on DirecTV , and the episodes aired on NBC at a later date . Season 3 premiered exclusively on DirecTV channel 101 , with the episodes replaying on NBC beginning on January 16 , 2009 . In March 2009 , NBC announced it had renewed the series for two more seasons . Home Media releases ( edit ) DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 28 , 2007 , and in region 2 on October 29 , 2007 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes and a featurette titled `` Behind The Lights : Creating The First Season of Friday Night Lights '' . The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 22 , 2008 , and in region 2 on February 11 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes , audio commentaries for `` Last Days of Summer '' , `` Are You Ready for Friday Night '' and `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' and a featurette titled `` Friday Night Lights Cast & Producers at the Paley Festival in L.A. '' . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on May 19 , 2009 , and in region 2 on March 25 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from various episode and an audio commentary for `` Tomorrow Blues '' . The fourth season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 17 , 2010 , and in region 2 on May 20 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from various episodes , audio commentary for `` East of Dillon '' , and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . The fifth season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 5 , 2011 , and in region 2 on August 12 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes , audio commentaries for `` Do n't Go '' and `` Always '' , a featurette titled `` The Lights Go Out '' , and a photo gallery . A complete series box set containing all the episodes and material from the individual season sets was released in region 1 on October 4 , 2011 . In March 2016 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series in region 1 ; they subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on September 6 , 2016 . On September 26 , 2017 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the complete series on DVD and also released the complete series on Blu - ray for the first time . Soundtracks ( edit ) Two soundtracks with music featured on the show were released . The first , Friday Night Lights , was released in 2007 , and included music from The Killers , OutKast , and Explosions in the Sky , who had produced the score for the film . The second soundtrack , Friday Night Lights Vol. 2 , was released in 2010 , and included the main `` Friday Night Lights Theme '' by W.G. Walden . The score for both the film and television show , along with all background music and all instrumental music is performed by Explosions in the Sky . Potential film sequel ( edit ) In July 2011 , it was revealed that creator and executive producer Peter Berg was interested in continuing the series , as a feature film . In August 2011 , Berg said at a Television Critics Association panel that the Friday Night Lights film is in development . Berg was quoted as saying `` We 're very serious about trying to do it '' , adding that the script is currently being written . Universal Pictures and Imagine Television would produce the film , with Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton set to return . In May 2013 , executive producer Brian Grazer confirmed the continued development to make a film . 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Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( March 5 , 2008 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : NBC Picking Up ' Friday Night Lights ' After Partnering With DirecTV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` NBC renews ' Friday Night Lights ' through 2011 '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Lights - Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 23 , 2007 ) . `` Friday Night Lights -- Season 1 Extras for $29.98 SRP ? Score ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Lights - Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` Friday Night Lights - We Nailed It ! FNL - S2 Release Date Confirmed ; Specs & Extras Announced '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . 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August 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cannes : Brian Grazer , Ron Howard Introduce Imagine 2.0 ; A Pele Pic On The Croisette , A Crowd - Funded ' Friday Night Lights ' , ' Dark Tower ' , Jay - Z And One Angry White Whale '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Night Lights Movie Is Dead '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) Official website Friday Night Lights on IMDb Friday Night Lights at TV.com Friday Night Lights Characters Eric Taylor Matt Saracen Jason Street Smash Williams Tim Riggins Tami Taylor Lyla Garrity Tyra Collette Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` The Son '' Season 5 Soundtracks Film soundtrack Television soundtrack ( Vol. 1 ) Television soundtrack ( Vol. 2 ) Related Film Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream Boobie Miles Gary Gaines TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many seasons of friday night lights is there	[ "\n\nFriday Night Lights\n\n\n\nIntertitle, seasons 4–5\n\n\n\nGenre\nSports drama\nTeen drama\nFamily drama\n\n\nBased on\nFriday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream\nby H. G. Bissinger\n\n\nDeveloped by\nPeter Berg\n\n\nStarring\nKyle Chandler\nConnie Britton\nGaius Charles\nZach Gilford\nMinka Kelly\nAdrianne Palicki\nTaylor Kitsch\nJesse Plemons\nScott Porter\nAimee Teegarden\nMichael B. Jordan\nJurnee Smollett\nMatt Lauria\nMadison Burge\nGrey Damon\n\n\nTheme music composer\nW. G. Snuffy Walden\n\n\nComposer(s)\nW. G. Snuffy Walden[1]\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n5\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n76 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nPeter Berg\nBrian Grazer\nDavid Nevins\nSarah Aubrey\nJason Katims\nJeffrey Reiner\nDavid Hudgins\n\n\nLocation(s)\nAustin, Texas\nPflugerville, Texas\n\n\nCinematography\nTodd McMullen\nDavid Boyd\nIan Ellis\n\n\nRunning time\n43 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nUniversal Media Studios\nImagine Television\nFilm 44\n\n\nDistributor\nNBCUniversal Television Distribution\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNBC\nThe 101 Network (2008–11)\n\n\nPicture format\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\nOctober 3, 2006 (2006-10-03) – February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nbc.com/friday-night-lights/\n\n" ]	[ "5" ]
2828762734643755842	Flag of Ireland	Flag of Ireland - wikipedia Flag of Ireland This article is about the flag of the state called Ireland . For flags associated with the island of Ireland , see List of flags of Ireland . For flags used in Northern Ireland , see List of flags used in Northern Ireland . Republic of Ireland Name Bratach na hÉireann Irish tricolour Use National flag and ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted 1922 ( constitutional status ; 1937 ) Design A vertical tricolour of green , white and orange The national flag of Ireland ( Irish : bratach na hÉireann ) -- frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour ( trídhathach na hÉireann ) -- is the national flag and ensign of the Republic of Ireland . The flag itself is a vertical tricolour of green ( at the hoist ) , white and orange . The proportions of the flag are 1 : 2 ( that is to say , flown horizontally , the flag is half as high as it is wide ) . Presented as a gift in 1848 to Thomas Francis Meagher from a small group of French women sympathetic to the Irish cause , it was intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped - for union between Roman Catholics and Protestants , the significance of the colours outlined by Meagher was , `` The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood . '' It was not until the Easter Rising of 1916 , when it was raised above Dublin 's General Post Office by Gearóid O'Sullivan , that the tricolour came to be regarded as the national flag . The flag was adopted by the Irish Republic during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 1921 ) . The flag 's use was continued by the Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 1937 ) and it was later given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland . The tricolour is used by nationalists on both sides of the border as the national flag of the whole island of Ireland since 1916 . Thus it is flown by many nationalists in Northern Ireland as well as by the Gaelic Athletic Association . Contents 1 Design and symbolism 1.1 Symbolism 2 History 2.1 Marine 2.2 Use in Northern Ireland 3 Protocol 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design and symbolism ( edit ) In relation to the national flag of Ireland , the Constitution of Ireland simply states in Article 7 : The national flag is the tricolour of green , white and orange . As there are no further statutory requirements in relation to the flag , the Department of the Taoiseach takes general responsibility for matters relating to the flag . In its advisory role , the department has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the national flag . The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width , translating into an aspect ratio of 1 : 2 . The three coloured pales -- green , white and orange -- should be of equal size , and vertically disposed . The precise colours of the flag as set by the Department of the Taoiseach are : Scheme Green White Orange Sources Pantone 347 U Safe 151 U Hex triplet # 169B62 # FFFFFF # FF883E RGB 22 -- 155 -- 98 255 -- 255 -- 255 255 -- 136 -- 62 CMYK 71 -- 0 -- 72 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 0 -- 43 -- 91 -- 0 The flag should normally be displayed on a flagstaff , with the green pale positioned next to the flagstaff , at the hoist ; the white pale positioned in the centre ; and the orange pale positioned at the fly , farthest from the flagstaff . Provided that the correct proportions are observed , the flag may be made to any convenient size . Symbolism ( edit ) The green pale of the flag symbolises Roman Catholics , the orange represents the minority Protestants who were supporters of William of Orange , who had defeated King James II and his predominantly Irish Catholic army at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 . His title came from the Principality of Orange in the south of France that had been a Protestant bastion from the 16th century . It was included in the Irish flag in an attempt to reconcile the Orange Order in Ireland with the Irish independence movement . The white in the centre signifies a lasting peace and hope for union between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland . The flag , as a whole , is intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped - for union of the people of different traditions on the island of Ireland , which is expressed in the Constitution as the entitlement of every person born in Ireland to be part of the independent Irish nation , regardless of ethnic origin , religion or political conviction . There are exceptions to the general beneficent theory . Green was also used as the colour of such Irish bodies as the mainly - Protestant and non-sectarian Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick , established in 1751 . Occasionally , differing shades of yellow , instead of orange , are seen at civilian functions . However the Department of the Taoiseach state that this is a misrepresentation which `` should be actively discouraged '' , and that worn - out flags should be replaced . In songs and poems , the colours are sometimes enumerated as `` green , white and gold '' , using poetic licence . Variants of different guises are utilised to include , for example , various emblems of Ireland , such as the presidential harp , the four provinces or county arms . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Green harp flag , first used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642 . A green flag featuring a harp is described as being used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642 . In the late 18th century green had become associated as the colour of revolution . The United Irishmen , founded in the 1790s , were inspired by the French revolution , and used a green flag , to which they had a harp emblazoned . A rival organisation , the Orange Order , whose main strength was in Ulster , and which was exclusively for Protestants , especially members of the Anglican Church of Ireland , was founded in 1795 in memory of King William of Orange and the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , which pitted the `` green '' tradition of the republican United Irishmen against the `` orange '' tradition of Anglican Protestant Ascendancy loyal to the British Crown , the ideal of a later nationalist generation in the mid-19th century was to make peace between the two traditions and , if possible , to found a self - governing Ireland on such peace and union . Blessing of the Colours by John Lavery The oldest known reference to the use of the three colours of green , white and orange as a nationalist emblem dates from September 1830 when tricolour cockades were worn at a meeting held to celebrate the French Revolution of that year -- a revolution which restored the use of the French tricolour . The colours were also used in the same period for rosettes and badges , and on the banners of trade guilds . However , widespread recognition was not accorded to the flag until 1848 . At a meeting in his native city of Waterford on 7 March 1848 , Thomas Francis Meagher , the Young Ireland leader , first publicly unveiled the flag from a second - floor window of the Wolfe Tone Club as he addressed a gathered crowd on the street below who were present to celebrate another revolution that had just taken place in France . It was inspired by the tricolour of France . Speeches made at that time by Meagher suggest that it was regarded as an innovation and not as the revival of an older flag . From March of that year Irish tricolours appeared side - by - side with French ones at meetings held all over the country . John Mitchel , referring to the tricolour of green , white and orange that Meagher had presented from Paris at a later meeting in Dublin on 15 April 1848 , said : `` I hope to see that flag one day waving , as our national banner '' . Although the tricolour was not forgotten as a symbol of the ideal of union and a banner associated with the Young Irelanders and revolution , it was rarely used between 1848 and 1916 . Even up to the eve of the Easter Rising of 1916 , the green flag featuring a harp held undisputed sway . Neither the colours nor the arrangement of the early tricolours were standardised . All of the 1848 tricolours showed green , white and orange , but orange was sometimes put next to the staff , and in at least one flag the order was orange , green and white . In 1850 a flag of green for the Roman Catholics , orange for the Protestants of the Established Church and blue for the Presbyterians was proposed . In 1883 , a Parnellite tricolour of yellow , white and green , arranged horizontally , was recorded . Down to modern times , yellow has occasionally been used instead of orange , but by this substitution the fundamental symbolism is destroyed . The Irish flag is always flown with the green at the hoist Associated with separatism in the past , flown during the Easter Rising of 1916 and capturing the national imagination as the banner of the new revolutionary Ireland , the tricolour came to be acclaimed throughout the country as somewhat of a national flag . To many Irish people , though , it was considered to be a `` Sinn Féin flag '' . In the Irish Free State which existed between 1922 and 1937 , the flag was adopted by the Executive Council . The Free State constitution did not specify national symbols ; the decision to use the flag was made without recourse to statute . When the Free State joined the League of Nations in September 1923 , the new flag `` created a good deal of interest amongst the general public '' in Geneva . The defeated republicans who had fought the Free State 's forces in the 1922 -- 23 Civil War regarded the tricolour as the flag of the self - proclaimed Irish Republic , and condemned its appropriation by the new state , as expressed in the song `` Take It Down From The Mast '' . The Executive Council 's decision was a provisional one . A 1928 British document said : The government in Ireland have taken over the so called Free State Flag in order to forestall its use by republican element and avoid legislative regulation , to leave them free to adopt a more suitable emblem later . In 1937 , the tricolour 's position as the national flag was formally confirmed by the new Constitution of Ireland . Marine ( edit ) The Red Ensign used by some Irish merchant vessels until 1939 The pre-independence Merchant Shipping Act 1894 was not repealed , and so the Free State 's mercantile marine was technically required to fly the Red Ensign . The collier Glenageary may have been the first to arrive in a British port flying the tricolour on 8 December 1921 ( two days after the treaty ) . This flag along with a model of the Glenageary is on display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland . While some ships , such as the cross-channel ferries flew the red ensign , others sailed under the tricolour . Some masters of Irish ships were charged by the British Customs and fined by courts for flying an `` improper ensign '' . The tricolour was flown by the fisheries patrol vessel Muirchú , precursor to the Irish Naval Service ; Frank Carney alleged in the Dáil in 1930 that a trespassing French trawler had refused to surrender to because it did not recognise Muirchú 's flag . See also : Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II Irish - register ships could fly the Red Ensign until September 1939 , after the outbreak of World War II , when a decree under the state of emergency was made , to ensure neutral Irish ships were not mistaken for British ships . Some ships flying the tricolour were nevertheless sunk by Germans . When the tricolour was hoisted over the passenger ferries in Holyhead their British crews went on strike . Five days later their owners transferred the ferries to the British register and the Red Ensign was restored . On the other hand , the Belfast to Liverpool ferry , British owned and British crewed , used the tricolour as a flag of convenience ; so did the whalers of Christian Salvesen Shipping , to take advantage of the Irish whale quota . The tricolour 's marine status was formalised by the Merchant Shipping Act , 1947 . Use in Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : Northern Ireland flags issue A large tricolour flying from Cuchulainn House in the New Lodge , Belfast In 1921 , Ireland was partitioned , with the unionist - dominated north - east becoming Northern Ireland , while later , in 1922 , the remainder of Ireland left the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form the Irish Free State . Northern Ireland continued to use the UK 's Union Flag and created its Ulster Banner derivation of the flag of Ulster with a crown on top of a six - pointed star . Furthermore , for many years the tricolour was effectively banned in Northern Ireland under the Flags and Emblems ( Display ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1954 which empowered the police to remove any flag that could cause a breach of the peace but specified , rather controversially , that a Union Flag could never have such an effect . In 1964 , the enforcement of this law by the Royal Ulster Constabulary at the behest of Ian Paisley , involving the removal of a single tricolour from the offices of Sinn Féin in Belfast , led to two days of rioting . The tricolour was immediately replaced , highlighting the difficulty of enforcing the law . The tricolour is regularly burnt on Loyalist bonfires during twelfth of July celebrations Despite its original symbolism , in Northern Ireland the tricolour , along with most other markers of either British or Irish identity , has come to be a symbol of division . The Ulster Unionist Party Government of Northern Ireland adopted the Ulster Banner ( based on the flag of Ulster ) in 1953 . Thus it is this flag and the Union Flag that are flown by unionists and loyalists , while the tricolour is flown by nationalists and republicans . In Northern Ireland , each community uses its own flags , murals and other symbols to declare its allegiance and mark its territory , often in a manner that is deliberately provocative . Kerb - stones in unionist and loyalist areas are often painted red , white and blue , while in nationalist and republican areas kerb - stones may be painted green , white and orange , although this is a much less frequent occurrence . Elements of both communities fly `` their '' flag from chimneys , tall buildings and lamp - posts on roads . Under the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement , it was recognised that flags continue to be a source of disagreement in Northern Ireland . The Agreement stated that : All participants acknowledge the sensitivity of the use of symbols and emblems for public purposes , and the need in particular in creating the new institutions to ensure that such symbols and emblems are used in a manner which promotes mutual respect rather than division . Unionists argue that the recognition of the principle of consent in the Agreement -- that Northern Ireland 's constitutional status can not change without a majority favouring it -- by the signatories amounts to recognising that the Union Flag is the only legitimate official flag in Northern Ireland . Nationalists maintain that the Agreement means that the use of the Union Flag for official purposes should be restricted , or that the tricolour should be flown alongside the UK 's flag on government buildings . However the tricolour is never flown from official buildings , alone or alongside the UK 's flag . A Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Belfast , Alex Maskey , displayed both flags in his own offices causing some controversy . Protocol ( edit ) The Department of the Taoiseach has issued guidelines to assist persons in giving due respect to the national flag . Observance of the guidelines is a matter for each individual as there are no statutory requirements . It is expected , however , that the national flag will be treated at all times with appropriate respect by those who use it . The Department has general responsibility in relation to the national flag and this is primarily concerned with the protocol for the flying of the flag . The Department 's role , therefore , is an advisory one . Irish Flag outside Department Store in Dublin showing EU flag to its left , or right as seen by an approaching observer With respect to the display , placing and precedence of the national flag by both itself and in relation to other flags , the Department has made a number of suggestions . No flag or pennant should be flown above the national flag . When the flag is carried with another flag , or flags , it should be carried in the place of honour -- that is on the marching right , or on the left of an observer towards whom the flags are approaching . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be carried on the immediate left of the national flag , or , as seen by an observer when the flags are approaching , on the immediate right of the national flag . In the event of a display of crossed staffs , the national flag should be to the right and to the fore -- that is to the left of the observer who is facing the flag . Its staff should be in front of the other flag or flags . When the group of flags of the European Union are flown , the sequence is alphabetical , based on the first letter of the country 's name . The flags should be flown from left to right with the European Union flag flown from the first flagstaff before the group . An alternative order of flags is to begin on the left with the national flag and place the European Union flag on the far right of the group , as seen by an observer . With regard to international flags ; where either an even or an odd number of flags are flown in line on staffs of equal height , the national flag should be first on the right of the line -- that is on the observer 's left as he or she faces the flags . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be flown on the immediate left of the national flag , or as seen by an observer , on the immediate right of the national flag . Where , however , an odd number of flags are displayed from staffs grouped so that there is one staff in the centre and higher than the others , the national flag should be displayed from the staff so placed . Where one of these flags is that of the European Union , the European Union flag should be flown from the first flagstaff on the right , or as seen by an observer , on the first flagstaff on the left . Only one national flag should be displayed in each group of flags or at each location . In all cases , the national flag should be in the place of honour . When the national flag is displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall or other background , the green should be on the right ( an observer 's left ) in the horizontal position or uppermost in the vertical position . When displayed on a platform , the national flag should be above and behind the speaker 's desk . While being carried , the flag should not be dipped by way of salute or compliment except to the dead during memorial ceremonies . In raising or lowering , the national flag should not be allowed to touch the ground . When being hoisted to half - mast , the flag should first be brought to the peak of the staff and then lowered to the half - mast position . It should again be brought to the peak of the staff before it is finally lowered . On ceremonial occasions when the national flag is being hoisted or lowered , or when it is passing by in a parade , all present should face it , stand to attention and salute . Persons in uniform who normally salute with the hand should give the hand salute . Persons in civilian attire should salute by standing to attention . The salute to the flag when it is being borne past in a parade is rendered when the flag is six paces away and the salute is held until the flag has passed by . Where more than one national flag is carried , the salute should be given only to the leading flag . When the national anthem is played in the presence of the national flag , all present should face the national flag , stand to attention and salute it , remaining at the salute until the last note of the music . When the national flag has become worn or frayed it is no longer fit for display , and should not be used in any manner implying disrespect . The national flag , when used as a decoration , should always be treated with due respect . It may be used as a discreet lapel button or rosette or as part of a centrepiece for a table . When used in the latter context with the flags of other nations , the national flag should also be displayed in the place of honour on a nearby flag staff . Where multiple national flags are flown on festive occasions these should be of uniform dimensions . Bunting of the national colours may also be used on festive occasions . Michael Collins lying in state by John Lavery showing the green of the flag towards the head The national flag should be displayed in the open only between sunrise and sunset , except on the occasion of public meetings , processions , or funerals , when it may be displayed for the duration of such functions . When displayed on a platform , the national flag should not be used to cover the speaker 's desk , nor should it be draped over the platform . The national flag should never be defaced by placing slogans , logos , lettering or pictures of any kind on it , for example at sporting events . The flag should not be draped on cars , trains , boats or other modes of transport ; it should not be carried flat , but should always be carried aloft and free , except when used to drape a coffin ; on such an occasion , the green should be at the head of the coffin . The tricolour is draped across the coffins of Presidents of Ireland ( including former presidents ) , soldiers and Garda Síochána personnel killed in the line of duty , and other notables accorded state funerals , such as Roger Casement in 1965 , or Kevin Barry in 2001 . Care should be taken at all times to ensure that the national flag does not touch the ground , trail in water or become entangled in trees or other obstacles . Irish flag flying from the General Post Office in Dublin It is the normal practice to fly the national flag daily at all military posts and from a limited number of important State buildings . The European flag is flown alongside the national flag on all official buildings , and in most places where the Irish flag is flown over buildings . The national flag is flown over buildings including : the residence of the President of Ireland , Áras an Uachtaráin ; Leinster House , the seat of the Irish parliament , when parliament is in session ; Irish courts and state buildings ; Irish military installations , at home and abroad ; and Garda Síochána ( police ) stations . The national flag is also flown on Saint Patrick 's Day ( the national holiday ) , Easter Sunday and Easter Monday ( in commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916 ) , and the National Day of Commemoration on the Sunday closest to 11 July . On these occasions the national flag is flown from all State buildings throughout the country which are equipped with flagpoles , and many private individuals and concerns also fly it . The national flag is flown on the occasion of other significant national and local events such as festivals and commemorations . The national flag is frequently flown at half - mast on the death of a national or international figure on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole . The death of a prominent local figure may be marked locally by the national flag being flown at half - mast . Where the national flag is flown at half - mast no other flag should be half - masted . See also ( edit ) Ireland portal Coat of arms of Ireland Cross-border flag for Ireland List of flags of Ireland Flag of Northern Ireland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Library . `` National Flag '' . Taoiseach.gov.ie . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Ireland - Article 7 '' . Irish Statute Book . Government of Ireland . 1937 . Retrieved 19 August 2018 . The national flag is the tricolour of green , white and orange Jump up ^ Sean Duffy , The Concise History of Ireland , 2005 Jump up ^ Rick Steve 's Ireland 2008 Jump up ^ `` West Cork man raised Tricolour on historic day '' . Irish Examiner. 4 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Design , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ Symbols in Northern Ireland -- Flags Used in the Region CAIN Web Service . Retrieved on 8 November 2011 Jump up ^ Sugden , John & Harvie , Scott ( 1995 ) . Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland , Centre for the Study of Conflict , School of History , Philosophy and Politics , Faculty of Humanities , University of Ulster . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Article 7 of the Constitution of Ireland ( 1st July 1937 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Flag '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Taoiseach. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colour of the Flag -- Ireland '' . flagspot.net . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : PANTONE . `` PANTONE 347 U - Find a Pantone Color Quick Online Color Tool '' . www.pantone.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : PANTONE . `` PANTONE 151 U - Find a Pantone Color Quick Online Color Tool '' . www.pantone.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) King James II leader at Battle of Boyne Jump up ^ https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/The_National_Flag.pdf Jump up ^ National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach ^ Jump up to : The National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ Subject to the Twenty - seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland , 2004 . Jump up ^ The national Flag Department of the Taoiseach Jump up ^ See , for example : Long Journey Home by Elvis Costello and Paddy Moloney . Jump up ^ See , for example , the lyrics and commentary on the following Irish rebel songs : Green White and Gold ; The Dying Rebel . Archived 14 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ others , The Zen Cart TM Team and . `` County Coat of Arms Irish Flag buy discounted Irish flags with family crest for Irish family reunion ( ) - $24.00 : A Bit O Blarney.com Celtic Jewelry Shop , serving online since 1999 '' . Abitoblarney.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic image '' ( PNG ) . S1.thejournal.ie . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andries Burgers Ireland : Green Flag , Flags of the World ( 21 May 2006 ) , citing G.A. Hayes - McCoy , A History of Irish Flags from earliest times ( 1979 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ireland , Flags of the World , 2001 . Retrieved on 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Tricolour Flag of Ireland , Your Irish Culture , 2007 . Retrieved on 11 June 2007. Archived 2008 Jump up ^ Contrary to popular belief , the tricolour was not the actual flag of the Easter Rising , although it had been flown from the General Post Office ; that flag was a green flag featuring in gold a harp and the words `` Irish Republic '' . Jump up ^ Hayes - McCoy , Gerard Anthony ( 1979 ) . A History of Irish flags from Earliest Times . Academy Press , Dublin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 906187 - 01 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NAI DFA 26 / 102 : Extracts from the report of the Irish delegation to the Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations ( September 1923 ) '' . Documents on Irish Foreign Policy . 2 ( 1923 -- 1926 ) . Royal Irish Academy . September 2000 . No. 134 . ISBN 1 - 874045 - 83 - 6 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Public Record Office document DO 117 / 100 , written in 1928 . ^ Jump up to : Merchant Shipping Bill , 1947 -- Second Stage. ( 20 November 1947 ) Dáil debates Vol. 108 No. 15 p. 23 Jump up ^ Forde , Frank ( 2000 ) . The Long Watch . Island Books . p. 108 . ISBN 1 - 902602 - 42 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Dáil debates Vol. 33 No. 17 p. 7 cc. 2290 -- 95 20 March 1930 Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol. 53 No. 7 p. 4 21 June 1934 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Pat ( 2010 ) . Liffey Ships . Mercier Press . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85635 - 685 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol. 81 No. 14 p. 23 20 February 1941 Jump up ^ Forde , Frank ( 2000 ) . The Long Watch . Island Books . p. 2 . ISBN 1 - 902602 - 42 - 0 . Jump up ^ McRonald , Malcolm ( 2007 ) . The Irish Boats. 3 , Liverpool to Belfast . Tempus . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4235 - 8 . Jump up ^ Share , Bernard ( 1978 ) . The Emergency . Dublin : Gill and Macmillan . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 71710 - 916 - X . Jump up ^ Sections 2 and 14 , Merchant Shipping Act , 1947 Irish Statute Book Jump up ^ FitzGerald , Garret . Ireland , Partition of , Encarta , 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Archived 9 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 31 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Flags Used in Northern Ireland , Conflict Archive on the Internet , 1 April 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Flags and Emblems ( Display ) Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1954 , Conflict Archive on the Internet , 1 April 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Andrew ( 1969 ) . Holy War in Belfast -- `` 1964 : The Tricolour Riots '' . Anvil Press . ISBN 0 - 900068 - 10 - 8 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland ( United Kingdom ) , Flags of the World , 2007 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Ewart , Shirley & Schubotz , Dirk ( 2004 ) . Voices behind the Statistics : Young People 's Views of Sectarianism in Northern Ireland , National Children 's Bureau , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Loyalist paramilitary flags explosion '' , BBC News Online , 21 June 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kris . & MacGinty , Roger ( 2003 ) . `` Public Attitudes toward Partisan and Neutral Symbols in Post-Agreement Northern Ireland '' , Identities : Global Studies in Power and Culture . Vol. 10 , No. 1 , pp. 83 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dr. Dominic & Stevenson , Dr. Clifford ( 2006 ) . Flags Monitoring Project 2006 : Preliminary Findings , Institute of Irish Studies , Queen 's University , Belfast . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ The Belfast Agreement 1998 , Conflict Archive on the Internet . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Robin ( July 2000 ) . Flagging concern : The Controversy over Flags and Emblems , Democratic Dialogue , Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Assembly Official Report of Tuesday 6 June 2000 , Northern Ireland Assembly , 6 June 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Report on Draft Regulations proposed under Article 3 of the Flags ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2000 , Northern Ireland Assembly , 17 October 2000 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Alex Maskey Motion 39 -- flags and emblems , SinnFein.ie , 17 February 2006 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tricolour raised in City Hall '' , BBC News Online , 4 September 2002 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Should Belfast have its own flag ? , BBC News Talking Point , 5 September 2002 . Retrieved on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Guidelines for use of the National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Display , placing and precedence , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ A flag is at half - mast in any position below the top of the staff but never below the middle point of the staff . As a general guide , the half - mast position may be taken as that where the top of the flag is the depth of the flag below the top of the staff . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Hoisting and lowering the Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Saluting the Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Worn - out Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . ^ Jump up to : The National Flag : Respect for the National Flag , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ For military purposes , sunrise occurs at 8 : 00 a.m. between March and October , and at 8 : 30 a.m. between November and February . Sunset is deemed to occur at : 3 : 30 p.m. in January and December ; 4 : 30 p.m. in February and November ; 5 : 30 p.m. in March and October ; 6 : 00 p.m. in April ; 7 : 00 p.m. in May and September ; and 8 : 00 p.m. between June and August . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Practices to avoid , Department of the Taoiseach . Jump up ^ The National Flag : Occasions on which the National Flag is flown , Department of the Taoiseach . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Ireland . 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-2073999531525661782	Billy Beane	Billy Beane - wikipedia Billy Beane Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with another former Major League Baseball player Billy Bean . Billy Beane Beane in 2013 Outfielder Born : ( 1962 - 03 - 29 ) March 29 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Orlando , Florida Batted : Right Threw : Right MLB debut September 13 , 1984 , for the New York Mets Last MLB appearance October 1 , 1989 , for the Oakland Athletics MLB statistics Batting average . 219 Home runs Runs batted in 29 Teams As player New York Mets ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Minnesota Twins ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Detroit Tigers ( 1988 ) Oakland Athletics ( 1989 ) As general manager Oakland Athletics ( 1998 -- 2016 ) Career highlights and awards 2 × Sporting News Executive of the Year ( 1999 , 2012 ) William Lamar Beane III ( born March 29 , 1962 ) is a former American professional baseball player and current front office executive . He is the Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations and minority owner of the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Prior to his front office career , he played in MLB as an outfielder between 1984 and 1989 for the New York Mets , Minnesota Twins , Detroit Tigers , and Oakland Athletics . He joined the Athletics front office as a scout in 1990 . He was named general manager after the 1997 season , and promoted to executive vice president after the 2015 season . A first round pick in the MLB draft by the Mets , Beane 's playing career failed to meet the expectations of scouts , who projected him as a star . In his front office career , Beane has applied statistical analysis ( known as sabermetrics ) to players , which has led teams to reconsider how they evaluate players . He is the subject of Michael Lewis ' 2003 book on baseball economics , Moneyball , which was made into a 2011 film starring Brad Pitt as Beane . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Baseball career 2.1 Playing career 2.2 Front office career 3 Activities outside baseball 3.1 Soccer 3.2 Software industry 3.3 Depiction in book and film Moneyball 4 Personal life 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Beane grew up in Mayport , Florida and San Diego , California , the child of a career military family . His father , a naval officer , taught him how to pitch . Beane attended Mt . Carmel High School in San Diego , where he excelled at baseball , football , and basketball . The high school coach added Beane to the varsity baseball team for the last game of his freshman season . Beane batted . 501 during his sophomore and junior years of high school . In his senior season , his batting average dropped to . 300 . Despite the decrease in batting average , scouts were enamored with Beane 's talent . Beane gave up football to avoid an injury that could prematurely end his baseball career . Despite this , Stanford University tried to recruit Beane on a joint baseball -- football scholarship as the quarterback who would replace then - sophomore John Elway for the Stanford Cardinal football team . Baseball career ( edit ) Playing career ( edit ) The New York Mets , who had the first overall selection of the 1980 Major League Baseball Draft , were enamored with Beane 's talent and considered choosing him with the first pick . Because many teams believed Beane would attend Stanford and not sign with a professional team , Beane fell to the 23rd pick , where he was taken by the Mets , who had two other first round picks that year , allowing them to risk Beane not signing . After visiting the Mets clubhouse , Beane decided to sign with the Mets for a $125,000 signing bonus ( $363,338 in current dollar terms ) . Beane notes his decision to sign with the Mets instead of going to Stanford as the `` only decision he would ever make in his life about money . '' Believing Beane to be a more refined player than their top first - round pick , Darryl Strawberry , the Mets assigned Strawberry to play rookie ball with other high school draftees , while Beane was assigned to the Little Falls Mets of the Class A New York -- Penn League , with players drafted out of college . Beane struggled in his first season , batting . 210 . He was unable to make the adjustments that were necessary when playing tougher competition . The Mets promoted Beane to the Lynchburg Mets of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League in 1981 . After a solid season , he was promoted to the Jackson Mets of the Class AA Texas League in 1982 . While Strawberry was the league 's most valuable player , Beane batted . 220 . Beane began questioning himself , while his new roommate , Lenny Dykstra , succeeded with unwavering confidence and superior mental focus . Beane at the Oakland Coliseum in 1989 , during his time with the A 's Beane remained in Jackson until 1984 , when he received his first promotion to MLB , appearing in five games for the 1984 New York Mets . In 1985 , Beane spent most of the season with the Tidewater Tides of the Class AAA International League , getting called up to the 1985 Mets for eight games . He batted . 284 for the Tides in 1985 , leading the team with 19 home runs and 77 runs batted in . Following the season , the Mets traded Beane with Joe Klink and Bill Latham to the Minnesota Twins for Tim Teufel and Pat Crosby , a minor league player . The Twins entered spring training prepared to give Beane the job as their starting left fielder over incumbent Mickey Hatcher , but he dealt with injuries and ineffectiveness . Beane appeared in 80 games for the 1986 Minnesota Twins , batting . 216 . Beane also appeared in 32 games for the Toledo Mud Hens of the International League . The Twins sent Beane to their new Class - AAA affiliate , the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , after spring training in 1987 . After batting . 285 for Portland , Beane received a call - up to the Twins after the September 1 roster expansion . He appeared in 12 games for the 1987 Minnesota Twins . The Twins traded Beane to the Detroit Tigers for Balvino Gálvez during spring training in 1988 . He made the Tigers opening day roster that season as an injury fill - in , and was optioned to Toledo in late April , now serving as Detroit 's Class - AAA affiliate , where he spent most of the season . During this time , he played in the same outfield as another player with nearly the same name -- Billy Bean -- and he also had a teammate with the name Rice . Beane appeared in six games for the 1988 Tigers . Granted free agency after the 1988 season , Beane signed with the Oakland Athletics , appearing in 37 games with the 1989 Athletics , batting . 241 in 79 at bats . Beane spent most of the season with the Class - AAA Tacoma Tigers of the PCL . He re-signed with the Athletics for the 1990 season , and he was sent down to the minor leagues at the end of spring training . Front office career ( edit ) Weary of the lifestyle of a minor league player , Beane approached Athletics GM Sandy Alderson a day after he was reassigned to minor league camp in April 1990 and asked for a job as an advance scout . Beane held this position through 1993 , when he was promoted to assistant GM of the Athletics , tasked with scouting minor league players . Under the ownership of Walter A. Haas , Jr. , the Athletics appeared in three consecutive World Series , from 1988 through 1990 , and had the highest payroll in baseball in 1991 . Haas died in 1995 , and new owners Stephen Schott and Ken Hofmann ordered Alderson to slash payroll . To field a competitive roster on a limited budget , Alderson began focusing on sabermetric principles , to obtain relatively undervalued players . He valued on - base percentage among hitters . Alderson taught Beane to find value that other teams did not see using sabermetrics . Beane succeeded Alderson as GM on October 17 , 1997 . He continued Alderson 's crafting of the Athletics into one of the most cost - effective teams in baseball . For example , in the 2006 MLB season , the Athletics ranked 24th of 30 major league teams in player salaries but had the 5th - best regular - season record . Beane ( left ) at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival The Athletics reached the playoffs in four consecutive years from 2000 through 2003 , losing in the American League Division Series each year . In 2002 , the Athletics became the first team in the 100 plus years of American League baseball to win 20 consecutive games . They won their first playoff series under Beane in 2006 when they swept the Minnesota Twins in the American League Division Series , but were subsequently swept by the Detroit Tigers in the American League Championship Series . Other low payroll teams , such as the 2003 World Champion Florida Marlins and the 2008 American League Champion Tampa Bay Rays , have appeared in the World Series , with the former going on to win the World Series in 2003 . It 's all about evaluating skills and putting a price on them . Thirty years ago , stockbrokers used to buy stock strictly by feel . Let 's put it this way : Anyone in the game with a 401 ( k ) has a choice . They can choose a fund manager who manages their retirement by gut instinct , or one who chooses by research and analysis . I know which way I 'd choose . '' -- Billy Beane After the 2002 season , the Boston Red Sox made Beane an offer of $12,500,000 to become their GM , but he declined . On April 15 , 2005 , Beane received a contract extension to remain with the Athletics as its general manager through 2012 , and new team owner Lewis Wolff awarded Beane a small portion of the team 's ownership . In February 2012 , the Athletics extended Beane 's contract through 2019 . From their 2006 playoff appearance until 2012 when they again made the playoffs , the Athletics had not made the playoffs or finished above . 500 , which had triggered criticism of Beane and his approach in some quarters in baseball , especially in 2009 . Beane largely dismisses criticism of his approach , indicating that his philosophy revolves around research and analysis . Many other general managers have followed Beane 's strategy and now use similar approaches . The book itself has changed the way different players are valued , and Beane began concentrating on high school players , a group he once largely ignored , in the MLB draft , considering them to be heavily undervalued . He and other like - minded GMs also changed their draft strategies to focus more on defensive skills , which had become undervalued in the years immediately after the Moneyball revolution . This new emphasis on defense was displayed in the 2010 season ; although the Athletics finished at . 500 and again missed the playoffs , they led MLB in defensive efficiency , measured as the percentage of balls put into play by opponents that resulted in outs , and allowed the fewest runs in the AL . In the 2012 season the Athletics again made the playoffs under Beane winning the American League West title on the last day of the regular season . The Athletics returned to the playoffs in 2013 by also winning the American League West division title in the 2013 season , the team 's first back - to - back division championships since the 2002 -- 2003 seasons . In December 2009 , Sports Illustrated named Beane as number 10 on its list of the Top 10 GMs / Executives of the Decade in all sports . On October 5 , 2015 , the Oakland Athletics announced that Beane had been promoted to Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations . Assistant GM David Forst assumed the job of general manager . Activities outside baseball ( edit ) Soccer ( edit ) When the Athletics ownership group agreed to purchase the reincarnation of the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer , Beane , who has expressed a passion for soccer , began developing a system for objectively analyzing soccer players . He has agreed to help the Earthquakes front office develop a method for building a cost - effective team , as the salary cap in MLS is even more restrictive than the Athletics status as a small - market team in Major League Baseball . However , a system has yet to be implemented . Beane has claimed that Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger is a personal idol . His friendship with ex-Arsenal scout Damien Comolli and Arsenal owner Stan Kroenke allowed him to delve deep into the world of English football . In March 2015 , the Dutch football club AZ Alkmaar , under general director Robert Eenhoorn , a former Major Leaguer , hired Beane as an advisor . Software industry ( edit ) On January 4 , 2007 , the software company NetSuite named Beane to its board of directors . NetSuite co-founder Evan Goldberg cited Beane 's ability to combine facts with instinct as an important factor in the decision to involve him in the company . Beane also served as a consultant for , and also appears in , the video game MLB Front Office Manager . Depiction in book and film Moneyball ( edit ) Because of his team 's success despite its low payroll , Beane was the subject of author Michael Lewis 's 2003 best - selling book Moneyball : The Art of Winning an Unfair Game . The book discusses Beane 's methods as the GM of the Athletics and how he , along with Harvard - educated statistician Paul DePodesta , used sabermetric principles to run his team in a cost - effective way . According to the book , this allowed him to be successful despite his financial constraints . The book and Beane 's methods have influenced the way many think about the game of baseball , including other teams and players . Brad Pitt played the role of Beane in the 2011 film Moneyball . Pitt was nominated for the 2012 Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance . Personal life ( edit ) Twice married , Beane has a daughter Casey from his first marriage and twins Brayden and Tinsley from his current marriage . He attended the University of California , San Diego during the baseball offseasons of his playing career . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The list 's only other MLB executives were Theo Epstein ( No. 3 ) and Pat Gillick ( No. 7 ) . References ( edit ) Baseball portal Bibliography Lewis , Michael D. ( 2003 ) . Moneyball : The Art of Winning an Unfair Game . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05765 - 8 . In - line citations ^ Jump up to : Moneyball . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland A 's : Executive Profiles : Billy Beane '' . Mlb.mlb.com . October 17 , 1997 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Moneyball . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Moneyball . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mets get first grab '' . The Bonham Daily Favorite . United Press International . June 3 , 1980 . p. 3 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . pp. 12 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Moneyball . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Trade Tim Teufel '' . The Michigan Daily . Associated Press . January 17 , 1986 . p. 9 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mets Trade for Twins ' Teufel ; Stadler , Mize Share Hope Lead '' . Sun Sentinel . January 17 , 1986 . p. 2. C. Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Beane 's battle '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . March 21 , 1987 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Hafner , Dan ( September 5 , 1987 ) . `` American League Roundup Expanded Roster Gives Twins a Quick Payoff '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 10 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Twins deal for Gladden , drop Hatcher , Sample '' . Minneapolis Star - Tribune . April 1 , 1987 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Puckett homer could spur pennant drive '' . Minneapolis Star - Tribune . September 4 , 1987 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Expos Buy Pinch - Hitter Nettles '' . Philadelphia Daily News . March 25 , 1988 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Loomis , Tom ( April 4 , 1988 ) . `` King Should Get Put - Up - Or - Shut - Up Trial With Toledo '' . Toledo Blade . p. 23 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . Ludington Daily News . Associated Press . April 29 , 1988 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jane ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Billy Beane introduced Billy Bean to team today . They played in same OF in Toledo in 1988 . At one point , other outfielder 's last name : Rice . '' . ^ Jump up to : `` A 's Sign Young for Two Years ; Phils , McDowell Agree to 3 Years , $6 Million '' . San Jose Mercury News . January 17 , 1990 . p. 2D . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Sanderson Wants to Get Back into the Rotation '' . The Sacramento Bee. April 2 , 1990 . p . D7 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Beane Offered Scouting Job , Rickey Says He 'll Ask To Renegotiate if he Has Big Season '' . San Jose Mercury News . April 3 , 1990 . p. 2E . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` Rickey Sings New York , New York '' . The Sacramento Bee . July 18 , 1993 . p . C11 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Moneyball . p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Moneyball . pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ `` Beane Takes Over For Alderson : Former GM Will Remain Team President '' . The Sacramento Bee . October 18 , 1997 . p . C4 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` MLB Standings -- 2006 '' . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Howard ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` The Revolutionary '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurned by Beane , Red Sox go back to drawing board '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . November 11 , 2002 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beane also gets extension through 2012 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 1 , 2005 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics agree to extend GM Billy Beane , President Michael Crowley through 2019 '' . Associated Press . February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ; Grier , Kevin ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` The Economics of Moneyball '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jazayerli , Rany ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Undervalued Sluggers '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Dick ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` 2000s : Top 10 GMs / Executives '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calcaterra , Craig ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Billy Beane promoted to VP , David Forst named A 's general manager '' . Jump up ^ Kelly , Cathal ( August 21 , 2007 ) . `` Mr. Beane 's love affair with soccer '' . The Star . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bascombe , Chris ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger is an idol of mine , says revered baseball coach Billy Beane '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AZ Alkmaar hire Oakland A 's general manager and Moneyball hero Billy Beane '' . The Guardian . March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Beane takes seat on NetSuite board '' . San Francisco Business Times . January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , Shanker ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` GameSpot MLB Front Office Manager First Look '' . GameSpot . p. 1 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Front Office Manager screenshot '' . 2K Sports . October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuper , Simon ( November 13 , 2011 ) . `` Inside Baseball : Michael Lewis and Billy Beane talk Moneyball '' . Slate . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking Moneyball -- MLB -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Yahoo ! Sports . February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Oakland A 's Billy Beane 's crazy family tree : Madonna , Angelina Jolie , Hillary Clinton '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Area ballclubs have two gems for GMs : The A 's Billy Beane and the Giants ' Brian Sabean employ different philosophies , but both generate successful results '' . The Sacramento Bee . February 12 , 2006 . p . C1 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billy Beane . Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) 1980 Major League Baseball Draft First Round Selections Darryl Strawberry Garry Harris Ken Dayley Mike King Jeff Pyburn Darnell Coles Jessie Reid Cecil Espy Ross Jones Kelly Gruber Don Schulze Jeff Reed Henry Powell Tim Maki Don Collins Frank Wills Dennis Rasmussen Glenn Wilson Ron Robinson Rick Renteria Jim Acker Terry Francona Billy Beane John Gibbons Dion James Jeff Williams New York Mets first - round draft picks 1965 : Rohr 1966 : Chilcott 1967 : Matlack 1968 : Foli 1969 : Sterling 1970 : Ambrow 1971 : Puig 1972 : Bengton 1973 : Mazzilli 1974 : Speck 1975 : Benton 1976 : Thurberg 1977 : Backman 1978 : Brooks 1979 : Leary 1980 : Strawberry , Beane , Gibbons 1981 : Blocker 1982 : Gooden 1983 : Williams , Jefferson , Schiraldi 1984 : Abner 1985 : Jefferies 1986 : May 1987 : Donnels 1988 : Proctor 1989 : Zinter 1990 : Burnitz 1991 : Shirley , Jones 1992 : Pr . 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-5056349762050729632	Play That Funky Music	Play That Funky Music - wikipedia Play That Funky Music `` Play That Funky Music '' Single by Wild Cherry from the album Wild Cherry B - side `` The Lady Wants Your Money '' Released April 1976 Format 7 - inch single Genre Funk rock Length 5 : 00 ( album version ) 3 : 12 ( single version ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Rob Parissi Producer ( s ) Rob Parissi Wild Cherry singles chronology `` Get Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1976 ) `` Baby Do n't You Know '' ( 1977 ) `` Get Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1976 ) `` Baby Do n't You Know '' ( 1977 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' is a song written by Rob Parissi and recorded by the band Wild Cherry . The single was the first released by the Cleveland - based Sweet City record label in April 1976 and distributed by Epic Records . The performers on the recording included lead singer Parissi , electric guitarist Bryan Bassett , bassist Allen Wentz , and drummer Ron Beitle , with session players Chuck Berginc , Jack Brndiar ( trumpets ) , and Joe Eckert and Rick Singer ( saxes ) on the horn riff that runs throughout the song 's verses . The single hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 18 , 1976 ; it was also number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 2 million records and eventually sold 2.5 million in the United States alone . The song was listed at No. 93 on Billboard magazine 's `` All - Time Top 100 Songs '' in 2018 . It was also the group 's only U.S. Top 40 song . Contents 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 1.3 Certifications 2 Vanilla Ice version 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Other cover versions 4 Usage in other media 5 See also 6 References Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Billboard National Disco Action Top 30 12 US Cash Box US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 88 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 34 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box Chart ( 1977 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 55 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 75,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Digital ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Physical ) Platinum 2,500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Vanilla Ice version ( edit ) `` Play That Funky Music '' Single by Vanilla Ice from the album To the Extreme B - side `` Ice Ice Baby '' Released 1989 ( album track ) 1990 ( single ) Format CD single Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 45 Label SBK Songwriter ( s ) Rob Parissi Producer ( s ) Vanilla Ice Vanilla Ice singles chronology `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1989 ) `` Ice Ice Baby '' ( 1989 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1989 ) `` Ice Ice Baby '' ( 1989 ) American rapper Vanilla Ice later released a song featuring an interpretation of `` Play That Funky Music '' . Based on this single , the independent record label Ichiban Records signed Vanilla Ice to a record deal , releasing the album Hooked in January 1989 , containing `` Play That Funky Music '' and its B - side , `` Ice Ice Baby '' . Songwriter Robert Parissi was not credited . Parissi was later awarded $500,000 in a copyright infringement lawsuit . Although it did not initially catch on , its B - side , `` Ice Ice Baby '' , gained more success when a disc jockey played that track instead of the single 's A-side . Following the success of `` Ice Ice Baby '' , `` Play That Funky Music '' was reissued as its own single ( with new lyrics ) , and peaked at no . 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and no . 10 in the UK . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Peak Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Canada ( RPM 10 Dance ) Canada ( RPM 100 Hit Tracks ) 13 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 42 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 22 US Billboard Hot Rap Singles 7 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position Canada ( RPM Dance Tracks ) 44 US Billboard Hot 100 57 Other cover versions ( edit ) An edited version of `` Play That Funky Music '' , without `` white boy '' , was released for radio airplay around the Boston area , as the original version was briefly banned in that area upon its original release . In place of `` white boy , '' the words , `` hey , funky music '' , were substituted ( Epic cat # AE7 1107 ) . That version is now a collector 's item . In 1988 , the band Roxanne reached number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 with a cover version . Canadian saxophonist Warren Hill covered the song on his 2005 album PopJazz . Usage in other Media ( edit ) The song appears on the soundtrack of the film Evolution ( 2001 ) and on the open show Ces Gars - Là , a French - Canadian show on V Télé featuring the stand - up comic Sugar Sammy and Simon - Olivier Fecteau . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1976 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1976 List of number - one R&B singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prato , Greg . `` Wild Cherry -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . the group was accosted nightly between sets by fans who wanted them to `` Play that funky music . '' It was n't long before Parissi took heed and penned a song under the same title , an infectious ditty that merged funk and rock together . Jump up ^ Scott , Jane ( April 30 , 1976 ) . `` Discotakes '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . ^ Jump up to : `` National Disco Action Top 30 / Billboard Hot Soul Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . September 4 , 1976 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Platinum Singles Top ' 76 -- ' 77 Years '' . Billboard . Vol. 90 no . 34 . August 26 , 1978 . p. 114 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Chart Positions Pre 1989 Part 4 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4356a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . September 18 , 1976 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 11 , 1976 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . Record World . September 11 , 1976 . p. 29 . ISSN 0034 - 1622 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1976 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 76 '' . RPM . Vol. 26 no . 14 & 15 . Library and Archives Canada . January 8 , 1977 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1976 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 19 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1976 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1976 '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1970s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA -- Gold & Platinum Searchable Database -- Play That Funky Music '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Behind The Music : Vanilla Ice . Moment occurs at 10 : 45 ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Westfahl , Gary ( 2000 ) . `` Legends of the Fall : Behind the Music '' . Science Fiction , Children 's Literature , and Popular Culture . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30847 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Urban -- Volume 53 , No. 13 , March 02 1991 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 53 , No. 13 , March 02 1991 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Play That Funky Music '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` To the Extreme -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles -- Week ending FEBRUARY 9 , 1991 '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Urban -- Volume 55 , No. 3 , December 21 1991 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1991 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Allen , Craig ( October 13 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Wild Cherry ( PHOTOS , VIDEOS ) '' . New Jersey 101.5 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard. April 9 , 1988 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Hill 's -- Popjazz '' . Smooth-jazz.de . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy , Marie - Josée ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` `` Ces gars - là '' : Simon - Olivier Fecteau et Sugar Sammy , nouveau duo terrible de V ( VIDÉO ) `` . Le Huffington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Vanilla Ice Main albums Hooked / To the Extreme Mind Blowin ' Hard to Swallow Bi-Polar Platinum Underground W.T.F. ( Wisdom , Tenacity and Focus ) Live album Extremely Live Compilations Back 2 Back Hits The Best of Vanilla Ice Remix album Vanilla Ice Is Back ! Singles `` Play That Funky Music '' `` Hooked '' `` Go Ill '' `` Ice Ice Baby '' `` Satisfaction '' `` I Love You '' `` Stop That Train '' `` Ninja Rap ( song ) '' `` Cool as Ice ( Everybody Get Loose ) '' `` Rollin ' in My 5.0 '' `` Road to My Riches '' `` Get Loose '' `` The Wrath '' `` Roll ' Em Up '' `` Too Cold '' `` S.N.A.F.U. '' `` Stomping Through the Bayou '' `` A.D.D. '' `` Unbreakable '' `` Ice Ice Baby 2001 '' `` Nothing Is Real '' `` Get Your Ass Up '' `` Tha Weed Song '' `` Hot Sex '' `` Elvis Killed Kennedy '' `` Detonator '' `` Survivor '' `` Ninja Rap 2 '' `` Under Pressure ( Ice Ice Baby ) '' `` Born on Halloween '' `` Rock Star Party '' Related articles Cool as Ice Cool as Ice ( soundtrack ) The Vanilla Ice Project List of motocross riders Discography Juggalo Psychopathic Records Gathering of the Juggalos Wild Cherry Members Rob Parissi Allen Wentz Bryan Bassett Ronald Beitle Mark Avsec Donnie Iris Coogie Stoddart Studio albums Wild Cherry ( 1976 ) Electrified Funk ( 1977 ) I Love My Music ( 1978 ) Only the Wild Survive ( 1979 ) Compilations Play the Funk ( 2000 ) Super Hits ( 2002 ) Singles `` Show Me Your Badge / Bring Back the Fire '' ( 1973 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Sanctified '' ( 1976 ) `` Baby Do n't You Know '' ( 1977 ) `` Hold On ( With Strings ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Hot to Trot '' ( 1977 ) `` 123 Kind of Love '' ( 1978 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1978 ) `` Try a Piece of My Love '' ( 1979 ) Promos `` Get Down '' ( 1972 ) `` Show Me Your Badge '' `` Hold On ( With Strings ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Wait Too Long / Try a Piece of My Love '' ( 1979 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Play_That_Funky_Music&oldid=859891804 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1976 singles 1990 singles Debut singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Epic Records singles Songs about music Wild Cherry ( band ) songs Vanilla Ice songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Canada All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 00 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sang the hit 1976 song play that funky music	[ "\"Play That Funky Music\" is a song written by Rob Parissi and recorded by the band Wild Cherry. The single was the first released by the Cleveland-based Sweet City record label in April 1976 and distributed by Epic Records.[2] The performers on the recording included lead singer Parissi, electric guitarist Bryan Bassett, bassist Allen Wentz, and drummer Ron Beitle, with session players Chuck Berginc, Jack Brndiar (trumpets), and Joe Eckert and Rick Singer (saxes) on the horn riff that runs throughout the song's verses. The single hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 18, 1976; it was also number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart.[3] The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 2 million records and eventually sold 2.5 million in the United States alone.[4]\n" ]	[ "Wild Cherry" ]
32382312148782635	Elastic cartilage	Elastic cartilage - Wikipedia Elastic cartilage Jump to : navigation , search Elastic cartilage Lateral side of the auricle Details Identifiers Latin Cartilago elastica Code TH H2. 00.03. 5.00018 Dorlands / Elsevier c_12 / 12216650 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Elastic cartilage or yellow cartilage is a type of cartilage present in the outer ear , Eustachian tube and epiglottis . It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers . The principal protein is elastin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 References 4 External links Structure ( edit ) Elastic cartilage is histologically similar to hyaline cartilage but contains many yellow elastic fibers lying in a solid matrix . These fibers form bundles that appear dark under a microscope . These fibers give elastic cartilage great flexibility so that it is able to withstand repeated bending . The chondrocytes lie between the fibres . It is found in the epiglottis ( part of the larynx ) , the pinnae ( the external ear flaps of many mammals ) . Elastin fibers stain dark purple / black with Verhoeff 's stain . Function ( edit ) Provide support Maintain shape References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ `` Elastic cartilage '' . Medline Plus / Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Histology image : 12_02 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - `` epiglottis '' Histology image : 02901loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Histology at ucsd.edu Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy , plate 03.42 ( hide ) Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elastic_cartilage&oldid=796530155 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Skeletal system Connective tissue Musculoskeletal system stubs Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 13 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is elastic cartilage found in the human body	[]	[]
1807590701530375210	Waiting for Godot	Waiting for Godot - wikipedia Waiting for Godot Jump to : navigation , search Waiting for Godot Waiting for Godot , staging by Otomar Krejca , Avignon Festival , 1978 Written by Samuel Beckett Characters Vladimir Estragon Pozzo Lucky A Boy Mute Godot Date premiered 5 January 1953 ( 1953 - 01 - 05 ) Place premiered Théâtre de Babylone , Paris Original language French Genre Tragicomedy ( play ) Waiting for Godot ( / ˈɡɒdoʊ / GOD - oh ) is a play by Samuel Beckett , in which two characters , Vladimir and Estragon , wait for the arrival of someone named Godot who never arrives , and while waiting they engage in a variety of discussions and encounter three other characters . Waiting for Godot is Beckett 's translation of his own original French play , En attendant Godot , and is subtitled ( in English only ) `` a tragicomedy in two acts '' . The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948 and 29 January 1949 . The premiere was on 5 January 1953 in the Théâtre de Babylone , Paris . The English language version was premiered in London in 1955 . In a poll conducted by the British Royal National Theatre in 1990 it was voted the `` most significant English language play of the 20th century '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Act I 1.2 Act II 2 Characters 2.1 Vladimir and Estragon 2.2 Pozzo and Lucky 2.3 The Boy 2.4 Godot 3 Setting 4 Interpretations 4.1 Political 4.1. 1 Freudian 4.1. 2 Jungian 4.2 Philosophical 4.2. 1 Existential 4.2. 2 Ethical 4.3 Christian 4.4 Autobiographical 4.5 Sexual 4.6 Beckett 's objection to female actors 5 Production history 6 Related works 7 Works inspired by Godot 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The play opens on an outdoor scene of two bedraggled companions : the philosophical Vladimir and the weary Estragon who , at the moment , can not remove his boots from his aching feet , finally muttering , `` Nothing to be done . '' Vladimir takes up the thought loftily , while Estragon vaguely recalls having been beaten the night before . Finally , his boots come off , while the pair ramble and bicker pointlessly . When Estragon suddenly decides to leave , Vladimir reminds him that they must stay and wait for an unspecified person called Godot -- a segment of dialogue that repeats often . Unfortunately , the pair can not agree on where or when they are expected to meet with this Godot . They only know to wait at a tree , and there is indeed a leafless one nearby . Eventually , Estragon dozes off and Vladimir rouses him but then stops him before he can share his dreams -- another recurring activity between the two men . Estragon wants to hear an old joke , which Vladimir can not finish without going off to urinate , since every time he starts laughing , a kidney ailment flares up . Upon Vladimir 's return , the increasingly jaded Estragon suggests that they hang themselves , but they abandon the idea when the logistics seem ineffective . They then speculate on the potential rewards of continuing to wait for Godot , but can come to no definite conclusions . When Estragon declares his hunger , Vladimir provides a carrot ( among a collection of turnips ) , at which Estragon idly gnaws , loudly reiterating his boredom . `` A terrible cry '' heralds the entrance of Lucky , a silent , baggage - burdened slave with a rope tied around his neck , and Pozzo , his arrogant and imperious master , who holds the other end and stops now to rest . Pozzo barks abusive orders at Lucky , which are always quietly followed , while acting civilly though tersely towards the other two . Pozzo enjoys a selfish snack of chicken and wine , before casting the bones to the ground , which Estragon gleefully claims . Having been in a dumbfounded state of silence ever since the arrival of Pozzo and Lucky , Vladimir finally finds his voice to shout criticisms at Pozzo for his mistreatment of Lucky . Pozzo ignores this and explains his intention to sell Lucky , who begins to cry . Estragon takes pity and tries to wipe away Lucky 's tears , but , as he approaches , Lucky violently kicks him in the shin . Pozzo then rambles nostalgically but vaguely about his relationship with Lucky over the years , before offering Vladimir and Estragon some compensation for their company . Estragon begins to beg for money when Pozzo instead suggests that Lucky can `` dance '' and `` think '' for their entertainment . Lucky 's dance , `` the Net '' , is clumsy and shuffling ; Lucky 's `` thinking '' is a long - winded and disjointed monologue -- it is the first and only time that Lucky speaks . The soliloquy begins as a relatively coherent and academic lecture on theology but quickly dissolves into mindless verbosity , escalating in both volume and speed , that agonises the others until Vladimir finally pulls off Lucky 's hat , stopping him in mid-sentence . Pozzo then has Lucky pack up his bags , and they hastily leave . Vladimir and Estragon , alone again , reflect on whether they met Pozzo and Lucky before . A boy then arrives , purporting to be a messenger sent from Godot to tell the pair that Godot will not be coming that evening `` but surely tomorrow '' . During Vladimir 's interrogation of the boy , he asks if he came the day before , making it apparent that the two men have been waiting for a long period and will likely continue . After the boy departs , the moon appears and the two men verbally agree to leave and find shelter for the night , but they merely stand without moving . Act II ( edit ) It is daytime again and Vladimir begins singing a recursive round about the death of a dog , but twice forgets the lyrics as he sings . Again , Estragon claims to have been beaten last night , despite no apparent injury . Vladimir comments that the formerly bare tree now has leaves and tries to confirm his recollections of yesterday against Estragon 's extremely vague , unreliable memory . Vladimir then triumphantly produces evidence of the previous day 's events by showing Estragon the wound from when Lucky kicked him . Noticing Estragon 's barefootedness , they also discover his previously forsaken boots nearby , which Estragon insists are not his , although they fit him perfectly . With no carrots left , Vladimir is turned down in offering Estragon a turnip or a radish . He then sings Estragon to sleep with a lullaby before noticing further evidence to confirm his memory : Lucky 's hat still lies on the ground . This leads to his waking Estragon and involving him in a frenetic hat - swapping scene . The two then wait again for Godot , while distracting themselves by playfully imitating Pozzo and Lucky , firing insults at each other and then making up , and attempting some fitness routines -- all of which fail miserably and end quickly . Suddenly , Pozzo and Lucky reappear , but the rope is much shorter than during their last visit , and Lucky now guides Pozzo , rather than being controlled by him . As they arrive , Pozzo trips over Lucky and they together fall into a motionless heap . Estragon sees an opportunity to exact revenge on Lucky for kicking him earlier . The issue is debated lengthily until Pozzo shocks the pair by revealing that he is now blind and Lucky is now mute . Pozzo further claims to have lost all sense of time , and assures the others that he can not remember meeting them before , but also does not expect to recall today 's events tomorrow . His commanding arrogance from yesterday appears to have been replaced by humility and insight . His parting words -- which Vladimir expands upon later -- are ones of utter despair . Lucky and Pozzo depart ; meanwhile Estragon has again fallen asleep . Alone , Vladimir is encountered by ( apparently ) the same boy from yesterday , though Vladimir wonders whether he might be the other boy 's brother . This time , Vladimir begins consciously realising the circular nature of his experiences : he even predicts exactly what the boy will say , involving the same speech about Godot not arriving today but surely tomorrow . Vladimir seems to reach a moment of revelation before furiously chasing the boy away , demanding that he be recognised the next time they meet . Estragon awakes and pulls his boots off again . He and Vladimir consider hanging themselves once more , but when they test the strength of Estragon 's belt ( hoping to use it as a noose ) , it breaks and Estragon 's trousers fall down . They resolve tomorrow to bring a more suitable piece of rope and , if Godot fails to arrive , to commit suicide at last . Again , they decide to clear out for the night , but , again , neither of them makes any attempt to move . Characters ( edit ) Beckett refrained from elaborating on the characters beyond what he had written in the play . He once recalled that when Sir Ralph Richardson `` wanted the low - down on Pozzo , his home address and curriculum vitae , and seemed to make the forthcoming of this and similar information the condition of his condescending to illustrate the part of Vladimir ... I told him that all I knew about Pozzo was in the text , that if I had known more I would have put it in the text , and that was true also of the other characters . '' Vladimir and Estragon ( edit ) Vladimir and Estragon ( June 2010 production of the play at The Doon School , India ) When Beckett started writing he did not have a visual image of Vladimir and Estragon . They are never referred to as tramps in the text , though are often performed in such costumes on stage . Roger Blin advises : `` Beckett heard their voices , but he could n't describe his characters to me . ( He said ) : ' The only thing I 'm sure of is that they 're wearing bowlers . ' '' `` The bowler hat was of course de rigueur for male persons in many social contexts when Beckett was growing up in Foxrock , and ( his father ) commonly wore one . '' That said , the play does indicate that the clothes worn at least by Estragon are shabby . When told by Vladimir that he should have been a poet , Estragon says he was , gestures to his rags , and asks if it were not obvious . There are no physical descriptions of either of the two characters ; however , the text indicates that Vladimir is possibly the heavier of the pair . The bowlers and other broadly comic aspects of their personas have reminded modern audiences of Laurel and Hardy , who occasionally played tramps in their films . `` The hat - passing game in Waiting For Godot and Lucky 's inability to think without his hat on are two obvious Beckett derivations from Laurel and Hardy -- a substitution of form for essence , covering for reality , '' wrote Gerald Mast in The Comic Mind : Comedy and the Movies . Vladimir stands through most of the play whereas Estragon sits down numerous times and even dozes off . `` Estragon is inert and Vladimir restless . '' Vladimir looks at the sky and muses on religious or philosophical matters . Estragon `` belongs to the stone '' , preoccupied with mundane things , what he can get to eat and how to ease his physical aches and pains ; he is direct , intuitive . He finds it hard to remember but can recall certain things when prompted , e.g. , when Vladimir asks : `` Do you remember the Gospels ? '' Estragon tells Vladimir about the coloured maps of the Holy Land and that he planned to honeymoon by the Dead Sea ; it is his short - term memory that is poorest and points to the fact that he may , in fact , be suffering from Alzheimer 's disease . Al Alvarez writes : `` But perhaps Estragon 's forgetfulness is the cement binding their relationship together . He continually forgets , Vladimir continually reminds him ; between them they pass the time . '' They have been together for fifty years but when asked -- by Pozzo -- they do not reveal their actual ages . Vladimir 's life is not without its discomforts too but he is the more resilient of the pair . `` Vladimir 's pain is primarily mental anguish , which would thus account for his voluntary exchange of his hat for Lucky 's , thus signifying Vladimir 's symbolic desire for another person 's thoughts . '' Throughout the play the couple refer to each other by the pet names `` Didi '' and `` Gogo '' , although the boy addresses Vladimir as `` Mister Albert '' . Beckett originally intended to call Estragon `` Lévy '' but when Pozzo questions him he gives his name as `` Magrégor , André '' and also responds to `` Catulle '' in French or `` Catullus '' in the first Faber edition . This became `` Adam '' in the American edition . Beckett 's only explanation was that he was `` fed up with Catullus '' . Vivian Mercier described Waiting for Godot as a play which `` has achieved a theoretical impossibility -- a play in which nothing happens , that yet keeps audiences glued to their seats . What 's more , since the second act is a subtly different reprise of the first , he has written a play in which nothing happens , twice . '' . Mercier once questioned Beckett on the language used by the pair : `` It seemed to me ... he made Didi and Gogo sound as if they had earned PhDs . ' How do you know they had n't ? ' was his reply . '' They clearly have known better times , a visit to the Eiffel Tower and grape - harvesting by the Rhône ; it is about all either has to say about their pasts , save for Estragon 's claim to have been a poet , an explanation Estragon provides to Vladimir for his destitution . In the first stage production , which Beckett oversaw , both are `` more shabby - genteel than ragged ... Vladimir at least is capable of being scandalised ... on a matter of etiquette when Estragon begs for chicken bones or money . '' Pozzo and Lucky ( edit ) Although Beckett refused to be drawn on the backgrounds of the characters , this has not stopped actors looking for their own motivation . Jean Martin had a doctor friend called Marthe Gautier , who was working at the Salpêtrière Hospital , and he said to her : `` ' Listen , Marthe , what could I find that would provide some kind of physiological explanation for a voice like the one written in the text ? ' ( She ) said : ' Well , it might be a good idea if you went to see the people who have Parkinson 's disease . ' So I asked her about the disease ... She explained how it begins with a trembling , which gets more and more noticeable , until later the patient can no longer speak without the voice shaking . So I said , ' That sounds exactly what I need . ' '' `` Sam and Roger were not entirely convinced by my interpretation but had no objections . '' When he explained to Beckett that he was playing Lucky as if he were suffering from Parkinson 's , Beckett said , `` ' Yes , of course . ' He mentioned briefly that his mother had had Parkinson 's , but quickly moved on to another subject . '' When Beckett was asked why Lucky was so named , he replied , `` I suppose he is lucky to have no more expectations ... '' It has been contended that `` Pozzo and Lucky are simply Didi and Gogo writ large '' , unbalanced as their relationship is . However , Pozzo 's dominance is noted to be superficial ; `` upon closer inspection , it becomes evident that Lucky always possessed more influence in the relationship , for he danced , and more importantly , thought -- not as a service , but in order to fill a vacant need of Pozzo : he committed all of these acts for Pozzo . As such , since the first appearance of the duo , the true slave had always been Pozzo . '' Pozzo credits Lucky with having given him all the culture , refinement , and ability to reason that he possesses . His rhetoric has been learned by rote . Pozzo 's `` party piece '' on the sky is a clear example : as his memory crumbles , he finds himself unable to continue under his own steam . Little is learned about Pozzo besides the fact that he is on his way to the fair to sell his slave , Lucky . He presents himself very much as the Ascendancy landlord , bullying and conceited . His pipe is made by Kapp and Peterson , Dublin 's best - known tobacconists ( their slogan was ' The thinking man 's pipe ' ) which he refers to as a `` briar '' but which Estragon calls a `` dudeen '' emphasising the differences in their social standing . He confesses to a poor memory but it is more a result of an abiding self - absorption . `` Pozzo is a character who has to overcompensate . That 's why he overdoes things ... and his overcompensation has to do with a deep insecurity in him . These were things Beckett said , psychological terms he used . '' Pozzo controls Lucky by means of an extremely long rope which he jerks and tugs if Lucky is the least bit slow . Lucky is the absolutely subservient slave of Pozzo and he unquestioningly does his every bidding with `` dog - like devotion '' . He struggles with a heavy suitcase without ever thinking of dropping it . Lucky speaks only once in the play and it is a result of Pozzo 's order to `` think '' for Estragon and Vladimir . Pozzo and Lucky have been together for sixty years and , in that time , their relationship has deteriorated . Lucky has always been the intellectually superior but now , with age , he has become an object of contempt : his `` think '' is a caricature of intellectual thought and his `` dance '' is a sorry sight . Despite his horrid treatment at Pozzo 's hand however , Lucky remains completely faithful to him . Even in the second act when Pozzo has inexplicably gone blind , and needs to be led by Lucky rather than driving him as he had done before , Lucky remains faithful and has not tried to run away ; they are clearly bound together by more than a piece of rope in the same way that Didi and Gogo are `` ( t ) ied to Godot '' . Beckett 's advice to the American director Alan Schneider was : `` ( Pozzo ) is a hypomaniac and the only way to play him is to play him mad . '' `` In his ( English ) translation ... Beckett struggled to retain the French atmosphere as much as possible , so that he delegated all the English names and places to Lucky , whose own name , he thought , suggested such a correlation . '' The boy ( edit ) The cast list specifies only one boy . The boy in Act I , a local lad , assures Vladimir that this is the first time he has seen him . He says he was not there the previous day . He confirms he works for Mr. Godot as a goatherd . His brother , whom Godot beats , is a shepherd . Godot feeds both of them and allows them to sleep in his hayloft . The boy in Act II also assures Vladimir that it was not he who called upon them the day before . He insists that this too is his first visit . When Vladimir asks what Godot does the boy tells him , `` He does nothing , sir . '' We also learn he has a white beard -- possibly , the boy is not certain . This boy also has a brother who it seems is sick but there is no clear evidence to suggest that his brother is the boy that came in Act I or the one who came the day before that . Whether the boy from Act I is the same boy from Act II or not , both boys are polite yet timid . In the first Act , the boy , despite arriving while Pozzo and Lucky are still about , does not announce himself until after Pozzo and Lucky leave , saying to Vladimir and Estragon that he waited for the other two to leave out of fear of the two men and of Pozzo 's whip ; the boy does not arrive early enough in Act II to see either Lucky or Pozzo . In both Acts , the boy seems hesitant to speak very much , saying mostly `` Yes Sir '' or `` No Sir '' , and winds up exiting by running away . Godot ( edit ) The identity of Godot has been the subject of much debate . `` When Colin Duckworth asked Beckett point - blank whether Pozzo was Godot , the author replied : ' No . It is just implied in the text , but it 's not true . ' '' Deirdre Bair says that though `` Beckett will never discuss the implications of the title '' , she suggests two stories that both may have at least partially have inspired it . The first is that because feet are a recurring theme in the play , Beckett has said the title was suggested to him by the slang French term for boot : `` godillot , godasse '' . The second story , according to Bair , is that Beckett once encountered a group of spectators at the French Tour de France bicycle race , who told him `` Nous attendons Godot '' -- they were waiting for a competitor whose name was Godot . `` Beckett said to Peter Woodthorpe that he regretted calling the absent character ' Godot ' , because of all the theories involving God to which this had given rise . `` I also told ( Ralph ) Richardson that if by Godot I had meant God I would ( have ) said God , and not Godot . This seemed to disappoint him greatly . '' That said , Beckett did once concede , `` It would be fatuous of me to pretend that I am not aware of the meanings attached to the word ' Godot ' , and the opinion of many that it means ' God ' . But you must remember -- I wrote the play in French , and if I did have that meaning in my mind , it was somewhere in my unconscious and I was not overtly aware of it . '' ( Note : the French word for ' God ' is ' Dieu ' . ) However , `` Beckett has often stressed the strong unconscious impulses that partly control his writing ; he has even spoken of being ' in a trance ' when he writes . '' Unlike elsewhere in Beckett 's work , no bicycle appears in this play , but Hugh Kenner in his essay `` The Cartesian Centaur '' reports that Beckett once , when asked about the meaning of Godot , mentioned `` a veteran racing cyclist , bald , a ' stayer , ' recurrent placeman in town - to - town and national championships , Christian name elusive , surname Godeau , pronounced , of course , no differently from Godot . '' Waiting for Godot is clearly not about track cycling , but it is said that Beckett himself did wait for French cyclist Roger Godeau ( de ) ( 1920 -- 2000 ; a professional cyclist from 1943 to 1961 ) , outside the velodrome in Roubaix . Of the two boys who work for Godot only one appears safe from beatings , `` Beckett said , only half - jokingly , that one of Estragon 's feet was saved '' . The name `` Godot '' is pronounced in Britain and Ireland with the emphasis on the first syllable , / ˈɡɒdoʊ / GO - doh ; in North America it is usually pronounced with an emphasis on the second syllable , / ɡəˈdoʊ / gə - DOH . Beckett himself said the emphasis should be on the first syllable , and that the North American pronunciation is a mistake . Georges Borchardt , Beckett 's literary agent , and who represents Beckett 's literary estate , has always pronounced `` Godot '' in the French manner , with equal emphasis on both syllables . Borchardt checked with Beckett 's nephew , Edward , who told him his uncle pronounced it that way as well . Setting ( edit ) There is only one scene throughout both acts . Two men are waiting on a country road by a tree . The men are of unspecified origin , though it is clear that they are not English by nationality ( and in English - language productions are traditionally played with Irish accents ) . The script calls for Estragon to sit on a low mound but in practice -- as in Beckett 's own 1975 German production -- this is usually a stone . In the first act the tree is bare . In the second , a few leaves have appeared despite the script specifying that it is the next day . The minimal description calls to mind `` the idea of the lieu vague , a location which should not be particularised '' . Other clues about the location can be found in the dialogue . In Act I , Vladimir turns toward the auditorium and describes it as a bog . In Act II , Vladimir again motions to the auditorium and notes that there is `` Not a soul in sight . '' When Estragon rushes toward the back of the stage in Act II , Vladimir scolds him , saying that `` There 's no way out there . '' Also in Act II , Vladimir comments that their surroundings look nothing like the Macon country , and Estragon states that he 's lived his whole life `` Here ! In the Cackon country ! '' Alan Schneider once suggested putting the play on in a round -- Pozzo has often been commented on as a ringmaster -- but Beckett dissuaded him : `` I do n't in my ignorance agree with the round and feel Godot needs a very closed box . '' He even contemplated at one point having a `` faint shadow of bars on stage floor '' but , in the end , decided against this level of what he called `` explicitation '' . In his 1975 Schiller Theater production , there are times when Didi and Gogo appear to bounce off something `` like birds trapped in the strands of ( an invisible ) net '' , in James Knowlson 's description . Interpretations ( edit ) `` Because the play is so stripped down , so elemental , it invites all kinds of social and political and religious interpretation '' wrote Normand Berlin in a tribute to the play in Autumn 1999 , `` with Beckett himself placed in different schools of thought , different movements and ' ism 's . The attempts to pin him down have not been successful , but the desire to do so is natural when we encounter a writer whose minimalist art reaches for bedrock reality . ' Less ' forces us to look for ' more , ' and the need to talk about Godot and about Beckett has resulted in a steady outpouring of books and articles . Throughout Waiting for Godot , the audience may encounter religious , philosophical , classical , psychoanalytical and biographical -- especially wartime -- references . There are ritualistic aspects and elements taken directly from vaudeville and there is a danger in making more of these than what they are : that is , merely structural conveniences , avatars into which the writer places his fictional characters . The play `` exploits several archetypal forms and situations , all of which lend themselves to both comedy and pathos . '' Beckett makes this point emphatically clear in the opening notes to Film : `` No truth value attaches to the above , regarded as of merely structural and dramatic convenience . '' He made another important remark to Lawrence Harvey , saying that his `` work does not depend on experience -- ( it is ) not a record of experience . Of course you use it . '' Beckett tired quickly of `` the endless misunderstanding '' . As far back as 1955 , he remarked , `` Why people have to complicate a thing so simple I ca n't make out . '' He was not forthcoming with anything more than cryptic clues , however : `` Peter Woodthrope ( who played Estragon ) remembered asking him one day in a taxi what the play was really about : ' It 's all symbiosis , Peter ; it 's symbiosis , ' answered Beckett . '' Beckett directed the play for the Schiller - Theatre in 1975 . Although he had overseen many productions , this was the first time that he had taken complete control . Walter Asmus was his conscientious young assistant director . The production was not naturalistic . Beckett explained , It is a game , everything is a game . When all four of them are lying on the ground , that can not be handled naturalistically . That has got to be done artificially , balletically . Otherwise everything becomes an imitation , an imitation of reality ( ... ) . It should become clear and transparent , not dry . It is a game in order to survive . '' Over the years , Beckett clearly realised that the greater part of Godot 's success came down to the fact that it was open to a variety of readings and that this was not necessarily a bad thing . Beckett himself sanctioned `` one of the most famous mixed - race productions of Godot , performed at the Baxter Theatre in the University of Cape Town , directed by Donald Howarth , with ( ... ) two black actors , John Kani and Winston Ntshona , playing Didi and Gogo ; Pozzo , dressed in checked shirt and gumboots reminiscent of an Afrikaner landlord , and Lucky ( ' a shanty town piece of white trash ' ) were played by two white actors , Bill Flynn and Peter Piccolo ( ... ) . The Baxter production has often been portrayed as if it were an explicitly political production , when in fact it received very little emphasis . What such a reaction showed , however , was that , although the play can in no way be taken as a political allegory , there are elements that are relevant to any local situation in which one man is being exploited or oppressed by another . '' Political ( edit ) `` It was seen as an allegory of the Cold War '' or of French Resistance to the Germans . Graham Hassell writes , `` ( T ) he intrusion of Pozzo and Lucky ( ... ) seems like nothing more than a metaphor for Ireland 's view of mainland Britain , where society has ever been blighted by a greedy ruling élite keeping the working classes passive and ignorant by whatever means . '' Vladimir and Estragon are often played with Irish accents , as in the Beckett on Film project . This , some feel , is an inevitable consequence of Beckett 's rhythms and phraseology , but it is not stipulated in the text . At any rate , they are not of English stock : at one point early in the play , Estragon mocks the English pronunciation of `` calm '' and has fun with `` the story of the Englishman in the brothel '' . Freudian ( edit ) `` Bernard Dukore develops a triadic theory in Didi , Gogo and the absent Godot , based on Sigmund Freud 's trinitarian description of the psyche in The Ego and the Id ( 1923 ) and the usage of onomastic techniques . Dukore defines the characters by what they lack : the rational Go - go embodies the incomplete ego , the missing pleasure principle : ( e ) go - ( e ) go . Di - di ( id - id ) -- who is more instinctual and irrational -- is seen as the backward id or subversion of the rational principle . Godot fulfils the function of the superego or moral standards . Pozzo and Lucky are just re-iterations of the main protagonists . Dukore finally sees Beckett 's play as a metaphor for the futility of man 's existence when salvation is expected from an external entity , and the self is denied introspection . '' Jungian ( edit ) `` The four archetypal personalities or the four aspects of the soul are grouped in two pairs : the ego and the shadow , the persona and the soul 's image ( animus or anima ) . The shadow is the container of all our despised emotions repressed by the ego . Lucky , the shadow , serves as the polar opposite of the egocentric Pozzo , prototype of prosperous mediocrity , who incessantly controls and persecutes his subordinate , thus symbolising the oppression of the unconscious shadow by the despotic ego . Lucky 's monologue in Act I appears as a manifestation of a stream of repressed unconsciousness , as he is allowed to `` think '' for his master . Estragon 's name has another connotation , besides that of the aromatic herb , tarragon : `` estragon '' is a cognate of oestrogen , the female hormone ( Carter , 130 ) . This prompts us to identify him with the anima , the feminine image of Vladimir 's soul . It explains Estragon 's propensity for poetry , his sensitivity and dreams , his irrational moods . Vladimir appears as the complementary masculine principle , or perhaps the rational persona of the contemplative type . '' Philosophical ( edit ) Existential ( edit ) Broadly speaking , existentialists hold that there are certain fundamental questions that every human being must come to terms with if they are to take their subjective existences seriously and with intrinsic value . Questions such as life , death , the meaning of human existence and the place of ( or lack of ) God in that existence are among them . By and large , the theories of existentialism assert that conscious reality is very complex and without an `` objective '' or universally known value : the individual must create value by affirming it and living it , not by simply talking about it or philosophising it in the mind . The play may be seen to touch on all of these issues . Martin Esslin , in his The Theatre of the Absurd ( 1960 ) , argued that Waiting for Godot was part of a broader literary movement that he called the Theatre of the Absurd , a form of theatre which stemmed from the absurdist philosophy of Albert Camus . Absurdism itself is a branch of the traditional assertions of existentialism , pioneered by Søren Kierkegaard , and posits that , while inherent meaning might very well exist in the universe , human beings are incapable of finding it due to some form of mental or philosophical limitation . Thus humanity is doomed to be faced with the Absurd , or the absolute absurdity of the existence in lack of intrinsic purpose . Ethical ( edit ) Just after Didi and Gogo have been particularly selfish and callous , the boy comes to say that Godot is not coming . The boy ( or pair of boys ) may be seen to represent meekness and hope before compassion is consciously excluded by an evolving personality and character , and in which case may be the youthful Pozzo and Lucky . Thus Godot is compassion and fails to arrive every day , as he says he will . No - one is concerned that a boy is beaten . In this interpretation , there is the irony that only by changing their hearts to be compassionate can the characters fixed to the tree move on and cease to have to wait for Godot . Christian ( edit ) Much of the play is steeped in scriptural allusion . The boy from Act One mentions that he and his brother mind Godot 's sheep and goats . Much can be read into Beckett 's inclusion of the story of the two thieves from Luke 23 : 39 -- 43 and the ensuing discussion of repentance . It is easy to see the solitary tree as representative of the Christian cross or the tree of life . Some see God and Godot as one and the same . Vladimir 's `` Christ have mercy upon us ! '' could be taken as evidence that that is at least what he believes . This reading is given further weight early in the first act when Estragon asks Vladimir what it is that he has requested from Godot : VLADIMIR : Oh ... nothing very definite . ESTRAGON : A kind of prayer . VLADIMIR : Precisely . ESTRAGON : A vague supplication . VLADIMIR : Exactly . Other explicit Christian elements that were mentioned in the play include , but not limited to , repentance , the Gospels , a Saviour , human beings made in God 's image , the cross , and Cain and Abel . According to biographer Anthony Cronin , `` ( Beckett ) always possessed a Bible , at the end more than one edition , and Bible concordances were always among the reference books on his shelves . '' Beckett himself was quite open on the issue : `` Christianity is a mythology with which I am perfectly familiar so I naturally use it . '' As Cronin argues , these biblical references `` may be ironic or even sarcastic '' . `` In answer to a defence counsel question in 1937 ( during the libel action brought by his uncle against Oliver St. John Gogarty ) as to whether he was a Christian , Jew or atheist , Beckett replied , ' None of the three ' '' . Looking at Beckett 's entire œuvre , Mary Bryden observed that `` the hypothesised God who emerges from Beckett 's texts is one who is both cursed for his perverse absence and cursed for his surveillant presence . He is by turns dismissed , satirised , or ignored , but he , and his tortured son , are never definitively discarded . '' Autobiographical ( edit ) Waiting for Godot has been described as a `` metaphor for the long walk into Roussillon , when Beckett and Suzanne slept in haystacks ( ... ) during the day and walked by night ( ... or ) of the relationship of Beckett to Joyce . '' Sexual ( edit ) Though the sexuality of Vladimir and Estragon is not always considered by critics , some see the two vagabonds as an ageing homosexual couple , who are worn out , with broken spirits , impotent and not engaging sexually any longer . The two appear to be written as a parody of a married couple . Peter Boxall points out that the play features two characters who seem to have shared life together for years ; they quarrel , embrace , and are mutually dependent . Beckett was interviewed at the time the play was premiering in New York , and , speaking of his writings and characters in general , Beckett said `` I 'm working with impotence , ignorance . I do n't think impotence has been exploited in the past . '' Vladimir and Estragon consider hanging themselves , as a desperate way to achieve at least one final erection . Pozzo and his slave , Lucky , arrive on the scene . Pozzo is a stout man , who wields a whip and holds a rope around Lucky 's neck . Some critics have considered that the relationship of these two characters is homosexual and sado - masochistic in nature . Lucky 's long speech is a torrent of broken ideas and speculations regarding man , sex , God , and time . It has been said that the play contains little or no sexual hope ; which is the play 's lament , and the source of the play 's humour and comedic tenderness . Norman Mailer wonders if Beckett might be restating the sexual and moral basis of Christianity , that life and strength is found in an adoration of those in the lower depths where God is concealed . Beckett 's objection to female actors ( edit ) Beckett was not open to most interpretative approaches to his work . He famously objected when , in the 1980s , several women 's acting companies began to stage the play . `` Women do n't have prostates , '' said Beckett , a reference to the fact that Vladimir frequently has to leave the stage to urinate . In 1988 , Beckett took a Dutch theatre company , De Haarlemse Toneelschuur to court over this issue . `` Beckett ( ... ) lost his case . But the issue of gender seemed to him to be so vital a distinction for a playwright to make that he reacted angrily , instituting a ban on all productions of his plays in The Netherlands . '' This ban was short - lived , however : in 1991 ( two years after Beckett 's death ) , `` Judge Huguette Le Foyer de Costil ruled that the production would not cause excessive damage to Beckett 's legacy '' , and the play was duly performed by the all - female cast of the Brut de Beton Theater Company at the prestigious Avignon Festival . The Italian Pontedera Theatre Foundation won a similar claim in 2006 when it cast two actresses in the roles of Vladimir and Estragon , albeit in the characters ' traditional roles as men . At the 1995 Acco Festival , director Nola Chilton staged a production with Daniella Michaeli in the role of Lucky . Production history ( edit ) `` ( O ) n 17 February 1952 ... an abridged version of the play was performed in the studio of the Club d'Essai de la Radio and was broadcast on ( French ) radio ... ( A ) lthough he sent a polite note that Roger Blin read out , Beckett himself did not turn up . '' Part of his introduction reads : I do n't know who Godot is . I do n't even know ( above all do n't know ) if he exists . And I do n't know if they believe in him or not -- those two who are waiting for him . The other two who pass by towards the end of each of the two acts , that must be to break up the monotony . All I knew I showed . It 's not much , but it 's enough for me , by a wide margin . I 'll even say that I would have been satisfied with less . As for wanting to find in all that a broader , loftier meaning to carry away from the performance , along with the program and the Eskimo pie , I can not see the point of it . But it must be possible ... Estragon , Vladimir , Pozzo , Lucky , their time and their space , I was able to know them a little , but far from the need to understand . Maybe they owe you explanations . Let them supply it . Without me . They and I are through with each other . The Minuit edition appeared in print on 17 October 1952 in advance of the play 's first full theatrical performance . On 4 January 1953 , `` ( t ) hirty reviewers came to the générale of En attendant Godot before the public opening ... Contrary to later legend , the reviewers were kind ... Some dozen reviews in daily newspapers range ( d ) from tolerant to enthusiastic ... Reviews in the weeklies ( were ) longer and more fervent ; moreover , they appeared in time to lure spectators to that first thirty - day run '' which began on 5 January 1953 at the Théâtre de Babylone , Paris . Early public performances were not , however , without incident : during one performance `` the curtain had to be brought down after Lucky 's monologue as twenty , well - dressed , but disgruntled spectators whistled and hooted derisively ... One of the protesters ( even ) wrote a vituperative letter dated 2 February 1953 to Le Monde . '' The cast comprised Pierre Latour ( Estragon ) , Lucien Raimbourg ( Vladimir ) , Jean Martin ( Lucky ) and Roger Blin ( Pozzo ) . The actor due to play Pozzo found a more remunerative role and so the director -- a shy , lean man in real life -- had to step in and play the stout bombaster himself with a pillow amplifying his stomach . Both boys were played by Serge Lecointe . The entire production was done on the thinnest of shoestring budgets ; the large battered valise that Martin carried `` was found among the city 's refuse by the husband of the theatre dresser on his rounds as he worked clearing the dustbins , '' for example . A particularly significant production -- from Beckett 's perspective -- took place in Lüttringhausen Prison near Remscheid in Germany . An inmate obtained a copy of the French first edition , translated it himself into German and obtained permission to stage the play . The first night had been on 29 November 1953 . He wrote to Beckett in October 1954 : `` You will be surprised to be receiving a letter about your play Waiting for Godot , from a prison where so many thieves , forgers , toughs , homos , crazy men and killers spend this bitch of a life waiting ... and waiting ... and waiting . Waiting for what ? Godot ? Perhaps . '' Beckett was intensely moved and intended to visit the prison to see a last performance of the play but it never happened . This marked `` the beginning of Beckett 's enduring links with prisons and prisoners ... He took a tremendous interest in productions of his plays performed in prisons ... He even gave Rick Cluchey , a former prisoner from San Quentin , financial and moral support over a period of many years . '' Cluchey played Vladimir in two productions in the former Gallows room of the San Quentin California State Prison , which had been converted into a 65 - seat theatre and , like the German prisoner before him , went on to work on a variety of Beckett 's plays after his release . ( The 1953 Lüttringhausen and 1957 San Quentin Prison productions of Waiting For Godot were the subject of the 2010 documentary film The Impossible Itself , produced and directed by Jacob Adams . ) The English - language premiere was on 3 August 1955 at the Arts Theatre , London , directed by the 24 - year - old Peter Hall . During an early rehearsal Hall told the cast `` I have n't really the foggiest idea what some of it means ... But if we stop and discuss every line we 'll never open . '' Again , the printed version preceded it ( New York : Grove Press , 1954 ) but Faber 's `` mutilated '' edition did not materialise until 1956 . A `` corrected '' edition was subsequently produced in 1965 . `` The most accurate text is in Theatrical Notebooks I , ( Ed . ) Dougald McMillan and James Knowlson ( Faber and Grove , 1993 ) . It is based on Beckett 's revisions for his Schiller - Theatre production ( 1975 ) and the London San Quentin Drama Workshop , based on the Schiller production but revised further at the Riverside Studios ( March 1984 ) . '' Like all of Beckett 's translations , Waiting for Godot is not simply a literal translation of En attendant Godot . `` Small but significant differences separate the French and English text . Some , like Vladimir 's inability to remember the farmer 's name ( Bonnelly ) , show how the translation became more indefinite , attrition and loss of memory more pronounced . '' A number of biographical details were removed , all adding to a general `` vaguening '' of the text which he continued to trim for the rest of his life . In the 1950s , theatre was strictly censored in the UK , to Beckett 's amazement since he thought it a bastion of free speech . The Lord Chamberlain insisted that the word `` erection '' be removed , `` ' Fartov ' became ' Popov ' and Mrs Gozzo had ' warts ' instead of ' clap ' '' . Indeed , there were attempts to ban the play completely . Lady Dorothy Howitt wrote to the Lord Chamberlain , saying : `` One of the many themes running through the play is the desire of two old tramps continually to relieve themselves . Such a dramatisation of lavatory necessities is offensive and against all sense of British decency . '' `` The first unexpurgated version of Godot in England ... opened at the Royal Court on 30 December 1964 . '' The London run was not without incident . The actor Peter Bull , who played Pozzo , recalls the reaction of that first night audience : En attendant Godot , 1978 Festival d'Avignon , directed by Otomar Krejča Waves of hostility came whirling over the footlights , and the mass exodus , which was to form such a feature of the run of the piece , started quite soon after the curtain had risen . The audible groans were also fairly disconcerting ... The curtain fell to mild applause , we took a scant three calls ( Peter Woodthorpe reports only one curtain call ) and a depression and a sense of anti-climax descended on us all . The critics were less than kind but `` ( e ) verything changed on Sunday 7 August 1955 with Kenneth Tynan 's and Harold Hobson 's reviews in The Observer and The Sunday Times . Beckett was always grateful to the two reviewers for their support ... which more or less transformed the play overnight into the rage of London . '' `` At the end of the year , the Evening Standard Drama Awards were held for the first time ... Feelings ran high and the opposition , led by Sir Malcolm Sargent , threatened to resign if Godot won ( The Best New Play category ) . An English compromise was worked out by changing the title of the award . Godot became The Most Controversial Play of the Year . It is a prize that has never been given since . '' The first production of the play in the United States was at the Coconut Grove Playhouse in Coconut Grove , Florida on 3 January 1956 . It starred Tom Ewell as Vladimir and Bert Lahr as Estragon . It bombed , but a Broadway version with Lahr , a new director ( Herbert Berghof ) , and E.G. Marshall as Vladimir met with much more favour . The production and its problems are described in Notes on a Cowardly Lion , John Lahr 's book about his father . In the Australian premiere at the Arrow Theatre in Melbourne in 1957 , Barry Humphries played Estragon opposite Peter O'Shaughnessy 's Vladimir . Beckett resisted offers to film the play , although it was televised in his lifetime ( including a 1961 American telecast with Zero Mostel as Estragon and Burgess Meredith as Vladimir that New York Times theatre critic Alvin Klein describes as having `` left critics bewildered and is now a classic '' ) . When Keep Films made Beckett an offer to film an adaptation in which Peter O'Toole would feature , Beckett tersely told his French publisher to advise them : `` I do not want a film of Godot . '' The BBC broadcast a production of Waiting for Godot on 26 June 1961 , a version for radio having already been transmitted on 25 April 1960 . Beckett watched the programme with a few close friends in Peter Woodthorpe 's Chelsea flat . He was unhappy with what he saw . `` My play , '' he said , `` was n't written for this box . My play was written for small men locked in a big space . Here you 're all too big for the place . '' Although not his favourite amongst his plays it was the work which brought Beckett fame and financial stability and as such it always held a special place in his affections . `` When the manuscript and rare books dealer , Henry Wenning , asked him if he could sell the original French manuscript for him , Beckett replied : ' Rightly or wrongly have decided not to let Godot go yet . Neither sentimental nor financial , probably peak of market now and never such an offer . Ca n't explain . ' '' Set of Theatre Royal Haymarket 2009 production In 1978 , a production was staged by Walter Asmus at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York City with Sam Waterston as Vladimir , Austin Pendleton as Estragon , Milo O'Shea as Lucky and Michael Egan as Pozzo . A young Geoffrey Rush played Vladimir opposite his then flatmate Mel Gibson as Estragon in 1979 at the Jane Street Theatre in Sydney . In 1980 , Braham Murray directed a production at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester with Max Wall as Vladimir , Trevor Peacock as Estragon and Wolfe Morris as Pozzo . The Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater at Lincoln Center was the site of a 1988 revival directed by Mike Nichols , featuring Robin Williams ( Estragon ) , Steve Martin ( Vladimir ) , Bill Irwin ( Lucky ) , F. Murray Abraham ( Pozzo ) , and Lukas Haas ( boy ) . With a limited run of seven weeks and an all - star cast , it was financially successful , but the critical reception was not particularly favourable , with Frank Rich of The New York Times writing , `` Audiences will still be waiting for a transcendent Godot long after the clowns at Lincoln Center , like so many others passing through Beckett 's eternal universe before them , have come and gone . '' The play was revived in London 's West End at the Queen 's Theatre in a production directed by Les Blair , which opened on 30 September 1991 . This was the first West End revival since the play 's British première . Rik Mayall played Vladimir and Adrian Edmondson played Estragon , with Philip Jackson as Pozzo and Christopher Ryan as Lucky ; the boy was played by Dean Gaffney and Duncan Thornley . Derek Jarman provided the scenic design , in collaboration with Madeleine Morris . In June 1999 the Royal Exchange , Manchester staged a production directed by Matthew Lloyd with Richard Wilson as Vladimir , Brian Pettifer as Estragon and Nicky Henson . Neil Armfield directed a controversial production in 2003 with Max Cullen as Estragon at Sydney 's Belvoir St Theatre . On 30 April 2009 , a production with Sir Ian McKellen as Estragon and Sir Patrick Stewart as Vladimir , opened at the Haymarket Theatre in London 's West End . Their performances received critical acclaim , and were the subject of an eight - part documentary series called Theatreland , which was produced by Sky Arts . The production was revived at the same theatre in January 2010 for 11 weeks and , in 2010 toured internationally , with Roger Rees replacing Stewart as Vladimir . A 2009 Broadway revival of the play starring Nathan Lane , John Goodman , John Glover and Bill Irwin was nominated for three Tony Awards : Best Revival of a Play , Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play ( John Glover ) , and Best Costume Design of a Play ( Jane Greenwood ) . It received rave reviews , and was a huge success for the Roundabout Theatre . Variety called it a `` transcendent '' production . For Ontario 's Stratford Festival 's 61st season in 2013 , Jennifer Tarver directed a new production at the Tom Patterson Theatre starring Brian Dennehy as Pozzo , Stephen Ouimette as Estragon , Tom Rooney as Vladimir and Randy Hughson as Lucky . A web series adaptation titled While Waiting for Godot was produced at New York University in 2013 , setting the story among the modern day New York homeless . Directed by Rudi Azank , the English script was based on Beckett 's original French manuscript of En attendant Godot ( the new title being an alternate translation of the French ) prior to censorship from British publishing houses in the 1950s , as well as adaptation to the stage . Season 1 of the web series won Best Cinematography at the 2014 Rome Web Awards . Season 2 was released in Spring 2014 on the show 's official website whilewaitingforgodot.com . A new production directed by Sean Mathias began previews at the Cort Theatre on Broadway in late October 2013 , with Ian McKellen as Estragon , Patrick Stewart as Vladimir , Billy Crudup as Lucky and Shuler Hensley as Pozzo . Sydney Theatre staged Godot in November 2013 with Richard Roxburgh as Estragon and Hugo Weaving as Vladimir , Philip Quast as Pozzo . The production was originally to be directed by Tamás Ascher ( hu ) who had to withdraw and Andrew Upton stepped in . Related works ( edit ) Racine 's Bérénice is a play `` in which nothing happens for five acts . '' In the preface to this play Racine writes : `` All creativity consists in making something out of nothing . '' Beckett was an avid scholar of the 17th century playwright and lectured on him during his time at Trinity . `` Essential to the static quality of a Racine play is the pairing of characters to talk at length to each other . '' The title character of Balzac 's 1851 play Mercadet is waiting for financial salvation from his never - seen business partner , Godeau . Although Beckett was familiar with Balzac 's prose , he insisted that he learned of the play after finishing Waiting for Godot . Many critics regard the protagonists in Beckett 's novel Mercier and Camier as prototypes of Vladimir and Estragon . `` If you want to find the origins of Godot , '' he told Colin Duckworth once , `` look at Murphy . '' Here we see the agonised protagonist yearning for self - knowledge , or at least complete freedom of thought at any cost , and the dichotomy and interaction of mind and body . Mercier and Camier wander aimlessly about a boggy , rain - soaked island that , although not explicitly named , is Beckett 's native Ireland . They speak convoluted dialogues similar to Vladimir and Estragon 's , joke about the weather and chat in pubs , while the purpose of their odyssey is never made clear . The waiting in Godot is the wandering of the novel . `` There are large chunks of dialogue which he later transferred directly into Godot . '' Waiting for Godot has been compared -- thematically and stylistically -- with Tom Stoppard 's 1966 play , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . Parallels include two central characters who -- at times -- appear to be aspects of a single character and whose lives are dependent on outside forces over which they have little control . There are also plot parallels , the act of waiting as a significant element of the play , during the waiting , the characters pass time by playing Questions , impersonating other characters , at times repeatedly interrupting each other while at other times remaining silent for long periods . The 1991 West End production ( see above ) , inspired Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson to develop Bottom , which Mayall described as a `` cruder cousin '' to Godot . Works inspired by Godot ( edit ) An unauthorised sequel was written by Miodrag Bulatović in 1966 : Godo je došao ( Godot Arrived ) . It was translated from the Serbian into German ( Godot ist gekommen ) and French . The playwright presents Godot as a baker who ends up being condemned to death by the four main characters . Since it turns out he is indestructible , Lucky declares him non-existent . Although Beckett was noted for disallowing productions that took even slight liberties with his plays , he let this pass without incident but not without comment . Ruby Cohn writes : `` On the flyleaf of my edition of the Bulatović play , Beckett is quoted : ' I think that all that has nothing to do with me . ' '' In the late 1990s an unauthorised sequel was written by Daniel Curzon entitled Godot Arrives . A radical transformation was written by Bernard Pautrat , performed at Théâtre National de Strasbourg in 1979 -- 1980 : Ils allaient obscurs sous la nuit solitaire ( d'après ' En attendant Godot ' de Samuel Beckett ) . The piece was performed in a disused hangar . `` This space , marked by diffusion , and therefore quite unlike traditional concentration of dramatic space , was animated , not by four actors and the brief appearance of a fifth one ( as in Beckett 's play ) , but by ten actors . Four of them bore the names of Gogo , Didi , Lucky and Pozzo . The others were : the owner of the Citroën , the barman , the bridegroom , the bride , the man with the Ricard ( and ) the man with the club foot . The dialogue , consisting of extensive quotations from the original , was distributed in segments among the ten actors , not necessarily following the order of the original . '' Gujarati playwright Labhshankar Thakar , along with Subhash Shah , wrote a play Ek Undar ane Jadunath based on Godot in 1966 . In popular culture ( edit ) In November / December 1987 , Garry Trudeau ran a week - long spoof in his Doonesbury syndicated comic strip called `` Waiting for Mario , '' in which two characters discussed -- and dismissed -- each other 's hopes that Mario Cuomo would declare as a candidate in the 1988 Democratic Primary for President . Sesame Street had an episode in 1992 in their segment `` Monsterpiece Theater '' entitled `` Waiting for Elmo '' , where Grover and Telly Monster wait endlessly at a dead tree , without Elmo showing up . Several programs on the Adult Swim network have drawn inspiration from the works of Samuel Beckett . Eric André , host and creator of The Eric Andre Show on Adult Swim has explicitly acknowledged the thematic influence of Waiting for Godot on the show 's surrealist format . The play was spoofed as `` Waiting for Godot 's Obamacare Replacement '' on a March 2017 showing of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert with the host playing the part of Vladimir while Sir Patrick Stewart played Estragon . Elon Musk 's first tunnel boring machine ( TBM ) for his The Boring Company ( TBC ) was named `` Godot '' , as they were `` waiting '' for progress in tunnel boring . See also ( edit ) Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Two Men Contemplating the Moon Unseen character Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The implication here is that nothing is an action that this pair will spend the rest of the play performing . For this reason , Beckett objected strongly to the sentence being rendered `` Nothing doing '' . Jump up ^ Vladimir and Estragon are not even sure what day it is . Throughout the play , experienced time is attenuated , fractured , or eerily non-existent . Contrarily , the character Pozzo , however , prominently wears and takes note of his watch . Jump up ^ Roger Blin , who acted in and directed the premier of Waiting for Godot , teasingly described Lucky to Jean Martin ( who played him ) as `` a one - line part '' . Jump up ^ Vladimir appears to have a small epiphany here , perhaps somewhat connecting the song 's circular format to his own living out the same day over and over . Eugene Webb has written of Vladimir 's song that `` Time in the song is not a linear sequence , but an endlessly reiterated moment , the content of which is only one eternal event : death . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Piepenburg , Erik . `` Anthony Page of Waiting for Godot Teaches Us How to Pronounce Its Title '' . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` The Only Certainty Is That He Wo n't Show Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ackerley , C.J. and Gontarski , S.E. , ( Eds . ) The Faber Companion to Samuel Beckett ( London : Faber and Faber , 2006 ) , p. 620 . Jump up ^ Ackerley and Gontarski 2006 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Berlin , N. , `` Traffic of our stage : Why Waiting for Godot ? '' in The Massachusetts Review , Autumn 1999 Jump up ^ `` Nothing Doing '' . ( Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury Publishing , 1996 ) , p. 567 Jump up ^ Beckett 1988 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Beckett 1988 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Cohn , R. , From Desire to Godot ( London : Calder Publications ; New York : Riverrun Press , 1998 ) , p. 151 ) Jump up ^ Beckett 1988 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ See Clausius , C. , ' Bad Habits While Waiting for Godot ' in Burkman , K.H. , ( Ed . ) Myth and Ritual in the Plays of Samuel Beckett ( London and Toronto : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1987 ) , p. 139 Jump up ^ Webb , E. , The Plays of Samuel Beckett ( Seattle : University of Washington Press , 1974 ) Jump up ^ His last line is `` They give birth astride of a grave , the light gleams an instant , then it 's night once more '' ( Beckett , S. , Waiting for Godot , London : Faber and Faber , ( 1956 ) 1988 , p. 89 ) . Jump up ^ SB to Barney Rosset , 18 October 1954 ( Syracuse ) . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 412 Jump up ^ Quoted in Le Nouvel Observateur ( 26 September 1981 ) and referenced in Cohn , R. , From Desire to Godot ( London : Calder Publications ; New York : Riverrun Press ) , 1998 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Cronin , A. , Samuel Beckett The Last Modernist ( London : Flamingo , 1997 ) , p. 382 Jump up ^ Mast , Gerald , The Comic Mind : Comedy and the Movies . University Of Chicago Press ; Second Edition ( September 15 , 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0226509785 ^ Jump up to : Letter to Alan Schneider , 27 December 1955 in Harmon , M. , ( Ed . ) No Author Better Served : The Correspondence of Samuel Beckett and Alan Schneider ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1998 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kalb , J. , Beckett in Performance ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1989 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Beckett , S. , Waiting for Godot , ( London : Faber and Faber , ( 1956 ) 1988 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ See Brown , V. , Yesterday 's Deformities : A Discussion of the Role of Memory and Discourse in the Plays of Samuel Beckett , pp. 35 -- 75 for a detailed discussion of this . Jump up ^ Alvarez , A. Beckett 2nd Edition ( London : Fontana Press , 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Gurnow , M. , No Symbol Where None Intended : A Study of Symbolism and Allusion in Samuel Beckett 's Waiting for Godot Jump up ^ Fletcher , J. , `` The Arrival of Godot '' in The Modern Language Review , Vol. 64 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 1969 ) , pp. 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Duckworth , C. , ( Ed . ) ' Introduction ' to En attendant Godot ( London : George Harrap , 1966 ) , pp lxiii , lxiv . Quoted in Ackerley , C.J. and Gontarski , S.E. , ( Eds . ) The Faber Companion to Samuel Beckett , ( London : Faber and Faber , 2006 ) , p. 183 Jump up ^ Mercier , V. , `` The Uneventful Event '' in The Irish Times , 18 February 1956 Jump up ^ Mercier , V. , Beckett / Beckett ( London : Souvenir Press , 1990 ) , p. 46 Jump up ^ Mercier , V. , Beckett / Beckett ( London : Souvenir Press , 1990 ) , pp. 47 , 49 Jump up ^ Jean Martin on the World Première of En attendant Godot in Knowlson , J. & E. , ( Ed . ) Beckett Remembering -- Remembering Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 2006 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Wilmer S.E. , ( Ed . ) Beckett in Dublin ( Dublin : Lilliput Press , 1992 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Jean Martin to Deirdre Bair , 12 May 1976 . Quoted in Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , p. 449 Jump up ^ Duckworth , C. , The Making of Godot , p. 95 . Quoted in Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , p. 407 Jump up ^ Friedman , N. , ' Godot and Gestalt : The Meaning of Meaningless ' in The American Journal of Psychoanalysis 49 ( 3 ) p. 277 Jump up ^ Kalb , J. , Beckett in Performance ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1989 ) , p. 175 Jump up ^ Mercier , V. , Beckett / Beckett ( London : Souvenir Press , 1990 ) , p. 53 Jump up ^ Beckett , S. ( 1988 ) ( 1956 ) . Waiting for Godot . London : Faber and Faber . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Barney Rosset to Deirdre Bair , 29 March 1974 . Referenced in Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , p. 464 Jump up ^ Beckett , S. , Waiting for Godot , ( London : Faber and Faber , ( 1956 ) 1988 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Colin Duckworth 's introduction to En attendant Godot ( London : George G Harrap & Co , 1966 ) , lx . Quoted in Cohn , R. , From Desire to Godot ( London : Calder Publications ; New York : Riverrun Press , 1998 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Interview with Peter Woodthrope 18 February 1994 . Referenced in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 785 n . 166 Jump up ^ SB to Barney Rosset , 18 October 1954 ( Syracuse ) . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 412 Jump up ^ Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , p. 591 Jump up ^ Mercier , V. , Beckett / Beckett ( London : Souvenir Press , 1990 ) , p. 87 Jump up ^ Kenner , H. , The Cartesian Centaur , ( Perspective , 1959 ) Jump up ^ Croker , Andrew . `` More dressing up on the Dallaglio Cycle Slam '' . Bike Radar. 3 March 2010 Jump up ^ Croggon , Alison . `` Enter all those wary of Samuel Beckett '' . The Australian . 11 May 2010 Jump up ^ Clements , Toby . `` Cyclists as postmen with raggle - taggle dreams '' . The Telegraph . 26 July 2004 . Jump up ^ Ackerley , C.J. and Gontarski , S.E. , ( Eds . ) The Faber Companion to Samuel Beckett , ( London : Faber and Faber , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Thecampuschronicle.com Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave . `` The Only Certainty Is That He Wo n't Show Up ; The Right Way to Say ' Godot ' '' . The New York Times . 11 November 2013 ^ Jump up to : Cronin , A. , Samuel Beckett The Last Modernist ( London : Flamingo , 1997 ) , p. 60 Jump up ^ Hampton , W. , Theater Review : `` Celebrating With Waiting for Godot ' '' , The New York Times , 11 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` Warwick.ac.uk '' . Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Berlin 1999 . Jump up ^ Genest , G. , ' Memories of Samuel Beckett in the Rehearsals for Endgame , 1967 ' in Ben - Zvi , L. , ( Ed . ) Women in Beckett : Performance and Critical Perspectives ( Urbana and Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 1992 ) , px Jump up ^ The game of changing hats is an echo of the Marx Brothers ' film Duck Soup , which features almost exactly the same headgear - swapping action . See Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 609 . Jump up ^ Cronin , A. , Samuel Beckett The Last Modernist ( London : Flamingo , 1997 ) , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Beckett , S. , The Grove Centenary Edition , Vol III ( New York : Grove Press , 2006 ) , p. 371 . Jump up ^ An undated interview with Lawrence Harvey . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , pp. 371 , 372 . Jump up ^ SB to Thomas MacGreevy , 11 August 1955 ( TCD ) . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Interview with Peter Woodthrope , 18 February 1994 . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , pp. 371 , 372 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Asmus , W. , ' Beckett directs Godot in Theatre Quarterly , Vol V , No 19 , 1975 , pp. 23 , 24 . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 607 . Jump up ^ Irving Wardle , The Times , 19 February 1981 . Jump up ^ Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , pp. 638 , 639 Jump up ^ Peter Hall in The Guardian , 4 January 2003 Jump up ^ Hassell , G. , What 's On ' London , 2nd -- 9 July 1997 . Jump up ^ Beckett 2008 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Sion , I. , `` The Zero Soul : Godot 's Waiting Selves In Dante 's Waiting Rooms '' in Transverse No 2 , November 2004 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Sion , I. , ' The Shape of the Beckettian Self : Godot and the Jungian Mandala ' in Consciousness , Literature and the Arts Volume 7 Number 1 , April 2006 . See also Carter , S. , ' Estragon 's Ancient Wound : A Note on Waiting for Godot ' in Journal of Beckett Studies 6.1 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Ball , J.A. and McConachie , B. `` Theatre Histories : An Introduction . '' ( New York : Routledge , 2010 . ) P. 589 . Jump up ^ On the other hand , Didi only learns of this in asking the boy 's brother how Godot treats him , which may in itself be seen as a show of compassion . Jump up ^ Beckett , S. , Waiting for Godot , ( London : Faber and Faber , ( 1956 ) 1988 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Beckett 2006 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Beckett , Samuel ( 2015 ) . Waiting for Godot . London : Faber and Faber . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Beckett , Samuel ( 2015 ) . Waiting for Godot . London : Faber and Faber . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Beckett , Samuel ( 2015 ) . Waiting for Godot . London : Faber and Faber . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beckett , Samuel ( 2015 ) . Waiting for Godot . London : Faber and Faber . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Beckett , Samuel ( 2015 ) . Waiting for Godot . London : Faber and Faber . p. 117 . Jump up ^ Beckett , Samuel ( 2015 ) . Waiting for Godot . London : Faber and Faber . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Cronin , A. , Samuel Beckett The Last Modernist ( London : Flamingo , 1997 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Duckworth , C. , Angels of Darkness : Dramatic Effect in Samuel Beckett with Special Reference to Eugène Ionesco ( London : Allen , 1972 ) , p. 18 . Quoted in Herren , G. , Nacht und Träume as Beckett 's Agony in the Garden ' in Journal of Beckett Studies , 11 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cronin , A. , Samuel Beckett The Last Modernist ( London : Flamingo , 1997 ) , pp. 20 , 21 . Jump up ^ Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 279 . Referenced in Bryden , M. , ' Beckett and Religion ' in Oppenheim , L. , ( Ed . ) Palgrave Advances in Samuel Beckett Studies ( London : Palgrave , 2004 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Bryden , M. , Samuel Beckett and the Idea of God ( Basingstoke , Hampshire : Palgrave MacMillan , 1998 ) , introduction . Jump up ^ Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , pp. 409 , 410 , 405 . Jump up ^ Sinfield , Alan . Out on Stage : Lesbian and Gay Theatre in the Twentieth Century . Yale University Press ( 1999 ) . ISBN 9780300081022 Jump up ^ Green , Jesse . `` Reviews : Pairing Up Waiting for Godot and No Man 's Land '' . Vulture. 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Chandrika . B . The Private Garden : The Family in Post-war British Drama . Academic Foundation ( 1993 ) ISBN 9788171880430 . page 130 Jump up ^ Boxall , P. , `` Beckett and Homoeroticism '' in Oppenheim , L. , ( ed . ) Palgrave Advances in Samuel Beckett Studies ( London : Palgrave , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Shenker , Israel . `` Moody Man of Letters ; Portrait of Samuel Beckett , Author of the Puzzling Waiting for Godot . '' The New York Times . 6 May 1956 . Jump up ^ Jeffers , Jennifer M. Beckett 's Masculinity . Springer ( 2016 ) ISBN 9780230101463 p. 98 Jump up ^ Katz , Allan . `` Waiting for Godot at the Charles Playhouse '' . The Harvard Crimson. 28 November 1960 . Jump up ^ Mailer , Norman . Advertisements for Myself . Harvard University Press ( 1959 ) . ISBN 978 - 0674005907 . p. 324 Jump up ^ Meeting with Linda Ben - Zvi , December 1987 . Quoted in `` Introduction '' to Ben - Zvi , L. , ( ed . ) Women in Beckett : Performance and Critical Perspectives ( Urbana and Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 1992 ) , p.x. Jump up ^ Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 610 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Authorizes All - Female Godot '' in The New York Times , 6 July 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Beckett estate fails to stop women waiting for Godot '' in The Guardian , 4 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Acco Festival of Alternative Israeli Theatre , 1995 Archive Jump up ^ Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , pp. 386 , 394 Jump up ^ Ruby Cohn on the Godot Circle in Knowlson , J. & E. , ( Ed . ) Beckett Remembering -- Remembering Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 2006 ) , p. 122 Jump up ^ Cohn , R. , From Desire to Godot ( London : Calder Publications ; New York : Riverrun Press ) , 1998 , pp. 153 , 157 Jump up ^ Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , pp. 387 , 778 n . 139 Jump up ^ Interview with Jean Martin , September 1989 . Referenced in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , pp. 386 , 387 Jump up ^ Letter from an unnamed Lüttringhausen prisoner , 1 October 1956 . Translated by James Knowlson . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 409 Jump up ^ Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , pp. 410 , 411 ^ Jump up to : Decades Later , the Quest for Meaning Goes On Jump up ^ Ackerley , C.J. and Gontarski , S.E. , ( Eds . ) The Faber Companion to Samuel Beckett ( London : Faber and Faber , 2006 ) , pp. 620 , 621 Jump up ^ A farmer in Roussillon , the village where Beckett fled during World War II ; he never worked for the Bonnellys , though he used to visit and purchase eggs and wine there . See Cronin , A. , Samuel Beckett The Last Modernist ( London : Flamingo , 1997 ) , p. 333 Jump up ^ Ackerley , C.J. and Gontarski , S.E. , ( Eds . ) The Faber Companion to Samuel Beckett , ( London : Faber and Faber , 2006 ) , pp. 622 , 623 Jump up ^ An expression coined by Beckett in which he makes the `` meaning '' less and less clear at each draft . A detailed discussion of Beckett 's method can be found in Pountney , R. , Theatre of Shadows : Samuel Beckett 's Drama 1956 -- 1976 ( Gerrards Cross : Colin Smythe , 1988 ) although it concentrates on later works when this process had become more refined . Jump up ^ Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , p. 471 Jump up ^ Letter released under the Freedom of Information Act . Quoted by Peter Hall in ' Godot Almighty ' , The Guardian , Wednesday 24 August 2005 Jump up ^ Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , p. 613 Jump up ^ Peter Woodthorpe on the British première of Waiting for Godott in Knowlson , J. & E. , ( Ed . ) Beckett Remembering -- Remembering Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 2006 ) , p. 122 Jump up ^ Bull , P. , I know the face but ... , quoted in Casebook on ' Waiting for Godot , pp. 41 , 42 . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 414 Jump up ^ Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 415 Jump up ^ Peter Hall looks back at the original Godot , Samuel-Beckett.net Jump up ^ Cohan , Carol , Broadway By the Bay , ( Miami , Florida : The Pickering Press , 1987 ) . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two blokes walked on to a stage '' by Sharon Vergis , The Australian , 9 November 2013 Jump up ^ SB to Jérôme Lindon , 18 April 1967 . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 545 Jump up ^ Interview with Peter Woodthrope 18 February 1994 . Referenced in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , pp. 487 , 488 Jump up ^ SB to Henry Wenning , 1 January 1965 ( St Louis ) . Quoted in Knowlson , J. , Damned to Fame : The Life of Samuel Beckett ( London : Bloomsbury , 1996 ) , p. 527 Jump up ^ Henry , William A. , III in Time , Theater : Clowning Around with a Classic Waiting for Godot Jump up ^ Rich , Frank . Godot : The Timeless Relationship of 2 Interdependent Souls Jump up ^ From the programme to the production . Jump up ^ Thealligatoronline.com Jump up ^ Tonyawards.com Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 August 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cybertainment : No more waiting for second Web series ' Godot ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Filling the Existential Void -- No Man 's Land and Waiting for Godot , at the Cort '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting for Godot ( Broadway 2013 ) '' . Ian McKellen Official Home Page . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mercier , V. , Beckett / Beckett ( London : Souvenir Press , 1990 ) , p. 74 Jump up ^ Cooke , V. , ( Ed . ) Beckett on File ( London : Methuen , 1985 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Bair , D. , Samuel Beckett : A Biography ( London : Vintage , 1990 ) , p. 376 Jump up ^ Hunter , Jim ( 2000 ) . Tom Stoppard : Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead , Jumpers , Travesties , Arcadia . Macmillan . Jump up ^ Bulatović , M. , Il est arrive ( Paris : Seuil , 1967 ) . Quoted in Cohn , R. , From Desire to Godot ( London : Calder Publications ; New York : Riverrun Press , 1998 ) , p. 171 Jump up ^ Murch , A.C. , ' Quoting from Godot : trends in contemporary French theatre ' in Journal of Beckett Studies , No 9 , Spring 1983 Jump up ^ Lal , Mohan ( 1 January 2006 ) . The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature ( Sasay To Zorgot ) . Sahitya Akademi . pp. 4312 -- 4313 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1221 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Doonesbury Comic Strip , November 30 , 1987 on GoComics.com '' . GoComics . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Sesame Street -- Monsterpiece Theater : `` Waiting for Elmo '' Video on YouTube `` Waiting for Godot Coming to Bisbee '' , Sierra Vista Herald 27 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Waiting for Meatwad : The Samuel Beckett / Adult Swim Connection '' . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VICE interview with Eric Andre '' . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stewart And Stephen Colbert Rip Donald Trump 's Obamacare Repeal In Waiting For Godot Spoof '' . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Denisse Moreno ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` SpaceX , Tesla CEO Elon Musk Reveals Name Of His Tunnel Boring Machine : Godot '' . International Business Times . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waiting for Godot . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Samuel Beckett Waiting for Godot at the Internet Broadway Database Waiting for Godot ( 1977 ) ( TV ) on IMDb Waiting for Godot ( 2001 ) on IMDb Text of the play ( Act I ) Text of the play ( Act II ) Act I , part 1 , Act I , part 2 , from a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation production ( RealAudio ) Godot Quotes and Director 's Notes A compendium of quotations geared toward the concept of playing Godot with a slightly more Laurel and Hardyesque bent . Beckett on Film ( hide ) Samuel Beckett Plays Theatre Human Wishes Eleutheria Waiting for Godot Act Without Words I Act Without Words II Endgame Krapp 's Last Tape Rough for Theatre I Rough for Theatre II Happy Days Play Come and Go Breath Not I That Time Footfalls Neither A Piece of Monologue Rockaby Ohio Impromptu Catastrophe What Where Radio All That Fall From an Abandoned Work Embers The Old Tune Rough for Radio I Rough for Radio II Words and Music Cascando Television Eh Joe Beginning To End Ghost Trio ... but the clouds ... Quad I + II Nacht und Träume Beckett Directs Beckett Screen Film Novels Dream of Fair to Middling Women Murphy Watt Mercier and Camier Molloy Malone Dies The Unnamable How It Is Short stories `` Assumption '' `` Sedendo et Quiescendo '' `` Text '' `` Echo 's Bones '' `` A Case in a Thousand '' `` First Love '' `` From an Abandoned Work '' `` The Image '' `` All Strange Away '' `` Imagination Dead Imagine '' `` Enough '' `` Ping '' `` Lessness '' `` The Lost Ones '' `` Fizzles '' `` Heard in the Dark 1 '' `` Heard in the Dark 2 '' `` One Evening '' `` As the story was told '' `` The Cliff '' `` neither '' `` Stirrings Still '' Company Ill Seen Ill Said `` Worstward Ho '' Short story collections More Pricks Than Kicks Stories and Texts for Nothing The Complete Short Prose 1929 -- 1989 Nohow On Non-fiction `` Three Dialogues '' Disjecta Proust `` The Capital of the Ruins '' Related Suzanne Dechevaux - Dumesnil ( wife ) Journal of Beckett Studies LÉ Samuel Beckett ( P61 ) VIAF : 183749438 LCCN : no2007005128 GND : 4201228 - 4 SUDOC : 02767018X BNF : cb119663309 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waiting_for_Godot&oldid=813606432 '' Categories : 1953 plays French plays Broadway plays Existentialist plays Theatre of the Absurd Plays by Samuel Beckett Debut plays Metafictional plays Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2011 Articles containing French - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2015 Articles with unsourced quotes Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 08 : 33 . 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-5721902149386527849	Primary source	Primary source - Wikipedia Primary source Jump to : navigation , search For Wikipedia 's policy on the use of primary sources , see WP : PRIMARY . Not to be confused with Primary sector . This wall painting found in the Roman city of Pompeii is an example of a primary source about people in Pompeii in Roman times . ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) In the study of history as an academic discipline , a primary source ( also called original source or evidence ) is an artifact , a document , diary , manuscript , autobiography , a recording , or any other source of information that was created at the time under study . It serves as an original source of information about the topic . Similar definitions can be used in library science , and other areas of scholarship , although different fields have somewhat different definitions . In journalism , a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation , or a document written by such a person . Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources , which cite , comment on , or build upon primary sources . Generally , accounts written after the fact with the benefit ( and possible distortions ) of hindsight are secondary . A secondary source may also be a primary source depending on how it is used . For example , a memoir would be considered a primary source in research concerning its author or about his or her friends characterized within it , but the same memoir would be a secondary source if it were used to examine the culture in which its author lived . `` Primary '' and `` secondary '' should be understood as relative terms , with sources categorized according to specific historical contexts and what is being studied . Contents ( hide ) 1 Significance of source classification 1.1 History 1.2 Other fields 2 Finding primary sources 3 Using primary sources 4 Strengths and weaknesses 5 Classifying sources 6 Forgeries 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Significance of source classification ( edit ) History ( edit ) From a letter of Philip II , King of Spain , 16th century In scholarly writing , an important objective of classifying sources is to determine their independence and reliability . In contexts such as historical writing , it is almost always advisable to use primary sources and that `` if none are available , it is only with great caution that ( the author ) may proceed to make use of secondary sources . '' Sreedharan believes that primary sources have the most direct connection to the past and that they `` speak for themselves '' in ways that can not be captured through the filter of secondary sources . Other fields ( edit ) In scholarly writing , the objective of classifying sources is to determine the independence and reliability of sources . Though the terms primary source and secondary source originated in historiography as a way to trace the history of historical ideas , they have been applied to many other fields . For example , these ideas may be used to trace the history of scientific theories , literary elements and other information that is passed from one author to another . In scientific literature , a primary source is the original publication of a scientist 's new data , results and theories . In political history , primary sources are documents such as official reports , speeches , pamphlets , posters , or letters by participants , official election returns and eyewitness accounts . In the history of ideas or intellectual history , the main primary sources are books , essays and letters written by intellectuals ; these intellectuals may include historians , whose books and essays are therefore considered primary sources for the intellectual historian , though they are secondary sources in their own topical fields . In religious history , the primary sources are religious texts and descriptions of religious ceremonies and rituals . A study of cultural history could include fictional sources such as novels or plays . In a broader sense primary sources also include artifacts like photographs , newsreels , coins , paintings or buildings created at the time . Historians may also take archaeological artifacts and oral reports and interviews into consideration . Written sources may be divided into three types . Narrative sources or literary sources tell a story or message . They are not limited to fictional sources ( which can be sources of information for contemporary attitudes ) but include diaries , films , biographies , leading philosophical works and scientific works . Diplomatic sources include charters and other legal documents which usually follow a set format . Social documents are records created by organizations , such as registers of births and tax records . In historiography , when the study of history is subject to historical scrutiny , a secondary source becomes a primary source . For a biography of a historian , that historian 's publications would be primary sources . Documentary films can be considered a secondary source or primary source , depending on how much the filmmaker modifies the original sources . The Lafayette College Library , provides a synopsis of primary sources in several areas of study : `` The definition of a primary source varies depending upon the academic discipline and the context in which it is used . In the humanities , a primary source could be defined as something that was created either during the time period being studied or afterward by individuals reflecting on their involvement in the events of that time . In the social sciences , the definition of a primary source would be expanded to include numerical data that has been gathered to analyze relationships between people , events , and their environment . In the natural sciences , a primary source could be defined as a report of original findings or ideas . These sources often appear in the form of research articles with sections on methods and results . '' Finding primary sources ( edit ) Although many primary sources remain in private hands , others are located in archives , libraries , museums , historical societies , and special collections . These can be public or private . Some are affiliated with universities and colleges , while others are government entities . Materials relating to one area might be spread over a large number of different institutions . These can be distant from the original source of the document . For example , the Huntington Library in California houses a large number of documents from the United Kingdom . In the US , digital copies of primary sources can be retrieved from a number of places . The Library of Congress maintains several digital collections where they can be retrieved . Some examples are American Memory and Chronicling America . The National Archives and Records Administration also has digital collections in Digital Vaults . The Digital Public Library of America searches across the digitized primary source collections of many libraries , archives , and museums . The Internet Archive also has primary source materials in many formats . In the UK , the National Archives provides a consolidated search of its own catalogue and a wide variety of other archives listed on the Access to Archives index . Digital copies of various classes of documents at the National Archives ( including wills ) are available from DocumentsOnline . Most of the available documents relate to England and Wales . Some digital copies of primary sources are available from the National Archives of Scotland . Many County Record Offices collections are included in Access to Archives , while others have their own on - line catalogues . Many County Record Offices will supply digital copies of documents . In other regions , Europeana has digitized materials from across Europe while the World Digital Library and Flickr Commons have items from all over the world . Trove has primary sources from Australia . Most primary source materials are not digitized and may only be represented online with a record or finding aid . Both digitized and not digitized materials can be found through catalogs such as WorldCat , the Library of Congress catalog , the National Archives catalog , and so on . Using primary sources ( edit ) History as an academic discipline is based on primary sources , as evaluated by the community of scholars , who report their findings in books , articles and papers . Arthur Marwick says `` Primary sources are absolutely fundamental to history . '' Ideally , a historian will use all available primary sources that were created by the people involved at the time being studied . In practice some sources have been destroyed , while others are not available for research . Perhaps the only eyewitness reports of an event may be memoirs , autobiographies , or oral interviews taken years later . Sometimes the only evidence relating to an event or person in the distant past was written or copied decades or centuries later . Manuscripts that are sources for classical texts can be copies of documents , or fragments of copies of documents . This is a common problem in classical studies , where sometimes only a summary of a book or letter has survived . Potential difficulties with primary sources have the result that history is usually taught in schools using secondary sources . Historians studying the modern period with the intention of publishing an academic article prefer to go back to available primary sources and to seek new ( in other words , forgotten or lost ) ones . Primary sources , whether accurate or not , offer new input into historical questions and most modern history revolves around heavy use of archives and special collections for the purpose of finding useful primary sources . A work on history is not likely to be taken seriously as scholarship if it only cites secondary sources , as it does not indicate that original research has been done . However , primary sources -- particularly those from before the 20th century -- may have hidden challenges . `` Primary sources , in fact , are usually fragmentary , ambiguous and very difficult to analyse and interpret . '' Obsolete meanings of familiar words and social context are among the traps that await the newcomer to historical studies . For this reason , the interpretation of primary texts is typically taught as part of an advanced college or postgraduate history course , although advanced self - study or informal training is also possible . The following questions are asked about primary sources : What is the tone ? Who is the intended audience ? What is the purpose of the publication ? What assumptions does the author make ? What are the bases of the author 's conclusions ? Does the author agree or disagree with other authors of the subject ? Does the content agree with what you know or have learned about the issue ? Where was the source made ? ( questions of systemic bias ) Strengths and weaknesses ( edit ) In many fields and contexts , such as historical writing , it is almost always advisable to use primary sources if possible , and `` if none are available , it is only with great caution that ( the author ) may proceed to make use of secondary sources . '' In addition , primary sources avoid the problem inherent in secondary sources in which each new author may distort and put a new spin on the findings of prior cited authors . `` A history , whose author draws conclusions from other than primary sources or secondary sources actually based on primary sources , is by definition fiction and not history at all . '' -- Kameron Searle However , a primary source is not necessarily more of an authority or better than a secondary source . There can be bias and tacit unconscious views which twist historical information . `` Original material may be ... prejudiced , or at least not exactly what it claims to be . '' -- David Iredale The errors may be corrected in secondary sources , which are often subjected to peer review , can be well documented , and are often written by historians working in institutions where methodological accuracy is important to the future of the author 's career and reputation . Historians consider the accuracy and objectiveness of the primary sources that they are using and historians subject both primary and secondary sources to a high level of scrutiny . A primary source such as a journal entry ( or the online version , a blog ) , at best , may only reflect one individual 's opinion on events , which may or may not be truthful , accurate , or complete . Participants and eyewitnesses may misunderstand events or distort their reports , deliberately or not , to enhance their own image or importance . Such effects can increase over time , as people create a narrative that may not be accurate . For any source , primary or secondary , it is important for the researcher to evaluate the amount and direction of bias . As an example , a government report may be an accurate and unbiased description of events , but it may be censored or altered for propaganda or cover - up purposes . The facts can be distorted to present the opposing sides in a negative light . Barristers are taught that evidence in a court case may be truthful but may still be distorted to support or oppose the position of one of the parties . Classifying sources ( edit ) Many sources can be considered either primary or secondary , depending on the context in which they are examined . Moreover , the distinction between primary and secondary sources is subjective and contextual , so that precise definitions are difficult to make . A book review , when it contains the opinion of the reviewer about the book rather than a summary of the book , becomes a primary source . If a historical text discusses old documents to derive a new historical conclusion , it is considered to be a primary source for the new conclusion . Examples in which a source can be both primary and secondary include an obituary or a survey of several volumes of a journal counting the frequency of articles on a certain topic . Whether a source is regarded as primary or secondary in a given context may change , depending upon the present state of knowledge within the field . For example , if a document refers to the contents of a previous but undiscovered letter , that document may be considered `` primary '' , since it is the closest known thing to an original source ; but if the letter is later found , it may then be considered `` secondary '' In some instances , the reason for identifying a text as the `` primary source '' may devolve from the fact that no copy of the original source material exists , or that it is the oldest extant source for the information cited . Forgeries ( edit ) Historians must occasionally contend with forged documents that purport to be primary sources . These forgeries have usually been constructed with a fraudulent purpose , such as promulgating legal rights , supporting false pedigrees , or promoting particular interpretations of historic events . The investigation of documents to determine their authenticity is called diplomatics . For centuries , Popes used the forged Donation of Constantine to bolster the Papacy 's secular power . Among the earliest forgeries are false Anglo - Saxon charters , a number of 11th - and 12th - century forgeries produced by monasteries and abbeys to support a claim to land where the original document had been lost or never existed . One particularly unusual forgery of a primary source was perpetrated by Sir Edward Dering , who placed false monumental brasses in a parish church . In 1986 , Hugh Trevor - Roper `` authenticated '' the Hitler Diaries , which were later proved to be forgeries . Recently , forged documents have been placed within the UK National Archives in the hope of establishing a false provenance . However , historians dealing with recent centuries rarely encounter forgeries of any importance . See also ( edit ) Examples Monograph Others Archival research Historiography Source criticism Source literature Source text Historical document Library and information science portal Secondary source Tertiary source Original research UNISIST model Scientific journalism Scholarly method References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Journalism : Primary Sources '' . Pepperdine University . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Primary , secondary and tertiary sources '' . University Libraries , University of Maryland . Jump up ^ `` Primary and secondary sources '' . Ithaca College Library . ^ Jump up to : Oscar Handlin and Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Harvard Guide to American History ( 1954 ) ^ Jump up to : Kragh , Helge ( 1989 ) . An Introduction to the Historiography of Science . Cambridge University Press . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38921 - 6 . ( T ) he distinction is not a sharp one . Since a source is only a source in a specific historical context , the same source object can be both a primary or secondary source according to what it is used for . ^ Jump up to : Cipolla , Carlo M. ( 1992 ) . Between Two Cultures : An Introduction to Economic History . W.W. Norton & Co. p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30816 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sreedharan , E. ( 2004 ) . A Textbook of Historiography , 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 . Orient Longman . p. 302 . ISBN 81 - 250 - 2657 - 6 . ( I ) t is through the primary sources that the past indisputably imposes its reality on the historian . That this imposition is basic in any understanding of the past is clear from the rules that documents should not be altered , or that any material damaging to a historian 's argument or purpose should not be left out or suppressed . These rules mean that the sources or the texts of the past have an integrity and that they do indeed ' speak for themselves ' , and that they are necessary constraints through which past reality imposes itself on the historian . Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources - Religion '' . Research Guides at Tufts University . 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Martha C. ; Prevenier , Walter . ( 2001 ) . From reliable sources : an introduction to historical method . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8560 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Thomas ( 1995 ) . `` Historical Truth : An Interview with Ken Burns '' . American Historical Review . The American Historical Review , Vol. 100 , No. 3 . 100 ( 3 ) : 741 -- 764 . doi : 10.2307 / 2168603 . JSTOR 2168603 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources : what are they ? '' Archived 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Lafayette College Library . ^ Jump up to : Marwick , Arthur . `` Primary Sources : Handle with Care '' . In Sources and Methods for Family and Community Historians : A Handbook edited by Michael Drake and Ruth Finnegan . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46580 - X Jump up ^ Ross , Jeffrey Ian ( 2004 ) . `` Taking Stock of Research Methods and Analysis on Oppositional Political Terrorism '' . The American Sociologist. 35 ( 2 ) : 26 -- 37 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02692395 . The analysis of secondary source information is problematic . The further an investigator is from the primary source , the more distorted the information may be . Again , each new person may put his or her spin on the findings . Jump up ^ Iredale , David ( 1973 ) . Enjoying archives : what they are , where to find them , how to use them . Newton Abbot , David and Charles , . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5669 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barbara W. Sommer and Mary Kay Quinlan , The Oral History Manual ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Library of Congress , `` Analysis of Primary Sources '' online 2007 Jump up ^ Dalton , Margaret Stieg ; Charnigo , Laurie ( September 2004 ) . `` Historians and Their Information Sources '' . College & Research Libraries. 65 ( 5 ) : 419 . doi : 10.5860 / crl. 65.5. 400 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Delgadillo , Roberto ; Lynch , Beverly ( May 1999 ) . `` Future Historians : Their Quest for Information '' . College & Research Libraries. 60 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 259 , at 253 . ( T ) he same document can be a primary or a secondary source depending on the particular analysis the historian is doing . Jump up ^ Princeton ( 2011 ) . `` Book reviews '' . Scholarly definition document . Princeton . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ( 2011 ) . `` Book reviews '' . Scholarly definition document . Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . Archived from the original on 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Duffin , Jacalyn ( 1999 ) . History of Medicine : A Scandalously Short Introduction . University of Toronto Press . p. 366 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7912 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henige , David ( 1986 ) . `` Primary Source by Primary Source ? On the Role of Epidemics in New World Depopulation '' . Ethnohistory . Ethnohistory , Vol. 33 , No. 3 . 33 ( 3 ) : 292 -- 312 , at 292 . doi : 10.2307 / 481816 . JSTOR 481816 . ( T ) he term ' primary ' inevitably carries a relative meaning insofar as it defines those pieces of information that stand in closest relationship to an event or process in the present state of our knowledge . Indeed , in most instances the very nature of a primary source tells us that it is actually derivative. ... ( H ) istorians have no choice but to regard certain of the available sources as ' primary ' since they are as near to truly original sources as they can now secure Jump up ^ Henige 1986 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Ambraseys , Nicholas ; Melville , Charles Peter ; Adams , Robin Dartrey ( 1994 ) . The Seismicity of Egypt , Arabia , and the Red Sea . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39120 - 2 . The same chronicle can be a primary source for the period contemporary with the author , a secondary source for earlier material derived from previous works , but also a primary source when these earlier works have not survived Jump up ^ Everyone has Roots : An Introduction to English Genealogy by Anthony J. Camp , published by Genealogical Pub. Co. , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Introduction to record class R4 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Leppard , David ( 4 May 2008 ) . `` Forgeries revealed in the National Archives -- Times Online '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Benjamin , Jules R ( 2004 ) . A Student 's Guide to History . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 40356 - 9 . Craver , Kathleen W ( 1999 ) . Using Internet Primary Sources to Teach Critical Thinking Skills in History . Westwood , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30749 - 0 . Wood Gray ( 1991 ) ( 1964 ) . Historian 's Handbook : A Key to the Study and Writing of History . 2nd ed . Waveland Press ; 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88133 - 626 - 9 . Marius , Richard ; Page , Melvin Eugene ( 2005 ) . A short guide to writing about history . New York : Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 22716 - 4 . Sebastian Olden - Jørgensen ( 2005 ) . Til kilderne ! : introduktion til historisk kildekritik ( in Danish ) . ( To the sources : Introduction to historical source criticism ) . København : Gads Forlag . ISBN 978 - 87 - 12 - 03778 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Primary sources repositories Primary Sources from World War One and Two : War-letters.com Database of mailed letters to and from soldiers during major world conflicts from the Napoleonic Wars to World War Two . Fold3.com -- Over 60,000,000 Primary Source Documents created by Ancestry.com A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts , archives , rare books , historical photographs , and other primary sources from the University of Idaho . Find primary sources in the collections of major research libraries using ArchiveGrid Shapell Manuscript Foundation Digitalized Primary Sources and Historical Artifacts from 1786 -- present Sacred Texts.com A collection of religious texts and books from the Internet Sacred Text Archive All sources repositories Wikisource -- The Free Library -- the Wikimedia Foundation project that collects , edits , and catalogs all source texts Essays and descriptions of primary , secondary and other sources `` Research Using Primary Sources '' from the University of Maryland Libraries ( accessed 16 Jul 2013 ) `` How to distinguish between primary and secondary sources '' from the University of California , Santa Cruz Library Joan of Arc : Primary Sources Series -- Example of a publication focusing on primary source documents - the Historical Association of Joan of Arc Studies Finding Historical Primary Sources from the University of California , Berkeley library `` Primary versus secondary sources '' from the Bowling Green State University library Finding primary sources in world history from the Center for History and New Media , George Mason University Guide to Terminology used when describing archival and other primary source materials on Archivopedia Thehistorysite.org Links to many online history archival sources . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_source&oldid=834008243 '' Categories : Works about history Sources Historiography Information science Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 13 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote this primary source and what was their purpose for writing	[]	[]
8641176402802255814	Star Wars	Star Wars - wikipedia Star Wars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series and media franchise . For the original 1977 film , see Star Wars ( film ) . For other uses , see Star Wars ( disambiguation ) . Star Wars The Star Wars franchise 's logo , introduced in the original film A New Hope Created by George Lucas Original work Star Wars ( 1977 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Trilogies : Original trilogy : IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Prequel trilogy : I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Sequel trilogy : VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) IX ( 2019 ) Anthology films : Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Animated film : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) TV films : Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Television series Untitled live - action series ( 2019 ) Animated series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- present ) Games Role - playing List of role - playing games Video game ( s ) List of video games Audio Radio program ( s ) List of radio dramas Original music Music Miscellaneous Toys Toys Theme park attractions List of theme park attractions Star Wars is an American epic space opera media franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of various characters `` a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans . A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . The first seven films were nominated for Academy Awards ( with wins going to the first two films released ) and have been commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of over US $8.5 billion , making Star Wars the second highest - grossing film series . Spin - off films include the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) and Rogue One ( 2016 ) , the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films . The series has spawned an extensive media franchise including books , television series , computer and video games , theme park attractions and lands , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . Star Wars holds a Guinness World Records title for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise '' . In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US $42 billion , making Star Wars the second - highest - grossing media franchise of all time . In 2012 , The Walt Disney Company bought Lucasfilm for US $4.06 billion and earned the distribution rights to all subsequent Star Wars films , beginning with the release of The Force Awakens in 2015 . The former distributor , 20th Century Fox , was to retain the physical distribution rights for the first two Star Wars trilogies , was to own permanent rights for the original 1977 film and was to continue to hold the rights for the prequel trilogy and the first two sequels to A New Hope until May 2020 . Walt Disney Studios currently owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films , excluding A New Hope . On December 14 , 2017 , the Walt Disney Company announced its pending acquisition of 21st Century Fox , including the film studio and all distribution rights to A New Hope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Original trilogy 2.1. 1 A New Hope 2.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 2.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 2.2 Prequel trilogy 2.2. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.2. 2 Attack of the Clones 2.2. 3 Revenge of the Sith 2.3 The Clone Wars 2.4 Sequel trilogy 2.4. 1 The Force Awakens 2.4. 2 The Last Jedi 2.4. 3 Episode IX 2.5 Anthology films 2.5. 1 Rogue One 2.5. 2 Solo 2.5. 3 Untitled Anthology film 2.5. 4 Other films 2.6 Untitled trilogy by Rian Johnson 2.7 Untitled films by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Untitled Star Wars series 3.2 Print media 3.2. 1 Novels 3.2. 2 Comics 3.3 Audio dramas 3.4 Video games 3.5 Multimedia projects 3.6 Theme park attractions 4 Themes 4.1 Comparisons with historical events 5 Cultural impact 5.1 Industry 5.2 Fan works 5.3 Academia 6 Merchandising 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Setting `` Star Wars galaxy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Star Wars Galaxies . For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy , see Star Wars ( UK comics ) . See also : The Force ( Star Wars ) and List of Star Wars planets and moons Map of the Star Wars galaxy The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past , where many species of aliens ( often humanoid ) co-exist . People own robotic droids , who assist them in their daily routines , and space travel is common . The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as `` the Force '' . It is described in the original film as `` an energy field created by all living things ( that ) surrounds us , penetrates us , ( and ) binds the galaxy together '' . The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes ; through training and meditation , they are able to achieve various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) . The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict : the Jedi , who harness the light side of the Force , and the Sith , who use the dark side of the Force through hate and aggression . Theatrical films Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series Film trilogies Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Original trilogy Episode IV -- A New Hope May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz 20th Century Fox Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian Prequel trilogy Episode I -- The Phantom Menace May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox Episode II -- Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas Sequel trilogy Episode VII -- The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J. Abrams Standalone films Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching & Scott Murphy George Lucas and Catherine Winder Warner Bros . Anthology films Rogue One : A Star Wars Story December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Solo : A Star Wars Story May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Phil Lord & Christopher Miller Ron Howard Lawrence Kasdan & Jon Kasdan George Lucas , the creator of Star Wars , the director of A New Hope and the prequel trilogy , and the script supervisor of both the original and prequel trilogies . His work in the original film earned him Academy Award nominations , for best director , screenplay and film . In 2014 , Lucas ceased creative involvement with the franchise . Original trilogy `` Original trilogy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy . In 1971 , Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films . In 1973 , American Graffiti was completed , and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas . Months later , Lucas started work on his second film 's script draft , The Journal of the Whills , telling the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . After Universal rejected the film , 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it . On April 17 , 1973 , Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand , so he began writing a 13 - page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress , this draft was renamed The Star Wars . By 1974 , he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . Numerous subsequent drafts would go through numerous drastic changes , before evolving into the script of the original film . Lucas insisted that the movie would be part of a 9 - part series and negotiated to retain the sequel rights , to ensure all the movies would be made . Tom Pollock , then Lucas ' lawyer writes : `` So in the negotiations that were going on , we drew up a contract with Fox 's head of business affairs Bill Immerman , and me . We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights . Not all the ( merchandising rights ) that came later , mind you ; just the sequel rights . And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie . '' Lucas was offered $50,000 to write , another $50,000 to produce , and $50,000 to direct the film . Later the offer was increased . Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 . It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back , released on May 21 , 1980 , and Return of the Jedi , released on May 25 , 1983 . The sequels were all self - financed by Lucasfilm . The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as `` Episode V '' and `` Episode VI '' respectively , though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles . Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars , with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga . The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire , as well as on Luke Skywalker 's quest to become a Jedi . A New Hope Main article : Star Wars ( film ) The main cast members of the original Star Wars trilogy , who reprised their characters in supporting roles on the sequel trilogy ; from left : Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill , and Harrison Ford ( SDCC , July 2015 ) . Cosplays of bounty hunter Boba Fett ( left ) and Sith lord Darth Vader ( right ) , antagonist characters in the original trilogy ( Fett has been digitally inserted into all director cuts of A New Hope since 1997 ) . Vader 's backstory became a central plot point in Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and the basis of the prequel trilogy . Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine , a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire . Aboard , the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa , a secret member of the rebellion . Before her capture , Leia makes sure the astromech R2 - D2 , along with the protocol droid C - 3PO , escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi , who has been living in exile on Tatooine . The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker , an orphan farm boy raised by his step - uncle and aunt . Luke helps the droids locate Obi - Wan , now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi , who reveals himself as a friend of Luke 's absent father , the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker . Obi - Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was `` betrayed and murdered '' by Vader ( who was Obi - Wan 's former Jedi apprentice ) years ago , and he gives Luke his father 's former lightsaber to keep . After viewing Leia 's message , they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to , aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon , help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire 's planet - destroying space station : the Death Star . For The Star Wars second draft , Lucas made heavy simplifications . It added a mystical energy field known as `` The Force '' and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . The third draft killed the father Annikin , replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi . Later , Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about `` The Princess of Ondos '' , and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster , to write two sequels as novels . In 1976 , a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded `` the Princess of Ondos '' sub-plot , to become a self - contained film , that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt Dean Foster 's novels into low - budget sequels . By that point , Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . Before its release , Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels , thinking the film would be a flop . However the film exceeded all expectations . The success of the film , as well as its merchandise sales , and Lucas desire to create an independent film - making center . Both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial , and use the profits to finance his film - making center , Skywalker Ranch . Alan Dean Foster was already writing the first sequel - novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , released in 1978 . But Lucas decided not to adapt Foster 's work , knowing a sequel would be allowed more budget . At first , Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries , like the James Bond series . In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977 , he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series . He added that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side , kills Luke 's father and fights Obi - Wan Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel . The Empire Strikes Back Main article : The Empire Strikes Back Lawrence Kasdan co-wrote The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens and Solo : A Star Wars Story . Ralph McQuarrie 's sketches and conceptual art defined the aesthetics of the original trilogy , including the definitive designs of characters like Darth Vader , R2 - D2 , C - 3PO , Chewbacca and sets like the Death Star , Dagobah , Bespin . Right : Ben Burtt created many of the iconic sound effects of the franchise , among them lightsaber sounds , the beeps of R2 - D2 , and Chewbacca 's growls . Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire . At the request of the late Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke travels to the swamp - infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted by Vader , who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City , governed by Han 's old friend Lando Calrissian . During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord , Luke learns that Vader is his father . After the success of the original film , Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . It was similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; in it , Luke 's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . After writing these two drafts , Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker , Kenobi , and the Emperor . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Return of the Jedi Main article : Return of the Jedi A year after Vader 's shocking revelation , Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt . Afterward , Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training , only to find the 900 - year - old Yoda on his deathbed . In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , Anakin Skywalker , and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training . Moments later , the spirit of Obi - Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister , but Obi - Wan insists that Luke must face Vader again . As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice . By the time Lucas began writing Episode VI in 1981 ( then titled Revenge of the Jedi ) , much had changed . Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly , and Lucas ' personal life was disintegrating . Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films , he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine . Lucas ' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke -- and in the second script , the `` revised rough draft '' , Vader became a sympathetic character . Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and , in these final drafts , Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequels . Prequel trilogy John Williams composed the scores for the original trilogy , the prequel trilogy , The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi . After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of `` The Star Wars '' . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 - year - old material . The popularity of the franchise was reinvigorated by the Star Wars expanded universe storylines set after the original trilogy films , such as the Thrawn trilogy of novels written by Timothy Zahn and the Dark Empire comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics . Due to the renewed popularity of Star Wars , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . The prequel trilogy consists of Episode I : The Phantom Menace , released on May 19 , 1999 ; Episode II : Attack of the Clones , released on May 16 , 2002 ; and Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19 , 2005 . The plot focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic , as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker 's turn to the dark side . The Phantom Menace Main article : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War , the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs . Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice , Darth Maul , to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors . While on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a nine - year - old slave named Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery , believing Anakin to be the `` Chosen One '' foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force . However , the Jedi Council ( led by Yoda ) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him . In 1993 , it was announced , in Variety among other sources , that Lucas would be making the prequels . He began penning more to the story , now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker 's fall to the dark side . Lucas began to reevaluate how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a `` filling - in '' of history tangential to the originals , but he later realized that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` Saga '' . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , initially titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II . Attack of the Clones Main article : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Ten years after the Battle of Naboo , Anakin is reunited with Padmé , now serving as the Senator of Naboo , and they fall in love despite Anakin 's obligations to the Jedi Order . At the same time , the entire galaxy gets swept up in the Clone Wars between the armies of the Republic , led by the Jedi Order , and the Confederacy of Independent Systems , led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku . The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film `` Jar Jar 's Great Adventure '' . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Revenge of the Sith Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Frank Oz ( left ) and Ian McDiarmid ( right ) returned for the prequel trilogy , as Yoda and Darth Sidious , both characters were introduced in The Empire Strikes Back . Three years after the start of the Clone Wars , Anakin and Obi - Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous . Later , Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth . Palpatine , who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order , convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé 's life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order ; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi - Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re-organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . The Clone Wars On August 15 , 2008 , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead - in to the animated TV series with the same name . This series includes 6 seasons , which were broadcast on Cartoon Network , with the exception of the last one . This season had been cut short following Disney 's purchase of the franchise . There were also two more seasons in the works , but these were also cancelled . Sequel trilogy Main article : Star Wars sequel trilogy Over the years , Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; much of the exaggerations stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that the exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure , further rationalizing that since the series ' story radically changed throughout the years , it was always Lucas ' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . The exaggerations created rumors of Lucas having plot outlines a sequel trilogy of ( Episodes VII , VIII and IX ) , which would continue the story after 1983 's Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Lucasfilm and George Lucas had denied plans for a sequel trilogy for many years , insisting that Star Wars was meant to be a six - part series , and that no further films would be released after the conclusion of the prequel trilogy in 2005 . Although Lucas made an exception by releasing the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars film in 2008 , while promoting it , Lucas maintained his status on the sequel trilogy : `` I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the re-releases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : `` Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? '' Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011 . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII -- IX ) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm . The co-chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy , became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . In addition , Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films , with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant . The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII : The Force Awakens , released on December 18 , 2015 . It was followed by Episode VIII : The Last Jedi , released on December 15 , 2017 . The Force Awakens Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II , Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build . The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order , and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance opposes , led by princess - turned - general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic . On Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Leia and Han Solo , capture Poe . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map , and encounters a scavenger Rey . Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 defects from the First Order , and frees Poe who dubs him `` Finn '' , while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku , seemingly killing Poe . Finn finds Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order does too ; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon . The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca , smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance . They agree to help deliver the map inside BB - 8 to the Resistance . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J.J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J.J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . The Last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi Right after the destruction of Starkiller Base , Rey finds Luke Skywalker on the planet Ahch - To and convinces him to teach her the ways of the Jedi and seeks answers of her past with the help from Luke and Kylo Ren . Meanwhile , Finn , Leia , Poe , BB - 8 , Rose Tico , and the rest of the Resistance make an escape to the planet Crait from the First Order . Kylo Ren assassinates Supreme Leader Snoke and takes control of the First Order. which culminates in a battle on Crait with the Resistance . On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg would write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing standalone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , was hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old , and he 's not involved with the writing of that film . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said `` it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I do n't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . '' Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May 2016 . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Before her death , Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi . The film was released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX Production on Episode IX was scheduled to begin sometime in 2017 . Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX . Now , Lucasfilm , Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character 's role . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . In April 2017 , Fisher 's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film , but later that month , Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX is set to begin in June 2018 . Anthology films On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . On February 6 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney is working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was released on December 16 , 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga . Rogue One Main article : Rogue One Warwick Davis , left , and Anthony Daniels , right , both have appeared in films across all trilogies , as well as in the anthology films . Daniels has portrayed C - 3PO in all theatrical films released to date , as well as voicing all animated appearances of the character . The story about the group of rebels who stole the Death Star plans , ending directly before Episode IV : A New Hope . The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft , for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones , Ben Mendelsohn , and Diego Luna . In April 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 and released the plot synopsis . Director Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . '' ; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film : `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Characters from the animated series appear , Saw Gerrera ( from The Clone Wars ) in a pivotal role in the plot and Chopper ( from Star Wars : Rebels ) in a cameo . Solo Main article : Solo : A Star Wars Story A film focusing on Han Solo before the events of Episode IV : A New Hope . The script was written by Star Wars veteran Lawrence Kasdan , and his son Jon Kasdan . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo , Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca ( after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) , Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , and Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson . Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film , but due to creative differences , the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography . Academy Award - winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement . While his first Star Wars film , Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas - directed film American Graffiti ( 1973 ) and as director of Willow ( 1988 ) . Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I : The Phantom Menace , though Howard declined , saying , `` George , you should do it ! '' . The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25 , 2018 . Untitled anthology film A third Anthology film will be released in 2020 . A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016 . In February 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Lucasfilm hired Josh Trank to direct a Star Wars standalone film , with the news being confirmed soon after . However , in November 2016 Disney announced that their contract with Trank was terminated due to the overwhelmingly negative reviews of Fantastic Four . By 2017 , it was reported that the film was still in early development at Lucasfilm , and it was rumored that the film would focus on bounty hunter Boba Fett . Lucasfilm never confirmed what the plot was about , but confirmed that the film Josh Trank left was a different film from the Han Solo spin - off . Other films In August 2016 , Ewan McGregor stated he would be open to return to the role of Obi - Wan Kenobi , albeit for a spin - off film on the character , should he be approached , wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . Fans showed interest in the idea ; a fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert ( which starred McGregor ) became viral and widely praised by fans . The film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a poll by The Hollywood Reporter despite there being only rumors of the film 's production . Lucasfilm and McGregor for years denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest and rumors . Days before the airing of the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Twin Suns '' ( where Obi - Wan appeared ) , McGregor again stated his interest in starring in a solo film , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . Joel Edgerton , who played Luke Skywalker 's step - uncle Owen in the prequel trilogy , said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi - Wan standalone film , if it were to be made . Edgerton also expressed interest in playing Boba Fett without taking off the mask , in the rumored Boba Fett film . By August of 2017 , it was reported that a movie centered around Obi - Wan Kenobi is in early developments , with Stephen Daldry in early negotiations to co-write and direct the project . It was later reported that production would begin in early 2019 . Liam Neeson expressed his interest in returning to the franchise , reprising his role as Qui - Gon Jin , now in Force - ghost form . Additional reports stated Lucasfilm was considering various films about different characters including movies focusing on Boba Fett , as well as Jedi Master Yoda . Temuera Morrison has expressed interest in portraying Boba , or Captain Rex , both clones of his previous character Jango Fett . Daniel Logan , who played Boba Fett as a child in Attack of the Clones , has also expresed interest in reprising his role in the rumored Boba Fett film . In 2015 , director Guillermo Del Toro pitched an idea to Lucasfilm for a film about Jabba the Hutt , and in 2017 , it was reported that it is among the projects being considered by the studio . Samuel L. Jackson has expressed interest in returning as Mace Windu , insisting that his character survived his apparent death . Ian McDiarmid has also expressed interest in returning as Emperor Palpatine . Fans have also expressed interest towards the possibility of Ahsoka Tano appearing in a live - action film , with Rosario Dawson expressing interest in the role . However , Lucasfilm still has not given an official confirmation on any of the rumored projects . Untitled trilogy by Rian Johnson In November 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson , the writer / director of The Last Jedi , would be working on a new trilogy . The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker - focused films in favor of focusing on new characters , Johnson is confirmed to write and direct the first film . On the same day , Disney announced that a live - action Star Wars television series was in development exclusively for their upcoming streaming service . Untitled films by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss In February 2018 , it was announced that David Benioff and D.B. Weiss would write and produce a series of Star Wars films that are not Skywalker - focused films , similar to but separate from Rian Johnson 's upcoming installments in the franchise . In other media Main article : Star Wars expanded universe From 1977 to 2014 , the term Expanded Universe ( abbreviated as EU ) , was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films , including television series , novels , comics , and video games . Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 , 2014 , when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production . Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label , with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars : The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced . The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , and its companion animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group , announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise . Lucasfilm announced that the change was made `` to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience '' . The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement , followed by multiple comics series from Marvel , novels published by Del Rey , and the sequel film The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Television Further information : List of Star Wars films and television series Dave Filoni , supervising director on Star Wars animated series , later promoted to oversee the development of all future Lucasfilm Animation projects . In the two - hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978 , Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate `` Life Day '' with his family . Along with the stars of the original 1977 film , celebrities Bea Arthur , Art Carney , Diahann Carroll , and Jefferson Starship appear in plot - related skits and musical numbers . Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast , or reproduced on home video . An 11 - minute animated sequence in the Holiday Special featuring the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett , is considered to be the sole silver lining of the production , with Lucas even including it as a special feature on a 2011 Blu - ray release ( making it the only part of the Holiday Special to ever receive an official home media release ) . The segment is the first Star Wars animation ever produced . The television film Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984 . With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau , it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax . The 1985 sequel , Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders . Nelvana , the animation studio that had animated the animated segment of the Holiday Special was hired to create two animated series . Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) , which aired for one season on ABC , follows the adventures of the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , 15 years before the events of the 1977 film Star Wars . Its sister series Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1987 ) features the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies . After the release of Attack of the Clones , Cartoon Network animated and aired Star Wars : Clone Wars from 2003 to weeks before the 2005 release of Revenge of the Sith , as the series featured event set between those films . It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005 . Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company , Lucasfilm Animation , and used it to create his first in - house Star Wars CGI - animated series . Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) was introduced through a 2008 animated film of the same name , and set in the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series ( albeit ignoring it ) . While all previous television works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014 , Lucasfilm accepted The Clone Wars and its originating film , as part of the canon . All series released after would also be part of the canon . In 2014 , Disney XD began airing Star Wars Rebels , the next CGI - animated series . Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , it followed a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire and helped close some of the arcs in The Clone Wars . Another animated series debuted in 2017 , Star Wars Forces of Destiny focused on the female characters of the franchise . Untitled Star Wars series Since 2005 , when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies , the television project has been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title , Star Wars : Underworld , in 2012 , and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written . He called the project `` The most provocative , the most bold and daring material that we 've ever done . '' The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope , and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm . In November 2017 , Bob Iger discussed the development of a Star Wars series for Disney 's upcoming digital streaming service , due to launch in 2019 . It is unknown if the series would be based on the Star Wars Underworld scripts or if it would follow an entirely new idea . In February of 2018 , it was reported that there are multiple live action Star Wars TV series currently in development , with `` rather significant '' talent involved in the productions . Print media Star Wars - based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the December 1976 novelization of Star Wars , subtitled From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker . Credited to Lucas , it was ghost - written by Alan Dean Foster . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Novels Further information : List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn , author of the Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) , which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker is a 1976 novelization of the original film by Alan Dean Foster , who followed it with the sequel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , which Lucas decided not to film . The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . Timothy Zahn 's bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn , Mara Jade , Talon Karrde , and Gilad Pellaeon . The first novel , Heir to the Empire , reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , and the series finds Luke , Leia , and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn , who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire . Though Thrawn was designated a Legends character in 2014 , he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes , but she and Han ultimately marry . Steve Perry 's Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor , another popular character who would appear in multiple other works . Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , the 14 - book Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 1998 ) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta , and the X-wing series ( 1996 -- 2012 ) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston . Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 , releasing what would become a 19 - installment novel series called The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . Written by multiple authors , the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force ( 2006 -- 2008 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force ; among his evil deeds , he kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith . The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia , Ben Solo / Kylo Ren , in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Three series were introduced for younger audiences : the 18 - book Jedi Apprentice ( 1999 -- 2002 ) chronicles the adventures of Obi - Wan Kenobi and his master Qui - Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace ; the 11 - book Jedi Quest ( 2001 -- 2004 ) follows Obi - Wan and his own apprentice , Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones ; and the 10 - book The Last of the Jedi ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith , features Obi - Wan and the last few surviving Jedi . Maul : Lockdown by Joe Schreiber , released in January 2014 , was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand . Comics Main articles : Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 . Original Star Wars comics were serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 . The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form , as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series . From 1985 -- 1987 , the animated children 's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel 's Star Comics line . In the late 1980s , Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development , which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy , including Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 1998 ) , Star Wars : Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , Star Wars Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Star Wars : Empire ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . After Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics , whose parent company , Marvel Entertainment , Disney had purchased in 2009 . Launched in 2015 , the first three publications in were titled Star Wars , Star Wars : Darth Vader , and the limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia . Audio dramas Further information : Star Wars ( radio ) Radio adaptations of the films were also produced . Lucas , a fan of the NPR - affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California , licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC - FM for US $1 . The production used John Williams ' original film score , along with Ben Burtt 's sound effects . The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden . It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 , adapting the original 1977 film into 13 - episodes . Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles . The overwhelming success , led to a 10 - episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back in 1982 . Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars , reprising his role as Lando Calrissian . In 1983 , Buena Vista Records released an original , 30 - minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell , written by Daley . In the 1990s , Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas : the three - part Dark Empire saga , Tales of the Jedi , Dark Lords of the Sith , the Dark Forces trilogy , and Crimson Empire ( 1998 ) . Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6 - episodes in 1996 , featuring Daniels . Video games Further information : Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first officially licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner 's 1979 table - top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command . In 1982 , Parker Brothers published the first licensed Star Wars video game , Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back , for the Atari 2600 . It was followed in 1983 by Atari 's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars , which used vector graphics and was based on the `` Death Star trench run '' scene from the 1977 film . The next game , Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) , used more traditional raster graphics , with the following game The Empire Strikes Back ( 1985 ) returning to the 1983 's arcade game vector graphics , but recreating the `` Battle of Hoth '' scene instead . Lucasfilm had started its own video game company in the early 1980s , which became known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games . In 1993 , LucasArts released Star Wars : X-Wing , the first self - published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise . X-Wing was one of the best - selling games of 1993 , and established its own series of games . Released in 1995 , Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first - person shooter video game . A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy , it featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games , made possible by LucasArts ' custom - designed game engine , called the Jedi . The game was well received and well reviewed , and was followed by four sequels . Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn , who would later appear in multiple games , novels , and comics . Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi , a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Disney has partnered with Lenovo to create the Augmented Reality game ' Star Wars : Jedi Challenges ' that works with a Lenovo Mirage AR headset , a tracking sensor and a Lightsaber controller that will launch in December 2017 . Multimedia projects Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry , a comic book series , a video game , and toys . The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) is a similar project , set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , that includes a 2008 novel , a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel , a graphic novel , a role - playing game supplement , and action figures . Theme park attractions Main article : List of Star Wars theme parks attractions Title Park ( s ) Opening date Closing date Status Live attractions Star Tours Disneyland January 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 09 ) July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Closed Tokyo Disneyland July 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 12 ) April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) Disneyland Paris April 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) Star Wars Weekends Disney 's Hollywood Studios 1997 ( 1997 ) 2015 ( 2015 ) Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 19 - 01 ) November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios October 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) -- Operating Disneyland June 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) -- Tokyo Disneyland May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) -- Disneyland Paris March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) -- Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Closed Hong Kong Disneyland June 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 11 ) -- Operating Disneyland Paris May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) -- Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) -- Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) -- Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) -- Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) -- Disneyland December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) -- Disneyland Paris July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) -- Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 25 ) -- Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Disney 's Hollywood Studios June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) -- Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Disneyland 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Under construction Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Star Wars Hotel Disney 's Hollywood Studios TBA N / A Proposed Themes See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Aside from its well - known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre . The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science - fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a `` used future '' was further popularized in the science fiction - horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Comparisons with historical events See also : Star Wars and History Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms resemble some historical German uniforms of World War II and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black - clad SS down to the imitation silver death 's head insignia on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars ; examples include the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) and Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow - laden Eastern Front ) . Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler 's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator . The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust , the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . In addition , Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Adolf Hitler . The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope , however , references Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will . The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights . Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire , J.J. Abrams , the director of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , has said that the First Order , an Imperial offshoot which serves as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy , is inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime . Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again . Cultural impact Main article : Cultural impact of Star Wars Just like the franchise , its fictional weapons , such as the lightsaber and the blaster , have been used in popular culture and have been an iconic part of the franchise . The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture . Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture ; Phrases like `` evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier , enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people . The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s , making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream . This very impact made it a prime target for parody works and homages , with popular examples including Spaceballs , Family Guy 's Laugh It Up , Fuzzball , Robot Chicken 's `` Star Wars Episode I '' , `` Star Wars Episode II '' and `` Star Wars Episode III '' , and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Industry The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox , and was credited for reinvigorating the company . Within three weeks of the film 's release , the studio 's stock price doubled to a record high . Prior to 1977 , 20th Century Fox 's greatest annual profits were $37 million , while in 1977 , the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million . The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate . Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films , switching the focus of Hollywood - made films from deep , meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict , themes and irony to sprawling special - effects - laden blockbusters , as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways . Before Star Wars , special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s . The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state - of - the - art special effects in the late 1970s . Along with Jaws , Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry , where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important . It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did . Fan works Main article : Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 , Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in - universe fiction entries . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . Academia As the characters and the story line of the original trilogy are so well known , educationalists have advocated the use of the films in the classroom as a learning resource . For example , a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students story - telling skills by role playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio / visual scenery to enhance their performance . Others have used the films to encourage second - level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype light sabers . Similarly , psychiatrists in New Zealand and the US have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology . Merchandising Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , List of Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : The Vintage Collection , Lego Star Wars , List of Lego Star Wars sets , Star Wars trading card , and Star Wars role - playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world . In 1977 , while filming the original film , George Lucas decided to take a 500,000 - dollar pay - cut to his own salary as director , in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise to himself . Over the franchise 's lifetime , such exchange cost 20th Century Fox , more than US $20 billion in merchandising revenue profits . Disney acquired the merchandising rights when part of purchasing Lucasfilm . Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film , and today the remaining 80 's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions . Since the 90 's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga . Pez dispensers have been produced . Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history , which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme . Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets , among them Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) and The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) , the former parodies Revenge of the Sith , while the later The Clone Wars film . Due to their success , LEGO created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 - 2014 ) and Droid Tales ( 2015 ) originally airing on Cartoon Network , but since 2014 moved into Disney XD . The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers . In 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . Three different official tabletop role - playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s , and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first `` blue '' series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare `` promos '' , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II `` floating Yoda '' P3 card often commanding US $1,000 or more . While most `` base '' or `` common card '' sets are plentiful , many `` insert '' or `` chase cards '' are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . See also Star Wars portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars Day Star Wars music Star Wars : Evolution of the lightsaber duel The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises Notes ^ Jump up to : Until the deal between 21st Century Fox and The Walt Disney Company has been finalized References Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff In the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney developing live - action Star Wars TV series '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Ryan . `` When did Star Wars become known as A New Hope ? - In A Far Away Galaxy '' . Jump up ^ ScreenPrism . `` Why was `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope '' originally released under another title - ScreenPrism `` . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chew , Jonathan ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Franchise Worth More Than Harry Potter and James Bond , Combined '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Detrick , Paul ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Star Wars Economy is Bigger Than You Think '' . Reason . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schou , Solvej ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Mickey meets ' Star Wars ' : Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walt Disney Company FY 2013 SEC Form 10 - K Filing '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Company . November 20 , 2013 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm was to retain the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode IV , which were owned by a third - party studio . All of the films were distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films were to revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode IV , for which these distribution rights were to be retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty - First Century Fox , Inc. , After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses , For $52.4 Billion In Stock '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Additional , December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2006 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ; Galuppo , Mia ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams to Write and Direct Star Wars : Episode IX '' . StarWars.com . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : ' Wonder ' Writer to Polish ' Episode IX ' Script '' . Variety . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking : Live - Action Mulan , A Wrinkle in Time , and More Disney Movies Have Set Release Dates '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` An Architect Of Hollywood 's Greatest Deal Recalls How George Lucas Won Sequel Rights '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Force Behind ' Star Wars ' : How George Lucas Built an Empire '' . Jump up ^ Lucas , George ( 2004 ) . DVD commentary for Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars plot summary '' . Ruined Endings . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Starkiller '' . Jedi Bendu . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Baxter , John ( 1999 ) . Mythmaker . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph McQuarrie 's Most Memorable Masterpieces - StarWars.com '' . August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` Star Wars : The Original Trilogy -- Then And Now '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau 1997 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Kasdan '' . Star Wars . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Episode III Release Dates Announced '' . Star Wars . April 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2001 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Insider '' . Star Wars Insider ( 45 ) : 19 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2002 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 380 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith documentary `` Within a Minute '' ( DVD documentary ) . 2005 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` Director George Lucas Takes a Look Back -- and Ahead '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hamill talks Star Wars 7 , 8 and 9 ! '' . Movieweb . September 10 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas talks on Star Wars sequels 7 , 8 & 9 '' . Killer Movies . September 13 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mr. Showbiz . `` George Lucas ( Star Wars : Episode I ) '' . Industry Central . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Will Lucas Extend His Star Wars Story Beyond Return of the Jedi ? '' . Cinematical . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Done With ' Star Wars ' Fanboys , Talks ' Red Tails ' '' . The Huffington Post . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Buy Lucasfilm for Billion ; New ' Star Wars ' Movie Set for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Arndt to write screenplay for Star Wars : episode VII '' , Star Wars Jump up ^ `` MASTER FILMMAKING TEAM ANNOUNCED FOR STAR WARS : EPISODE VII '' . Star Wars . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Is Being Kick - Started with Dynamite J.J. Abrams to Direct Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Star Wars . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Set to Direct Next ' Star Wars ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peat , Calvin ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams Confirmed to Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Shadowlocked . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Bombshell ! Rian Johnson To Write , Direct Next Two Films '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Rian Johnson to Write , Direct Episode VIII '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Rian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's old info , I have n't been involved in writing IX '' . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . starwars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevets , Stephen ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' wraps production , Mark Hamill , Anthony Daniels turn to Twitter as Star Wars Celebration 2016 nears '' . The Global Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' production update : Filming wraps ; Big party in London with cast and crew '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Adam Driver does n't think there should be a trailer '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarma , Jyotirupa ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date , News & Update : Filming Will Begin In 2017 , Scene Will Be Shot In Real Outer Space ? '' . GameNGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How will Carrie Fisher 's death affect the Star Wars franchise and will they recast Princess Leia ? '' . Telegraph . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' : What Does Her Death Mean for ' Episode IX ' ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new ' Family Guy ' shows , ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' '' . UPI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm : Carrie Fisher wo n't be digitally recreated '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desborough , James ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The late Carrie Fisher will appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' , says brother Todd Fisher '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Manne ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wo n't Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Earnings Beat ; ' Star Wars ' Spinoffs Planned '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' spin - offs : A young Han Solo movie , and a Boba Fett film -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : The ' Sky 's the Limit ' for Disney 's Spinoff Opportunities '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . Movieweb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Details Revealed at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim '' . Star Wars.com. April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Antonghy ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery standalone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` As Rogue One looms , Lucasfilm develops secret plans for new Star Wars movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Archived from the original on August 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire Strikes Back ' among 25 film registry picks '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . ^ Jump up to : Cook , David A. ( 2000 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 ( 1st paperback print . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23265 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bigsby , Christopher ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84132 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . May 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts ' The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards ' on SCI FI Channel ; George Lucas to Present Special Honor '' . Business Wire. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Susan Hatters ; Hall , Ryan C.W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Teaching Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : The Light Side of the Force '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 725 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0340 - y . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ryan C.W. ; Friedman , Susan Hatters ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : the Use of Star Wars ' Dark Side in Teaching '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 726 -- 732 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0337 - 6 . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ `` Lego gets Lord Of The Rings and Hobbit licence '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Link Voxx . `` Star Wars Episode 7 News - New LEGO Star Wars Mini-Series Retelling the Whole Saga Coming to DisneyXD '' . Star Wars Episode 7 News . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1977 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Clone Wars Edition '' . Hasbro . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Star Wars : The Original Trilogy Edition '' . Board game geek . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trading Cards '' . Starwarscards.net . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Promotional Trading Card List '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Bibliography Arnold , Alan ( 1980 ) . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Rinzler , Jonathan W ( 2005 ) . The Making of Star Wars , Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43139 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . Further reading Decker , Kevin S. ( March 10 , 2005 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9583 - 6 . Campbell , Joseph ( June 1 , 1991 ) . The Power of Myth . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 . Henderson , Mary ( November 3 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10206 - 0 . Larsen , Stephen ( April 1 , 2002 ) . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Inner Traditions . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 873 - 5 . Cavlelos , Jeanne ( May 1999 ) . The Science of Star Wars . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20958 - 4 . Lucasfilms ( November 13 , 2012 ) . Nancy Reagin , Janice Liedl , ed . Star Wars and History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111 - 82852 - 55 . National Geographic Society ( October 2005 ) . Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination . National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 4183 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . 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-5084870612607438209	Parsons School of Design	Parsons School of Design - wikipedia Parsons School of Design Parsons School of Design Former names Chase School ( 1896 -- 1898 ) New York School of Art ( 1898 -- 1909 ) New York School of Fine And Applied Art ( 1909 -- 1936 ) Type Private art and design school Established 1936 Parent institution The New School Dean Joel Towers Academic staff 1,070 Students 4,200 Undergraduates 3,800 Postgraduates 400 Location New York City , United States 40 ° 44 ′ 07 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W / 40.73528 ° N 73.99417 ° W / 40.73528 ; - 73.99417 Campus Urban Colors Parsons Red Affiliations AICAD NASAD Website www.newschool.edu/parsons/ Parsons School of Design , known colloquially as Parsons , is a private art and design college located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City . It is one of the five colleges of The New School . The school is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious art and design schools in the world and ranks consistently as the top art and design school in the United States . The school was founded in 1896 by William Merritt Chase in search of individualistic artistic expression . It was the first of its kind in the country to offer programs in fashion design , advertising , interior design , and graphic design . The school offers numerous undergraduate and graduate programs , ranging from architectural design , curatorial studies , to textiles and design and urban ecologies . In addition , Parsons is known for its alumni , which consist of numerous famous fashion designers , photographers , designers , illustrators , and artists alike that have made large contributions to their respective industries . The college is also a member of the National Association of Schools of Art and Design and the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design . Contents 1 History 2 Campuses 2.1 University Center 2.2 The Sheila Johnson Design Center 2.3 Parsons East Building 2.4 Albert and Vera List Academic Center 3 Programs 4 Admission and student demographics 5 Expansion and affiliations 5.1 Parsons Paris 6 Notable alumni 7 Student life 7.1 Publications 7.2 Broadcasting 7.3 Traditions 7.3. 1 Fusion Fashion Show 7.3. 2 Parsons Fashion Benefit 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Portrait of William Merritt Chase from 1900 First established as The Chase School , the institution was founded in 1896 by the American impressionist painter William Merritt Chase ( 1849 -- 1916 ) . Chase led a small group of Progressives who seceded from the Art Students League of New York in search of a more free , more dramatic , and more individual expression of art . The Chase School changed its name in 1898 to The New York School of Art . In 1904 , Frank Alvah Parsons joined artist Robert Henri as a teacher at the school . In the same approximate time frame , Parsons studied for two years with the vanguard artist and educator , Arthur Wesley Dow at Columbia University graduating in 1905 with a degree in fine arts . A few years later , he became president of The New York School of Art . Anticipating a new wave of the Industrial Revolution , Parsons predicted that art and design would soon be inexorably linked to the engines of industry . His vision was borne out in a series of firsts for the school , establishing the first program in fashion design , interior design , advertising , and graphic design in the United States . In 1909 , the school was renamed The New York School of Fine and Applied Art to reflect these offerings . Parsons became the sole director in 1911 , a position which he maintained to his death in 1930 . William M. Odom , who established the school 's Paris ateliers in 1921 , succeeded Parsons as president . In honor of Parsons , who was important in steering the school 's development and in shaping visual - arts education through his theories about linking art and industry throughout the world , the institution became the Parsons School of Design in 1936 . As the modern curriculum developed , many successful designers remained closely tied to the school , and by the mid-1960s , Parsons had become `` the training ground for Seventh Avenue . '' In 1970 , the school became a division of the New School for Social Research , which later evolved into The New School . The campus moved from Sutton Place to Greenwich Village in 1972 . The merger with a vigorous , fully accredited university was a source of new funding and energy , which expanded the focus of a Parsons education . In 2005 , when the parent institution was renamed The New School , the school undergone a rebranding in which it was renamed Parsons The New School for Design . In 2015 , the institution dropped `` The New School '' from its formal title and has since been referred to as The New School 's Parsons School of Design . Campuses ( edit ) See also : The New School § campus Like most universities in New York City , Parsons ' campus is spread among scattered buildings , but the main building is located at 13th Street and 5th Avenue . Many other facilities are in buildings shared by other colleges in The New School but the facilities below are mainly exclusive to Parsons . Parsons also has a campus abroad located in Paris 's First Arrondissement , known as Parsons Paris . University Center ( edit ) Main article : University Center ( The New School ) The New School University Center at 14th Street and Fifth Avenue , a LEED Gold building completed in 2014 The New School opened the 16 - story The New School University Center ( `` UC '' ) at 65 5th Avenue in January 2014 . While the 65 Fifth Avenue plans were initially controversial among students and Village residents ( spurring in 2009 a major student occupation was held at The New School 's previous building on that site ) , plans for the University Center were adjusted in response to community concerns and have since been well received . In a review of the University Center 's final design , The New York Times architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff called the building `` a celebration of the cosmopolitan city '' . The tower , which was designed by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill 's Roger Duffy , is the biggest capital project the university has ever undertaken . The building added classrooms , new residences , computer labs , event facilities , and a cafeteria to the downtown New York City campus in addition to a two - story library and lecture halls . While the UC serves as a central hub for all university students , the majority of its classrooms and workspaces are used for Parsons programs . The Sheila Johnson Design Center ( edit ) 2 West 13th Street / 66 Fifth Avenue is most commonly known as the Sheila Johnson Design Center . The main Parsons campus is located at 2 West 13th Street in Greenwich Village in the borough of Manhattan . The renovation of the existing structure 's first and mezzanine levels was made possible in part by a $7 million gift from New School Trustee and Parsons Board of Governors Chair Sheila Johnson . The `` Urban Quad '' ( as the school calls it ) was designed by Lyn Rice Architects and encompasses a total area of 32,800 square feet ( 3,050 m ) . In addition to classrooms , the building includes the Anna - Maria and Stephen Kellen Gallery and Auditorium , and the Arnold and Sheila Aronson Galleries . The renovated ground floor also provides a new home for the Anna - Maria and Stephen Kellen Archives , a collection of drawings , photographs , letters , and objects documenting 20th - century design . The building hosts the Adam and Sophie Gimbel Design Library , a resource collection supporting art , architecture and design degree programs offered by the Parsons School of Design . The collection consists of approximately 45,000 book volumes , 350 periodical titles ( 200 current ) , 70,000 slides and 45,000 picture files . Special collections holdings number over 4,000 , including many rare and valuable items . The building 's renovation won the 2009 National AIA Honor Award , the 2009 MASNYC Masterworks Award , the 2009 AIANY Merit Award , the 2008 AIA New York State Award of Excellence , the 2008 American Institute of Architects NY / Boston Society of Architects Biennial Honor Award for Educational Facility Design , the 2008 SARA / NY Design Award of Excellence , and the 2007 AIANY Merit Award for Projects . On Monday , April 2 , 2018 , the 2 West 13th Street building was affected by an electrical fire , which erupted in the basement at around 10 : 40 AM . The building was quickly and safely evacuated thanks to the teamwork of all students , faculty , and staff , and the building remained closed for the remainder of the Spring 2018 semester . The 375 courses usually located within the building were relocated to other buildings in the university . The cause of the fire is water which leaked through the basement ceiling onto electrical switchgear , causing circuit breakers to explode . Parsons East building ( edit ) The Parsons East Building , located at 25 East 13th Street building is home to the School of Constructed Environments , which houses the Interior Design , Lighting Design , and Architecture departments of the college . The Fine Arts department is also located in this building . The facilities included in the building are the digital and traditional fabrication shops , the Light Lab , multiple Computing Labs , the Angelo Donghia Materials Center , the Healthy Materials Library , and The Design Workshop . Albert and Vera List academic Center ( edit ) The 16th Street building , known as the Vera List Center , features dedicated floors to design studies and development . Both the 6th and 12th floors are dedicated to the Design & Technology Bachelor and Master programs . The building also features a library . Programs ( edit ) Parsons offers twenty - five different programs each housed in one of five divisions : School of Art and Design History and Theory -- Dean Sarah E. Lawrence School of Art , Media , and Technology -- Dean Anne Gaines School of Constructed Environments -- Dean Robert Kirkbride School of Design Strategies : Cities , Services , Ecosystems -- Dean Jane Pirone School of Fashion -- Dean Burak Cakmak Admission and student demographics ( edit ) Demographics of student body 1st Year Students U.S. Census African American / Non-Hispanic 4 % 12.4 % Asian American / Pacific Islander 18 % 4.3 % whites 29 % 74.1 % Hispanic American 9 % 14.7 % American Indian / Alaskan Native < 1 % 0.8 % International students 31 % N / A Total 92 % 106.3 % Parsons has an enrollment of approximately 3,800 undergraduate students and 400 graduate students . The student body is 77 % women and 23 % men , with most of the constituents being full - time students . About one third of the college is made up of international students hailing from 68 different countries . The largest international groups come from Asia , followed by Europe . There are 127 full - time faculty members and 1,056 part - time faculty members , many of whom are successful working artists and designers in New York City . The student : faculty ratio is 9 : 1 . Notable faculty members include Frank Lloyd Wright , Piet Mondrian , Tim Gunn , among others . Expansion and affiliations ( edit ) In 1920 , Parsons School of Design was the first art and design school in America to found a campus abroad . Director of the New York School of Fine and Applied Art , Frank Alvah Parsons , first began a program in Paris in 1921 . In 1941 , it was named for him . In 1970 , the school merged with the New School for Social Research . Subsequently , the name Parsons was licensed to the Paris College of Art but this arrangement ceased in 2010 . Parsons Paris ( edit ) Main article : Parsons Paris ( 2013 ) In November 2012 , The New School President David E. Van Zandt announced that Parsons School of Design would be opening a new academic center , to be called Parsons Paris , in Paris in the autumn 2013 . Located in Paris 's First Arrondissement , Parsons Paris incorporates a faculty of French and European design educators as well as visiting professors from around the world . The school offers a variety of bachelor 's and master 's degrees in design , fashion , curatorial studies and business . All classes are taught in English . Parsons Paris is part of a global initiative by Parsons that highlights creative literacy in all aspects of society . Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of Parsons The New School for Design people See also : List of New School people Parsons has a renowned fashion design program and has educated some of the most respected designers in the industry including Donna Karan , Scott Salvator , Marc Jacobs , Alexander Wang , Tom Ford , Anna Sui , Jason Wu , Narciso Rodriguez , Jack McCollough and Lazaro Hernandez , Isaac Mizrahi , Samantha Sleeper , Derek Lam , Prabal Gurung , Jenna Lyons and Jasper Conran . In addition to fashion designers , Parsons is also known for being the alma mater to artists Jasper Johns , Paul Rand , Alexander Calder , Roy Lichtenstein , Norman Rockwell , Duane Michals , Ai Weiwei , Joel Schumacher and Julie Umerle among others . Due to its location and prestige , the school has been the choice of notable students such as Bella Hadid , Nicky Hilton Rothschild , Sailor Brinkley Cook , Brooklyn Beckham , Diego Ledezma Pérez , among others . Student life ( edit ) The Student Development and Activities is home to over 25 recognized student organizations throughout The New School that serves Parsons as well as all the other five schools under the umbrella of The New School . Publications ( edit ) re :D is the magazine for Parsons alumni and the wider Parsons community , published by the New School Alumni Association . Scapes is the annual journal of the School of Constructed Environments . The Journal of Design Strategies explores and documents collaborative work on the borders of management and design . The journal welcomes contributions that address the importance of design and design - based education to business strategy and planning and that speak to the need for sustainable approaches to new value creation . In each issue , they highlight people , projects , approaches , and events that together characterize an important aspect of the collaboration between design and business . The Parsons Journal for Information Mapping ( PJIM ) is published quarterly by the Parsons Institute for Information Mapping and focuses on both the theoretical and practical aspects of information visualization . With every issue , the Journal aims to present novel ideas and approaches that advance the field of Knowledge Visualization through visual , engineering , and cognitive methods . BIAS : Journal of Dress Practice published by the MA Fashion Studies Dress Practice Collective started in the spring of 2013 and aims to join elements of `` visual culture , fashion theory , design studies and personal practice through a variety of media . '' Broadcasting ( edit ) WNSR is a student - run , faculty - advised online - only university radio station based at The New School . Programming is delivered in the form of streamable mp3s and , in the near future , subscribable podcasts . It is a station for all divisions of The New School . Traditions ( edit ) Fusion fashion show ( edit ) Fusion , an established event since 2000 , brings together Fashion Institute of Technology and Parsons School of Design , to engage in a school vs school fashion show competition . All contestants are either freshman or sophomore students and the models are student volunteers . The judges pick a `` best designer '' from each school and a `` best overall school '' . The best designers each receive a cash scholarship . Parsons fashion Benefit ( edit ) Parsons ' annual Benefit and Fashion Show is a black tie gala that raises funds for scholarships and academic programs at The New School . The event is a collaboration with The New School 's College of Performing Arts . A highlight of the event is a runway show featuring the top thesis collections of Parsons ' graduating BFA Fashion Design students , including its Designers of the Year . The Designer of the Year Award has launched the careers of such famous alumni as Marc Jacobs , and Lazaro Hernandez and Jack McCollough of Proenza Schouler . Industry leaders are honored every year , with past honorees including Rihanna , Sarah Jessica Parker , Donna Karan , Arianna Huffington , among others . 2018 's 70th Annual Benefit honored Solange Knowles , Marco Bizzarri ( President and CEO of Gucci ) , and José Neves ( Founder and CEO of Farfetch ) . The show has been a tradition of the school for seventy years . See also ( edit ) Education in New York City The New York Foundation The New York Intellectuals Parsons table Project Pericles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Art & Design '' . Top Universities. 2018 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` About Parsons '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Columbia University Teachers College Announcement , 1905 -- 06 : 142 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Parsons School of Design '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila Johnson Design Center '' . Newschool.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Design Ceenter '' . Newschool.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Libraries '' . Parsons.Newschool.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Projects : Institutional -- Parsons The New School For Design '' . Lrany.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Faculty and Students : Institutional -- Parsons The New School For Design '' . Parsons.edu . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` School of Constructed Environments '' . Jump up ^ `` Design School Undergraduate Degrees and Graduate Programs '' . Parsons.newschool.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parsons The New School for Design '' . Jump up ^ `` Parsons : The New School for Design '' . College Board College Search . ^ Jump up to : `` About Parsons '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parsons : The New School for Design -- Overview '' . Petersons College Search . ^ Jump up to : D.D. Guttenplan ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Parsons to Re-Open Campus in Paris '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ ELLA ALEXANDER ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Parsons To Reopen In Paris '' . Vogue . Jump up ^ `` Student Services '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` re : D '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` School of Design Strategies '' . Jump up ^ `` School of Design Strategies '' . Jump up ^ `` Dress Practice Collective WordPress '' . Jump up ^ `` WNSR / New School Radio '' . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fusion 2009 -- Parsons vs. F.I.T. Fashion Show ! '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parsons 2010 Fashion Benefit '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parsons Benefit '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Events '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Coordinates : 40 ° 44 ′ 07 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W / 40.73528 ° N 73.99417 ° W / 40.73528 ; - 73.99417 External links ( edit ) Media related to Parsons School of Design at Wikimedia Commons Official website The New School Archives Digital Collections Links to related articles The New School Schools and Divisions Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts Parsons School of Design ( Parsons Paris ) The New School for Public Engagement The New School for Social Research The New School College of Performing Arts ( Mannes School of Music , School of Jazz and School of Drama ) People Founder Hannah Arendt Founder Charles A. Beard Founder John Dewey Founder Alvin Johnson Former President Bob Kerrey President David E. 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-7575258434145647864	Mens sana in corpore sano	Mens sana in corpore sano - wikipedia Mens sana in corpore sano Jump to : navigation , search Look up mens sana in corpore sano in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Mens sana in corpore sano is a Latin phrase , usually translated as `` a healthy mind in a healthy body '' . The phrase is widely used in sporting and educational contexts to express the theory that physical exercise is an important or essential part of mental and psychological well - being . History ( edit ) The phrase comes from Satire X of the Roman poet Juvenal ( 10.356 ) . It is the first in a list of what is desirable in life : English translation : You should pray for a healthy mind in a healthy body . Ask for a stout heart that has no fear of death , and deems length of days the least of Nature 's gifts that can endure any kind of toil , that knows neither wrath nor desire and thinks the woes and hard labors of Hercules better than the loves and banquets and downy cushions of Sardanapalus . What I commend to you , you can give to yourself ; For assuredly , the only road to a life of peace is virtue . In original Latin : orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano . fortem posce animum mortis terrore carentem , qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat naturae , qui ferre queat quoscumque labores , nesciat irasci , cupiat nihil et potiores Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores et venere et cenis et pluma Sardanapalli . monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare ; semita certe tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae . -- Roman poet Juvenal ( 10.356 - 64 ) Traditional commentators believe that Juvenal 's intention was to teach his fellow Roman citizens that in the main , their prayers for such things as long life are misguided . That the gods had provided man with virtues which he then lists for them . Over time and separated from its context , the phrase has come to have a range of meanings . It can be construed to mean that only a healthy mind can lead to a healthy body , or equally that only a healthy body can produce or sustain a healthy mind . Its most general usage is to express the hierarchy of needs : with physical and mental health at the root . An earlier , similar saying is attributed to the pre-Socratic philosopher Thales : τίς εὐδαίμων , `` ὁ τὸ μὲν σῶμα ὑγιής , τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν εὔπορος , τὴν δὲ φύσιν εὐπαίδευτος '' What man is happy ? `` He who has a healthy body , a resourceful mind and a docile nature . '' Usages ( edit ) Usage in other writings John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) uses the phrase in his book Some Thoughts Concerning Education . Heinrich von Treitschke used this phrase in his work titled The Army . He uses the phrase to highlight a sound principle of his German nationalistic doctrine . His work echoes the principles of late nineteenth century Prussian society . Dr. K. Keyer , leader of the Public Health Council of the Netherlands during the Second World War , used the phrase as goal for public health care . Usage as the motto of athletic clubs : Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata Georgetown Hoyas R.S.C. Anderlecht The Turners Organization American Turners and their local organizations like the Los Angeles turners . Carlton Football Club Asociacion Atletica Argentinos Juniors The Israeli Institute of Technology athletics teams Mens Sana Basket Beale Gaelic Football Club from County Kerry Torrens Rowing Club Sydney Rowing Club UCLUFC Usage as the motto of military institutions : Royal Marines physical training instructors ( PTI ) . Riverside Military Academy in Gainesville , Georgia Hargrave Military Academy in Chatham , Virginia Army Physical Training Corps ( APTC ) PERI ( Physical Education & Recreation Instructors ) , which is part of the Canadian Military New Zealand Defence Force Physical Training Instructors . Usage as the motto of educational institutions : Windham High School ( Ohio ) Hiranandani Foundation School , Mumbai , India Rosario High School , Mangalore , India Teacher 's College of Columbia University has this phrase engraved on its Horace Mann hall , on 120th Street in New York City The University College London Men 's Rugby Football Club , Based out of the Bloomsbury in London Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Hospital , Mumbai Widener University and the State University of New York at Buffalo The phrase appears in stone on the western facade of the HPER ( School of Health , Physical Education and Recreation ) at Indiana University in Bloomington , Indiana The phrase appears in stone above the entranceway to the Athletic Center at Mount Allison University in Sackville , New Brunswick Albert Schweitzer Pastoral Medicine Institute Dhaka Physical Education College in Dhaka , Bangladesh Sparta High School in Sparta , New Jersey Charleston Female Seminary Detroit Country Day School in Beverly Hills , Michigan Erskine Academy in South China , Maine Roger Bacon High School , St. Bernard , Ohio Bjelke - Petersen School of Physical Culture , Australia Bridgewater Junior Senior High School in Bridgewater , Nova Scotia Kongsbakken videregående skole in Tromsø , Norway Lakefield College School in Lakefield , Canada Polish Association of Sport named SOKÓŁ before World War I. Poland , Galicja in that time Austria The Internado Nacional Barros Arana in Santiago , Chile . Albert Einstein School in Cotabato ( Philippines ) Used as a line in the school song of Bangor Grammar School , in Bangor , County Down , Northern Ireland . Used as motto for Lundsbergs skola , an elite school in Sweden . Used as motto for Foxcroft School , an all - girls ' boarding school in Middleburg , Virginia . Westholme School , an independent school set on the edge of the countryside of Blackburn , England Loyola High School in Montreal , Canada Usage in other cases : The phrase was a favorite of Harry S. Truman former President of the United States of America . The sports equipment company Asics takes its name from an acronym of a variant : `` anima sana in corpore sano '' ' a healthy soul in a healthy body ' . Mensa , the High IQ Society , derives its name both from the Latin word for table , `` mensa '' as well as a pun on the phrase `` mens sana '' . Used as the title of the television programme Holby City broadcast on 9 July 2013 . Sound Body Sound Mind , a United States nonprofit organization ( 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) that promotes self - confidence and healthy lifestyle choices among children . Used in a dialogue by Utpal Dutta in th movie `` Agantuk '' directed / screenplay by Satyajit Ray . Used as motto for fictional `` Willowbrook Psychiatric Hospital '' in television show Psych during season 7 : Psych : The Musical Used as motto for fictional `` Blackwood Pines Sanatorium '' in the 2015 video game Until Dawn . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ As quoted by Diogenes Laërtius , ( R.D. Hicks , ed . ) , Lives of Eminent Philosophers I : 37 ( Greek ; English ) . Jump up ^ http://leiden.courant.nu/issue/LD/1942-10-30/edition/0/page/1?query=Keyer&sort=relevance Jump up ^ americanturners.com Jump up ^ laturners.org Jump up ^ cf . List of company name etymologies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mens_sana_in_corpore_sano&oldid=806851009 '' Categories : Latin words and phrases Talk About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a healthy body is a healthy mind quote	[]	[]
2424368829517131404	Lower respiratory tract infection	Lower respiratory tract infection - wikipedia Lower respiratory tract infection Jump to : navigation , search Lower respiratory tract infection Conducting passages Specialty pulmonology Frequency 291 million ( 2015 ) Deaths 2.74 million ( 2015 ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Lower respiratory tract infection ( LRTI ) , while often used as a synonym for pneumonia , can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis . Symptoms include shortness of breath , weakness , fever , coughing and fatigue . There are a number of symptoms that are characteristic of lower respiratory tract infections . The two most common are bronchitis and edema . Influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts . Antibiotics are the first line treatment for pneumonia ; however , they are not effective or indicated for parasitic or viral infections . Acute bronchitis typically resolves on its own with time . In 2015 there were about 291 million cases . These resulted in 2.74 million deaths down from 3.4 million deaths in 1990 . This was 4.8 % of all deaths in 2013 . Main article : Bronchitis Bronchitis describes the swelling or inflammation of the bronchial tubes . Additionally , bronchitis is described as either acute or chronic depending on its presentation and is also further described by the causative agent . Acute bronchitis can be defined as acute bacterial or viral infection of the larger airways in healthy patients with no history of recurrent disease . It affects over 40 adults per 1000 each year and consists of transient inflammation of the major bronchi and trachea . Most often it is caused by viral infection and hence antibiotic therapy is not indicated in immunocompetent individuals . Viral bronchitis can sometimes be treated using antiviral medications depending on the virus causing the infection , and medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs and expectorants can help mitigate the symptoms . Treatment of acute bronchitis with antibiotics is common but controversial as their use has only moderate benefit weighted against potential side effects ( nausea and vomiting ) , increased resistance , and cost of treatment in a self - limiting condition . Beta2 agonists are sometimes used to relieve the cough associated with acute bronchitis . In a recent systematic review it was found there was no evidence to support their use . Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis ( AECB ) are frequently due to non-infective causes along with viral ones . 50 % of patients are colonised with Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae or Moraxella catarrhalis . Antibiotics have only been shown to be effective if all three of the following symptoms are present : increased dyspnoea , increased sputum volume and purulence . In these cases 500 mg of Amoxycillin orally , every 8 hours for 5 days or 100 mg doxycycline orally for 5 days should be used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pneumonia 2 Other causes 3 Treatment 4 Prevention 5 Epidemiology 6 Society and culture 7 References 8 External links Pneumonia ( edit ) Main article : Pneumonia Pneumonia occurs in a variety of situations and treatment must vary according to the situation . It is classified as either community or hospital acquired depending on where the patient contracted the infection . It is life - threatening in the elderly or those who are immunocompromised . The most common treatment is antibiotics and these vary in their adverse effects and their effectiveness . Pneumonia is also the leading cause of death in children less than five years of age in low income countries . The most common cause of pneumonia is pneumococcal bacteria , Streptococcus pneumoniae accounts for 2 / 3 of bacteremic pneumonias . This is a dangerous type of lung infection with a mortality rate of around 25 % . For optimal management of a pneumonia patient , the following must be assessed : pneumonia severity ( including treatment location , e.g. , home , hospital or intensive care ) , identification of causative organism , analgesia of chest pain , the need for supplemental oxygen , physiotherapy , hydration , bronchodilators and possible complications of emphysema or lung abscess . Other causes ( edit ) Atypical Bacterial Infections : Legionella pneumophila Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Parasitic infections : Respiratory cryptosporidiosis Viral infections : Adenovirus Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Human parainfluenza viruses Human respiratory syncytial virus SARS coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Aspiration pneumonia Treatment ( edit ) Antibiotics do not help the many lower respiratory infections which are caused by parasites or viruses . While acute bronchitis often does not require antibiotic therapy , antibiotics can be given to patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis . The indications for treatment are increased dyspnoea , and an increase in the volume or purulence of the sputum . The treatment of bacterial pneumonia is selected by considering the age of the patient , the severity of the illness and the presence of underlying disease . Amoxicillin and doxycycline are suitable for many of the lower respiratory tract infections seen in general practice . Prevention ( edit ) Vaccination helps prevent bronchopneumonia , mostly against influenza viruses , adenoviruses , measles , rubella , streptococcus pneumoniae , haemophilus influenzae , diphtheria , bacillus anthracis , chickenpox , and bordetella pertussis . Epidemiology ( edit ) Deaths from lower respiratory infections per million persons in 2012 24 - 120 121 - 151 152 - 200 201 - 241 242 - 345 346 - 436 437 - 673 674 - 864 865 - 1,209 1,210 - 2,085 Disability - adjusted life year for lower respiratory infections per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 . no data less than 100 100 -- 700 700 -- 1,400 1,400 -- 2,100 2,100 -- 2,800 2,800 -- 3,500 3,500 -- 4,200 4,200 -- 4,900 4,900 -- 5,600 5,600 -- 6,300 6,300 -- 7,000 more than 7,000 Lower respiratory infectious disease is the fifth - leading cause of death and the combined leading infectious cause of death , being responsible for 2 74 million deaths worldwide . This is generally similar to estimates in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease study . This total only accounts for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus Influenzae infections and does not account for atypical or nosocomial causes of lower respiratory disease , therefore underestimating total disease burden . Society and culture ( edit ) Lower respiratory tract infections place a considerable strain on the health budget and are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence , Collaborators. ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries , 1990 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1545 -- 1602 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31678 - 6 . PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators. ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national life expectancy , all - cause mortality , and cause - specific mortality for 249 causes of death , 1980 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1459 -- 1544 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31012 - 1 . PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281 . ^ Jump up to : Antibiotic Expert Group . Therapeutic guidelines : Antibiotic . 13th ed . North Melbourne : Therapeutic Guidelines ; 2006 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Global , regional , and national age - sex specific all - cause and cause - specific mortality for 240 causes of death , 1990 - 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 '' . Lancet . 385 : 117 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61682 - 2 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 . ^ Jump up to : Becker , Lorne A. ; Hom , Jeffrey ; Villasis - Keever , Miguel ; van der Wouden , Johannes C. ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Beta2 - agonists for acute cough or a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 9 ) : CD001726 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001726. pub5 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 26333656 . ^ Jump up to : BJM Clinical evidence : London , United Kingdom : BMJ , 1999 - 2007 : Accessed 29 / 3 / 7 at : http://0-www.clinicalevidence.com.library.newcastle.edu.au/ceweb/index.jsp . Jump up ^ Therapeutic guidelines : respiratory . 2nd ed : North Melbourne : Therapeutic Guidelines Limited , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Integrated pharmacology / Clive Page ... ( et al . ) . 2nd ed : Edinburgh : Mosby , 2002 . Jump up ^ Fahey T SJ , Becker L , Glazier R ( 2004 ) . `` Antibiotics for acute bronchitis '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 4 : CD000245 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000245. pub2 . ^ Jump up to : Pakhale , Smita ; Mulpuru , Sunita ; Verheij , Theo J.M. ; Kochen , Michael M. ; Rohde , Gernot G.U. ; Bjerre , Lise M. ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Antibiotics for community - acquired pneumonia in adult outpatients '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 10 ) : CD002109 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD002109. pub4 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 25300166 . ^ Jump up to : Moberley S , Holden J , Tatham DP , Andrews RM ( 2013 ) . Moberley S , ed . `` Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1 : CD000422 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000422. pub3 . PMID 23440780 . ^ Jump up to : Lodha , Rakesh ; Kabra , Sushil K. ; Pandey , Ravindra M. ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Antibiotics for community - acquired pneumonia in children '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 6 ) : CD004874 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004874. pub4 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 23733365 . Jump up ^ The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy . 17th ed / Mark H. Beers and Robert Berkow ed : Whitehouse Station , N.J. : Merck Research Laboratories , 1999 . Jump up ^ eTG complete ( electronic resource ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002 '' ( xls ) . World Health Organization . 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Estimates of the global , regional , and national morbidity , mortality , and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 - The Lancet Infectious Diseases '' . Jump up ^ Lozano , R ; Naghavi , M ; Foreman , K ; Lim , S ; Shibuya , K ; Aboyans , V ; Abraham , J ; Adair , T ; Aggarwal , R ; Ahn , SY ; Alvarado , M ; Anderson , HR ; Anderson , LM ; Andrews , KG ; Atkinson , C ; Baddour , LM ; Barker - Collo , S ; Bartels , DH ; Bell , ML ; Benjamin , EJ ; Bennett , D ; Bhalla , K ; Bikbov , B ; Bin Abdulhak , A ; Birbeck , G ; Blyth , F ; Bolliger , I ; Boufous , S ; Bucello , C ; et al. ( Dec 15 , 2012 ) . `` Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2095 -- 128 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61728 - 0 . PMID 23245604 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : J10 - J22 , J40 - J47 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_respiratory_tract_infection&oldid=814671074 '' Categories : Acute lower respiratory infections Infectious diseases Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Incomplete lists from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 05 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection	[]	[]
-645544245239843445	History of the Byzantine Empire	History of the Byzantine Empire - wikipedia History of the Byzantine Empire Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of the Byzantine Empire Preceding Roman Empire Dominate Early period ( 330 -- 717 ) Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties Theodosian dynasty Leonid dynasty Justinian dynasty Heraclian dynasty Twenty Years ' Anarchy Middle period ( 717 -- 1204 ) Isaurian dynasty Amorian dynasty Macedonian dynasty Doukid dynasty Komnenian dynasty Angelid dynasty Late period ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Fourth Crusade and Latin states Byzantine successor states Nicaea Epirus / Thessalonica Trebizond Palaiologan dynasty Fall of Constantinople Timeline By topic Art Government Economy Army Navy Byzantine Empire portal This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r . 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r . 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r . 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r . 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism . The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r . 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r . 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two - decade - long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs . During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two - century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland . The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tetrarchy 2 Constantine I and his successors 3 The Leonid Dynasty 4 Justinian I and his successors 5 Heraclian dynasty and shrinking borders 6 The period of internal instability 7 Isaurian dynasty and Iconoclasm 8 Amorian ( Phrygian ) dynasty 9 Macedonian dynasty and resurgence 9.1 Internal developments 9.2 Wars against the Muslims 9.3 Wars against the Bulgarians 9.4 Relations with Kiev Rus 9.5 The climax 10 Crisis and fragmentation 11 Komnenian dynasty and the crusaders 11.1 Komnenian dynasty and the crusaders 11.1. 1 Alexios I and the First Crusade 11.2 John II , Manuel I and the Second Crusade 11.3 12th century Renaissance 12 Decline and disintegration 12.1 Dynasty of the Angeloi and Third Crusade 12.2 Fourth Crusade 13 Fall 13.1 Empire in exile 13.2 Reconquest of Constantinople 13.3 Late Civil Wars 13.4 Rise of the Ottomans and fall of Constantinople 14 Aftermath 15 Annotations 16 Notes 17 References Tetrarchy ( edit ) Main articles : Tetrarchy and Diocletian Map of the Roman Empire showing the four Tetrarchs ' zones of influence after Diocletian 's reforms . During the 3rd century , three crises threatened the Roman Empire : external invasions , internal civil wars and an economy riddled with weaknesses and problems . The city of Rome gradually became less important as an administrative centre . The crisis of the 3rd century displayed the defects of the heterogeneous system of government that Augustus had established to administer his immense dominion . His successors had introduced some modifications , but events made it clearer that a new , more centralized and more uniform system was required . Diocletian was responsible for creating a new administrative system ( the tetrarchy ) . He associated himself with a co-emperor , or Augustus . Each Augustus was then to adopt a young colleague , or Caesar , to share in the rule and eventually to succeed the senior partner . After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian , however , the tetrachy collapsed , and Constantine I replaced it with the dynastic principle of hereditary succession . Constantine I and his successors ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties The Baptism of Constantine , painted by pupils of Raphael ( 1520 -- 1524 , fresco , Vatican City , Apostolic Palace ) . Eusebius of Caesaria records that Constantine delayed receiving baptism until shortly before his death , as was customary among Christian converts at the time . The dioceses and provinces of the Roman Empire in 395 , before the final partition into Eastern and Western empires . Constantine moved the seat of the Empire , and introduced important changes into its civil and religious constitution . In 330 , he founded Constantinople as a second Rome on the site of Byzantium , which was well - positioned astride the trade routes between East and West ; it was a superb base from which to guard the Danube river , and was reasonably close to the Eastern frontiers . Constantine also began the building of the great fortified walls , which were expanded and rebuilt in subsequent ages . J.B. Bury asserts that `` the foundation of Constantinople ( ... ) inaugurated a permanent division between the Eastern and Western , the Greek and the Latin , halves of the Empire -- a division to which events had already pointed -- and affected decisively the whole subsequent history of Europe . '' Constantine built upon the administrative reforms introduced by Diocletian . He stabilized the coinage ( the gold solidus that he introduced became a highly prized and stable currency ) , and made changes to the structure of the army . Under Constantine , the Empire had recovered much of its military strength and enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity . He also reconquered southern parts of Dacia , after defeating the Visigoths in 332 , and he was planning a campaign against Sassanid Persia as well . To divide administrative responsibilities , Constantine replaced the single praetorian prefect , who had traditionally exercised both military and civil functions , with regional prefects enjoying civil authority alone . In the course of the 4th century , four great sections emerged from these Constantinian beginnings , and the practice of separating civil from military authority persisted until the 7th century . Under Constantine , Christianity did not become the exclusive religion of the state , but enjoyed imperial preference , since the Emperor supported it with generous privileges : clerics were exempted from personal services and taxation , Christians were preferred for administrative posts , and bishops were entrusted with judicial responsibilities . Constantine established the principle that emperors should not settle questions of doctrine , but should summon general ecclesiastical councils for that purpose . The Synod of Arles was convened by Constantine , and the First Council of Nicaea showcased his claim to be head of the Church . The state of the Empire in 395 may be described in terms of the outcome of Constantine 's work . The dynastic principle was established so firmly that the emperor who died in that year , Theodosius I , could bequeath the imperial office jointly to his sons : Arcadius in the East and Honorius in the West . Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over the full extent of the empire in both its halves . The Eastern Empire was largely spared the difficulties faced by the West in the third and fourth centuries , due in part to a more firmly established urban culture and greater financial resources , which allowed it to placate invaders with tribute and pay foreign mercenaries . Throughout the fifth century , various invading armies overran the Western Empire but spared the east . Theodosius II further fortified the walls of Constantinople , leaving the city impervious to most attacks ; the walls were not breached until 1204 . To fend off the Huns of Attila , Theodosius gave them subsidies ( purportedly 300 kg ( 700 lb ) of gold ) . Moreover , he favored merchants living in Constantinople who traded with the Huns and other foreign groups . His successor , Marcian , refused to continue to pay this exorbitant sum . However , Attila had already diverted his attention to the Western Roman Empire . After he died in 453 , his empire collapsed and Constantinople initiated a profitable relationship with the remaining Huns , who would eventually fight as mercenaries in Byzantine armies . The leonid dynasty ( edit ) Leo I of the Byzantine Empire ( 401 -- 474 , reigned 457 -- 474 ) Leo I succeeded Marcian as emperor , and after the fall of Attila , the true chief in Constantinople was the Alan general Aspar . Leo I managed to free himself from the influence of the non-Orthodox chief by supporting the rise of the Isaurians , a semi-barbarian tribe living in southern Anatolia . Aspar and his son Ardabur were murdered in a riot in 471 , and henceforth , Constantinople restored Orthodox leadership for centuries . Leo was also the first emperor to receive the crown not from a military leader , but from the Patriarch of Constantinople , representing the ecclesiastical hierarchy . This change became permanent , and in the Middle Ages the religious characteristic of the coronation completely supplanted the old military form . In 468 , Leo unsuccessfully attempted to reconquer North Africa from the Vandals . By that time , the Western Roman Empire was restricted to Italy and the lands south of the Danube as far as the Balkans ( the Angles and Saxons had been invading and settling Britain since the early decades of the 5th century ; the Visigoths and Suebi had possessed portions of Hispania since 417 , and the Vandals had entered Africa in 429 ; Gaul was contested by the Franks under Clovis I , Burgundians , Bretons , Visigoths and some Roman remnants ; and Theodoric was destined to rule in Italy until 526 ) . In 466 , as a condition of his Isaurian alliance , Leo married his daughter Ariadne to the Isaurian Tarasicodissa , who took the name Zeno . When Leo died in 474 , Zeno and Ariadne 's younger son succeeded to the throne as Leo II , with Zeno as regent . When Leo II died later that year , Zeno became emperor . The end of the Western Empire is sometimes dated to 476 , early in Zeno 's reign , when the Germanic Roman general Odoacer deposed the titular Western Emperor Romulus Augustulus , but declined to replace him with another puppet . Eastern Roman Empire , c . AD 480 To recover Italy , Zeno could only negotiate with the Ostrogoths of Theodoric , who had settled in Moesia . He sent the gothic king to Italy as magister militum per Italiam ( `` commander in chief for Italy '' ) . After the fall of Odoacer in 493 , Theodoric , who had lived in Constantinople during his youth , ruled Italy on his own . Thus , by suggesting that Theodoric conquer Italy as his Ostrogothic kingdom , Zeno maintained at least a nominal supremacy in that western land while ridding the Eastern Empire of an unruly subordinate . In 475 , Zeno was deposed by Basiliscus , the general who led Leo I 's 468 invasion of North Africa , but he recovered the throne twenty months later . However , he faced a new threat from another Isaurian , Leontius , who was also elected rival emperor . In 491 Anastasius I , an aged civil officer of Roman origin , became emperor , but it was not until 498 that the forces of the new emperor effectively took the measure of Isaurian resistance . Anastasius revealed himself to be an energetic reformer and an able administrator . He perfected Constantine I 's coinage system by definitively setting the weight of the copper follis , the coin used in most everyday transactions . He also reformed the tax system , and permanently abolished the hated chrysargyron tax . The State Treasury contained the enormous sum of 145,150 kg ( 320,000 lbs ) of gold when he died . Justinian I and his successors ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium under the Justinian Dynasty The Empire at its greatest extent under Justinian I , in 555 AD . Justinian depicted on one of the famous mosaics of the Basilica of San Vitale , Ravenna . Justinian I , who assumed the throne in 527 , oversaw a period of Byzantine expansion into former Roman territories . Justinian , the son of an Illyrian peasant , may already have exerted effective control during the reign of his uncle , Justin I ( 518 -- 527 ) . In 532 , attempting to secure his eastern frontier , Justinian signed a peace treaty with Khosrau I of Persia agreeing to pay a large annual tribute to the Sassinids . In the same year , Justinian survived a revolt in Constantinople ( the Nika riots ) which ended with the death of ( allegedly ) thirty thousand rioters . This victory solidified Justinian 's power . The western conquests began in 533 , as Justinian sent his general Belisarius to reclaim the former province of Africa from the Vandals who had been in control since 429 with their capital at Carthage . Their success came with surprising ease , but it was not until 548 that the major local tribes were subdued . In Ostrogothic Italy , the deaths of Theodoric , his nephew and heir Athalaric , and his daughter Amalasuntha had left her murderer , Theodahad ( r . 534 -- 536 ) , on the throne despite his weakened authority . In 535 , a small Byzantine expedition to Sicily was met with easy success , but the Goths soon stiffened their resistance , and victory did not come until 540 , when Belisarius captured Ravenna , after successful sieges of Naples and Rome . In 535 -- 536 , Pope Agapetus I was sent to Constantinople by Theodahad in order to request the removal of Byzantine forces from Sicily , Dalmatia , and Italy . Although Agapetus failed in his mission to sign a peace with Justinian , he succeeded in having the Monophysite Patriarch Anthimus I of Constantinople denounced , despite empress Theodora 's support and protection . Theodora with her retinue ( mosaic from Basilica of San Vitale , Ravenna ) . Justinian 's influential wife was a former mime actress , whose earlier life is vividly described by Procopius in Secret History . Nevertheless , the Ostrogoths were soon reunited under the command of Totila and captured Rome on 17 December 546 ; Belisarius was eventually recalled by Justinian in early 549 . The arrival of the Armenian eunuch Narses in Italy ( late 551 ) with an army of some 35,000 men marked another shift in Gothic fortunes . Totila was defeated and died at the Battle of Busta Gallorum . His successor , Teia , was likewise defeated at the Battle of Mons Lactarius ( October 552 ) . Despite continuing resistance from a few Goth garrisons and two subsequent invasions by the Franks and Alamanni , the war for the Italian peninsula was at an end . In 551 , a noble of Visigothic Hispania , Athanagild , sought Justinian 's help in a rebellion against the king , and the emperor dispatched a force under Liberius , who , although elderly , proved himself a successful military commander . The Byzantine empire held on to a small slice of the Spania coast until the reign of Heraclius . In the east , Roman - Persian Wars continued until 561 when Justinian 's and Khusro 's envoys agreed on a 50 - year peace . By the mid-550s , Justinian had won victories in most theatres of operation , with the notable exception of the Balkans , which were subjected to repeated incursions from the Slavs . In 559 , the Empire faced a great invasion of Kutrigurs and Sclaveni . Justinian called Belisarius out of retirement , but once the immediate danger was over , the emperor took charge himself . The news that Justinian was reinforcing his Danube fleet made the Kutrigurs anxious , and they agreed to a treaty which gave them a subsidy and safe passage back across the river . Justinian became universally famous because of his legislative work , remarkable for its sweeping character . In 529 a ten - man commission chaired by John the Cappadocian revised the ancient Roman legal code , creating the new Corpus Juris Civilis , a collection of laws that came to be referred to as `` Justinian 's Code '' . In the Pandects , completed under Tribonian 's direction in 533 , order and system were found in the contradictory rulings of the great Roman jurists , and a textbook , the Institutiones , was issued to facilitate instruction in the law schools . The fourth book , the Novellae , consisted of collections of imperial edicts promulgated between 534 and 565 . Because of his ecclesiastical policies , Justinian came into collision with the Jews , the pagans , and various Christian sects . The latter included the Manichaeans , the Nestorians , the Monophysites , and the Arians . In order to completely eradicate paganism , Justinian closed the famous philosophic school in Athens in 529 . Exterior view of the Hagia Sophia , 2004 During the 6th century , the traditional Greco - Roman culture was still influential in the Eastern empire with prominent representatives such as the natural philosopher John Philoponus . Nevertheless , the Christian philosophy and culture were in the ascendant and began to dominate the older culture . Hymns written by Romanos the Melode marked the development of the Divine Liturgy , while architects and builders worked to complete the new Church of the Holy Wisdom , Hagia Sophia , designed to replace an older church destroyed in the course of the Nika revolt . Hagia Sophia stands today as one of the major monuments of architectural history . During the 6th and 7th centuries the Empire was struck by a series of epidemics , which would greatly devastate the population , contributing to a significant economic decline and weakening of the Empire . After Justinian died in 565 , his successor , Justin II refused to pay the large tribute to the Persians . Meanwhile , the Germanic Lombards invaded Italy ; by the end of the century only a third of Italy was in Byzantine hands . Justin 's successor , Tiberius II , choosing between his enemies , awarded subsidies to the Avars while taking military action against the Persians . Though Tiberius ' general , Maurice , led an effective campaign on the eastern frontier , subsidies failed to restrain the Avars . They captured the Balkan fortress of Sirmium in 582 , while the Slavs began to make inroads across the Danube . Maurice , who meanwhile succeeded Tiberius , intervened in a Persian civil war , placed the legitimate Khosrau II back on the throne and married his daughter to him . Maurice 's treaty with his new brother - in - law enlarged the territories of the Empire to the East and allowed the energetic Emperor to focus on the Balkans . By 602 a series of successful Byzantine campaigns had pushed the Avars and Slavs back across the Danube . Heraclian dynasty and shrinking borders ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium under the Heraclians See also : Heraclius , Roman - Persian Wars , Byzantine - Arab Wars , and Revolt against Heraclius After Maurice 's murder by Phocas , Khosrau used the pretext to reconquer the Roman province of Mesopotamia . Phocas , an unpopular ruler who is invariably described in Byzantine sources as a `` tyrant '' , was the target of a number of senate - led plots . He was eventually deposed in 610 by Heraclius , who sailed to Constantinople from Carthage with an icon affixed to the prow of his ship . Following the ascension of Heraclius , the Sassanid advance pushed deep into Asia Minor , also occupying Damascus and Jerusalem and removing the True Cross to Ctesiphon . The counter-offensive of Heraclius took on the character of a holy war , and an acheiropoietos image of Christ was carried as a military standard . Similarly , when Constantinople was saved from an Avar siege in 626 , the victory was attributed to the icons of the Virgin which were led in procession by Patriarch Sergius about the walls of the city . The main Sassanid force was destroyed at Nineveh in 627 , and in 629 Heraclius restored the True Cross to Jerusalem in a majestic ceremony . The war had exhausted both the Byzantine and Sassanid Empire , and left them extremely vulnerable to the Arab forces which emerged in the following years . The Byzantines suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Yarmuk in 636 , and Ctesiphon fell in 634 . In an attempt to heal the doctrinal divide between Chalcedonian and monophysite Christians , Heraclius proposed monotheletism as a compromise . In 638 the new doctrine was posted in the narthex of Hagia Sophia as part of a text called the Ekthesis , which also forbade further discussion of the issue . By this time , however , Syria and Palestine , both hotbeds of monophysite belief , had fallen to the Arabs , and another monophysite center , Egypt , fell by 642 . Ambivalence toward Byzantine rule on the part of monophysites may have lessened local resistance to the Arab expansion . Byzantine Empire in 650 , having lost all of its southern provinces except the Exarchate of Carthage . Heraclius did succeed in establishing a dynasty , and his descendants held onto the throne , with some interruption , until 711 . Their reigns were marked both by major external threats , from the west and the east , which reduced the territory of the empire to a fraction of its 6th - century extent , and by significant internal turmoil and cultural transformation . The Arabs , now firmly in control of Syria and the Levant , sent frequent raiding parties deep into Asia Minor , and in 674 -- 678 laid siege to Constantinople itself . The Arab fleet was finally repulsed through the use of Greek fire , and a thirty - years ' truce was signed between the Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate . However , the Anatolian raids continued unabated , and accelerated the demise of classical urban culture , with the inhabitants of many cities either refortifying much smaller areas within the old city walls , or relocating entirely to nearby fortresses . Constantinople itself dropped substantially in size , from 500,000 inhabitants to just 40,000 -- 70,000 , and , like other urban centers , it was partly ruralised . The city also lost the free grain shipments in 618 , after Egypt fell first to the Persians and then to the Arabs , and public wheat distribution ceased . The void left by the disappearance of the old semi-autonomous civic institutions was filled by the theme system , which entailed the division of Asia Minor into `` provinces '' occupied by distinct armies which assumed civil authority and answered directly to the imperial administration . This system may have had its roots in certain ad hoc measures taken by Heraclius , but over the course of the 7th century it developed into an entirely new system of imperial governance . Greek fire was first used by the Byzantine Navy during the Byzantine - Arab Wars ( from the Madrid Skylitzes , Biblioteca Nacional de España , Madrid ) . The withdrawal of massive amounts of troops from the Balkans to combat the Persians and then the Arabs in the east opened the door for the gradual southward expansion of Slavic peoples into the peninsula , and , as in Anatolia , many cities shrank to small fortified settlements . In the 670s the Bulgars were pushed south of the Danube by the arrival of the Khazars , and in 680 Byzantine forces which had been sent to disperse these new settlements were defeated . In the next year Constantine IV signed a treaty with the Bulgar khan Asparukh , and the new Bulgarian state assumed sovereignty over a number of Slavic tribes which had previously , at least in name , recognized Byzantine rule . In 687 -- 688 , the emperor Justinian II led an expedition against the Slavs and Bulgars which made significant gains , although the fact that he had to fight his way from Thrace to Macedonia demonstrates the degree to which Byzantine power in the north Balkans had declined . The one Byzantine city that remained relatively unaffected , despite a significant drop in population and at least two outbreaks of the plague , was Constantinople . However , the imperial capital was marked by its own variety of conflict , both political and religious . Constans II continued the monothelite policy of his grandfather , Heraclius , meeting with significant opposition from laity and clergy alike . The most vocal opponents , Maximus the Confessor and Pope Martin I were arrested , brought to Constantinople , tried , tortured , and exiled . Constans seems to have become immensely unpopular in the capital , and moved his residence to Syracuse , Sicily , where he was ultimately murdered by a member of his court . The Senate experienced a revival in importance in the seventh century and clashed with the emperors on numerous occasions . The final Heraclian emperor , Justinian II , attempted to break the power of the urban aristocracy through severe taxation and the appointment of `` outsiders '' to administrative posts . He was driven from power in 695 , and took shelter first with the Khazars and then with the Bulgars . In 705 he returned to Constantinople with the armies of the Bulgar khan Tervel , retook the throne , and instituted a reign of terror against his enemies . With his final overthrow in 711 , supported once more by the urban aristocracy , the Heraclian dynasty came to an end . The 7th century was a period of radical transformation . The empire which had once stretched from Spain to Jerusalem was now reduced to Anatolia , Chersonesos , and some fragments of Italy and the Balkans . The territorial losses were accompanied by a cultural shift ; urban civilization was massively disrupted , classical literary genres were abandoned in favor of theological treatises , and a new `` radically abstract '' style emerged in the visual arts . That the empire survived this period at all is somewhat surprising , especially given the total collapse of the Sassanid Empire in the face of the Arab expansion , but a remarkably coherent military reorganization helped to withstand the exterior pressures and laid the groundwork for the gains of the following dynasty . However , the massive cultural and institutional restructuring of the Empire consequent on the loss of territory in the seventh century has been said to have caused a decisive break in east Mediterranean Romanness and that the Byzantine state is subsequently best understood as another successor state rather than a real continuation of the Roman Empire . Emperor Taizong of Tang ( r . 626 -- 649 ) giving an audience to Gar Tongtsen Yulsung , ambassador of the Tibetan Empire , in a painting by Tang Chinese court artist Yan Liben ( 600 -- 673 AD ) There also seem to have been interactions between the Byzantine realm and China at this time . Byzantine Greek historian Procopius stated that two Nestorian Christian monks eventually uncovered how silk was made . From this revelation monks were sent by Justinian I as spies on the Silk Road from Constantinople to China and back to steal the silkworm eggs . This resulted in silk production in the Mediterranean , particularly in Thrace , in northern Greece , and giving the Byzantine Empire a monopoly on silk production in medieval Europe until the loss of its territories in Southern Italy . The Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta , writing during the reign of Heraclius ( r . 610 -- 641 ) , relayed information about China 's geography , its capital city Khubdan ( Old Turkic : Khumdan , i.e. Chang'an ) , its current ruler Taisson whose name meant `` Son of God '' ( Chinese : Tianzi , although this could be derived from the name of Emperor Taizong of Tang ) , and correctly pointed to its reunification by the Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) as occurring during the reign of Maurice , noting that China had previously been divided politically along the Yangzi River by two warring nations . This seems to match the conquest of the Chen dynasty in southern China by Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) . The Chinese Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang mention several embassies made by Fu lin ( 拂菻 ; i.e. Byzantium ) , which they equated with Daqin ( i.e. the Roman Empire ) , beginning in 643 with an embassy sent by the king Boduoli ( 波多力 , i.e. Constans II Pogonatos ) to Emperor Taizong of Tang , bearing gifts such as red glass . These histories also provided cursory descriptions of Constantinople , its walls , and how it was besieged by Da shi ( 大食 ; the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate ) and their commander `` Mo - yi '' ( 摩拽伐之 ; i.e. Muawiyah I , governor of Syria before becoming caliph ) , who forced them to pay tribute . Henry Yule highlights the fact that Yazdegerd III ( r . 632 -- 651 ) , last ruler of the Sasanian Empire , sent diplomats to China for securing aid from Emperor Taizong ( considered the suzerain over Ferghana in Central Asia ) during the loss of the Persian heartland to the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate , which may have also prompted the Byzantines to send envoys to China amid their recent loss of Syria to the Muslims . Tang Chinese sources also recorded how Sassanid prince Peroz III ( 636 -- 679 ) fled to Tang China following the conquest of Persia by the growing Islamic caliphate . Other Byzantine embassies in Tang China are recorded as arriving in 711 , 719 , and 742 . From Chinese records it is known that Michael VII Doukas ( Mie li sha ling kai sa 滅力沙靈改撒 ) of Fu lin dispatched a diplomatic mission to China 's Song dynasty that arrived in 1081 , during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song . The period of internal instability ( edit ) Main article : Twenty Years ' Anarchy Isaurian dynasty and iconoclasm ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium under the Isaurians See also : Iconoclasm ( Byzantine ) The Byzantine Empire at the accession of Leo III , c. 717 . Striped area indicates land raided by the Arabs . Leo III the Isaurian ( 717 -- 741 AD ) turned back the Muslim assault in 718 , and achieved victory with the major help of the Bulgarian khan Tervel , who killed 32,000 Arabs with his army , at the expense of the Arabs in 740 . Raids by the Arabs against Byzantium would plague the Empire all during the reign of Leo III . However , the threat against the Empire from the Arabs would never again be as great as it was during this first attack of Leo 's reign . In just over twelve years , Leo the Isaurian had raised himself from being a simple Syrian peasant to being the Emperor of Byzantium . Now , Leo set about the task of reorganizing and consolidating the themes in Asia Minor . Additionally , in 726 AD , Leo III , ordered the removal of the great golden icon of Christ that decorated the Chalke Gate or vestibule to the Great Palace of Byzantium . `` Chalke '' means bronze in the Greek language and the Chalke Gate derived its name from the great bronze doors that formed the ceremonial entrance to the Great Palace . Built in reign of Anastasius I ( 491 -- 518 AD ) , the Chalke Gates were meant to celebrate the Byzantium victory in the Isaurian War of 492 -- 497 AD . The Chalke Gates had been destroyed in the Nika riots of 532 AD . When the gates were rebuilt again by Justinian I ( 527 -- 565 AD ) and his wife Theodora , a large golden statue of Christ was positioned over the doors . At the beginning of the eighth century ( the 700s AD ) there arose a feeling among some people of Byzantine Empire that religious statues and religious paintings that decorated churches were becoming the object of worship in and of themselves rather that the worship of God . Thus , the images , or icons , were interfering with the true goal of worship . Thus , an `` iconoclast '' movement arose which sought to `` cleanse '' the church by destroying all religions icons . The primary icon of all Byzantium was the golden Christ over the Chalke Gates . Iconoclasm was more popular among people of Anatolia and the Levant as rather than the European portion of the Byzantine Empire . Although , Leo III was Syrian , there is no evidence that he was given to tendencies toward iconoclasm . Leo 's order for the removal of the golden Christ over the Chalke Gates and its replacement with a simple cross was motivated by the need to mollify the rising tide of popular objection to all religious icons . In 730 AD , Leo III issued an edict which made iconoclasm official policy throughout the Empire . Thus , the destruction of the golden Christ over the Chalke Gates in 726 AD marks the beginning of the period of time in Byzantine history that is known as the `` first iconoclast period . '' Iconoclasm would remain a strong trend throughout the reigns of Leo III 's successors particularly , his son Constantine V. Indeed , Constantine V 's iconoclastic policies caused a revolt led by the iconodule Artabasdus in 742 AD . Artabasdus ( 742 AD ) actually overthrew Constantine V and ruled as Emperor for a few months before Constantine V was restored to power . Leo III 's son , Constantine V ( 741 -- 775 AD ) , won noteworthy victories in northern Syria , and also thoroughly undermined Bulgar strength during his reign . Like his father , Constantine V , Leo IV ( 775 -- 780 AD ) was an iconoclast . However , Leo IV was dominated by this wife Irene who tended toward iconodulism and supported religious statues and images . Upon the death of Leo IV in 780 AD , his 10 - year - old son , Constantine VI ( 780 -- 797 AD ) succeeded to the Byzantine throne under the regency of his mother Irene . However , before Constantine VI could come of age and rule in his own right , his mother usurped the throne for herself . Irene ( 797 -- 802 AD ) reinstated a policy of iconodulism and in 787 AD at the Council of Nicaea , iconodulism was made official church policy , thus revoking Leo III 's official policy of 730 AD . Accordingly , the period of time called the `` first iconoclasm '' dating from 726 AD through 787 , came to an end . An intervening period of iconodulism was initiated which would last through the reigns of Irene and her successors , Nicephorus I ( 802 -- 811 AD ) ; Stauracius ( 811 AD ) and Michael I Rhagabe ( 811 -- 813 AD ) . In the beginning of the 9th century the Arabs captured Crete , and successfully attacked Sicily , but on 3 September 863 , general Petronas attained a huge victory against the emir of Melitene . Under the leadership of Krum the Bulgar threat also reemerged , but in 814 Krum 's son , Omortag , arranged a peace with the Byzantine Empire . As noted above , the 8th and 9th centuries were also dominated by controversy and religious division over Iconoclasm . Also as noted above , Icons were banned by Leo and Constantine , leading to revolts by iconodules ( supporters of icons ) throughout the empire . After the efforts of Empress Irene , the Second Council of Nicaea met in 787 , and affirmed that icons could be venerated but not worshiped . Irene made determined efforts to stamp out iconoclasm everywhere in the Empire including within the ranks of the army . During Irene 's reign the Arabs were continuing to raid into and despoil the small farms of the Anatolian section of the Empire . These small farmers of Anatolia owed a military obligation to the Byzantine throne . Indeed , the Byzantine army and the defense of the Empire was largely based on this obligation and the Anatolian farmers . The iconodule policy drove these farmers out of the army and thus off their farms . Thus , the army was weakened and was unable to protect Anatolia from the Arab raids . Many of the remaining farmers of Anatolia were driven from the farm to settle in the city of Byzantium , thus , further reducing the army 's ability to raise soldiers . Additionally , the abandoned farms fell from the tax rolls and reduced the amount of income that government received . These farms were taken over by the largest land owner in the Byzantine Empire -- the monasteries . To make the situation even worse , Irene had exempted all monasteries from all taxation . Given the financial ruin into which the Empire was headed , it was no wonder , then , that Irene was , eventually , deposed by her own Logothete of the Treasury . The leader of this successful revolt against Irene replaced her on the Byzantine throne under the name Nicephorus I . Nicephorus I ( 802 -- 811 AD ) was of Arab extraction . Although he moved immediately to set the Byzantine economy on a better financial footing by countermanding Irene 's tax exemptions and to strengthen the army , by drafting the destitute small land holders , Nicephorus I , nonetheless , continued Irene 's iconodule policy . Nicephorus I was killed in 811 AD , while battling the Bulgars under their King Krum . Nicephorous ' son and successor to the throne , Stauracius ( 811 AD ) , was severely wounded in the same battle . Stauracius died just six months after the battle . Nicephorus I 's daughter , Procopia , was married to Michael Rhangabe , who now became Emperor as Michael I . Irene is said to have endeavored to negotiate a marriage between herself and Charlemagne , but , according to Theophanes the Confessor , the scheme was frustrated by Aetios , one of her favourites . During the reign of Michael I ( 811 -- 813 AD ) foreign policy initiatives involving Charlemagne , again , took front stage . Since being crowned by Pope Leo III as Emperor on Christmas Day , 800 AD in Rome , Charlemagne had been laying claims to the Eastern Empire . Nicephorus I had refused to recognise Charlemagne 's position and had merely ignored these claims by Charlemagne . This inflexible policy by Nicephorus I had resulted in a naval war with Franks which indirectly led to the official separation of the city of Venice from the Byzantine Empire . ( In fact , Venice had been acting under a `` de facto '' independence since 727 AD . This de facto independence was recognised by the Pax Nicephori of 802 AD . Nonetheless , despite this de facto independence , Venice had officially remained a part of the Byzantine Empire until 811 AD . ) The threat posed by the Bulgars under their King Krum which had become very evident in the crisis of 811 AD forced Michael I to reverse the policy of non-recognition of Charlemagne . As noted above , Nicephorus I had died in battle in 811 AD and his son , Stauracious , had been severely wounded in the same battle and died a short time later in 811 AD . The Bulgar threat required Michael I to reverse Nicephorus ' policy and recognise Charlemagne and open peace negotiations with him in order to avoid war with both the Franks under Charlemagne and with the Bulgars at the same time . This reversal of policy and the agreement reached with Charlemagne had long range implications . Under the terms of the treaty between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Empire , Charlemagne received recognition of his imperial title to the lands he held in the west and , in exchange , Charlemagne dropped all his claims to the throne or any part of the Byzantine Empire . This treaty of 811 AD was a watershed . Until this date , despite the centuries of separation , there had always remained the forlorn hope that the two parts of the old Roman Empire might eventually be reconciled . From 811 AD on this hope was finally given up . There was , no longer any hope or idea of merging the two parts of the old Roman Empire . Michael I had been forced into this treaty with Charlemagne because of the Bulgar threat . His failure to achieve success against the Bulgar would cause a revolt against him which would end his reign in 813 AD . The military would rise up against Michael I . The leader of this revolt was the Armenian commander of the army who would take the throne under the name of Leo V . Amorian ( phrygian ) dynasty ( edit ) In 813 Leo V the Armenian ( 813 -- 820 AD ) restored the policy of iconoclasm . This started the period of history called the `` Second Iconclasm '' which would last from 813 until 842 AD . Only in 843 , would Empress Theodora restore the veneration of the icons with the help of Patriarch Methodios . Iconoclasm played its part in the further alienation of East from West , which worsened during the so - called Photian Schism , when Pope Nicholas I challenged Photios ' elevation to the patriarchate . However , iconoclasm may have been influential in the rise of feudalism in the Byzantine Empire . Feudalism is characterized and , indeed , defined as the decline of a central governmental power as power is handed over to private , local , large landholders . In any given locality these private individuals become the new governmental power over the common people working and living in the area . The private land holders owe only a duty of military service to the central government when they are called upon by the central authority . This duty is called patronage and in exchange for the patronage the land holders are granted immunity in their rule over the locality . Ever since the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander ( 222 -- 235 AD ) , lands on the frontiers of the Roman Empire which had been taken from enemies , were granted to Roman soldiers and their heirs on the condition that the duty for military service to the Emperor would also be hereditary and on the condition that the lands would never be sold , but would remain in the family . This was the true beginning of feudalism in the Byzantine Empire . With the advent of iconolasm , many monasteries were despoiled and church lands were seized by the Emperor . These lands were handed over to private individuals . Patronage for these individuals was once again the duty of military service to the Emperor . As noted above , some of these lands were restored to the monasteries under Empress Irene . However , feudalism had really been allowed to take root by the private control of these monastery lands . Macedonian dynasty and resurgence ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium under the Macedonians The military successes of the 10th century were coupled with a major cultural revival , known as the Macedonian Renaissance . Miniature from the Paris Psalter , an example of Hellenistic - influenced art and evidence of enduring artistic traditions reaching the Antiquity . The Byzantine Empire reached its height under the Macedonian emperors ( of Armenian and Greek descent ) of the late 9th , 10th , and early 11th centuries , when it gained control over the Adriatic Sea , southern Italy , and all of the territory of tsar Samuel of Bulgaria . The cities of the empire expanded , and affluence spread across the provinces because of the new - found security . The population rose , and production increased , stimulating new demand while also helping to encourage trade . Culturally , there was considerable growth in education and learning . Ancient texts were preserved and patiently re-copied . Byzantine art flourished , and brilliant mosaics graced the interiors of the many new churches . Though the empire was significantly smaller than during the reign of Justinian , it was also stronger , as the remaining territories were less geographically dispersed and more politically and culturally integrated . Internal developments ( edit ) Although traditionally attributed to Basil I ( 867 -- 886 AD ) , initiator of the Macedonian dynasty , the Macedonian Renaissance has been more recently ascribed to the reforms of his predecessor , Michael III ( 842 -- 867 AD ) and his wife 's counsellor , the erudite Theoktistos . The latter in particular favoured culture at the court , and , with a careful financial policy , steadily increased the gold reserves of the Empire . The rise of the Macedonian dynasty coincided with internal developments which strengthened the religious unity of the empire . The iconoclast movement was experiencing a steep decline : this favoured its soft suppression by the emperors and the reconciliation of the religious strife that had drained the imperial resources in the previous centuries . Despite occasional tactical defeats , the administrative , legislative , cultural and economic situation continued to improve under Basil 's successors , especially with Romanos I Lekapenos ( 920 -- 944 AD ) . The theme system reached its definitive form in this period . Once the government was safely back in iconodule hands and the monastery lands and privileges were restored again , the church establishment , once again , became a strong loyal supporter of the imperial cause . Most of the Macedonian emperors ( 867 -- 1056 AD ) were opposed to the interests of the aristocracy . They created much legislation to protect and favour of small agricultural landholders as opposed to the aristocracy . Prior to the Macedonian emperors , the large landholders had made up a controlling force in the society and owned most of the farm land . Since owners of the land owed military obligations to the Byzantine throne , large numbers of small landholders created larger armies than did small numbers of large land holders . Thus support for the small landholders created a stronger military force for the Empire . These favourable policies of the Macedonian emperors contributed to the increasing ability of the emperors to wage war against the Arabs . Wars against the Muslims ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine - Arab Wars ( 780 -- 1180 ) and Muslim conquests The Byzantine Empire , c. 867 By 867 , the empire had re-stabilised its position in both the east and the west , and the efficiency of its defensive military structure enabled its emperors to begin planning wars of reconquest in the east . The process of reconquest began with variable fortunes . The temporary reconquest of Crete ( 843 AD ) was followed by a crushing Byzantine defeat on the Bosporus , while the emperors were unable to prevent the ongoing Muslim conquest of Sicily ( 827 -- 902 AD ) . Using present day Tunisia as their launching pad , the Muslims conquered Palermo in 831 AD , Messina in 842 AD , Enna in 859 AD , Syracuse in 878 AD , Catania in 900 AD and the final Byzantine stronghold , the fortress of Taormina , in 902 AD . These drawbacks were later counterbalanced by a victorious expedition against Damietta in Egypt ( 856 ) , the defeat of the Emir of Melitene ( 863 ) , the confirmation of the imperial authority over Dalmatia ( 867 ) , and Basil I 's offensives towards the Euphrates ( 870s ) . Unlike the deteriorating situation in Sicily , Basil I handled the situation in southern Italy well enough and the province would remain in Byzantine hands for the next 200 years . In the early years of Basil I 's reign , Arab raids on the coasts of Dalmatia were successfully repelled , and the region once again came under secure Byzantine control . This enabled Byzantine missionaries to penetrate to the interior and convert the Serbs and the principalities of modern - day Herzegovina and Montenegro to Orthodox Christianity . The attempt to retake Malta ended disastrously , however , when the local population sided with the Arabs and massacred the Byzantine garrison . By contrast , the Byzantine position in Southern Italy was gradually consolidated so that by 873 Bari had once again come under Byzantine rule , and most of Southern Italy would remain in the Empire for the next 200 years . On the more important eastern front , the Empire rebuilt its defenses and went on the offensive . The Paulicians were defeated and their capital of Tephrike ( Divrigi ) taken , while the offensive against the Abbasid Caliphate began with the recapture of Samosata . Under Michael 's son and successor , Leo VI the Wise , the gains in the east against the now weak Abbasid Caliphate continued . However , Sicily was lost to the Arabs in 902 , and in 904 Thessaloniki , the Empire 's second city , was sacked by an Arab fleet . The weakness of the Empire in the naval sphere was quickly rectified so that a few years later a Byzantine fleet had re-occupied Cyprus , lost in the 7th century , and also stormed Laodicea in Syria . Despite this revenge , the Byzantines were still unable to strike a decisive blow against the Muslims , who inflicted a crushing defeat on the imperial forces when they attempted to regain Crete in 911 . The death of the Bulgarian tsar Simeon I in 927 severely weakened the Bulgarians , allowing the Byzantines to concentrate on the eastern front . The situation on the border with the Arab territories remained fluid , with the Byzantines alternatively on the offensive or defensive . The Varangians ( later known as the Russians ) , who attacked Constantinople for the first time in 860 , constituted another new challenge . In 941 the Russians appeared on the Asian shore of the Bosporus , but this time they were crushed , showing the improvements in the Byzantine military position after 907 , when only diplomacy had been able to push back the invaders . The vanquisher of the Varangians / Russians was the famous general John Kourkouas , who continued the offensive with other noteworthy victories in Mesopotamia ( 943 ) . These Byzantine victories culminated in the reconquest of Edessa ( 944 ) , which was especially celebrated for the return to Constantinople of the venerated Mandylion , a relic purportedly imprinted with a portrait of Jesus . The soldier - emperors Nikephoros II Phokas ( reigned 963 -- 969 AD ) and John I Tzimiskes ( 969 -- 976 AD ) expanded the empire well into Syria , defeating the emirs of north - west Iraq and reconquering Crete and Cyprus . At one point under John , the empire 's armies even threatened Jerusalem , far to the south . The emirate of Aleppo and its neighbours became vassals of the empire in the east , where the greatest threat to the empire was Caliph Hakim of the Fatimid caliphate . After much campaigning , the last Arab threat to Byzantium was defeated when Basil II rapidly drew 40,000 mounted soldiers to relieve Roman Syria . With a surplus of resources and victories thanks to the Bulgar and Syrian campaigns , Basil II planned an expedition against Sicily to re-take it from the Arabs there . After his death in 1025 , the expedition set off in the 1040s and was met with initial , but stunted success . Wars against the Bulgarians ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Byzantine - Bulgarian Wars . Emperor Basil II the Bulgar Slayer ( 976 -- 1025 ) The traditional struggle with the See of Rome continued through the Macedonian period , spurred by the question of religious supremacy over the newly Christianised state of Bulgaria . Ending 80 years of peace between the two states , the powerful Bulgarian tsar Simeon I invaded in 894 but was pushed back by the Byzantines , who used their fleet to sail up the Black Sea to attack the Bulgarian rear , enlisting the support of the Hungarians . The Byzantines were defeated at the Battle of Boulgarophygon in 896 , however , and agreed to pay annual subsidies to the Bulgarians . Leo the Wise died in 912 , and hostilities soon resumed as Simeon marched to Constantinople at the head of a large army . Though the walls of the city were impregnable , the Byzantine administration was in disarray and Simeon was invited into the city , where he was granted the crown of basileus ( emperor ) of Bulgaria and had the young emperor Constantine VII marry one of his daughters . When a revolt in Constantinople halted his dynastic project , he again invaded Thrace and conquered Adrianople . The Empire now faced the problem of a powerful Christian state within a few days ' marching distance from Constantinople , as well as having to fight on two fronts . A great imperial expedition under Leo Phocas and Romanos I Lekapenos ended with another crushing Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Achelous in 917 , and the following year the Bulgarians were free to ravage northern Greece . Adrianople was plundered again in 923 , and a Bulgarian army laid siege to Constantinople in 924 . Simeon died suddenly in 927 , however , and Bulgarian power collapsed with him . Bulgaria and Byzantium entered a long period of peaceful relations , and the Empire was now free to concentrate on the eastern front against the Muslims . In 968 , Bulgaria was overrun by the Rus ' under Sviatoslav I of Kiev , but three years later , John I Tzimiskes defeated the Rus ' and re-incorporated Eastern Bulgaria into the Byzantine Empire . The Empire under Basil II Bulgarian resistance revived under the leadership of the Cometopuli dynasty , but the new emperor Basil II ( reigned 976 -- 1025 AD ) made the submission of the Bulgarians his primary goal . Basil 's first expedition against Bulgaria however resulted in a humiliating defeat at the Gates of Trajan . For the next few years , the emperor would be preoccupied with internal revolts in Anatolia , while the Bulgarians expanded their realm in the Balkans . The war was to drag on for nearly twenty years . The Byzantine victories of Spercheios and Skopje decisively weakened the Bulgarian army , and in annual campaigns , Basil methodically reduced the Bulgarian strongholds . Eventually , at the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 the Bulgarians were completely defeated . The Bulgarian army was captured , and it is said that 99 out of every 100 men were blinded , with the remaining hundredth man left with one eye so as to lead his compatriots home . When Tsar Samuil saw the broken remains of his once gallant army , he died of shock . By 1018 , the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered , and the country became part of the empire . This epic victory restored the Danube frontier , which had not been held since the days of the emperor Heraclius . Relations with Kiev Rus ( edit ) Rus ' under the walls Constantinople ( 860 ) Prince Oleg leads a squadron of horse - driven boats to the walls of Tsargrad . A medieval Kiev Rus ' illumination ( 907 ) Between 850 and 1100 the Empire developed a mixed relationship with the new state of Kiev Rus that emerged to the north across the Black Sea . The Byzantine Empire quickly became a main trading and cultural partner for Kiev . After Christianizing Rus Vladimir the Great employed many architects and artists to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus , expanding the Byzantine influence even further . Kiev Princes were often married into the Byzantine imperial family and Constantinople often employed Princes ' armies , most notably Vladimir the Great presented Byzantine with the famous Varangian Guard -- an army of vicious Scandinavian mercenaries . Some believe that it was done in exchange for the marriage to Basil 's sister , porphyrogenita Anna to Vladimir the Great . However , as Primary Chronicle states the marriage was in exchange for the Rus conversion to Orthodoxy , the creation of the Varangian Guard , although significant , was only a by - product of this exchange . These relationships were not always friendly . During those three hundred years Constantinople and other Byzantine cities were attacked several times by the armies of Kiev Rus ( see Rus ' - Byzantine Wars ) . Kiev never went far enough to actually endanger the Empire , those wars were only a tool to force the Byzantine to sign increasingly favorable trade treaties , the texts of which are recorded in the Primary Chronicle , Rus ' - Byzantine Treaty ( 907 ) , and other historical documents . Constantinople at the same time constantly played Kiev Rus , Bulgaria , and Poland against each other . The Byzantine influence on Kiev Rus can not be underestimated . Byzantine - style writing became a standard for the Cyrillic alphabet , Byzantine architecture was dominating in Kiev , and as a main trading partner Byzantine played a critical role in the establishment , rise and fall of Kiev Rus . The climax ( edit ) The Roman Empire then stretched from Armenia in the east , to Calabria in Southern Italy in the west . Many successes had been achieved , ranging from the conquest of Bulgaria , to the annexation of parts of Georgia and Armenia , to the total annihilation of an invading force of Egyptians outside Antioch . Yet even these victories were not enough ; Basil considered the continued Arab occupation of Sicily to be an outrage . Accordingly , he planned to reconquer the island , which had belonged to the empire for over 300 years ( c536 -- c. 900 ) . However , his death in 1025 put an end to the project . The themata of the Byzantine Empire at the death of Basil II in 1025 . At this point , the Empire was the most powerful state in the Mediterranean . Leo VI achieved the complete codification of Byzantine law in Greek . This monumental work of 60 volumes became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law and is still studied today . Leo also reformed the administration of the Empire , redrawing the borders of the administrative subdivisions ( the Themata , or `` Themes '' ) and tidying up the system of ranks and privileges , as well as regulating the behavior of the various trade guilds in Constantinople . Leo 's reform did much to reduce the previous fragmentation of the Empire , which henceforth had one center of power , Constantinople . However , the increasing military success of the Empire greatly enriched and empowered the provincial nobility with respect to the peasantry , who were essentially reduced to a state of serfdom . Under the Macedonian emperors , the city of Constantinople flourished , becoming the largest and wealthiest city in Europe , with a population of approximately 400,000 in the 9th and 10th centuries . During this period , the Byzantine Empire employed a strong civil service staffed by competent aristocrats that oversaw the collection of taxes , domestic administration , and foreign policy . The Macedonian emperors also increased the Empire 's wealth by fostering trade with Western Europe , particularly through the sale of silk and metalwork . The 11th century was also momentous for its religious events . In 1054 , relations between Greek - speaking Eastern and Latin - speaking Western traditions within the Christian Church reached a terminal crisis . Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation , on 16 July , when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of excommunication on the altar , the so - called Great Schism was actually the culmination of centuries of gradual separation . Although the schism was brought about by doctrinal disputes ( in particular , Eastern refusal to accept the Western Church doctrine of the filioque , or double procession of the Holy Spirit ) , disputes over administration and political issues had simmered for centuries . The formal separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Western Catholic Church would have wide - ranging consequences for the future of Byzantium . Crisis and fragmentation ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty . Diptych of Romanos and Eudocia Macrembolitissa crowned by Christ ( Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris ) . Byzantium soon fell into a period of difficulties , caused to a large extent by the undermining of the theme system and the neglect of the military . Nikephoros II , John Tzimiskes and Basil II changed the military divisions ( τάγματα , tagmata ) from a rapid response , primarily defensive , citizen army into a professional , campaigning army increasingly manned by mercenaries . Mercenaries , however , were expensive and as the threat of invasion receded in the 10th century , so did the need for maintaining large garrisons and expensive fortifications . Basil II left a burgeoning treasury upon his death , but neglected to plan for his succession . None of his immediate successors had any particular military or political talent and the administration of the Empire increasingly fell into the hands of the civil service . Efforts to revive the Byzantine economy only resulted in inflation and a debased gold coinage . The army was now seen as both an unnecessary expense and a political threat . Therefore , native troops were cashiered and replaced by foreign mercenaries on specific contract . Map of Italy on the eve of the arrival of the Normans At the same time , the Empire was faced with new , ambitious enemies . Byzantine provinces in southern Italy faced the Normans , who arrived in Italy at the beginning of the 11th century . The allied forces of Melus of Bari and the Normans were defeated at the Battle of Cannae in 1018 , and two decades later Michael IV the Paphlagonian equipped an expedition for the reconquest of Sicily from the Arabs . Although the campaign was initially successful , the reconquest of Sicily was not accomplished , mainly because George Maniaces , the commander of the Byzantine forces , was recalled when he was suspected of having ambitious schemes . During a period of strife between Constantinople and Rome which ended in the East - West Schism of 1054 , the Normans began to advance , slowly but steadily , into Byzantine Italy . It was in Asia Minor , however , that the greatest disaster would take place . The Seljuq Turks made their first explorations across the Byzantine frontier into Armenia in 1065 and in 1067 . The emergency lent weight to the military aristocracy in Anatolia who , in 1068 , secured the election of one of their own , Romanos Diogenes , as emperor . In the summer of 1071 , Romanos undertook a massive eastern campaign to draw the Seljuks into a general engagement with the Byzantine army . At Manzikert Romanos not only suffered a surprise defeat at the hands of Sultan Alp Arslan , but was also captured . Alp Arslan treated him with respect , and imposed no harsh terms on the Byzantines . In Constantinople , however , a coup took place in favor of Michael Doukas , who soon faced the opposition of Nikephoros Bryennios and Nikephoros Botaneiates . By 1081 the Seljuks expanded their rule over virtually the entire Anatolian plateau from Armenia in the east to Bithynia in the west and founded their capital in Nicea . In the meantime the Byzantine presence in southern Italy had been wiped out by the Normans . Reggio , the capital of the tagma of Calabria , was captured by Robert Guiscard in 1060 . At the time the Byzantines controlled only a few of coastal cities in Apulia . Otranto fell in 1068 , the same year in which the siege of Bari ( the capital of the catepanate of Italy ) begun . After the Byzantines had been defeated in a series of battles , and any attempt to relief the city had failed , Bari was surrendered in April 1071 . This event ended the Byzantine presence in southern Italy . Komnenian dynasty and the crusaders ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Byzantium under the Komnenoi . See also : Byzantine - Seljuk wars Komnenian dynasty and the crusaders ( edit ) See also : Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty and Komnenian restoration Alexios I , founder of the Komnenos dynasty . During the Komnenian , or Comnenian , period from about 1081 to about 1185 , the five emperors of the Komnenos dynasty ( Alexios I , John II , Manuel I , Alexios II , and Andronikos I ) presided over a sustained , though ultimately incomplete , restoration of the military , territorial , economic , and political position of the Byzantine Empire . Although the Seljuk Turks occupied the heartland of the Empire in Anatolia , most Byzantine military efforts during this period were directed against Western powers , particularly the Normans . The Empire under the Komnenoi played a key role in the history of the Crusades in the Holy Land , which Alexios I had helped bring about , while also exerting enormous cultural and political influence in Europe , the Near East , and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea under John and Manuel . Contact between Byzantium and the `` Latin '' West , including the Crusader states , increased significantly during the Komnenian period . Venetian and other Italian traders became resident in large numbers in Constantinople and the empire ( there were an estimated 60,000 Latins in Constantinople alone , out of a population of three to four hundred thousand ) , and their presence together with the numerous Latin mercenaries who were employed by Manuel helped to spread Byzantine technology , art , literature and culture throughout the Latin West , while also leading to a flow of Western ideas and customs into the Empire . In terms of prosperity and cultural life , the Komnenian period was one of the peaks in Byzantine history , and Constantinople remained the leading city of the Christian world in size , wealth , and culture . There was a renewed interest in classical Greek philosophy , as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek . Byzantine art and literature held a pre-eminent place in Europe , and the cultural impact of Byzantine art on the west during this period was enormous and of long lasting significance . Alexios I and the first Crusade ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Alexios I Komnenos . See also : First Crusade The Byzantine Empire and the Sultanate of Rûm before the Crusades . After Manzikert , a partial recovery ( referred to as the Komnenian restoration ) was made possible by the Komnenian dynasty . The first Komnenian emperor was Isaac I ( 1057 -- 1059 ) , after which the Doukas dynasty held power ( 1059 -- 81 ) . The Komnenoi attained power again under Alexios I in 1081 . From the outset of his reign , Alexios faced a formidable attack by the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemund of Taranto , who captured Dyrrhachium and Corfu , and laid siege to Larissa in Thessaly . Robert Guiscard 's death in 1085 temporarily eased the Norman problem . The following year , the Seljuq sultan died , and the sultanate was split by internal rivalries . By his own efforts , Alexios defeated the Pechenegs ; they were caught by surprise and annihilated at the Battle of Levounion on 28 April 1091 . Having achieved stability in the West , Alexios could turn his attention to the severe economic difficulties and the disintegration of the Empire 's traditional defences . However , he still did not have enough manpower to recover the lost territories in Asia Minor and to advance against the Seljuks . At the Council of Piacenza in 1095 , envoys from Alexios spoke to Pope Urban II about the suffering of the Christians of the East , and underscored that without help from the West they would continue to suffer under Muslim rule . The brief first coinage of the Thessaloniki mint , opened by Alexios in September 1081 , on his way to confront the invading Normans under Robert Guiscard . Urban saw Alexios ' request as a dual opportunity to cement Western Europe and reunite the Eastern Orthodox Churches with the Roman Catholic Church under his rule . On 27 November 1095 , Pope Urban II called together the Council of Clermont , and urged all those present to take up arms under the sign of the Cross and launch an armed pilgrimage to recover Jerusalem and the East from the Muslims . The response in Western Europe was overwhelming . Alexios had anticipated help in the form of mercenary forces from the West , but he was totally unprepared for the immense and undisciplined force which soon arrived in Byzantine territory . It was no comfort to Alexios to learn that four of the eight leaders of the main body of the Crusade were Normans , among them Bohemund . Since the crusade had to pass through Constantinople , however , the Emperor had some control over it . He required its leaders to swear to restore to the empire any towns or territories they might conquer from the Turks on their way to the Holy Land . In return , he gave them guides and a military escort . Alexios was able to recover a number of important cities and islands , and in fact much of western Asia Minor . Nevertheless , the crusaders believed their oaths were invalidated when Alexios did not help them during the siege of Antioch ( he had in fact set out on the road to Antioch but had been persuaded to turn back by Stephen of Blois , who assured him that all was lost and that the expedition had already failed ) . Bohemund , who had set himself up as Prince of Antioch , briefly went to war with the Byzantines , but he agreed to become Alexios ' vassal under the Treaty of Devol in 1108 , which marked the end of the Norman threat during Alexios ' reign . John II , Manuel I and the Second Crusade ( edit ) Main articles : John II Komnenos and Manuel I Komnenos John II Komnenos left the imperial treasury full and did not call for the execution or maiming of a single subject during his reign . Nicknamed ' John the Good ' , he is regarded by the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates as the best emperor of the Komnenian dynasty . Alexios ' son John II Komnenos succeeded him in 1118 , and was to rule until 1143 . John was a pious and dedicated emperor who was determined to undo the damage his empire had suffered at the battle of Manzikert , half a century earlier . Famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign , John was an exceptional example of a moral ruler , at a time when cruelty was the norm . For this reason , he has been called the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius . In the course of his twenty - five year reign , John made alliances with the Holy Roman Empire in the west , decisively defeated the Pechenegs at the Battle of Beroia , and personally led numerous campaigns against the Turks in Asia Minor . John 's campaigns fundamentally changed the balance of power in the east , forcing the Turks onto the defensive and restoring to the Byzantines many towns , fortresses and cities right across the peninsula . He also thwarted Hungarian , and Serbian threats during the 1120s , and in 1130 allied himself with the German emperor Lothair III against the Norman King Roger II of Sicily . In the later part of his reign John focused his activities on the East . He defeated the Danishmend emirate of Melitene , and reconquered all of Cilicia , while forcing Raymond of Poitiers , Prince of Antioch , to recognize Byzantine suzerainty . In an effort to demonstrate the Byzantine emperor 's role as the leader of the Christian world , John marched into the Holy Land at the head of the combined forces of Byzantium and the Crusader states ; yet despite the great vigour with which he pressed the campaign , John 's hopes were disappointed by the treachery of his Crusader allies . In 1142 John returned to press his claims to Antioch , but he died in the spring of 1143 following a hunting accident . Raymond was emboldened to invade Cilicia , but he was defeated and forced to go to Constantinople to beg mercy from the new emperor . John 's chosen heir was his fourth son , Manuel I Komnenos , who campaigned aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and in the east . In Palestine , he allied himself with the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and sent a large fleet to participate in a combined invasion of Fatimid Egypt . Manuel reinforced his position as overlord of the Crusader states , with his hegemony over Antioch and Jerusalem secured by agreement with Raynald , Prince of Antioch , and Amalric , King of Jerusalem respectively . In an effort to restore Byzantine control over the ports of southern Italy , he sent an expedition to Italy in 1155 , but disputes within the coalition led to the eventual failure of the campaign . Despite this military setback , Manuel 's armies successfully invaded the Kingdom of Hungary in 1167 , defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Sirmium . By 1168 nearly the whole of the eastern Adriatic coast lay in Manuel 's hands . Manuel made several alliances with the Pope and Western Christian kingdoms , and successfully handled the passage of the Second Crusade through his empire . Although hopes for a lasting Papal - Byzantine alliance came up against insuperable problems , Pope Innocent III clearly had a positive view of Manuel when he told Alexios III that he should imitate `` your predecessor Manuel of famous memory '' who `` always replied favourably to ourselves and our predecessors '' . In the east , however , Manuel suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Myriokephalon , in 1176 , against the Turks . Yet the losses were quickly made good , and in the following year Manuel 's forces inflicted a defeat upon a force of `` picked Turks '' . The Byzantine commander John Vatatzes , who destroyed the Turkish invaders at the Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir , not only brought troops from the capital but also was able to gather an army along the way ; a sign that the Byzantine army remained strong and that the defensive program of western Asia Minor was still successful . 12th century renaissance ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Byzantine civilisation in the twelfth century . See also : Komnenian army Byzantine Empire in purple , c. 1180 , at the end of the Komnenian period John and Manuel pursued active military policies , and both deployed considerable resources on sieges and on city defenses ; aggressive fortification policies were at the heart of their imperial military policies . Despite the defeat at Myriokephalon , the policies of Alexios , John and Manuel resulted in vast territorial gains , increased frontier stability in Asia Minor , and secured the stabilization of the empire 's European frontiers . From c. 1081 to c. 1180 , the Komnenian army assured the empire 's security , enabling Byzantine civilization to flourish . This allowed the Western provinces to achieve an economic revival which continued until the close of the century . It has been argued that Byzantium under the Komnenian rule was more prosperous than at any time since the Persian invasions of the 7th century . During the 12th century population levels rose and extensive tracts of new agricultural land were brought into production . Archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements , together with a notable upsurge in new towns . Trade was also flourishing ; the Venetians , the Genoese and others opened up the ports of the Aegean to commerce , shipping goods from the Crusader kingdoms of Outremer and Fatimid Egypt to the west and trading with the Byzantine Empire via Constantinople . In artistic terms , there was a revival in mosaic , and regional schools of architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences . During the 12th century the Byzantines provided their model of early humanism as a renaissance of interest in classical authors . In Eustathius of Thessalonica Byzantine humanism found its most characteristic expression . Decline and disintegration ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium under the Angeloi The Empire soon fell into a period of difficulties , caused to a large extent by the undermining of the theme system and the neglect of the military . Nikephoros II , John Tzimiskes , and Basil II changed the military divisions ( τάγματα , tagmata ) from a rapid response , primarily defensive , citizen army into a professional , campaigning army , increasingly manned by mercenaries . Mercenaries were expensive , however , and as the threat of invasion receded in the 10th century , so did the need for maintaining large garrisons and expensive fortifications . Basil II left a burgeoning treasury upon his death , but he neglected to plan for his succession . None of his immediate successors had any particular military or political talent and the administration of the Empire increasingly fell into the hands of the civil service . Efforts to revive the Byzantine economy only resulted in inflation and a debased gold coinage . The army was now seen as both an unnecessary expense and a political threat . Native troops were therefore cashiered and replaced by foreign mercenaries on specific contract . The seizure of Edessa ( 1031 ) by the Byzantines under George Maniakes and the counterattack by the Seljuk Turks At the same time , the Empire was faced with new enemies . Provinces in southern Italy faced the Normans , who arrived in Italy at the beginning of the 11th century . During a period of strife between Constantinople and Rome culminating in the East - West Schism of 1054 , the Normans began to advance , slowly but steadily , into Byzantine Italy . Reggio , the capital of the tagma of Calabria , was captured in 1060 by Robert Guiscard , followed by Otranto in 1068 . Bari , the main Byzantine stronghold in Apulia , was besieged in August 1068 and fell in April 1071 . The Byzantines also lost their influence over the Dalmatian coastal cities to Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia ( r . 1058 -- 1074 / 1075 ) in 1069 . The greatest disaster took place in Asia Minor , however , where the Seljuq Turks made their first explorations across the Byzantine frontier into Armenia in 1065 and 1067 . The emergency lent weight to the military aristocracy in Anatolia , who in 1068 secured the election of one of their own , Romanos Diogenes , as emperor . In the summer of 1071 , Romanos undertook a massive eastern campaign to draw the Seljuks into a general engagement with the Byzantine army . At the Battle of Manzikert , Romanos suffered a surprise defeat by Sultan Alp Arslan , and he was captured . Alp Arslan treated him with respect and imposed no harsh terms on the Byzantines . In Constantinople , however , a coup put in power Michael Doukas , who soon faced the opposition of Nikephoros Bryennios and Nikephoros Botaneiates . By 1081 , the Seljuks had expanded their rule over virtually the entire Anatolian plateau from Armenia in the east to Bithynia in the west , and they had founded their capital at Nicaea , just 90 kilometres ( 56 miles ) from Constantinople . Dynasty of the Angeloi and third Crusade ( edit ) Manuel 's death on 24 September 1180 left his 11 - year - old son Alexios II Komnenos on the throne . Alexios was highly incompetent at the office , but it was his mother , Maria of Antioch , and her Frankish background that made his regency unpopular . Eventually Andronikos I Komnenos , a grandson of Alexios I , launched a revolt against his younger relative and managed to overthrow him in a violent coup d'état . Utilizing his good looks and his immense popularity with the army , he marched on to Constantinople in August 1182 , and incited a massacre of the Latins . After eliminating his potential rivals , he had himself crowned as co-emperor in September 1183 ; he eliminated Alexios II and even took his 12 - year - old wife Agnes of France for himself . `` Whatever paper might be presented to the Emperor ( Alexios III ) for his signature , he signed it immediately ; it did not matter that in this paper there was a senseless agglomeration of words , or that the supplicant demanded that one might sail by land or till the sea , or that mountains should be transferred into the middle of the seas or , as a tale says , that Athos should be put upon Olympus . '' Nicetas Choniates This troubled succession weakened the dynastic continuity and solidarity on which the strength of the Byzantine state had come to rely . The new emperor was a man of astounding contrasts . Handsome and eloquent , Andronikos was at the same time known for his licentious exploits . Energetic , able and determined , he had been called a `` true Komnenos '' . However , he was also capable of terrifying brutality , violence and cruelty . Andronikos began his reign well ; in particular , the measures he took to reform the government of the empire have been praised by historians . According to George Ostrogorsky , Andronikos was determined to root out corruption : Under his rule the sale of offices ceased ; selection was based on merit , rather than favoritism ; officials were paid an adequate salary so as to reduce the temptation of bribery . In the provinces Andronikos ' reforms produced a speedy and marked improvement . The people felt the severity of his laws , but acknowledged their justice , and found themselves protected from the rapacity of their superiors . Andronikos ' efforts to rein in the oppressive tax collectors and officials of the empire did much to alleviate the lot of the peasantry , but his attempt to check the power of the nobility was considerably more problematic . The aristocrats were infuriated against him , and to make matters worse , Andronikos seems to have become increasingly unbalanced ; executions and violence became increasingly common , and his reign turned into a reign of terror . Andronikos seemed almost to seek the extermination of the aristocracy as a whole . The struggle against the aristocracy turned into wholesale slaughter , while the emperor resorted to ever more ruthless measures to shore up his regime . Iconium is won by the Third Crusade . Despite his military background , Andronikos failed to deal with Isaac Komnenos , Béla III who reincorporated Croatian territories into Hungary , and Stephen Nemanja of Serbia who declared his independence from Byzantium . Yet none of these troubles would compare to William II of Sicily 's invasion force of 300 ships and 80,000 men , arriving in 1185 . Andronikos mobilized a small fleet of 100 ships to defend the capital but other than that he was indifferent to the populace . He was finally overthrown when Isaac Angelos , surviving an imperial assassination attempt , seized power with the aid of the people and had Andronikos killed . The reign of Isaac II , and , still more , that of his brother Alexios III , saw the collapse of what remained of the centralized machinery of Byzantine government and defense . Although , the Normans were driven out of Greece , in 1186 the Vlachs and Bulgars began a rebellion that was to lead to the formation of the Second Bulgarian Empire . The mismanagement of the Third Crusade clearly demonstrated Byzantium 's weaknesses under the Angeli . When Richard I of England appropriated Cyprus from its ruler , Isaac Komnenos , he refused to hand it back to the Empire , And when Frederick Barbarossa conquered Iconium , Isaac failed to seize the initiative . The internal policy of the Angeloi was characterized by the squandering of the public treasure , and the fiscal maladministration . Byzantine authority was severely weakened , and the growing power vacuum at the center of the empire encouraged fragmentation . There is evidence that some Komnenian heirs had set up a semi-independent state in Trebizond before 1204 . According to Alexander Vasiliev , `` the dynasty of the Angeloi , Greek in its origin , ( ... ) accelerated the ruin of the Empire , already weakened without and disunited within . '' Fourth Crusade ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Fourth Crusade . The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople , by Eugène Delacroix ( 1840 , oil on canvas , 410 × 498 cm , Louvre , Paris ) . In 1198 , Pope Innocent III broached the subject of a new crusade through legates and encyclical letters . The stated intent of the crusade was to conquer Egypt , now the centre of Muslim power in the Levant . The crusader army that arrived at Venice in the summer of 1202 was somewhat smaller than had been anticipated , and there were not sufficient funds to pay the Venetians , whose fleet was hired by the crusaders to take them to Egypt . Venetian policy under the aging and blind but still ambitious Doge Enrico Dandolo was potentially at variance with that of the Pope and the crusaders , because Venice was closely related commercially with Egypt . The crusaders accepted the suggestion that in lieu of payment they assist the Venetians in the capture of the ( Christian ) port of Zara in Dalmatia ( vassal city of Venice , which had rebelled and placed itself under Hungary 's protection in 1186 ) . The city fell in November 1202 after a brief siege . Innocent , who was informed of the plan ( his veto being disregarded ) , was reluctant to jeopardize the Crusade , and gave conditional absolution to the crusaders -- not , however , to the Venetians . After the death of Theobald III , Count of Champagne , the leadership of the Crusade passed to Boniface of Montferrat , a friend of the Hohenstaufen Philip of Swabia . Both Boniface and Philip had married into the Byzantine imperial family . In fact , Philip 's brother - in - law , Alexios Angelos , son of the deposed and blinded emperor Isaac II Angelos , had appeared in Europe seeking aid and had made contacts with the crusaders . Alexios offered to reunite the Byzantine church with Rome , pay the crusaders 200,000 silver marks , and join the crusade with 200,000 silver marks and all the supplies they needed to get to Egypt . Innocent was aware of a plan to divert the Crusade to Constantinople , and forbade any attack on the city , but the papal letter arrived after the fleets had left Zara . `` None of you should therefore dare to assume that it is permissible for you to seize or to plunder the land of the Greeks , even though the latter may be disobedient to the Apostolic See , or on the grounds that the Emperor of Constantinople has deposed and even blinded his brother and usurped the imperial throne . For though this same emperor and the men entrusted to his rule may have sinned , both in these and in other matters , it is not for you to judge their faults , nor have you assumed the sign of the cross to punish this injury ; rather you specifically pledged your self to the duty of avenging the insult to the cross . '' Innocent III to Boniface I of Montferrat , Baldwin IX , Count of Flanders , and Louis I , Count of Blois ( Ferentino , summer 1203 , c. 20 June ) . Alexios III made no preparations for the defense of the city ; thus , when the Venetian fleet entered the waters of Constantinople on 24 June 1203 , they encountered little resistance . In the summer of 1203 Alexios III fled , and Alexios Angelos was elevated to the throne as Alexios IV along with his blind father Isaac . Innocent reprimanded the leaders of the crusaders , and ordered them to proceed forthwith to the Holy Land . When in late November 1203 Alexios IV announced that his promises were hard to keep as the empire was short on funds ( he had managed to pay roughly half of the promised amount of 200,000 silver marks , and could not fulfil his promise that he would cover the Venetians ' rent of the fleet for the crusaders . ) , the crusaders declared war on him . Meanwhile , internal opposition to Alexios IV grew , and , on 25 January 1204 , one of his courtiers , Alexios Doukas killed him , and took the throne himself as Alexios V ; Isaac died soon afterwards , probably naturally . The crusaders and Venetians , incensed at the murder of their supposed patron , prepared to assault the Byzantine capital . They decided that 12 electors ( six Venetians and six crusaders ) should choose a Latin emperor of Romania . The partition of the empire following the Fourth Crusade , c. 1204 . The crusaders arrived at Constantinople in the summer of 1203 and quickly attacked , started a major fire that damaged large parts of the city , and briefly seized control . Alexios III fled from the capital , and Alexios Angelos was elevated to the throne as Alexios IV along with his blind father Isaac . However , Alexios IV and Isaac II were unable to keep their promises and were deposed by Alexios V . The crusaders again took the city on 13 April 1204 , and Constantinople was subjected to pillage and massacre by the rank and file for three days . Many priceless icons , relics , and other objects later turned up in Western Europe , a large number in Venice . According to Choniates , a prostitute was even set up on the Patriarchal throne . When Innocent III heard of the conduct of his crusaders , he castigated them in no uncertain terms . But the situation was beyond his control , especially after his legate , on his own initiative , had absolved the crusaders from their vow to proceed to the Holy Land . When order had been restored , the crusaders and the Venetians proceeded to implement their agreement ; Baldwin of Flanders was elected Emperor of a new Latin Empire , and the Venetian Thomas Morosini was chosen as Patriarch . The lands divided up among the leaders included most of the former Byzantine possessions , though resistance would continue through the Byzantine remnants of the Nicaea , Trebizond , and Epirus . Fall ( edit ) Main articles : Decline of the Byzantine Empire , Byzantium under the Palaiologoi , and Byzantine - Ottoman wars Empire in exile ( edit ) After the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Latin Crusaders , two Byzantine successor states were established : the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus . A third , the Empire of Trebizond , was created a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople by Alexios I of Trebizond . Of the three successor states , Epirus and Nicaea stood the best chance of reclaiming Constantinople . The Nicaean Empire struggled to survive the next few decades , however , and by the mid-13th century it had lost much of southern Anatolia . The weakening of the Sultanate of Rum following the Mongol Invasion in 1242 -- 43 allowed many Beyliks and fanatical ghazis to set up their own principalities in Anatolia , weakening the Byzantine hold on Asia Minor . In time , one of the Beys , Osman I , created an empire that would conquer Byzantium . However , the Mongol Invasion also gave Nicaea a temporary respite from Seljuk attacks allowing it to concentrate on the Latin Empire to the north . Reconquest of Constantinople ( edit ) The restored Byzantine Empire in 1265 Byzantine mosaic in the Hagia Sophia , portraying Christ Pantocrator . Byzantine art flourished during the late 13th and 14th centuries . The Empire of Nicaea , founded by the Laskarid dynasty , managed to reclaim Constantinople from the Latins in 1261 and defeat Epirus . This led to a short - lived revival of Byzantine fortunes under Michael VIII Palaiologos , but the war - ravaged empire was ill - equipped to deal with the enemies that now surrounded it . In order to maintain his campaigns against the Latins , Michael pulled troops from Asia Minor , and levied crippling taxes on the peasantry , causing much resentment . Massive construction projects were completed in Constantinople to repair the damages of the Fourth Crusade , but none of these initiatives was of any comfort to the farmers in Asia Minor , suffering raids from fanatical ghazis . Rather than holding on to his possessions in Asia Minor , Michael chose to expand the Empire , gaining only short - term success . To avoid another sacking of the capital by the Latins , he forced the Church to submit to Rome , again a temporary solution for which the peasantry hated Michael and Constantinople . The efforts of Andronikos II and later his grandson Andronikos III marked Byzantium 's last genuine attempts in restoring the glory of the empire . However , the use of mercenaries by Andronikos II would often backfire , with the Catalan Company ravaging the countryside and increasing resentment towards Constantinople . Late civil wars ( edit ) Societal infighting weakened the military power of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th century , including two major civil wars beginning in 1321 and 1341 . The civil war of 1321 -- 28 was led by a grandson of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II and supported by Byzantine magnates who often clashed with the centralized authority . The war was inconclusive and ended with Andronikos III being made co-emperor with his grandfather . However , the civil war allowed the Ottoman Turks to make notable gains in Anatolia and to set up their capital in Bursa , a hundred kilometers from Constantinople . After the initial conflict , Andronikos III dethroned his grandfather and became sole emperor . Map of the Balkans and Asia Minor c. 1355 . Byzantium had lost its Asian territory , and Epirus had been reduced significantly by Serbia , while Ottoman power was rising . Following the death of Andronikos III in 1341 another civil war broke out , lasting until 1347 . Andronikos III left his six - year - old son under the regency of Anne of Savoy . The de facto leader of the Byzantine Empire , John Cantacuzenus , was not only a close associate of the deceased emperor but an extremely wealthy landowner , and he wanted to become regent instead . He was unsuccessful , but he was declared emperor in Thrace . More or less this conflict was class warfare , with the wealthy and powerful supporting Cantacuzenus and the poorer supporting the empress regent . In fact when aristocrats in 1342 proposed that the city of Thessalonica be turned over to Cantacuzenus , anti-aristocrats seized the city and governed it until 1350 . The civil war led to the exploitation of the Byzantine Empire by the emerging Serbian Empire . The Serbian king Stefan Uroš IV Dušan made significant territorial gains in Byzantine Macedonia in 1345 and conquered large swaths of Thessaly and Epirus in 1348 . Dušan died in 1355 , however , along with his dream of a Greco -- Serbian empire . Cantacuzenus conquered Constantinople in 1347 and ended the civil war . In order to secure his authority Cantacuzenus hired Turkish mercenaries left over from the civil war to use in continuing skirmishes against his opponents . While these mercenaries were of some use , in 1354 they seized Gallipoli from the Byzantines . In the same year the rogue mercenaries were defeated by western crusaders . Turkish armies would eventually control much of the territory once held by the Byzantine Empire . These two momentous civil wars severely diminished the Byzantine empires military strength and allowed its opportunistic enemies to make substantial gains into Byzantine territory . Later arose a smaller conflict , from 1373 -- 79 , and a revolt in 1390 , and the Byzantine Empire was becoming surrounded by the Ottoman advance . Rise of the Ottomans and fall of Constantinople ( edit ) Eastern Mediterranean just before the fall of Constantinople . Things went worse for Byzantium , when , during the civil war , an earthquake at Gallipoli in 1354 devastated the fort , allowing the Turks the very next day to cross into Europe . By the time the Byzantine civil war had ended , the Ottomans had defeated the Serbians and subjugated them as vassals . Following the Battle of Kosovo , much of the Balkans became dominated by the Ottomans . The Emperors appealed to the west for help , but the Pope would only consider sending aid in return for a reunion of the Eastern Orthodox Church with the See of Rome . Church unity was considered , and occasionally accomplished by imperial decree , but the Orthodox citizenry and clergy intensely resented Roman authority and the Latin Rite . Some Western troops arrived to bolster the Christian defence of Constantinople , but most Western rulers , distracted by their own affairs , did nothing as the Ottomans picked apart the remaining Byzantine territories . Constantinople by this stage was underpopulated and dilapidated . The population of the city had collapsed so severely that it was now little more than a cluster of villages separated by fields . On 2 April 1453 , the Sultan 's army of some 80,000 men and large numbers of irregulars laid siege to the city . Despite a desperate last - ditch defense of the city by the massively outnumbered Christian forces ( c. 7,000 men , 2,000 of whom were foreign ) , Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans after a two - month siege on 29 May 1453 . The last Byzantine emperor , Constantine XI Palaiologos , was last seen casting off his imperial regalia and throwing himself into hand - to - hand combat after the walls of the city were taken . Aftermath ( edit ) Main article : Legacy of Byzantium The siege of Constantinople in 1453 according to a 15th - century French miniature . By the time of the fall of Constantinople , the only remaining territory of the Byzantine Empire was the Despotate of the Morea , which was ruled by brothers of the last Emperor and continued on as a tributary state to the Ottomans . Incompetent rule , failure to pay the annual tribute and a revolt against the Ottomans finally led to Mehmed II 's invasion of Morea in May 1460 ; he conquered the entire Despotate by the summer . The Empire of Trebizond , which had split away from the Byzantine Empire in 1204 , became the last remnant and last de facto successor state to the Byzantine Empire . Efforts by the Emperor David to recruit European powers for an anti-Ottoman crusade provoked war between the Ottomans and Trebizond in the summer of 1461 . After a monthlong siege , David surrendered the city of Trebizond on August 14 , 1461 . With the fall of Trebizond , the last remnant of the Roman Empire was extinguished . The nephew of the last Emperor , Constantine XI , Andreas Palaeologos had inherited the title of Roman Emperor . He lived in the Morea ( Peloponnese ) until its fall in 1460 , then escaped to Rome where he lived under the protection of the Papal States for the remainder of his life . He styled himself Imperator Constantinopolitanus ( `` Emperor of Constantinople '' ) , and sold his succession rights to both Charles VIII of France and the Catholic Monarchs . However , no one ever invoked the title after Andreas 's death , thus he is considered to be the last titular Roman Emperor . Mehmed II and his successors continued to consider themselves heirs to the Roman Empire until the demise of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century . Meanwhile , the Danubian Principalities ( whose rulers also considered themselves the heirs of the Eastern Roman Emperors ) harboured Orthodox refugees , including some Byzantine nobles . At his death , the role of the emperor as a patron of Eastern Orthodoxy was claimed by Ivan III , Grand Duke of Muscovy . He had married Andreas ' sister , Sophia Paleologue , whose grandson , Ivan IV , would become the first Tsar of Russia ( tsar , or czar , meaning caesar , is a term traditionally applied by Slavs to the Byzantine Emperors ) . Their successors supported the idea that Moscow was the proper heir to Rome and Constantinople . The idea of the Russian Empire as the new , Third Rome was kept alive until its demise with the Russian Revolution of 1917 . Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first instance of the designation `` New Rome '' in an official document is found in the canons of the First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) , where it is used to justify the claim that the patriarchal seat of Constantinople is second only to that of Rome . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Treadgold 1997 , p. 847 . Jump up ^ Benz 1963 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Ostrogorsky 1969 , pp. 105 -- 107 , 109 ; Norwich 1998 , p. 97 ; Haywood 2001 , pp. 2.17 , 3.06 , 3.15 . Jump up ^ Millar 2006 , pp. 2 , 15 ; James 2010 , p. 5 ; Freeman 1999 , pp. 431 , 435 -- 437 , 459 -- 462 ; Baynes & Moss 1948 , p. xx ; Ostrogorsky 1969 , p. 27 ; Kaldellis 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 ; Kazhdan & Constable 1982 , p. 12 ; Norwich 1998 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ John Haldon , Warfare , State And Society In The Byzantine World 560 -- 1204 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Bury ( 1923 ) , 1 * Fenner , Economic Factors ^ Jump up to : Bury ( 1923 ) , 1 Jump up ^ `` Byzantine Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . * Gibbon ( 1906 ) , II , `` 200 '' ( PDF ) . ( 2.61 MiB ) Jump up ^ Eusebius , IV , lxii Jump up ^ Gibbon ( 1906 ) , III , `` 168 '' ( PDF ) . ( 2.35 MiB ) Jump up ^ Bury ( 1923 ) , 1 * Esler ( 2000 ) , 1081 Jump up ^ Esler ( 2000 ) , 1081 Jump up ^ Carnuntum Jahrbuch 1998 page 25 Jump up ^ Bury ( 1923 ) , 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Esler ( 2000 ) , 1081 * Mousourakis ( 2003 ) , 327 -- 328 Jump up ^ Bury ( 1923 ) , 163 ^ Jump up to : `` Byzantine Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Nathan , Theodosius II ( 408 -- 450 AD ) Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1995 ) , 193 Jump up ^ Alemany ( 2000 ) , 207 * Treadgold ( 1997 ) , 184 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , 152 -- 155 Jump up ^ Cameron ( 2000 ) , 553 Jump up ^ Grierson ( 1999 ) , 17 ^ Jump up to : Evans , Justinian ( AD 527 -- 565 ) Jump up ^ Gregory 2010 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Evans 2005 , p. xxv . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , pp. 180 -- 216 ; Evans 2005 , pp. xxvi , 76 . Jump up ^ Maas 2005 , p. 278 ; Treadgold 1997 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Procopius , IX Jump up ^ Bury ( 1923 ) , 236 -- 258 Jump up ^ Bury ( 1923 ) , 259 -- 281 Jump up ^ Bury ( 1923 ) , 286 -- 288 Jump up ^ Vasiliev , The Legislative Work of Justinian and Tribonian Jump up ^ Vasiliev , The Ecclesiastical Policy of Justinian Jump up ^ Bray ( 2004 ) , 19 -- 47 * Haldon ( 1997 ) , 110 -- 111 * Treadgold ( 1997 ) , 196 -- 197 Jump up ^ Louth 2005 , pp. 113 -- 115 ; Nystazopoulou - Pelekidou 1970 , passim ; Treadgold 1997 , pp. 231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Foss ( 1975 ) , 722 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 41 * Speck ( 1984 ) , 178 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Grabar ( 1984 ) , 37 * Cameron ( 1979 ) , 23 Jump up ^ Cameron ( 1979 ) , 5 -- 6 , 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 46 * Baynes ( 1912 ) , passim * Speck ( 1984 ) , 178 Jump up ^ Foss ( 1975 ) , 746 -- 47 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 50 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 102 -- 114 ; Laiou & Morisson 2007 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Laiou & Morisson 2007 , pp. 38 -- 42 , 47 ; Wickham 2009 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 208 -- 215 ; Kaegi 2003 , pp. 236 , 283 . Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 43 -- 45 , 66 , 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 71 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 115 -- 116 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 56 -- 59 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 53 , 61 , 68 -- 69 , 74 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 70 -- 78 , 169 -- 171 * Haldon ( 2004 ) , 216 -- 217 * Kountoura - Galake ( 1996 ) , 62 -- 75 Jump up ^ Cameron ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Kitzinger ( 1976 ) , 195 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1997 ) , 251 Jump up ^ Heather , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Fall of the Roman Empire . p. 431 . ISBN 978 0 330 49136 5 . Jump up ^ Durant ( 2011 ) , p. 118 . Jump up ^ LIVUS ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Silk Road '' , Articles of Ancient History . Retrieved on 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , pp 29 -- 31 ; see also footnote # 4 on p. 29 ; footnote # 2 on p. 30 ; and footnote # 3 on page 31 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , p. 30 and footnote # 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hirth ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) , East Asian History Sourcebook . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Henry Yule expressed some amazement that even the name of the Byzantine negotiator `` Yenyo '' ( i.e. the patrician Ioannes Petzigaudias ) was mentioned in Chinese sources , an envoy who was unnamed in Edward Gibbon 's account of the man sent to Damascus to hold a parley with the Umayyads , followed a few years later by the increase of tributary demands on the Byzantines ; see Yule ( 1915 ) , pp 48 -- 49 ; and for the brief summary of Edward Gibbon 's account , see also footnote # 1 on p. 49 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , pp 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 1985 ) , pp 10 , 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , pp 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sezgin et . al. ( 1996 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Early Centuries ( Alfred A. Knoft Pub. : New York , 1996 ) p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Early Centuries , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Early Centuries , p. 355 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee ( Alfred a . Knopf Pub. : New York , 2001 ) pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee ( Alfred A. Knopf Pub. : New York , 2001 ) p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Byzantine Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . * `` Hellas , Byzantium '' . Encyclopaedia The Helios . Jump up ^ John Jacob Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee , p. 4 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee , p. 5 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Garland 1996 , p. 89 Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , History of Venice , p. 14 . Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 ( University of Wisconsin Press : Madison , 1952 ) pp. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Parry 1996 , pp. 11 -- 15 Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 , p. 564 . Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire , p. 566 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Bizantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 ( University of Wisconsin Press : Madison , 1952 ) p. 275 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Hoyt & Stanley Chodorow , Europe in the Middle Ages ( Harcourt , Brace & Jovanovich Inc. : New York , 1976 ) p. 313 . Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire , p. 276 . Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 , pp. 215 -- 126 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium : The Apogee ( Alfred A. Knopf : New York , 2001 ) p. 57 . Jump up ^ Karlin - Heyer 1967 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ C.M. Woodhouse , Modern Greece : A Short History ( Faber & Faber Pub. : London , 1991 ) p. 54 . Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium , The Apogee pp. 152 -- 153 . Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 p. 308 . Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 pp. 310 -- 311 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 103 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Angold 1997 Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Prince Oleg 's Campaign Against Constantinople Jump up ^ Laiou & Morisson 2007 , pp. 130 -- 131 ; Pounds 1979 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Duiker & Spielvogel 2010 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , 548 -- 549 ^ Jump up to : Markham , The Battle of Manzikert Archived 2007 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vasiliev , Relations with Italy and Western Europe Jump up ^ `` Byzantine Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002 . * Markham , The Battle of Manzikert Archived 2007 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ravegnani , Giorgio ( 2004 ) . I bizantini in Italia ( in Italian ) . Bologna : l Mulino . pp. 201 -- 212 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2006 , pp. 46 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2006 , pp. 42 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2006 , pp. 47 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 198 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Magdalino , Paul ( 2002 ) . The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos , 1143 -- 1180 . Cambridge University Press . p. 124 ... Jump up ^ Birkenmeier 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2003 ; Read 2000 , p. 124 ; Watson 1993 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Komnene 1928 , Alexiad , 10.261 . Jump up ^ Komnene 1928 , Alexiad , 11.291 Jump up ^ Komnene 1928 , Alexiad , 13.348 -- 13.358 ; Birkenmeier 2002 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , John II Komnenos Jump up ^ Norwich ( 1998 ) , 267 Jump up ^ Ostrogorsky ( 1990 ) , 377 Jump up ^ Birkenmeier ( 2002 ) , 90 Jump up ^ `` John II Komnenos '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Harris ( 2003 ) , 84 Jump up ^ Brooke ( 2004 ) , 326 Jump up ^ Magdalino ( 2002 ) , 74 * Stone , Manuel I Comnenus Jump up ^ Sedlar ( 1994 ) , 372 Jump up ^ Magdalino ( 2002 ) , 67 Jump up ^ Innocent III , Letter to the Illustrious Emperor of Constantinople ( no 121 ) Jump up ^ Birkenmeier ( 2002 ) , 128 Jump up ^ Birkenmeier ( 2002 ) , 196 Jump up ^ Birkenmeier ( 2002 ) , 185 -- 186 Jump up ^ Birkenmeier ( 2002 ) , 1 Jump up ^ Day ( 1977 ) , 289 -- 290 * Harvey ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Diehl , Byzantine Art Jump up ^ Tatakes - Moutafakis ( 2003 ) , 110 Jump up ^ Treadgold 1997 , pp. 548 -- 549 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1928 -- 1935 , `` Relations with Italy and Western Europe '' . Jump up ^ Hooper & Bennett 1996 , p. 82 ; Stephenson 2000 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Šišić 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Byzantine Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002 . ; Markham , The Battle of Manzikert Archived 2007 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Norwich ( 1998 ) , 291 ^ Jump up to : Norwich ( 1998 ) , 292 ^ Jump up to : Vasiliev , Foreign policy of the Angeloi ^ Jump up to : Magdalino ( 2002 ) , 194 Jump up ^ J. Harris ( 2003 ) , 117 Jump up ^ Ostrogorsky ( 1969 ) , 396 Jump up ^ Harris ( 2003 ) , 118 Jump up ^ Ostrogorsky ( 1969 ) , 397 Jump up ^ Norwich ( 1998 ) , 293 Jump up ^ Norwich ( 1998 ) , 294 -- 295 Jump up ^ Norwich ( 1998 ) , 296 Jump up ^ Madden ( 2005 ) , 85 * Norwich ( 1998 ) , 297 Jump up ^ Angold ( 1997 ) * Paparrigopoulos ( 1925 ) , Db , 216 Jump up ^ Norwich ( 1998 ) , 299 ^ Jump up to : `` The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Britannica Concise , Siege of Zara Jump up ^ Geoffrey of Villehardouin , 46 ^ Jump up to : Norwich ( 1998 ) , 301 Jump up ^ Innocent III , Innocent III to the Marquis of Montferrat and the Counts of Flanders , Blois and St. Pol . ( no 101 ) Jump up ^ Harris ( 2003 ) * `` The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Madden ( 2005 ) , 110 Jump up ^ Paparrigopoulos ( 1925 ) , Db , 230 Jump up ^ Romania was an unofficial popular name of the eastern Roman Empire ( used also in the west ) , but the Latin Emperors have officially used the title `` Emperor of Romania '' ( imperator Romaniae ) , instead of `` Emperor of the Romans '' ( imperator Romanorum ) which was used by the Roman emperors until 1453 ( the west reserved this title only to the rulers of the German Holy Roman Empire ) . Ancient coin collecting ISBN 978 - 0 - 87349 - 515 - 8 Jump up ^ Choniates 1912 , The Sack of Constantinople . Jump up ^ Kean ( 2005 ) * Madden ( 2005 ) , 162 * Lowe - Baker , The Seljuks of Rum Jump up ^ Lowe - Baker , The Seljuks of Rum Jump up ^ Madden ( 2005 ) , 179 * Reinert ( 2002 ) , 260 Jump up ^ Reinert ( 2002 ) , 257 Jump up ^ Reinert ( 2002 ) , 261 Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 234 Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 235 ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 236 Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 240 ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 241 Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p 182 Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Reinert ( 2002 ) , 268 Jump up ^ Reinert ( 2002 ) , 270 Jump up ^ Runciman ( 1990 ) , 71 -- 72 ^ Jump up to : Runciman ( 1990 ) , 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Runciman ( 1990 ) , 84 -- 86 Jump up ^ Clark 2000 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Seton - Watson ( 1967 ) , 31 References ( edit ) Angold , Michael ( 1997 ) . The Byzantine Empire , 1025 -- 1204 : A Political History . London : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 29468 - 4 . Baynes , Norman Hepburn ; Moss , Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort , eds. ( 1948 ) . Byzantium : An Introduction to East Roman Civilization . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Benz , Ernst ( 1963 ) . The Eastern Orthodox Church : Its Thought and Life . Piscataway : Aldine Transaction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 202 - 36298 - 4 . Birkenmeier , John W. ( 2002 ) . The Development of the Komnenian Army : 1081 -- 1180 . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11710 - 5 . Bray , R.S. ( 2004 ) . Armies of Pestilence : The Impact of Disease on History . James Clarke . ISBN 0 - 227 - 17240 - X . Browning , Robert ( 1992 ) . The Byzantine Empire . Washington , DC : The Catholic University of America Press . ISBN 0 - 8132 - 0754 - 1 . Bury , John Bagnall ( 1923 ) . History of the Later Roman Empire . London : Macmillan . Cameron , Averil ( 2006 ) . The Byzantines . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9833 - 2 . Clark , Victoria ( 2000 ) . Why Angels Fall : A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 23396 - 5 . Day , Gerald W. ( 1977 ) . `` Manuel and the Genoese : A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century '' . The Journal of Economic History . 37 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 301 . JSTOR 2118759 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700096947 . Duiker , William J. ; Spielvogel , Jackson J. ( 2010 ) . The Essential World History . Boston : Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90227 - 0 . Durant , Will ( 1949 ) . The Age of Faith : The Story of Civilization . Simon and Schuster . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 4761 - 7 . Esler , Philip Francis ( 2004 ) . The Early Christian World . New York and London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33312 - 1 . Evans , James Allan Stewart ( 2005 ) . The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire . Westport : Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32582 - 0 . Evans , Helen C. ; Wixom , William D. ( 1997 ) . The glory of Byzantium : art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era , A.D. 843 -- 1261 . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9780810965072 . Freeman , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Greek Achievement -- The Foundation of the Western World . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88515 - 0 . Garland , Lynda ( 1999 ) . Byzantine Empresses : Women and Power in Byzantium , CE 527 -- 1204 . New York and London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14688 - 7 . Gibbon , Edward ( 1906 ) . J.B. Bury ( with an Introduction by W.E.H. Lecky ) , ed . The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( Volumes II , III , and IX ) . New York : Fred de Fau . Gregory , Timothy E. ( 2010 ) . A History of Byzantium . Malden : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 8471 - X . Grierson , Philip ( 1999 ) . Byzantine Coinage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks . ISBN 0 - 88402 - 274 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 September 2007 . Haldon , John ( 1990 ) . Byzantium in the Seventh Century : The Transformation of a Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 31917 - 1 . Haldon , John ( 2004 ) . `` The Fate of the Late Roman Senatorial Elite : Extinction or Transformation ? '' . In John Haldon and Lawrence I. Conrad . The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East VI : Elites Old and New in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East . Darwin . ISBN 0 - 87850 - 144 - 4 . Harris , Jonathan ( 2014 ) . Byzantium and the Crusades ( 2nd ed . ) . Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78093 - 767 - 0 . Haywood , John ( 2001 ) ( 1997 ) . Cassell 's Atlas of World History . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35757 - X . Heather , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Fall of the Roman Empire . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 49136 - 5 . Hirth , Friedrich ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) . Jerome S. Arkenberg , ed . `` East Asian History Sourcebook : Chinese Accounts of Rome , Byzantium and the Middle East , c. 91 B.C.E. -- 1643 C.E. '' . Fordham.edu . Fordham University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Hooper , Nicholas ; Bennett , Matthew ( 1996 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare : The Middle Ages . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44049 - 1 . James , Liz ( 2010 ) . A Companion to Byzantium . Chichester : John Wiley . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 2654 - X . Kaldellis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Hellenism in Byzantium : The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87688 - 5 . Karlin - Heyer , P. ( 1967 ) . `` When Military Affairs Were in Leo 's Hands '' . Tradition. 23 : 15 -- 40 . JSTOR 27830825 . Kazhdan , Alexander Petrovich ; Constable , Giles ( 1982 ) . People and Power in Byzantium : An Introduction to Modern Byzantine Studies . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks . ISBN 0 - 88402 - 103 - 3 . Kean , Roger Michael ( 2006 ) . Forgotten Power : Byzantium : Bulwark of Christianity . Shropshire : Thalamus . ISBN 1 - 902886 - 07 - 0 . Kountoura - Galake , Eleonora ( 1996 ) . Ο βυζαντινός κλήρος και η κοινωνία των `` Σκοτεινών Αἰώνων ( '' The Byzantine Clergy and the Society of the ' Dark Ages ' `` ) ( in Greek ) . Athens : Ethniko Idryma Erevnon . ISBN 978 - 960 - 7094 - 46 - 9 . Laiou , Angeliki E. ; Morisson , Cécile ( 2007 ) . The Byzantine Economy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84978 - 0 . LIVUS ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Silk Road '' , Articles of Ancient History . Retrieved on 22 September 2016 . Madden , Thomas F. ( 2005 ) . Crusades : The Illustrated History . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 03127 - 9 . Magdalino , Paul ( 2002 ) . The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos , 1143 -- 1180 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52653 - 1 . Millar , Fergus ( 2006 ) . A Greek Roman Empire : Power and Belief under Theodosius II ( 408 -- 450 ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24703 - 5 . Norwich , John Julius ( 1998 ) . A Short History of Byzantium . Ringwood , Vic. : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 025960 - 5 . Ostrogorsky , George ( 1959 ) . `` The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century '' . Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13 : 1 -- 21 . JSTOR 1291126 . doi : 10.2307 / 1291127 . Paparrigopoulos , Constantine ; Karolidis , Pavlos ( 1925 ) . Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( `` History of the Greek Nation '' ) , vol. 4 ( in Greek ) . Eleftheroudakis . Parry , Kenneth ( 1996 ) . Depicting the Word : Byzantine Iconophile Thought of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries . Leiden and New York : Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10502 - 6 . Pounds , Norman John Greville ( 1979 ) . An Historical Geography of Europe , 1500 -- 1840 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22379 - 2 . Read , Piers Paul ( 2000 ) ( 1999 ) . The Templars : The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar , The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 26658 - 8 . Reinert , Stephen W. ( 2002 ) . `` Fragmentation ( 1204 -- 1453 ) '' . In Cyril Mango . The Oxford History of Byzantium . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 248 -- 283 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814098 - 3 . Runciman , Steven ( 1990 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39832 - 0 . Schafer , Edward H. ( 1985 ) ( 1963 ) , The Golden Peaches of Samarkand : A study of T'ang Exotics ( 1st paperback ed . ) , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 05462 - 8 . Sedlar , Jean W. ( 1994 ) . East Central Europe in the Middle Ages , 1000 -- 1500 . III . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97290 - 4 . Seton - Watson , Hugh ( 1967 ) . The Russian Empire , 1801 -- 1917 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822152 - 5 . Sezgin , Fuat ; Carl Ehrig - Eggert ; Amawi Mazen ; E. Neubauer ( 1996 ) . نصوص ودراسات من مصادر صينية حول البلدان الاسلامية . Frankfurt am Main : Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch - Islamischen Wissenschaften ( Institute for the History of Arabic - Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ) . p. 25 . Šišić , Ferdo ( 1990 ) . Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara : sa 280 slika i 3 karte u bojama . Zagreb : Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske . ISBN 86 - 401 - 0080 - 2 . Stephenson , Paul ( 2000 ) . Byzantium 's Balkan Frontier : A Political Study of the Northern Balkans , 900 -- 1204 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77017 - 3 . Tatakes , Vasileios N. ; Moutafakis , Nicholas J. ( 2003 ) . Byzantine Philosophy . Indianapolis : Hackett . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 563 - 0 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 2 . Vasiliev , Alexander Alexandrovich ( 1928 -- 1935 ) . History of the Byzantine Empire . Madison : The University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 80925 - 0 . Watson , Bruce ( 1993 ) . Sieges : A Comparative Study . Westport : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94034 - 9 . Yule , Henry ( 1915 ) . Henri Cordier ( ed . ) , Cathay and the Way Thither : Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China , Vol I : Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route . London : Hakluyt Society . Accessed 22 September 2016 . Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian dynasty Valentinian dynasty Theodosian dynasty Leonid dynasty Justinian dynasty Heraclian dynasty Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian dynasty Nikephorian dynasty Amorian dynasty Macedonian dynasty Doukas dynasty Komnenos dynasty Angelos dynasty ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Latin Empire / Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond / others Palaiologos dynasty Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Muslims Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire&oldid=800012492 '' Categories : History of the Byzantine Empire Medieval Anatolia Medieval Cappadocia History of the Roman Empire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Македонски Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 03 : 36 . 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1836397533516532605	List of spaceflight records	List of spaceflight records - wikipedia List of spaceflight records The first space rendezvous was accomplished by Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 in 1965 This is a list of spaceflight records . Most of these records relate to human spaceflights , but some unmanned and animal records are listed as well . Contents 1 First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country 2 Human spaceflight firsts 3 Most spaceflights 4 Duration records 4.1 Total human spaceflight time by country 4.2 Most time in space 4.3 Ten longest human spaceflights 4.4 Longest single flight by a woman 4.5 Longest continuous occupation of space 4.6 Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft 4.7 Longest solo flight 4.8 Longest time on the lunar surface 4.9 Longest time in lunar orbit 5 Speed and altitude records 5.1 Farthest humans from Earth 5.2 Highest altitude for manned non-lunar mission 5.3 Fastest 6 Age records 6.1 Earliest - born to reach space ( suborbital flight ) 6.2 Earliest - born to reach space ( orbital flight ) 6.3 Youngest ( age during spaceflight ) 6.4 Oldest ( age during spaceflight ) 7 Spacewalk records 7.1 Most spacewalks 7.2 Most spacewalks during a single mission 8 Animal records 8.1 First living organisms in space 8.2 First animal in orbit 8.3 Longest canine single flight 8.4 First animals beyond low - Earth orbit 9 Notable unmanned spaceflights 10 See also 11 References 12 External links First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country ( edit ) Country Mission Crew Spacecraft Launch vehicle Date Type USSR Vostok 1 Yuri Gagarin Vostok 3KA Vostok - K 12 April 1961 Orbital USA Mercury - Redstone 3 ( Freedom 7 ) Alan Shepard Mercury Spacecraft No. 7 Mercury - Redstone 5 May 1961 Sub-orbital USA Mercury - Atlas 6 ( Friendship 7 ) John Glenn Mercury Spacecraft No. 13 Atlas LV - 3B 20 February 1962 Orbital China Shenzhou 5 Yang Liwei Shenzhou spacecraft Long March 2F 15 October 2003 Orbital Human spaceflight FIRSTS ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) First Person ( s ) Mission Country Date Person to reach space Person in orbit Yuri Gagarin Vostok 1 USSR 12 April 1961 Person to make suborbital flight Person to land in a spacecraft after spaceflight ( thus the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions ) Person to land in water ( splashdown ) Person to pilot a craft in space Alan Shepard Freedom 7 USA 5 May 1961 Person in space for over 24 hours Multiple orbits during a spaceflight Gherman Titov Vostok 2 USSR 6 August 1961 -- 7 August 1961 Person to land in a spacecraft after orbital flight John Glenn Friendship 7 USA 20 February 1962 Group flight Adjacent orbits Spacecraft - to - spacecraft communications Andrian Nikolayev Pavel Popovich Vostok 3 Vostok 4 USSR 12 August 1962 -- 15 August 1962 Woman in space Civilian in space Valentina Tereshkova Vostok 6 USSR 16 June 1963 -- 19 June 1963 Spaceflight ( suborbital ) by winged spacecraft Joe Walker X-15 Flight 90 USA 19 July 1963 Person to enter space twice ( suborbital flights above 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) ) Joe Walker X-15 Flights 90 and 91 USA 22 August 1963 Three - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Persons to land in a spacecraft on hard ground Manned spaceflight without pressurized spacesuits Vladimir Komarov Konstantin Feoktistov Boris Yegorov Voskhod 1 USSR 12 October 1964 -- 13 October 1964 Spacewalk Alexey Leonov Voskhod 2 USSR 18 March 1965 Orbital maneuvers ( change orbit ) Gus Grissom , John W. Young Gemini 3 USA 23 March 1965 Person to fly two orbital spaceflights Gordon Cooper Faith 7 Gemini 5 USA 15 May 1963 -- 16 May 1963 21 August 1965 -- 29 August 1965 Persons to spend one week in space Gordon Cooper Pete Conrad Gemini 5 USA 21 August 1965 -- 29 August 1965 Space rendezvous ( orbital maneuver and station - keeping ) Four people in space at the same time Frank Borman , Jim Lovell Walter Schirra , Thomas Stafford Gemini 7 Gemini 6A USA 15 December 1965 -- 16 December 1965 Space docking Neil Armstrong David Scott Gemini 8 and Agena USA 16 March 1966 Multiple rendezvous John W. Young Michael Collins Gemini 10 with Agena 10 and Agena 8 USA 19 July 1966 20 July 1966 Spaceflight fatality ( during landing ) Vladimir Komarov Soyuz 1 USSR 23 April 1967 -- 24 April 1967 Person to complete three spaceflights Walter Schirra Mercury - Atlas 8 Gemini 6A Apollo 7 USA 22 October 1968 Persons to leave low Earth orbit ( LEO ) Persons to fully escape Earth 's gravity Persons to enter lunar orbit Frank Borman Jim Lovell Bill Anders Apollo 8 USA 24 December 1968 -- 25 December 1968 Space docking of two manned spacecraft Dual spacewalk Сrew transfer ( Khrunov , Yeliseyev ) Vladimir Shatalov Boris Volynov Aleksei Yeliseyev Yevgeny Khrunov Soyuz 4 Soyuz 5 USSR 16 January 1969 Solo flight around the Moon John Young Apollo 10 USA 22 May 1969 Moon landing Planetary surface EVA Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11 USA 20 July 1969 Five people in space at the same time Georgi Shonin , Valeri Kubasov Anatoly Filipchenko , Vladislav Volkov , Viktor Gorbatko Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 USSR 12 October 1969 -- 13 October 1969 Triple spaceflight Seven people in space at the same time Shonin , Kubasov Filipchenko , Volkov , Gorbatko Vladimir Shatalov , Aleksei Yeliseyev Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 Soyuz 8 USSR 13 October 1969 -- 16 October 1969 Person to complete four spaceflights James A. Lovell Gemini 7 Gemini 12 Apollo 8 Apollo 13 USA 17 April 1970 Person to fly two lunar flights Person to complete two flights beyond low Earth orbit James A. Lovell Apollo 8 Apollo 13 USA 11 April 1970 -- 17 April 1970 People to spend two weeks in space Night launch Andrian Nikolayev Vitali Sevastyanov Soyuz 9 USSR 1 June 1970 -- 19 June 1970 People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft Alan Shepard Edgar Mitchell Apollo 14 USA 6 February 1971 Docking with space station ( soft dock ) Night landing Vladimir Shatalov Aleksei Yeliseyev Nikolai Rukavishnikov Soyuz 10 Salyut 1 USSR 22 April 1971 -- 24 April 1971 Manned space station Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov Soyuz 11 Salyut 1 USSR 7 June 1971 -- 29 June 1971 In - space fatalities Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov Soyuz 11 USSR 29 June 1971 People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth Dave Scott Jim Irwin Apollo 15 USA 31 July 1971 -- 2 August 1971 EVA outside low Earth orbit ( trans - Earth trajectory ) Al Worden Apollo 15 USA 5 August 1971 Person to be in lunar orbit twice ( during separate lunar expeditions ) John W. Young Apollo 10 Apollo 16 USA 16 April 1972 -- 27 April 1972 People in orbit for four weeks Pete Conrad Joseph Kerwin Paul Weitz Skylab 2 USA 25 May 1973 -- 22 June 1973 People in orbit for eight weeks Alan Bean Jack Lousma Owen Garriott Skylab 3 USA 28 July 1973 -- 25 September 1973 People in orbit for 12 weeks Gerald Carr William Pogue Edward Gibson Skylab 4 USA 16 November 1973 -- 8 February 1974 Spaceflight aborted during liftoff ( at 145 kilometers ( 90 mi ) altitude ) Re-entry with 20 g acceleration ( emergency ) Vasily Lazarev , Oleg Makarov Soyuz 18a USSR 5 April 1975 Crew to visit occupied space station Vladimir Dzhanibekov , Oleg Makarov Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO - 1 crew USSR 10 January 1978 -- 16 January 1978 People in orbit 19 weeks ( 4 months ) Vladimir Kovalyonok , Aleksandr Ivanchenkov Salyut 6 EO - 2 , Soyuz 29 - Soyuz 31 USSR 15 June 1978 -- 2 November 1978 People in orbit 26 weeks ( 6 months ) Leonid Popov , Valery Ryumin Salyut 6 EO - 4 , Soyuz 35 - Soyuz 37 USSR 9 April 1980 -- 11 October 1980 Spaceflight ( orbital ) by winged spacecraft John W. Young Robert L. Crippen STS - 1 USA 12 April 1981 Person to fly four different types of spacecraft John W. Young Gemini Apollo Lunar Module STS - 1 USA 12 April 1981 Person to complete five spaceflights John W. Young Gemini 3 Gemini 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 16 STS - 1 USA 14 April 1981 Four - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Vance Brand Robert F. Overmyer Joseph P. Allen William B. Lenoir STS - 5 USA 11 November 1982 -- 16 November 1982 Five - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Robert L. Crippen Frederick H. Hauck John M. Fabian Sally K. Ride Norman E. Thagard STS - 7 USA 18 June 1983 -- 24 June 1983 Six - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft John W. Young , Brewster H. Shaw , Owen K. Garriott , Robert A. Parker , Byron K. Lichtenberg -- USA Ulf Merbold -- Germany ( European Space Agency ) STS - 9 USA West Germany 28 November 1983 -- 8 December 1983 Person to complete six spaceflights John W. Young Gemini 3 Gemini 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 16 STS - 1 STS - 9 USA 8 December 1983 Untethered spacewalk Bruce McCandless II STS - 41 - B USA 7 February 1984 Eight people in space at the same time ( no docking ) Oleg Atkov , Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov -- USSR Vance D. Brand , Robert L. Gibson , Bruce McCandless II , Ronald McNair , Robert L. Stewart -- USA Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 , STS - 41 - B USSR USA 8 February 1984 -- 11 February 1984 11 people in space at the same time ( no docking ) Oleg Atkov , Leonid D. Kizim , Yury Malyshev , Vladimir Solovyov , Gennady Strekalov -- USSR Robert L. Crippen , Terry J. Hart , George Nelson , Francis Scobee , James van Hoften -- USA Rakesh Sharma -- India STS - 41 - C , Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 - Soyuz T - 11 USSR USA India 6 April 1984 -- 11 April 1984 People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov Salyut 7 USSR 26 April -- 18 May 1984 Spacewalk by a woman Svetlana Savitskaya Soyuz T - 12 USSR 25 July 1984 People in orbit 33 weeks ( 7 months ) Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov , Oleg Atkov Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 - Soyuz T - 11 USSR 8 February 1984 -- 2 October 1984 Seven - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Robert L. Crippen , Jon A. McBride , Kathryn D. Sullivan , Sally K. Ride , David C. Leestma , Paul D. Scully - Power -- USA Marc Garneau -- Canada STS - 41 - G USA Canada 5 October 1984 -- 13 October 1984 Two women in space at the same time Kathryn D. Sullivan , Sally K. Ride STS - 41 - G USA 5 October 1984 -- 13 October 1984 Partial crew exchange at a space station Alexander Volkov , Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov Soyuz T - 14 , Salyut 7 USSR 17 September 1985 -- 26 September 1985 Eight - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Henry W. Hartsfield , Steven R. Nagel , Bonnie J. Dunbar , James F. Buchli , Guion S. Bluford -- USA Reinhard Furrer , Ernst Messerschmid -- West Germany Wubbo Ockels -- Netherlands ( European Space Agency ) STS - 61 - A USA West Germany Netherlands 30 October 1985 -- 6 November 1985 Fatalities during launch Francis `` Dick '' Scobee Michael J. Smith Ellison Onizuka Judith Resnik Ronald McNair Sharon Christa McAuliffe Gregory Jarvis STS - 51 - L USA 28 January 1986 Space station - to - space station flight Space station - to - space station return flight Expedition on two space stations Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov Soyuz T - 15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir USSR 15 March 1986 -- 16 July 1986 Complete crew exchange at a space station Vladimir Titov , Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko , Alexander Alexandrov Soyuz TM - 4 - Soyuz TM - 2 , Soyuz TM - 3 , at Mir USSR 21 December 1987 -- 29 December 1987 People in orbit 52 weeks ( one year ) Vladimir Titov , Musa Manarov Mir EO - 3 , Soyuz TM - 4 - Soyuz TM - 6 USSR 21 December 1987 -- 21 December 1988 12 people in space at the same time ( no docking ) Shuttle : Vance Brand , Samuel Durrance , Guy S. Gardner , Jeffrey A. Hoffman , John M. Lounge , Ronald Parise , Robert A. Parker -- USA Mir : Gennady Manakov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia Soyuz and Soyuz / Mir : Musa Manarov , Viktor Afanasyev -- Russia Toyohiro Akiyama -- Japan STS - 35 , Mir EO - 7 , Soyuz TM - 10 - Soyuz TM - 11 USSR USA Japan 2 December 1990 -- 10 December 1990 Three women in space at the same time Millie Hughes - Fulford , Tamara E. Jernigan , M. Rhea Seddon STS - 40 USA 5 June 1991 -- 14 June 1991 Three - person spacewalk Pierre J. Thuot Richard J. Hieb Thomas D. Akers STS - 49 USA 13 May 1992 13 people in space at the same time ( no docking ) Shuttle : Steve Oswald , William Gregory , John Grunsfeld , Wendy Lawrence , Tammy Jernigan , Sam Durrance , Ron Parise -- USA Mir : Aleksandr Viktorenko , Yelena Kondakova , Valeriy Polyakov -- Russia Soyuz / Mir : Vladimir Dezhurov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia Norman E. Thagard -- USA STS - 67 , Mir , Soyuz TM - 20 , Soyuz TM - 21 USA Russia 14 March 1995 -- 18 March 1995 Ten people in a single spacecraft ( docking ) Robert L. Gibson , Charles J. Precourt , Ellen S. Baker , Bonnie J. Dunbar , Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard -- USA Anatoly Solovyev , Nikolai Budarin , Vladimir Dezhurov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia STS - 71 , Mir , Soyuz TM - 21 USA Russia 29 June 1995 -- 4 July 1995 Space tourist Dennis Tito Soyuz TM - 32 / 31 , ISS EP - 1 USA Russia April 28 , 2001 -- May 6 , 2001 Person to complete seven trips to space Jerry L. Ross STS - 61B STS - 27 STS - 37 STS - 55 STS - 74 STS - 88 STS - 110 USA 19 April 2002 Privately funded human space flight ( suborbital ) Mike Melvill SpaceShipOne flight 15P USA 21 June 2004 13 people in a single spacecraft ( docking ) Michael Barratt , Mark L. Polansky , Douglas G. Hurley , Christopher J. Cassidy , Thomas H. Marshburn , David Wolf , Timothy Kopra -- USA Gennady Padalka , Roman Romanenko -- Russia Robert Thirsk , Julie Payette -- Canada Frank De Winne -- Belgium ( European Space Agency ) Koichi Wakata -- Japan ISS , Soyuz TMA - 14 , Soyuz TMA - 15 , STS - 127 USA Russia Canada Belgium Japan 17 July 2009 Four women in space at the same time Shuttle : Dorothy Metcalf - Lindenburger , Stephanie Wilson -- USA Naoko Yamazaki -- Japan ISS : Tracy Caldwell Dyson -- USA STS - 131 ISS Expedition 23 USA Japan 5 April 2010 -- 20 April 2010 Six spacecraft docked to a space station ISS : Expedition 56 Dragon - 15 , Cygnus - 9 , Soyuz MS - 08 , Soyuz MS - 09 , Progress MS - 08 , Progress MS - 09 USA Russia 9 July 2018 Most spaceflights ( edit ) 7 spaceflights Jerry L. Ross -- USA Franklin Chang Díaz -- Costa Rica / USA * 6 spaceflights John W. Young -- USA ( While Young has made six spaceflights , he was launched into orbit seven times if his moon ascent on Apollo 16 is counted . ) Story Musgrave -- USA Curtis Brown -- USA James Wetherbee -- USA Michael Foale -- United Kingdom / USA dual citizen Sergei Krikalev -- Russia Yuri Malenchenko -- Russia Duration records ( edit ) Total human spaceflight time by country ( edit ) Total Human Spaceflight statistics by nation Nation Total persons Total person flights Total in orbit ( @ update ) Total person days % of Total person days TOTAL 555 1256 52875.90 - Russia Soviet Union 123 269 27548.82 0.521009106421842 United States 340 851 20202.50 0.382073975466554 ESA ( show ) Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom 39 64 2917.46 0.0551755970856668 Japan 12 20 - 1354.76 0.0256214862912756 Germany 11 16 804.67 0.0152181702024318 Italy 7 12 - 765.92 0.0144852419776401 France 10 18 - 628.92 0.0118943612371954 Canada 9 17 - 506.14 0.00957229653845642 Netherlands - 210.69 0.00398461863187809 Belgium - 207.65 0.00392721219654997 United Kingdom - 193.81 0.00366534376506808 China 11 14 - 165.35 0.00312717320903049 Switzerland - 42.50 0.000803808295901813 Sweden - 26.73 0.000505599528901068 Spain - 18.78 0.000355208064489656 Israel - 15.93 0.000301282001012819 Ukraine - 15.69 0.000296737817388127 Bulgaria - 11.80 0.000223137802842537 South Korea - 10.88 0.000205841011415602 Malaysia - 10.88 0.000205841011415602 South Africa - 9.89 0.000187086403854735 Brazil - 9.89 0.000186981336025262 Kazakhstan - 9.84 0.000186153926868165 Denmark - 9.84 0.000186153926868165 Afghanistan - 8.85 0.000167399319307297 Syria - 7.96 0.000150562199634305 Czechoslovakia - 7.93 0.000149931792657469 Austria - 7.93 0.000149879258742733 Poland - 7.92 0.000149747923955892 Slovakia - 7.91 0.000149669123083788 India - 7.90 0.000149458987424842 Hungary - 7.86 0.000148736646097218 Cuba - 7.86 0.00014871037913985 Mongolia - 7.86 0.000148697245661166 Vietnam - 7.86 0.000148697245661166 Romania - 7.86 0.000148684112182482 Saudi Arabia - 7.07 0.000133672546046577 Mexico - 6.88 0.000130073972887139 Astronauts currently in space : Sergei Valerievich Prokopyev Alexander Gerst Serena Maria Auñón - Chancellor Crew Vehicles currently in space : Soyuz MS - 09 Table data accurate as of 2018 - 10 - 30 04 : 05 UTC * includes those in orbit at time table was updated + TOTAL person days in orbit will not match the sum of the totals for individual nations as some individuals are dual citizens ( based solely on those identified as such by spacefacts.de - see table references ) . Most time in space ( edit ) Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka , who has spent 878 days in space over five missions , became the record holder for the most time spent in space when he surpassed , on 28 June 2015 , the record of cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev , who spent 803 days , 9 hours and 39 minutes ( about 2.2 years ) in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz , the Space Shuttle , Mir , and the International Space Station . Yuri Malenchenko is currently in second place , having spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights . The following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space , as of 5 October 2018 . Travelers currently in space are ranked by total time in space of their completed missions only . Color key : Currently in space Active Retired Deceased Rank Person Days Flights Status Nationality Gennady Padalka 878.480 5 Retired Russia Yuri Malenchenko 827.389 6 Retired Russia Sergei Krikalev 803.371 6 Retired Soviet Union / Russia Alexandr Kaleri 769.276 5 Active Russia 5 Sergei Avdeyev 747.593 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 6 Valeriy Polyakov 678.690 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 7 Fyodor Yurchikhin 672.860 5 Active Russia 8 Peggy A. Whitson 665.932 Retired United States 9 Anatoly Solovyev 651.117 5 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 10 Viktor Afanasyev 555.772 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 11 Yury Usachev 552.773 Retired Russia 12 Sergey Volkov 547.931 Retired Russia 13 Pavel Vinogradov 546.939 Active Russia 14 Musa Manarov 541.021 Retired Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan ) 15 Jeffrey Williams 534.116 Active United States 16 Anton Shkaplerov 533.230 Active Russia 17 Oleg Kononenko 533.000 Active Russia 18 Mikhail Tyurin 532.118 Retired Russia 19 Oleg Kotov 526.211 Retired Russia 20 Scott Kelly 520.440 Retired United States 21 Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko 516.417 Retired Russia 22 Alexander Viktorenko 489.066 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 23 Nikolai Budarin 444.060 Retired Russia 24 Yuri Romanenko 430.765 Retired Soviet Union 25 Alexander Volkov 391.495 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 26 Yuri I. Onufrienko 389.282 Retired Russia 27 Vladimir G. Titov 387.036 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 28 Vasili Tsibliyev 381.662 Retired Russia 29 Valery G. Korzun 381.653 Retired Russia 30 Michael Fincke 381.633 Active United States 31 Leonid Kizim 374.749 Deceased Soviet Union 32 Michael Foale 373.763 6 Retired United States / United Kingdom 33 Aleksandr Serebrov 372.954 Deceased Soviet Union / Russia 34 Valeri Ryumin 371.725 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 35 Donald Pettit 369.696 Active United States 36 Oleg Artemyev 365.962 Active Russia 37 Vladimir Solovyov 361.952 Retired Soviet Union 38 Thomas Reiter 350.239 Retired Germany 39 Koichi Wakata 347.356 Active Japan 40 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov 345.267 Active Russia 41 Talgat Musabayev 341.408 Retired Russia 42 Oleg Novitskiy 340.419 Active Russia 43 Andrei Borisenko 337.377 Active Russia 44 Maksim Surayev 334.508 Retired Russia 45 Alexander Misurkin 334.468 Active Russia 46 Roman Romanenko 333.459 Retired Russia 47 Vladimir Lyakhov 333.324 Deceased Soviet Union 48 Oleg Skripochka 331.521 Active Russia 49 Aleksandr Samokutyayev 331.474 Retired Russia 50 Yuri P. Gidzenko 329.950 Retired Russia Ten longest human spaceflights ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of longest spaceflights # Time in space Crew Country Launch date ( Launch craft ) Landing date ( Landing craft ) Space station or mission type 437.7 days Valeri Polyakov Russia 1994 - 01 - 08 ( Soyuz TM - 18 ) 1995 - 03 - 22 ( Soyuz TM - 20 ) Mir 379.6 days Sergei Avdeyev Russia 1998 - 08 - 13 ( Soyuz TM - 28 ) 1999 - 08 - 28 ( Soyuz TM - 29 ) Mir 365.0 days Vladimir Titov Musa Manarov Soviet Union 1987 - 12 - 21 ( Soyuz TM - 4 ) 1988 - 12 - 21 ( Soyuz TM - 6 ) Mir 340.4 days Mikhail Kornienko Scott Kelly Russia United States 2015 - 03 - 27 ( Soyuz TMA - 16M ) 2016 - 03 - 01 ( Soyuz TMA - 18M ) International Space Station , ISS year long mission 5 326.5 days Yury Romanenko Soviet Union 1987 - 02 - 05 ( Soyuz TM - 2 ) 1987 - 12 - 29 ( Soyuz TM - 3 ) Mir 6 311.8 days Sergei Krikalev Soviet Union / Russia 1991 - 05 - 18 ( Soyuz TM - 12 ) 1992 - 03 - 25 ( Soyuz TM - 13 ) Mir 7 289.2 days Peggy Whitson United States 2016 - 11 - 17 ( Soyuz MS - 03 ) 2017 - 09 - 03 ( Soyuz MS - 04 ) International Space Station 8 240.9 days Valeri Polyakov Soviet Union 1988 - 08 - 29 ( Soyuz TM - 6 ) 1989 - 04 - 7 ( Soyuz TM - 7 ) Mir 9 237.0 days Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov Oleg Atkov Soviet Union 1984 - 02 - 08 ( Soyuz T - 10 ) 1984 - 10 - 02 ( Soyuz T - 11 ) Salyut 7 10 215.4 days Mikhail Tyurin Michael López - Alegría Russia United States 2006 - 09 - 18 ( Soyuz TMA - 9 ) 2007 - 04 - 21 ( Soyuz TMA - 9 ) International Space Station Longest single flight by a woman ( edit ) NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman when she surpassed Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti 's 199 days , 16 hours during Expedition 52 in 2017 . She returned to Earth in September 2017 , having spent 289 days , 5 hours and 1 minute in space . In third place is American astronaut Sunita Williams with 195 days on the ISS , where she was a member of Expedition 14 / Expedition 15 ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . Longest continuous occupation of space ( edit ) An international partnership consisting of Russia , the United States , Canada , Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 , when Soyuz TM - 31 was launched . Two days later it docked with the International Space Station . Since then space has been continuously occupied for 17 years , 364 days . Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft ( edit ) The International Space Station has been continuously occupied since 2 November 2000 ( 17 years , 362 days ) . It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet / Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010 . Longest solo flight ( edit ) Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days , 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963 . The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the ( non-solo ) Gemini 5 flight . The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight , and during the Apollo 16 mission , T.K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours . Longest time on the lunar surface ( edit ) Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds ( over 3 days ) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972 . They performed three EVAs ( extra-vehicular activity ) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes , 57 seconds ( as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in , Cernan 's EVA time was slightly longer ) . Longest time in lunar orbit ( edit ) Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours ( 148 hours ) ; however , for the solo portion of that flight around the Moon , T.K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans ' solo duration . Speed and altitude records ( edit ) Farthest humans from Earth ( edit ) The Apollo 13 crew ( Jim Lovell , Fred Haise , and Jack Swigert ) , while passing over the far side of the moon at an altitude of 254 km ( 158 mi ) from the lunar surface , were 400,171 km ( 248,655 mi ) from Earth . This record - breaking distance was reached at 0 : 21 UTC on 15 April 1970 . Highest altitude for Manned non-lunar mission ( edit ) Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad , Jr. and Richard F. Gordon , Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966 , at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles ( 1,369.0 km ) . Fastest ( edit ) See also : List of vehicle speed records § Spacecraft The Apollo 10 crew ( Thomas Stafford , John W. Young and Eugene Cernan ) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans : 39,897 kilometers per hour ( 11.082 kilometers per second or 24,791 miles per hour , approximately 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037 percent of the speed of light ) . The record was set 26 May 1969 . Age records ( edit ) John Glenn , 14 April 1998 Earliest - born to reach space ( suborbital flight ) ( edit ) Joe Walker ( born 20 February 1921 ) , on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963 . Earliest - born to reach space ( orbital flight ) ( edit ) Man -- Georgy Beregovoy ( born 15 April 1921 ) , on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968 . Woman -- Valentina Tereshkova ( born 6 March 1937 ) , on Vostok 6 on 16 -- 19 June 1963 . Youngest ( age during spaceflight ) ( edit ) Man -- Gherman Titov ( aged 25 years ) , on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961 . Woman -- Valentina Tereshkova ( aged 26 years ) , on Vostok 6 on 16 -- 19 June 1963 . Oldest ( age during spaceflight ) ( edit ) Man -- John Glenn ( aged 77 ) , on STS - 95 on 29 October 1998 . Woman -- Peggy Whitson ( aged 56 ) , on Soyuz MS - 03 on 17 November 2016 . She turned 57 on 9 February 2017 , while still in space . Spacewalk records ( edit ) See also : List of cumulative spacewalk records Most spacewalks ( edit ) Man -- Anatoly Solovyev , 16 spacewalks for a total time of 82 hours , 21 minutes ( which is also the duration record ) . Woman -- Peggy Whitson , 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours , 21 minutes . Most spacewalks during a single mission ( edit ) 7 : Anatoly Solovyev , during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet / Russian space station Mir , in 1997 -- 98 . ( Two were internal `` spacewalks '' inside a depressurized module . ) 6 : Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov , the third crew on the Soviet space station Salyut 7 . Animal records ( edit ) Further information : Animals in space First living organisms in space ( edit ) The first living organisms of any kind to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V - 2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles ( 109 km ) . They were also the first animals to safely return from space . First animal in orbit ( edit ) Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2 . The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed , so there was no expectation for survival . She died several hours into flight . Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960 . Longest canine single flight ( edit ) Soviet space dogs Veterok ( Ветерок , `` Light Wind '' ) and Ugolyok ( Уголёк , `` Ember '' ) were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March . First animals beyond low - Earth orbit ( edit ) An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises , as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 15 September 1968 . It was launched by a Proton - K rocket . The capsule came within 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) of the Moon and later successfully returned to Earth , the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon . Notable unmanned spaceflights ( edit ) Further information : List of unmanned spacecraft by program In reference to : Spacecraft Event Origin Date Earth MW 18014 ( A-4 ( V - 2 ) ) First rocket to reach space ( suborbital flight ) . Germany 20 June 1944 Earth V - 2 No. 20 First living organisms ( fruit flies ) in space ( suborbital flight ) . Successfully recovered . USA 20 February 1947 Earth R - 1V First mammals ( dogs ) in space ( suborbital flight ) . Successfully recovered . USSR 22 July 1951 Earth Sputnik 1 First satellite in orbit . USSR 4 October 1957 Earth Sputnik 2 First animal in orbit , Laika the dog . USSR 3 November 1957 Earth Vanguard 1 Oldest satellite still in orbit , in addition to its upper launch stage . Expected to stay in orbit 240 years . Ceased transmission in May 1964 . USA 17 March 1958 Earth Pioneer 1 Failed to reach the moon as intended , but reached a record -- setting distance of 113,800 kilometres ( 70,700 mi ) from Earth . USA 11 October 1958 Earth Jupiter AM - 13 First monkey in space , Gordo , a squirrel monkey . USA 13 December 1958 Earth Luna 1 First spacecraft to achieve Earth 's escape velocity . USSR 4 January 1959 Moon Luna 1 First flyby . Distance of 5,995 kilometres ( 3,725 mi ) . USSR 4 January 1959 Sun Luna 1 First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit . USSR 4 January 1959 Moon Luna 2 First impact . USSR 14 September 1959 Moon Luna 3 First image of lunar far - side . USSR 7 October 1959 Earth Discoverer 13 First satellite recovered from orbit . USA 11 August 1960 Earth Korabl - Sputnik 2 First living beings recovered from orbit . USSR 19 August 1960 Venus Venera 1 First flyby . Distance of 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) ( lost communication contact before ) . USSR 19 May 1961 Moon Ranger 4 First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon . USA 26 April 1962 Earth Alouette 1 First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the USA or USSR ( the British satellite Ariel 1 , launched five months earlier , was designed and constructed by the USA ) . Canada 29 September 1962 Venus Mariner 2 First planetary flyby . Distance of 34,762 kilometres ( 21,600 mi ) ( with communication contact ) . USA 14 December 1962 Earth Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 Oldest spacecraft still in use ( 50 years as of 2015 ) . USA 6 May 1965 Mars Mariner 4 First flyby and first planetary imaging . Distance of 9,846 kilometres ( 6,118 mi ) . USA 14 July 1965 Earth Astérix First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the USA or USSR ( other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets ) . France 26 November 1965 Moon Luna 9 First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface . USSR 3 February 1966 Venus Venera 3 First impact . USSR 1 March 1966 Moon Luna 10 First orbiter . USSR 3 April 1966 Docking Cosmos 186 , Cosmos 188 First automated docking of unmanned spacecraft . USSR 30 October 1967 Moon Zond 5 First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth . First animals to circle the Moon . USSR 15 September 1968 Moon Luna 16 First automated sample return . USSR 24 September 1970 Moon Luna 17 First automated roving vehicle , Lunokhod 1 . USSR 17 November 1970 Venus Venera 7 First soft landing . USSR 15 December 1970 Mars Mariner 9 First orbiter . USA 14 November 1971 Mars Mars 2 First impact . USSR 27 November 1971 Mars Mars 3 First soft landing . Maintained telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased . USSR 2 December 1971 Sun Pioneer 10 First spacecraft to achieve the Sun 's escape velocity . USA 3 March 1972 Jupiter Pioneer 10 First flyby . Distance of 132,000 kilometres ( 82,000 mi ) . USA 4 December 1973 Mercury Mariner 10 First flyby . Distance of 703 kilometres ( 437 mi ) . USA 29 March 1974 Venus Venera 9 First orbiter . First surface - level imaging of another planet . USSR 22 October 1975 Sun Helios 2 Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun : 252,792 kilometres per hour ( 157,078 mph ) . Closest ever approach to the Sun . Distance of 0.29 AU ( 43,000,000 kilometres ( 27,000,000 mi ) ) , slightly inside the orbit of Mercury . Record still unbeaten as of November 2009 , but expected to be beaten by the future Solar Orbiter probe ( 0.23 AU / 33 million km ) . West Germany USA 17 April 1976 Mars Viking 1 First surface - level imaging of Mars . USA 20 July 1976 Saturn Pioneer 11 First flyby . Distance of 21,000 kilometres ( 13,000 mi ) . USA 1 September 1979 Venus Venera 13 First sound recording made on another planet . USSR 1 March 1982 Trans - Neptunian region Pioneer 10 First to travel past the orbit of Neptune , the furthest major planet from the Sun . USA 13 June 1983 Venus Vega 1 First helium balloon atmospheric probe . USSR 11 June 1985 Comet Giacobini - Zinner International Cometary Explorer ( ICE ) First flyby through a comet tail ( no pictures ) . Distance of 7,800 kilometres ( 4,800 mi ) . USA 11 September 1985 Uranus Voyager 2 First flyby . Distance of 81,500 kilometres ( 50,600 mi ) . USA 24 January 1986 Comet Halley Vega 1 First comet flyby ( with pictures returned ) . Distance of 8,890 kilometres ( 5,520 mi ) . USSR 6 March 1986 Orbital Spaceplane Buran First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane ( with airstrip landing ) . USSR 15 November 1988 Phobos Phobos 2 First flyby . Distance of 860 kilometres ( 530 mi ) . USSR 21 February 1989 Neptune Voyager 2 First flyby . Distance of 40,000 kilometres ( 25,000 mi ) . USA 25 August 1989 951 Gaspra Galileo First asteroid flyby . Distance of 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) . USA 29 October 1991 Jupiter Galileo probe First impact . USA 7 December 1995 Jupiter Galileo First orbiter . USA 8 December 1995 Mars Mars Pathfinder First automated roving vehicle , Sojourner . USA 4 July 1997 433 Eros NEAR Shoemaker First asteroid orbiter . USA 14 February 2000 433 Eros NEAR Shoemaker First asteroid soft landing . USA 12 February 2001 Saturn Cassini orbiter First orbiter . ESA USA 1 July 2004 Solar wind Genesis First sample return from farther than the Moon . USA 8 September 2004 Titan Huygens probe First soft landing . ESA USA 14 January 2005 Comet Tempel 1 Deep Impact First comet impact . USA 4 July 2005 25143 Itokawa Hayabusa First asteroid ascent . First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff . Japan 19 November 2005 81P / Wild Stardust First sample return from comet . USA 15 January 2006 Earth Voyager 1 Farthest distance from Earth . Farthest distance from the Sun ( 20.479 billion km ) . USA As of November 2016 Longest time in operation Voyager 2 Longest continually operating space probe ( since August 1977 ) . USA As of 2015 Earth to Venus trajectory IKAROS First interplanetary solar sail . Japan Set sail on 10 June 2010 25143 Itokawa Hayabusa First sample return from an asteroid . Japan 13 June 2010 Mercury MESSENGER First orbiter . USA 17 March 2011 Earth -- Sun L2 Lagrangian point Chang'e 2 First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit . China 25 August 2011 International Space Station SpaceX Dragon First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station . SpaceX 25 May 2012 Interstellar medium Voyager 1 First spacecraft to cross the heliopause , thereby exiting the heliosphere and entering interstellar space . USA 25 August 2012 4179 Toutatis Chang'e 2 First object to reach an asteroid directly from a Sun - Earth Langrangian point . First probe to explore both the Moon and an asteroid . China 13 December 2012 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko Rosetta First comet orbiter . ESA 6 August 2014 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko Philae First comet soft landing . ESA 12 November 2014 Ceres Dawn First dwarf planet orbiter . USA 6 March 2015 Mars Opportunity Longest distance traveled on surface of another world ( 26.219 miles ( 42.195 km ) , marathon - length ) . USA 23 March 2015 ( ongoing ) Mercury MESSENGER First impact . USA 30 April 2015 Pluto New Horizons First flyby of Pluto , Charon , Nix , Hydra , Kerberos , and Styx . First up - close images of the Pluto system and of Pluto and Charon 's surfaces . First to explore the Kuiper belt . USA 14 July 2015 All 9 planets in the pre-IAU redefinition version of the Solar System All United States spacecrafts including New Horizons With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto , the United States is the first nation to have its space probes explore all 9 planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System . USA 14 July 2015 Earth Juno Fastest man - made object relative to Earth ( c. 265,000 kilometres per hour ( 165,000 mph ) ) . USA 4 July 2016 Earth Falcon 9 First re-flight of orbital class rocket . SpaceX 30 March 2017 Earth Falcon 9 H - IIA - 202 Shortest period between orbital launches ( launched 72 seconds apart ) . SpaceX Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 23 December 2017 See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal List of crewed spacecraft List of cumulative spacewalk records List of International Space Station spacewalks List of Mir spacewalks List of spacewalkers List of spacewalks 2000 -- 2014 List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965 -- 1999 List of spacewalks since 2015 Manned Maneuvering Unit Omega Speedmaster Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue Space suit Suitport References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gebhardt , Chris ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Anniversaries : 50 years of human spaceflight -- 30 years for Shuttle '' . NASASpaceFlight ( not affiliated with NASA ) . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury - Redstone 3 ( Freedom 7 ) '' . NASA . 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury - Atlas 6 ( Friendship 7 ) '' . NASA . 20 November 2006 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making History : China 's First Human Spaceflight '' . Space.com. 28 September 2005 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAJOR SPACE `` FIRSTS ' - AN AMERICAN ASSESSMENT '' ( PDF ) . Flight . 91 ( 3028 ) : 459 . 1967 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Geek Trivia : A leap of fakes '' . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautix.com : Mercury MR - 3 '' . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlman , Robert ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim , Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission , Dies '' . Space.com . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wall , Mike ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records '' . Space.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Biography '' . NASA . ^ Jump up to : NASA ( 2005 ) . `` Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev Biography '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Astronauts and Cosmonauts flown in space ( in alphabetical order ) '' . spacefacts.de . The alphabetical list of astronauts provides the `` Total Persons '' `` Total Person Flights '' as well as the `` Total person days '' , excepting the time of astronauts currently in orbit Jump up ^ `` Manned spaceflights '' . spacefacts.de . The flight list allows is searched to determine which flight is in orbit , and when it reached orbit . This allows determination of `` Total in orbit ( @ update ) and update the `` Total person days '' accordingly . Jump up ^ NASA ( 2005 ) . `` Krikalev Sets Time - in - Space Record '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Curtiss ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space '' . Penny4NASA . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Russian astronaut record - breaker Padalka returns to Earth , BBC News , 12 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` Astronauts and Cosmonauts ( sorted by `` Time in Space '' ) `` . spacefacts.de . The current missions are listed but not included in day count . Jump up ^ Northon , Karen ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April '' . NASA . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Michael Foale holds dual U.S. / British citizenship . ^ Jump up to : Schwirtz , Michael ( 2009 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Staying Put on Earth , Taking a Step to Mars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlman , Robert ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` One Year in Space : A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth '' . Space.com . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Michael ( 2015 ) . Living Among Giants : Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System . Springer . p. 195 . ISBN 3319106732 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Warren ( 4 Feb 1994 ) . `` Man in the News : Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev ; Symbol of New Cooperation '' . Cape Canaveral : New York Times . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soyuz MS - 04 lands as Peggy Whitson ends record - breaking mission '' . NASASpaceflight. 2 Sep 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Marcia ( 28 Dec 1997 ) . `` Mischief a Specialty for Mir 's Doctor in Residence '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wenz , John ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` 5 Things You Must Know About Scott Kelly 's Year in Space '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/whitson_peggy.htm%7Ctitle=Peggy Whitson Astronaut Biography publisher = Space Facts Jump up ^ American Astronaut Peggy Whitson Sets Record for Women in Space , James Rogers , Fox News Channel , Apr 24 2017 Jump up ^ Tariq Malik ( 2007 ) . `` Orbital Champ : ISS Astronaut Sets New U.S. Spacewalk Record '' . Space.com . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Bio : Sunita Williams ( 5 / 2008 ) '' . NASA Logo National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Years and Counting '' . NASA . 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautic World Records : Spacecraft with one astronaut -- General category '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . This only counts the duration of solo flight within a mission , so a longer mission with solo flight , such as Apollo 17 at 12d + 13h duration is surpassed because the solo undocked duration was only 3d + 7h . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mission Report : Apollo 17 -- The Most Productive Lunar Expedition '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronal Evans Biographical Data '' . NASA . April 1990 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . longest time in lunar orbit , 147 hours , 48 minutes ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission : The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April -- 17 April 1970 '' . NASA . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dumoulin , Jim ( August 25 , 2000 ) , NASA Project Gemini - XI , retrieved April 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` ABC News '' . Jump up ^ `` GCTC , Biographies of Cosmonauts : Solovyev , Anatoly Yakovlevich '' . Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs , May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks '' . NASASpaceflight.com. 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Spacefacts ( 2017 ) . `` Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience ( sorted by `` EVA Time '' ) `` . Spacefacts . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Karl . `` Cosmic Menagerie : A History of Animals in Space ( Infographic ) '' ( infographic ) . Space.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R - 1V '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Asif A. Siddiqi . `` Challenge to Apollo '' ( PDF ) . NASA . ; see page . 253 Jump up ^ Williamson , Mark ( 1998 ) . `` Protecting the space environment : Are we doing enough ? '' . Space Policy . 14 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0265 - 9646 ( 97 ) 00038 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Alouette I and II '' . Canadian Space Agency . Government of Canada . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where are the Voyagers ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth , the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year . Jump up ^ `` Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2 '' . 2011 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` China 's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis '' . Chinadaily. com. cn. 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ esa . `` Rosetta arrives at comet destination '' . Jump up ^ `` Philae probe makes historic comet landing '' . 12 November 2014 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ CNN , Amanda Barnett . `` NASA 's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres '' . Jump up ^ CNN , Euan McKirdy . `` Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone '' . Jump up ^ Corum , Jonathan ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Messenger 's Collision Course With Mercury '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Fastest - Ever Spacecraft to Arrive at Jupiter Tonight '' . Jump up ^ `` Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite , Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight '' . Jump up ^ `` TMRO : Space - Looking forward to 2018 - Orbit 11.01 '' . External links ( edit ) Russia 's unmanned moon missions Extremes of motion Speed Wave ( Light Sound ) Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft propeller - based transcontinental FAI records Water - borne vehicle sailing underwater transatlantic Land vehicle ( rocket - based wheel - driven production car ( by speed / by acceleration ) railed motorcycle production motorcycle ( by speed / by acceleration ) British Distance Space ( furthest spacecraft furthest landing on another world furthest travels on another world furthest humans closest spacecraft to the Sun ) Aircraft ( furthest flight highest altitude FAI records ) Deepest Earth ocean dive Endurance Space ( most enduring spaceflight most endurance on another world most time as a person in space most enduring population of a spacecraft ) Aircraft See also Spaceflight records Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space toilet Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - 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American Space travelers by name Space travelers by nationality timeline EVA 1965 -- 1999 2000 -- 2014 2015 -- present Cumulative spacewalk records Spacewalkers Solar System exploration Timeline Interplanetary voyages Landings on other planets artificial objects Objects at Lagrangian points Probes active leaving the Solar System lunar probes Missions to the Moon Timeline of satellites Sample - return mission Mars Earth - orbiting satellites Climate research Communications satellite firsts CubeSats PocketQube Earth observation satellites timeline Geosynchronous orbit GOES Kosmos Magnetospheric NRO TDRS USA Vehicles Orbital launch systems Comparison Sounding rockets Spacecraft unmanned manned Upper stages Launches by rocket type Ariane Atlas Black Brant Falcon 9 and Heavy H-I and H - II Long March Proton PSLV R - 7 ( including Semyorka , Molniya , Vostok , Voskhod and Soyuz ) Scout Thor and Delta Titan V - 2 tests Zenit Launches by spaceport Satish Dhawan Agencies , companies and facilities Communications satellite companies comparison Private spaceflight companies Rocket launch sites Space agencies Spacecraft manufacturers Other mission lists and timelines First orbital launches by country NASA missions Constellation missions Timeline of private spaceflight Timeline of longest spaceflights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_spaceflight_records&oldid=865340264 '' Categories : Aviation records Human spaceflight Spaceflight timelines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本語 Polski Slovenščina Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 09 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has spent the most time in space	[ "Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, who has spent 878 days in space over five missions, became the record holder for the most time spent in space when he surpassed, on 28 June 2015, the record of cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Yuri Malenchenko is currently in second place, having spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights.[11][14][15][16]\n" ]	[ "Gennady Padalka" ]
-688582856431321274	List of countries by minimum driving age	List of countries by minimum Driving age - wikipedia List of countries by minimum Driving age Jump to : navigation , search The minimum driving age is the minimum age at which a person may obtain a driver 's licence to lawfully drive a motor vehicle on public roads . That age is determined by and for each jurisdiction and is most commonly set at 18 years of age , but learner drivers may be permitted on the road at an earlier age under supervision . Before reaching the minimum age for a driver 's licence or anytime afterwards , the person wanting the licence would normally be tested for driving ability and knowledge of road rules before being issued with a licence , provided he or she is above the minimum driving age . Countries with the lowest driving ages ( below 17 ) are Australia , Canada , El Salvador , Iceland , Israel , India , Macedonia , Malaysia , New Zealand , Norway , the Philippines , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Slovenia , Sweden , the United Kingdom ( Mainland ) , United States and Zimbabwe . In several jurisdictions in the United States and Canada , drivers can be as young as 14 . Most jurisdictions recognise driver 's licences issued by another jurisdiction , which may result in a young person who obtains a licence in a jurisdiction with a low minimum driving age being permitted to drive in a jurisdiction which normally has a higher driving age . The minimum age may vary depending on vehicle type . This list refers to the minimum driving age for a motor vehicle with a maximum authorized mass not exceeding 3,500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver ( not including a trailer ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 2.1 North America 2.2 Central America 2.3 South America 2.4 Caribbean 3 Asia 3.1 Middle East 3.2 South Asia 3.3 East Asia 3.4 Southeast Asia 4 Europe 4.1 European driving licence area 4.2 Rest of Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References Africa ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Algeria 18 Cameroon 16 Ethiopia 18 Egypt 18 Ghana 18 Kenya 16 Lesotho 18 Libya 18 Mali 18 Mauritania 18 Mauritius 15 ( autocycles ) , 17 ( motorcycles ) , 18 ( cars ) Mayotte 18 Morocco 18 Mozambique 18 Namibia 18 Niger 23 Nigeria 18 Réunion ( France ) 18 Senegal 18 South Africa 17 The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg . 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license , to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year . Yet to obtain an actual drivers license , the age is 18 years old . Swaziland 18 Tanzania 18 Tunisia 18 Zambia 16 Zimbabwe 16 Americas ( edit ) North America ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Canada 16 in most provinces 14 in Alberta See also : Driving licence in Canada Mexico 15 ( with parental supervision ) , 16 ( with parental agreement ) , 18 United States 14 -- 16 ( for permit ) 14 , 3 months -- 16 ( for license ) varies between states See also : Driver 's license in the United States Central America ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Costa Rica 18 El Salvador 15 Guatemala 16 ( with parental agreement ) , 18 Honduras 18 Panama 18 South america ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Argentina 17 21 is the minimum age to drive a truck , bus or emergency vehicle . 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped ( without passengers ) Bolivia 18 Brazil 18 Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat . ' B ' for at least one year before applying for a professional license . ' C ' category are usually for load trucks , ' D ' for buses and trucks and ' E ' for articulated vehicles . Chile 17 ( with parental approval ) , 18 , 20 ( professional license ) Colombia 16 Ecuador 18 French Guiana 18 Guyana 17 Paraguay 18 Peru 18 Suriname 18 Uruguay 18 Venezuela 18 Caribbean ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Anguilla 18 Bahamas 17 Cuba 18 Dominican Republic 16 ) Guadeloupe 18 Jamaica 18 Martinique 18 Netherlands Antilles 18 Puerto Rico 16 ( with learner 's permit ) Saint Barthélemy 18 Saint Martin 18 Trinidad and Tobago 17 St. Kitts and Nevis 17 ( for permit ) , 18 ( for license ) US Virgin Islands 16 ( with learner 's permit ) , 18 Asia ( edit ) Middle East ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Bahrain 18 Iran 18 Iraq 16 for motorcycles 18 for cars Israel 16y for motorcycles 16y9months for cars Jordan 18 Kuwait 18 Lebanon 18 Oman 18 Palestine 18 Qatar 18 Saudi Arabia 18 for cars 16 for motorcycles 17 for temporary permit for cars Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017 . Syria 18 United Arab Emirates 18 Yemen 18 South Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Afghanistan 18 Bangladesh 18 India 16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc 18 for geared bikes , cars and commercial vehicles Nepal 18 Pakistan 18 Sri Lanka 18 East Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes China 18 Hong Kong 18 Special Administrative Region of China Japan 16 ( motorcycles under 400cc ) 18 ( Ordinary / Semi-Medium vehicle and motorcycles over 401cc ) See also : Driving licence in Japan Driving age for cars is 18 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 20 . Macau 18 Special Administrative Region of China South Korea 18 for motorbikes over 125cc 16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under 125cc 19 for commercial license See also : Driving license in South Korea Taiwan 18 Southeast Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Brunei 18 Burma 18 Cambodia 18 Indonesia 17 Laos 18 Malaysia 16 ( Motorcycles / B2 , B ) , 17 ( Light Vehicles / D ) , 21 ( Commercial Vehicles / E ) Philippines 17 ( Student Permit ) ; 18 ( non-professional & professional driver 's license ) Singapore 18 Thailand 15 ( Motorcycles ) , 18 ( Cars ) Vietnam 18 Europe ( edit ) Minimum driving age in Europe : Minimum driving age is 18 Minimum driving age is 18 ; Supervised driving at 17 Minimum driving age is 18 ; Supervised driving at 16 Minimum driving age is 17 Minimum driving age is 17 ; Supervised driving at 16 Minimum driving age is 16 ( only Isle of Man ) European Driving licence area ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Austria 18 for cars 15 for mopeds ( 17 with special training ) Belgium 18 See also : Driving licence in Belgium Bulgaria 18 Croatia 18 Cyprus 18 See also : Driving licence in Cyprus Czech Republic 18 Denmark 17 for cars 15 for mopeds The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18 . Estonia 16 Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Finland 18 for cars 15 for mopeds and micro cars See also : Driving licence in Finland France 15 Driving age for cars is 15 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Germany 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Gibraltar 17 Greece 18 Hungary 17 Iceland 16 Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 17 . Ireland 17 16 for work vehicles , tractors etc. and mopeds < 45 km / h Italy 17 17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1 / B1 licence . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Latvia 18 Liechtenstein 18 Lithuania 18 Luxembourg 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Malta 18 Netherlands 17 for cars 16 for mopeds and tractors See also : Driving licence in the Netherlands Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Driving lessons available at 161⁄2 . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Norway 18 for cars 16 for mopeds and light motorcycles See also : Driving licence in Norway Poland 18 Portugal 18 ( cars ) 16 ( motorcycles ) Romania 18 Slovakia 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Slovenia 16 for cars and motorcycles Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Spain 18 Sweden 16 for cars 15 for mopeds and tractors See also : Driving licence in Sweden Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Switzerland 18 < Cars > 14 < mopeds and tractors > United Kingdom 17 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and tractors ) See also : Driving licence in the United Kingdom Rest of Europe ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Albania 18 Andorra 18 Armenia 18 Azerbaijan 18 Belarus 18 16 - mopeds ( AM ) , < 125cc / 11 kW motorcycles ( A1 ) ; 17 - < 80 kW wheeled tractors and self - propelled machines ( A ) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors , SPMs and bulldozers ( C ) ; 18 - all kinds of motorcycles ( A ) , cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses ( B ) , trucks with light trailers ( C ) , all kinds of wheeled tractors ( B ) , SPMs ( D ) , special vehicles ( E ) and < 1m excavators ( F ) ; 21 - buses for more than 8 passengers ( D ) , cars , trucks and buses with heavy trailers ( BE , CE , DE ) , trams ( F ) and trolleybuses ( I ) . Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 Georgia 17 Guernsey 17 Isle of Man 16 Jersey 17 Kosovo 17 Macedonia 18 ( 16 with parental supervision ) Moldova 18 Monaco 18 Montenegro 18 Northern Cyprus 18 See also : Driving licence in Northern Cyprus Russia 18 ( 16 for motorcycles ) San Marino 18 Serbia 18 ( 17 with adult supervision ) Turkey 18 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and light - motorcycles ) Ukraine 18 Oceania ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes American Samoa 16 Australia 15y9months See also : Driving licence in Australia Learner drivers may drive , under qualified supervision , from 15 years and 9 months in the Australian Capital Territory and 16 years in all other states and the Northern Territory . Fiji 17 Guam 16 Marshall Islands 18 New Zealand 16 See also : Driving licence in New Zealand The minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16 . The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence , without any supervision or conditions , is 171⁄2 years if a driver completes an advanced driving course . Without an advanced driving course , the minimum age is 18 , the same as a heavy vehicle licence . Northern Mariana Islands 15y6months Papua New Guinea 18 Tonga 18 See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Voting age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manual of Travel Agency Practice - Gwenda Syratt - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 2006 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Ethiopia '' . Adcidl.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Egypt - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Ghana - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` KRA - Driving Licenses '' . www.kra.go.ke . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland - James Bainbridge - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Mauritius Police Force - Application for Driving Licence '' . Mauritius Police Force . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Driving Guide '' . Economy Car Hire . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` About Morocco '' . Your-morocco-tour.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Namibia - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Avando Systems Ltd . `` Niger visa service UK , London '' . Travcour.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` National Road Traffic Act , 1996 ( No. 93 of 1996 ) - G 17603 '' . Saflii.org . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Driving Ages around the World '' . www.2pass.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Travel to Tunis '' . Worldtravelguide.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Investment Climate SME Toolkit Zambia '' . Zamcom.smetoolkit.org . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Zimbabwe - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Mexico '' . Auto Europe . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Reglamento de Transito '' ( PDF ) . http://www.transito.gob.pa . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ley de Tránsito No 24.449 - Articles 11 and 17 '' . InfoLeg ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Bolivia - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Official Brazil 's Traffic Law '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Chile - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Licencia de conducir '' . bcn.cl . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Colombia - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Ecuador - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . 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-8726413461572155539	Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce	Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce - wikipedia Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Jump to : navigation , search Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom ( season 3 - present ) ' Based on Girlfriends ' Guides series by Vicki Iovine Developed by Marti Noxon Starring Lisa Edelstein Beau Garrett Necar Zadegan Paul Adelstein Janeane Garofalo Alanna Ubach Retta Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Marti Noxon Vicki Iovine Meryl Poster Robert Duncan McNeill Liz Kruger Craig Shapiro Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiny Pyro Productions Universal Cable Productions Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) -- present External links Official website www.bravotv.com/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom starting with season 3 ) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo . Based on the Girlfriends ' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine , the series revolves around Abby McCarthy , a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce . Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby . Beau Garrett , Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star . Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast . She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach . Retta recurred during the show 's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3 . Produced by Universal Cable Productions , it is the first original scripted series for Bravo . A 13 - episode first season was ordered by the network , which premiered on December 2 , 2014 . The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers . Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive , with particular praise towards Edelstein 's performance and the series ' quality over the reality series on Bravo . The show was eventually renewed for a second season , which premiered on December 1 , 2015 . On April 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third , fourth and fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media and streaming 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy , a self - help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles . Her marriage has recently ended , throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray . Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte , a recent divorcée and former model . Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life . Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai , a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce . She struggles with career and personal life balance . Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( season 1 - 2 ; recurring season 3 ) Janeane Garofalo as Lyla , Abby 's friend , a divorcée and entertainment lawyer . A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1 . ( episodes 1 -- 7 ) Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez - Frumpkis , Abby 's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA . She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family . ( episode 8 -- present ) Retta as Barbara Sawyer , Abby 's co-worker at SheShe , who later becomes her business partner . ( season 3 -- present ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Julianna Guill as Becca Riley , Jake 's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy , Abby 's brother J. August Richards as Ford , husband to Abby 's brother Warren Christie as Will , Abby 's new boyfriend Brian Markinson as Albert , Delia 's boss and long - time fling . Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech , Delia 's client with whom she starts an affair Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco , Phoebe 's love interest Aaron Staton as JD , Phoebe 's love interest Jean Smart as Katherine Miller , Abby 's editor Mark Valley as Dr. Harris , Abby 's love interest Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis , Jo 's ex-husband Will Kemp as Scott , the vegan confectioner at Jo 's bakery Megan Hilty as Charlene , Frumpkis ' new girlfriend Charles Mesure as Ralf , Phoebe 's ex-husband James Lesure as Mike Brady , Charlie 's baseball coach Daisy Betts as Gemma Guest ( edit ) Carrie Fisher as Cat Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo , Phoebe 's former boss Bernadette Peters as Annie Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop Victor Webster as Carl , a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to Barry Bostwick as George , Abby 's dad Lesley Ann Warren as Dina , Abby 's mom Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell Kathie Lee Gifford as herself Hoda Kotb as herself Kyle Richards as herself Jessica Clark as Merete Denise Richards as Temple Hampton , Will 's new girlfriend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 13 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 7 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 6 August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Edelstein and Garofalo 's performances were praised by the critics . Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics , the series received an average score of 69 , based on 21 reviews . Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun - Times gave the episode a 4 star rating ( out of 4 stars ) , calling it `` a sometimes hilarious , sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A. - based self - help author '' and added that the first two episodes `` reveal a much more nuanced , poignant tale , punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes . '' LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of `` A - '' , calling it `` a very solid drama '' that should be on HBO or Showtime . Ferguson also praised the characters and the series 's messiness , writing `` Visually , it 's almost flawless ( there 's one obvious green - screen moment in the pilot , but it 's not Ringer level ) , but every character here is deeply flawed . '' Los Angeles Times 's Mary McNamara lauded the series ' cast 's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series `` smartly acted , crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues -- marriage , betrayal , family economics , friendship , even the pitfalls of public domesticity -- in gratifyingly complex ways . '' Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , applauded the series ' cast and material , noting how it sticks to the network 's demographic while maintaining a level of quality . Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series `` a smart , solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work . '' Slate 's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein 's portrayal of the lead character , describing her as `` very well cast , both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice - giver '' and noted that the series has `` a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as `` one reason '' the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series `` a lot more fun . '' Time 's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein 's `` sympathetic '' performance , noting that the latter `` grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young - adult fiction for actual adults . '' However , Poniewozik opined that `` there 's one lesson Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce has ( over ) learned from its Bravo peers : that there 's no reality so compelling that it ca n't be sweetened with a little Photoshop . '' David Hinckley , writing for the New York Daily News , highlighted the series ' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein 's performance as `` memorably moving . '' Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series , including the characters Abby and Lyla 's attitude on giving their spouses child support , but found the series to be its best `` at its nastiest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 demo rating Viewership ( millions ) Ref series season Rule No. 23 : Never Lie to the Kids December 2 , 2014 Tuesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 Rule No. 174 : Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9 , 2014 0.4 0.85 Rule No. 47 : Always Take Advantage of `` Me '' Time December 16 , 2014 0.3 0.70 Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit December 23 , 2014 0.3 0.77 5 5 Rule No. 21 : Leave Childishness to Children December 30 , 2014 0.4 0.87 6 6 Rule No 33 : When in Doubt , Run Away January 6 , 2015 0.4 0.87 7 7 Rule No. 67 : Do n't Kill the Princess January 13 , 2015 0.4 0.77 8 8 Rule No. 17 : Ask the Answer Lady January 20 , 2015 0.3 0.69 9 9 Rule No. 32 : F - You , Rob Frumpkis January 27 , 2015 0.4 0.91 10 10 Rule No. 3 : Do n't Stand in the Doorway February 3 , 2015 0.3 0.74 11 11 Rule No. 46 : Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10 , 2015 0.4 0.83 12 12 Rule No. 92 : Do n't Do the Crime If You Ca n't Do the Time February 17 , 2015 0.4 0.74 13 13 Rule No. 101 : Know When It 's Time to Move On February 24 , 2015 0.3 0.79 Broadcast ( edit ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2 , 2014 , in Canada on Slice on January 9 , 2015 , and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15 , 2015 . Home Media and streaming ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2015 season 1 of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers . The show is also available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' Starring Lisa Edelstein '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' As First Scripted Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Bravo 's Scripted Series ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' To Premiere December 1 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' gets 3 - season renewal at Bravo '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' Adds ' Rake 's Necar Zadegan As New Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo 's ' Girlfriends Guide To Divorce ' , Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur '' . Deadline . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3 '' . TV Line . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/07/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce-season4-treailer-premiere-date-bravo-video-1202127711/ Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo found a keeper with great new series ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago : Tim Knight . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce is Bravo 's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago : The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' marries Bravo to good TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Austin Beutner . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` TV review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide ' is surprisingly good '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis : Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lowbrow and Delectable '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Divvying Up Perks , Pity , Scorn and Snark '' . The New York Times . New York City : Dean Baquet . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Image - Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce '' . Time . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday TV : One for the Family ( Toy Story ) and One for Adults ( Girlfriends ' Guide ) '' . TV Guide . Radnor : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Bravo 's First Scripted Series , Is At Its Best When It 's At Its Nastiest '' . New York . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Moonshiners ' The Little Couple ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Heated Race `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History 's `` Pawn Stars '' Holds Onto Crown `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada '' . The TV Watercooler . http://google.com/+JeevanBrar . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lifetime UK Acquires ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' , Sets September Premiere - TVWise '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce : Season 1 , 2015 - 10 - 13 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` What 's New On Netflix This Weekend : ' Manson Family Vacation ' , November Titles , And More '' . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . 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-8636548172977923356	List of Game of Thrones characters	List of Game of Thrones characters - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones characters Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the main characters of the novels , see List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2016 ) This article contains too many pictures , charts or diagrams for its overall length . Please help to improve this article in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The characters from the American medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels . Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as `` The Known World , '' the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros , fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Eddard `` Ned '' Stark 2.2 Robert Baratheon 2.3 Jaime Lannister 2.4 Catelyn Stark 2.5 Cersei Lannister 2.6 Daenerys Targaryen 2.7 Jorah Mormont 2.8 Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish 2.9 Viserys Targaryen 2.10 Jon Snow 2.11 Sansa Stark 2.12 Arya Stark 2.13 Robb Stark 2.14 Theon Greyjoy 2.15 Brandon `` Bran '' Stark 2.16 Joffrey Baratheon 2.17 Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane 2.18 Tyrion Lannister 2.19 Khal Drogo 2.20 Tywin Lannister 2.21 Davos Seaworth 2.22 Samwell Tarly 2.23 Margaery Tyrell 2.24 Stannis Baratheon 2.25 Melisandre 2.26 Jeor Mormont 2.27 Bronn 2.28 Varys 2.29 Shae 2.30 Ygritte 2.31 Talisa Maegyr 2.32 Gendry 2.33 Tormund Giantsbane 2.34 Gilly 2.35 Brienne of Tarth 2.36 Ramsay Bolton 2.37 Ellaria Sand 2.38 Daario Naharis 2.39 Missandei 2.40 Jaqen H'ghar 2.41 Tommen Baratheon 2.42 Roose Bolton 2.43 The High Sparrow 3 Supporting characters 3.1 House Arryn 3.2 House Baratheon 3.3 House Bolton 3.4 House Frey 3.5 House Greyjoy 3.6 House Lannister 3.7 House Martell 3.8 House Stark 3.9 House Targaryen 3.10 House Tully 3.11 House Tyrell 3.12 People of Essos 3.13 People of Westeros 3.14 Royal court and officials 3.15 Night 's Watch 3.16 Beyond the Wall 3.17 Animals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) The following cast members have been credited as main cast in the opening credits : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Sean Bean Eddard `` Ned '' Stark Starring Recurring Guest Mark Addy Robert Baratheon Starring Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Starring Michelle Fairley Catelyn Stark Starring Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Starring Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Starring Iain Glen Jorah Mormont Starring Aidan Gillen Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Starring Harry Lloyd Viserys Targaryen Starring Kit Harington Jon Snow Starring Sophie Turner Sansa Stark Starring Maisie Williams Arya Stark Starring Richard Madden Robb Stark Starring Alfie Allen Theon Greyjoy Starring TBA Isaac Hempstead Wright Bran Stark Starring Starring Jack Gleeson Joffrey Baratheon Starring Rory McCann Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Starring Starring Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Starring Jason Momoa Khal Drogo Starring Charles Dance Tywin Lannister Recurring Starring Liam Cunningham Davos Seaworth Starring John Bradley Samwell Tarly Recurring Starring Natalie Dormer Margaery Tyrell Starring Stephen Dillane Stannis Baratheon Starring Carice van Houten Melisandre Starring TBA James Cosmo Jeor Mormont Recurring Starring Jerome Flynn Bronn Recurring Starring TBA Conleth Hill Varys Recurring Starring TBA Sibel Kekilli Shae Recurring Starring Rose Leslie Ygritte Recurring Starring Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr Recurring Starring Joe Dempsie Gendry Recurring Starring Starring TBA Kristofer Hivju Tormund Giantsbane Recurring Starring TBA Hannah Murray Gilly Recurring Starring TBA Gwendoline Christie Brienne of Tarth Recurring Starring TBA Iwan Rheon Ramsay Bolton Recurring Starring Indira Varma Ellaria Sand Recurring Starring Michiel Huisman Daario Naharis Recurring Starring TBA Nathalie Emmanuel Missandei Recurring Starring Tom Wlaschiha Jaqen H'ghar Guest Recurring Starring TBA Dean - Charles Chapman Tommen Baratheon Recurring Recurring Starring Michael McElhatton Roose Bolton Recurring Starring Jonathan Pryce The High Sparrow Recurring Starring In seasons 6 and 7 , Sebastian Croft portrays Ned Stark as a child and Robert Aramayo portrays him as a young man . In season 5 , Nell Williams portrays Cersei Lannister in a flashback scene . In season 3 , Daario Naharis is portrayed by Ed Skrein . In season 1 , Jaqen H'ghar appears in one scene , portrayed by an uncredited extra . In seasons 1 and 2 , Tommen Baratheon is portrayed by Callum Wharry . Supporting cast ( edit ) Additionally the following cast members have appeared in 10 or more episodes of the show while maintaining a ' recurring ' status : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Julian Glover Grand Maester Pycelle Recurring Ian Beattie Meryn Trant Recurring Kristian Nairn Hodor Recurring Recurring Mark Stanley Grenn Recurring Natalia Tena Osha Recurring Recurring Art Parkinson Rickon Stark Recurring Recurring Esmé Bianco Ros Recurring Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Gregor Clegane Recurring Recurring Dominic Carter Janos Slynt Recurring Recurring Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister Recurring Recurring Nell Tiger Free Myrcella Baratheon Recurring Recurring Guest Ron Donachie Rodrik Cassel Recurring Recurring Donald Sumpter Maester Luwin Recurring Amrita Acharia Irri Recurring Roxanne McKee Doreah Recurring Ian Gelder Kevan Lannister Recurring Guest Recurring Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy Recurring Recurring Luke Barnes Rast Recurring Recurring Peter Vaughan Maester Aemon Recurring Guest Recurring Josef Altin Pypar Recurring Guest Recurring Owen Teale Alliser Thorne Recurring Recurring Brian Fortune Othell Yarwyck Recurring Recurring Finn Jones Loras Tyrell Guest Recurring Ben Hawkey Hot Pie Guest Recurring Guest Guest TBA Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion Guest Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Daniel Portman Podrick Payne Recurring TBA Ben Crompton Eddison Tollett Recurring Guest TBA Gemma Whelan Yara Greyjoy Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Florent Guest Recurring William & James Wilson Little Sam Recurring TBA Jacob Anderson Grey Worm Recurring Anton Lesser Qyburn Recurring TBA Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Recurring Kerry Ingram Shireen Baratheon Recurring Ellie Kendrick Meera Reed Recurring Recurring TBA Thomas Brodie - Sangster Jojen Reed Recurring Paul Kaye Thoros of Myr Recurring Guest Recurring Brenock O'Connor Olly Recurring Roger Ashton - Griffiths Mace Tyrell Recurring Faye Marsay The Waif Recurring Michael Condron Bowen Marsh Recurring In season 6 , Sam Coleman portrays Hodor as a child ( originally named Wylis ) . In season 1 , Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens and by Ian Whyte in season 2 . In seasons 1 and 2 , Myrcella Baratheon is portrayed by Aimee Richardson . In season 6 , Rodrik Cassel is portrayed by Fergus Leathem in flashback scenes . In season 1 , Beric Dondarrion is portrayed by David Michael Scott . In season 2 , Selyse Florent is portrayed by uncredited extra Sarah MacKeever . Introduced in Season 1 Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Francis Magee as Yoren Elyes Gabel as Rakharo David Bradley as Walder Frey Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Dennis McKeever as an officer of the Night 's Watch Steven Blount and John Stahl as Rickard Karstark Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Dar Salim as Qotho Gerard Jordan and uncredited extra as Biter Andy Beckwith and uncredited extra as Rorge Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Emun Elliott as Marillion Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Margaret John as Old Nan Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga Bronson Webb as Will Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce John Standing as Jon Arryn Introduced in Season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei Sara Dylan as a handmaid Steven Cole as Kovarro Tony Way as Dontos Hollard Robert Pugh as Craster Nonso Anozie as Xaro Xhoan Daxos Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Edward Dogliani and Ross O'Hennessy as the Lord of Bones Ian Hanmore as Pyat Pree Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch Forbes KB as Lorren Simon Armstrong as Qhorin Halfhand Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan Andy Kellegher as Polliver Nicholas Blane as the Spice King Karl Davies as Alton Lannister Roy Dotrice as Hallyne Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen Introduced in Season 3 Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Charlotte Hope as Myranda Noah Taylor as Locke Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Will Tudor as Olyvar Tom Brooke and Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Paul Bentley as the second High Septon Mackenzie Crook as Orell Philip McGinley as Anguy Ciarán Hinds as Mance Rayder Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner Dan Hildebrand as Kraznys mo Nakloz Dean - Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully Mark Killeen as Mero Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn Introduced in Season 4 Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Joel Fry as Hizdahr zo Loraq Pedro Pascal as Oberyn Martell Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Struan Rodger and Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Yuri Kolokolnikov as Styr Reece Noi as Mossador Joseph Gatt as the Thenn Warg Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys Lu Corfield as the Mole 's Town madam Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood Introduced in Season 5 Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Malko Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Karsi Zahary Baharov as Loboda J.J. Murphy as Denys Mallister Jodhi May as Maggy the Frog Nell Williams as young Cersei Lannister Isabella Steinbarth as Melara Hetherspoon Introduced in Season 6 Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Freddie Stroma and Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Lucy Hayes as Kitty Frey Dean S. Jagger as Smalljon Umber Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy Kevin Eldon as Camello Eline Powell as Bianca Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Souad Faress as High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Ian McShane as Brother Ray Sebastian Croft as child Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as child Benjen Stark Cordelia Hill as child Lyanna Stark Sam Coleman as young Wylis / Hodor Annette Tierney as young Old Nan Fergus Leathem as young Rodrik Cassel Robert Aramayo as young Eddard Stark Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower Leo Woodruff as young Howland Reed Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark David Rintoul as Aerys ' The Mad King ' Targaryen Aisling Franciosi as young Lyanna Stark Introduced in Season 7 Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose Brendan Cowell as Harrag Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Harry Grasby as Ned Umber Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Non-human characters cast Richard Brake and Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Ian Whyte as the giant Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun and various White Walkers Ross Mullan as various White Walkers Tim Loane as a White Walker Ian Whyte as the giant Dongo the Dommed Neil Fingleton as the giant Mag Mar Tun Doh Weg Spencer Wilding as a White Walker Main characters ( edit ) Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( edit ) Sean Bean Main article : Ned Stark Ned Stark ( season 1 , 6 - 7 ) portrayed by Sean Bean in season 1 as an adult , and by Sebastian Croft in season 6 as a child , and Robert Aramayo in season 6 and 7 as a young adult . Eddard `` Ned '' Stark of House Stark , Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North , becomes the Hand of the King after Lord Jon Arryn 's death . He is known for his sense of honor and justice . He took part in Robert 's Rebellion after his sister Lyanna was kidnapped by Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen . When Ned 's father and brother went south to reclaim her , the `` Mad King '' Aerys Targaryen burned both of them alive . Ned and Robert Baratheon led the rebellion to unseat him from the throne . As the show opens , Ned has been content to remain in the north , but after the death of Lord Jon Arryn , he is convinced that it is his duty to accept the position of Hand of the King . Ned is not interested in politics , and prefers to rule with honor and follow the law . While investigating the reason for the death of Jon Arryn , he discovers that all three of Robert 's children with Queen Cersei were fathered by Cersei 's twin brother Jaime . When Ned confronts Cersei about the truth , she has him imprisoned for treason after he publicly denounces Joffrey . Ned is convinced by Varys that if he goes to his death honorably , as he is prepared to do , his daughters will suffer for it . To protect them , he sacrifices his honor and publicly declares that he was plotting to steal the throne and that Joffrey is the true king . Despite Cersei 's promise that Ned would be allowed to join the Night 's Watch in exile , Joffrey orders Ned 's execution for his own amusement and later torments Sansa by forcing her to look at her father 's head . His bones are later returned to Catelyn in the Stormlands by Petyr Baelish , who laments Ned 's downfall and that he was too honorable to seize power through force , rather insisting the throne pass to Lord Stannis Baratheron , Robert 's younger brother . Baelish 's preferred course of action , revealed only to Ned , had been to seize Cersei and her children first and rule in Joffrey 's name as Regent and Lord Protector . Ned 's execution , however , is not in vain , since he notifies Stannis of the truth of Joffrey 's parentage , and Stannis informs all of Westeros , which sets into motion the War of Five Kings against House Lannister . Robert Baratheon ( edit ) Mark Addy Main article : Robert Baratheon Robert Baratheon ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mark Addy . Robert Baratheon of House Baratheon , formerly a fierce warrior , became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen . He was betrothed to Ned Stark 's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply , and she was kidnapped by Rhaegar Targaryen . Her father and another brother were killed when they went to King 's Landing to reclaim her , which resulted in Robert and Ned Stark 's revolt known as Robert 's Rebellion , whereupon the Targaryens were all slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms . Since Robert 's family had closer ties to the former Royal family , this put Robert on the Iron Throne . Now , Robert has grown fat and miserable ; he has no more wars to fight , is surrounded by plotters and sycophants , hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly , and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister , whom he has never loved . He is unaware that none of his three children are his , but instead Jaime Lannister 's . Under his reign , the realm has been bankrupted , and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife 's family . Killed while hunting , he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind . His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey , many of which are killed , and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital . Jaime Lannister ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Main article : Jaime Lannister Jaime Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau . Ser Jaime Lannister of House Lannister is a member of the Kingsguard and an exceptionally skilled swordsman . He is the Queen 's twin brother and has carried on an incestuous love affair with her all his life , fathering all three of her living children . He truly does love his sister and will do anything , no matter how rash , to stay close to her . He is nicknamed `` Kingslayer '' for killing the previous King , Aerys II , whom he was sworn to protect . He was allowed to keep his post in the current Kingsguard as he and his influential father helped Robert win the war , but no one feels he deserves this post , which frustrates Jaime . Despite Eddard Stark 's animosity against him for forsaking his oath to protect the King during Robert 's Rebellion , Jaime has great respect for Eddard , whom he considers a great warrior and his equal . Unlike his father and sister , Jaime cares deeply about his younger brother Tyrion . In Season 2 , Catelyn releases and sends Jaime to King 's Landing under Brienne of Tarth 's watch in exchange for a pledge to send her daughters home . On the journey , they are captured by the violent Locke , a man - at - arms under Roose Bolton , a Northern Lord . On their way to Harrenhal , now held by Bolton , the lowborn Locke cuts off Jaime 's sword hand to taunt his position and privilege . Jaime survives and is allowed to depart Harrenhal on condition that he acquits Bolton from any guilt . During his time in Harrenhal , Jaime reveals to Brienne on why he killed King Aerys II . Once freed , Jaime travels to King 's Landing with Brienne and disgraced Maester Qyburn , given by Bolton to tend to his injury , in tow . At the end of Season 3 , they arrive at the gates and Jaime reunites with Cersei . In season 4 , Jaime is fitted with a golden prosthetic hand and given a new sword , and is trained by Bronn in fencing with his left hand . Jaime is one of the few people in King 's Landing who believe in Tyrion 's innocence in killing Joffrey , and does his best to comfort his younger brother , while outright refusing Cersei 's order to kill Tyrion before his trial . When Tyrion is sentenced to death , Jaime frees Tyrion from captivity and arranges for him to be smuggled to Essos with Varys 's help . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Myrcella says that she likes it in Dorne and does n't want to go back to King 's Landing . However , she eventually leaves with her uncle and Trystane , after Doran bargains to have his son take his seat on the Small Council . On the journey home , Jaime reveals his incestuous relationship to Cersei to their daughter , who then reveals she knows and is glad that Jaime is her father and hugs him , but moments later Myrcella collapses from poison and dies . In season 6 , Jaime returns to King 's Landing with Myrcella 's body and sends Doran a letter requesting the heads of Ellaria , Obara , Nymeria and Tyene , but later hears that both Doran and Trystane were killed by the Sands . In response to Cersei 's humiliation by the Faith Militant , Jaime ponders murdering the High Sparrow and marching on the Great Sept of Baelor with the army of House Tyrell to forcibly rescue Margaery from custody . He is foiled , however , when Tommen declares an allegiance between the Faith and the Crown , and dismisses Jaime from the Kingsguard , clearly on the High Sparrow 's orders . Jaime is later sent to the Riverlands with Bronn to oversee the surrender of Riverrun . He parleys with Brynden `` The Blackfish '' Tully , to no avail , and then falsely threatens Edmure Tully with the murder of his baby son if he does not get his men to surrender the castle . The castle eventually falls to the Lannisters and Freys . Jaime briefly crosses paths with Brienne and Podrick , but allows them to leave peacefully . He returns to King 's Landing shortly after the Great Sept 's destruction , and enters the Red Keep to see Cersei being crowned Queen . In Season 7 he commands the Lannister army , capturing Highgarden but suffering defeat when ambushed by Daenerys ' Dothraki forces and dragons . He clashes with Cersei over the threat from the Army of the Dead , and when she breaks her word over sending military support he leaves her and rides north alone . Catelyn Stark ( edit ) Michelle Fairley Main article : Catelyn Stark Catelyn Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Michelle Fairley . Catelyn Stark of House Stark and House Tully ( née Tully ) , Lady of Winterfell , is the wife of Lord Eddard Stark . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the elder sister of Lysa Arryn , Lady of the Vale and Mistress of the Eyrie , and Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . After deducing that the Lannisters are responsible for the attempt on Bran Stark 's life , she travels to King 's Landing to warn Ned , and on her return trip has a chance encounter with Tyrion Lannister . Since Catelyn does not know about Tyrion 's complete innocence , she decides to take him captive because she believes that he is behind the attempt on her son 's life . She takes him to her sister , Lysa Arryn , so that he can be brought to justice but is not successful , as Tyrion is found innocent after a trial by combat . After her husband is arrested and her eldest son Robb goes to war for his release , she joins her son 's war council . Upon learning that her husband was executed by orders of King Joffrey , she vows to her son Robb that the Lannister family will pay with their lives . Throughout Season 2 , she aids her son Robb in the rebellion by advising him and attempting to broker alliances . While trying to form an alliance with Renly Baratheon , another claimant to the Iron Throne , she takes Brienne of Tarth into her service as an armswoman after Renly 's assassination . She frees Jaime Lannister , a valuable hostage to the Starks , in an attempt to exchange him for her captive daughters . Robb , feeling betrayed by what his mother has done , puts her under house arrest . Catelyn travels north with her son to her father 's funeral at her childhood home of Riverrun . She is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre after her desperate ( and futile ) pleas to the Freys to spare her son , threatening to slit Lady Frey 's throat if Robb dies . She keeps her promise , and is herself killed moments later when `` Black '' Walder Frey cuts her throat to the bone . In Season 4 , it is stated that her body was stripped naked and thrown into the river after the massacre as a mockery of House Tully 's funeral traditions . Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb 's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne , Catelyn and her son are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7 when her eldest daughter Sansa Stark and Sansa 's half brother Jon Snow successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords , wildlings , and Knights of the Vale , restoring Stark rule in the North in the process , while her youngest daughter Arya Stark returns to Westeros , murders Walder Frey , and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins , ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey . Cersei Lannister ( edit ) Lena Headey Main article : Cersei Lannister Cersei Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Lena Headey . Cersei Lannister of House Lannister and House Baratheon , Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , is the wife of King Robert Baratheon . Her father arranged the marriage when she was a teenager , initiating himself as a political counselor for King Robert . The Lannisters are the richest family in Westeros , which is why Robert was interested in a marriage between them . Cersei has a twin brother , Jaime , with whom she has been involved in an incestuous affair from early childhood . All three of Cersei 's children are Jaime 's . Cersei 's main character attribute is her desire for power and her deep loyalty to her father , children , and brother Jaime . Cersei learns that her husband Robert is in danger of finding out that the children he sees as his heirs to the throne are not his . Robert meets his end as the result of a boar attack on a hunting trip , before Ned Stark tells him of the truth about his children . Cersei works quickly to instate her oldest son , Joffrey , on the throne , with her as his chief political advisor and Queen Regent . Joffrey quits listening to his mother , and by the beginning of the second season her father decides Cersei does not exercise enough control over her son , and her father sends his youngest son Tyrion as an additional political advisor . Cersei and Tyrion do not get along , and constantly try to undermine each other 's authority over the crown . As of the end of season 2 , Tyrion has accumulated more sway over the Iron Throne , and has shipped Cersei 's only daughter off against Cersei 's will to be married to the prince of Dorne . In season 3 , she takes pleasure in Tyrion 's diminished position and taunts him for being forced into a marriage pact with Sansa Stark , only to be told by her father that he intends to marry her to Loras Tyrell . At the end of the season , the two siblings ponder at their respective marriages , and Cersei reunites with Jaime in her bedchamber as he unexpectedly returns from captivity . In season 4 , she has Tyrion arrested after Joffrey is fatally poisoned . It is implied that she knows Tyrion 's guilt is highly unlikely , but just wants to see him dead , though Jaime refuses to carry out the order . Indeed , at Tyrion 's trial , it is obvious that Cersei has manipulated the entire procedure so that the only witnesses ( herself , Lord Varys , Meryn Trant , Grand Maester Pycelle and Shae ) give either incomplete or entirely false testimonies to implicate Tyrion and Sansa further in the murder . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat , Cersei quickly chooses Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane as her champion to diminish Tyrion 's chances of acquittal , and has Bronn betrothed to a noblewoman so that Tyrion can not choose him as his champion . Cersei 's wish comes true when Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn Martell , is killed by Clegane , but she still refuses to marry Loras , even threatening her father with revealing the truth about her relationship with Jaime and the parentage of her children . Tywin rebuffs her threats , though he himself is killed by an escaping Tyrion soon afterwards . Cersei attends Tywin 's funeral and later orders a bounty on Tyrion 's head . Cersei and Jaime receive a message from Dorne : a small viper statue with a necklace in its fangs . Cersei tells Jaime that the necklace belongs to their daughter , Myrcella , who was sent to Dorne by Tyrion . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Cersei meets with two hunters who have brought her a severed head , though she is disappointed to find that it is not Tyrion 's head . Qyburn lays claim to the head for his research and the two walk to a small council meeting . With the office of Hand of the King vacant , Cersei tells the council that she will stand in temporarily until Tommen chooses a new Hand . She appoints Mace Tyrell as the new Master of Coin and Qyburn as the new Master of Whisperers . When Cersei tries to appoint her uncle Kevan as the Master of War , he declines , telling her that as the queen mother she holds no power , and has no interest in serving in a council filled with her sycophants . In defiance of Cersei 's `` orders '' , Kevan states that he will return to Casterly Rock until he hears direct word from Tommen that he is required . Tommen soon weds Margaery Tyrell . Under Margaery 's influence , Tommen drops hints that he would like Cersei to return to Casterly Rock , but she refuses , and confronts Margaery , who insults her . Cersei catches the High Septon being punished for entering a brothel by her cousin Lancel , who has become a member of the Faith Militant , an extremist group that worships the Seven . Cersei talks to their leader , the High Sparrow , and instates him as the new High Septon . The Faith Militant then aggressively puncture all barrels of wine and trash Petyr Baelish 's brothel . They also arrest Margaery 's brother Loras on the grounds of his homosexuality . Tommen , at Margaery 's insistence , tries to get Cersei to release Loras , but Cersei swears she had nothing to do with it , After a trial , Loras is arrested after a prostitute named Olyvar testifies against Loras . Margaery is also arrested for lying about Loras ' sexual orientation , and both are put in dungeons . All of this delights Cersei , who goes to see Margaery in her cell and brings her a bowl of venison stew . Cersei has one final talk with the High Sparrow about the accomplishments of the pair , but he soon reveals that Lancel has confessed everything ( in Season 1 , Cersei had sex with him in Jaime 's absence ) . Cersei is subsequently arrested for adultery , incest , and murder ( it was her plan to get Robert drunk so that he would injure himself while hunting ) . She is only visited in her cell by Qyburn , who tells her that Grand Maester Pycelle has seized power of the throne , and that Kevan is serving as hand of the king . Cersei is distraught to learn that Tommen , anguished over his wife 's and mother 's arrests , has not been eating . Cersei is also visited by a septa , who orders her to confess to her sins . Cersei refuses , and she is hit by the septa . Weakened , Cersei is forced to lick the water off the floors of the cell . She eventually agrees to reveal herself to the High Septon , confessing her incestuous relationship to Lancel Lannister but refusing to admit more serious offences , which would be harder for the Faith to prove . The High Sparrow allows her to leave captivity in favor of house arrest in the Red Keep , pending the trial , but only if she agrees to do `` atonement '' for her sins by being shaved and walking naked through the streets of King 's Landing . Cersei endures the walk with great resolve , bleeding and covered in filth as she eventually reaches the Keep , where she reunites with her uncle Kevan , now Hand of the King , and Qyburn , who introduces her to the newest member of the Kingsguard , a freakishly large , silent giant implied to be the reanimated corpse of Gregor Clegane . In season 6 , Cersei remains under house arrest and is not allowed to attend the funeral of Myrcella , who was ultimately killed by Ellaria Sand . Though her initial plan is to demand a trial by combat and name Gregor as her champion , she is foiled when Tommen falls under the control of the High Sparrow and abolishes the practice , stripping Cersei of her trump card . In desperation , Cersei has Qyburn look into an `` old rumour '' , which turns out to be the Mad King 's wildfire caches . On the day of her and Loras 's trial , Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor with the wildfire and kills hundreds of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace Tyrell , Kevan , Lancel , the High Sparrow and the entire Faith Militant , and also has Grand Maester Pycelle killed in his chambers . With her enemies out of the way , Cersei crowns herself Queen and names Qyburn as her Hand . In Season 7 Cersei consolidates her position through alliances with the Tarlys and with Euron Greyjoy , who help her to capture Highgarden , destroy much of Daenerys ' fleet and take revenge on Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes . She tells Jamie she is pregnant and it pleases him when she says that she will name him as the father . Cersei agrees to Tyrion 's request for a parley with the Targaryen party , and is visibly shocked by the wight that has been brought south . She agrees to send a military force north to help the fight against the Army of the Dead , but reveals to Jamie that she has no intention of keeping her word . Jamie argues , and although Cersei threatens to have him killed she takes no action against him as he leaves her to go north . Daenerys Targaryen ( edit ) Emilia Clarke Main article : Daenerys Targaryen Daenerys Targaryen ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Emilia Clarke . Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty . Also called `` the Stormborn '' , she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert 's Rebellion . For seventeen years , she has been under the care of Viserys , whom she fears , as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him . In exchange for an army , Viserys marries her to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo , making her a Khaleesi , a queen of the Dothraki . Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband but after learning the Dothraki language , she manages to get past their barriers . She begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is an intelligent leader and a kind man . After embracing the Dothraki culture , she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother . She later becomes pregnant with Drogo 's son who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the `` Stallion Who Mounts the World '' . After her brother 's death and an assassination attempt by Robert Baratheon , Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son . However , during their journey Drogo suffers from blood poisoning due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with a Dothraki tribesman . Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic . Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son 's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo , leaving him in a permanent catatonic state , and forcing Daenerys to end her husband 's life . Losing both her husband and son , Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her burnt at the stake . She also lays the three dragon eggs she received as a wedding gift onto Khal Drogo 's body , then steps into the burning funeral pyre . After the fire extinguishes itself , the Khaleesi and three baby dragons , named Drogon , Rhaegal , and Viserion , are found alive and unharmed . Daenerys takes the baby dragons and the remaining tribe to gather new allies and reclaim the Iron Throne . She becomes the first female Dothraki leader . In Season 2 , she is lost in the Red Waste , a stretch of barren land . She and her khalasar eventually make it to Qarth , where the nobles are more interested in her dragons than her conquering Westeros . When her dragons are stolen by Pyat Pree , she goes into the House of the Undying and retrieves them , killing Pyat Pree . In the second season 's finale , she imprisons her host Xaro Xoan Daxos for having helped Pyat Pree . Her horde loot Xaro 's mansion to buy a ship . Daenerys travels from Qarth to Astapor , a city in Slaver 's Bay , where she negotiates the purchase of elite eunuch soldiers called the Unsullied . She also meets the famed knight Ser Barristan Selmy , and accepts him into her queensguard . On her departure from the city , she frees the slaves and has Drogon torch its elders . By the end of Season 3 , although her power has not yet been tested , she has acquired the loyalty of tens of thousands of freed slaves from Astapor and Yunkai , her remaining Dothraki brethren ( and two former Westerosi soldiers whom she encountered through the Dothraki , who advise her ) 2,000 ' Second Sons ' cavalrymen , 8,000 ' Unsullied ' elite infantry , and three rapidly growing dragons . The stay in Slaver 's Bay has made her question her motives , however , and she takes up the cause of ending slavery as well , donning the honorific `` Breaker of Chains '' as the slaves hold her to the sky , praising her as their Mhysa , or `` Mother '' . Daenerys later frees the slaves from Meereen , the last of the slave cities in Slaver 's Bay , but realizes that she is slowly losing control of her dragons , especially when Drogon shows signs of aggression towards her when she tries to break up a fight between them over food . Aware that she does not have enough men to conquer Westeros just yet , Daenerys resolves to remain in Slaver 's Bay and rule as Queen for the time being . She eventually learns of Jorah 's original purpose , which was to spy on her for Robert Baratheon , and orders him to leave Meereen on threat of execution . After she receives too many complaints about her dragons , Daenerys , locks Rhaegal and Viserion of them in the catacombs beneath Meereen before searching for Drogon . Meanwhile , Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against her and the Unsullied . She considers freeing her dragons , but they attempt to attack her , making her realize that they are no longer loyal to her . After Daario and Grey Worm arrest a member of the Sons of the Harpy , Mossador implores Daenerys to execute their captive , but Barristan tells her of the Mad King 's actions against his enemies , which included burning them with wildfire while laughing . He asks her not to execute the captive without a fair trial , and she agrees with him . Mossador goes against her wishes , and kills the captive Son of the Harpy . Daenerys has him publicly executed , which leads a riot to break out between the old masters and the freed slaves . At night , Daenerys finds that Drogon has returned , but when she tries to touch his face , he flies away . Soon afterward , a group of Unsullied patrolling the streets of Meereen are stopped by a crying woman who points them to an alleyway . The Unsullied head in to investigate , but it is revealed that the entire affair was a set up after they are soon cornered by a group of the Sons of the Harpy . The Unsullied attempt to fight back , but the Sons of the Harpy kill many of them . Barristan Selmy sees the commotion and tries to help , killing many of the Sons of the Harpy , but gets badly wounded , and dies . Grey Worm also sustains serious but nonfatal injuries . Daenerys is furious after learning what has happened to Barristan , and rounds up the leaders of the great Meereenese houses . She takes them into the catacombs where she randomly has one of them shoved forward . The Meereenese lord is promptly killed by dragonfire from Rhaegal , and he and Viserion eat him . Daenerys then has all the lords arrested , including her former adviser Hizdahr zo Loraq , whom she decides to marry to win over the Meereenese nobles . To respect the culture of the area , she agrees to have the fighting pits reinstated ( she had previously declined due to her distaste for killing for sport ) . Hizdahr convinces Daenerys to go to one of the pits to see the contestants battling over who will go to the final competition . Daenerys is sickened by the bloodshed , and gets up to leave , but her attention is turned by one masked competitor who defeats all of the other competitors without killing any of them . This competitor turns out to be Jorah Mormont , who is trying to win over Daenerys ' favor after being banished . Daenerys orders the Unsullied to take him away , but Jorah announces that he has brought her a gift , and Tyrion Lannister reveals himself to Daenerys . After a round of questioning , Daenerys banishes Jorah once again , but takes Tyrion on as her adviser . On the great opening of Daznak 's Pit , Jorah resurfaces as a voluntary contender on the arena , but Daenerys refuses to stop the games to spare his life . Jorah eventually prevails and saves her life by impaling with his spear an attacker from the Sons of the Harpy , who appear in legions and attack Daenerys ' guards . Cornered at the midst of the arena , defeat seems immediate when Drogon returns , killing many Sons of the Harpy despite being wounded by several of their spears . Daenerys manages to rekindle their bond and climbs his back , riding off into the distance to a stunned crowd . She roams the Great Steppe north of the city , where Drogon seems reluctant to obey her commands or even hunt for food . Strolling about on her own , Daenerys is faced with an incoming Dothraki khalasar of great numbers , and after dropping a ring to the ground to leave a trail , she is surrounded . In season 6 , the Dothraki take her to Vaes Dothrak , where she identifies herself to Khal Moro as Drogo 's former wife . Out of respect for Dothraki traditions , they take Daenerys to join the Dosh Khaleen , which consisted of the wives of deceased khals . Daenerys refuses and instead burns the temple down with all the khals still inside , naming herself as the new leader of the Dothraki . She returns to Meereen with her new army and destroys the slaver fleet assaulting the city with her dragons . In the aftermath , Daenerys meets with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , who offer their support for her claim so that they can overthrow their uncle Euron . Daenerys accepts their aid and secures help from the Reach and Dorne , names Tyrion as her hand , but breaks up with Daario , ordering him to stay behind and govern Slaver 's Bay in her absence . With her new army , Daenerys finally sets sail for Westeros . In Season 7 Daenerys finally uses her dragons in battle , annihilating a Lannister force and their baggage train with fire . Daenerys welcomes Jon Snow to Dragonstone , seeing him as a friend and ally , insisting that he bend the knee to her but exhibiting patience with his refusal . She believes his tales of white walkers and agrees to let him mine dragonglass ( obsidian ) from her land . When Jon 's expedition north of the Wall gets into trouble Daenerys takes her dragons to rescue them , and is devastated when the Night King kills one . On the ship back to Dragonstone she and Jon make love . Jorah Mormont ( edit ) Iain Glen Main article : Jorah Mormont Jorah Mormont ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Iain Glen . Ser Jorah Mormont of House Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch . To fund his wife 's extravagant lifestyle , he sold poachers on his land to slave traders , which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms . Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark , he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their own and know him as `` Jorah The Andal '' . Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters of both the Seven Kingdoms and Essos . Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon on his crimes . But after learning more about Daenerys , Jorah falls in love with her and decides to protect and help her regain the Iron Throne . After she is widowed , he remains with her and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard . He serves Daenerys as an adviser throughout Season 2 and tries to help her claim her birthright as queen of the Seven Kingdoms . In Season 3 , he plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai , together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis , Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons . Led by Daario , the trio infiltrates the city and kills a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate , ensuring the capture of Yunkai . Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen , and later informs her of Joffrey 's death , but at the same time dissuades her from invading King 's Landing , since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet . When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario , Jorah voices his disapproval . Daenerys eventually discovers that Jorah 's original mission was to spy on her for the `` usurper '' Robert Baratheon , which led to her and her unborn son almost being killed by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak , and exiles him from Meereen on the threat of death . Jorah subsequently departs alone . He runs into Tyrion Lannister in Volantis , kidnapping him to deliver to `` the Queen '' , meaning Daenerys . Sailing through the ruins of Valyria , the couple are assaulted by stone men long decayed by greyscale , and Jorah is seemingly infected by the disease as one of the stone men touches his hand . He drags Tyrion safely to land , where the couple are captured by pirates . Tyrion convinces them to take them to Meereen to be sold as slaves in the fighting pits , where they are bought by master Yezzan zo Qaggaz , and successfully escape during a tourney . Upon seeing Jorah again , Daenerys orders him taken away . Tyrion manages to convince her of his worth and urges her to take him as her adviser , upon which he advises her , correctly in his opinion , to have Ser Jorah banished for his treason , having concealed the true nature of his service to her although he had several chances of doing so . Jorah is exiled a second time , and returns to Yezzan , wishing to fight in the pits before the Queen to see . He does so , and eventually emerges as the victor ; brandishing his spear , he impales an assassin from the Sons of the Harpy about to stab Daenerys , and protects her as she is forced to flee into the pit as more harpies emerge . They are eventually saved by Drogon , who absconds Daenerys on his back , and Jorah resolutely decides to track her into the wild to wherever she has gone , joined by Daario Naharis , while Tyrion stays behind to govern Meereen . They track her to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys kill all the khals and take control of the Dothraki . Daenerys , however , learns of Jorah 's greyscale infection , and orders him to find a cure and then rejoin her cause . At the Citadel in Oldtown , Samwell Tarly defies orders to subject Jorah to a dangerous and painful cure . It is successful and Jorah returns to Daenerys , who revokes his banishment . Jorah goes north of the Wall with Jon Snow to capture a wight . He refuses Jon 's attempt to gift him Longclaw , the Mormonts ' ancestral valerian steel sword , as he had brought dishonour on the Mormont name . Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( edit ) Aidan Gillen Main article : Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish ( season 1 -- 7 ) portrayed by Aidan Gillen . Lord Petyr Baelish , nicknamed `` Littlefinger , '' is the Master of Coin in King Robert Baratheon 's Small Council . He grew up with Catelyn Tully and fought Ned 's brother Brandon for her hand . Petyr is a master manipulator who knows the ongoing affairs within the Seven Kingdoms thanks to his spies . While Petyr at first is assumed to be an ally of Ned , he secretly resents him for marrying Catelyn and so he betrayed him when he tried to arrest Joffrey and Cersei . Despite that , Petyr aims to take the Iron Throne to punish the powerful nobles who used to look down on him . During season 2 , he convinces Catelyn to release Jaime in exchange for her daughters and brokers an alliance between House Lannister and House Tyrell . He then returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army in time to rescue the city . For his efforts , he is made Lord of Harrenhal , though the castle is held by Northmen . In Season 3 , he discovers Ros is secretly working for Varys and gives her to Joffrey to be killed before departing to the Eyrie , where he is to marry Lysa Arryn to secure her loyalty to the Iron Throne . He will thence be Lord Paramount of both the Vale ( as Lysa Arryn 's consort ) and the Riverlands ( after the downfall of the Tullys at the Red Wedding ) , though he has yet to see Harrenhal . In Season 4 , Littlefinger returns in secret to the area around King 's Landing . He has spent weeks in the Vale , and is confirmed to be getting married to Lysa . Petyr helps Olenna Tyrell orchestrate the assassination of King Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery , something Olenna wanted very badly as it would save her granddaughter from Joffrey 's beastly nature . This serves to strengthen his new alliance with House Tyrell . Petyr also gets Sansa Stark -- Ned and Catelyn 's eldest surviving daughter -- out of King 's Landing by ordering court fool and former knight Dontos Hollard to bring her to him . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has Dontos killed by his archers to silence him . He also begins acting as a mentor for her , and promises Sansa she is safe with him . When asked what he wants by her , he simply says `` everything '' . When they arrive in the Vale , it is revealed that he and Lysa have been having an affair for quite some time , and that it was Lysa who poisoned Jon Arryn on Petyr 's request . Petyr and Lysa marry that same day , and loudly consummate their marriage . However , Petyr later confides to Sansa that the reason he had Joffrey killed was to avenge Catelyn , and goes as far as to kiss her , with Lysa looking on unnoticed . When confronted by Lysa , who in a rage attempted to kill Sansa , Petyr kills Lysa instead , calmly pushing her through the Moon Door -- a hole in the floor looking down hundreds of feet to the rocks below the Eyrie , and the preferred method of execution in the Vale of Arryn , incidentally -- to her death on the rocks below . Sansa stands up for Petyr when he is questioned by other lords and ladies of the Vale on the matter of Lysa 's apparent `` suicide , '' and confirms that Lysa did indeed kill herself , however , and he is cleared of all charges . As the new Lord Paramount of the Vale , Petyr then begins talking the lords and ladies into supporting Lysa 's sickly and mentally challenged son , Robin Arryn , though it is implied that his real intention is for Robin to die . In Season 5 , Petyr and Sansa depart the Eyrie for a place that Petyr promises Sansa that Cersei will never find her , leaving Robin in the care of Yohn Royce . At an inn Podrick Payne along with Brienne of Tarth sees Petyr and Sansa eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne approaches and pledge her life to Sansa but Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . Petyr arranges a marriage between Sansa Stark and Ramsay Bolton so that Sansa can return to Winterfell , though Ramsay brutally rapes Sansa on their wedding night despite Ramsay 's promise to never harm her . After dropping Sansa off at Winterfell , he leaves for King 's Landing , where he provides a prostitute named Olyvar for Cersei to convict Loras Tyrell of his homosexuality . He also promises to march North with the strength of the Vale in his back to depose whatever victor comes out of the struggle between Roose Bolton and Stannis Baratheon , and swears to Cersei to bring her Sansa 's head if he succeeds . In return , Cersei promises to make him Warden of the North in addition to already claimed titles of Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Vale . However , Baelish later betrays Cersei by providing Olenna Tyrell with information about her affair with Lancel Lannister , which Olenna then uses to have Cersei arrested by the High Sparrow . In season 6 , after hearing of Sansa 's escape from Winterfell , Baelish rides North to her aid and apologises for having underestimated Ramsay , but Sansa refuses to believe him and sends him away . However , Baelish later receives a call for help from Sansa to aid her and Jon Snow in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay , and he and the Vale Knights arrive in time to smash the Bolton army and secure victory for the Starks . He later approaches Sansa and admits that he desires to sit on the Iron Throne with Sansa as his Queen , but she turns him down . As Jon is declared the new King in the North , Baelish glares sinisterly at Sansa , clearly intending to take action against them . In season 7 he remains at Winterfell , where he continues to mentor Sansa in political intrigue . He sees Arya as a threat and through manipulation and poisoned words he encourages Sansa and Arya to think the worst of each other . He does not see the threat from Bran , who can see all of his past actions . Baelish is startled to be put on trial for treason and murder . Sansa accuses him of murdering Jon and Lysa Arryn and setting family member against family member . Bran tells that the dagger with which he was nearly killed was Baelish 's , and that Baelish put a knife to Ned Stark 's throat . Arya waits for Sansa 's judgement and then slit 's Baelish 's throat . Viserys Targaryen ( edit ) Harry Lloyd Main article : Viserys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen ( season 1 ) portrayed by Harry Lloyd . Viserys Targaryen is the exiled prince and heir of the Targaryen dynasty . Known as `` The Beggar King '' for his search for an army to recapture his throne . A narcissist , he is arrogant and self - centered , caring only about himself and looking down on others especially to his sister Daenerys . In exchange for an army to help regain the Iron Throne , Viserys marries off his sister to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo and follows his horde 's journey to the Dothraki capital to ensure Drogo will keep his end of the bargain . But as they journey , it becomes evident that Viserys does not have leadership skills to reclaim the throne as his arrogance and disrespect for the Dothraki does not win him any hearts . Furthermore , Daenerys , who he has always threatened throughout his life , starts to stand up to him . Realizing that Daenerys is loved by the Dothraki and her and Drogo 's unborn son is prophet to unite the world , Viserys realizes that it is not he but Daenerys who will reclaim the Iron Throne . In a fit of drunken rage , he threatens Drogo to give him his army now or he will kill his unborn son . Having enough of his behavior , Drogo kills Viserys by giving him a `` Golden Crown '' ; molten gold poured over his head . Daenerys listlessly watches her brother 's agonizing death , proclaiming that he was n't a true dragon , as `` fire can not kill a dragon '' . Daenerys later names one of her dragons Viserion , as a tribute to Viserys . Jon Snow ( edit ) Main article : Jon Snow ( character ) Jon Snow ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Kit Harington . Kit Harington Jon Snow of House Stark and the Night 's Watch is the secret son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark , though raised as the bastard son of Lyanna 's brother , Ned Stark . In the first season , Jon joins the Night 's Watch . Jon is a talented fighter , but his sense of compassion and justice brings him into conflict with his harsh surroundings . Ned claims that Jon 's mother was a wet nurse named Wylla . His dire wolf is called Ghost due to his albinism and quiet nature . Jon soon learns that the Watch is no longer a glorious order , but is now composed mostly of society 's rejects , including criminals and exiles . Initially , he has only contempt for his low - born brothers of the Watch , but he puts aside his prejudices and befriends his fellow recruits , especially Samwell Tarly , after they unite against the cruel master - at - arms , Ser Alliser Thorne . He chooses to take his vows before the Old Gods of the North , and to his disappointment he is made steward to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont rather than a ranger . He eventually realizes that he is being groomed for command . He saves Mormont 's life by slaying a wight , a corpse resurrected by the White Walkers . In return , he receives Longclaw , the ancestral blade of House Mormont . When Eddard is arrested for treason , Jon is torn between his family and his vows . After Eddard 's execution , he tries to join Robb 's army but is convinced to come back by his friends . Shortly after , he joins the large force Mormont leads beyond the Wall . Jon is part of a small scouting party in Season 2 . When the party is overtaken by wildlings , Jon is ordered to appear to defect and join the wildlings so he can discover their plans . On affirming his loyalty to the King - Beyond - the - Wall , Mance Rayder , he travels toward the Wall with the wildlings and is seduced by one , the flame - haired Ygritte . Upon crossing the wall , he refuses to behead a farmer whose escape might alert the Night 's Watch of their coming , and is subsequently branded an enemy of the wildlings . Ygritte shields him from her comrades but ultimately confronts and injures Jon when he stops to drink . He manages to escape back to the wall , injured by three arrows , where he reunites with his comrades and informs the commanders of Mance Rayder 's plans . Jon subsequently resumes his training at the Wall and suggests an expedition to Craster 's Keep in order to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers who may tell Mance of the Wall 's weak defences if caught . Jon 's request is granted and he bands together a group of rangers to aid him , among them the new recruit Locke , who has actually come to kill Jon on Roose Bolton 's orders . Jon successfully attacks Craster 's Keep and kills the mutineers , while Locke is killed by Hodor during an attempt to kill Bran , who was captive at Craster 's Keep . However , Jon 's proposal to barricade the entrance to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering is denied . He survives the wildling attack on Castle Black , personally killing Styr and taking Tormund Giantsbane prisoner . In the aftermath , he departs Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder , giving his sword to Sam . He quickly locates Mance on the pretence of parleying , but he is found out . Before he is killed , however , Jon is saved by the timely arrival by Stannis Baratheon , who places Mance and his men under arrest , and accompanies Jon back to Castle Black . Jon later burns Ygritte 's body in the woods . In Season 5 , Stannis attempts to use Jon as an intermediary between himself and Mance , hoping to rally the wildling army to help him retake the North from Roose Bolton and gain Jon 's support in avenging his family . Jon fails to convince Mance , and when Mance is burned at the stake by Stannis ' red priestess Melisandre , Jon shoots him from afar to give him a quick death . After that Jon is chastised by Stannis for showing mercy to Mance . Stannis shows Jon a letter he received from Bear Island , stating that former Lord Commander Jeor Mormont 's relatives will only recognize a Stark as their King . Ser Davos tells Jon that the Night 's Watch will elect a new Lord Commander that night , and that it is almost assured that Ser Alliser will win . Stannis asks Jon to kneel before him and pledge his life to him , and in exchange he will legitimize Jon , making him Jon Stark , and giving him Winterfell . In the great hall , Jon tells Sam that he will refuse Stannis 's offer , as he swore an oath to the Night 's Watch . After Ser Alliser and Denys Mallister are announced as possible candidates , Sam gives a speech imploring his brothers to vote for Jon , reminding them all how he led the mission to Craster 's Keep to avenge Commander Mormont 's death and how he led the defense of Castle Black . After the voting is complete , the ballots are tallied and show a tie between Jon and Ser Alliser . Maester Aemon casts the deciding vote in favor of Jon , making him the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . To lessen the animosity between the two , Jon makes Ser Alliser First Ranger . Melisandre takes an interest in Jon , visiting him in his quarters and trying to have sex with him . Jon refuses , out of respect for Ygritte and his Night 's Watch vows . Jon makes plans to give the wildlings the lands south of the wall , known as `` the gift . '' He wants the Night 's Watch and the wildlings to unite against the threat of the White Walkers . These more liberal views are not taken well by the men of the Night 's Watch , in particular Ser Alliser and a young boy named Olly , whose village was massacred by wildlings . Jon then makes a trip north of the Wall to the wildling village of Hardhome , where he hopes to get the wildlings to join his cause . However , before many of them can get on boats to leave , a massive group of White Walkers arrives on the scene . A massive battle ensues , in which many wildlings are killed . The last remaining Night 's Watchmen and wildlings , including Jon , depart from Hardhome , defeated . As they return to the Wall , they are let in by Ser Alliser Thorne , who disapproves of his drastic action of joining forces with the wildlings . Shortly after , Jon sends Sam and Gilly to safety in Oldtown , approving of their relationship and Sam 's motives of keeping her safe . He is later approached by Davos asking for men , and later Melisandre , whose silence confirms Stannis 's defeat . That evening , Jon is met by Olly who claims that a range has arrived with knowledge of Jon 's uncle Benjen . However , Jon discovers that he has been fooled and a group of mutineers , led by Ser Alliser Thorne , stab Jon repeatedly , with Olly dealing the final blow , leaving him to die in the snow . In season 6 , Jon 's body is discovered and protected by Davos and his loyal brothers . After the mutineers are dealt with , Jon is resurrected by Melisandre and has the mutineers executed before resigning from the Night 's Watch . Shortly afterwards , he is reunited with Sansa , who fled for the Wall to escape from Ramsay Bolton . Though initially reluctant , Jon decides to take Winterfell back from Ramsay after Ramsay sends him a threatening letter demanding Sansa 's return on threat of murdering Rickon . Securing help from several Northern houses , Jon attacks Winterfell and manages to overcome the Bolton army thanks to the Knights of the Vale , though Rickon is killed in the process . Jon breaches Winterfell and almost kills Ramsay , but takes him prisoner and leaves Sansa to finish him . In the aftermath , Jon is named the new King in the North by the Northern Lords . In season 7 Jon refuses to be as ruthless as Sansa and other lords expect , letting the children of the treacherous Northern Lords who had fought for the Boltons keep their ancestral homes . Believing that the North is not strong enough to stand alone against the White Walkers and their army , he goes to Dragonstone to persuade Daenerys Targaryen to help . She is hospitable and interested in an alliance but his refusal to bend the knee to her as a condition of the alliance is a sticking point . Jon meets Theon and wants to kill him but restrains himself because Theon had eventually helped Sansa to escape the Boltons . Later Jon appears to forgive Theon , telling the conflicted Theon that he can be both Greyjoy and Stark . Jon decides that the only way to convince Daenerys and the other houses of Westeros of the White Walker threat is to capture a wight and display it in the south . He takes a group of comrades north of the Wall and they capture a wight but are surrounded by an army too large to fight . Jon orders a raven to be sent and they wait on an island while thousands of wights line the shore waiting for the water to freeze . Daenerys arrives and most of the party climb on her dragon and are saved , but they are forced to leave while Jon is still fighting . Expecting to die , he is saved by the arrival of his uncle Benjen who sacrifices himself to send Jon to safety . Jon wakes on Daenerys ' ship , and tells her he will bend the knee . They make love . Meanwhile at Winterfell Sam and Bran share pieces of information until they both realise that Jon is the legitimate son of Rhaegar Targaryen and his willing bride Lyanna Stark , and that this makes him the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Sansa Stark ( edit ) Sophie Turner Main article : Sansa Stark Sansa Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Sophie Turner . Sansa Stark of House Stark is the first daughter and second child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . She was also the future bride of Prince Joffrey , and thus the future Queen of the Seven Kingdoms as well . Her direwolf is called Lady , she is the smallest of the pack . Sansa is naive and wants to live the life of a fairy tale princess and is unwilling to see the harsh realities of the kingdom 's politics and rivalries . Her fantasy begins to shatter when Lady is killed , and the situation continues to worsen when her father is arrested for treason . She becomes a hostage to the Lannisters in order for them to have a legitimate claim for the North . Her naïveté is finally shattered when King Joffrey executes her father despite promising her that he would spare him . Sansa is forced to put up an act or endure Joffrey 's cruelty . Throughout Season 2 , she suffers under Joffrey 's abuse until Tyrion puts a stop to it . By the Season 2 finale , Joffrey breaks his engagement with Sansa to marry Margaery Tyrell . However , she is still a hostage ; but Petyr Baelish promises to help her return to Winterfell . In Season 3 , she is married to Tyrion to secure the Lannisters the North should Robb Stark die . The marriage is unhappy and yet to be consummated , and after Robb 's death -- upon which Joffrey insists to be given his head to present to Sansa , a request coldly ignored by his grandfather -- she is unable to speak to him . In Season 4 , Sansa has been mourning her family for weeks and is starving herself in depression . She attends Joffrey 's wedding with Tyrion and witnesses Joffrey 's death . Dontos Hollard immediately spirits her away from the wedding , moments ahead of Cersei 's orders to have her and Tyrion arrested . Dontos brings Sansa to a ship concealed in fog , and she is greeted by Petyr Baelish . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has the fool killed by his archers , with Petyr explaining that killing Dontos was the only way to ensure his silence -- her disappearance when Joffrey died , the execution of her father , deaths of her family and years of torment at the king 's hand , will all be considerable motive for Sansa helping Tyrion murder Joffrey . Currently , a thousand of the City Watch are searching for her , Cersei thirsts for vengeance , and Tyrion himself stands trial . Sansa is assured she has finally escaped King 's Landing and is safe with Lord Baelish , who takes her to her Aunt Lysa for shelter . Lysa takes Sansa in warmly and has her betrothed to her son , Robin . However , Sansa realises the worst is far from over when Lysa , who is smitten with Petyr , accuses Sansa of trying to seduce him , and she discovers that Robin is a spoiled and rude child , slapping him at one point . When Petyr unexpectedly kisses Sansa , Lysa becomes enraged and nearly pushes Sansa through the castle 's Moon Door , but Petyr intervenes by pacifying Lysa and then pushing her through the Moon Door to her death before Sansa 's eyes , making Sansa realise that Petyr may have romantic or lustful feelings for her . Sansa speaks up for Petyr when he is questioned about his involvement in Lysa 's death , but Sansa reaffirms Petyr 's claim that Lysa killed herself due to her own instability and insecurities . Afterward she told Petyr that her reason to protect him in the hearing was because she knew he was the only person she could count on to protect her , demonstrated by his initiative in getting her out of King 's Landing while everyone else in power there only wanted to use her as a pawn . In Season 5 , she and Petyr leave the Eyrie for a place Petyr promises where Cersei will never find her . At an In , Brienne of Tarth materializes unexpectedly and declares herself for Sansa . Petyr doubts that Sansa would want a sworn shield who let both of her previous masters die , even when Brienne reveals the true , somewhat unbelievable circumstances of Renly 's death . Sansa seems inclined to agree , pointing out that Brienne was present at Joffrey 's wedding , to which the warrior replies that neither of them wanted to be there . Sansa rejects Brienne 's offer of service and watches as she handily defeats the guards and escapes . Petyr tells her that he has arranged for her to be married to Ramsay Bolton , the son of Lord Roose Bolton . This will put her back in Winterfell , which the Boltons now occupy as a reward for their role in the deaths of Robb and Catelyn . Though Ramsay initially seems interested in Sansa , his psychopathic nature quickly shows through , and Sansa is disgusted . She is also antagonized by Myranda , the kennelmaster 's daughter , who is in a sexual relationship with Ramsay . Myranda frequently makes veiled threats to Sansa , and shows her what has become of Theon Greyjoy , who was Eddard Stark 's ward and whom she grew up with . Sansa is horrified to find that after Ramsay emasculated him , he has taken on a submissive , sullen persona called Reek . After Sansa and Ramsay are wed , he brutally rapes her while forcing Reek to watch . Later , Sansa attempts to talk to Reek , who is unresponsive to her attempts to make him act like his old self by repeatedly calling him Theon instead of Reek . At one point , Reek mistakenly lets slip that her younger brothers , Bran and Rickon , are alive , when she had assumed that they were dead . This realization gives Sansa hope in the midst of her unfortunate situation . As Stannis Baratheon 's army sneaks up on Winterfell and is greeted by the bulk of the Bolton forces , Sansa manages to escape her chamber but is stopped by Myranda , who threatens her with a bow . Reminding Sansa that she has nothing left to live for in Ramsay 's custody , she is unexpectedly saved by Reek , who breaks his spell of subjugation by throwing Myranda over the bannister . The Bolton 's return to Winterfell and , knowing the dire consequences Ramsay would have in place for the both of them when he finds Myranda 's body , the couple flee to the wall in terror , where they make the jump off the ledge . In season 6 , Sansa makes it to the Wall with help from Brienne and Podrick and reunites with Jon , while Theon returns home . After Jon receives a threatening letter from Ramsay demanding Sansa back , Sansa and Jon decide to fight back against Ramsay and retake the North . Sansa briefly meets with Petyr Baelish , but turns him down for his role in handing her to the Boltons . Realizing that with their meager forces they are still outnumbered , Sansa writes to Baelish for help and he arrives in time with the Vale Knights to smash the Bolton army and help Jon secure victory . After Ramsay is killed , Baelish admits to Sansa that he wants her to rule alongside him as his Queen , but Sansa turns him down . When Jon is named the new King in the North , Sansa notices Baelish glaring at her . In Season 7 Sansa finds some of Jon 's decisions infuriating but remains loyal to him . She maintains her support of Jon even when he leaves Winterfell against her advice and the Northern Lords ' objections , and even when some of them hint that they 're ready to drop their support of Jon and name her their ruler . Sansa is overjoyed to see Arya and Bran return to Winterfell , though she is unnerved by how much they have changed : Bran 's loss of humanity and Arya 's ruthlessness . Petyr Baelish sees Arya as a threat to his influence with Sansa and attempts to drive a wedge between the sisters . He appears at first to be succeeding but at some point the three Starks realise what Baelish is doing . Sansa pretends to believe Baelish as he insinuates that Arya is plotting her murder . Then to his surprise she accuses him of various crimes in front of the Northern Lords , before finding him guilty and allowing Arya to execute him . Arya Stark ( edit ) Maisie Williams Main article : Arya Stark Arya Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Maisie Williams . Arya Stark of House Stark is the younger daughter and third child of Lord Eddard and Catelyn Stark of Winterfell . Ever the tomboy , Arya would rather be training to use weapons than sewing with a needle . Her direwolf is called Nymeria . When Ned is arrested for treason , her `` dancing master '' Syrio Forel helps her escape the Lannisters . She is later disguised as an orphan boy by Yoren , a Night 's Watch recruiter , in hopes of getting her back to Winterfell . From then on , she takes the name Arry . During Season 2 , Yoren 's convoy is attacked by the Lannisters who are under orders by King Joffrey to find and kill Robert 's bastard children . Before she is captured , she releases the prisoner Jaqen H'ghar and two others , saving their lives . She and the rest of the captured recruits are sent to Harrenhal under Gregor Clegane who cruelly tortures and kills prisoners everyday . At the same time , she follows the advice of the late Yoren and makes a list of those she wants dead like a prayer . When Tywin Lannister arrives at Harrenhal , he orders the killing of prisoners stopped and makes Arya his cup bearer after figuring out she is a girl . Tywin forms an unlikely friendship with Arya due to her intelligence while remaining unaware of her true identity . Arya reunites with Jaqen who offers to kill three lives in exchange for the three lives she saved . The first two she picks , the Tickler , Harrenhal 's torturer and Ser Amory Lorch , after he catches Arya reading one of Tywin 's war plans and tries to inform Tywin . After she fails to find Jaqen to kill Tywin , after he heads out to face Robb 's forces , she forces Jaqen to help her , Gendry and Hot Pie escape Harrenhal after choosing Jaqen as her third name , for which she promises to `` unname '' him if he helps them . After successfully escaping , Jaqen gives her an iron coin and tells her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar morghulis '' if she ever needs to find him . Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie head north for Riverrun and Arya 's mother Lady Stark , but are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and taken to the Inn at the Crossroads . There , Arya is horrified to be reunited with the vile Sandor Clegane , one of the Brotherhood 's prisoners . Arya and Gendry travel with the Brotherhood to meet their leader , now friends with them as they know Arya is Ned Stark 's daughter . She escapes them after the Brotherhood acquits Sandor Clegane of murder after a trial by combat and selling Gendry to Melisandre to be sacrificed . Captured by Sandor , she is taken to the Twins to be ransomed to her brother , only to see his wolf and forces slaughtered and her brother paraded headless on a horse . Sandor knocks her unconscious and saves her from the ensuing slaughter , and she subsequently kills her first man when falling upon a party of Freys , boasting of how they mutilated her brother 's corpse . In season 4 , Sandor decides to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale . With Sandor 's help , Arya later retrieves her sword , Needle ( a gift from Jon Snow ) , and kills the sadistic soldier Polliver , who stole it from her . Along the way , Arya slowly begins to bond with Sandor , helping to heal one of his wounds when they are attacked . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn killed herself three days prior . Arya laughs with disbelief . Later , Arya and Sandor are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne . Arya refuses to leave with Brienne , assuming her to be an agent of the Lannisters . In the ensuing fight between Brienne and Sandor , Sandor is wounded and begs Arya to kill him , but she just steals his silver and leaves him to die . She then manages to catch a boat to Braavos , befriending the Braavosi captain by showing him the coin Jaqen gave her outside Harrenhal . In Season 5 Arya arrives in Braavos , and the ship 's captain , Ternesio takes her to the House of Black and White . She is turned away by the doorman , even after showing the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar . After spending the night sitting in front of the House , she throws the coin into the water and leaves . Later , after killing a pigeon , Arya is confronted by a group of thieves in the street . Arya prepares to fight them , but the thieves flee when the doorman appears . He walks her back to the House of Black and White , and gives her the iron coin . He then changes his face to Jaqen , and informs Arya that she must become no one before taking her inside the House . Arya 's training progresses , during which she gets better and better at lying about her identity . Jaqen eventually gives her her first new identity , as Lana , a girl who sells oysters on the streets of Braavos . She eventually encounters Meryn Trant , who she tortures and executes in retaliation for Syrio 's death , revealing her identity and motive in the process . When she returns to the House of Black and White she is confronted by Jaqen H'ghar and the Waif , who tell her that Meryn 's life was not hers to take and that a debt must be paid . Arya screams as she begins to lose her eyesight . In season 6 , she briefly lives as a beggar in the streets of Braavos , regularly beaten and abused by the Waif , until Jaqen has her trained without her sight and ultimately returns her sight to her . Arya is tasked with assassinating an actress , Lady Crane , but becomes reluctant when she discovers Crane is a decent person and the one who wants her dead is a jealous , less - talented actress . She ultimately botches the assassination and is almost killed by the Waif in retaliation , but seeks shelter with Crane to recover . The Waif tracks her down and a chase ensues throughout Braavos until Arya lures her to her hideout and kills her . She adds the Waif 's face to the Hall of Faces , impressing Jaqen , but Arya ends her training with the Faceless Men and returns to Westeros , where she resumes her vengeance by murdering Walder Frey . At the start of season 7 we see Walder Frey hosting a feast for every male Frey and asking them to drink a toast . As they start to choke , he tells them it was a mistake to leave any Starks alive , and as they die of poison Walder reveals to the servants and wives present that he is really Arya Stark . Arya heads for King 's Landing to kill Cersei , but on learning that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell she turns around and heads north . She and Sansa have a happy but awkward reunion . Arya is also reacquainted with Brienne , who she insists spar with her . Brienne is surprised by Arya 's skill and needs to raise her effort in order to match Arya , but Arya still scores victories in the brief fight . When Sansa refuses the suggestion of some of the Northern Lords ' that she should be the ruler of the North and not Jon she disagrees with them but does not punish them . Arya is angry , saying to Sansa that she should have executed them for treason . Arya is suspicious of Petyr Baelish and spies on him hiding a message , unaware perhaps that he hid it while he knew she was watching . The message is years old , written to Robb by Sansa when she thought she could save her father by obeying Cersei , but Arya tells Sansa it is a betrayal . Sansa finds Arya 's bag of faces and is shocked . At some point , the girls realise that Baelish is playing them against each other . With Baelish lulled into thinking his plan is working well , Sansa publicly accuses him of murder and treason . Arya waits for the guilty verdict and executes him . Robb Stark ( edit ) Richard Madden Main article : Robb Stark Robb Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Richard Madden . Robb Stark of House Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell . His dire wolf is called Grey Wind . Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father , Ned Stark , is arrested for treason . Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands . Eventually , crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary . To win permission to cross , Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey , Lord of the Twins . Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime . After Ned is executed , the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King , `` The King in The North '' . He wins a succession of battles in Season 2 , earning him the nickname the Young Wolf . However , he feels that he botched the political aspects of war . He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy , Theon 's father . In exchange for Greyjoy support , Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands ' independence . He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon , both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king . Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions , and Balon launches an invasion of the North . Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr , a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit . Despite his mother 's protest , Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd - season finale . On news of his grandfather , Lord Hoster Tully 's , death , Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral , where the young king is reunited with his great - uncle , Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully , and his uncle , Edmure Tully , the new lord of Riverrun . While at Riverrun , Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters , a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance . He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre , after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their child . Lord Bolton personally executes Robb , stabbing him through the heart while taunting that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' , in fact a promise made to Jaime ( who had no knowledge of Bolton 's impending treason ) when leaving for the Twins . His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons . Theon Greyjoy ( edit ) Alfie Allen Main article : Theon Greyjoy Theon Greyjoy ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Alfie Allen . Theon Greyjoy of House Greyjoy is the youngest son of Lord Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands . He is the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark , stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion . Despite his position , he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon . While he has never questioned his position , he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and not everyone respects him . Nevertheless , Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom . He is sent to the Iron Islands in Season 2 to seek a Stark alliance with the Greyjoys . However , his father criticizes Theon for accepting the northern lifestyle and rejects Robb 's proposal . Wishing to prove to his father that he is a true Ironborn , he joins his family 's invasion of the North . To gain the respect of his men , he ignores his orders to raid the shores and captures Winterfell . The situation worsens for Theon when he is forced to kill his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel and fakes the deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark to the people of Winterfell after they escape by killing two orphans . Regretting what he has done and with no help coming from his family , Theon decides to die fighting with his men defending Winterfell from a Stark force led by Roose Bolton 's bastard son . However , he is betrayed by his men due to Robb 's offer of clemency and safe return to the Iron Islands if they give up Theon . Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle , where he is briefly tortured , but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to works for his sister Yara . He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from , the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer , Ramsay Snow , Lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard . Theon is subsequently brutally tortured , flayed and eventually emasculated by Ramsay , who forces him to rename himself Reek , and beats him until he submits to his new name ( before his emasculation he told Ramsay that he regretted betraying Robb and calls Ned Stark his `` real father '' ) . Theon 's penis is sent in a box to his father , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , which Balon refuses . He states that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord . In season 4 , Theon has been freed from his restraints by Ramsay , but is forced to work for him as a servant and answer to the name Reek . Roose Bolton later orders Ramsay to launch an attack on Moat Cailin , an Ironborn - occupied fortress that is preventing him from entering the Northern lands , and to take Theon with him . Before they leave , however , the Dreadfort is attacked by Yara and a group of men , but Theon refuses to flee with her , believing it may be another trick on Ramsay 's part , forcing Yara to leave without him . As a reward , Ramsay gives Theon a bath and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Theon masquerades as himself and tricks the Ironborn into opening Moat Cailin , leading to them all being flayed by the Bolton army , and subsequently accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell . In Winterfell , he rekindles his relationship with Sansa , who is to be married to Ramsay . On their wedding night Sansa is raped by Ramsay , who forces Theon to watch . Sansa tries to get Theon to save her from Ramsay , but he refuses and eventually admits that he did not kill her brothers . As the Baratheon army arrives at Winterfell to fight the Boltons , he helps her escape by killing Ramsay 's sadistic lover , Myranda , as she threatens Sansa with a bow . The couple climb the crest of the wall , and jump . In season 6 , after they are reunited with Brienne and Podrick , Theon returns to the Iron Islands , where he discovers that his father has been killed . He endorses Yara to succeed their father , but are usurped by their uncle , Euron , the one responsible for murdering Balon . Theon and Yara flee the Iron Islands for Meereen , offering their support to Daenerys Targaryen in return for her aiding them in overthrowing Euron . In season 7 Daenerys sends Yara 's fleet , with Theon and the Sand Snakes , to invade Westeros , but the fleet is set upon with fire by Euron Greyjoy . Euron boards Yara 's ship and captures her as Theon watches . He taunts Theon and challenges him to rescue Yara , but Theon jumps into the sea instead . Theon is found by some Iron Islanders , supporters of Yara who are disgusted with Theon for running away when his sister was taken . He returns to Dragonstone and meets Jon , who is furious at Theon 's many betrayals and only lets him live because of his eventual help for Sansa . Later Theon tells Jon how hard it was to be torn between his Greyjoy and his Stark allegiances . Jon , softening to Theon , tells him he is both Stark and Greyjoy . Theon meets Euron at the parley in the Dragonpit , an Euron taunts him that he still has Yara . When the few remaining Iron Islanders on Dragonstone announce they are planning on sailing off to be independent pirates , Theon urges them to help him to free Yara instead . Their leader is contemptuous and beats Theon , but Theon refuses to stay down , fights , and eventually prevails . The Iron Islanders , a dozen or so men , agree to help Theon rescue Yara . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark ( edit ) Isaac Hempstead Wright Main article : Bran Stark Bran Stark ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Isaac Hempstead Wright . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark of House Stark is the second son and fourth child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . He was named after his deceased uncle , Brandon . His dire wolf is called Summer . During the King 's visit to Winterfell , he accidentally came across Cersei and Jaime Lannister engaging in sex , following which Bran is shoved from the window by Jaime , permanently crippling his legs . An assassin tries to kill Bran , but Summer , the direwolf companion , kills the assassin . Bran , when he awakens , finds that he is crippled from the waist down , forced to be carried everywhere by Hodor , and he can not remember the events immediately before his fall . Slowly , he realizes that he has gained the ability to assume Summer 's consciousness , making him a warg or a skinchanger . After his older brother , Robb , is crowned King in the North , Bran becomes Robb 's heir and the Lord of Winterfell . After Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell , Bran goes into hiding . To cement his claim on Winterfell , Theon kills two orphan boys and tells the people of Winterfell that Bran , and his younger brother Rickon Stark , are dead . After Theon 's men betray him and Winterfell is sacked , Bran , Rickon , Hodor , Osha and their direwolves head north to find his older brother Jon Snow for safety . They ultimately stumble upon Jojen and Meera Reed , two siblings who aid them in their quest . After coming close to the wall , Osha departs with Rickon for Last Hearth while Bran insists on following his visions beyond the Wall . He also encounters Sam and Gilly , who tries to persuade him not to , but Bran claims it is his destiny and leaves through the gate with Hodor and the Reeds . Along the way , Bran and the others stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured and held hostage by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Night 's Watch rangers led by Jon eventually attack Craster 's Keep to kill the mutineers , but Locke , a new recruit but secretly a spy for Roose Bolton , attempts to take Bran away and kill him elsewhere . Bran wargs into Hodor and kills Locke by snapping his neck , but Bran and his group are forced to continue on their journey without alerting Jon , whom Jojen claims would stop them . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , who claims he can not restore Bran 's legs , but will make him fly instead . In season 6 , Bran experiences several visions , such as the origins of the White Walkers , the origin of Hodor , and the truth behind the parentage of Jon Snow . After an attack by the White Walkers which results in the deaths of the Three - eyed raven and Hodor , Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Bran 's undead uncle , Benjen , who takes them back to the Wall . He later sees a vision of Jon Snow 's birth , learning that he is actually the child of Lyanna Stark . In season 7 Bran appears to have lost much of his personality . He arrives back at Winterfell . Meera says she must leave and is upset by Bran 's cold reaction . Sansa is glad to see Bran but is unnerved by his assertion that he is now the Three Eyed Raven . He spends most of his time in the Winterfell Godswood by the Heart Tree . He meets Petyr Baelish and looks into Baelish 's past . He testifies when Sansa puts Baelish on trial that Baelish betrayed Ned and sent the assassin to kill Bran . Sam Tarly arrives at Winterfell , and Bran tells Sam that Jon is Jon Sand , having been born to Lyanna Stark in Dorne . Sam replies that the High Septon had secretly married Lyanna to Rhaegar Targaryen , and asks Bran if he can confirm it . Bran directs his visions to Lyanna and Rhaegar 's wedding and confirms that Jon Snow was named Aegon Targaryen and is the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Joffrey Baratheon ( edit ) Jack Gleeson Main article : Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Jack Gleeson . Joffrey Baratheon of House Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms . He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister 's children and heir to the Iron Throne . Vicious and cruel , he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants . He is also a coward when confronted by those who are n't afraid of him . Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father -- who , in reality , is Jaime Lannister . After Robert 's death , the Lannisters make Joffrey the King against his father 's will , and Joffrey becomes a cruel ruler and a Puppet King used by his mother . Joffrey makes a mistake when , against Cersei 's and Sansa 's wishes , he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned ; instead , Joffrey has him executed . His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters ' war effort as Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne . He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa . His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners ' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father 's bastard children in King 's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed . When Stannis attacks King 's Landing , Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting . When the battle eventually turns in Stannis ' favor , Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle , damaging the morale of his army . The battle is only won by his grandfather Tywin and the forces of House Tyrell . To cement the alliance between their families , Joffrey 's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell . Upon the end of Season 3 , the marriage is yet to take place , and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather , who are ( in their respective ways ) rebutting his cruelty . He also seems to take little interest in his bride , but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people 's favor , in which he takes part . In Season 4 , Joffrey finally marries Margaery , but he dies at the wedding after being poisoned , and his uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested . It is confirmed , however , he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell , with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard , as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa . Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry `` that beast '' . Following Joffrey 's funeral , his younger brother and heir , Tommen , is crowned King . Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( edit ) Rory McCann Main article : Sandor Clegane Sandor Clegane ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Rory McCann . Sandor Clegane , nicknamed `` The Hound , '' for his savage nature , is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane and a retainer to House Lannister . He is also Joffrey Baratheon 's personal bodyguard . The right side of his face was grievously burned when he was only a boy after his brother accused him of stealing one of his toys and pushed Sandor 's face into a brazier , leaving the right side of his face hideously scarred , and a lifelong fear of fire . He is taciturn and brutal , but not without compassion . He is protective towards Sansa after she is captured by the Lannisters . After Joffrey becomes King , Sandor is made a member of the Kingsguard . Although he is still faithful to Joffrey , he frequently defends Sansa from Joffrey 's attempts to shame and physically abuse her . During the siege on King 's Landing , when wildfire is used to destroy Stannis ' ships , Sandor succumbs to his fear of fire and abandons the fight , insulting Joffrey as he leaves . Before fleeing the city , he seeks out Sansa and offers to take her along . She refuses but she recognizes that he had been afraid in the battle . Sandor is later captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , and is reunited with Arya at the Inn of the Kneeling Man . He is acquitted from murdering Mycah in a trial by combat with the leader of the Brotherhood , Beric Dondarrion , and released . Taking Arya Stark prisoner , he travels to the Twins hoping to ransom her , but arrives just as the slaughter of the Starks at The Red Wedding begins and rides off with a shocked Arya in tow . When she attacks a pack of Frey soldiers and stabs one of them to death , he intervenes on her behalf and disposes of the rest . Sandor then decides to take Arya to the Vale instead , to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn . The two kill several Lannister soldiers as he leaves , causing Tywin Lannister to place a bounty on his head . Sandor and Arya are attacked by Lannister soldiers seeking the bounty and Sandor is bitten on the neck , which Arya heals after the attackers are killed . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn is dead . They subsequently stay near the Vale , but are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne , who are searching for the Stark girls . Assuming Brienne to be a Lannister agent after the bounty , Sandor refuses to hand Arya over and a fight ensues between him and Brienne . Brienne eventually bites Sandor 's ear off and beats him off a cliff . He survives the fall , but is mortally wounded . He is found by Arya , whom he attempts to provoke into killing him , but she just stares blankly and then steals his silver and leaves him to die , screaming for Arya to kill him . Sandor is presumed dead , yet it is revealed in the sixth season that he was rescued by Ray ( Ian McShane ) who takes him to live with his colony of pacifists . After the colony is slaughtered by the Brotherhood without Banners , Sandor is the sole survivor , and he hunts down the men responsible . He tracks the Brotherhood , but finds the perpetrators being executed by Beric Dondarrion for their actions . After reminiscing over past events , Beric and Thoros persuade Sandor to join them , as they are heading North to aid Jon Snow in the coming battle against the White Walkers . They reach Eastwatch By Sea and are imprisoned by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane . Jon Snow arrives on a mission to capture a wight and Sandor , with Beric , Thoros and Tormund join him . Sandor then travels with Jon and the wight to King 's Landing for the parley in the Dragonpit , and shows the wight to Cersei . There , Sandor has an uneasy but peaceful reacquaintance with Brienne , and a hostile one with his brother Gregor , telling him that one day he ( Sandor ) will kill Gregor . Tyrion Lannister ( edit ) Peter Dinklage Main article : Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Peter Dinklage . Nicknamed `` The Imp '' or `` Halfman '' , Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister . He is a dwarf ; and his mother died during his birth , for which his father , Tywin Lannister , blames him . While not physically powerful , Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him . In Season Three , Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin , a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for . Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark ; however , on the wedding night , Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone , promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to . The death of her brother Robb , in which Tyrion took no part , causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father , who he claims ca n't distinguish between his interests and his often - praised ideal of devotion to family . Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth , but stayed himself for the sake of duty . In season 4 , Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King 's Landing for Joffrey 's wedding to Margaery Tyrell , though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister , who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin 's orders . When Joffrey is fatally poisoned , Tyrion is framed and arrested . Tyrion , however , implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead . At Tyrion 's trial , he demands a trial by combat . Tyrion is approached by Oberyn , who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei 's champion , Ser Gregor Clegane . When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed , Tyrion is sentenced to death . Jaime , however , frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King 's Landing . Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae , who testified against him and is now Tywin 's lover . After a brief struggle , Tyrion strangles Shae to death , and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey 's crossbow . Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys . They arrive in Pentos , where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont , who says that he will take him to Daenerys . Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here . Tyrion tells her everything , including Varys ' plan . He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen , but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros . Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles . He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak 's Pit , where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena . As the Sons of the Harpy attack , Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena , where they are rescued by Drogon , while Daenerys is spirited away on his back . In season 6 , Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen , particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy , stranding them in Slaver 's Bay . Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . In gratitude for Tyrion 's loyalty , Daenerys names him her official Hand , and he accompanies her back to Westeros . In season 7 Tyrion 's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views , and he has mixed success in directing her actions . He sneaks into King 's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys , which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city . At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall . When Cersei is not convinced , Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her . He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei 's presence alive , and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers . Khal Drogo ( edit ) Jason Momoa Main article : Khal Drogo Khal Drogo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Jason Momoa . Khal Drogo is a warlord of the Dothraki people . He is to marry Daenerys Targaryen , as arranged by her brother Viserys . He is undefeated in battle . Viserys Targaryen conspired with Magister Illyrio to marry Daenerys to Drogo in order to get his support in an invasion of Westeros . Though Daenerys was initially unhappy with the arrangement , Drogo proves to be a sensitive husband and lover despite his fearsome behavior with his men . After a failed poisoning attempt on Daenerys ' life , he promises to invade Westeros to reclaim the Seven Kingdoms for the Targaryens , but Viserys 's impertinence ultimately causes Drogo to kill him . Drogo maintains his promise for the benefit of his wife , but is wounded by an enemy khal before he could begin the invasion . The wound festers and Drogo becomes so sick that he is unable to ride his horse , a sign of weakness to the Dothraki . Most of his khalasar abandons him , but Daenerys unknowingly sacrifices their unborn child for a spell to revive him . The spell works , but leaves him a brain - dead husk of his former self . Daenerys smothers him out of pity , and the flames of his funeral pyre ultimately hatch her dragon eggs . Tywin Lannister ( edit ) Charles Dance Main article : Tywin Lannister Tywin Lannister ( season 1 -- 5 ) portrayed by Charles Dance . Lord of Casterly Rock , Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West , Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating , ruthless , and controlling man . He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II . He is the father of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more , but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks , Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey , and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey 's claim to the throne ; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war , and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion . Tywin continues the war through Season 2 at Harrenhal where he criticizes his commanders for losing and underestimating the Stark army led by King Robb Stark . While there , he forms an unlikely friendship with his cup bearer , unaware that she is actually Arya Stark . Originally , he was about to attack Robb 's forces while they are distracted by the Greyjoys seizing Winterfell , but changes his mind and helps the defenders of King 's Landing drive Stannis Baratheon 's forces away . He assumes his position of Hand of the King once again and arranges for Joffrey to marry Margaery Tyrell to secure an alliance between the Lannisters and Tyrells . In the third season , as Hand of the King , he fortifies his position as de facto leader of the Seven Kingdoms , and he successfully defeats Robb Stark , the King in the North , by forging an alliance with the lords Frey and Bolton , who betray and kill Stark and his men . The crown subsequently pardons and rewards them with Riverrun and the North , respectively , though Tywin is criticized by Tyrion for winning the war through such an unscrupulous scheme . He also has to deal with an increasingly belligerent Joffrey , who chides his grandfather as a coward who `` hid under Casterly Rock '' while Robert Baratheon led the rebellion against Aerys Targaryen , and complicated relations with his children as he forces them into marriage alliances with Sansa Stark and Loras Tyrell , to secure the support of the Tyrells and Lannister dominion in the North ( now Sansa 's heirdom , as all her brothers are presumed dead ) . In the fourth season , Tywin is present at the royal wedding where Joffrey dies , and has King 's Landing closed off to prevent Sansa from escaping ( although she escapes with help from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard ) . He grooms Joffrey 's younger brother , Tommen , to becoming the new King , and appears determined to make sure Tommen becomes a much better King than Joffrey was . The presence of Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne poses a new problem , however , as he resurfaces the Martell -- Lannister antagonism over the rape and murder of his sister Elia by Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane during the Robert 's Rebellion ; Oberyn believes the deed was done on Tywin 's order . Tywin denies the allegations and promises Oberyn justice in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , when several supposed witnesses give false statements regarding Tyrion 's supposed guilt , Tywin promises Jaime in private that if Tyrion is found guilty and pleads for mercy , he will exile him to the Night 's Watch but only if Jaime ceases to be a Kingsguard and takes his place as heir to House Lannister . However , Tyrion loses his composure , lashes out at Tywin and demands a trial by combat , to Tywin 's anger . When Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn , loses the fight and is killed , Tywin sentences his son to death . Later , when Jamie helps Tyrion escape , Tyrion discovers that Tywin was having an affair with Shae , Tyrion 's former lover , who falsely testified against him at his trial . Tywin is ambushed by Tyrion while in a privy , wielding Joffrey 's crossbow . Tywin attempts to reason with Tyrion , swearing that he would never have had him executed , but also -- upon Tyrion showing regret for Shae 's death -- taunts him as `` afraid of a dead whore '' . In rage , Tyrion shoots Tywin twice in the chest , killing him . His body is discovered shortly afterwards , and a grand funeral is held in the Sept of Baelor . As revealed by Davos Seaworth , he was 67 years old . Tywin 's death heralds instability in the Seven Kingdoms , with the arrival of the Sparrows in the capital , and rivalry rising between Cersei , who aspires to her father 's position but lacks many of his statesmanlike qualities , and the Tyrells . The Boltons also lose the potential Lannister military support just when they are faced with Stannis Baratheon planning to take Winterfell on his way to the Iron Throne . Davos Seaworth ( edit ) Liam Cunningham Main article : Davos Seaworth Davos Seaworth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Liam Cunningham . Ser Davos Seaworth , also known as `` The Onion Knight '' , is a former smuggler and knight in the service of Stannis Baratheon ; he serves as one of Stannis 's most trusted advisers . In his smuggling days , he was said to handle a ship at night better than anyone . Before the events of the series , he earned his knighthood by smuggling fish and onions to the besieged Stannis Baratheon and his army during Robert Baratheon 's rebellion . Before knighting him , Stannis removed the last joints from four fingers on his right hand as punishment for his years of smuggling ; believing these joints bought his family a better future , Davos keeps them in a pouch around his neck for luck . In Season 2 , he loyally supports Stannis ' claim on the throne and his honesty and willingness to voice his unaltered opinion makes him Stannis ' most trusted adviser , though Stannis often dislikes what he hears . An agnostic , he does n't accept the priestess Melisandre and her god R'hllor but does not object to her because Stannis is also a follower of R'hllor . He fights in the Battle of the Blackwater , where his ships are caught in a giant explosion of wild fire . His son Matthos is killed and Davos is thrown out to sea . He is picked up by the pirate Salladhor Saan , who returns him to King Stannis . Upon attacking Melisandre for the loss of his son , he is imprisoned and later condemned to death for releasing Gendry . Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos ' actions as treason , but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night 's Watch , detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers . Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre 's request , as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night 's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers . In season 4 , Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry ( as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry 's blood ) and failing to find him a suitable army , but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night 's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder . Despite the Iron Bank 's reluctance to back Stannis , Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan . Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold . He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . In season 5 , Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton . Davos is aware that the Night 's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win . He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis 's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution . Later , Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis , to help him take Winterfell . As the army becomes snowbound , he is returned to the Wall on Stannis ' command , sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen , where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days . Arriving at the Wall , he unsuccessfully tries to convince Jon of their cause , when the couple is suddenly joined by a lone Melisandre , whose sullen demeanour is enough to tell Jon and Davos that Stannis and Shireen are dead . In season 6 , after Jon is killed in a mutiny , Davos leads Jon 's loyal friends against the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne and they achieve victory thanks to the wildlings ' help . Davos later persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon , which she succeeds in doing , and becomes one of Jon 's top lieutenants in his campaign to retake Winterfell from the Boltons , successfully persuading Lyanna Mormont to supply them with men . He takes part in the Battle of the Bastards and survives , but in the process learns that Shireen was actually burned at the stake by Melisandre . He confronts her about it in front of Jon and she admits her role in Shireen 's death , and he demands permission from Jon to execute Melisandre , though Jon has her exiled instead . Davos later joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . In season 7 Davos travels with Jon to Dragonstone . He helps Tyrion Lannister to sneak into King 's Landing for a meeting with Jamie Lannister . While in King 's Landing he seeks out Gendry and finds him in a smithy , and brings him back to Dragonstone . Samwell Tarly ( edit ) John Bradley Main article : Samwell Tarly Samwell Tarly ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by John Bradley . Samwell Tarly of House Tarly and the Night 's Watch is the eldest son and former heir of Lord Randyll Tarly , is a new recruit to the Night 's Watch . He was sent to the Wall by his father , who disowned him for his cowardice . He becomes Jon 's best friend after Jon conspires with the others in their trainee class to go easy on him . While not a warrior , he is very smart and insightful . He is inducted into the Stewards and assigned to Maester Aemon . He travels beyond the Wall in place of Aemon and falls in love with Gilly , one of Craster 's daughter - wives . Later in Season 2 , he finds obsidian `` Dragon glass . '' At the end of the season he becomes a witness to the numerous army of White Walkers and Wights marching to the Fist of the First Men . He manages to escape with a few Night 's Watch Men including Lord Commander Jeor Mormont , and they make it back to Craster 's Keep . Escaping the slaughter of the Nights Watch mutineers -- which ended in Lord Mormont 's death -- Sam is attacked by a White Walker when making a fire but manages to kill it using the Dragonglass . Alongside Gilly , he manages to cross the Wall and return to Castle Black to bring news of Mormont 's death and reunite with Jon . In season 4 , fearing for Gilly 's safety , Sam takes her to work in an inn in Mole 's Town , but later regrets his decision , especially after Mole 's Town is attacked by wildlings ( though he is unaware that Gilly was spared by Ygritte ) . He reunites with Gilly , however , when she returns to Castle Black unharmed , and he locks her in the food storage for her safety when the wildlings attack , kissing her for the first time . Sam himself participates in the battle , at one point shooting a huge Thenn through the head with a crossbow and holding the dying Pyp in his arms . In the aftermath , he discovers Janos Slynt to have hidden himself in the food storage with Gilly , and is given Jon 's sword to look after as Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder . He is later present at the burning of the bodies of those who were killed in the battle for The Wall . In season 5 , he expresses concern that if Ser Alliser Thorne is elected the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Gilly and the other wildlings will be executed . At Mance Rayder 's execution he comforts Gilly as she could n't bare to watch . Sam is reading a book on previous Lord Commanders while Princess Shireen Baratheon teaches Gilly how to read . He also learns how the young princess survived Greyscale and that Gilly also had sisters who perished from the disease . At the choosing for the 998th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Jon Snow reveals Stannis 's offer of legitimization to Sam . Jon states that it was always his dream to be Lord of Winterfell , but he reveals that he will decline the king 's offer , much to Sam 's surprise . When Maester Aemon asks if there are any more candidates wishing to run against Ser Alliser Thorne and Ser Denys Mallister , Sam puts Jon 's name forward as a candidate . Janos Slynt mocks Sam by calling him `` Slayer '' and pointing out his love for Gilly being similar to Jon 's love for Ygritte , and Sam retaliates by publicly mocking Slynt for hiding in the pantry with Gilly and her baby during the wildling attack . Sam reminds all of the black brothers present that Jon was Jeor Mormont 's personal steward , that he led the force to deal with the mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and took command of Castle Black 's garrison during the wildling attack when Thorne was wounded . Sam 's speech ultimately results in Jon being chosen as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Events at the wall go on as normal , until the death of Maester Aemon of old age . Sam is present at the maester 's death . Shortly afterward , he catches two Night 's Watchmen attempting to rape Gilly . He attempts to defend her , but the two harshly beat him , and he is only saved by Jon 's direwolf , Ghost . While tending Sam 's wounds , Gilly has sex with Sam . He later leaves with her , convincing Jon that he will aid the Watch much more as a trained maester in Oldtown . His self - confessed motive , however , is to spirit Gilly and her baby -- now named `` Sam '' after her lover -- away to safety , of which Jon approves . In season 6 , Sam and Gilly briefly stop at Horn Hill , where Sam contemplates leaving Gilly and little Sam with his family , but after an uneasy reunion with his father , Sam decides to take Gilly and the baby with him , and steals the House Tarly Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane , to learn the secrets behind Valyrian steel . He reaches the citadel in the season finale . In season 7 Sam is a skivvy for the Archmaester , collecting chamber pots and rescribing old scrolls . He meets Jorah Mormont , nearly lost to the disease greyscale , and cures him using a painful and risky treatment in defiance of the Archmaester 's orders . Sam is frustrated that the Archmaester will not take the White Walker threat seriously . Eventually he helps himself to scrolls he thinks may be important from the library and heads back north with Gilly and little Sam . Gilly finds in a High Septon 's diary that Prince Rhaegar annulled his marriage to Ella Martell of Dorne ; Sam ignores this at first but by the time he reaches Winterfell and meets Bran he has read for himself that the High Septon went on to marry Rhaegar to Lyanna Stark in secret . Sam and Bran put their information together to conclude that Jon Snow was born legitimate , named Aegon Targaryen , and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Margaery Tyrell ( edit ) Natalie Dormer Main article : Margaery Tyrell Margaery Tyrell ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Natalie Dormer . Margaery of House Tyrell is the only daughter of Lord Mace Tyrell , and has recently married the late King Robert 's brother , Renly Baratheon , as part of House Tyrell 's support for his bid to seize the Iron Throne from King Joffrey . Somewhere in her mid to late twenties , she is surprisingly canny and cunning . She is aware of her husband 's homosexual orientation and inclinations towards her brother . Despite her knowledge of this , she actively attempts to become pregnant as to secure the alliance between their families . When Renly is killed , the Tyrells ally with House Lannister and she is planned to marry to King Joffrey . In a departure from her characterization in the novels , where her personal motivations are unclear , Margaery 's naked ambition is made obvious . Upon arriving at King 's Landing , she offers Sansa to marry her brother Loras , but the plot is thwarted and Sansa is married to Tyrion Lannister to secure the North should Robb Stark die . At the end of Season 3 , her marriage to Joffrey is impending , though her influence over him appears to grow , causing friction between her and Queen Regent Cersei . Cersei coldly implies she could have her killed at any time . In season 4 , Margaery and Joffrey are married , but Joffrey dies at the wedding after being poisoned . Since Margaery still can not become queen this way , she is betrothed to Joffrey 's younger brother and heir , Tommen , and visits him one night in his chamber to get to know him better . She is among the many people in King 's Landing who believe Tyrion Lannister is not responsible for Joffrey 's death , and her grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , confirms to her that it was she who orchestrated it , leaving Margaery visibly shocked , until Olenna claims that it was to protect her from Joffrey 's abuse ( which he had quite clearly inflicted on Sansa while she was betrothed to him ) . Margaery is later present at Tyrion 's trial , where she is visibly uncomfortable at the possibility of Tyrion being punished for the crime her grandmother committed . After Tyrion kills Tywin and escapes , Margaery attends Tywin 's funeral . Margaery marries Tommen soon afterward , as Tommen is now the king . The wedding suffers no problems , and Margaery finally becomes a queen . After consummating the marriage with Tommen , Margaery , who has him completely in her thrall , suggests that Tommen send Cersei back to Casterly Rock . Tensions between Cersei and Margaery increase as Cersei confronts her about Tommen . Margaery insults Cersei , angering her . Cersei then has Margaery 's brother , Loras , arrested by the extremist religious movement the Sparrows for homosexual activities . At a trial , Margaery testifies that Loras is not guilty . However , when evidence is procured , Loras gets arrested , along with Margaery , as she lied in her testimony . The High Sparrow reveals that she and Loras will face trial , but that they may receive the `` mother 's mercy '' if they were to confess their crimes . Margaery later feigns surrender to protect her family , and joins Tommen in making an alliance with the Faith . On the day of Cersei 's trial , however , Margaery is killed in the explosion which destroys the Great Sept of Baelor . Stannis Baratheon ( edit ) Stephen Dillane Main article : Stannis Baratheon Stannis Baratheon ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Stephen Dillane . Stannis Baratheon of House Baratheon , Lord of Dragonstone , is the elder of Robert Baratheon 's younger brothers . A brooding , humorless man known for a hard and unyielding sense of justice , he is obsessed with slights real and imagined . With Robert dying , Ned sends him a letter appointing him as the legitimate heir and becomes another challenger for the Iron Throne after his nephew Joffrey becomes King . By Season 2 , he has fallen under the influence of Melisandre , a priestess of R'hllor . After Robert 's death , Stannis claims himself the true heir to the Iron Throne as Cersei 's children are illegitimate and names himself King of the Seven Kingdoms . However , most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of the more charismatic Renly . When Renly is mysteriously slain , many of Renly 's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis . He then attacks King 's Landing by sailing up the Blackwater Bay . However , due to Tyrion 's plan using wild fire and reinforcements by the Lannisters and Tyrell Cavalry , he loses the Battle of Blackwater . Despite this setback , he is convinced to continue fighting by Melisandre , and is further convinced by her magic as she lets him see a vision of a battle in the flames . He acquires one of Robert 's bastards , Gendry , from the Brotherhood Without Banners and plans to sacrifice him to further his quest for the Iron Throne . After Davos questions his course of action , Stannis has three leeches drawn with Gendry 's blood and throws them into a fire , calling for the death of Robb Stark , Balon Greyjoy and Joffrey Baratheon . Upon the news of Robb 's death , Davos releases Gendry to prevent him from being burned . Stannis subsequently sentences his Hand to death but is swayed by Melisandre , who encourages him to travel North to aid the Night 's Watch against the threat emerging from beyond the Wall . In season 4 , Stannis hears of Joffrey 's death and chastises Davos again for releasing Gendry and not finding him a suitable army , prompting Davos to write to the Iron Bank of Braavos in Stannis 's name to help pay for an army . The Iron Bank very nearly refuses Stannis ' request , even subtly belittling him in the process , but Davos manages to convince them that Stannis is easily the only one they can turn to since Tywin Lannister is nearing old age . Stannis and his army arrive at the Wall shortly after the Battle for Castle Black , interrupting a supposed parley between Jon Snow and Mance Rayder . Stannis learns that Jon is Ned Stark 's son , and on Jon 's advice , he places Mance and his men under arrest . He is later present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died during the Battle for Castle Black . In season 5 , Stannis begins plans to retake the North from Roose Bolton , hoping to recruit Mance 's wildling army , if Mance will bend the knee to him . Mance refuses , and Stannis orders him burned at the stake . Although Stannis was not pleased that Jon interfered with Mance 's execution , he presents Jon an enticing offer . If Jon bends the knee and swears his loyalty to Stannis , the king will legitimize him as Jon Stark , making him the Lord of Winterfell . Stannis , after receiving a message from Lyanna Mormont , knows that having a Stark on his side is the best chance of rallying the Northerners to his cause . Stannis departs from the Wall soon afterward , on a mission to take Winterfell from the Boltons . However , his party is delayed by a large snowstorm that ravages the North , and Ramsay Bolton and his men sabotage his supplies by burning them . He eventually agrees , most reluctantly , to sacrifice his daughter to the Lord of Light , sending Davos to the Wall to find supplies as he knows he would never approve of this most drastic action . Conferring with his daughter before her sacrifice , he admits that he will hate himself forever , but goes through with the act , witnessing tearfully as his daughter succumbs . The next day , the blizzard has lifted , though half his army , including all the sellswords have mutinied , taking all the horses to join the Boltons . Selyse is found hanged in a woods , having broken and relented the sacrifice of their child in the last minute and taken her own life . Stannis decides to finish the march on Winterfell by foot , where his greatly diminished army is greeted by a massive cavalry force led by Ramsay which defeats him . Fending off remaining Bolton soldiers in a nearby grove , Stannis succumbs by a tree , where he is greeted by Brienne of Tarth , reminding him of his fratricide . Stannis accepts responsibility and tells Brienne to fulfil her duty , and she lifts her sword and swings . Melisandre ( edit ) Carice van Houten Main article : Melisandre Melisandre ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Carice van Houten . Also known as `` The Red Woman '' , a priestess of R'hllor in service to Stannis Baratheon . Melisandre has prophetic powers that give her partial knowledge of future events . Unlike many other people in Westeros with access to prophecy , Melisandre has absolute faith in her own interpretation . Melisandre believes Stannis is the chosen one who will convert the people of Westeros into followers of R'hllor . She convinces Stannis of this by using various methods , including seduction . Many , most notably Stannis ' trusted adviser Davos Seaworth , believe she is leading their king astray . She has magical powers which help her survive Maester Cressen 's attempt to kill her with poison . She also gives birth to a shadow demon which is sent to kill Renly Baratheon and tries to convince Stannis to sacrifice Gendry , the bastard son of Robert Baratheon , because he has king 's blood , claiming R'hllor will reward the gift with an easier path to the Iron Throne . After Gendry 's escape , she intercepts a letter from the Night 's Watch , seeing the prophetic `` Other '' as the force behind the White Walkers ' march on the wall , and insists that Stannis takes up the cause of stopping them . She dismisses `` this war of five kings '' ( now actually three ) as unimportant and insists that Stannis take the help of Davos Seaworth , despite his betrayal . In season 4 , Melisandre accompanies Stannis , Davos and their army to the Wall , narrowly saving Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . At the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who fell during the Battle for Castle Black , Melisandre exchanges a knowing glance with Jon . In season 5 , she remains at the Wall with Stannis and shows interest in Jon . She attempts to seduce Jon , but he refuses to have sex with her . Eventually , she departs from the Wall with Stannis and Davos on their mission to take Winterfell . When a large snowstorm delays them , Melisandre suggests that Stannis sacrifice his daughter Shireen , but Stannis refuses . After a Bolton raiding party kills many of the horses and burns their supplies , he eventually gives in and allows the priestess to burn his only child . Melisandre declares soon after that the blizzard has been lifted , but after half of Stannis ' forces desert him , dismayed and disgusted , she rides for the Wall , where she is accosted by Jon and Davos . In season 6 , after persuasion by Davos , Melisandre attempts to resurrect Jon , who was killed in a mutiny , and succeeds , restoring her faith in the Lord of Light . She remains at Jon 's side through his campaign to retake the North from the Boltons , and witnesses the Bolton banners being lowered to the ground as in one of her visions . However , she is accused of murdering Shireen by Davos . With obvious regret , she admits what she did , but pleads with Jon not to execute her , claiming that she can help in the coming battle against the Night King . Remembering her role in resurrecting him , Jon does not execute Melisandre , but has her exiled from the North . In season 7 she arrives at Dragonstone and urges Daenerys to make an ally of Jon Snow . She tells Varys she is leaving Westeros but that she will return , as it is her destiny to die there . Jeor Mormont ( edit ) James Cosmo Main article : Jeor Mormont Jeor Mormont ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by James Cosmo . Jeor Mormont , the 997th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , is the estranged father of Ser Jorah . He gave up his lands to serve the Night 's Watch . His son 's shaming of their house weighs heavily on him . He personally requests that Jon Snow be made his personal steward , and gives him the Hand - and - a-Half sword ( also known as a bastard sword ) of their house , Longclaw . He has the pommel reshaped into a wolf 's head . To investigate the return of wights , the disappearance of several Rangers , and rumors of a wildling army , Jeor leads an expeditionary force beyond the Wall in Season 2 . In Season 3 , after returning to Craster 's Keep , he is slain by Rast in the ensuing mutiny , but manages to strangle him briefly before succumbing to his wounds . His death ignites Maester Aemon 's call for the lords of Westeros to aid the Night 's Watch , which convinces Stannis Baratheon the time is ripe to fight the onslaught of the White Walkers . His corpse is apparently desecrated afterwards , as in season 4 , Karl Tanner is shown drinking wine from a skull he claims is Jeor 's . Bronn ( edit ) Jerome Flynn Main article : Bronn ( character ) Bronn ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Jerome Flynn . Bronn is a sellsword with a sardonic sense of humor . He initially serves under Catelyn Stark and aids her in arresting Tyrion Lannister and taking him to the Vale to stand trial for the murder of Jon Arryn and attempted murder of Bran Stark . During the trial , Bronn realises that Tyrion will most likely be executed by the insane Lysa Arryn despite the impossibility of his guilt , and volunteers to fight for Tyrion when he demands a trial by combat . Bronn defeats Lysa Arryn 's champion and becomes Tyrion 's companion and protector , accompanying him back to King 's Landing . After they arrive , Bronn 's service to Tyrion earns him a position as Commander of the City Watch after Janos Slynt is revealed to be accepting bribes from the Lannisters . When Stannis Baratheon attacks the city by sailing up the Blackwater Bay , he shoots a flaming arrow to a ship containing wild fire which destroys half of Stannis ' fleet , and kills several of the attackers in defence of the city . However , Bronn is stripped of his position after Tywin Lannister takes his seat as Hand of The King , but is knighted taking the name Ser Bronn of the Blackwater for his service . He subsequently demands more gold for protecting Lord Tyrion and remains his confidante , though discord is increasing between the two . When Tyrion is forced to marry Sansa Stark , Bronn claims he desires her sexually , which Tyrion takes as a grave insult . In Season 4 , Tyrion pays him to train Jaime Lannister in fencing with his left hand , as well as get Shae out of King 's Landing , which he assures was completed . Bronn later implores Jaime to visit and help Tyrion after he is accused of murdering Joffrey , telling Jaime that Tyrion originally named him as his defender while on trial in the Vale before Bronn volunteered . Bronn is later betrothed to a rich woman by Cersei in order to stop Tyrion from naming him as his champion . Bronn visits Tyrion in his cell to inform him , and tells him that he most likely would not have been prepared to fight Ser Gregor Clegane , Cersei 's champion , anyway . He bids Tyrion farewell and they part ways as friends . In Season 5 , Bronn is taking a stroll with his betrothed , Lollys Stokeworth , just outside Castle Stokeworth . Lollys talks at length about the upcoming wedding , but Bronn seems uninterested about discussing it . He does comfort Lollys when she talks about her sister Felyse , saying that mean people will always get what they deserve . The two are interrupted when they see Jaime near the castle . Jaime intends to bring Myrcella Baratheon back from Dorne to King 's Landing and wants Bronn to help him . He also reveals that Cersei has arranged for Willas Bracken to wed Lollys instead of him , which angers Bronn , as he and Cersei had an agreement . Jaime tells Bronn that he will get a much better girl and a much better castle once they return from Dorne . Bronn and Jaime infiltrate the Water Gardens and find Myrcella with Trystane Martell , but are intercepted by the Sand Snakes , Oberyn Martell 's bastard daughters , who seek to kill Myrcella as revenge against Cersei for Oberyn 's death . Bronn sustains a cut while fighting Tyene Sand before they are all arrested by the Dornish guard . While in custody , Bronn almost dies from poison due to Tyene 's blade being coated in it , though she gives him the antidote . Though he struck Trystane during the struggle , Bronn is ultimately spared and allowed to return to King 's Landing with Jaime , after Areo Hotah strikes him across the face in retribution for harming Trystane . In season six , he accompanies Jaime to the Riverlands to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully for the Freys , and returns to King 's Landing afterwards . In season seven he accompanies Jamie to capture Highgarden , reminding Jamie that he is still owed a highborn wife and a castle by the Lannisters . When the baggage train and force of soldiers he and Jamie are travelling with is attacked by Daenerys ' Dothraki and dragons he attempts to use a scorpion ( giant crossbow ) to shoot down Daenerys ' dragon . One of his shots wings the dragon but does not kill it , and the scorpion is destroyed by fire . Bronn sees Jamie about to make a suicidal charge at Daenerys and shoves him into the water just as the dragon is about to incinerate him . In King 's Landing Bronn leads Jamie down into the lower levels of the Red Keep , ostensibly to practice with swords , before revealing he had been asked by Tyrion to bring Jamie to a meeting . Cersei describes this as treason , but Jamie takes no action against Bronn . Varys ( edit ) Conleth Hill Main article : Varys Varys ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Conleth Hill . Varys , sometimes called The Spider , is a major character in the second , third , fourth and fifth seasons . He initially appeared as a recurring character in the first season and debuted in `` Lord Snow '' . Varys is bald and tends towards fat , due to his castration . Varys is a eunuch and the Master of Whisperers on the king 's small council . He is the Master of Whisperers , the King 's foremost spymaster and intelligence agent . He holds no inherited title , castle or lands in Westeros , but is called `` Lord '' as a courtesy due to his position on the council , which traditionally is made up of high lords . He is a skilled manipulator and commands a network of informants across two continents . He often puts on the public persona of being nothing more than a pudgy man well suited to the pleasantries of court life ; humble , obsequious , fawning , and a little effeminate . This is simply a facade that Varys has developed , which often leads those who do not know him well to underestimate him as a cheerful and vapid flatterer . In reality he is a cunning and ruthless manipulator of court politics , on - par with Master of Coin Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish , with whom he frequently spars . Unlike Baelish , Varys insists that his goals are to achieve what he honestly feels is best for the realm , though of course , what he and the current king feel is best might be two separate things . Varys was born across the Narrow Sea in Lys . He was born a slave , and as a child he traveled with a troupe of actors all around the different Free Cities until a sorcerer in the city of Myr made an offer Varys ' master could n't refuse . Varys was sold to the sorcerer , who gave him a potion that made him unable to move or speak but did n't dull his perceptions or sense of pain , and emasculated him ( cutting off his testes and penis both ) to use his sexual organs in a magical ritual , burning them in a brazier . Afterward the sorcerer had no use for Varys and threw him in the streets to die . Instead Varys resolved to live no matter what : begging , stealing , and selling the sexual use of what parts remained to him , doing anything to survive . He also became an excellent thief , but soon learned that stolen information was often a far more valuable commodity than any physical goods , and he worked his way up from the slums of Myr . He became a master spy and information trafficker , and his influence and reputation grew so great that he eventually found himself as a member of the small council in the Seven Kingdoms . His experience at the hands of the sorcerer had also left him with a bitter hatred for magic and its practitioners . Varys 's true loyalties remain a mystery , though he claims to serve `` the realm '' , and abhors the suffering and political instability brought by the war . After Littlefinger 's confidante Ros is severely beaten by Joffrey 's guards and he fails to intervene , Varys takes her into his service as a spy . Littlefinger finds out and has her killed , taunting Varys that he could n't protect her . Varys affirms his course as a means to prevent chaos befalling the realm , claiming that Littlefinger `` would see the Seven Kingdoms burn , if he could be king over the ashes . '' Varys later informs Tyrion that Cersei has discovered his relationship with Shae . Though he claims he will not lie for him , he implores Tyrion to send Shae away for her own safety . Varys later testifies against Tyrion at his trial for murdering Joffrey , but when Tyrion is convicted , Jaime enlists Varys 's help in smuggling Tyrion out of King 's Landing to Essos . As Varys prepares to go back , he hears the tolling bells , making him realise that Tyrion 's escape has been discovered ( along with his murder of Tywin ) , so he stays on the boat with Tyrion . In Season 5 , he and Tyrion arrive in Pentos , where he convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Travelling to Volantis , Varys and Tyrion discuss the former 's brief tenure as Hand of the King . Tyrion laments not leaving King 's Landing with Shae when he had the chance , but tells Varys that he enjoyed serving as Hand . Varys eventually surfaces in Meereen , where he confers with Tyrion about the future of the city and the Seven Kingdoms . In season 6 , after helping Tyrion broker an alliance with the slave masters , he departs Meereen to find new friends in Westeros , and secures help from Olenna Tyrell and Ellaria Sand to aid Daenerys . In season 7 he is challenged by Daenerys over having served Robert Baratheon after Robert took her father 's throne , and over his role in the attempt on her life in season 1 . She pardons him . Varys is told by Mellisandre that both she and he are destined to die in Westeros . Shae ( edit ) Sibel Kekilli Main article : Shae ( character ) Shae ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Sibel Kekilli . Shae is a young camp follower in whom Tyrion Lannister takes particular interest . She is from Lorath , one of the Free Cities across the Narrow Sea . Tyrion falls in love with her and in order to hide her from his father , Tyrion appoints Shae to be Sansa 's handmaiden . As her handmaiden , Shae is the only person Sansa trusts and confides to her about her problems and what she really thinks about the Lannisters . In turn , Shae becomes protective of Sansa and attempts to help her in any way she can . In Season 3 , she becomes jealous of Tyrion after his marriage to Sansa and is confronted by Varys , who urges her to leave the Seven Kingdoms , which she refuses to do , thinking that Tyrion has something to do with Varys talking to her . In Season 4 , Tyrion is forced to send Shae away from King 's Landing on a ship after her presence is discovered by Cersei and his father is told , insulting her in the process . Shae , however , does not leave King 's Landing , and resurfaces at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , where she falsely claims that both Tyrion and Sansa were responsible for Joffrey 's death . It is revealed , however , that Shae was having an affair with Tywin . After Tyrion is freed by Jaime , he finds Shae sleeping in Tywin 's bed , making him realise the horrible truth . Shae attempts to kill Tyrion with a knife , but he strangles her to death . Ygritte ( edit ) Rose Leslie Main article : Ygritte Ygritte ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Rose Leslie . A Wildling girl with red hair ( `` kissed by fire '' , a sign of luck among the Wildlings ) and a follower of Mance Rayder . In Season 2 , she is captured in the Skirling Pass by Jon Snow and Qhorin Halfhand . She manages to escape , but is recaptured by Jon , separating him from his brothers in the process . Later she leads him into Rattleshirt 's ambush . After this they lead Jon to Mance Rayder 's wildling camp , where he pretends to defect to the Wildlings to discover their plans . She then travels with him to the wall , and during this journey she seduces him . However , when confronted with killing an innocent horse farmer for the watch who scaled the wall , Jon escapes the wildling 's clutches on horseback . But while resting , Ygritte manages to catch up with Jon at which point she confesses her love for him and then , blinded by tears , shoots him multiple times while he escapes towards the wall . In Season 4 , Ygritte starts raiding villages south of the wall with her group , clearly thirsting for vengeance against Jon , although Tormund suspects she let him go . When the wildlings attack Mole 's Town , Ygritte slaughters all the women present , but notices Gilly hiding with her baby son , and spares her life . When the wildlings finally reach Castle Black and attack , Ygritte kills many Night 's Watch brothers with her archery skills , among them Pyp . When confronted by Jon , however , she can not bring herself to shoot him , and is shot in the back by Olly , a boy whose father Ygritte previously killed . Ygritte subsequently dies in Jon 's arms , and her body is later burned by Jon himself , separately from the other soldiers , in her homeland , north of the Wall . Talisa Maegyr ( edit ) Oona Chaplin Main article : Talisa Maegyr Talisa Maegyr ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Oona Chaplin . Talisa Maegyr is a healer working on the battlefields of the War of the Five Kings . She claims to be from the Free City of Volantis . No character named Talisa appears in the books . Oona Chaplin was originally announced to play a character called Jeyne , which many thought to mean she would play Jeyne Westerling , a character from the books . Talisa follows Robb Stark 's army camp as it moves . One day as they talk they are interrupted by news that Catelyn has released Robb 's key prisoner Jaime Lannister . Talisa later goes to comfort Robb . After she reveals more of her past to him , they admit their shared feelings for one another and sleep together . Talisa and Robb marry in secret before a septon . In season 3 , Talisa reveals that she is pregnant , although she and her unborn child are stabbed to death by Lothar Frey in the Red Wedding Massacre , the first in the hall to be attacked . Gendry ( edit ) Joe Dempsie Main article : Gendry Gendry ( season 1 -- 3 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Joe Dempsie . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King 's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert . During Season 1 , Eddard tells the smith that if Gendry ever shows interest in wielding a sword to send him to Eddard . Gendry shows promise as a smith and makes a helmet in the shape of a bull 's head ; Eddard compliments the helmet , offering to purchase it . Gendry refuses , to the shame of the master smith . After Eddard Stark 's fall and eventual execution , arrangements are made for Yoren of the Night 's Watch to take Gendry to the Wall with him ; he travels North with Yoren and other recruits , including Arry , Lommy Greenhands , Hot Pie and Jaqen H'ghar . During their journey , they are stopped by the Goldcloaks , who demand that Yoren give up Gendry as King Joffrey wants all of his father 's bastards killed but are forced to leave by Yoren . Later , Gendry reveals to Arry that he knows she is a girl disguised as a boy all along and is surprised to learn she is Arya , Ned Stark 's daughter . After the Goldcloaks get help from Ser Amory Lorch and his men who kill Yoren , Gendry 's life is saved by Arya when she lies to the Goldcloaks that Lommy , who was killed during the attack , was Gendry . Gendry and the rest of recruits are sent to Harrenhal where Ser Gregor Clegane arbitrarily has many of the prisoners tortured and killed . Gendry was about to suffer this fate but is saved by the arrival of Lord Tywin Lannister , who chides Clegane 's men for their reckless behavior . Thanks to Jaqen , Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie are able to escape Harrenhal . As they head towards the Riverlands , the group encounters the Brotherhood Without Banners , a group of Outlaws that defend the weak . Inspired , he decides to join the Brotherhood but is betrayed by them when they sell him to Lady Melisandre as ordered by the Lord of Light . Melisandre later reveals to Gendry that King Robert was his father and she is bringing him to meet his uncle , King Stannis . But in truth , Melisandre and Stannis planned to use him for her blood magic where Stannis uses his nephew 's blood to make a death curse on the usurpers to his throne , Joffrey , Robb , and Balon Greyjoy . Before they can use him as a sacrifice , Davos Seaworth helps Gendry escape and puts him on a boat to King 's Landing . Unable to swim or row , Gendry is nevertheless convinced that the Red Woman has a surer death in spare for him , and Davos asks him to `` have a bowl'o brown for me '' when returning to Flea Bottom . In Season 7 Davos , on a clandestine visit to King 's Landing , seeks out Gendry and finds him working as a smith . Gendry needs no persuading to go with Davos to Dragonstone . There he meets Jon Snow and volunteers to go with Jon on a mission north of the Wall to capture a wight . During the mission he is sent back to the Wall to summon help . He gets word to Daenerys , and later leaves with the others on the Targaryen ship . Tormund Giantsbane ( edit ) Kristofer Hivju Main article : Tormund Giantsbane Tormund Giantsbane ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . A wildling raider known for his many titles , `` Giantsbane '' being foremost . Loud and gregarious , he is one of Mance 's top generals , fierce and terrible in combat . Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte . Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night 's Watch . He later leads the attack on Mole 's Town . When the army reaches Castle Black , he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne , but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning . After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon , Jon briefly approaches him , and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him , citing Ygritte 's apparent desire to kill him as proof . He is later present at Mance 's execution , and is visibly saddened at his friend 's death . He is eventually freed by Jon , who he accompanies to Hardhome , where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night 's Watch in the battle against their common enemy . As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers , Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon . He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings . In season 6 , after hearing of Jon 's murder , he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible , and later witnesses Jon 's resurrection and execution of the mutineers . From there on , Tormund becomes one of Jon 's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton . In the ensuing battle , he fights and kills Smalljon Umber , and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead . He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North . In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall , expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point . When Jon arrives there on his way north to capture a wight , Tormund volunteers to go along . Tormund is enamoured of Brienne of Tarth and says he hopes to make big monstrous babies with her . Tormund is at Eastwatch - by - the - Sea with Beric Dondarrion when the Night King attacks with Viserion , now resurrected as a wight dragon , or `` ice dragon '' . Following the breaching of the Wall , it is uncertain if Tormund and Beric made it out alive as they were last seen running for their lives . Gilly ( edit ) Hannah Murray Main article : Gilly ( A Song of Ice and Fire ) Gilly ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Hannah Murray . A young wildling girl who lives north of the Wall , Gilly is one of many daughters of Craster , a wildling who takes all his daughters as wives once they grow up into women . She has a son with her father Craster . Samwell falls for her and becomes protective of her . After Craster is killed and Commander Mormont 's rangers turn on each other , Samwell runs with Gilly and her son to Castle Black . Along their journey , Gilly becomes fascinated with Samwell over his knowledge and his bravery of defending her son from a White Walker . After the three of them manage to reach Castle Black , Maester Aemon allows Gilly and her son to stay with them . In gratitude for Samwell helping them , Gilly names her son after Sam . In Season 4 , Gilly settles in a nearby inn close to Castle Black , with Sam 's assistance . The Inn is later attacked by wildlings , but Gilly hides with her son . They are found by Ygritte , who spares them . They make it back to Castle Black safely , where Sam hides them in the food storage , and kisses Gilly for the first time in case he dies . She is also visibly surprised when Janos Slynt hides in the food storage as well . Gilly remains unharmed throughout the battle , and reunites with Sam in the aftermath . In season 5 , she expresses concern of being sent away or executed if Ser Alliser Thorne becomes the new Lord Commander . She is later present at Mance Rayder 's execution . Gilly has begun to learn letters from Princess Shireen Baratheon , with Samwell watching over the two . Gilly also reveals to Shireen that she had sisters that also had Greyscale , but they were quarantined away from the other women at Craster 's Keep and eventually succumbed to the disease . After Maester Aemon 's death , during Jon 's absence in Hardhome , she is almost sexually assaulted by two members of the Watch , but is saved by Sam and Ghost , after which she willingly makes love to him . She and her baby later leave Castle Black for Oldtown with Sam on Jon Snow 's orders . Along the way , they stop at Horn Hill , where Sam initially intends to leave Gilly and the baby with his family , but despite Randyll Tarly allowing them to stay , Sam decides to take them with him to the Citadel in Oldtown . In the sixth - season finale , they arrive . Later in Oldtown Gilly enthusiastically makes use of her newfound literacy , and in the diaries of a former High Septon she learns that a prince named Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage annulled in Dorne . At the end of season seven she has gone back north with Sam and Little Sam and reached Winterfell . Brienne of Tarth ( edit ) Gwendoline Christie Main article : Brienne of Tarth Brienne of Tarth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Gwendoline Christie . A former member of Renly Baratheon 's Kingsguard . She is a highly trained and skilled warrior made dangerous by the fact that men underestimate her . She is considered ugly because she is abnormally large in height and build , androgynous , and stronger than most men . She wishes to prove her valor in a worthy cause to win respect and acceptance . She becomes infatuated with Renly after he shows her kindness and courtesy , and she wins a place in his Kingsguard after winning a tournament melee against Ser Loras . Renly trusts Brienne because of her loyalty and her willingness to die for him . She is present at Renly 's death and is falsely accused of his murder . She flees with Catelyn Stark and enters her service . Later Catelyn decides to release Jaime Lannister in exchange for her daughters Sansa and Arya , Brienne is sent to protect Jaime on the journey and to escort the Stark girls back . On the journey back to King 's Landing , both are captured by the violent Roose Bolton , who holds them at Harrenhal . While there , Brienne learns the truth behind Jaime 's murder of the Mad King , but is forced to stay behind while Bolton 's men accompany Jaime back to King 's Landing , although Jaime rescues Brienne from Harrenhal upon learning that Bolton 's unruly henchman , Locke , intends to feed her to his bear . Brienne succeeds in getting Jaime home safely . In Season 4 , Brienne remains in King 's Landing sworn to Jaime , and tensions arise between them again when Jaime refuses to uphold his promise to return Arya and Sansa to Catelyn , on the basis that Catelyn is dead , Arya is missing and Sansa is married to Tyrion . Brienne is later present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , where Cersei implies that Brienne has fallen in love with Jaime , an accusation she answers with silence . Brienne is eventually sent on a mission by Jaime to find and protect Sansa . Jaime provides her with Joffrey 's sword , which she names `` Oathkeeper '' , new armour and Podrick Payne to serve as her new squire . As she leaves , she almost breaks down in tears , and looks back at Jaime while on her horse , which causes Jaime to realise her feelings for him . On the way , Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn and meet Hot Pie , who tells them that Arya Stark may still be alive . They eventually find Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane near the Vale . Brienne and Arya initially bond over both being women who prefer to fight , but her sword causes Arya and Sandor to believe she may be a Lannister agent after the bounty on Sandor 's head . A fight ensues between Brienne and Sandor , in which Sandor injures Brienne , but Brienne manages to bite Sandor 's ear off and hit him off a cliff to his apparent death . Arya disappears during the fight , and Brienne and Podrick set out to search for her , though she is visibly distraught that Arya refused her help . Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn . While eating , Podrick sees Sansa and Petyr Baelish eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne orders Podrick to secure more horses , and then moves toward Petyr and Sansa . After Petyr allows her to approach , Brienne pledges her life to Sansa . When Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . The guards give chase , and Brienne and Podrick are separated . After evading her pursuers , Brienne sees Sansa and Petyr fleeing . She searches for Podrick , and saves him from two of the knights . Podrick suggests that they stop pursuing Sansa as she refused their help , but Brienne is adamant that she will not be safe with Lord Baelish . She follows the couple to Moat Cailin and then to Winterfell , where she watches the high tower from a village outside , with Sansa promised escape if she lights a candle in the highest tower . As Stannis Baratheon 's army approaches , Sansa lights the candle and Brienne prepares to get her , only to find Stannis gravely wounded on the battlefield . She asks him for the truth about Renly 's death , to which he confesses guilt , and executes him with her sword . Shortly afterwards , she and Podrick rescue Sansa and Theon Greyjoy after they flee Winterfell , and Sansa accepts Brienne into her service . She takes her to Jon Snow at Castle Black , but later heads to the Riverlands to recruit Brynden Tully 's help in for Jon and Sansa to retake Winterfell from Ramsay , but is unsuccessful . She also shares an uneasy reunion with Jaime in the process . When Riverrun falls , Brienne escapes with Podrick in a boat . Back at Winterfell in season 7 , Brienne meets Arya again . Arya demands that Brienne spar with her , and Brienne soon finds that she can not easily beat Arya , who manages to point a sword at her throat . Brienne is sent by Sansa to the parley at the Dragonpit , where she meets The Hound , who she thought she had killed ... Ramsay Bolton ( edit ) Iwan Rheon Main article : Ramsay Bolton Ramsay Bolton ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Iwan Rheon . The illegitimate son of Roose Bolton , Ramsay Snow of House Bolton is cruel , sadistic and very cunning . After the Ironborn captures Winterfell , he marches on the castle 's token garrison and offers it safe passage for surrender ; after the gates are opened , he captures Theon and flays the other defenders . At the Dreadfort , Theon is put through gruesome physical and psychological torture on Ramsay 's instigation , though he himself watches in guise of a cleaning boy . He helps Theon Greyjoy escape from captivity , claiming to be a servant of Theon 's sister , Yara , and promises to help him reach her , but ends up only leading Theon back to his original place of imprisonment to taunt him further . He tortures Theon by flaying his fingers and forces him to beg to have them cut off . He ultimately emasculates him and has his manhood sent in a box to the Iron Islands to press Balon to evacuate the North , suggesting he could dismember Theon slowly and send him home in boxes if his demands are not met . He forces Theon to become his new servant , who is now called Reek , and beats him until he accepts the name . In Season 4 , Ramsay along with his now slave servant , Reek , hunt down a servant girl named Tansy . Ramsay hunts her for sport and in the end feeds her to his dogs ( bastards girls ) . Ramsay has followed his father in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and remains Acting Lord of the Dreadfort until Roose and his men arrive ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Ramsay warmly greets his father , new stepmother `` Fat '' Walda Frey , and friend Locke , but he is chastised by his father for torturing Theon , who would have proved a valuable hostage . Roose enlists his son in his plans to reconquer the North from the invading Ironborn -- his father assigns Ramsay , `` Reek '' and what men Ramsay has to capture Moat Cailin from the Ironborn , in exchange for Roose considering legitimizing Ramsay as a full member of his family , a prospect that delights Ramsay . When Yara and some Ironborn killers attack the Dreadfort and attempt to take Theon , Ramsay confronts her in the dungeons and sets the hounds on her , forcing her to flee without Theon , who refused to go with her believing it was another trick of Ramsay 's , and too broken and frightened to take the risk . As a reward for Theon 's loyalty , Ramsay gives him a bath , bathing Theon himself , and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Ramsay sends Reek into Moat Cailin with a peace banner and a letter promising safe passage to the Stoney Shore . Reek pretends to be his former self , Theon Greyjoy , and convinces the ironborn to surrender . Ramsay breaks his promise and flays the Ironborn living and displays their bodies on stakes . As a reward , Ramsay is legitimized by his father and takes the name , Ramsay Bolton , discarding the surname `` Snow '' for good , much to Ramsay 's delight . Ramsay and the rest of the Bolton forces then march on towards Winterfell , the Boltons ' new home . To solidify their claim for legitimacy , he is provided Sansa Stark as a suitable bride , who he promises never to harm before Baelish , but nevertheless brutally rapes her on their wedding night . He later skins a woman alive for attempting to light a candle in the high tower of Winterfell , which would signal to Brinne ( waiting in the village outside the walls ) that Sansa was in need of rescue . At the battle of Winterfell between Baratheon and Bolton forces , he rides out to greet Stannis , destroying his army and killing most of his men but meanwhile , Reek rebels against his master and kills his lover , Myranda , escaping with Sansa in the process . With his position as Roose 's heir in question following Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of Roose 's baby boy , Ramsay kills Roose , Walda and the baby and becomes the new Lord of Winterfell , securing help from House Karstark and House Umber , the latter giving him Rickon Stark as a hostage . He kills Osha and sends a letter to Jon Snow demanding Sansa 's return , but Jon and Sansa decide to challenge Ramsay and retake Winterfell . Ramsay parleys with Jon and refuses his offer to a one - on - one duel . On the day of the battle , Ramsay lures Jon and his men into a trap by murdering Rickon , but his forces are smashed by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees back to Winterfell , where Jon beats him severely and orders him locked up as a prisoner . That night , Ramsay is fed to his own hounds , bringing House Bolton to extinction . Ellaria Sand ( edit ) Indira Varma Main article : Ellaria Sand Ellaria Sand ( season 4 -- 7 ) portrayed by Indira Varma . The sexually promiscuous paramour of Oberyn Martell , she is the mother of the four youngest Sand Snakes . She is later present at Tyrion 's trial by combat , where Oberyn fights Gregor Clegane in Tyrion 's name , and is horrified when Oberyn is killed . In Season 5 Ellaria arrives at Dorne at the Water Gardens , Ellaria , still in mourning clothes , observes Trystane Martell and Myrcella Baratheon from a distance . She approaches Prince Doran Martell , but her path is initially blocked by Captain Areo Hotah . Ellaria threatens Areo before the captain is ordered by Doran to stand down . Angrily , Ellaria scolds Doran for his apparent inaction at the news of Oberyn 's death . Doran plans to bury and mourn his beloved brother , but Ellaria and Oberyn 's daughters want the Dornish people to take up arms and avenge their fallen prince . She also voices her contempt for Myrcella and wants to harm her in order to send Cersei Lannister a message . Doran strictly forbids this , stating that under his rule , they will not mutilate little girls for revenge . Ellaria voices doubts that Doran will remain in power if he continues to do nothing and leaves . She meets up with Oberyn 's three bastard daughters , the Sand Snakes ( Obara , Nymeria , and Tyene ) , and tells them that they must capture Myrcella and kill her out of revenge for Oberyn 's death . However , when the Sand Snakes attempt this , both them and Ellaria are captured by Doran 's guard . She pleads for mercy and is forgiven , being explicitly warned by Doran that he `` never gives anyone a third chance '' . She says goodbyes to Myrcella Baratheon , who forgives her and shares an unexpected kiss , concealing a sinister induction of poison into the girl 's mouth . Ellaria watches the ship sail and administers the antidote to herself while contemplating what will come when Doran realises what she has done . In Season 6 , apparently having made amends with Doran , she strolls with him in the Water Gardens while reminiscing about Oberyn . When the maester brings a letter from Jaime Lannister with the news of Myrcella 's death , Doran realizes it was Ellaria 's work , but she stabs him to death before he can react . Ellaria taunts a dying Doran for his weak rule and inaction at the deaths of Elia and Oberyn . With his dying breath , Doran begs Ellaria to spare Trystane 's life , but she refuses , telling him that both him and his son are weak and weak men will never rule Dorne again before leaving him to die on the floor . Later , Ellaria sends Obara and Nymeria to King 's Landing to kill Trystane , bringing the extinction of House Martell and usurping power over Dorne . After hearing of the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor , Cersei 's work which claimed the lives of almost all of House Tyrell , Ellaria invites Olenna Tyrell to Dorne to discuss an alliance against Cersei , and reveals that through Varys , she has declared for Daenerys Targaryen . In Season 7 , Ellaria and her daughter Tyene are captured by Euron Greyjoy and brought to Cersei . Taking the Sands to the dungeons , Cersei taunts Ellaria , and kisses Tyene with the same poison used to kill Myrcella . She leaves Ellaria to watch Tyene die , telling Ellaria she will be kept alive until her daughter 's body is completely decomposed . Daario Naharis ( edit ) Michiel Huisman Main article : Daario Naharis Daario Naharis ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ed Skrein in season 3 , and by Michiel Huisman from season 4 onwards . Daario is a confident and seductive warrior who is a lieutenant in the Second Sons , a group of 2000 mercenaries . Daario has an unusual code of honor : he wo n't sleep with sex workers or kill innocents as he believes in making love with women who want to make love with him and killing those who want to kill him . Under the leadership of his Captain Mero and second in command Prendhal na Ghezn , the Second Sons were hired by the Slaver city Yunkai to fight against Daenerys ' army . Smitten with Daenerys , Daario refused to obey his superiors when they decided to assassinate her , which forced him to kill Mero and Prendhal in self - defense . With the Second Sons under his command , Daario and his men pledge their allegiance to Daenerys . In season 4 , Daario attempts to romance Daenerys by offering her flowers and lecturing her about the special use of these flowers , as he claims it is important to know the land she is going to rule . At the gate of Meereen , Daario volunteers to fight Meereen 's champion in single combat after Daenerys rejects the rest of her inner circle from fighting . Daario declines the use of a horse , noting that they are n't as intelligent as humans . Daario ends the duel with ruthless efficiency , striking down the horse with his stiletto and decapitating the dazed champion with his arakh . Later on after conquering Meereen , Daario sneaks into Daenerys ' private chambers and gives her more flowers . As Daenerys initially refuses him , he tells her he only has two talents in his life : war and women , and that in Meereen he serves no purpose . Daario asks her to let him do what he does best , killing her enemies . Instead , Daenerys focuses on the other thing Daario claims to be good at and orders him to take off his clothes . The morning after , Daenerys informs Jorah that she has sent Daario , Hizdahr zo Loraq and the Second Sons to Yunkai in order to bargain with the masters who retaken control of the city . In season 5 , Daario returns with Hizdahr zo Loraq , informing Daenerys that the mission was successful , but the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return . Daenerys refuses , and while in bed , Daario attempts to convince her otherwise , claiming that it was his early life in the fighting pits that led him to join the Second Sons and meet Daenerys in the first place . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm left near death , Daenerys heeds Daario 's advice and reopens the pits , but refuses Daario 's advice on publicly executing all the slave masters . Daario is present on the opening day of the fighting games , and banters with Hizdahr and Tyrion Lannister about who will win the competition . He fights to protect Daenerys when the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack and watches her fly away on Drogon . In the aftermath , Daario advises Tyrion , Grey Worm and Missandei to stay in Meereen and hold the city together while he and Jorah depart to search for Daenerys . In season 6 , they finally track Daenerys to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys slaughter the khals and become the new ruler of the Dothraki . Daario leads the Dothraki back to Meereen to slaughter the Sons of the Harpy once and for all , but on Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys breaks up with Daario and leaves him to govern Slaver 's Bay so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . Daario reluctantly accepts while proclaiming his love for Daenerys . Missandei ( edit ) Nathalie Emmanuel Main article : Missandei Missandei ( season 3 - present ) portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel Personal servant to Daenerys Targaryen . She was freed from being a slave working as translator for Kraznys mo Nakloz when Daenerys insisted during negotiations with Kraznys mo Nakloz that Missandei was given to her as a gift . She effectively serves as the replacement of Doreah after she betrayed Daenerys in Qarth . She later begins to teach Grey Worm how to speak the common tongue , and they develop romantic feelings for each other , despite Grey Worm being an Unsullied who was castrated at youth . She is visibly saddened when another Unsullied , White Rat , is killed in a brothel by the Sons of the Harpy . After Grey Worm is almost killed in an attack , Missandei kisses him after he reveals that for the first time , he felt fear , since he thought he would never see her again . On the opening day of the fighting games , the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack . Missandei is narrowly saved by Tyrion Lannister , and watches as Daenerys flies away on Drogon . She later remains in Meereen with Tyrion and Grey Worm to help keep the city together . Despite an attack by the slaver masters ' fleet , Meereen is saved when Daenerys returns with the Dothraki and unleashes her dragons on the fleet , which Missandei witnesses . She later accompanies Daenerys on her voyage back to Westeros . She makes love with Grey Worm and worries for him when he is sent to attack Casterly Rock . Jaqen H'ghar ( edit ) Tom Wlaschiha Main article : Jaqen H'ghar `` Jaqen H'ghar '' ( season 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Tom Wlaschiha . Sly , enigmatic , and a dangerous criminal , Jaqen is part of Yoren 's group of recruits taken from King 's Landing to join the Night 's Watch . A foreigner from Braavos , though he originally claims Lorath , he speaks in third person , referring to himself as `` A man '' . On the journey , he meets Arya Stark . When the group is attacked by Lannister bannermen , Arya frees him and two other prisoners , saving them from a fire . He finds Arya again at Harrenhal , where he has since disguised himself as a Lannister guard . He asks her to name three people for him to kill to repay the three deaths she stole from the Many - Faced God , but he refuses to help her in any other way . She chooses two of her enemies , the Tickler , the torturer of Harrenhal , and Ser Amory Lorch , the man who killed Yoren and tried to expose her to Tywin Lannister , and chooses Jaqen himself as the third . Arya `` unnames '' him after he agrees to help her escape . After the break - out , he gives Arya an iron coin , instructing her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar Morghulis '' ( `` All Men Must Die '' in High Valyrian ) should she need more help . He then magically changes his appearance , assumes a new identity , and departs . He and Arya are reunited when she arrives at the House of Black and White in Braavos and he begins training her to become a Faceless Man , though the task proves difficult since Arya is still too attached to her past as a Stark . Jaqen later tasks her with assassinating a fraudulent insurance broker , but she reneges on her mission and instead steals one of the masks to murder Meryn Trant , the Kingsguard who killed Syrio Forel , Arya 's first mentor . In retribution , Jaqen confronts Arya and condemns her to lose her eyesight . In the sixth season , Jaqen brings Arya back to the House of Black and White and eventually returns her sight . He orders her to assassinate Lady Crane , and reluctantly orders her death when Arya botches the assassination , but is impressed upon learning that Arya killed the Waif instead . Though he tells her she is now `` No One '' , she asserts her identity as Arya Stark and leaves Braavos . Tommen Baratheon ( edit ) Dean - Charles Chapman Main article : Tommen Baratheon Tommen Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Callum Whaary in seasons 1 and 2 , and by Dean - Charles Chapman from season 4 onwards . Tommen Baratheon of House Baratheon is the prince presented as the youngest son of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister . Like his older siblings Joffrey and Myrcella his actual father is his uncle Ser Jaime Lannister . Like his sister he is good - natured and passive in contrast to his brother Joffrey and is fond of his uncle Tyrion . In Season 2 , when Myrcella was shipped off to Dorne as part of a marriage alliance between the Lannisters and Dorne , Tommen wept when his sister for which Joffrey chastises him . During the battle of the Black Water , he sits with Cersei as she prepares to give him night shade drops for a quick , painless death rather than a brutal one , until Tywin announces that they won the battle . In Season 4 he is present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , he also attended Joffrey 's funeral for which Tywin proceeds to tell Tommen what makes a good king , ignoring Cersei 's angry glares . Margaery later visits Tommen one night where he reveals his pet cat Ser Pounce , as well as the fact that he and Joffrey did n't get along and he and Margaery bond over their mutual relief that they are free of him . Tommen agrees that he 'd like Margaery to visit him again . Margaery departs , but not before giving him a kiss on the forehead . A ceremony is held in the Red Keep where the High Septon officially crowns Tommen as king . At Tyrion 's trial Tommen excuses himself from the trial , possibly on Tywin 's advice . In Season 5 during the wake of his grandfather , Tommen is approached by Margaery , who shares a few close words with the king and holds his hand briefly . All of this is observed by Cersei from afar . Tommen and Margaery later marry and consummate that same night , whereupon Margaery begins to manipulate Tommen into trying to send Cersei home . When he does , Cersei immediately begins scheming to get rid of the Tyrells . After Loras Tyrell is arrested for his homosexuality , Tommen furiously confronts Cersei and demands Loras 's release , and tries to speak with the High Septon , though he is impeded by the Faith Militant and refuses to allow bloodshed in front of the Great Sept of Baelor . When Margaery is arrested for lying on Loras 's behalf , Tommen considers attacking the Sept to free his wife and brother - in - law , but Cersei persuades him to stand down , and when Cersei herself is arrested , Tommen falls into a depression and goes on a hunger strike , refusing to see anyone . In the sixth season , Tommen attends Myrcella 's funeral and confronts the High Sparrow , demanding him to allow Cersei to see her daughter . Later , he officially announces an alliance between the Crown and the Faith , and abolishes trial by combat , having effectively fallen under the High Sparrow 's influence . When Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor , killing thousands of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan and the High Sparrow , Tommen witnesses it from his quarters , and , unable to do anything as the Mountain blocks the doorway , he commits suicide by jumping through the window , leaving his crown on the table before doing so . His body is later burned and buried beneath the Sept 's ruins , with Tywin , Joffrey and Myrcella . Roose Bolton ( edit ) Main article : Roose Bolton Roose Bolton ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael McElhatton . A Bannerman of the North and Lord of the Dreadfort . The Bolton family have a nasty history of keeping to very old , and barbaric ways , including flaying their enemies alive , and Roose is no exception , being suspected of not feeling any emotion . His cunning makes him a valuable ally , but his unpredictable nature makes him a dangerous one . In Season 2 , Roose has declared for the King in the North and serves as a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . In secret , Roose feels the Stark cause is lost due to the fact Robb never once listened or heeded his advice , and so acts to secure Bolton predominance in the North -- he sends his bastard son Ramsay to take Winterfell from the Ironborn ( for his own amusement , Ramsay burns the castle to the ground and flays the defenders after offering them safe passage ) , and afterwards claims the Ironborn destroyed the castle and apparently killed Robb 's younger brothers Bran and Rickon . In Season 3 , Roose works with Walder Frey at Tywin Lannister 's request to betray the Starks at Edmure Tully 's wedding at the Twins . The ambush results in the destruction of the Stark forces by Bolton and Frey men , and deaths of all three Starks and Northern lords present in Walder Frey 's hall -- Roose personally kills the King in the North with a single stab through the heart , chiding that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' . For his loyalty he is named Warden of the North by the crown ( although Tywin Lannister intends to reclaim the title by marrying his son Tyrion to Sansa Stark , the presumed heir to Winterfell ) . In Season 4 , Roose and his men return to the North where he chastises Ramsay for having tortured Theon , as he was a valuable hostage . He also plans to reconquer his new lands from the invading Ironborn , since Tywin is refusing to help him , while ordering his man - at - arms , Locke , to hunt down and kill the remaining Stark boys and Jon Snow ( although Locke is killed by Bran Stark in the attempt ) . With help from Ramsay and Theon Greyjoy , Roose manages to drive the remaining Ironborn out of the Northern lands , and Roose legitimizes Ramsay as his true son . The Bolton 's make their way to Winterfell , although they still face opposition from the Northerners -- who are furious with the Boltons for betraying the Starks -- and Stannis Baratheon , who aims to rally the North as a springboard against House Lannister rule and bring the Boltons down in the process . Roose has Ramsay married to Sansa Stark the true heir of Winterfell . As Stannis eventually nears , snowbound trapped by a blizzard , he approves of Ramsay 's raiding of the Baratheon camp , where they successfully destroys most of their supplies and siege engines , diminishing Baratheon chances of taking the North . Stannis ultimately perishes in the ensuing battle , but Sansa escapes from Winterfell with Theon 's help . Roose threatens Ramsay with being disinherited if Sansa is not found . When news reaches him of Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of his son with Walda , Roose is killed by Ramsay . The High Sparrow ( edit ) Jonathan Pryce Main article : High Sparrow The High Sparrow ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Jonathan Pryce . A devout and pious man , the High Sparrow came to King 's Landing after Tywin Lannister 's death to serve the poor , downtrodden and infirm . He quickly amasses a large following , including Cersei 's cousin and former lover Lancel , who swarm over the city , ministering to the needy and denouncing corruption . He is first noticed by Cersei Lannister when his followers assault and humiliate the High Septon at a brothel . Although she considers capturing and executing him , Cersei decides to use him in her schemes against the Tyrell family . She pretends to agree with his religious views and appoints him as the new High Septon . She also reinstates what had been a long - defunct military order called the Faith Militant , giving them the legal authority to pursue , torture and imprison anyone whom they believed was defying religious principles , no matter their rank or wealth . She tells him of Ser Loras Tyrell 's homosexuality , which leads to his arrest by the Faith an inquest presided over by the High Sparrow . Loras 's lover Olyvar gives incriminating testimony , so the High Sparrow has both Ser Loras and his sister , Queen Margaery , incarcerated , the latter for perjuring herself when she lied to protect her brother . Loras and Margaery 's grandmother , Lady Olenna , attempts to bribe the High Sparrow into offering clemency and is surprised to find that he is uninterested . After Lancel confesses of his and Cersei 's affair and of her role in Robert Baratheon 's death , the High Sparrow turns on the Queen mother and has her arrested and imprisoned . When Cersei decides to plead for mercy , the High Sparrow listens to her confession of adultery and , on the condition that she stand for trial for her other sins , permits her to return to the Red Keep but only after she performs a walk of Atonement , in which her hair is cut and she must walk naked through the mob . The High Sparrow soon brings Tommen and Margaery under his influence , effectively becoming the new ruler of King 's Landin , but he is ultimately killed when Cersei rigs the Great Sept of Baelor with wildfire and detonates it with thousands of people inside . Supporting characters ( edit ) House Arryn ( edit ) Robin Arryn ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Lino Facioli . Lino Facioli Robin Arryn , Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale , is the only child of Jon and Lysa Arryn and a sickly boy doted on by his mother . He is still breastfed despite being well into pre-adolescence , and is mentally and socially maladjusted . He enjoys seeing people executed by defenestration , whether they are guilty or not ( of note , Robin seems to enjoy seeing anything fall through the moon door , since the first thing he does when Petyr Baelish brings him a toy is to gleefully throw it through the moon door ) . In Season 1 , he is present at Tyrion Lannister 's trial , but shows little to no interest in the details and continuously begs his mother to make the `` little Lannister baby - man '' fly , which would mean Tyrion being executed , although Tyrion is acquitted . In Season 4 , he greets Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish as `` Uncle Petyr '' and meets his cousin , Sansa Stark , for the first time . Lysa later mentions in conversation that Robin and Sansa are to be betrothed . However , tensions arise between them when Robin ruins Sansa 's snow castle of Winterfell and Sansa slaps Robin in retaliation . After Lysa is killed , Petyr proposes that Robin be taken on several tours of the Vale so as to prepare him for ruling it one day as its new Lord , though Petyr implies that his intention is for Robin to be killed in the process . In season 5 , Robin is being trained in the art of fighting , but lacks the skill and determination due to his upbringing . Petyr leaves him in the care of Yohn Royce . In season 6 , Robin is informed of Sansa 's escape from House Bolton , and through Petyr 's manipulations , Robin gives the order for the Knights of the Vale to aid her and Jon Snow against Ramsay Bolton . Yohn Royce ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Rupert Vansittart . Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce , known as `` Bronze Yohn '' , is the head of House Royce of Runestone , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . Like Lady Waynwood , he suspects Petyr Baelish of having murdered Lysa Arryn , but her death is eventually ruled a suicide . In season 5 , he takes Robin Arryn in as his ward . In the sixth season , he is summoned by Baelish to lead the Knights of the Vale to aid Sansa Stark and Jon Snow against the Boltons . In the aftermath , after voicing his disapproval of the wildlings , Yohn joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . When Baelish is accused by Sansa of Lysa 's murder , Yohn supports Sansa 's decision to try Baelish . Anya Waynwood ( season 4 ) portrayed by Paola Dionisotti . Lady Anya Waynwood is the head of House Waynwood , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . She suspects Petyr Baelish of murdering Lysa Arryn , but the death is ruled a suicide . Lysa Arryn ( season 1 , 4 ) portrayed by Kate Dickie . Kate Dickie Lysa Arryn ( née Tully ) , currently Mistress of the Eyrie , is the widow of Lord Jon Arryn . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the younger sister of Catelyn Stark , Lady of Winterfell , and the older sister of Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . She has grown mentally unstable since the death of her husband , and is convinced that as long as she stays boarded up in the Eyrie she will be safe . Justice for her husband rarely crosses her mind , unless exacting it does n't mean bestirring herself or her guards from her castle . She is also overly protective of her son , Robin Arryn , which has made him a weak and spoiled child . In season 1 , Lysa sends Catelyn a letter suggesting that the Lannisters were responsible for the death of Jon Arryn , which prompts Catelyn to investigate . Tyrion Lannister is later taken before Lysa to face justice for attempting to murder Bran Stark . Though Tyrion is innocent , Lysa appears uninterested in the details and even accuses him of murdering Jon . Lysa loses when Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Tyrion 's champion , Bronn , wins . She later receives word that Robb Stark is marching on King 's Landing to rescue Ned Stark , who has been wrongfully imprisoned , but fails to tell Catelyn . Catelyn confronts her and pleads for help , but Lysa refuses to provide Catelyn with more men , since her only concern is Robin 's safety . By season 3 , the Vale has remained untouched by the war , and she is betrothed to Littlefinger , who travels to the Vale to marry her . In season 4 , it is revealed that Lysa and Littlefinger have been having an affair for quite some time , and are the ones responsible for poisoning Jon Arryn and ( though indirectly ) Joffrey Baratheon . When Littlefinger returns from King 's Landing with Sansa Stark , Lysa greets her niece warmly and insists on marrying Littlefinger that same day . Later , however , Lysa accuses Sansa of seducing Littlefinger , but when Sansa insists that she did not , Lysa immediately calms down and tells Sansa that she is to marry Robin . However , Lysa catches Petyr kissing Sansa and angrily confronts Sansa about it , threatening to push her through the moon door , but Petyr intervenes and pacifies Lysa , before telling her that the one woman he only truly ever loved was Catelyn , and pushing her through the moon door to her death . Her death is ruled a suicide thanks to lies by Petyr and Sansa . House Baratheon ( edit ) Myrcella Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Aimee Richardson on season 1 and 2 , and by Nell Tiger Free on seasons 5 and 6 . Aimee Richardson The Royal Princess , Myrcella is the younger sister of Prince Joffrey and only daughter of Cersei Lannister . She , like her brothers , is also the child of her mother 's brother , Jaime , though she remains unaware of this . Unlike her older brother Joffrey , Myrcella is a kind and good person and enjoys being with her uncle Tyrion who in turn dotes on his niece . As part of an alliance between House Lannisters and Martell , Myrcella is betrothed to Trystane Martell , son of Prince Doran Martell of Dorne , and sent to Dorne as a ward of House Martell . For over two years , she has been a guest and ward of Prince Doran , betrothed to his son , but her position has become tenuous with the death of Oberyn Martell , the Prince 's brother . In season 5 , Myrcella is shown at the Water Gardens with her betrothed , with whom she seems to have a good relationship . Unbeknownst to her , she has become a part of Ellaria Sand 's plans for revenge although Prince Doran refuses that the young princess be hurt as part of their revenge against the Lannisters . Myrcella is nearly taken by the Sand Snakes but is rescued by the Prince 's Guard . She later tells her uncle that she now considers Dorne her home and wants to marry Trystane . A while later , Prince Doran allows her to return to the capital with Jaime on the condition that Trystane accompany them , where he will become a member of the Small Council . On the jetty , about to board the ship , she forgives Ellaria Sand , who unexpectedly gives her a kiss on the mouth . On board the ship , Jaime awkwardly attempts to explain the true nature of his relationship with her mother , to which Myrcella responds that she already knows , having `` felt '' it for a long time . Jaime embraces his daughter , only to discover in horror that she is bleeding from a poison imbued orally by Ellaria . She collapses and dies in his arms . In season 6 , her body is returned to King 's Landing and laid to rest in the Great Sept of Baelor . Her funeral is attended only by Jaime and Tommen . Selyse Florent ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Tara Fitzgerald . Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Baratheon ( née Florent ) is the wife of Stannis Baratheon who is kept locked in a tower on Dragonstone . She married Stannis sometime before the events of Robert 's Rebellion . Selyse is a fervent worshiper of R'hllor and a supporter of Melisandre . She keeps the preserved corpses of her stillborn sons in jars in her chambers , seemingly even to Stannis 's disgust , but expresses resentment over their daughter , Shireen , who suffers from greyscale and who Selyse sees as a demon , though she is only stopped from abusing her by Stannis . She later accompanies her husband to the Wall , and is present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black . She later witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution and accompanies her husband on the march to Winterfell . After their army becomes trapped in a blizzard , she accepts Melisandre 's advice to have Shireen sacrificed as a gift to the Lord of Light , only to recant in the last moments , refusing to stand by as her daughter burns to death . Restrained by Baratheon soldiers , she collapses in screams of agony . The next morning , Selyse hangs herself out of grief . Shireen Baratheon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Kerry Ingram . Kerry Ingram Shireen is the young daughter of Stannis Baratheon and Selyse Florent . Her face is disfigured by the disease Greyscale , but she is not yet crippled by it . She is a friend of Davos Seaworth and visits him during his captivity at Dragonstone with books , convincing him to teach himself to read , which he does . Though she does not get on well with Melisandre and has a bleak relationship with her mother , she shares a strong bond with her father , who loves her dearly . She later accompanies her father to the Wall , where she witnesses the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black , as well as the execution of Mance Rayder , and also becomes friends with Gilly and Samwell Tarly . She is sacrificed to the Red God , when Stannis ' army is stuck in a snow storm on the way to Winterfell , crying out for her parents who witness her death in tears . Surprisingly , this leads to the departure of half of Stannis 's army , the latter eventually losing his battle against the Boltons . Renly Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Gethin Anthony . Renly Baratheon , Lord of Storm 's End , is the youngest brother of King Robert and Master of Laws in the Small Council . He is popular with the people because he is handsome , jovial , and throws extravagant balls and masquerades . He is not fond of fighting or bloodshed , and would rather make friends than kill enemies . He is secretly the lover of Ser Loras Tyrell , the Knight of the Flowers , who convinces him that those qualities make him better ruling material than either of his older brothers . While Robert lies dying , Renly attempts to convince Ned of this , and that the two of them should kidnap Joffrey and rule the realm themselves . However , Ned refuses , so Renly , Loras , and their followers flee south . Once Joffrey becomes King and has Ned executed , Renly challenges his nephew 's claim to the throne . Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms during Season 2 and wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen and the support of other houses , despite Stannis ' better claim . He also seals an alliance with the powerful House Tyrell and its bannermen ( including Randyll Tarly , father of Samwell Tarly ) by marrying Margaery Tyrell . He leads his massive army slowly through southern Westeros , biding his time . Catelyn Stark tries to convince Renly and Stannis to put aside their differences and unite against the Lannisters but it fails as both brothers refuses to give their claim for the throne . On the night before a battle between his and Stannis ' forces , Renly agrees to Catelyn to allow the North and Riverlands be an independent kingdom if they allied with him , but on the condition that Robb Stark swear fealty to him . However , Renly is assassinated by Melisandre , who gives birth to a shadow demon and sends it to kill Renly in order to remove him from Stannis ' path . Stannis is initially unaware of the nature of Melisandre 's crime , and is later visibly shocked and saddened of the role he played in his brother 's death , which he visibly regrets . Salladhor Saan ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Lucian Msamati . Lucian Msamati The Prince of the Narrow Sea , Salladhor is a notorious pirate , trader , and smuggler from Lys . An old friend of Davos , he now sails for Stannis Baratheon on his ship , the Valyrian and his fleet of thirty ships . He has little patience for those that worship R'hollor -- Melisandre 's God -- since he has traveled the world and seen many gods and has come to the conclusion the only true god is between a woman 's legs . He agrees to work with Stannis after Davos promises him and his pirates they will be paid in gold and plunder from King 's Landing . Salladhor even goes as far as to request the chance to bed Cersei Lannister after the battle , but Davos refuses , unsure if Cersei will be alive at the time . After the Battle of the Blackwater , he finds Davos stranded on a rock and rescues him , but considers his allegiance broken and departs from Stannis ' cause after dropping Davos off at Dragonstone , warning him that the Red Woman will pose a threat to him . In season 4 , Davos tracks him in Braavos , and offers him gold in exchange for his help in gathering a new army to help them aid the Night 's Watch . Matthos Seaworth ( season 2 ) portrayed by Kerr Logan . Davos ' son and second - in - command on his father 's ship , Black Betha . Matthos is a devout follower of the Lord of Light and continually tries to convince his father to convert . During the Battle of Blackwater , the Black Betha is caught in a wildfire explosion , killing Matthos . Maester Cressen ( season 2 ) portrayed by Oliver Ford - Davies . Oliver Ford Davies Cressen is the aged Maester of Dragonstone , and skeptical of Melisandre 's predictions and the ambitions she has instilled in Lord Stannis to proclaim himself king , claiming `` since that boar killed his brother , every lord wants a coronation '' . He is disgusted when Melisandre sets idols of the Seven gods on fire in the name of her god -- R'hollor . He dies in a suicidal attempt to kill Melisandre , offering to share a poisoned cup of wine that did n't affect her , but killed the aged Cressen almost instantly . House Bolton ( edit ) `` Fat '' Walda Bolton ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Elizabeth Webster . Walda Bolton ( née Frey ) is a granddaughter of Lord Walder Frey . She is the new wife of Roose Bolton , the Lord of the Dreadfort . During the wedding feast of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey , Lord Bolton recounts to Catelyn Stark and Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully how Lord Walder Frey proposed him to marry one of his granddaughters and offered her weight in silver as dowry . Lord Bolton then adds he chose the fattest bride available and she has made him very rich . In Season 4 , she arrives at the Dreadfort with her new husband and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) and is greeted warmly by Ramsay Snow as `` mother '' . She accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and receives Sansa Stark and Petyr Baelish along with her husband and stepson . In season 5 it is revealed that she is pregnant , which makes Ramsay feel threatened for his position as Roose 's heir . In season 6 , after she gives birth to a boy , she and her baby are mauled to death by Ramsay 's hounds , shortly after Ramsay kills his father . Harald Karstark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Paul Rattray . The lord of Karhold and the son of Rickard Karstark , who was executed by Robb Stark . He declares for House Bolton in order to counter any Stark force that Sansa may muster after escaping Winterfell , and witnesses Ramsay kill Roose . In the subsequent battle between the Bolton forces and Jon Snow 's army , Harald leads the Karstark men into battle , but he disappears in the ensuing conflict . Although his death is not shown , Jon Snow confirms it in the season 7 premiere . Jon Umber ( season 6 ) portrayed by Dean S. Jagger . `` Smalljon '' Umber is the son of Greatjon Umber , one of House Stark 's most powerful banner men . `` Smalljon '' became Lord of Last Hearth , the northernmost of the castles in the North , after his father 's death . Smalljon , however , chooses to side with the Boltons by handing his father 's wards , Rickon Stark and Osha , to Ramsay Snow as an alliance gift , to gain Ramsay 's help in countering Jon Snow and his wildling army . In the subsequent battle between Ramsay 's forces and Jon Snow 's army , he leads the Umber forces into battle and fights Tormund Giantsbane . Though it seems as if he will win , Smalljon is momentarily distracted by the arrival of the Knights of the Vale , long enough for Tormund to bite his throat out and stab him to death . Myranda ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Charlotte Hope . Myranda is a servant of House Bolton . She is one of Ramsay Snow 's bedwarmers and assists in his sadistic schemes , such as seducing Theon Greyjoy in order to give him an erection so Ramsay can castrate him , and helping Ramsay hunt a peasant girl with Ramsay 's hounds solely because she was more attractive than her . She later accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and is present when Sansa Stark arrives with Petyr Baelish , eyeing Sansa with jealousy and anger . During Sansa 's stay at Winterfell , Myranda encounters her again with Theon and torments her with stories of Ramsay 's sadism . When Sansa refuses to be bullied , Myranda points an arrow to her , preparing to injure her while leaving her usable for Ramsay to father a child . However , this tips Theon into finally rebelling against the Boltons and he saves Sansa by disarming Myranda and pushing her off the castle wall to her death . Her body is found shortly afterwards by Ramsay , who pays his respects to her before having her fed to the hounds . Locke ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Noah Taylor . Noah Taylor A man - at - arms sworn to House Bolton , and acts as Roose Bolton 's personal bounty hunter . He captures Brienne of Tarth and Jaime Lannister who were on their way to King 's Landing , Locke later cuts off Jaime 's sword - hand on route to Harrenhal and tries to feed Brienne to a bear rather than hold her ransom , further demonstrating his contempt for wealth and nobility . He holds Harrenhal in Roose Bolton 's name until former Master of Coin Lord Petyr Baelish is been proclaimed Lord of Harrenhal and the Riverlands . In Season 4 , Locke has followed Lord Bolton in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and arrives at the Dreadfort with Roose and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Locke warmly greets Roose 's bastard Ramsay -- the two are friends and share mutual interests in flaying and mutilation of their enemies . When Roose learns Bran and Rickon Stark are alive , and may pose a threat to his new title as Warden of the North , he commands Locke to go on a hunt to find the boys , in exchange for a thousand acres of land and a holdfast of his own . Locke eventually arrives at the Wall and becomes acquainted with Jon Snow , Bran and Rickon 's half - brother , who he apparently plans to kill as per Ramsay 's suggestion . Locke is one of the few who join Jon on his mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and in the ensuing battle , he escapes the fray and locates Bran Stark held captive with Jojen Reed , Meera Reed and Hodor . Locke attempts to kidnap Bran and kill him unseen , but Bran uses his warg abilities to enter Hodor 's mind , and kills Locke by snapping his neck . His body is brought back to Craster 's Keep by Eddison Tollett , and burned along with the rest of the slain . House Frey ( edit ) Walder Frey ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by David Bradley . David Bradley Lord Walder Frey , nicknamed the `` Late Lord Frey '' , is the head of House Frey , Lord of the Crossing and bannerman to House Tully . He is known for outliving his many wives ( now on his 8th ) and siring over 100 children ( both bastard and trueborn ) . Because the use of the Twins became a strategic necessity for Robb 's host , Walder was able to negotiate marriage contracts for his children to Robb and Arya Stark . But during Season 2 Robb broke his word and married Lady Talisa . For this slight , and willing to take advantage of the war 's changing fortunes , he conspires with Tywin Lannister and Roose Bolton to betray Robb Stark at the wedding of his liege Edmure Tully , which he insists in return for support of his men . Frey hosts the infamous `` Red Wedding '' at which Robb Stark , his wife and mother are all murdered , refusing to spare Robb even as Catelyn holds Lady Frey hostage and threatens to slit her throat , which she does . He is subsequently granted Riverrun and its lands ( though the title Lord Paramount of the Riverlands passes to Harrenhal and House Baelish ) and expresses delight to take another young wife , but his house is irredeemably tarnished by the betrayal and House Tully 's vassals refuse to submit to his rule . In Season 6 , he is outraged when he hears of the Blackfish recapture ' of Riverrun and blames his sons Lothar and Black Walder for allowing him to escape . He then orders them to retake the castle using Edmure Tully as a hostage . Though they successfully retake Riverrun with the help of a Lannister host led by Jaime Lannister , Walder is ambushed shortly afterwards by Arya Stark , who slits his throat in revenge for the Red Wedding . In Season 7 , Arya uses Walder 's face to deceive and poison the rest of his family . `` Lame '' Lothar Frey ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tom Brooke in season 3 , and by Daniel Tuite in season 6 . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many sons , nicknamed `` Lame Lothar '' because of his twisted leg . He and his half - brother Black Walder are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannisters . He is one of the first to commence the `` Red Wedding '' , stabbing Talisa Stark in the womb several times and killing her and her unborn child . In the sixth season , he is ordered by Walder to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully . Though they succeed with Lannister help , he is killed by Arya Stark , who subsequently bakes him into a pie . `` Black '' Walder Rivers ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tim Plester . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many bastard sons , nicknamed `` Black Walder '' for his dark demeanor . He and his half - brother Lame Lothar are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannister . He kills Catelyn Stark at the Red Wedding , after she slits Lady Frey 's throat in retaliation for her son 's death . In the sixth season , he takes part in the siege of Riverrun . Though the Freys reclaim the castle with the help of a Lannister host , Black Walder is killed shortly afterwards along with Lothar by Arya Stark , who bakes them both into a pie . House Greyjoy ( edit ) Yara Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Gemma Whelan . Gemma Whelan The daughter of Balon Greyjoy and his wife Alannys Harlaw , and elder sister of Theon . She is fierce and proud , and defies traditional ironborn gender roles by commanding her own ship , the Black Wind . When her brother Theon takes Winterfell , Yara tries to convince him to go back with her to the Iron Islands , but Theon refuses . Theon is betrayed by his own men and given to Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard , who brutally tortures and eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon more unless the Ironmen leave the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses this , but Yara intends to save her brother of her own accord , taking one ship and fifty of the best killers on the Iron islands with her . In season 4 , Yara and her men attack the Dreadfort , but find that Ramsay has broken Theon so badly that he refuses to leave with her and even insists that his name is Reek . Ramsay and his men confront Yara in the dungeon and a battle ensues in which Ramsay frees the hounds and sets them on Yara , who is forced to flee the Dreadfort without Theon , telling her men that Theon is dead . In season 6 , Yara contests the Kingsmoot to decide Balon 's successor and appears to sway the Ironborn by declaring that she will build the world 's largest fleet , but is defeated by Euron , who plans to forge an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen to conquer Westeros . Correctly suspecting that Euron will have them killed , Yara and Theon flee the Iron Islands with their loyalists and the bulk of the Iron Fleet , and head to Meereen to forge an alliance with Daenerys first . After explaining the situation , Yara pledges her forces to Daenerys in return for the Iron Islands ' independence . Yara is ordered to sail to attack King 's Landing . Her fleet is set upon by ships under Euron 's command and she is captured and led in chains through King 's Landing . Euron Greyjoy ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Pilou Asbæk . Pilou Asbæk A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and the uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Euron is an infamous pirate who has terrorized seas all around the world . He is cunning , ruthless , with a touch of madness . He kills Balon Greyjoy by throwing him off a rope bridge , declaring that Balon 's time is past and that it is time for a new king . At the Kingsmoot he confesses to killing Balon , but convinces the Ironborn that Balon was a poor military commander and declares that he will seduce Daenerys Targaryen and give her the Iron Fleet to conquer Westeros . The Ironborn declare Euron as their king , but before Euron can put Theon and Yara to death he discovers they have fled with the best ships of the Iron Fleet . Undeterred , he orders the Ironborn to begin constructing a new fleet . He uses this fleet to attack Yara 's fleet with fire . He kills two Sand Snakes and captures Yara , Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand . He gives the Sands to Cersei and keeps Yara prisoner . When he meets Theon he taunts him over his captive sister . Aeron Greyjoy ( season 6 ) portrayed by Michael Feast . Michael Feast A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and an uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Aeron is a Drowned Priest in service to the Drowned God . After Balon 's death , Aeron holds a Kingsmoot to determine Balon 's successor . Euron Greyjoy wins the election and is baptized by Aeron . Balon Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Patrick Malahide , is the Lord of the Iron Islands and the father of Theon and Yara . Balon wished to continue the conquering ways of his people , which led him to rebel against the Iron Throne 9 years prior to the start of the series . He lost , with two of his three sons killed in the war ; his youngest , Theon , was taken as a ward at Winterfell as a way to keep him from attempting another rebellion . After Theon returns to the Iron Islands with an offer from King Robb Stark for an alliance against the Lannisters , Balon refuses and instead launches beach raids against the North , proclaiming himself King of the Iron islands and the North . Theon , however , is captured and brutally tortured by the sadistic Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's bastard , who eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses , stating that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her little brother of her own accord . In Season 6 , he is confronted by his younger brother , Euron , who declares that Balon has ruled for too long and throws him from a rope bridge to his death . Dagmer Cleftjaw ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ralph Ineson . Ralph Ineson Dagmer is an Ironborn Raider and Theon Greyjoy 's first mate on the Sea Bitch . He suggests that Theon prove himself by taking Winterfell , and persuades him to commit further atrocities to shore up his rule , such as executing Ser Rodrik Cassel for defying Theon and killing two children to pass off as Bran and Rickon Stark . However , when Robb Stark sends Ramsay Snow with an offer to spare the Ironborn if they surrender Winterfell and Theon , he knocks Theon out to hand him over and fatally wounds Maester Luwin . It is revealed in the season three finale that Dagmer and the other ironborn were instead flayed alive by Ramsay Snow and his men . Lorren ( season 2 ) portrayed by Forbes KB . An infamous Ironborn raider better known as Black Lorren . He is considered among the fiercest Ironborn warriors . He is under Theon 's command while taking Winterfell . He is ultimately flayed alive by Ramsay Snow , along with the other Ironborn at Winterfell . House Lannister ( edit ) Gregor Clegane ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- present ) portrayed by Conan Stevens in season 1 , by Ian Whyte in season 2 , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson from season 4 onwards . Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson , the third and latest actor to portray Ser Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane . Called `` The Mountain That Rides '' , he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality . He is able to wield a two - handed sword one handed . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier , gruesomely scarring him . In Season 1 , Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands . Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor . When war breaks out , Gregor is given command of Tywin 's vanguard and left flank and leads his men through intimidation . In Season 2 he is left to command Harrenhal in Tywin 's absence and to find and destroy `` The Brotherhood Without Banners '' , invoking the escape of Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie from Harrenhal . He later abandons the castle after slaughtering the prisoners and is defeated by Edmure Tully at the Stone Mill , but manages to escape back to the Westerlands . Robb chides his uncle , having planned to draw the Mountain into a trap of his own making to be captured or killed . In season 4 , Gregor is chosen as Cersei 's champion for Tyrion 's trial by combat , and fights Oberyn Martell , Tyrion 's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the needless murder of his sister , Elia Martell Targaryen . Oberyn sustains several serious injuries to Clegane with a weapon that is laced with poison , but Clegane kills Oberyn by crushing his skull , while admitting that he did rape Elia , killed her children and enjoyed it , before collapsing from his own injuries . It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom , a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with , and that he is slowly dying . Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him , though Qyburn claims that the procedure will `` change '' Clegane . The procedure is a seemingly a success , as Gregor has become active again and joins the Kingsguard as a personal knight for Cersei , though the procedure has changed his physical appearance and his behavior . In the sixth season , he continues to act as Cersei 's bodyguard to intimidate all those who may bother or mock her . After Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor and retakes power , she has Gregor torture Septa Unella in revenge for Unella torturing her during her time in prison . Kevan Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Gelder . Lord Tywin 's younger brother , Captain of his Guard , Ser Kevan Lannister is a skilled warrior but overshadowed by his brother Tywin to whom he is deeply loyal and obedient . Unlike his older brother , Kevan is very amiable and cares more about the safety of his family members even if it will humiliate the family 's honour . In Season 1 , he is present when Tyrion returns from the Vale and informs him on Jaime 's military victories against Tully bannermen . After Jaime 's capture , he suggests to his brother that they `` should sue for peace '' which is immediately refuted by Tyrion who reminds that Ned Stark 's beheading prevents it . In Season 2 , he sits on a war council in Harrenhal , surmising ( correctly ) that Robb Stark would not march on Casterly Rock until `` at full force '' and also suggests that Cersei and her children leave King 's Landing before Stannis Baratheon sacks the city but the proposition is countered by Tywin , refusing to surrender the Iron Throne . In season 5 , he returns to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral alongside his only surviving son , Lancel , who has joined the Sparrows movement , which Kevan disapproves . He later refuses to serve on Cersei 's Small Council , in spite her offering him the position of `` Master of War '' , questioning her authority , and returning to Casterly Rock until the King himself calls for him . When his niece is arrested by the Faith Militant for sleeping with his son among other sins , Grand Maester Pycelle summons him back to offer him the position of Hand of the King . He later is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep , immediately after her enduring Walk of Atonement . In the sixth season , Kevan continues to serve as Tommen 's Hand while attempting to deal with the High Sparrow without bloodshed and spurning Cersei 's attempts to regain influence in the royal court . On the day of Cersei 's trial , Kevan is killed when Cersei has the Great Sept of Baelor destroyed with wildfire . Lancel Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Eugene Simon . Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister is the eldest son of Kevan Lannister and cousin of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion Lannister . He served as King Robert 's squire ; in which he is clumsy and incompetent in his duties leading Robert to dislike him intensely . In Season 2 , Cersei knights him for his part in Robert 's death . When Jaime goes to war , Cersei takes Lancel as a lover because he resembles her brother . Tyrion eventually discovers the affair and blackmails Lancel into spying for him . During an attack on King 's Landing , Lancel guards Cersei 's son King Joffrey Baratheon and takes a serious wound in the fighting , causing him to retreat . When Joffrey later abandons the battle out of cowardice , Lancel pleads with Cersei to let him take Joffrey back to the battle in order to inspire the troops , but Cersei , clearly more concerned for Joffrey than the city , refuses to listen . In season 5 , he and his father return to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral . Lancel joins the sparrows , a devout religious movement , and apologises to Cersei for the sins they committed together , such as their affair and conspiracy to murder Robert Baratheon . With the re-establishment of the Faith Militant , Lancel abandons his family name and leads the sparrows on a rampage throughout King 's Landing , arresting Ser Loras Tyrell in the process . Later , on Littlefinger and Olenna Tyrell 's urging , he confesses his own sins to the High Sparrow , which leads to Cersei 's arrest . In the sixth season , Loras continues to serve in the Faith Militant . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , he is lured by one of Qyburn 's little birds to the catacombs underneath the Great Sept of Baelor , where he is stabbed in the spine , rendering him unable to use his legs . He spots a cache of wildfire rigged to explode and crawls towards it , but is too late to stop the detonation and is the first to die . Polliver ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Kellegher . A Lannister man - at - arms who comes into possession of Arya Stark 's sword ; Needle . He captures Arya -- believing her to be a recruit of the Night 's Watch called `` Arry '' and takes her sword which he then uses to kill a crippled Lommy after he asks Polliver to carry him . In Season 4 , he inadvertently crosses paths with Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in an inn in the north . After a brief exchange of insults , a fight breaks out and Polliver 's comrades are slain by Clegane . Arya wounds Polliver from behind , retrieves Needle and kills him in exactly the same manner that he killed Lommy . Alton Lannister ( season 2 ) portrayed by Karl Davies . A cousin of Cersei , Jaime and Tyrion Lannister , and a captive of Robb Stark . In the books there is no character by this name . Here the character Cleos Frey , also a cousin to the Lannisters , has the role of being a captive of House Stark and delivering terms to House Lannister . While held prisoner in the same cell he talks with his cousin Jaime at Stark 's camp , he talks about the time he was allowed to prove himself by squiring for Jaime in a tourney , however during this encounter he is killed by Jaime in an attempt to escape . Amory Lorch ( season 2 ) portrayed by Fintan McKeown . Ser Amory Lorch is a knight and loyal but brutal bannerman of House Lannister . He catches Arya in stealing a parchment containing war orders concerning her brother Robb Stark . She manages to escape him , then finds and hurries the assassin Jaqen H'ghar , to kill Ser Amory to repay the second of the three `` lives '' he owes her . Before Ser Amory can denounce Arya , he drops dead on the doorstep of Tywin 's chambers with a poisoned dart lodged in his neck , as Tywin ( who comes to believe the attempt was on his life ) raises the alarm . The Mountain subsequently kills a number of Lannister soldiers in his hunt for the culprit , but Jaqen leaves Harrenhal without being captured . Lord Leo Lefford ( season 2 ) portrayed by Vinnie McCabe . Lord Lefford is a powerful Bannerman to Lord Tywin , who fought for him against House Stark . He is Head of House Lefford and Lord of The Golden Tooth . House Martell ( edit ) Tyene Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Rosabell Laurenti Sellers . Rosabell Laurenti Sellers Tyene Sand is the daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell by Ellaria Sand . Tyene is fiercer than she looks , especially with her twin daggers . She assists her mother in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . In the ensuing fight with Jaime Lannister and Bronn , she poisons Bronn by striking him with a poison - coated dagger before they are all arrested . In the cells , she strips in front of Bronn to hasten his heartbeat as well as the poison 's effects , though she shows him mercy and gives him the cure . She later synthesises a similar poison for Ellaria , who uses it to poison Myrcella . She gives Ellaria the antidote before she too is killed . When Doran finds out , Tyene kills Areo Hotah while Ellaria stabs Doran in the chest . Tyene subsequently watches her own uncle die without remorse . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna before she can speak . While journeying to Sunspear with her sisters and Ellaria aboard Yara Greyjoy 's ship , Tyene is captured by Euron Greyjoy while defending her mother and taken as a captive aboard his flagship , Silence . Given as a gift to Cersei , Tyene is chained with her mother in a dungeon . Cersei uses a version of the poison on Tyene and leaves her chained in front of her mother so that Ellaria can watch her daughter not just die but decompose . Nymeria Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Jessica Henwick . Jessica Henwick Nym Sand is the second eldest of Prince Oberyn 's bastard daughters . Her mother was an Eastern noblewoman who brought Nym up to be cultured , graceful and deadly with a whip . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria murders Myrcella , and Nym joins her in her coup by ambushing and murdering Trystane Martell . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Nymeria accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . After the Lord Reaper of the Iron Islands kills Obara , an enraged Nymeria attacks him with her whip , only to be choked to death and then hung from the prow of the ship with her weapon , next to her sister . Obara Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Keisha Castle - Hughes . Keisha Castle - Hughes A fearsome warrior , Obara Sand is the eldest bastard daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell . Her mother was a Dornish peasant girl who caught the eye of the Prince . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to kill Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria kills Myrcella , and Obara joins her in her coup by personally murdering Trystane Martell , her own cousin . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Obaara accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . Ultimately , Euron proves to be a more skillful fighter and ultimately stabs her in the stomach with her own spear . She is impaled at the front of the ship with her spear , next to her hanging sister , Nymeria . Trystane Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Toby Sebastian . Toby Sebastian Trystane Martell is Prince Doran 's son and heir to Dorne . His father betrothed him to Myrcella Baratheon as part of the alliance offered by Tyrion Lannister , then acting as Hand of the King . He and Myrcella later grow to love each other and Trystane offers to ask his father if they can marry immediately . He is struck by Bronn when he and Jaime Lannister arrive to take Myrcella back , but Trystane later shows Bronn mercy and decides not to have him mutilated , satisfied with having Areo Hotah strike him in a similar manner instead . Doran allows Trystane to accompany Myrcella back to King 's Landing to take his uncle Oberyn 's place on the Small Council , but Trystane 's life is put in danger when Ellaria Sand secretly poisons Myrcella just as their boat leaves Dorne . Though Jaime prepares to send him back to Dorne unharmed , Trystane refuses to leave , insisting on being present for Myrcella 's funeral , so Jaime instructs him to stay on the boat for his own safety . However , as he is painting funeral stones for Myrcella , he is ambushed and killed by Obara and Nymeria Sand , his own cousins , sent by Ellaria Sand to kill him as part of her coup , though most believe his death was Cersei 's doing . Doran Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Alexander Siddig . Alexander Siddig Doran Martell is the ruling lord of Dorne and older brother to the late Prince Oberyn Martell . Unlike his brother , Doran is even - tempered and deliberate . In season 4 , he is invited to the wedding of Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell , but due to suffering from gout , he is unable to attend and sends Oberyn in his stead . After Oberyn is slain by Gregor Clegane , Doran grieves but takes no action , claiming that Oberyn suffered a self - imposed death in a trial by combat , a legal act , and coldly rebutts Ellaria 's proposal to harm Myrcella Baratheon to exact revenge on the Lannisters . However , after a skirmish in which Jaime Lannister and Bronn fight with the Sand Snakes over possession of Myrcella , Doran orders all locked up , including Ellaria . He later grants Jaime an audience and agrees to allow Myrcella to return to King 's Landing along with his son , Trystane Martell , Myrcella 's betrothed , while threatening Ellaria and the Sand Snakes with severe consequences should they defy him again . However , Ellaria later secretly poisons Myrcella despite Doran 's warning . In the sixth season , Doran finds out about Myrcella 's assassination , but he is immediately killed by Ellaria , while his men stand and watch as he dies . Areo Hotah ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by DeObia Oparei . Areo Hotah is the long - serving captain of Doran Martell 's palace guard , renowned for his loyalty and his longaxe . He arrests Jaime Lannister , Bronn , Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes following their battle over Myrcella Baratheon , but releases them all on Doran 's request . As retribution for striking Trystane Martell , Areo strikes Bronn across the face . In the sixth season , after Doran finds out about Myrcella 's death at Ellaria 's hands , he is stabbed and poisoned by Tyene Sand , and dies immediately . Oberyn Martell ( season 4 ) portrayed by Pedro Pascal . Pedro Pascal Prince of Dorne , known as the Red Viper . He is the hot - headed younger brother of Doran Martell , Prince of Dorne and Lord of Sunspear . A renowned warrior and traveler , Oberyn has eight bastard daughters , called the Sand Snakes . His sister , Elia Targaryen , was raped and killed during the Sack of King 's Landing by Ser Gregor Clegane . In season 4 , Oberyn arrives in King 's Landing with his paramour , Ellaria Sand , to attend Joffrey 's wedding in his brother 's stead , and his meeting with Tyrion makes it clear that he has actually come to take revenge against the Lannisters for their role in the deaths of his sister , nephew and niece . At the wedding , Joffrey dies after being poisoned , and Tywin initially suspects Oberyn of having a hand in the murder since Oberyn has a past with poison chemistry , while Oberyn denies involvement and accuses Tywin of ordering Gregor Clegane to rape and murder Elia . The two reach a settlement when Tywin promises Oberyn a meeting with Clegane in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the three judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , Oberyn implies that he is not convinced of Tyrion 's guilt , and openly questions Cersei 's testimony and asks Shae why Tyrion would tell her about all of his plans to murder Joffrey if he was the perpetrator . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Gregor Clegane is chosen as Cersei 's champion , Oberyn volunteers to fight for Tyrion , proclaiming that he will exact his vengeance , starting with Ser Gregor . Martell valiantly fights Clegane , his superior speed making up for Clegane 's size , and manages to wound him in the shoulder and the leg , flooring him . Refusing to kill him immediately , Oberyn furiously demands that Clegane admit to raping and killing Elia and her children , and that the order came from Tywin himself . Distracted for a moment , Oberyn is floored by Clegane , who -- in a manner self - admittedly paraphrasing the murder of Elia -- knocks out his teeth , straddles him and slowly gouges out his eyes , admitting to the rape and murder of Elia before crushing his skull . Tyrion is subsequently sentenced to death , but Oberyn 's objective of vengeance was not in vain , since his spear is revealed to have been laced with the deadly venom of the manticore , which is slowly killing Clegane . Oberyn 's death , however , throws House Martell into chaos , since Ellaria is driven insane to the point that she kills Myrcella Baratheon , Doran Martell and Trystane Martell ( Oberyn 's own brother and nephew , respectively ) to get revenge against the Lannisters . House Stark ( edit ) Robett Glover ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Tim McInnerny . Tim McInnerny Robett is the brother of Galbart Glover , the Master of Deepwood Motte . He succeeded him after Galbart 's death in the War of the Five Kings . House Glover were bannermen of House Stark but this changed after the Boltons helped him take Deepwood Motte back from the Ironborn who had captured it . He refuses Jon and Sansa 's request for aid against the Boltons , citing his brother 's death fighting for Robb , the fact that Robb marching to war in the south provided an opportunity for the Ironborn to capture his castle , in the process killing his subjects and imprisoning his family , and finally the fact that Jon 's army is composed primarily of Wildings , who the Northern houses have been fighting for generations . However , after Jon Snow and Sansa Stark successfully recapture Winterfell from the Boltons , with help from Littlefinger and the Knights of the Vale , House Glover becomes sworn to House Stark once more , with Lord Glover apologizing for his previous refusal of aid and crowning Jon the King in the North . Meera Reed ( season 3 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Ellie Kendrick . Ellie Kendrick Jojen 's elder sister and daughter of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Meera and her brother join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Meera is almost raped by Karl , but is saved when Bran reveals his identity in order to protect her . Karl later tries again to rape her , but an attack by Night 's Watch rangers saves her , and they manage to escape during the fray . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , but are attacked by reanimated skeletons outside it . Jojen is fatally stabbed , and Meera performs a mercy killing on him . In season 6 , she continues to mourn for Jojen . After the cave is attacked by White Walkers , she pulls Bran to safety until the wights catch up . They are rescued by Bran 's uncle , Benjen Stark , who ultimately takes them back to the Wall . When she leaves Bran to go back south to her home , she is devastated that he gives no acknowledgement of her sacrifices or her brother 's . Lyanna Mormont ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Bella Ramsey . Lyanna Mormont is the 10 - year - old head of House Mormont of Bear Island . She is the niece of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch and cousin of Ser Jorah Mormont . In the fifth season , she refuses Stannis Baratheon 's request to aid him in his campaign to overthrow the Boltons and rally the North to help him retake the Iron Throne , asserting her loyalty to House Stark . In the sixth season , she is approached by Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Davos Seaworth for help in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton . Though Lyanna is ready to refuse , citing Jon as a bastard and Sansa as a Lannister / Bolton wife , she is persuaded to offer help when Davos informs her of the coming battle against the Night King . She accompanies the Mormont forces and witnesses the subsequent battle between Jon and Ramsay 's armies . After the castle is retaken , Lyanna admonishes Wyman Manderly and Robett Glover for refusing Jon 's calls for help , and is the first to proclaim Jon the new King in the North . As Jon and the Northern Lords plan for the coming war she insists that girls as well as boys should be taught military skills . Maester Wolkan ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Rycroft . Richard Rycroft A member of the Order of Masters who is in service to House Bolton at Winterfell . He witnesses Ramsay kill Roose and reluctantly summons Walda and the baby for Ramsay to murder as well . After the Boltons ' defeat , he serves the Starks . He unwillingly helps Petyr Baelish cause friction between Sansa and Arya Stark . He builds a wheelchair for Bran . Lyanna Stark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Cordelia Hill as a child , and by Aisling Franciosi as an adult . Aisling Franciosi Lyanna is the sister of Ned Stark , she was promised to wed Robert Baratheon , but she was supposedly kidnapped and raped by Rhaegar Targaryen . During the tourney at Harrenhal , Rhaegar rode past his wife , Elia Martell , and placed a crown of winter roses in Lyanna 's lap . Lyanna in fact loved Rhaegar , and was married to him in secret . At the Tower of Joy , Lyanna is being protected by several members of the Kingsguard when Ned arrives to try to find her . Defeating Ser Arthur Dayne of the Kingsguard , Ned enters the Tower of Joy where he finds Lyanna in a bed of blood , but still alive . Lyanna asks Ned to promise to protect her son , who is revealed to be Jon Snow , and prevent Robert from killing him by hiding his Targaryen lineage . Rickon Stark ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Art Parkinson . Rickon Stark is Lord Eddard & Lady Catelyn 's youngest child , naturally aggressive and strong - willed . His black dire wolf Shaggydog shares these qualities also . When Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell in Season 2 , Rickon hides in the crypts . After Winterfell is sacked and burned , he , Bran , Hodor , the Wildling woman Osha and the direwolves travel through the North . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Rickon , his direwolf and Osha split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , Rickon and Osha are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons following Greatjon Umber 's death , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . At the beginning of a grand showdown between the Boltons and the Northern rebels led by Jon Snow , Rickon is released by Ramsay and told to run towards Jon , unaware that it is merely a trap to lure Jon into the open . Just before he can reach Jon , Rickon is shot and killed by Ramsay . Following Ramsay 's defeat , Jon orders Rickon 's body buried in the Winterfell crypt . Hodor ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Kristian Nairn . Kristian Nairn Hodor is a huge , physically strong and intellectually disabled stablehand at Winterfell who can only say the word `` Hodor '' . He hides in the crypts along with Osha , Bran and Rickon , faking their escape out of the castle . They eventually leave the crypts only to find the castle destroyed . After speaking to the dying Maester Luwin , it is decided that they must go to the Wall . In Season 3 Bran decides to go beyond the Wall to find the Three - eyed - raven and Hodor helps him alongside with Meera and Jojen Reed after the departure of Rickon and Osha . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Hodor is chained to a post and abused by some mutineers , who poke him with spears and eventually stab him in the leg to stop him intervening on Bran 's behalf . Hodor is later chained in a hut with the other prisoners , and when Bran is abducted by Locke , Bran wargs into Hodor and uses him to kill Locke by snapping his neck . Hodor frees the others and they escape , eventually reaching the three - eyed raven in his cave . During Season 6 , Bran learns through visions of the past that , as a boy , Hodor was named Wyllis and possessed normal abilities of speech . When the cave is overrun by White Walkers and wights while Bran is viewing the past , Bran simultaneously wargs into Hodor to induce him to carry Bran to safety . Once they exit through a passageway , Meera orders Hodor to `` hold the door '' against the wights ; in the past , Wyllis collapses and repeats this phrase until it slurs into `` Hodor . '' In the present , Hodor is killed as the wights eventually tear through the door , but Meera escapes with Bran . Hodor only ever says one word : `` Hodor '' . However , according to Kristian Nairn 's interview to Vulture , he has developed 70 ways to say it . Osha ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Natalia Tena . Natalia Tena Osha is a Wildling woman captured by Robb and held captive at Winterfell . Osha works in the kitchens , often giving Bran advice when she bathes in the godswood . After Winterfell is taken by the turncloak Theon Greyjoy , Osha bends the knee to Theon . After the Sack of Winterfell , Osha helps Bran and Rickon escape , along with their direwolves and Hodor . She gives a mercy kill to wounded Maester Luwin . Later , she and her companions travel to the Wall to seek help . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Osha , Rickon and his direwolf split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , they are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons after Greatjon Umber dies , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . Osha later attempts to kill Ramsay , but is instead killed herself . Jojen Reed ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Thomas Sangster . Thomas Sangster A boy with special insights and son of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Jojen and his sister join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl , during which time Jojen suffers from a seizure . Jojen and the others are freed when Bran wargs into Hodor and has him kill Locke and cut them all loose , but Jojen stops Bran from reuniting with his brother , Jon Snow , since he knows Jon would try and stop their journey . Once they reach their destination , however , they are attacked by reanimated skeletons , and Jojen is stabbed in the ensuing fight . Meera finishes him out of mercy . Rickard Karstark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Steven Blount in season 1 , and by John Stahl from season 2 onwards . Rickard Karstark is a Bannerman of the North , Lord of Karhold and he is a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . The Karstarks are distant cousins of the Starks of Winterfell . Karstark 's sons Harrion and Torrhen was killed by Jaime Lannister and Karstark vows retribution . He is enraged when Catelyn Stark decides to free Jaime in an attempt to secure the safety of her daughters . When Karstark discovers that Edmure Tully has defeated the Lannisters in battle near Riverrun and taken two of his young relatives hostage , Karstark orders his men to kill them . Karstark is subsequently sentenced to death by Robb , and he cryptically warns Robb that his actions will eventually lead to his own demise , just before he is executed . Maester Luwin ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Donald Sumpter . Donald Sumpter Luwin , Maester of Winterfell , is a chief advisor to Lord Stark . He is one of the few Maesters to have studied magic and the occult . With Robb Stark 's departure , the day - to - day rule of the North falls to Ser Rodrik Cassel and Maester Luwin , acting with Bran 's voice . After Winterfell is taken by Theon , Luwin must advise him because of his valour to serve to the ruler of Winterfell . When Ramsay Snow launches an attack on Winterfell to drive the Ironborn away , Luwin advises Theon to flee to the Wall and join the Night 's Watch , where his crimes will be pardoned , but Theon instead rallies his few remaining men to face Ramsay , and betrayed by his own men . Luwin , in an attempt to save Theon , is stabbed by Dagmer . Bran Stark and his party emerge from hiding to find Winterfell sacked by Ramsay and his men and Luwin dying in the Godswood , where he declares his loyalty and love for the Starks before having Osha perform a mercy killing on him , out of sight of Bran and Rickon . Rodrik Cassel ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Ron Donachie . Ron Donachie Ser Rodrik Cassel is the Master - at - Arms at Winterfell . After the discovery of the origin of the knife from the attempted assassination of Bran Stark , he accompanies Lady Catelyn Tully to King 's Landing . Later Lady Catelyn decides to join Robb at Moat Cailin , and names Ser Rodrik castellan of Winterfell . When the Ironmen attack Torrhen 's Square , Ser Rodrik gathers a force to expel them , including most of the Winterfell garrison . The Ironborn under Theon Greyjoy then attack and take Winterfell , and Ser Rodrik is captured while defending himself . Ser Rodrik refuses to swear allegiance to Theon , and spits in his face . Theon orders him thrown into the dungeons , but Dagmer insists that Theon execute him in order to gain respect . Theon executes Ser Rodrik himself , but it takes several blows of the sword to behead him and only gains more contempt and hatred from the Northerners . Jory Cassel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Jamie Sives . Jory Cassel was Captain of the Guard at Winterfell and the nephew of Ser Rodrik . Killed by Jaime Lannister during a fight between Jaime 's men and Eddard Stark over Tyrion Lannister 's abduction by Eddard 's wife . Septa Mordane ( season 1 ) portrayed by Susan Brown . Septa Mordane was a priestess of the Faith of the Seven Gods ( of which Catelyn Stark is an observer ) and governess to the young ladies of Winterfell . She was killed by the Lannisters after Eddard Stark 's failed attempt to arrest King Joffrey and Queen Regent Cersei . Old Nan ( season 1 ) portrayed by Margaret John . Old Nan was an old serving woman at Winterfell who tells the Stark children stories from beyond the Wall . She is the great - grandmother of Hodor . Margaret John died before the filming of Season 2 and the writers decided that Old Nan died between seasons instead of recasting the role . Jon Umber ( season 1 ) portrayed by Clive Mantle . Clive Mantle Called `` the Greatjon '' , Lord Umber is the Lord of Last Hearth and a Bannerman of the North . In Season 1 he joins Robb Stark in the war and is the first one calling him The King in the North . In Season 3 , the North loses the war after the death of King Robb , but his youngest brother Rickon heads to the seat of House Umber to seek refuge . In between the third and sixth seasons , Rickon and Osha arrive at Last Hearth , but at some point , Greatjon dies under unknown circumstances and his lands pass to his son , Smalljon Umber , who betrays Rickon and Osha to Ramsay Snow . House Targaryen ( edit ) Grey Worm ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Jacob Anderson . Jacob Anderson A captain of the Unsullied , a group of eunuch slave soldiers . His name is pronounced `` Torgo Nudho '' in Valyrian and was chosen by his Astapor slave masters , who choose new names for the Unsullied which are designed to humiliate them and make them think they are not human . Despite this , Grey Worm chose to keep his current name because it was his name on the day Daenerys freed the Unsullied , so he considers it to be a lucky name . He is loyal to Daenerys and does n't like those who insult her . He develops feelings for Missandei , which appear to be reciprocated , and has a friendly rivalry with Daario Naharis . He is gravely injured in Meereen in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , but ultimately survives . After Daenerys 's disappearance , Grey Worm partially recovers from his injuries and remains in Meereen to help Tyrion Lannister govern the city and maintain peace with the slave masters . When the slave masters go back on the deal and attack Meereen with ships , only to be countered by Daenerys 's dragons , Grey Worm kills Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , and later accompanies Daenerys and her retinue on their voyage to Westeros . From her stronghold on Dragonstone , Daenerys sends Grey Worm and his army to take Casterly Rock . The night before Grey Worm admits to Missandei that now he has her to love , he has begun to know what fear is . They make love . Grey Worm expects Casterly Rock to be hard to win and is surprised to find it barely manned : the capture is effected with ease . He then takes his army east and is outside King 's Landing when Daenerys and Cersei meet in the Dragonpit . Barristan Selmy ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ian McElhinney . Ian McElhinney Ser Barristan Selmy is the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard and a member of the Small Council . Known as `` Barristan the Bold , '' he is considered one of the most famous knights of the Seven Kingdoms . Ned has a tremendous respect for Barristan as he remained loyal to protect the Mad King , Aerys II . He sustained injuries at the Trident which prevented Selmy from taking place in the final battles of the war which ultimately lead to his survival and pardon . When Ned attempts to arrest Cersei and Joffrey , he informs Ser Barristan of Robert 's will and tells his men not to harm him . After Joffrey becomes King and has Ned arrested , Cersei and Joffrey force Ser Barristan into retirement despite the Kingsguard being meant to serve for life , and much to his anger , his position of Commander is to be given to Jaime . His honor insulted , Ser Barristan refuses their offer of a castle and servants in recognition of his service and leaves King 's Landing . Ser Barristan returns in season 3 where he offers his service to Daenerys as a member of her Queensguard to redeem himself for failing her family . He and Ser Jorah Mormont tend to conflict over what actions Daenerys should use with the former preferring honorable choices while the latter preferring pragmatic choices . Barristan later discovers that Jorah 's original purpose was to spy on Daenerys for Robert and Lord Varys , and informs Daenerys , fearing for her safety and leading her to exile Jorah from Meereen on threat of execution . When a resistance movement , the Sons of the Harpy , openly hostile to Daenerys 's conquest and politics , arise , Barristan advises the Queen to remain just with her enemies and tells of her own father 's crimes and cruel attitude which led to his downfall . He eventually sustains mortal injuries in a fight with a group of Sons of the Harpy alongside Grey Worm even though he managed to slay most of them with prowess . He is mourned by Daenerys as she considered him a loyal friend and his death causes her to retaliate on the Great Masters . Hizdahr zo Loraq ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Joel Fry . Joel Fry Hizdahr is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and a scion of the House of Loraq , an ancient and proud line of slavers . He claims to Daenerys Targaryen that his father , who Daenerys ordered crucified , was actually against the crucifixion of children , and requests permission to give his father a proper funeral , which she accepts . Daenerys later has Hizdahr sent to Yunkai along with Daario Naharis as her ambassador to persuade the wise masters there to submit to her rule . In season 5 , he returns with Daario claiming to have succeeded , although the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return , which she refuses , though she grants him a position on her Small Council . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm seriously injured in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , Daenerys agrees to reopen the pits and marry Hizdahr to bring about peace , though Daario insinuates that Hizdahr is working with the Sons of the Harpy . On the opening day of the Great Games , however , the Sons of the Harpy attack again and Hizdahr is killed , revealing that he was loyal to Daenerys the entire time . Mossador ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Reece Noi . Mossador is a former slave who joined the rebellion against the masters of Meereen . In season 5 , after the Sons of the Harpy rise and kill and Unsullied , Mossador advocates hunting them down and killing them without mercy , arguing that Meereen is not like Westeros and the only language the Meereenese understand is blood and violence . He is executed by Daario Naharis after murdering a captive Son without Daenerys 's consent . Kovarro ( season 2 ) portrayed by Steven Cole . Kovarro is a Dothraki Bloodrider sworn to Daenerys Targaryen . His character does not appear in the books because Kovarro is created for the TV series . He finds Qarth and leads Daenerys there , following the betrayal of Pyat Pree he goes into hiding alongside Jorah Mormont and Daenerys until Daenerys reclaims her dragons . The only thing that interests him in Qarth is stealing all the gold and jewels from Xaro Xoan Daxos . Doreah ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Roxanne McKee . Roxanne McKee Doreah is a slave bought in order to school Daenerys in the art of love . She was sold to a brothel when she was nine , by her mother . She is bought by Viserys Targaryen and is shown to pleasure him as he tells her stories about the dragons of Westeros . In Season 2 after arriving in Qarth , Doreah is convinced by Xaro Xoan Daxos that Daenerys would n't leave the city and she steals Daenerys dragons and becomes Xaro 's lover . After revealing the plans of Xaro , Daenerys locks him and Doreah alive in a vault . Irri ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Amrita Acharya . Irri is a slave , bought in order to school Daenerys in Dothraki riding . She 's in love with Rakharo and is deeply distressed by his death and the desecration of his corpse . She and Doreah are shown to be at odds , due to Irri valuing tradition and mythical beliefs of the Dothraki over Doreah 's foreign ideals . In Season 2 she is killed in Qarth during the stealing of the dragons . In a deleted scene it is shown she is strangled to death by Doreah . Rakharo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Elyes Gabel . Elyes Gabel Rakharo is a young Bloodrider , favored by , and sworn to Khal Drogo and later Daenerys Targaryen . Deep into the Red Waste while facing starvation Daenerys sends Rakharo , Aggo , and Kovarro to scout in three different directions , using the last remaining horses . Later Rakharo 's horse comes back with his head . It 's assumed that Rakharo is killed by some other Khal . Irri fears that without his head , Rakharo 's soul will become lost and will not find its way to the Night Lands . Rhaegar Targaryen ( Season 7 ) portrayed by Wilf Scolding . Prince Rhaegar Targaryen was the eldest son and heir of King Aerys II Targaryen , and was the Prince of Dragonstone . He was the elder brother of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen , and the husband of Elia Martell , a distant cousin with whom he had two children , Rhaenys and Aegon Targaryen . However , he annulled his marriage to Elia , and he secretly married Lyanna Stark with whom he has a child , Jon Snow . The parentage of Jon is kept a secret , and he is raised by Lyanna 's brother , Eddard Stark as his bastard to protect him from the enemies of House Targaryen . Rhaegar was the assumed instigator of Robert 's Rebellion after allegedly kidnapping Lyanna , Lord Robert Baratheon 's betrothed . House Tully ( edit ) Edmure Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tobias Menzies . Tobias Menzies Catelyn and Lysa 's younger brother and the Lord of Riverrun after their father Hoster dies during Season 3 . A brash but good - hearted man , Edmure is not a good tactician but a skilled politician . To restore the alliance with Walder Frey , and to make amends with Robb Stark for unwittingly curtailing his plan to draw Tywin Lannister into battle , Edmure is promised to one of Frey 's daughters , Roslin . Edmure and Roslin are wed and carried off for a `` bedding ceremony '' , after which the Freys slaughter the Stark family in the `` Red Wedding '' . He becomes a prisoner of the Freys after the death of his sister Catelyn and nephew Robb . When his uncle Brynden retakes Riverrun from the Freys , Edmure is used as a hostage to coerce Brynden into surrendering , but he refuses , while the Freys also refuse to kill Edmure . Jaime Lannister later meets with Edmure and falsely threatens his wife and baby child with death if he does not persuade Brynden to stand down . He is subsequently released and allowed into Riverrun , where he gives the order to surrender . The Lannisters and Freys retake the castle and Edmure is taken captive once more to ensure the Tullys ' loyalty . Brynden Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Clive Russell . Clive Russell Commonly known as `` The Blackfish '' , Ser Brynden is the uncle of Catelyn , Lysa , and Edmure , and a seasoned war veteran . He returns to Riverrun during season 3 before his older brother 's death to make amends . He serves as both an adviser and confidant for both his niece Catelyn and grandnephew King Robb Stark . At Edmure 's wedding to Roslin Frey at the Twins , Brynden excuses himself from the feast to `` find a tree to piss on '' , and by so doing narrowly escapes the ensuing Red Wedding massacre when the Freys and Boltons betray the Starks . Lord Frey is visibly untouched by the man 's absence , while Roose Bolton appears disturbed , aware that Brynden is capable of holding Riverrun ( which has been granted to Lord Frey as payment ) against the Iron Throne even with its technical lord , Edmure , in captivity . Brynden indeed retakes Riverrun from the Freys and holds it in Robb 's name , refusing to surrender even when Edmure 's life is threatened . The castle eventually falls when Edmure is allowed inside and gives the order to stand down . Brynden , however , refuses to surrender and chooses to fight to the death . He is later reported dead . Roslin Frey ( season 3 ) portrayed by Alexandra Dowling . Roslin Tully ( née Frey ) is Lord Walder Frey 's daughter and considered the most beautiful one . She was previously the intended bride for Robb Stark , who was unaware of her beauty and went on to marry Talisa Maegyr instead . She is married to Lord Edmure Tully as compensation at what becomes known as the Red Wedding . In the sixth season , it is mentioned that Roslin has given birth to Edmure 's child . House Tyrell ( edit ) Olenna Tyrell ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Diana Rigg . Diana Rigg Lady Olenna , better known as `` The Queen of Thorns '' , is the sharp - witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery . Considered Tywin Lannister 's female counterpart , Olenna is a matriarch and the real power behind House Tyrell . She has very progressive views where she feels women should be more involved in politics and is accepting of Loras ' homosexuality where the people of Reach have no problems with it . After learning the abuses Sansa suffered by Joffrey , Olenna figured out that Margaery could avoid the same fate by using Joffrey 's love of violence . Because she is fond of Sansa , and to prevent the other nobles from using her as heir of the North , Olenna secretly plots to have Sansa marry Loras . But her plan is foiled by Loras himself , who accidentally reveals it to Littlefinger 's spy . Tywin Lannister gets wind of the plot and stops it by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and , to secure the Reach , orders Cersei to marry Loras . Lady Olenna is at first against Loras marrying Cersei because she is too old and because of the scandal of her incestual affair with her twin brother , Jaime . Tywin threatens to make Loras join the celibate Kingsguard , which would make Joffrey and Margaery 's children the heirs of Reach , Olenna admits defeat and praises Tywin for getting the best of her . In season 4 , Olenna conspires with Petyr Baelish to have Joffrey poisoned , to protect Margaery from Joffrey 's beastly nature , and advises Margaery to become acquainted with her new match , Tommen Baratheon , Joffrey 's younger brother and heir . She returns to Highgarden shortly afterwards . When Loras is arrested by the recently reinstated Faith Militant for his homosexuality , Margaery writes to her grandmother who returns to the capital in order to protect her grandchildren from Cersei 's schemes . But , mistakenly believing Loras 's arrest was simply meant to humiliate House Tyrell , she helplessly assists to Olyvar 's testimony which incriminates her grandson , as well as to Margaery 's incarceration for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect her brother . She later confronts the High Sparrow without results and has a secret meeting with Littlefinger who , blackmailed by Olenna for his part in Joffrey 's death and in order to placate his role in her grandchildren 's imprisonment in providing Olyvar to Cersei , gives valuable information about Lancel and Cersei 's adulterous relationship . This results in the latter 's arrest by the Faith Militant . In the sixth season , Olenna takes steps to free Margaery from the High Sparrow and retake power from the Faith Militant , but the plan is thwarted when Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith and becomes the High Sparrow 's new puppet . Margaery feigns loyalty and manages to instruct Olenna to leave the city when the High Sparrow threatens her life . After hearing of the Great Sept of Baelor 's destruction , which killed Mace , Loras and Margaery , Olenna vows revenge . She accepts an invitation to Dorne by Ellaria Sand , who reveals that she has followed Theon Greyjoy in declaring for Daenerys Targaryen . Seeking vengeance against Cersei for her slain family , Olenna pledges the Tyrell forces to Daenerys as well . When the Lannisters , supported by the turncoat Tarly forces formerly loyal to the Tyrells , attack Highgarden , they win with ease . Jamie Lannister finds Olenna in her tower , ready to be taken cative or killed . Jamie tells Olenna that Cersei had dreamed up horrible deaths for her but that he had persuaded his sister to let him offer Olenna poison instead . After drinking the poison Olenna confesses proudly to Joffrey 's murder . Mace Tyrell ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Roger Ashton - Griffiths , Roger Ashton - Griffiths is the Lord of Highgarden , Defender of the Marches , High Marshal of the Reach , and Warden of the South , he is the buffoonish father of Loras and Margaery , and Lady Olenna 's son . Lady Olenna has a low opinion of Mace , whom she calls `` Lord Oaf '' . Originally Hand of the King to Renly Baratheon before the latter 's death during the War of the Five Kings , Mace agrees to a Lannister - Tyrell alliance as proposed by Petyr Baelish . He is named Master of Ships on Joffrey 's Small Council , and attends Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding . After Joffrey 's death , Mace serves as one of the judges at the trial of his accused murderer , Tyrion Lannister . He is later present at Tywin Lannister 's funeral and at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding , and , in spite of offering himself as Hand of the King to Tommen , he is instead named Master of Coin by Cersei who , in the aim of keeping him away from the capital while she schemes against his daughter , sends him to renegotiate the royal debt with the Iron Bank of Braavos . He later arrives in Braavos , and is unsuccessful in his attempt to win over Tycho Nestoris , who is unimpressed with his buffoonish ways . In the sixth season , he returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army to free Margaery from the Faith Militant alongside Jaime Lannister , but is foiled when Tommen forges an alliance with the High Sparrow . He is later killed in the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor after being horrified , but unable to protect his son as he was mutilated by the Faith Militant . Loras Tyrell ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Finn Jones . Finn Jones Ser Loras Tyrell , known as the `` Knight of Flowers , '' is a highly skilled knight and jouster . Known across Westeros for his beauty , he is Renly Baratheon 's former squire and secretly his lover . He is widely known throughout Westeros for defeating Jaime Lannister in a jousting match . In Season 1 , he charms Sansa Stark before his jousting match with Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane , but even though he wins , Clegane attacks him in a blind rage and he is only saved by Clegane 's brother , Sandor , who Loras names as the champion in gratitude . In private , while shaving Renly , Loras makes it clear that he disapproves of both Joffrey and Stannis as Robert 's closest heirs , and tells Renly that he would make a great king . In Season 2 when Renly makes his claim for the Iron Throne , Loras and the rest of House Tyrell back his claim and cement their support by marrying Loras 's sister Margaery to Renly . Loras and Renly remain inseparable even after Renly 's wedding . After Renly 's assassination , Loras goes berserk and vows vengeance against Stannis , but secretly blames himself for having pushed Renly to make his claim even though he was lawfully behind Stannis . When the Tyrells join the Lannister cause against Stannis , Loras fights wearing Renly 's armor in honour of the fallen king at the Battle of the Blackwater . During season 3 , his family plots to have him marry Sansa for Sansa and his family 's benefit . However , he accidentally reveals this plot to his new lover and squire , Olyvar , who is actually a spy for Lord Baelish . Tywin stops the Tyrell plot by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and engages Loras to his daughter Cersei . In season 4 , at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , Loras exchanges banter with Jaime , who warns Loras that if he marries Cersei , she will likely kill him in his sleep , and that he will never marry her . Loras counters that Jaime will not marry Cersei either , implying that he knows of his incestuous relationship with Cersei . He is later present at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , though he is apparently unaware that his grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , is the true killer . In season 5 , he attends Tywin 's funeral and offers his condolences to Cersei . He continues his sexual relationship with Olyvar , flirtatiously suggesting that they should move to Dorne , where homosexuality is more tolerated , and expresses doubt that to Margaery that he is still obliged to marry Cersei with Tywin gone . He is later present at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding and , during a training session , is suddenly arrested for his homosexuality by the recently reinstated Faith Militant . He denies all of the Faith 's allegations against him , including his affair with Renly , during an inquest presided by the High Sparrow , but eventually loses his temper when Olyvar testifies against him , citing his birthmark `` in the shape of Dorne '' he has on his thigh as proof . This prompts the Faith to incarcerate both him and his sister , the latter for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect him , and to open formal trials for them . In the sixth season , after being tortured for almost a year , Loras admits to his `` crimes '' on the day of his trial and joins the Faith Militant in order to survive and a seven - pointed star is carved on his forehead . Though he is accepted into their ranks , he is killed when the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed by wildfire on Cersei 's orders . Randyll Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed James Faulkner , is the Lord of Horn Hill and the head of House Tarly , a vassal family of House Tyrell of Highgarden . Randyll is the father of Samwell Tarly , and one of the greatest soldiers in Westeros . He has a humorless martinet , is severe and intimidating . He demands martial discipline in the field and in his home . He forces Sam to join the Night 's Watch on threat of death . In the sixth season , he is not pleased when Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and his supposed son with her , and enraged when he realizes Gilly is a wildling . Despite his hatred for the wildlings , Randyll agrees to let Gilly work in the kitchens and raise the baby as a bastard of House Tarly , on the condition that Sam never again set foot in Horn Hill when he leaves for Oldtown . Sam ultimately takes Gilly and the baby with him , and takes House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . In the seventh season Jamie Lannister persuades Lord Randyll to side with the Lannisters against the Tyrells . This goes well initially as the Tarlys help capture Highgarden , but when Daenerys ambushes the Tarly and Lannister forces they are soundly defeated . Daenerys demands that the Tarlys and their few surviving soldiers , now captives , bend the knee . Randyll refuses and is executed by dragonfire . Melessa Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Samantha Spiro . Lady Melessa of House Florent is the wife Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill and mother of Samwell Tarly of the Night 's Watch . She is a sweet , plump , and adoring mother , and has a soft spot for Samwell . When Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on the way to Oldtown , she greets him warmly , and becomes infuriated when Randyll insults Sam and Gilly during dinner . Talla Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Lady Talla is a kind , friendly and unpretentious woman , and is the sister of Samwell Tarly . She greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on his way to Oldtown . Dickon Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Freddie Stroma in season 6 , and by Tom Hopper in season 7 . Tom Hopper Dickon is athletic , a good hunter , an excellent swordsman , manly , not particularly bright but the favorite child of his father , Lord Randyll . He is the younger brother of Samwell Tarly , but was pronounced heir when Samwell was sent to the Night 's Watch . He greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on their way to Oldtown , but his dismissal of Sam 's claims that he killed a White Walker is what leads Randyll to realize Gilly is a wildling . Dickon acquits himself well enough in his first real battle , but his second - against Daenerys , her Dothraki and her dragon - ends in defeat . Captured , he is urged by his father to bend the knee to Daenerys and save himself , but instead he stands with his father in refusing . He is executed by dragonfire . People of Essos ( edit ) Tycho Nestoris ( season 4 -- 5 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Mark Gatiss . Mark Gatiss Tycho Nestoris is a representative of the Iron Bank of Braavos . He initially refuses to loan Stannis Baratheon money to help him hire mercenaries , but Davos Seaworth changes his mind . In season 5 , Tycho greets Mace Tyrell , who has been sent to renegotiate the royal debt . In season 7 he arrives in King 's Landing to collect the debt , expecting to be met with a default . He is impressed when Cersei , newly enriched by the captured Tyrell treasury , pays the debt in full and he agrees to Cersei 's request for further funding . Izembaro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Richard E. Grant . Richard E. Grant Izembaro is the manager of a Braavosi troupe of actors , in which he also acts . He portrays King Robert Baratheon and Lord Tywin Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . He is outwardly dismissive to his actors , and witnesses Arya Stark foil an assassination attempt on one of his actresses , Lady Crane . He subsequently kicks Bianca , the actress who ordered Crane 's death , out of the troupe . Lady Crane ( season 6 ) portrayed by Essie Davis . Lady Crane is the leading actress in Izembaro 's Braavosi theater troupe . She portrays Queen Cersei Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . She becomes a target of the Faceless Men on the request of her jealous co-star , Bianca . She is almost killed by Arya Stark , who poisons her rum but briefly speaks with her , realizing she is an innocent women who is a mere victim of someone else 's selfishness , and thwarts the assassination , warning her about Bianca . Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and has her expelled from the troupe . Shortly after , she finds Arya severely wounded as retribution for the assassination and cares for her , but is herself killed by the Waif , who was sent to kill Arya . The Waif ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Faye Marsay . Faye Marsay The Waif is a sadistic young woman who lives in the House of Black and White , a temple to the Many - faced God , in Braavos . She participates in Arya 's training but repeatedly deems her unfit to become a Faceless Man ( assassin ) . After Arya is struck blind for her unsanctioned killing of Ser Meryn Trant , the Waif repeatedly beats and abuses Arya , though Arya learns how to fight without her eyesight and her vision is soon returned to her . When Arya refuses to kill an innocent target , Lady Crane , the Waif is sent to kill her . Though she stabs Arya multiple times , Arya survives . The Waif then kills Lady Crane and pursues the wounded Arya all over Braavos before cornering her in her hideout . Arya , however , extinguishes the room 's only candle and manages to kill the Waif in the ensuing fight . Arya rips her face off and adds it to the Hall of Faces . Yezzan zo Qaggaz ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Enzo Cilenti . Enzo Cilenti Yezzan zo Qaggaz is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Great Masters , the former ruling elite of the city . He buys Jorah Mormont and Tyrion Lannister after they are captured by Malko and takes them to a fighting pit to train as gladiators , though he loses both Tyrion and Jorah when they are accepted into Daenerys Targaryen 's inner circle . He , along with Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , negotiates with Tyrion in Daenerys 's absence and they reach an accord to end slavery throughout seven years in exchange for ordering the Sons of the Harpy to stand down , but they go back on their word and order a naval assault on Meereen . When Daenerys 's dragons defeat the slaver fleet , Yezzan is betrayed by Razdal and Belicho and handed over to be killed by Grey Worm , who kills the other two instead . Tyrion instructs Yezzan to warn his friends about angering Daenerys further . Razdal mo Eraz ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by George Georgiou , is a slave - trader from the city of Yunkai , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Wise Masters , the ruling elite of the city . He attempts to parley with Daenerys for her to leave Yunkai , but she refuses and takes the city . Later , he helps fund the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys 's rule over Slaver 's Bay and breaks a peace treaty with Tyrion Lannister . He is killed by Grey Worm when the slavers ' attack on Meereen is thwarted . Belicho Paenymion ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eddie Jackson , is a prominent noble of the Free City of Volantis , and a member of the `` Old Blood '' , descendants of the original Valyrian settlers of the city . Like most of the Volantene nobility , Belicho is involved in the slave trade and funds the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys . After breaking a peace pact with Tyrion Lannister , his throat is slit by Grey Worm when their attack on Meereen fails . Kinvara ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ania Bukstein , is the High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis , one of the high - ranking leaders in the religion of R'hllor , the Lord of Light . Tyrion Lannister and Varys enlist her help in acquiring the common peoples ' support for Daenerys , whom she believes to be the Prince that Was Promised , destined to defeat the Night King . Vala ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Meena Rayann , is a prostitute in Meereen who is secretly in league with the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against Daenerys Targaryen . Her actions cause the death of several Unsullied and Ser Barristan Selmy . She is later captured by Varys and forced reveal who are funding the Sons of the Harpy on pain of death and her son becoming an orphan . She cooperates and is sent to Pentos with her son to live peacefully . Camello ( season 6 ) portrayed by Kevin Eldon . Kevin Eldon Camello is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Eddard Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bobono ( season 6 ) portrayed by Leigh Gill , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Tyrion Lannister in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bianca ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eline Powell , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . She portrays Sansa Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Though she is far less skilled than the lead actress , Lady Crane , she is consumed by jealousy and desires to replace her . She contracts the Faceless Men to have her assassinated , but the assassin , Arya Stark , instead warns Lady Crane about Bianca 's intentions . Lady Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and Izembaro kicks her out of the troupe . Clarenzo ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rob Callender , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Joffrey Baratheon in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Khal Moro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Joe Naufahu . A Dothraki Khal . His khalasar finds Daenerys after she flees Meereen on Drogon 's back . Out of respect for Khal Drogo , Moro takes Daenerys to the Temple of the Dosh Khaleen to live the rest of her life with the widows of former Khals . When Daenerys refuses to submit , Moro and the other Khals threaten her with being raped and killed . Daenerys responds by burning the temple down with the Khals inside and taking over the entire khalasar . High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen ( season 6 ) portrayed by Souad Faress . The high priestess is the leader of the dosh khaleen , the widows of former Khals . Ornella ( season 6 ) portrayed by Hannah John - Kamen , is a young member of the Dosh khaleen who befriends Daenerys Targaryen . Kraznys mo Nakloz ( season 3 ) portrayed by Dan Hildebrand . A wealthy slaver from the Ghiscari city of Astapor . Sexist and rude , he repeatedly insults to Daenerys in Valyrian , not realizing she speaks the language . He agrees to sell Daenerys 8,000 slave - soldiers called the Unsullied in exchange for one of her dragons , throwing in his translator , Missandei , as a bonus . Daenerys reveals she speaks Valyrian and orders her new army to kill the Astapori slavers . Kraznys is killed by Drogon . Quaithe ( season 2 ) portrayed by Laura Pradelska . Quaithe of the Shadow is an enigmatic priestess of Asshai whom Daenerys meets in Qarth , where she warns Daenerys about the local warlocks . Xaro Xhoan Daxos ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nonso Anozie . Nonso Anozie A rich merchant `` prince '' of Qarth who vouches for Daenerys when she and her then - starving entourage wish to enter the city . He claims extremely humble background , having worked his way to wealth from nothing . He repeatedly asks Daenerys to marry him , but she refuses . Xaro eventually betrays Daenerys , allowing the warlocks to kidnap her dragons and kill several of her people , and crowns himself `` King of Qarth '' as part of a plan to render the city less isolationist . After Daenerys rescues her dragons and returns , she locks him alive in his own vault , finding it to have been empty the whole time . Pyat Pree ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ian Hanmore . Ian Hanmore Pyat Pree is a warlock from the city of Qarth . He tries to lure Daenerys to the House of the Undying , the warlocks ' lair , by stealing her dragons but Daenerys defeats him , rescues her dragons and escapes . The Spice King ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nicholas Blane , is the leader of the Ancient Guild of Spicers , one of the merchant groups vying in Qarth . In the Song of Ice and Fire novels there is no character specifically called ' the Spice King ' . However , there is an ' Ancient Guild of Spicers ' in the city of Qarth . The Spice King is one of many powerful Qarthites whom Daenerys asks for ships and funding to mount a campaign in Westeros , but he is rude to Daenerys in a polite way by pointing out that without an army , she can not regain the Iron Throne . He is killed by the warlock Pyat Pree as part of his coup with Xaro Xoan Daxos . Illyrio Mopatis ( season 1 ) portrayed by Roger Allam . Roger Allam Illyrio Mopatis is a wealthy magister of the free city of Pentos . Illiyrio hosts the Targaryens after their escape from Westeros . He arranges Daenerys ' marriage to Khal Drogo and conspires with Lord Varys for the returning of the Targaryens to power . In season 5 , Varys and Tyrion Lannister take shelter in his mansion when they flee Westeros after the murder of Tywin Lannister . Mirri Maz Duur ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mia Soteriou . Mirri Maz Duur was a `` Maegi '' , or witch - woman , held captive by Khal Drogo 's horde . Before her capture , she had been a godswife ( priestess ) in the Temple of the Great Shepherd . When Drogo and his men attack her town and take her prisoner , Daenerys gives Mirri and the other victims protection from further attacks . When Khal Drogo is wounded in a fight , Daenerys asks for Mirri 's help to cure it , but Mirri betrays her in revenge for the attack on her village , leaving Drogo in a permanent vegetative state and causing the then - pregnant Daenerys to miscarry her son Rhaego . In revenge , Daenerys has Mirri burned to death on Drogo 's funeral pyre . Qotho ( season 1 ) portrayed by Dar Salim . Qotho is a fierce and hot - tempered bloodrider under Khal Drogo . After Drogo 's incapacitation , some of the bloodriders try to stop Daenerys from taking him to the witch Mirri Maz Duur . Qotho kills Quaro in the ensuing fight and is in turn killed by Ser Jorah Mormont . People of Westeros ( edit ) Podrick Payne ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Daniel Portman , Daniel Portman is a young squire assigned to Tyrion Lannister . In Season 2 , he fights alongside Tyrion at the Battle of the Blackwater and saves him from an assassination by Ser Mandon Moore . In Season 4 , Podrick is anonymously offered a knighthood in exchange for testifying against Tyrion at his trial for the murder of King Joffrey , but he does not accept or reject the offer -- Tyrion orders Podrick to leave King 's Landing before he is killed . Tyrion makes his brother , Jaime , assure Podrick 's safety , who assigns him to serve Brienne of Tarth . Podrick initially appears to be incompetent but slowly wins Brienne 's trust . Podrick and Brienne eventually find Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane near the Vale . A brawl ensues between Brienne and Sandor , and Podrick loses sight of Arya , much to Brienne 's annoyance . Podrick and Brienne then search for Sansa , finding her with Petyr Baelish and some Vale knights in an inn . A fight ensues , and Podrick is only barely rescued by Brienne . They decide to follow Sansa and Baelish north . During their journey , Brienne slowly opens up to Podrick , and offers to teach him how to use a sword and defend himself . Brienne and Podrick reach the North and take shelter in a nearby inn , sending Sansa a message to signal for help should she need it . Podrick later alerts Brienne when Stannis arrives with his army to retake Winterfell . Podrick and Brienne later save Sansa and Theon Greyjoy from pursuing Bolton soldiers and Podrick manages to slay one with his newfound skills . He and Brienne escort Sansa to find Jon Snow at Castle Black . Sansa sends Brienne and Podrick to the Riverlands to seek the aid of Brynden Tully , where Podrick briefly reunites with Bronn . When Riverrun falls to the Freys , Brynden apparently sacrifices himself to allow Brienne and Podrick to escape in a boat . Though they are seen by Jaime Lannister , he lets them go . At the parley in the Dragonpit , Pod meets Bronn and at Bronn 's suggestion they go for a drink . Beric Dondarrion ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by David Scott in season 1 and by Richard Dormer from season 3 onwards . Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion is also known as the Lord of Blackhaven and `` The Lightning Lord '' . In season one , Eddard Stark sends him to arrest Gregor Clegane for terrorizing the Riverlands . After Ned 's arrest , he becomes the leader of an outlaw group known as the `` Brotherhood without Banners '' . In season three , it is revealed that Beric has been killed many times but has been resurrected by his friend Thoros of Myr , a red priest . Because of this miracle , Beric and the rest of the Brotherhood convert to the worship of Thoros 's god , whom they call the Lord of Light . Beric and the Brotherhood harry the Lannister army , focusing on protecting commoners . They find Arya , Gendry , and Hot Pie and offer them shelter , and at the same time capture Sandor Clegane , who had deserted from the Lannister army during the Battle of the Blackwater . Clegane is sentenced to trial by combat , and Beric is his opponent . Despite setting his sword ablaze , Beric is slain by Clegane , but is resurrected by Thoros , and allows Clegane to go free . Beric later confides to Arya that it is the sixth time he has been revived from death , though he has slowly been losing his memories each time . He later meets Melisandre when she comes to fetch Gendry . Beric gives him away in return for gold , which prompts Arya to run away . Years later , the Brotherhood encounters Clegane again , after hanging three of their rogue members , and convince him to join their cause , since they are heading North in order to aid Jon Snow against the coming White Walker army . Trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros of Myr ( season 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Paul Kaye , Paul Kaye is a red priest who follows the same religion as Melisandre . He later joins the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' . Thoros was a famous warrior who fought during the Greyjoy rebellion where he wielded a flaming sword in battle . Thoros was initially sent to Westeros as a missionary , to convince King Robert Baratheon to convert to the worship of the Lord of Light , but he became absorbed in the hedonism of Robert 's court , which led him to lose his faith and become a drunkard . Thoros ' faith was renewed during the War of Five Kings when he was able to resurrect his friend Beric using what he believed to be a mundane funeral rite . Since then , Thoros has stayed beside Beric , resurrecting him several more times , though at the cost of some of his memories each time . In the sixth season , he and Beric persuade Sandor Clegane to join their cause , since they are heading North to aid Jon Snow against the White Walkers . In the seventh season , trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros is mauled by an undead polar bear and takes fatal wounds . Hot Pie ( season 1 -- 4 , 7 ) portrayed by Ben Hawkey , is a baker 's boy from King 's Landing recruited by Yoren to join the Watch . He is shown to be a friend of Lommy and together they try to bully Arya , but , instead she beats him . Hot Pie and Arya survive the attack on Yoren 's band by Ser Amory Lorch , along with Gendry and Lommy Greenhands . They are later captured by soldiers of Ser Gregor Clegane , who kill Lommy . Like Arya , Hot Pie is made a servant at Harrenhal , in the kitchens . He escapes Harrenhal with Arya and Gendry and head to Riverrun . On the way , they are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , Hot Pie decides to stay at a local Inn to become a cook . In season 4 , Hot Pie meets Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne on their journey to find Sansa Stark and tells them that Arya is likely still alive . Then when Arya passes through in season 7 he is able to give her the news that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell . Septa Unella ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Hannah Waddingham , Hannah Waddingham Unella is a Septa of the Faith of the Seven and a devoted follower of the High Sparrow . She throws Cersei into a cell beneath the Sept of Baelor and repeatedly commands her to confess her sins . When Cersei finally does , Unella and some septas wash Cersei and cut off most of her hair . During Cersei 's walk of atonement , Unella walks behind her , repeatedly ringing a bell and calling out `` Shame ! '' to the crowd . She continues to abuse Margaery until an alliance is made between the Crown and the Faith , and follows Margaery around wherever she goes . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , Unella is captured by Cersei 's forces before the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed , taking the High Sparrow with it , and kept prisoner to be tortured by Gregor Clegane on Cersei 's orders as revenge for the needless abuse Unella once inflicted on her . Lem Lemoncloak ( season 6 ) portrayed by Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson , is a member of the Brotherhood without Banners . He leads an attack on Septon Ray 's small community , without Beric Dondarrion 's consent . He is subsequently sentenced to death , and is hanged by Sandor Clegane , the only survivor of the attack . Brother Ray ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ian McShane , Ian McShane is a former mercenary who now serves the Faith of the Seven . He tries to build a new community in the Riverlands and saves Sandor Clegane from death following his brutal fight with Brienne of Tarth . He and the rest of the community , however , are killed by rogue members of the Brotherhood Without Banners , and Ray is hanged from the unfinished sept , which drives Sandor to seek revenge , as Ray was his friend . Olyvar ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Will Tudor , Will Tudor is a spy , sex worker , and brothel manager in the employ of Petyr Baelish . In season 3 , he poses as Loras Tyrell 's squire and has a one - night stand with him at Baelish 's request in order to learn the Tyrells ' true motivations for coming to King 's Landing . In season 4 , he becomes a lover of Oberyn Martell . In season 5 , he continues his affair with Loras . His life is put in danger when the Faith Militant are re-established and they target the city 's homosexuals . He escapes due to being fully clothed during the attack and goes into hiding , but he is approached by Cersei and offered immunity from prosecution if he testifies against Loras at his Holy Inquest . Olyvar does so , implicating both Loras and Margaery in the process . Anguy ( season 3 ) portrayed by Philip McGinley , is a commoner from the Dornish Marches , a member of the Brotherhood Without Banners . He is called `` The Archer '' . Rorge ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Beckwith , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Rorge is taken from the Black Cells by Yoren to join the Night 's Watch , which is customary for criminals . He , with the other criminals Jaqen H'Ghar and Biter , is kept caged in a cart for their journey north in order to keep from harming the other recruits . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Arya saves the three men by giving them an axe so that they can break out of their cage , which has been set on fire . The three join the Lannister soldiers for a time . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Biter ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Gerard Jordan , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Biter is a frightening man who hisses instead of speaking , and his teeth have been filed to points . Like Jaqen H'Ghar and Rorge , Biter collected by Yoren for the Night 's Watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Biter and his companions find themselves trapped in the wagon in the middle of a fire , but Arya Stark , throws an axe into the wagon so that they can break free and save themselves . They manage to escape and are later taken into Ser Amory 's service , eventually arriving at Harrenhal . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Ros ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Esmé Bianco , Esmé Bianco is a red - haired sex worker . The Ros of the television adaptation is an amalgam of more than one character from the books , including the unnamed redheaded northern prostitute and Alayaya . She initially lives in a brothel outside the gates of Winterfell , where she is a favorite of Theon Greyjoy , though she has attracted the attention of several others such as Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow . Later in the season , Ros moves to King 's Landing and is given employment in a brothel owned by Littlefinger . At the start of season 2 , Ros has been promoted , managing the brothel and interviewing new employees . She is later abused by King Joffrey and savagely beaten by Cersei 's men who mistake her for Tyrion 's lover . She later enters an alliance with Varys . Her primary function in season 1 appeared to be one of sexposition , as the backstories and motives of Theon , Littlefinger and Pycelle are all revealed during sexual encounters involving her . In season 2 , she is used mostly as a familiar face for the audience in several key events . Midway through season 3 she is shot dead by King Joffrey after Littlefinger discovers that she has been spying for Varys . Lommy Greenhands ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Eros Vlahos , Eros Vlahos was a dyer 's apprentice before being caught stealing and sent with Yoren to join the watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Lommy is one of the survivors , though he is injured in the leg , slowing down Arya and the other escapees . They are later captured by soldiers under the command of Ser Gregor Clegane . Polliver kills Lommy when he learns that he can not walk . When the soldiers ask where Gendry is , Arya tells them that Lommy was Gendry , saving the real Gendry 's life . Syrio Forel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Miltos Yerolemou , Miltos Yerolemou is known as the former First Sword of the Sealord of Braavos , is hired by Lord Eddard to train Arya Stark at `` Water Dancing '' , the Braavosi style of sword fighting . Syrio trained Arya using wooden swords filled with lead . He also mentored her on how to move and think like a warrior : to be perceptive , move with grace , and command her fear . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Cersei Lannister sends men to capture Arya . Syrio orders Arya to run while he holds them off with only a wooden practice sword . He defeats five guardsmen but can not bring down the armored Meryn Trant , who cuts his practice sword in half . Arya escapes . The fate of Syrio after that is unknown . Royal court and officials ( edit ) Qyburn ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Anton Lesser , Anton Lesser is an ex-maester who was found by Robb Stark at Harrenhal . He becomes a servant of Roose Bolton . Qyburn lost his title as a maester when he was caught performing human experiments on live patients . Qyburn justifies his actions for the sake of medical knowledge . He tends to Jaime after the latter loses his right hand and travels with him to King 's Landing in the hope of having his title restored . In season 4 , Qyburn cures Jaime of infection , allowing the skin to heal fully and has a solid gold hand forged for him , earning him Cersei 's respect and gratitude . Cersei later enlists his help in curing Gregor Clegane of a deadly poison inflicted on him by Oberyn Martell in the trial by combat . Qyburn warns that his help may `` change '' Clegane , but when Cersei asks if it will make him weaker , he enthusiastically implies the opposite . After Tywin 's death and Varys 's treason and escape , Cersei appoints him the new Master of Whispers , much to Grand Maester Pycelle 's disapproval . When the Queen mother is imprisoned by the Faith Militant , he is the only one to visit her and informs her of her uncle Kevan 's appointment as the new Hand of the King . When Cersei returns to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement , Qyburn warmly greets her and presents her the newest member of the Kingsguard , an undead version of Ser Gregor , the results of his experiments . He sways most of Varys 's little birds to his service and learns of the caches of wildfire that the Mad King had stored underneath King 's Landing . After Cersei removes all of her enemies by destroying the Great Sept of Baelor with everyone inside and later crowning herself Queen , she names Qyburn as her Hand . At the parley in the Dragonpit , while everyone else is terrified by the wight and horrified when it continues to fight after being cut in half , Qyburn is instead fascinated , picking up the dismembered wight 's hand and inspecting it as it twitches . Grand Maester Pycelle ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Julian Glover , Julian Glover is a Grand Maester of the Seven Kingdoms , is an advisor and member of the Small Council . He had served the previous three kings as Grand Maester before Robert 's reign . Pycelle is later revealed to be a spy for the Lannisters , Cersei specifically , and he who informed her of Jon Arryn 's investigation of her affair with Jaime . To prevent himself from being undermined , Tyrion has Pycelle arrested and sent to the dungeons , but Cersei frees and Tywin Lannister reinstates him . A deleted scene from season 3 shows that Tywin is not fooled by Pycelle 's frail old man guise . In season 4 , Pycelle makes false accusations at Tyrion 's trial , claiming that Tyrion had stolen poisons from his office to murder Joffrey . Later on , when he proves unable to save the poisoned Gregor Clegane and openly doubts Qyburn 's abilities , Cersei orders him to leave , giving his position to Qyburn . He later attends Tywin 's funeral and proposes himself as the next Hand of the King Cersei ignores him and appoints Qyburn as the new Master of Whispers . When Cersei is incarcerated by the Faith Militant , Pycelle summons uncle Kevan from Casterly Rock and gives Kevan him the position of Hand of the King . He is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement . He continues to be dismissive towards both Cersei and Jaime , acknowledging that Cersei no longer holds any power . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , he is lured to Qyburn 's laboratory by the little birds and stabbed to death , orchestrated by Cersei and Qyburn . Meryn Trant ( season 1 - 5 ) portrayed by Ian Beattie , Ian Beattie Ser Meryn Trant is an obedient member of the Kingsguard . He seems perfectly willing to do whatever Joffrey commands , no matter how vile the order . In Season 1 , as Eddard Stark is being arrested , he is ordered by Cersei to bring her Arya Stark . Arya 's fencing instructor , Syrio Forel , defends Arya from Ser Meryn and is presumably killed . Meryn is present at Tyrion 's trial for Joffrey 's murder , where he recounts some veiled threats Tyrion had made against Joffrey in season 2 , while conveniently omitting that he and Joffrey had been beating Sansa Stark at the time . In season 5 , he attends Tywin Lannister 's funeral , accompanying Cersei . He is later appointed by the latter to travel as a bodyguard to Mace Tyrell to his meeting with the managers of the Iron Bank of Braavos . In Braavos , he attends a brothel and asks for underage girls . He is ambushed there and killed by Arya . The High Septon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Paul Bentley , is the head the Faith of the Seven , the dominant organized religion of southern Westeros . This septon becomes High Septon in season three after the death of his predecessor by the hands of the rioting mob in King 's Landing . He was the officiant at the wedding ceremony of Tyrion Lannister and Sansa Stark and later at the wedding ceremony of King Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell . The High Septon also prepares the body of King Joffrey for his funeral and leads the coronation ceremony of King Tommen Baratheon . He is later present at Tywin 's funeral . He is attacked and humiliated by the Sparrows after being found in a brothel . When he tries to make the Small Council help him get revenge against them , Cersei decides to remove him from his position and has him arrested , giving the position to the High Sparrow . Dontos Hollard ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Tony Way , Ser Dontos Hollard is a knight serving at the court of King 's Landing . He shows up drunk at a tourney for Joffrey 's birthday , so the young king threatens to execute him . Sansa saves his life by suggesting he be made a jester instead . In season 4 , Dontos gives Sansa what he says is his mother 's necklace as a gift and helps smuggle her out of King 's Landing after Joffrey is killed , apparently by Tyrion . Dontos takes her to one of Stannis Baratheon 's ships in Blackwater Bay , to Petyr Baelish . Rather than pay Dontos the promised gold , however , Baelish has his men kill Dontos for fear that he will be bribed into talking , and reveals that the whole time , Dontos was working for him , and leaves the necklace , which contained the poison used to kill Joffrey , with his corpse to implicate Tyrion . Hallyne ( season 2 ) portrayed by Roy Dotrice , Roy Dotrice is the chief `` Wisdom '' of the Order of Pyromancers in King 's Landing . Pyromancers , whose magical skill is questioned by Bronn and Tyrion , are primarily used to produce wildfire , a very dangerous , highly combustible chemical weapon . Tyrion uses his help for the Battle of Blackwater . Ilyn Payne ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Wilko Johnson , Wilko Johnson Ser Ilyn , also called `` The King 's Justice , '' is the mute royal executioner . He lost his tongue for speaking ill of Aerys II during the Mad King 's reign . He carries out Joffrey 's order to execute Eddard Stark and is temporarily given the Stark family sword , Ice . Night 's Watch ( edit ) Eddison Tollett ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Ben Crompton , is a steward of the Night 's Watch , known to all as `` Dolorous Edd '' for his dour face and outlook . Despite his continual gloom and doom he is well - liked by the other Brothers in Black , and is one of few Night 's Watchmen to have few if any enemies among his brothers . He is part of the expeditionary force beyond the Wall . In Season 3 he is one of the few remaining survivors from the battle at the Fist of the First men and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont . In season 4 , he and Grenn manage to return to Castle Black , but they join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and is seen dragging Locke 's corpse back to Craster 's Keep with the other slain Night 's Watch brothers . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Eddison remains atop the Wall on Jon 's orders to stop the wildlings from breaching the gate . He sends down flaming oil barrels and ultimately delivers the blow that sends the wildlings retreating by swinging a huge scythe across the Wall , causing the ice to break and sending many falling to their deaths . He lives through the battle and personally burns Grenn 's body at the funeral . In season 5 , he witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution , supports Jon in becoming the new Lord Commander , and drags Janos Slynt into the courtyard when Jon sentences him to die . He begrudgingly agrees to Jon 's proposal to rescue the wildlings from Hardhome before the White Walkers can reach them . He accompanies Jon and the Night 's Watch to Hardhome and is one of the few who escape the massacre alive . Following Jon 's death in a mutiny , he is one of Jon 's loyalists who find his body and barricade themselves inside his quarters , refusing to acknowledge Thorne 's leadership . Davos Seaworth sends him to fetch Tormund and the wildlings for help , and he succeeds just in time , ordering the mutineers locked up . He witnesses Jon 's resurrection by Melisandre , and the mutineers ' execution . Jon relinquishes his command to Edd , naming him the new acting Lord Commander . When Jon leaves Castle Black to retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , Edd shares a good - natured farewell with him . Benjen Stark ( season 1 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Joseph Mawle , is First Ranger of the Night 's Watch . He is the younger brother of Lord Eddard Stark of Winterfell . Early in the series , he leads a group of Rangers beyond the wall to investigate increased wildling activity , but does not return and his fate is unknown . In the close of season 5 , Alliser appears to Jon to deliver word of Benjen 's whereabouts , though this seems to be a mere trick , used to lure Jon to an assassination . Benjen returns in the sixth season to save Bran Stark and Meera Reed from a pack of wights , and reveals that he was stabbed by a White Walker , but then stabbed by a Child of the Forest to stop him turning into a White Walker , a process which left him undead and unable to pass through the Wall . He later takes Bran and Meera back to the Wall and bids them farewell . When Jon Snow is stranded north of the Wall , half - frozen and under attack by wights , Benjen rides in and puts Jon on his horse . Before he is killed he holds off the wights for long enough that Jon can escape . Alliser Thorne ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Owen Teale , Owen Teale is a drill instructor at Castle Black . He fought for Aerys II during Robert 's Rebellion and was sent to the Wall as punishment . He is a bitter , cruel , fanatical and hardened man but knows firsthand what it is like to serve in the Night 's Watch during the winter . The previous winter , he was caught north of the Wall on a ranging mission and he and the other members of his party were forced to eat the rangers who died in order to survive . Thorne returns in Season 4 , now the acting Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch following the death of Jeor Mormont , and becomes friends with Janos Slynt . He advocates Jon 's execution for his actions in season 3 , but Jon is exonerated by Maester Aemon . Thorne later notices that the people like Jon better than him , and will most likely elect Jon as the new Lord Commander , which would make him Thorne 's superior . To avoid this , Thorne , on Slynt 's suggestion , allows Jon to lead a mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers in the hopes that Jon will be killed in battle , though Jon survives . Out of spite , Thorne refuses Jon 's proposal to seal off Castle Black to stop the wildlings from breaching . When the wildling army arrives , Alliser grudgingly admits to Jon that he should have listened to him , but valiantly leads his men into battle . Alliser personally duels Tormund Giantsbane , but is wounded . He is last seen being taken inside Castle Black for treatment while yelling for his men to continue fighting . In season 5 , he has been healed but walks with a limp . He appears to be the leading contender for being voted the new official Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Though he ultimately loses to Jon Snow by one vote in a three - way race , he is named First Ranger by Jon , which he appears to appreciate . When Jon sentences Slynt to execution for insubordination , Thorne briefly blocks Eddison Tollett 's way , but quickly abandons Slynt to his fate . After Jon 's return from Hardhome , he eventually opens the gate for the incoming wildling refugees , showing deep resentment for the new Lord Commander 's ambition to forge an alliance with the wildling tribes . After Davos ' return to the Wall , Alliser dispatches Olly with word of Benjen Stark 's current state ; the ploy is soon uncovered as a mutiny , wherein a disarmed Jon is trapped and stabbed to death . Alliser delivers the first blow , under the call `` For the Watch ! '' and leaves the Lord Commander dying in the snow . Thorne assumes command once again , but only until Edd brings back the wildlings to save Jon 's loyalists from death . Thorne is arrested for his treachery , and after Jon is resurrected , he is hanged for treason . Olly ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brenock O'Connor , Brenock O'Connor Ois a young boy who lived with his mother and father in a village in the Gift , the land given to the Night 's Watch to support themselves . Their village is attacked by a group of wildlings . His father is killed by Ygritte and his mother by Styr . Styr tells Olly that he is going to eat his dead parents and orders him to tell the men of the Night 's Watch at Castle Black in an attempt to draw them out into the open . He then releases Olly , who reaches Castle Black and informs the men of the approaching wildlings , in the process befriending Jon Snow . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Olly shoots and kills Ygritte from behind in revenge for his father . In season 5 , Jon takes Olly as an apprentice , mirroring his own father - son relationship with Jeor Mormont . When Jon is named the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Olly is named Jon 's personal steward . He is unhappy with Jon 's efforts to help the wildlings and participates in Jon 's assassination , stabbing Jon through the heart . When Jon 's loyalists and the wildlings rebel , Olly is arrested along with the mutineers , and after Jon 's resurrection , he is executed by hanging . Othell Yarwyck ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brian Fortune , is First Builder of the Night 's Watch . He is based at Castle Black and is tasked with organizing the builders in maintaining the Wall and the castles belonging to the Watch . He is one of the five black brothers who sit in judgment of Jon Snow for his actions during his time with the wildlings . Later , when Jon proposes that they barricade the gates to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering , Alliser Thorne coerces Yarwyck into disagreeing . Yarwyck survives the battle against the wildlings . In season 5 , Jon sends him to rebuild a castle called Greyguard , but the order is annulled when Janos Slynt is executed . He staunchly opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall before the White Walkers reach them and later participates in the mutiny against Jon , being the second to stab him . After Jon is resurrected , Yarwyck and the mutineers are hanged for their treason . Bowen Marsh ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael Condron , is First Steward of the Night 's Watch , one of the few authority figures left at Castle Black . He opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall to escape the White Walkers , and later takes part in the mutiny against Jon , being the third to stab him . When Jon is revived by Melisandre , he is executed by hanging . Maester Aemon ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Peter Vaughan , Aemon Targaryen is the blind old Maester of the Night 's Watch . He is the great - uncle of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen . By the time of Robert 's Rebellion , he was too old to travel alone and already blind , because of that and of his oaths , he remained at the Wall while all the members of his family , even his great grand - nephews and nieces , were killed by Lannister bannermen . He carries the anger of that incident with him into the events of Game of Thrones . In Season 1 , he names Samwell Tarly his personal steward because of his intellect and love for reading and tries to convince Jon Snow not to desert the Night 's Watch after he hears of his father 's arrest and his brother 's campaign to save him . At the end of Season 3 , when Sam and Gilly return after the mutiny at Craster 's Keep , he sends all the ravens of the Nights Watch with messages to all the kings and lords of Westeros asking for help defending the Wall . In season 4 , he is present at Jon Snow 's trial . Aemon immediately ascertains that Jon is telling the truth and has him exonerated , claiming that he learned how to detect liars merely by growing up in King 's Landing . Moments before the attack on Castle Black , Aemon speaks with Samwell Tarly about his feelings for Gilly . After the battle , he delivers a eulogy for the fallen before they are burned . In season 5 , Aemon oversees the selection of a new Lord Commander . When Jon Snow and Alliser Thorne tie , Aemon breaks the tie by voting for Jon . He later falls ill , and Jon entrusts his care to Sam , who informs him on his great - niece 's exploits in Slaver 's Bay . Aemon later dies of natural causes after Jon 's departure to Hardhome , spending his last moments with Gilly and Sam , the latter delivering a eulogy at his funeral pyre . Janos Slynt ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Dominic Carter , was the Commander of the King 's Landing city watch . He was bribed by Littlefinger to conspire against Eddard Stark . He later follows Joffrey 's orders to murder all of Robert 's illegitimate children . Due to his untrustworthiness and brutality , Tyrion has Janos exiled to the Night 's Watch . In season 4 , he is shown to be at odds with Jon Snow and suggests that Alliser Thorne get rid of him before he can be elected as the new Lord Commander . During the wildling attack on Castle Black , Janos hides in the food storage closet . In season 5 , Slynt appears to support Thorne as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . When Jon is ultimately elected as the new Lord Commander , Janos refuses to obey Jon 's orders and insults him . Jon responds by sentencing Janos to death . Janos ultimately breaks down , realising that Jon is not bluffing , and begs for mercy . Jon at first seems to relent , but ultimately delivers the blow , beheading Slynt . Grenn ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Mark Stanley , is a brave but not very bright brother of the Night 's Watch who joins at the same time as Jon . He was abandoned by his father when he was a child and had to steal to survive . In Season 1 , he is initially at odds with Jon Snow , especially after Jon breaks his nose during a training session . Grenn , Pypar and Rast ambush Jon in a shed and threaten to harm him until Tyrion appears and tells them to back off , while advising Jon to sympathise with the other brothers . Jon makes amends by helping to train the others and becomes friends with Grenn . In Season 2 , Grenn is part of Lord Commander Joer Mormont 's ranging mission . Once they reach the Fist of the First Men , he is ordered to find firewood with Eddison Tollet and Samwell Tarly . In the process , they find a hidden stash of dragonglass ( obsidian ) daggers . When the White Walkers and wights approach , Grenn and Edd make a run for it , accidentally leaving Sam behind . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of the battle at the Fist of the First men . On the way back to the Wall , Grenn makes amends with Sam by helping him walk along with Edd and Rast , and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont , tackling Karl Tanner in the process , but he is subdued and chained up . In season 4 , he and Edd manage to escape from the keep and make it back to Castle Black , but they later join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and expresses shock at the sight of Locke 's badly snapped neck , wondering aloud what killed him . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Grenn is ordered by Jon to take five men and hold the castle gates . A giant breaks his way in , and Grenn and the others manage to kill it at the cost of their own lives . His body is later burned by Edd at the funeral . Pypar ( season 1 , 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Josef Altin , Josef Altin is a brother of the Night 's Watch , informally called `` Pyp '' . He joins at the same time as Jon . Initially , he said that his crime was stealing a wheel of cheese to feed his starving sister . Later , he admits to Jon and Sam that he were merely accused of stealing after refusing the sexual advances of his former lord . In the first season , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills from the other brothers , but he becomes friends with him when Jon , on Tyrion Lannister 's advice , helps to train the other brothers . He is later assigned to the stewards . In season 4 , Pyp participates in the battle against the wildlings at Castle Black with both a sword and a crossbow . He manages to kill one wildling with a crossbow but is himself shot through the neck and killed seconds later by Ygritte and dies in Sam 's arms . His body is later burned at the funeral . Karl Tanner ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Burn Gorman , Burn Gorman was a steward of the Night 's Watch . In season 3 , Karl survives the Battle at the Fist of the First Men and accompanies the survivors back to the Wall , stopping by Craster 's Keep along the way , where he eyes Craster 's daughters . As tensions between Craster and the brothers of the Watch run higher , particularly after they accuse Craster of starving a fellow ranger to death , Karl challenges Craster and later provokes him into attacking , but he stabs Craster through the mouth and inadvertently triggers a mutiny against Lord Commander Mormont . He is tackled by Grenn , but he subdues him and orders him chained up . In season 4 , Karl is still at Craster 's Keep , lording over it and raping Craster 's daughter - wives . His men eventually catch Bran Stark , Jojen and Meera Reed and Hodor on their quest to find the three - eyed raven and hold them hostage when he learns Bran 's identity . Karl later tries to rape Meera , but he is stopped when Jon Snow leads a band of Night 's Watch brothers to kill the mutineers . Karl fights Jon alone inside Craster 's hut and almost kills him by fighting dirty , but he is stabbed in the back by one of Craster 's wives . Karl moves in to kill her , but Jon stabs him through the mouth from behind . Rast ( season 1 , 3 - 4 ) portrayed by Luke McEwan , was a trainee to the Night 's Watch with a particularly mean spirit . He was arrested for rape and chose the Wall as his punishment . In Season 1 , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills while training , and later threatens him in the armoury with Grenn and Pyp , but he backs off when Tyrion Lannister threatens him . Though Jon later trains him and the other recruits , he does not come to respect Jon and expresses jealousy when Jon is given the sword Longclaw by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont . He takes every opportunity he can to bully Samwell Tarly and only stops when Jon , Grenn and Pyp threaten him . In season 2 , he is part of Mormont 's expedition North of the Wall to find Benjen Stark , and fights in the Battle at the Fist of the First Men . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of that battle and is shown to be visibly upset and angry at the loss of his comrades , taking it out on Sam until Mormont intervenes . They manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep , but Rast grows increasingly angry and resentful of Craster for mistreating them and the others , particularly when a fellow ranger dies of starvation , which Rast attributes to Craster 's stinginess . Rast and Karl Tanner stand up to Craster , resulting in a mutiny in which Karl kills Craster and Rast stabs Mormont in the back for threatening Karl with execution . He and the rest of the mutineers remain at the Keep with Craster 's daughter - wives , although Sam manages to escape , to Rast 's fury . In season 4 , he is visibly uncomfortable with the abuse the mutineers are putting Craster 's daughters through , and is himself being abused by Karl , who spitefully orders Rast to feed Jon 's direwolf , Ghost , who they have caged outside the Keep . When the mutineers capture Bran Stark and his party , Rast recognises Bran as Jon 's brother and taunts Hodor by stabbing him in the leg . Rast later flees from the Keep when Jon leads a band of brothers to kill the mutineers , but he is mauled to death by Ghost , whom Bran had freed . Yoren ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Francis Magee , is a recruiter for the Night 's Watch . He travels to King 's Landing , where he witnesses Eddard Stark 's execution . Discovering Arya Stark in the crowd , Yoren prevents her from seeing her father 's beheading and disguises her as a boy to hide her among his Night 's Watch recruits and transport her to Winterfell . In the caravan bound for the Wall , Lannister bannerman Ser Amory Lorch demands Yoren hand over a recruit named Gendry . When Yoren refuses , a battle ensues , and Yoren and his men are killed . When he is struck by an arrow he speaks his last words , `` I 've always hated crossbows . Take too long to re-load . '' Before he succumbs to his wound , Yoren kills the man who shot him . Qhorin Halfhand ( season 2 ) portrayed by Simon Armstrong , is an experienced ranger of the Night 's Watch and second - in - command at the Shadow Tower . He is called Halfhand because he lost all the fingers on his right hand except his thumb and forefinger to a wildling axe . Because of this , he was forced to train himself how to fight left - handed . When Qhorin met up with Lord Commander Mormont at the Fist of the First Men , he advised sending three scouting parties into the mountains to determine what Mance had been looking for there , leading one party , including Jon Snow , personally . After becoming separated from Jon , Qhorin searches for him and is captured and his men are killed . While tied up , he discreetly orders Jon to infiltrate the wildlings as a double agent . Later , he sacrifices himself by provoking Jon into a fight , so Jon can gain the wildlings ' trust by killing him . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Richard Brake Night King ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Brake in seasons 4 and 5 , and Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik from season 6 , the Night King is the first of and leader of the White Walkers . He converts Craster 's baby sons into White Walkers for his army , and later leads an all - out assault on Hardhome , a wildling settlement . In the ensuing massacre , he witnesses Jon Snow slay one of his lieutenants . In the aftermath , the Night King revives all of the fallen as wights for his army , while sharing a long glance with Jon . The Night King first appeared in Oathkeeper but was not identified until Hardhome . In season 6 , it is revealed through a vision by Bran Stark that the Night King was once of the First Men , the first humans to migrate to Westeros . However , during their wars with the Children of the Forest , the man was kidnapped and forcibly converted into the first White Walker . The Children intended to use them as weapons against the First Men ; however , under the Night King 's leadership , the White Walkers have since gone rogue . The Night King later leads an assault at the cave of the three - eyed raven after breaking its magical seal , where he personally kills the three - eyed raven . In season 7 the Night King throws a spear of ice which kills Daenerys ' dragon Viserion . He touches the dragon and turns it into a wight . When his army reaches the Wall , he rides on Viserion 's back as the dragon 's blue fire destroys the Wall . Three - eyed Raven ( season 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Struan Rodger in season 4 , and Max von Sydow in season 6 , Max von Sydow the Three - eyed Raven is a figure that appears in Bran Stark 's dreams , following his fall and injury . In Bran 's dreams , the raven appears to be trying to lead him into the Stark family crypt , predicting his father 's death . In Season 3 he keeps appearing in Bran 's dreams and wants him to follow him . In season 4 , Bran finally finds him , in the form of a wise old man , who promises to help Bran learn to fly . In season 6 , he trains Bran in greensight and shows him visions of the past . When the Night King marks Bran during a vision gone wrong , he sacrifices himself to allow Bran and Meera to escape . He is slain by the Night King when he attacks with his army . Leaf ( portrayed by Octavia Alexandru in season 4 , and Kae Alexander in season 6 ) appears to rescue Bran , Meera and Hodor from the reanimated skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave and takes them to the three - eyed raven herself . When the Night King attacks with his army , she is killed in the ensuing battle . Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Whyte , Ian Whyte Wun Wun is a giant from Hardhome . He agrees to Jon 's offer to allow the wildlings pass through the Wall to escape the coming White Walkers , and escapes the ensuing massacre . Upon being alerted of Jon 's death , Wun Wun joins the wildlings in returning to Castle Black to overthrow Alliser Thorne . After Jon is revived from the dead , he pleads with the wildlings to help him retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , and Wun Wun is the first to agree . During the Battle of the Bastards , Wun Wun brings down a number of men and manages to breach the gates to Winterfell , but is shot with enough arrows and spears to bring him to his knees , and ultimately shot dead by Ramsay with an arrow to the eye . Dim Dalba ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Murray McArthur , Dim Dalba is an elderly warrior and raider and one of the prominent leaders in the Free Folk army gathered by Mance Rayder . Following the defeat of the wildling army in the Battle of Castle Black , he leads his followers to the relative safety of Hardhome . In season 6 , he pledges his army to fight for Jon Snow at the battle against the Boltons . Mance Rayder ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ciarán Hinds , Ciarán Hinds Mance Rayder is a former ranger of the Night 's Watch who became the `` King - Beyond - the - Wall '' and the new leader of the Wildlings . He was a wildling child who was raised by the Night 's Watch , becoming one of their best rangers but eventually joining the wildlings . Using the training and tactics he learned from the watch , Mance became the seventh King Beyond the Wall , uniting disparate clans by reminding them that the white walkers and other monsters would kill them all . Mance 's goal is to get his people to the safety of the other side of the wall before the White Walkers could reach it . He plans a two - pronged attack on Castle Black , sending Tormund and Jon across the wall with a small party and preparing an army on the other side . After the advance attack on Castle Black fails , Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt Mance down on pretence of parleying with him . Mance realises Jon 's true intentions and is about to kill him when he and his men are ambushed and defeated by Stannis Baratheon and his army . Mance and Stannis briefly exchange insults when Mance refuses to acknowledge him as the King . Mance is taken prisoner by Stannis . In season 5 , Stannis offers to show Mance mercy if he will bend the knee and pledge allegiance to him , but Mance still refuses , fearing that he will lose his people 's respect in the process . On Stannis 's orders , Mance is burned at the stake by Melisandre , although Jon shoots Mance to cut short his suffering . Lord of Bones ( season 2 -- 3 , 5 ) portrayed by Edward Dogliani in seasons 2 and 3 , and Ross O'Hennessy in season 5 ) , Ross O'Hennessy the Lord of Bones was more often than not referred to as `` Rattleshirt '' , a ruthless wildling leader who uses a giant 's skull as a helmet and the bones of his victims for armour . In Season 2 , he captures Jon Snow and in Season 3 delivers him to Mance . In Season 5 he is beaten to death by Tormud Giantsbane at Hardhome when he refuses to hear Tormund 's proposal for an alliance with the Night 's Watch . Styr ( season 4 ) portrayed by Yuri Kolokolnikov , Yuri Kolokolnikov Star was one of Mance Rayder 's lieutenants and the Magnar - `` Lord '' in the Old Tongue of the First Men -- of the Thenn people , a clan of cannibalistic wildlings . In the battle for Castle Black , he is killed by Jon Snow , who smashes his head in with a hammer . Craster ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Robert Pugh , is a wildling who has an uneasy friendship with the Night 's Watch . He is a short - tempered , incestuous polygamist who takes all his daughters as wives . Jon Snow wonders aloud why he has no sons , and it is later revealed that he sacrifices them to the White Walkers soon after birth . As their only ally beyond the Wall , Commander Mormont and the Nights Watch are forced to endure his insults and outrageous demands . Several members of the Night 's Watch finally lose their patience with Craster after returning defeated from a battle with the White Walkers when he insults their dead and refuses to share more of his supplies with the hungry rangers . He is killed by Karl , who , with his men proceeds , to raid Craster 's supplies and attack his wives and daughters . Orell ( season 3 ) portrayed by Mackenzie Crook , Mackenzie Crook is a wildling raider and warg , a human capable of entering the minds of animals . Orell does n't trust Jon , as he suspects that Jon is still loyal to the Night 's Watch ; he is also jealous of Jon 's relationship with Ygritte . Orell 's suspicions are confirmed when , during a raid at the North , Jon refuses to kill an innocent horse breeder . Orell claims that Jon always was a `` crow '' and a battle ensues . After a few moments of sword fighting , Jon shoves his sword into Orell 's chest and whispers `` You were right the whole time '' , before pulling it out and leaving Orell to die . Orell wargs into the mind of his eagle with his dying breath and attacks Jon , but Jon is able to fight him off . Animals ( edit ) Drogon ( season 1 -- present ) is the black one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is visibly the biggest and Daenerys 's favourite dragon . He is named after Khal Drogo , her late husband . Throughout seasons 2 and 3 , Drogon is loyal to Daenerys , but in season 4 , he roars in her face when she tries to stop him from harming the other dragons over food , which makes her realise that she may be losing control over her dragons . While in Meereen , Daenerys receives two complaints from the citizens of Slaver 's Bay about Drogon 's behaviour , one of them a shepherd whose flock of sheep Drogon torched , and the second a farmer whose three - year - old daughter Drogon killed . Though Drogon disappears before he can be captured , he saves Daenerys from an ambush in Daznak 's Pit and flies off with her on his back , though he is wounded by the Sons of the Harpy in the process . Rhaegal ( season 1 -- present ) is the green one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Rhaegar Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion ( season 1 -- present ) is the yellow one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Viserys Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion is killed with an ice spear during a battle with the White Walkers beyond the Wall , only to be turned into a wight himself by the Night King . With the Night King riding on his back , Viserion breathes blue fire at the Wall and it begins to disintegrate . Ghost ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) is Jon Snow 's direwolf . He is the albino runt of the litter of puppies , but nevertheless grows into a strong adult . He accompanies Jon to Castle Black . Following the Night 's Watch mutiny , he is imprisoned by Karl and Rast . He is later freed by Bran Stark and mauls Rast to death before re-joining Jon and the loyal Night 's Watch brothers . Though he is taken back to Castle Black , Alliser Thorne spitefully orders Jon to lock Ghost up . When the wildlings reach Castle Black , Jon orders Sam to free Ghost , and the direwolf subsequently helps the Night 's Watch by mauling several wildlings to death . He survives the battle . After Jon departs for Hardhome , Ghost remains at Castle Black and scares off two Night 's Watch bullies after they beat Sam and attempt to rape Gilly . After Jon is murdered Davos and the loyalists bring him to help protect Jon 's body . Once the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne are defeated and arrested thanks to the Wildlings he rests by Jon 's body . Later he is the first to witness Jon come back to life . Once Jon executes the mutineers and reunited with his sister Sansa Ghost leaves Castle Black with Jon . He does n't participate in the battle against the Boltons . After the Starks win he returns to Winterfell with Jon . Summer ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ) is Bran Stark 's direwolf . When an assassin attempts to kill the comatose Bran , Summer tears out his throat with his teeth , saving both Bran and his mother Catelyn . Summer and Shaggydog survive the sacking of Winterfell and join Bran , Rickon and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . When they stumble across Craster 's Keep , Bran mentally takes over Summer 's body to scout the area , but Summer falls into a trap and is imprisoned . He is later freed and continues the journey north with Bran . During the battle with the skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave , Summer mauls several and escapes with Bran into the caves . After the White Walkers and the Wights attack the tree , the group is forced to escape . Only Meera and Bran make it out alive as Hodor , Summer , The Children of The Forest and the Three - Eyed Raven are all slain by the undead while giving Bran time to escape . Shaggydog ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) is Rickon Stark 's direwolf . Following the sacking of Winterfell , Shaggydog and Summer join Rickon , Bran and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . Shaggydog accompanies Rickon and Osha to the Great Umber when the journey beyond the wall is deemed too dangerous for Rickon . However , after Greatjon dies , his son Smalljon decides to ally with the Boltons , and goes to Ramsay , to whom he gives Osha and Rickon as hostages , while presenting Shaggydog 's severed head as proof of Rickon 's identity . Nymeria ( season 1 , 7 ) is Arya Stark 's direwolf . On the way to King 's Landing , Joffrey attacks Arya in a play - fight taken too far . Nymeria bites Joffrey in the arm , and she and Arya run away . Knowing that Joffrey will lie to the court , Arya forces Nymeria to flee to prevent her from being killed . A very long time after , Arya reunites with her while in the Riverlands on her way back home to Winterfell , and she learns that she has since joined a pack of wild direwolves . She attempts to urge her to return with her . However , Nymeria refuses , likely due to how long she has been away from home , and remains with her new pack . Grey Wind ( season 1 -- 3 ) is Robb Stark 's direwolf . He accompanies Robb on his campaign against the Lannisters and often fights alongside him in the War of the Five Kings . When Robb is betrayed by Walder Frey and Roose Bolton , Grey Wind is shot dead with crossbows . He and Robb are later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn onto Robb 's corpse . Lady ( season 1 ) is Sansa Stark 's direwolf . After an incident on the Kingsroad when Nymeria bites Joffrey , Cersei first demands that Nymeria be killed and , when Nymeria can not be found , demands that a wolf be killed . Despite his objections , Ned Stark kills Lady personally , though he sends her body north instead of allowing Cersei to have her skin . See also ( edit ) Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire List of Game of Thrones episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Robin Arryn was named Robert Arryn . The character 's name has been changed to Robin so as to prevent confusion with Robert Baratheon . Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Yara Greyjoy was named Asha Greyjoy . The character 's name has been changed to Yara so as to prevent confusion with Osha . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` From HBO '' . Not a Blog . LiveJournal . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Glen confirms readthrough date '' . Youtube . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate In Season 8 '' . Jump up ^ `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann says he 's already training for Clegane Bowl '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley confirms return '' . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.refinery29.com/2017/08/170207/rory-mccann-hafpor-julius-bjornsson-the-hound-the-mountain-game-of-thrones-fight Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/game-of-thrones-season-8-filming-cast-belfast-northern-ireland-a8016546.html ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Winter is Coming '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' You Win Or You Die '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Valar Morghulis '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones reveals new cast members for Season 3 ! '' . io9.com . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 4 : Three Parts Confirmed ! '' . io9.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' Kristian Nairn Has 70 Different Ways of Saying ' Hodor ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There are 70 Ways to Say ' Hodor ' on GAME OF THRONES and Here They Are Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Spoilers : Wilf Scolding Is the Actor Who Plays Rhaegar Targaryen '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` Two More for S3 : Ramon Tikaram , Dan Hildebrand Join Cast '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Episodes : EP208 : The Prince of Winterfell '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones cast . Official website George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters&oldid=806891184 '' Categories : Game of Thrones A Song of Ice and Fire characters Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of fantasy television characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles that may be too long from April 2016 Pages with too many photos All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego ქართული Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 19 : 55 . 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2710239746753333913	Letter frequency	Letter frequency - wikipedia Letter frequency The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis , and frequency analysis in particular , dating back to the Iraqi mathematician Al - Kindi ( c. 801 -- 873 AD ) , who formally developed the method ( the ciphers breakable by this technique go back at least to the Caesar cipher invented by Julius Caesar , so this method could have been explored in classical times ) . California Job Case Letter frequency analysis gained additional importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD , where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform , as evidenced by the variations in letter compartment size in typographer 's type cases . Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification , where it 's particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic , syllablic , or ideographic . For example , the Japanese Hiragana syllabary contains 46 distinct characters , which is more than most phonetic alphabets ; by contrast , the English and Hawaiian alphabets have only 26 and 13 letters , respectively . No exact letter frequency distribution underlies a given language , since all writers write slightly differently . However , most languages have a characteristic distribution which is strongly apparent in longer texts . Even language changes as extreme as from old English to modern English ( regarded as mutually unintelligible ) show strong trends in related letter frequencies : over a small sample of Biblical passages , from most frequent to least frequent , enaid sorhm tgþlwu ( æ ) cfy ðbpxz of old English compares to eotha sinrd luymw fgcbp kvjqxz of modern English , with the most extreme differences concerning letterforms not shared . Linotype machines for the English language assumed the letter order , from most to least common , to be etaoin shrdlu cmfwyp vbgkjq xz based on the experience and custom of manual compositors . The equivalent for the French language was elaoin sdrétu cmfhyp vbgwqj xz . Modern International Morse code ( generally believed to have been developed by Alfred Vail based on English - language letter frequencies of the 1830s ) encodes the most frequent letters with the shortest symbols ; arranging the Morse alphabet into groups of letters that require equal amounts of time to transmit , and then sorting these groups in increasing order , yields e it san hurdm wgvlfbk opxcz jyq . Similar ideas are used in modern data - compression techniques such as Huffman coding . Letter frequency was used by other telegraph systems , such as the Murray Code . Contents 1 Introduction 2 Relative frequencies of letters in the English language 3 Relative frequencies of the first letters of a word in the English language 4 Relative frequencies of letters in other languages 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Introduction ( edit ) Letter frequencies , like word frequencies , tend to vary , both by writer and by subject . One can not write an essay about x-rays without using frequent Xs , and the essay will have an idiosyncratic letter frequency if the essay is about the frequent use of x-rays to treat zebras in Qatar . Different authors have habits which can be reflected in their use of letters . Hemingway 's writing style , for example , is visibly different from Faulkner 's . Letter , bigram , trigram , word frequencies , word length , and sentence length can be calculated for specific authors , and used to prove or disprove authorship of texts , even for authors whose styles are not so divergent . Accurate average letter frequencies can only be gleaned by analyzing a large amount of representative text . With the availability of modern computing and collections of large text corpora , such calculations are easily made . Examples can be drawn from a variety of sources ( press reporting , religious texts , scientific texts and general fiction ) and there are differences especially for general fiction with the position of ' h ' and ' i ' , with H becoming more common . Herbert S. Zim , in his classic introductory cryptography text `` Codes and Secret Writing '' , gives the English letter frequency sequence as `` ETAON RISHD LFCMU GYPWB VKJXQ Z '' , the most common letter pairs as `` TH HE AN RE ER IN ON AT ND ST ES EN OF TE ED OR TI HI AS TO '' , and the most common doubled letters as `` LL EE SS OO TT FF RR NN PP CC '' . Also , to note that different dialects of a language will also affect a letter 's frequency . For example , an author in the United States would produce something in which the letter ' z ' is more common than an author in the United Kingdom writing on the same topic : words like `` analyze '' , `` apologize '' , and `` recognize '' contain the letter in American English , whereas the same words are spelled `` analyse '' , `` apologise '' , and `` recognise '' in British English . This would highly affect the frequency of the letter ' z ' as it is a rarely used letter elsewhere in the English language . The `` top twelve '' letters constitute about 80 % of the total usage . The `` top eight '' letters constitute about 65 % of the total usage . Letter frequency as a function of rank can be fitted well by several rank functions , with the two - parameter Cocho / Beta rank function being the best . Another rank function with no adjustable free parameter also fits the letter frequency distribution reasonably well ( the same function has been used to fit the amino acid frequency in protein sequences . ) A spy using the VIC cipher or some other cipher based on a straddling checkerboard typically uses a mnemonic such as `` a sin to err '' ( dropping the second `` r '' ) or `` at one sir '' to remember the top eight characters . The use of letter frequencies and frequency analysis plays a fundamental role in cryptograms and several word puzzle games , including Hangman , Scrabble and the television game show Wheel of Fortune . One of the earliest descriptions in classical literature of applying the knowledge of English letter frequency to solving a cryptogram is found in E.A. Poe 's famous story The Gold - Bug , where the method is successfully applied to decipher a message instructing on the whereabouts of a treasure hidden by Captain Kidd . Letter frequencies had a strong effect on the design of some keyboard layouts . The most frequent letters are on the bottom row of the Blickensderfer typewriter , and the home row of the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard . Relative frequencies of letters in the English language ( edit ) There are three ways to count letter frequency that result in very different charts for common letters . The first method , used in the chart below , is to count letter frequency in root words of a dictionary . The second is to include all word variants when counting , such as `` abstracts '' , `` abstracted '' and `` abstracting '' and not just the root word of `` abstract '' . This system results in letters like `` s '' appearing much more frequently , such as when counting letters from lists of the most used English words on the Internet . A final variant is to count letters based on their frequency of use in actual texts , resulting in certain letter combinations like `` th '' becoming more common due to the frequent use of common words like `` the '' . Absolute usage frequency measures like this are used when creating keyboard layouts or letter frequencies in old fashioned printing presses . Relative frequencies of letters in text . Relative frequencies ordered by frequency . An analysis of entries in the Concise Oxford dictionary , ignoring frequency of word use , gives an order of `` EARIOTNSLCUDPMHGBFYWKVXZJQ '' . The letter - frequency table below is taken from Pavel Mička 's website , which cites Robert Lewand 's Cryptological Mathematics . Letter Relative frequency in the English language 8.167 % 8.167 1.492 % 1.492 2.782 % 2.782 d 4.253 % 4.253 12.702 % 12.702 f 2.228 % 2.228 g 2.015 % 2.015 h 6.094 % 6.094 i 6.966 % 6.966 j 0.153 % 0.153 k 0.772 % 0.772 l 4.025 % 4.025 m 2.406 % 2.406 n 6.749 % 6.749 o 7.507 % 7.507 p 1.929 % 1.929 q 0.095 % 0.095 r 5.987 % 5.987 s 6.327 % 6.327 9.056 % 9.056 u 2.758 % 2.758 0.978 % 0.978 w 2.360 % 2.36 x 0.150 % 0.15 y 1.974 % 1.974 z 0.074 % 0.074 According to Lewand , arranged from most to least common in appearance , the letters are : etaoinshrdlcumwfgypbvkjxqz Lewand 's ordering differs slightly from others , such as Cornell University Math Explorer 's Project , which produced a table after measuring 40,000 words . In English , the space is slightly more frequent than the top letter ( e ) and the non-alphabetic characters ( digits , punctuation , etc . ) collectively occupy the fourth position ( having already included the space ) between t and a . Relative frequencies of the first letters of a word in the English language ( edit ) The frequency of the first letters of words or names is helpful in pre-assigning space in physical files and indexes . Given 26 filing cabinet drawers , rather than a 1 : 1 assignment of one drawer to one letter of the alphabet , it is often useful to use a more equal - frequency - letter code by assigning several low - frequency letters to the same drawer ( often one drawer is labeled VWXYZ ) , and to split up the most - frequent initial letters -- S , A , and C - into several drawers ( often 6 drawers Aa - An , Ao - Az , Ca - Cj , Ck - Cz , Sa - Si , Sj - Sz ) . The same system is used in some multi-volume works such as some encyclopedias . Cutter numbers , another mapping of names to a more equal - frequency code , are used in some libraries . Both the overall letter distribution and the word - initial letter distribution approximately match the Zipf distribution and even more closely match the Yule distribution . Often the frequency distribution of the first digit in each datum is significantly different from the overall frequency of all the digits in a set of numeric data -- see Benford 's law for details . An analysis by Peter Norvig on Google Books data determined , among other things , the frequency of first letters of English words : Letter Relative frequency as the first letter of an English word 11.682 % 11.682 4.434 % 4.434 5.238 % 5.238 d 3.174 % 3.174 2.799 % 2.799 f 4.027 % 4.027 g 1.642 % 1.642 h 4.200 % 4.2 i 7.294 % 7.294 j 0.511 % 0.511 k 0.456 % 0.456 l 2.415 % 2.415 m 3.826 % 3.826 n 2.284 % 2.284 o 7.631 % 7.631 p 4.319 % 4.319 q 0.222 % 0.222 r 2.826 % 2.826 s 6.686 % 6.686 15.978 % 15.978 u 1.183 % 1.183 0.824 % 0.824 w 5.497 % 5.497 x 0.045 % 0.045 y 0.763 % 0.763 z 0.045 % 0.045 Relative frequencies of letters in other languages ( edit ) This article possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Letter English French German Spanish Portuguese Esperanto Italian Turkish Swedish Polish Dutch Danish Icelandic Finnish Czech 8.167 % 7.636 % 6.516 % 11.525 % 14.634 % 12.117 % 11.745 % 12.920 % 9.383 % 10.503 % 7.486 % 6.025 % 10.110 % 12.217 % 8.421 % 1.492 % 0.901 % 1.886 % 2.215 % 1.043 % 0.980 % 0.927 % 2.844 % 1.535 % 1.740 % 1.584 % 2.000 % 1.043 % 0.281 % 0.822 % 2.782 % 3.260 % 2.732 % 4.019 % 3.882 % 0.776 % 4.501 % 1.463 % 1.486 % 3.895 % 1.242 % 0.565 % 0 0.281 % 0.740 % d 4.253 % 3.669 % 5.076 % 5.010 % 4.992 % 3.044 % 3.736 % 5.206 % 4.702 % 3.725 % 5.933 % 5.858 % 1.575 % 1.043 % 3.475 % 12.702 % 14.715 % 16.396 % 12.181 % 12.570 % 8.995 % 11.792 % 9.912 % 10.149 % 7.352 % 18.91 % 15.453 % 6.418 % 7.968 % 7.562 % f 2.228 % 1.066 % 1.656 % 0.692 % 1.023 % 1.037 % 1.153 % 0.461 % 2.027 % 0.143 % 0.805 % 2.406 % 3.013 % 0.194 % 0.084 % g 2.015 % 0.866 % 3.009 % 1.768 % 1.303 % 1.171 % 1.644 % 1.253 % 2.862 % 1.731 % 3.403 % 4.077 % 4.241 % 0.392 % 0.092 % h 6.094 % 0.737 % 4.577 % 0.703 % 0.781 % 0.384 % 0.636 % 1.212 % 2.090 % 1.015 % 2.380 % 1.621 % 1.871 % 1.851 % 1.356 % i 6.966 % 7.529 % 6.550 % 6.247 % 6.186 % 10.012 % 10.143 % 9.600 % * 5.817 % 8.328 % 6.499 % 6.000 % 7.578 % 10.817 % 6.073 % j 0.153 % 0.613 % 0.268 % 0.493 % 0.397 % 3.501 % 0.011 % 0.034 % 0.614 % 1.836 % 1.46 % 0.730 % 1.144 % 2.042 % 1.433 % k 0.772 % 0.049 % 1.417 % 0.011 % 0.015 % 4.163 % 0.009 % 5.683 % 3.140 % 2.753 % 2.248 % 3.395 % 3.314 % 4.973 % 2.894 % l 4.025 % 5.456 % 3.437 % 4.967 % 2.779 % 6.104 % 6.510 % 5.922 % 5.275 % 2.564 % 3.568 % 5.229 % 4.532 % 5.761 % 3.802 % m 2.406 % 2.968 % 2.534 % 3.157 % 4.738 % 2.994 % 2.512 % 3.752 % 3.471 % 2.515 % 2.213 % 3.237 % 4.041 % 3.202 % 2.446 % n 6.749 % 7.095 % 9.776 % 6.712 % 4.446 % 7.955 % 6.883 % 7.987 % 8.542 % 6.237 % 10.032 % 7.240 % 7.711 % 8.826 % 6.468 % o 7.507 % 5.796 % 2.594 % 8.683 % 9.735 % 8.779 % 9.832 % 2.976 % 4.482 % 6.667 % 6.063 % 4.636 % 2.166 % 5.614 % 6.695 % p 1.929 % 2.521 % 0.670 % 2.510 % 2.523 % 2.755 % 3.056 % 0.886 % 1.839 % 2.445 % 1.57 % 1.756 % 0.789 % 1.842 % 1.906 % q 0.095 % 1.362 % 0.018 % 0.877 % 1.204 % 0 0.505 % 0 0.020 % 0 0.009 % 0.007 % 0 0.013 % 0.001 % r 5.987 % 6.693 % 7.003 % 6.871 % 6.530 % 5.914 % 6.367 % 7.722 % 8.431 % 5.243 % 6.411 % 8.956 % 8.581 % 2.872 % 4.799 % s 6.327 % 7.948 % 7.270 % 7.977 % 6.805 % 6.092 % 4.981 % 3.014 % 6.590 % 5.224 % 3.73 % 5.805 % 5.630 % 7.862 % 5.212 % 9.056 % 7.244 % 6.154 % 4.632 % 4.336 % 5.276 % 5.623 % 3.314 % 7.691 % 2.475 % 6.79 % 6.862 % 4.953 % 8.750 % 5.727 % u 2.758 % 6.311 % 4.166 % 2.927 % 3.639 % 3.183 % 3.011 % 3.235 % 1.919 % 2.062 % 1.99 % 1.979 % 4.562 % 5.008 % 2.160 % 0.978 % 1.838 % 0.846 % 1.138 % 1.575 % 1.904 % 2.097 % 0.959 % 2.415 % 0.012 % 2.85 % 2.332 % 2.437 % 2.250 % 5.344 % w 2.360 % 0.074 % 1.921 % 0.017 % 0.037 % 0 0.033 % 0 0.142 % 5.813 % 1.52 % 0.069 % 0 0.094 % 0.016 % x 0.150 % 0.427 % 0.034 % 0.215 % 0.253 % 0 0.003 % 0 0.159 % 0.004 % 0.036 % 0.028 % 0.046 % 0.031 % 0.027 % y 1.974 % 0.128 % 0.039 % 1.008 % 0.006 % 0 0.020 % 3.336 % 0.708 % 3.206 % 0.035 % 0.698 % 0.900 % 1.745 % 1.043 % z 0.074 % 0.326 % 1.134 % 0.467 % 0.470 % 0.494 % 1.181 % 1.500 % 0.070 % 4.852 % 1.39 % 0.034 % 0 0.051 % 1.503 % à 0 0.486 % 0 0 0.072 % 0 0.635 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 â 0 0.051 % 0 0 0.562 % 0 ~ 0 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 á 0 0 0 0.502 % 0.118 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.799 % 0 0.867 % å 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.338 % 0 0 1.190 % 0 0.003 % 0 ä 0 0 0.578 % 0 0 0 0 0 1.797 % 0 0 0 0 3.577 % 0 ã 0 0 0 0 0.733 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ą 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.699 % 0 0 0 0 0 æ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.872 % 0.867 % 0 0 œ 0 0.018 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ç 0 0.085 % 0 0 0.530 % 0 0 1.156 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ĉ 0 0 0 0 0 0.657 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ć 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.743 % 0 0 0 0 0 č 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.462 % ď 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.015 % ð 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.393 % 0 0 è 0 0.271 % 0 0 0 0 0.263 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 é 0 1.504 % 0 0.433 % 0.337 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.647 % 0 0.633 % ê 0 0.218 % 0 0 0.450 % 0 ~ 0 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ë 0 0.008 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ę 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.035 % 0 0 0 0 0 ě 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.222 % ĝ 0 0 0 0 0 0.691 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ğ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.125 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ĥ 0 0 0 0 0 0.022 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 î 0 0.045 % 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ì 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 0.030 % ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 í 0 0 0 0.725 % 0.132 % 0 0.030 % 0 0 0 0 0 1.570 % 0 1.643 % ï 0 0.005 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ı 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.114 % * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ĵ 0 0 0 0 0 0.055 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ł 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.109 % 0 0 0 0 0 ñ 0 0 0 0.311 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ń 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.362 % 0 0 0 0 0 ň 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.007 % ò 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ö 0 0 0.443 % 0 0 0 0 0.777 % 1.305 % 0 0 0 0.777 % 0.444 % 0 ô 0 0.023 % 0 0 0.635 % 0 ~ 0 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ó 0 0 0 0.827 % 0.296 % 0 ~ 0 % 0 0 1.141 % 0 0 0.994 % 0 0.024 % õ 0 0 0 0 0.040 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ø 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.939 % 0 0 0 ř 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.380 % ŝ 0 0 0 0 0 0.385 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ş 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.780 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ś 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.814 % 0 0 0 0 0 š 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.688 % ß 0 0 0.307 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ť 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.006 % þ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.455 % 0 0 ù 0 0.058 % 0 0 0 0 ( 0.166 % ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ú 0 0 0 0.168 % 0.207 % 0 0.166 % 0 0 0 0 0 0.613 % 0 0.045 % û 0 0.060 % 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ŭ 0 0 0 0 0 0.520 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ü 0 0 0.995 % 0.012 % 0.026 % 0 0 1.854 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ů 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.204 % ý 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.228 % 0 0.995 % ź 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.078 % 0 0 0 0 0 ż 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.706 % 0 0 0 0 0 ž 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.721 % * See Dotted and dotless I . The figure below illustrates the frequency distributions of the 26 most common Latin letters across some languages . All of these languages use a similar 25 + character alphabet . Based on these tables , the ' etaoin shrdlu ' - equivalent results for each language is as follows : French : ' esait nruol ' ; ( Indo - European : Romance ; traditionally , ' esartinulop ' is used , in part for its ease of pronunciation ) Spanish : ' eaosr nidlt ' ; ( Indo - European : Romance ) Portuguese : ' aeosr idmnt ' ( Indo - European : Romance ) Italian : ' eaion lrtsc ' ; ( Indo - European : Romance ) Esperanto : ' aieon lsrtk ' ( artificial language -- influenced by Indo - European languages , Romance , Germanic mostly ) German : ' enisr atdhu ' ; ( Indo - European : Germanic ) Swedish : ' eanrt sildo ' ; ( Indo - European : Germanic ) Turkish : ' aeinr lkdım ' ; ( Turkic ) Dutch : ' enati rodsl ' ; ( Indo - European : Germanic ) Polish : ' aieon wrszc ' ; ( Indo - European : Slavic ) Danish : ' ernta idslo ' ; ( Indo - European : Germanic ) Icelandic : ' arnie stulð ' ; ( Indo - European : Germanic ) Finnish : ' ainte slouk ' ; ( Uralic : Finnic ) Czech : ' aeoni tvsrl ' ; ( Indo - European : Slavic ) See also ( edit ) Corpus linguistics ETAOIN SHRDLU RSTLNE ( Wheel of Fortune ) Frequency analysis ( cryptanalysis ) Linotype machine Most common words in English Scrabble Arabic Letter Frequency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moreno , Marsha Lynn ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Frequency Analysis in Light of Language Innovation '' ( PDF ) . Math UCSD . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Zim , Herbert Spencer . ( 1961 ) . Codes & Secret Writing : Authorized Abridgement . Scholastic Book Services . OCLC 317853773 . Jump up ^ `` British and American spelling - Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries - English . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Li , Wentian ; Miramontes , Pedro ( 2011 ) . `` Fitting ranked English and Spanish letter frequency distribution in US and Mexican presidential speeches '' . Journal of Quantitative Linguistics. 18 ( 4 ) : 359 . arXiv : 1103.2950 . doi : 10.1080 / 09296174.2011. 608606 . Jump up ^ Gusein - Zade , S.M. ( 1988 ) . `` Frequency distribution of letters in the Russian language '' . Probl . Peredachi Inf. 24 ( 4 ) : 102 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Gamow , George ; Ycas , Martynas ( 1955 ) . `` Statistical correlation of protein and ribonucleic acid composition '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 41 ( 12 ) : 1011 -- 19 . Bibcode : 1955PNAS ... 41.1011 G . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 41.12. 1011 . PMC 528190 . PMID 16589789 . Jump up ^ Friedrich L. Bauer . `` Decrypted Secrets : Methods and Maxims of Cryptology '' . 2006 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Greg Goebel . `` The Rise Of Field Ciphers : straddling checkerboard ciphers '' 2009 . Jump up ^ Dirk Rijmenants . `` One - time Pad '' Jump up ^ Poe , Edgar Allan . `` The works of Edgar Allan Poe in five volumes '' . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ `` What is the frequency of the letters of the alphabet in English ? '' . Oxford Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Mička , Pavel . `` Letter frequency ( English ) '' . Algoritmy.net . Jump up ^ `` Frequency Table '' . cornell.edu . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Distributions of English Text '' . data-compression.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lee , E. Stewart . `` Essays about Computer Security '' ( PDF ) . University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Herbert Marvin Ohlman . `` Subject - Word Letter Frequencies with Applications to Superimposed Coding '' . ( 1 ) Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Hemlata Pande and H.S. Dhami . `` Mathematical Modelling of Occurrence of Letters and Word 's Initials in Texts of Hindi Language '' . Jump up ^ `` English Letter Frequency Counts : Mayzner Revisited or ETAOIN SRHLDCU '' . norvig.com . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CorpusDeThomasTempé '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Beutelspacher , Albrecht ( 2005 ) . Kryptologie ( 7 ed . ) . Wiesbaden : Vieweg . p. 10 . ISBN 3 - 8348 - 0014 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Fletcher ( 1942 ) . Secret and Urgent : the Story of Codes and Ciphers . Garden City , N.Y. : Blue Ribbon Books . pp. 254 -- 5 . OCLC 795065 . Jump up ^ `` Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` La Oftecoj de la Esperantaj Literoj '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ; Galli , Stefano ( 1999 ) . Codici e Segreti ( in Italian ) . Milano : Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 8 - 817 - 86213 - 4 . OCLC 535461359 . Jump up ^ Sefik Ilkin Serengil , Murat Akin . `` Attacking Turkish Texts Encrypted by Homophonic Cipher '' Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on Electronics , Hardware , Wireless and Optical Communications , pp. 123 - 126 , Cambridge , UK , February 20 -- 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Practical Cryptography '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wstęp do kryptologii , counting ( space ) 17.2 % , ( dot point ) 0.9 % , ( comma ) 0.9 % and ( semicolon ) 0.5 % ^ Jump up to : `` Letterfrequenties '' . Genootschap OnzeTaal . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Practical Cryptography '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Practical Cryptography '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Practical Cryptography '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Perec , Georges ; Alphabets ; Éditions Galilée , 1976 Notes Some useful tables for single letter , digram , trigram , tetragram , and pentagram frequencies based on 20,000 words that take into account word - length and letter - position combinations for words 3 to 7 letters in length . The references are as follows : Mayzner , M.S. ; Tresselt , M.E. ( 1965 ) . `` Tables of single - letter and digram frequency counts for various word - length and letter - position combinations '' . Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 1 ( 2 ) : 13 -- 32 . OCLC 639975358 . Mayzner , M.S. ; Tresselt , M.E. ; Wolin , B. < R. < ( 1965 ) . `` Tables of trigram frequency counts for various word - length and letter - position combinations '' . Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 1 ( 3 ) : 33 -- 78 . Mayzner , M.S. ; Tresselt , M.E. ; Woliin , B. < R , ... ( 1965 ) . `` Tables of tetragram frequency counts for various word - length and letter - position combinations '' . Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 1 ( 4 ) : 79 -- 143 . Mayzner , M.S. ; Tresselt , M.E. Wolin , B ,. < R. > ( 1965 ) . `` Tables of pentagram frequency counts for various word - length and letter - position combinations '' . Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 1 ( 5 ) : 144 -- 190 . External links ( edit ) A site with content of Cryptographical Mathematics by Robert Edward Lewand Some examples of letter frequency rankings in some common languages JavaScript Heatmap Visualization showing letter frequencies of texts on different keyboard layouts An updated version of Mayzner 's work using Google books Ngrams data set by Peter Norvig Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letter_frequency&oldid=846659511 '' Categories : Cryptography Linguistics terminology Quantitative linguistics Phonology Grammatology Frequency distribution Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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4205256540319588007	Pretty Little Liars (season 3)	Pretty Little Liars ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 3 ) Season 3 DVD cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Holly Marie Combs Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Chad Lowe Shay Mitchell Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Family Original release June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) -- March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The third season of Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , premiered on June 5 , 2012 on ABC Family and concluded on March 19 , 2013 . On November 29 , 2011 , ABC Family renewed the series for a third season , consisting of 24 episodes . Filming of the season began on April 2 , 2012 . On October 4 , 2012 , ABC Family renewed the series for a fourth season , consisting of 24 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest cast 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 4.1 Live + SD ratings 5 DVD release 6 References Overview ( edit ) This season of Pretty Little Liars takes place five months following the discovery that Mona Vanderwaal ( Janel Parrish ) was the elusive `` A '' that had been creatively and relentlessly tormenting the four main characters , Aria Montgomery ( Lucy Hale ) , Spencer Hastings ( Troian Bellisario ) , Hanna Marin ( Ashley Benson ) , and Emily Fields ( Shay Mitchell ) for the past year . The first half of the season addresses the issue of whether or not Garrett Reynolds ( Yani Gellman ) actually killed or was involved in the murder of the girls ' former friend and queen bee , Alison DiLaurentis ( Sasha Pieterse ) and who killed Maya St. Germain ( Bianca Lawson ) in the season two finale , while the second half deals with the reveal that Toby Cavanaugh is a member of the A-Team . While dealing with Maya 's death Emily finds comfort with Paige McCullers ( Lindsey Shaw ) and the two enter a relationship . The girls see the arrival of CeCe Drake ( Vanessa Ray ) to Rosewood , a sister like figure to Alison . Spencer discovering the information about Toby sends her on a dark path , until Mona fakes Toby 's death , which sends Spencer completely over the edge , leading to her being admitted to Radley . All this time , the girls continue to see Red Coat , a mysterious blonde in a red trench coat who is believed to be the leader of the A-Team . Mona visits Spencer at Radley and offers her the chance to join the A-Team , which Spencer , who wants answers on Toby , accepts . Spencer is released from Radley and comes home , but is unbeknownst to the girls , working with Mona / `` A '' to set up a party so that Red Coat can meet them all . As promised , Mona arranges Spencer a meeting with Toby , who is alive and well and reveals that he joined the A-Team to keep Spencer safe . Spencer and Toby then begin working on the inside to discover Red Coat 's identity at the party . Red Coat flies in on a plane and Spencer and Toby go into the woods to watch her , while the girls corner Mona , as someone locks them inside the Lodge and sets it on fire . Spencer loses Red Coat in the woods , as the Lodge burns down with the girls inside . Hanna , unconscious , wakes up briefly , as she is pulled out of the Lodge by Red Coat , whom she sees as Alison DiLaurentis . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Special guest cast ( edit ) Bianca Lawson as Maya St. Germain Missy Franklin as Herself Adam Lambert as Himself Recurring cast ( edit ) Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Bryce Johnson as Darren Wilden Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson Sterling Sulieman as Lyndon James / `` Nate St. Germain Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake Yani Gellman as Garrett Reynolds Guest cast ( edit ) Amanda Schull as Meredith Sorenson Gregg Sulkin as Wesley Fitzgerald Téo Briones as Malcolm Cutler Aeriél Miranda as Shana Fring Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Steve Talley as Zack Larisa Oleynik as Maggie Cutler Bernard Curry as Jamie Doyle Jim Titus as Officer Barry Maple Annabeth Gish as Anne Sullivan Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Brandon W. Jones as Andrew Campbell Reggie Austin as Eddie Lamb Andrew Elvis Miller as Miles Corwin Nolan North as Peter Hastings Jim Abele as Kenneth DiLaurentis Robbie Amell as Eric Kahn Flynn Morrison as Malcolm Alexander Nifong as Sam Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 48 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) 2.93 Five months after Mona revealed as ' A , ' the Liars are drinking at a slumber party , talking about their summer before they begin their senior year of high school . Emily , who is grieving Maya , drinks too much alcohol and goes missing . The girls find Emily at Alison 's grave holding a shovel , they find that Alison 's body is missing from the coffin and the girls then promise to keep this a secret . They dispose of all evidence connecting them to that night including all of Emily 's clothes . Hanna secretly begins visiting Mona at the Radley institute . The doctor encourages her visits , though the girls think she 's crazy when they find out . Spencer visits Garrett in jail , who asks for her mom to be his lawyer , in return for information about Alison 's body and implies ' A ' is not gone . The girls return to Mona 's lair to find it empty . As Spencer 's car alarm goes off outside , they rush out and all four girls receive a text from a new ' A ' and see photos taken of them when they were set up at Ali 's grave . 49 `` Blood is the New Black '' Norman Buckley Oliver Goldstick June 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 Emily struggles to complete a make - up test for English , but Ella completes it and gives her a good grade . Garrett tells Spencer someone has them all fooled , that medical records do n't lie . Hanna is still seeing Mona , who is still catatonic . Caleb confronts Hanna who tells him that she 's been visiting Mona and they go visiting her together . Mona asks Hanna if she is getting texts again but does n't answer to any further questions from Hanna . The Liars catch Jenna looking at the earring they planted in the girls ' bathroom at school . Jenna is not blind and they decide to keep quiet about this so that they can possibly use her secret against her later . ' A ' ending : Red Coat is seen buying black hoodies and gloves for her workers . The store owner says to Red Coat , `` So , are you buying this for a team ? '' 50 `` Kingdom of the Blind '' Chad Lowe Joseph Dougherty June 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 19 ) 2.44 Lucas starts acting out at school . Melissa is back in town . Veronica tells her daughters that she 's defending Garrett because she knows what it 's like to have a child accused of something they did n't do . Hanna visits Mona who appears happier and more alert . The Liars think Jenna is pressing Aria to find out how much Emily remembers from `` that night '' . Spencer is convinced Melissa is the reason her mother is defending Garrett . Hanna wonders if perhaps Ian is n't the father of Melissa 's baby , but Garrett is . Caleb visits Mona and reads her the riot act . Lucas tells Hanna that Mona may be faking her mental illness as a `` get out of jail free '' card . The Liars discover Melissa lied about the hospital and was also threatened by `` A . '' When the Liars confront Jenna , she tells them she 's been able to see from the first operation because `` it was the only protection I had . '' ' A ' ending : ' A ' pours themself a drink as they are making another necklace , and puts the vodka bottle in the freezer next to a bodybag . 51 `` Birds of a Feather '' Roger Kumble Story by : Michael J. Cinquemani Teleplay by : Jonell Lennon June 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) 2.36 Hanna is told by a nurse that Mona has lost her visitation privileges . Maya 's cousin Nate drops by to see Emily at work . Caleb tells Hanna about Mona 's screaming fit when he went to threaten her . Hanna tells Caleb to stay out of it . At Radley , Wilden shows Wren a court order saying he 's allowed to see Mona . Nate tells Emily that Maya told him Emily was her first real love . Wren tells Hanna that Wilden is asking Mona about Alison 's remains . Spencer decides to go to Philly and dig up more info about Melissa and her baby . Ashley gets a notice from her dating profile about a possible date . The Liars go to Melissa 's apartment to search for her medical records while Spencer distracts her . In a garment bag , they find what looks like a feather that matches the feather the girls got from the Black Swan dress . Caleb tells Hanna that his mother was in a car accident in Montecito which was before revealed in a text by `` A '' . Caleb breaks up with Hanna , tired of all her secrets . Ella tells Aria she knows about Byron seeing Meredith again , but is fine with it . Spencer confronts Melissa and she reveals that she was the Black Swan and that she lost the baby the day after she found Ian 's body . She wore the costume because she received instructions from `` A '' to do so or they would reveal her fake pregnancy . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is at the airport , hacking the system of Radley Sanitarium allowing Mona to have visitors . 52 5 `` That Girl Is Poison '' Chad Lowe Bryan M. Holdman July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) 2.38 Aria sees Lucas pounding on the door to get into a photography studio and the girls wonder if perhaps he took the photos at the graveyard . Spencer tells Emily that Garrett is being released to see his mother . Jenna , who has openly revealed she can see again , walks over and hands them invites for her birthday party . Emily 's boss is making her work Jenna 's birthday party , despite her being a guest . Ezra texts Aria that he 's been invited to Jenna 's party , prompting Spencer to question the purpose of Jenna 's party . Jenna starts flirting with Nate . Ashley meets a man named Ted at the rummage sale and they hit it off . When Hanna starts volunteering to help Ashley , she finds a piece of Emily clothes that she was wearing `` that night '' Spencer spies on Garrett at the hospital . Spencer sees Garrett writing a card for his mother 's flowers . A drunken Paige starts embarrassing herself , eventually falling over and hitting her head . Emily and Nate take Paige to the hospital . Paige comes out with a few stitches but does n't remember anything . A tox screen found traces of a sleeping pill in her system . Paige gives Emily back the flask . Emily realizes she was drugged ' that night . ' Spencer goes into Garrett mother 's room and reads the card with the flowers : April Rose has the proof . Aria finds the same pills used to drug Paige and Emily in Lucas ' camera bag . ' A ' ending : ' A ' goes through Maya 's purse , finding different things belonging to Maya . 53 6 `` The Remains of the ' A ' '' Norman Buckley Maya Goldsmith July 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) 2.27 Garrett 's case may be closed due to lack of evidence . Ted invites Hanna to a `` Thank You '' party for all the volunteers at the church . Jason tells Spencer he found April Rose - not a person , but an antique shop . Hanna and Toby arrive at the church party while Spencer and Jason arrive at the antique shop . Aria finds thousands of dollars in Ezra 's sock drawer while he 's in the bathroom . Spencer finds an anklet that belonged to Alison that had gone missing . Emily arrives at the party and sees Holden . Emily sees the same eye tattoo from her flashback on his wrist . Holden shows her that it is erasable and it is for some sort of club / party . Holden tells Emily that he used to see Maya there . Emily tells Hanna about her conversation with Holden . Spencer 's father tells her that an important evidence in the Garrett Reynolds case was turned in last night , and he knows she turned it in . It turns out the police have been looking for the anklet for two years . Traces of Alison 's blood was found on it , along with someone else 's blood . Then , Spencer receives the following text message : Hey Spence , I have one more surprise for you . Garrett is n't their killer . - A ' A ' ending : ' A ' looks at rooms for rent in the newspaper and calls a number . 54 7 `` Crazy '' Patrick Norris Andy Reaser July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 2.43 Detective Wilden is on the case . He thinks Hanna is guilty since her blood type matches the blood found on the anklet . Aria makes a trip to Radley to see if she can get Mona to crack about her possible co-conspirators . Shortly after Aria leaves , Hanna decides they should break back in to try to talk to Mona alone without a chaperone around . Mona leads them into the abandoned children 's wing of Radley where she hums to herself repeating the same thing over and over again . Hanna realizes later on that Mona was trying to tell them through a code that someone 's `` NOT SAFE '' , that `` MAYA KNEW '' , and the address to Maya 's website ( MAS Sugar ) which the girls did not know about . The girls meet a girl named CeCe who reminds them a lot of Ali . It turns out that CeCe and Alison were friends and she used to date Jason . Spencer sees Jason 's car crashed into a tree . She drives him home and leaves her car at the scene of the accident . When the cops knock at Spencer 's door , she and Toby lie to protect Jason , though Toby does not understand yet . When Spencer explains , Toby becomes frustrated and leaves . ' A ' ending : ' A ' picks up a recorder which was in one of the dolls , and it has recorded the conversation between Mona , Aria and Hanna . 55 8 `` Stolen Kisses '' Zetna Fuentes Joseph Dougherty July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) 2.22 Byron tells Aria that Meredith got the teaching job at Rosewood High . Emily and Nate go to the old boat House , Maya 's favorite spot in Rosewood . Toby is still angry with Spencer . Paige tells Emily that she was with her a part of the time when she was drunk on `` that night '' . Spencer is looking for help about getting into Maya 's site , and goes to Caleb . Meanwhile , Wren tells Hanna that Mona might be moved to a facility in Saratoga for added security because the hospital thinks she 's been passing her meds to a visitor . Hanna is forced to convince the board to let Mona stay in Rosewood . Spencer and Aria think that Veronica is trying to hide evidence that Garrett has killed Maya . Caleb helps Spencer with Maya 's site and is able to hack into it . Aria meets Dianne Fitzgerald , Ezra 's mother , who does n't approve of Aria 's family 's reputation and tells Aria that she is responsible for ruining Ezra 's career . Spencer , Aria , and Hanna watch random videos from Maya 's website . Emily is in many of the videos . In one video , Maya says that she has to face her fears . ' A ' ending : ' A ' collects a large sum of money from the bank . 56 9 `` The Kahn Game '' Wendey Stanzler Lijah J. Barasz August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) 2.45 Aria shows Spencer a photo of Maya 's arm with the same black eye tattoo that Holden had . Caleb gives Hanna a piece of paper with the log - in information for Maya 's site . After Caleb leaves , Hanna gets a text saying `` The Apple Rose Grille at closing time . Go alone or Caleb pays - A '' Hanna confesses to Emily about having been able to hack into Maya 's website a few days ago . Hanna gives Emily the log - in information to see for herself . CeCe , Aria , and Spencer arrive at a party , which turns out to be at Noel Kahn 's cabin . Once they try to get into the party , Aria and Spencer see that they have to get stamped with the same black eye tattoo that Holden and Maya had on their wrists . Tension rises when Aria and Spencer face - off against Noel and Jenna , respectively , in a game of `` Truth . '' The police have a court order that demands for Hanna to take a sample of her blood to see if it matches with the blood from Alison 's anklet . Ashley rekindles her relationship with Ted . While Hanna goes to the Apple Rose Grille as told by `` A , '' Hanna runs into Caleb who reveals that he sent her the `` A '' text to see if she would come . Hanna spills everything that happened with the new `` A '' and Caleb insists that he helps . Wes , Ezra 's brother , tells Aria that Ezra got a girl named Maggie pregnant in high school . Aria confronts Ezra about this and she also tells him that his mother offered her money to end their relationship . ' A ' ending : ' A ' receives a key from a cat obsessed woman to a unit A . 57 10 `` What Lies Beneath '' Patrick Norris Jonell Lennon August 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) 2.27 Aria continues to question Ezra about his past with Maggie . Ella begins dating Zack , the owner of the Rear Window Brew where Emily works . Hanna tells Emily that Caleb knows about `` A '' and now they are pretending to not be together . Emily finds two pictures of Maya in the daytime with a sign behind her and when she puts them together , it says `` The Kahn 's . '' Spencer talks to Noel and he says that she was n't just a random guest and that they had a texting relationship . Paige stops by the coffee shop and Emily tells her to stop by her house later so they can watch a movie . Spencer sneaks into the boy 's locker room and breaks into Noel 's locker and checks his phone for texts from Maya . Emily and Hanna go to the Kahn 's cabin to investigate . While searching the cabin , Hanna finds a hidden door and inside , she determines that Maya must have been staying in the secret room . Emily and Hanna find Maya 's bag filled with personal belongings . `` A '' comes and locks Emily and Hanna inside the cabin . Spencer gets a new email from BLOCKED saying `` Stay out of my locker ! '' and a video from the security camera at the cabin the night that Maya died . Later , after they manage to escape , Emily finds Nate sitting on the steps in front of her house . After Emily shows him the bag of Maya 's things , Nate starts to cry and kisses Emily when she tries to comfort him . Paige walks by , sees them , and cancels her date with Emily . Spencer discovers in the video that Maya arrived at the cabin at 10 : 04PM . At 1 : 14AM , Noel and Jenna arrive at the cabin . A few seconds after Noel and Jenna enter the cabin , Maya exits the cabin and is grabbed by a mysterious figure in the driveway . ' A ' ending : ' A ' watches the news as they 're hanging up black hoodies . 58 11 `` Single Fright Female '' Joanna Kerns Oliver Goldstick & Maya Goldsmith August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) 2.39 Ted comes to Hanna 's house with a flash drive that contains the N.A.T videos , which was left in the church , rather than Ian taking it . CeCe reveals Alison 's and Paige 's violent past to Spencer . CeCe tells Spencer that Alison may have been scared of Paige . Later , Spencer is attacked by a snake in the dressing room , but is rescued by CeCe . Emily calls Hanna and says that the knife they found in Maya 's bag is missing , though the bag is still there . Hanna and Spencer help CeCe with the boutique 's trunk show while Emily shows up with Paige . Spencer and Hanna search through Paige 's bag for Maya 's knife . Aria visits Maggie and realizes that she has a seven - year old son , Malcolm . Emily realizes that Spencer and Hanna have gone through Paige 's purse . She leaves upset with Paige . However , Spencer and Hanna have found the proof they needed - the earring from Ali 's grave . They think that Paige dug up Ali 's grave and may be `` A '' . Paige confesses to Emily that at one point , Alison 's bullying drove her to suicidal thoughts . Hanna 's mom destroys the N.A.T. videos , but Hanna tells Ted that she did it . When Paige goes inside Emily 's house , Jenna appears and warns Emily to be very careful who she spends time with . ' A ' ending : ' A ' plays on the jukebox as they hand over a key to another black - gloved ' A ' . 59 12 `` The Lady Killer '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King August 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) 2.98 Garrett 's trial starts . Emily is at odds with her friends who suspect Paige is `` A . '' Toby and Spencer have sex . Mona escapes Radley . Maggie visits Ezra , making Aria uncomfortable . `` A '' sends a text to the Liars , telling them to meet at Ali 's grave at the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm with Maya 's bag , but without Emily . Emily tells Paige about the new `` A . '' Paige receives a text from `` A , '' telling her come to the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm . Emily and Nate head up to the Lighthouse Inn . She gets a call from `` A , '' in a distorted voice , who says , `` You have one minute . Get out . '' It is revealed that Nate is Maya 's killer and that his real name is Lyndon James . Lyndon opens a closet revealing a bound Paige and tells Emily he is planning to kill Paige using the knife from Maya 's bag . Emily escapes and reaches the top of the lighthouse where she fights Lyndon and ultimately fatally stabs him in self - defense . Caleb arrives and puts his gun down to comfort Emily , but as they embrace , a dying Lyndon uses the last of his strength to shoot Caleb . Paige tells the police that someone had sent her a text telling her to go to Alison 's grave at the cemetery , but Lyndon had gotten her before she could get there . Caleb survives his shooting and undergoing surgery but Lyndon is dead . Spencer lets Paige know that she is sorry for thinking she was `` A . '' Veronica tells the girls that Garrett is now a free man thanks to Emily . The girls get a four - way call from `` A , '' saying `` Emily , I owe you one . '' In conclusion , the second `` A '' Team member is revealed : Toby Cavanaugh . ' A ' ending : ' A ' orders two tickets to the Halloween Train event . 60 13 `` This is a Dark Ride '' Tim Hunter Joseph Dougherty October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 2.85 In this special Halloween episode ( which is a homage to teen slasher horror flicks such as Halloween and Terror Train among others ) , the Liars are unable to enjoy the festivities for a Rosewood train excursion when it becomes apparent that `` A '' is on the train and out for blood . Adam Lambert performs live . Someone disguised as the Queen of Hearts spikes Aria 's drink while she sits and rests in - between Adam 's sets . Garrett corners Spencer and reveals to her that he made Jenna think that he killed Alison , but it was a ruse . Garrett also mentions he overheard Alison and Byron having a conversation in her backyard and Alison was blackmailing Byron . Hanna dances with a masked figure she believes to be Caleb , but eventually realizes it is n't him - this person is later revealed to be Mona , who has evidently snuck out of Radley . Spencer tells Garrett to stay put while she goes to retrieve Aria for Garrett to tell her this information . Unfortunately , Aria is nowhere to be found . Paige , Emily , Hanna , Caleb , Spencer and Toby search the train for Aria . It is revealed to the home viewers that Aria is bound and gagged with duct tape , is trapped in a box with the now dead corpse of Garrett Reynolds . As the search progresses , Spencer is attacked by a someone wearing a queen of hearts costume . The Queen of Hearts almost chokes Spencer to death , but Paige thwarts off this mystery attacker . Spencer thanks her . We hear voices as the box Aria is trapped in is pushed towards the edge of the train . Aria stabs someone with a screwdriver she finds in the box . She is soon after rescued by her friends . When the train stops , Noel and Toby fight and Toby pushes Noel against a prop casket . The casket is knocked over and a body bag covered in ice spills out . The final scene shows a flashback of the night Alison died , showing the construction of her backyard , the place Alison was buried alive . Moments later , a hand comes out of the ground , wearing a purple string bracelet , attempting to get out . 61 14 `` She 's Better Now '' Wendey Stanzler Oliver Goldstick January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 3.21 Mona is out of Radley and back at Rosewood High . The Liars do not trust Mona . Someone plants a cow brain in Mona 's locker kept up with a knife . Mona is appalled and whispers something to Lucas . The Liars worry that people will think they were involved , including Mona , who instantly assures them she believes them , and wants to earn back their trust . When Lucas goes to Hanna 's house later to return the rest of the money he owed Caleb , he tells Hanna that Mona had been sneaking out of Radley for a long time . Emily recognizes the new janitor as the front desk clerk from the Lost Woods Resort . The Liars investigate his office during the fundraiser and find Alison 's diary . Proof of Alison 's blackmail against Byron is found in the diary . Aria rips out that page and keeps it . Mona regains trust from the school when she posts an apology video on the school 's website with help from Jason DiLaurentis . Meredith , now the Liars new history teacher , is injured in a fire at the fundraiser . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is seen fiddling with someone 's bike wheel , to which the owner falls off afterwards . 62 15 `` Mona Mania '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 2.48 Aria remains suspicious of Byron . Mona tells the Liars that Harold , the janitor , has pursued her and she declined his sexual advances . They doubt her honesty . When the girls go back to investigate Harold 's office further , a hooded figure rushes out . Hanna recognizes the person 's shoes - it is Lucas . Lucas tells her he was looking for something but when Hanna offers to help him , he blows her off . Andrew Campbell proctors as Mona and Spencer face - off for team captain of the scholastic decathlon . Mona wins and Hanna shuns her for it , suspecting that her intentions continue to be sinister . On the way to a swim team party , Emily and Paige chase after a hooded figure after their car tires are slashed . Aria confronts Meredith about Byron 's involvement with Alison on the night of her murder . Mona follows Byron late at night at Hollis and makes a mysterious phone call . ' A ' ending : ' A ' buries the Queen of Hearts and the Phantom of the Opera masks in the wood . 63 16 `` Misery Loves Company '' I. Marlene King I. Marlene King & Jonell Lennon January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 2.68 Aria is sidelined by the flu and Meredith takes care of her while Byron is away . Mona and Toby plan their next `` A '' move against the Liars in the new `` A '' lair . Spencer takes a break from sleuthing to surprise Toby for their first anniversary . While fading in and out of consciousness , Aria is visited by Ali . Their brief conversation is ambiguous . When Aria comes to , she discovers that she is locked inside her bedroom . When Meredith checks on Aria , Aria realizes that Meredith has been drugging her to find a page from Ali 's diary . Aria makes her escape , but Meredith knocks Aria unconscious . Hanna arrives at her interview and finds it is a set - up by `` A . '' When Hanna goes to the boutique , she sees in the window reflection a blonde girl wearing a red coat ( the same color as Vivian 's jacket ) across the street , watching her . When Hanna turns around , Red Coat has disappeared . While making an escape , `` A '' haphazardly drops a key , which Hanna gives to Spencer . When Emily and Hanna go over to check on Aria , Meredith tricks them by locking them in the basement with an unconscious Aria . Byron returns , appalled by what Meredith has done . Byron confesses his involvements with Alison to Aria . Aria believes him and burns the page from Ali 's diary . Spencer tricks Toby and catches him in the black hoodie when he searches for the `` A '' key in Spencer 's kitchen . Spencer is left heartbroken and confused . 64 17 `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno '' Michael Grossman Maya Goldsmith January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 2.86 In Alison 's biology notebook , Emily , Aria , and Hanna discover a conversation between Alison and a friend where Alison talks about a `` beach hottie . '' Emily turns to CeCe for answers about the beach hottie but CeCe claims Ali never told her who it was . Spencer continues to struggle with the idea that Toby is on the `` A '' Team . `` A '' sends Spencer a text as Aria and leads Spencer to believe that Ezra broke up with Aria when he finds out that Aria knew about his son with Maggie . Spencer confronts Ezra who is unaware that he has a son . Emily asks Hanna to keep an eye on Paige when she starts acting weird . Hanna follows Paige to a lesbian bar and assumes the worst when she sees Paige and Shana having a friendly conversation . CeCe tells Emily that Ali thought she was pregnant during the summer they spent in Cape May . Later , Emily sees a picture of Wilden at the police station indicating that he was also in Cape May that summer with Ali and CeCe . Ezra heads to Delaware to meet his son for the first time and asks Aria not to call him . ' A ' ending : In the new `` A '' lair , Red Coat uses a blow torch to burn a bobblehead Hanna doll . 65 18 `` Dead to Me '' Arlene Sanford Joseph Dougherty & Lijah J. Barasz February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 2.75 While Ezra is away , Aria discovers that Ezra 's brother , Wes , was placed under academic suspension for hitting on his physics teacher and Mrs. Fitzgerald tried to cover it up . On a final trip to Caleb 's aunt 's house before it is sold , Hanna determines that Caleb 's uncle may actually be his biological father . Emily seeks Dr. Sullivan to help her deal with confounding emotions over killing someone in self - defense . Dr. Sullivan suggests hypnotherapy , which results in confusing Emily further . The private investigator Spencer hired to follow Toby tells her that he traced the `` A '' key to a single unit , but it turns out to be a dead end . Jason , Aria , Emily , and Hanna gather at the mausoleum to say a final goodbye to Ali after the police release Ali 's remains to the DiLaurentis family . Spencer rushes in shortly afterward and spills the beans to Jason about Ali being pregnant with Detective Wilden 's child at the time of her murder . Emily recalls seeing a person in a black hoodie digging up Ali 's grave and abducting Emily . Emily remembers more of what happened `` That Night '' . She remembers seeing Red Coat while being attacked by a member of the `` A-Team . '' She remembers that Red Coat had blonde hair . Emily says that she ( Red Coat ) is the one in charge . ' A ' ending : ' A ' buys whiskey in a store . 66 19 `` What Becomes of the Broken Hearted '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick & Francesca Rollins February 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) 2.41 Spencer continues on a downward spiral from her break - up with Toby . Andrew Campbell kicks Spencer off the scholastic decathlon . Emily tries to talk to Spencer but Spencer refuses . Hanna talks to Jamie and gets confirmation that he is Caleb 's biological father . Hanna persuades Jamie and Caleb to meet in Rosewood . Hanna also convinces Ashley to talk to Ted about hiring Jamie for the church restoration project . Jason and Emily search his dad 's office for photos of Ali and Wilden , proving they were together in Cape May . After Wes and Aria arrive to help CeCe with a photo shoot at her boutique , CeCe leaves to get dinner . CeCe calls them later and lies about her car being towed . Later , Wes kisses Aria when she invites him to sleep on her couch . Jason and Emily find a picture that reveals Ali standing between Wilden and CeCe . They take the picture on their way out , but they get trapped in an elevator . Emily escapes , but Jason does not and plummets to the ground . At the hospital , Jason tells Emily he lost the picture . As the girls reunite at the hospital , they discover Jason has disappeared . ' A ' ending : ' A ' plays `` spin the bottle '' with pictures of the liars on whiskey bottles , to which the flask points on Aria , but another ' A ' turns it to Spencer and the ' A 's drink the whiskey . 67 20 `` Hot Water '' Chad Lowe Andy Reaser February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 2.61 The hunt is on for discovering the identity of the girl in the red coat . Hanna comes clean to Ashley about knowing CeCe and that she and her friends found out about an illicit relationship between Ali and Wilden . Spencer accepts a dinner date from Wren . Afterward , they share a kiss outside the restaurant and are seen by the mystery girl in the red coat . Spencer tries to follow her but loses sight of her after turning a corner . Mrs. Fitzgerald continues to try to come between Aria and Ezra . Paige , Emily and Hanna go to the Rosewood Costume Shop looking for answers from Shana . When Spencer returns home , she heads into the steamer and gets trapped by `` A . '' Having received a text from Spencer earlier asking her to come over , Aria comes to her rescue . Once safe , Spencer tells Aria to call Emily and Hanna because she knows who is helping Mona . Emily goes to CeCe 's apartment and finds her packing to leave Rosewood . Before she leaves , CeCe tells Emily that Melissa took the picture of Ali , Wilden and CeCe in Cape May and that she is not completely sure about what is true about Ali and Wilden . Wilden threatens Ashley and Hanna . Ashley runs over Wilden with her car . She and Hanna return to the scene of the crime and find Wilden 's body missing . Ashley and Hanna are caught on film , oblivious to the camera in Wilden 's car recording them . ' A ' ending : ' A ' cuts up pink roses , and puts them in a lowery wreath with a ribbon which says `` With Deepest Sympathy '' . 68 21 `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' Melanie Mayron Jonell Lennon February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 2.71 Spencer reveals to Aria and Emily that Toby is helping Mona . Aria returns to Ezra 's apartment to find he has returned ... with Maggie and Malcolm . Emily and Hanna arrive at Toby 's apartment and find a parking pass with the name `` E. Lamb , '' Toby 's alias for Radley . Spencer receives a bouquet of flowers and a card that reads : Someone close to you will pay for your loose lips - A. Later , Emily goes to Toby 's place again and talks to a guy who worked with Toby . He says Toby left but never said where he was going . While Aria babysits Malcolm , he accidentally cuts his chin . Aria worries she may not be a fit parent and contemplates breaking up with Ezra until he gets everything sorted out . Spencer follows Mona heading into the woods . Spencer finds a body in the woods with Toby 's tattoo on his hip wearing a helmet . Mona yells `` he 's dead '' before Spencer identifies the body . She chases Mona but loses sight of her . Hours later , Emily is waiting for Toby after he texted her to meet up but Toby does n't show . Emily catches a glimpse of the girl in the red coat in her rear view mirror . Hanna and Aria push Wilden 's car into Lake Rosewood after it shows up in Hanna 's garage with footage of the night Ashley hit him . Spencer is found the next morning in the woods , completely catatonic . She is admitted to Radley . ' A ' ending : ' A ' watches a man fishing up a cap from the Rosewood Police . 69 22 `` Will the Circle Be Unbroken ? '' Ron Lagomarsino Joseph Dougherty March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 2.56 Spencer is held at Radley for a 72 - hour observation and assessment . Spencer befriends a male nurse . She notices the name on his badge , E. Lamb , is identical to Toby 's alias for Radley . E. Lamb tells Spencer that Radley has experienced a recent dilemma involving staff I.D. badges and visitor guest passes . Hanna and Ashley are blindsided when Detective Wilden approaches them at the church where they are meeting Ted for coffee . Emily is surprised when Shana invites her to coffee , only to introduce her to Olympic gold medalist Missy Franklin . Emily learns that Shana is also a swimmer , which Paige neglected to tell her . Aria lies about her relationship with Ezra in order for him to be reinstated at Rosewood High . Mona pays Spencer a visit in Radley and offers her a spot on the `` A '' Team for the second time . Ashley says goodbye to Hanna and heads to New York for an annual seminar . As Ashley drives away , Wilden pulls up in his car . Wilden confronts Hanna and demands to know where his car and keys are . Wilden promises not to bother Hanna and Ashley anymore as long as Hanna complies with his demand . During a group therapy session at Radley with Dr. Sullivan and other patients , Spencer confides that her friends can no longer count on her . ' A ' ending : ' A ' drives off in a RV with things from ' A 's lair . 70 23 `` I 'm Your Puppet '' Oliver Goldstick Oliver Goldstick & Maya Goldsmith March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 2.41 The girls visit Spencer in Radley who is convinced she saw Toby 's body in the woods . But the girls know the police have identified that the body Spencer saw was not Toby . Spencer discovers a map of Radley that Mona created on a board game . Ella warns Hanna that Jamie may have traded the bell from the church for a new one of much lesser value . Aria , Emily and Hanna sneak into the morgue . Aria sees Red Coat while she , Hanna , and Emily are in the morgue posing as candy stripers . Aria follows her , almost catching her before she slips into an elevator and escapes , while Emily and Hanna find a dead body they are unable to identify . Aria is horrified when she discovers that `` A '' kidnapped Malcolm . When she finds Malcolm at a carnival , Aria decides this is too much for her and tries to break up with Ezra . Hanna and Caleb accuse Jamie of stealing from the church . Soon afterward , they discover that `` A '' has been framing Jamie . Emily 's mom tells her that the police found another male body , late teens / early twenties , with no I.D. and that the police can not identify the body yet due to significant trauma . Emily rushes to tell Aria and Hanna . At Radley , Spencer pulls out a black hoodie and two carnival tickets from her pillow . The third `` A '' Team member is revealed : Spencer Hastings . 71 24 `` A dAngerous gAme '' Patrick Norris I. Marlene King March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 2.87 Spencer is released from Radley . To celebrate , she invites her friends to a soirée . After receiving a clue from Malcolm while babysitting him , Hanna determines that Spencer was the one who kidnapped Malcolm . Aria , Emily , and Hanna band together to trick Spencer and find out her motives . Spencer finds Toby and they both determine that they each joined the `` A '' Team to protect one another and end up reconciling . When Spencer falls for their trap , she is forced to come clean with her friends about Toby , her `` A '' Team involvements , and Red Coat 's plan for all four of them at the soirée . Emily catches Jenna , Melissa , and Shana conspiring something at Jenna 's house . At the `` soirée , '' the Liars confront Mona in the lodge while Toby and Spencer venture out to determine Red Coat 's identity ( still unknown to all three `` A '' Team members ) . However , someone traps the Liars with Mona in the lodge and sets it on fire , leaving them with no escape . Spencer sees Red Coat get out of the plane and at first glance , she thinks it 's Alison . Toby is knocked unconscious in the woods and the mysterious figure drops a lighter by his hand , making him look responsible for starting the fire . Red Coat pulls the Liars and Mona out of the lodge . Hanna wakes up and sees Red Coat staring at her . Red Coat is revealed to be a very much alive Alison DiLaurentis . Mona says she saw Alison too . Spencer comes back and says she saw Alison also . On the way back to Rosewood , Mona reveals that Red Coat would sometimes wear a mask that looked like Alisons face . This means that Red Coat could have just looked like Alison . the Liars and Mona spot Wilden 's car in front of the church . The video of Ashley running him over plays , with an added clip of Jenna and Shana dragging away his body . Spencer notices something `` fishy '' about the trunk . Before opening it , all five girls receive the same text that reads : ' You 're mine now . Kisses - A ' . Spencer opens the trunk and all five girls gasp in unison at the sight of its contents . In the final scene , a hand reaches out from the dirt and another grabs it and starts pulling the trapped person out . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 48 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.1 2.93 12 49 `` Blood is the New Black '' June 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) 1.1 2.66 13 50 `` Kingdom of the Blind '' June 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 19 ) 1.0 2.44 14 51 `` Bird of a Feather '' June 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) 1.0 2.36 17 52 5 `` That Girl Is Poison '' July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) 0.9 2.38 20 53 6 `` The Remains of the ' A ' '' July 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) 1.0 2.27 12 54 7 `` Crazy '' July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 1.0 2.43 14 55 8 `` Stolen Kisses '' July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) 0.9 2.22 12 56 9 `` The Kahn Game '' August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) 1.0 2.45 9 57 10 `` What Lies Beneath '' August 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) 0.9 2.27 13 58 11 `` Single Fright Female '' August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) 1.1 2.40 10 59 12 `` The Lady Killer '' August 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) 1.3 2.98 6 60 13 `` This Is a Dark Ride '' October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 1.2 2.85 8 61 14 `` She 's Better Now '' January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 1.4 3.21 6 62 15 `` Mona Mania '' January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 1.1 2.48 10 63 16 `` Misery Loves Company '' January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 1.2 2.68 5 64 17 `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno '' January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 1.2 2.85 6 65 18 `` Dead to Me '' February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 1.2 2.75 8 66 19 `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' February 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) 1.1 2.41 11 67 20 `` Hot Water '' February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 1.1 2.61 8 68 21 `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 1.2 2.71 6 69 22 `` Will the Circle Be Unbroken ? '' March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 1.2 2.56 6 70 23 `` Im Your Puppet '' March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 1.0 2.41 7 71 24 `` A dAngerous gAme '' March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 1.2 2.87 DVD release ( edit ) The Complete Third Season Set details Special features 24 episodes 1062 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 1018 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 1021 minutes ( Region 4 ) 5 - disc set 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : English , Spanish and French ( Region 1 ) English , Spanish , Danish , French , Arabic , Dutch , Norwegian , Swedish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Deleted scenes : Episodes : 2 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 21 Pretty Little Liars and the `` A '' Network - Who is `` A '' ? The Lady Killer Episode - Alternate endings Bonus Webisodes - More Rosewood 's secrets revealed ! Gag Reel Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) April 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) June 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Family Renews ' Pretty Little Liars ' For Third Season -- '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Molly ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Producer : Why ' ' You 'll All Be Screaming at Your TVs ' ' During Finale -- Exclusive ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Fourth Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Celtics - Heat Lead +'Storage Wars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Game , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night , ' Storage Wars , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Franklin & Bash ' , ' Real Housewives ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Franklin & Bash ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' White Collar ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Jane By Design ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' White Collar ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Jane By Design ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Teen Mom ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Stoirage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Shipping Wars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night , + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' How Jaws Changed the World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night + ' Storage Wars ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Snooki & JWoww ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Premiere Wins Night + ' Second Generation Wayans ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Win Night , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Win Night + ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Justified ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night + State of the Union Address Coverage , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Justified ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Justified ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Justified ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Top Gear ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.amazon.com/Pretty-Little-Liars-Season-3/dp/B00BIR381W/ref=pd_cp_mov_1 Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars - Release Date , Cost , Package Art and Extras for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 3 ( Exclusive to Amazon.co.uk ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Third Season '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_3)&oldid=799561242 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 13 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the second a in pretty little liars tv show	[ "Garrett's trial starts. Emily is at odds with her friends who suspect Paige is \"A.\" Toby and Spencer have sex. Mona escapes Radley. Maggie visits Ezra, making Aria uncomfortable. \"A\" sends a text to the Liars, telling them to meet at Ali's grave at the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm with Maya's bag, but without Emily. Emily tells Paige about the new \"A.\" Paige receives a text from \"A,\" telling her come to the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm. Emily and Nate head up to the Lighthouse Inn. She gets a call from \"A,\" in a distorted voice, who says, \"You have one minute. Get out.\" It is revealed that Nate is Maya's killer and that his real name is Lyndon James. Lyndon opens a closet revealing a bound Paige and tells Emily he is planning to kill Paige using the knife from Maya's bag. Emily escapes and reaches the top of the lighthouse where she fights Lyndon and ultimately fatally stabs him in self-defense. Caleb arrives and puts his gun down to comfort Emily, but as they embrace, a dying Lyndon uses the last of his strength to shoot Caleb. Paige tells the police that someone had sent her a text telling her to go to Alison's grave at the cemetery, but Lyndon had gotten her before she could get there. Caleb survives his shooting and undergoing surgery but Lyndon is dead. Spencer lets Paige know that she is sorry for thinking she was \"A.\" Veronica tells the girls that Garrett is now a free man thanks to Emily. The girls get a four-way call from \"A,\" saying \"Emily, I owe you one.\" In conclusion, the second \"A\" Team member is revealed: Toby Cavanaugh." ]	[ "Toby Cavanaugh" ]
-8116705568354620000	DNA replication	DNA replication - wikipedia DNA replication DNA replication : The double helix is un'zipped ' and unwound , then each separated strand ( turquoise ) acts as a template for replicating a new partner strand ( green ) . Nucleotides ( bases ) are matched to synthesize the new partner strands into two new double helices . In molecular biology , DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule . This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance . The cell possesses the distinctive property of division , which makes replication of DNA essential . DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands . During replication , these strands are separated . Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart , a process referred to as semiconservative replication . As a result of semi-conservative replication , the new helix will be composed of an original DNA strand as well as a newly synthesized strand . Cellular proofreading and error - checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication . In a cell , DNA replication begins at specific locations , or origins of replication , in the genome . Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands , accommodated by an enzyme known as helicase , results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin . A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis . Most prominently , DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each ( template ) strand . DNA replication occurs during the S - stage of interphase . DNA replication ( DNA amplification ) can also be performed in vitro ( artificially , outside a cell ) . DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule . Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , ligase chain reaction ( LCR ) , and transcription - mediated amplification ( TMA ) are examples . Contents 1 DNA structure 2 DNA polymerase 3 Replication process 3.1 Initiation 3.2 Elongation 3.3 Replication fork 3.3. 1 Leading strand 3.3. 2 Lagging strand 3.3. 3 Dynamics at the replication fork 3.4 DNA replication proteins 3.5 Replication machinery 3.6 Termination 4 Regulation 4.1 Eukaryotes 4.1. 1 Replication focus 4.2 Bacteria 5 Polymerase chain reaction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References DNA structure ( edit ) DNA exists as a double - stranded structure , with both strands coiled together to form the characteristic double - helix . Each single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of nucleotides . Nucleotides in DNA contain a deoxyribose sugar , a phosphate , and a nucleobase . The four types of nucleotide correspond to the four nucleobases adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine , commonly abbreviated as A , C , G and T. Adenine and guanine are purine bases , while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines . These nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds , creating the phosphate - deoxyribose backbone of the DNA double helix with the nucleobases pointing inward ( i.e. , toward the opposing strand ) . Nucleobases are matched between strands through hydrogen bonds to form base pairs . Adenine pairs with thymine ( two hydrogen bonds ) , and guanine pairs with cytosine ( three hydrogen bonds ) . DNA strands have a directionality , and the different ends of a single strand are called the `` 3 ' ( three - prime ) end '' and the `` 5 ' ( five - prime ) end '' . By convention , if the base sequence of a single strand of DNA is given , the left end of the sequence is the 5 ' end , while the right end of the sequence is the 3 ' end . The strands of the double helix are anti-parallel with one being 5 ' to 3 ' , and the opposite strand 3 ' to 5 ' . These terms refer to the carbon atom in deoxyribose to which the next phosphate in the chain attaches . Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis , because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a DNA strand . The pairing of complementary bases in DNA ( through hydrogen bonding ) means that the information contained within each strand is useless . phosphoodiester ( intra-strand ) bonds are stronger than hydrogen ( inter-strand ) bonds . This allows the strands to be separated from one another . The nucleotides on a single strand can therefore be used to reconstruct nucleotides on a newly synthesized partner strand . DNA polymerase ( edit ) Main article : DNA polymerase DNA polymerases adds nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a strand of DNA . If a mismatch is accidentally incorporated , the polymerase is inhibited from further extension . Proofreading removes the mismatched nucleotide and extension continues . DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that carry out all forms of DNA replication . DNA polymerases in general can not initiate synthesis of new strands , but can only extend an existing DNA or RNA strand paired with a template strand . To begin synthesis , a short fragment of RNA , called a primer , must be created and paired with the template DNA strand . DNA polymerase adds a new strand of DNA by extending the 3 ' end of an existing nucleotide chain , adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds . The energy for this process of DNA polymerization comes from hydrolysis of the high - energy phosphate ( phosphoanhydride ) bonds between the three phosphates attached to each unincorporated base . Free bases with their attached phosphate groups are called nucleotides ; in particular , bases with three attached phosphate groups are called nucleoside triphosphates . When a nucleotide is being added to a growing DNA strand , the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the proximal phosphate of the nucleotide to the growing chain is accompanied by hydrolysis of a high - energy phosphate bond with release of the two distal phosphates as a pyrophosphate . Enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting pyrophosphate into inorganic phosphate consumes a second high - energy phosphate bond and renders the reaction effectively irreversible . In general , DNA polymerases are highly accurate , with an intrinsic error rate of less than one mistake for every 10 nucleotides added . In addition , some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability ; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a growing strand in order to correct mismatched bases . Finally , post-replication mismatch repair mechanisms monitor the DNA for errors , being capable of distinguishing mismatches in the newly synthesized DNA strand from the original strand sequence . Together , these three discrimination steps enable replication fidelity of less than one mistake for every 10 nucleotides added . The rate of DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage - infected E. coli . During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 ° C , the rate was 749 nucleotides per second . The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per 10 . Replication process ( edit ) Main articles : Prokaryotic DNA replication and Eukaryotic DNA replication DNA replication , like all biological polymerization processes , proceeds in three enzymatically catalyzed and coordinated steps : initiation , elongation and termination . Initiation ( edit ) Role of initiators for initiation of DNA replication . Formation of pre-replication complex . For a cell to divide , it must first replicate its DNA . This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA , known as `` origins '' , which are targeted by initiator proteins . In E. coli this protein is DnaA ; in yeast , this is the origin recognition complex . Sequences used by initiator proteins tend to be `` AT - rich '' ( rich in adenine and thymine bases ) , because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds ( rather than the three formed in a C-G pair ) and thus are easier to strand - separate . Once the origin has been located , these initiators recruit other proteins and form the pre-replication complex , which unwinds the double - stranded DNA . Elongation ( edit ) DNA polymerase has 5 ′ -- 3 ′ activity . All known DNA replication systems require a free 3 ' hydroxyl group before synthesis can be initiated ( note : the DNA template is read in 3 ′ to 5 ′ direction whereas a new strand is synthesized in the 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction -- this is often confused ) . Four distinct mechanisms for DNA synthesis are recognized : All cellular life forms and many DNA viruses , phages and plasmids use a primase to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3 ′ OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase . The retroelements ( including retroviruses ) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3 ′ OH that is used for elongation by the reverse transcriptase . In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages , the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand . In the single stranded DNA viruses -- a group that includes the circoviruses , the geminiviruses , the parvoviruses and others -- and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication ( RCR ) mechanism , the RCR endonuclease creates a nick in the genome strand ( single stranded viruses ) or one of the DNA strands ( plasmids ) . The 5 ′ end of the nicked strand is transferred to a tyrosine residue on the nuclease and the free 3 ′ OH group is then used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new strand . The first is the best known of these mechanisms and is used by the cellular organisms . In this mechanism , once the two strands are separated , primase adds RNA primers to the template strands . The leading strand receives one RNA primer while the lagging strand receives several . The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high processivity , while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming Okazaki fragments . RNase removes the primer RNA fragments , and a low processivity DNA polymerase distinct from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps . When this is complete , a single nick on the leading strand and several nicks on the lagging strand can be found . Ligase works to fill these nicks in , thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule . The primase used in this process differs significantly between bacteria and archaea / eukaryotes . Bacteria use a primase belonging to the DnaG protein superfamily which contains a catalytic domain of the TOPRIM fold type . The TOPRIM fold contains an α / β core with four conserved strands in a Rossmann - like topology . This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of topoisomerase Ia , topoisomerase II , the OLD - family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein . The primase used by archaea and eukaryotes , in contrast , contains a highly derived version of the RNA recognition motif ( RRM ) . This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA - dependent RNA polymerases , reverse transcriptases , cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A / B / Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair . In eukaryotic replication , the primase forms a complex with Pol α . Multiple DNA polymerases take on different roles in the DNA replication process . In E. coli , DNA Pol III is the polymerase enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication . It assembles into a replication complex at the replication fork that exhibits extremely high processivity , remaining intact for the entire replication cycle . In contrast , DNA Pol I is the enzyme responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA . DNA Pol I has a 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity in addition to its polymerase activity , and uses its exonuclease activity to degrade the RNA primers ahead of it as it extends the DNA strand behind it , in a process called nick translation . Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions . In eukaryotes , the low - processivity enzyme , Pol α , helps to initiate replication because it forms a complex with primase . In eukaryotes , leading strand synthesis is thought to be conducted by Pol ε ; however , this view has recently been challenged , suggesting a role for Pol δ . Primer removal is completed Pol δ while repair of DNA during replication is completed by Pol ε . As DNA synthesis continues , the original DNA strands continue to unwind on each side of the bubble , forming a replication fork with two prongs . In bacteria , which have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome , this process creates a `` theta structure '' ( resembling the Greek letter theta : θ ) . In contrast , eukaryotes have longer linear chromosomes and initiate replication at multiple origins within these . Replication fork ( edit ) Scheme of the replication fork . a : template , b : leading strand , c : lagging strand , d : replication fork , e : primer , f : Okazaki fragments Many enzymes are involved in the DNA replication fork . The replication fork is a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication . It is created by helicases , which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together . The resulting structure has two branching `` prongs '' , each one made up of a single strand of DNA . These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands , which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates ; the templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template . DNA is always synthesized in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction . Since the leading and lagging strand templates are oriented in opposite directions at the replication fork , a major issue is how to achieve synthesis of nascent ( new ) lagging strand DNA , whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork . Leading strand ( edit ) The leading strand is the strand of nascent DNA which is being synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork . This sort of DNA replication is continuous . Lagging strand ( edit ) The lagging strand is the strand of nascent DNA whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork . Because of its orientation , replication of the lagging strand is more complicated as compared to that of the leading strand . As a consequence , the DNA polymerase on this strand is seen to `` lag behind '' the other strand . The lagging strand is synthesized in short , separated segments . On the lagging strand template , a primase `` reads '' the template DNA and initiates synthesis of a short complementary RNA primer . A DNA polymerase extends the primed segments , forming Okazaki fragments . The RNA primers are then removed and replaced with DNA , and the fragments of DNA are joined together by DNA ligase . Dynamics at the replication fork ( edit ) The assembled human DNA clamp , a trimer of the protein PCNA . As helicase unwinds DNA at the replication fork , the DNA ahead is forced to rotate . This process results in a build - up of twists in the DNA ahead . This build - up forms a torsional resistance that would eventually halt the progress of the replication fork . Topoisomerases are enzymes that temporarily break the strands of DNA , relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix ; topoisomerases ( including DNA gyrase ) achieve this by adding negative supercoils to the DNA helix . Bare single - stranded DNA tends to fold back on itself forming secondary structures ; these structures can interfere with the movement of DNA polymerase . To prevent this , single - strand binding proteins bind to the DNA until a second strand is synthesized , preventing secondary structure formation . Clamp proteins form a sliding clamp around DNA , helping the DNA polymerase maintain contact with its template , thereby assisting with processivity . The inner face of the clamp enables DNA to be threaded through it . Once the polymerase reaches the end of the template or detects double - stranded DNA , the sliding clamp undergoes a conformational change that releases the DNA polymerase . Clamp - loading proteins are used to initially load the clamp , recognizing the junction between template and RNA primers . DNA replication proteins ( edit ) At the replication fork , many replication enzymes assemble on the DNA into a complex molecular machine called the replisome . The following is a list of major DNA replication enzymes that participate in the replisome : Enzyme Function in DNA replication DNA Helicase Also known as helix destabilizing enzyme . Helicase separates the two strands of DNA at the Replication Fork behind the topoisomerase . DNA Polymerase The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction during DNA replication . Also performs proof - reading and error correction . There exist many different types of DNA Polymerase , each of which perform different functions in different types of cells . DNA clamp A protein which prevents elongating DNA polymerases from dissociating from the DNA parent strand . Single - Strand Binding ( SSB ) Proteins Bind to ssDNA and prevent the DNA double helix from re-annealing after DNA helicase unwinds it , thus maintaining the strand separation , and facilitating the synthesis of the nascent strand . Topoisomerase Relaxes the DNA from its super-coiled nature . DNA Gyrase Relieves strain of unwinding by DNA helicase ; this is a specific type of topoisomerase DNA Ligase Re-anneals the semi-conservative strands and joins Okazaki Fragments of the lagging strand . Primase Provides a starting point of RNA ( or DNA ) for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand . Telomerase Lengthens telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes . This allows germ cells and stem cells to avoid the Hayflick limit on cell division . Replication machinery ( edit ) Replication machineries consist of factors involved in DNA replication and appearing on template ssDNAs . Replication machineries include primosotors are replication enzymes ; DNA polymerase , DNA helicases , DNA clamps and DNA topoisomerases , and replication proteins ; e.g. single - stranded DNA binding proteins ( SSB ) . In the replication machineries these components coordinate . In most of the bacteria , all of the factors involved in DNA replication are located on replication forks and the complexes stay on the forks during DNA replication . These replication machineries are called replisomes or DNA replicase systems . These terms are generic terms for proteins located on replication forks . In eukaryotic and some bacterial cells the replisomes are not formed . Since replication machineries do not move relatively to template DNAs such as factories , they are called a replication factory . In an alternative figure , DNA factories are similar to projectors and DNAs are like as cinematic films passing constantly into the projectors . In the replication factory model , after both DNA helicases for leading strands and lagging strands are loaded on the template DNAs , the helicases run along the DNAs into each other . The helicases remain associated for the remainder of replication process . Peter Meister et al. observed directly replication sites in budding yeast by monitoring green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) - tagged DNA polymerases α . They detected DNA replication of pairs of the tagged loci spaced apart symmetrically from a replication origin and found that the distance between the pairs decreased markedly by time . This finding suggests that the mechanism of DNA replication goes with DNA factories . That is , couples of replication factories are loaded on replication origins and the factories associated with each other . Also , template DNAs move into the factories , which bring extrusion of the template ssDNAs and nascent DNAs . Meister 's finding is the first direct evidence of replication factory model . Subsequent research has shown that DNA helicases form dimers in many eukaryotic cells and bacterial replication machineries stay in single intranuclear location during DNA synthesis . The replication factories perform disentanglement of sister chromatids . The disentanglement is essential for distributing the chromatids into daughter cells after DNA replication . Because sister chromatids after DNA replication hold each other by Cohesin rings , there is the only chance for the disentanglement in DNA replication . Fixing of replication machineries as replication factories can improve the success rate of DNA replication . If replication forks move freely in chromosomes , catenation of nuclei is aggravated and impedes mitotic segregation . Termination ( edit ) Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome , so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome . Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes , DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes . Due to this problem , DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome . Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening . Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in somatic cells . This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome . As a result , cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division . ( This is known as the Hayflick limit . ) Within the germ cell line , which passes DNA to the next generation , telomerase extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation . Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells , sometimes leading to cancer formation . Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer . Termination requires that the progress of the DNA replication fork must stop or be blocked . Termination at a specific locus , when it occurs , involves the interaction between two components : ( 1 ) a termination site sequence in the DNA , and ( 2 ) a protein which binds to this sequence to physically stop DNA replication . In various bacterial species , this is named the DNA replication terminus site - binding protein , or Ter protein . Because bacteria have circular chromosomes , termination of replication occurs when the two replication forks meet each other on the opposite end of the parental chromosome . E. coli regulates this process through the use of termination sequences that , when bound by the Tus protein , enable only one direction of replication fork to pass through . As a result , the replication forks are constrained to always meet within the termination region of the chromosome . Regulation ( edit ) Main articles : Cell division and Cell cycle The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes ( edit ) Within eukaryotes , DNA replication is controlled within the context of the cell cycle . As the cell grows and divides , it progresses through stages in the cell cycle ; DNA replication takes place during the S phase ( synthesis phase ) . The progress of the eukaryotic cell through the cycle is controlled by cell cycle checkpoints . Progression through checkpoints is controlled through complex interactions between various proteins , including cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases . Unlike bacteria , eukaryotic DNA replicates in the confines of the nucleus . The G1 / S checkpoint ( or restriction checkpoint ) regulates whether eukaryotic cells enter the process of DNA replication and subsequent division . Cells that do not proceed through this checkpoint remain in the G0 stage and do not replicate their DNA . Replication of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes occurs independently of the cell cycle , through the process of D - loop replication . Replication focus ( edit ) In vertebrate cells , replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci . Replication sites can be detected by immunostaining daughter strands and replication enzymes and monitoring GFP - tagged replication factors . By these methods it is found that replication foci of varying size and positions appear in S phase of cell division and their number per nucleus is far smaller than the number of genomic replication forks . P. Heun et al. ( 2001 ) tracked GFP - tagged replication foci in budding yeast cells and revealed that replication origins move constantly in G1 and S phase and the dynamics decreased significantly in S phase . Traditionally , replication sites were fixed on spatial structure of chromosomes by nuclear matrix or lamins . The Heun 's results denied the traditional concepts , budding yeasts do n't have lamins , and support that replication origins self - assemble and form replication foci . By firing of replication origins , controlled spatially and temporally , the formation of replication foci is regulated . D.A. Jackson et al. ( 1998 ) revealed that neighboring origins fire simultaneously in mammalian cells . Spatial juxtaposition of replication sites brings clustering of replication forks . The clustering do rescue of stalled replication forks and favors normal progress of replication forks . Progress of replication forks is inhibited by many factors ; collision with proteins or with complexes binding strongly on DNA , deficiency of dNTPs , nicks on template DNAs and so on . If replication forks stall and the remaining sequences from the stalled forks are not replicated , the daughter strands have nick obtained un-replicated sites . The un-replicated sites on one parent 's strand hold the other strand together but not daughter strands . Therefore , the resulting sister chromatids can not separate from each other and can not divide into 2 daughter cells . When neighboring origins fire and a fork from one origin is stalled , fork from other origin access on an opposite direction of the stalled fork and duplicate the un-replicated sites . As other mechanism of the rescue there is application of dormant replication origins that excess origins do n't fire in normal DNA replication . Bacteria ( edit ) Dam methylates adenine of GATC sites after replication . Most bacteria do not go through a well - defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA ; during rapid growth , this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication . In E. coli , the best - characterized bacteria , DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms , including : the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence , the ratio of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) to adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the levels of protein DnaA . All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences . Because E. coli methylates GATC DNA sequences , DNA synthesis results in hemimethylated sequences . This hemimethylated DNA is recognized by the protein SeqA , which binds and sequesters the origin sequence ; in addition , DnaA ( required for initiation of replication ) binds less well to hemimethylated DNA . As a result , newly replicated origins are prevented from immediately initiating another round of DNA replication . ATP builds up when the cell is in a rich medium , triggering DNA replication once the cell has reached a specific size . ATP competes with ADP to bind to DnaA , and the DnaA - ATP complex is able to initiate replication . A certain number of DnaA proteins are also required for DNA replication -- each time the origin is copied , the number of binding sites for DnaA doubles , requiring the synthesis of more DnaA to enable another initiation of replication . See also : Plasmid , Plasmid copy number , and Plasmid partition system Polymerase chain reaction ( edit ) Main article : Polymerase chain reaction Researchers commonly replicate DNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) . PCR uses a pair of primers to span a target region in template DNA , and then polymerizes partner strands in each direction from these primers using a thermostable DNA polymerase . Repeating this process through multiple cycles amplifies the targeted DNA region . At the start of each cycle , the mixture of template and primers is heated , separating the newly synthesized molecule and template . Then , as the mixture cools , both of these become templates for annealing of new primers , and the polymerase extends from these . As a result , the number of copies of the target region doubles each round , increasing exponentially . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA replication . Wikiversity has learning resources about DNA # DNA_Replication Autopoiesis Data storage device Self - replication Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The energetics of this process may also help explain the directionality of synthesis -- if DNA were synthesized in the 3 ' to 5 ' direction , the energy for the process would come from the 5 ' end of the growing strand rather than from free nucleotides . The problem is that if the high energy triphosphates were on the growing strand and not on the free nucleotides , proof - reading by removing a mismatched terminal nucleotide would be problematic : Once a nucleotide is added , the triphosphate is lost and a single phosphate remains on the backbone between the new nucleotide and the rest of the strand . If the added nucleotide were mismatched , removal would result in a DNA strand terminated by a monophosphate at the end of the `` growing strand '' rather than a high energy triphosphate . So strand would be stuck and would n't be able to grow anymore . In actuality , the high energy triphosphates hydrolyzed at each step originate from the free nucleotides , not the polymerized strand , so this issue does not exist . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pray , Leslie A. `` Semi-Conservative DNA Replication ; Meselson and Stahl '' . Jump up ^ Imperfect DNA replication results in mutations . Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 27 : DNA Replication , Recombination , and Repair '' . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . External link in chapter = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . `` 5DNA Replication , Repair , and Recombination '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . External link in chapter = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 27 , Section 4 : DNA Replication of Both Strands Proceeds Rapidly from Specific Start Sites '' . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . External link in chapter = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alberts , B. , et al. , Molecular Biology of the Cell , Garland Science , 4th ed. , 2002 , pp. 238 -- 240 ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 Jump up ^ Allison , Lizabeth A. Fundamental Molecular Biology . Blackwell Publishing . 2007 . p. 112 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0379 - 4 Jump up ^ Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . Chapter 27 , Section 2 : DNA Polymerases Require a Template and a Primer ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , Scott D ; Kunkel , Thomas A ( January 2008 ) . `` The fidelity of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases '' . Cell Research . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 -- 161 . doi : 10.1038 / cr. 2008.4 . PMC 3639319 . PMID 18166979 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , David ; Minner , Charles ; Bernstein , Harris ; Bernstein , Carol ( October 1976 ) . `` DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild - type phage T4 and a DNA - delay amber mutant '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 106 ( 4 ) : 963 -- 981 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 76 ) 90346 - 6 . PMID 789903 . Jump up ^ Drake JW ( 1970 ) The Molecular Basis of Mutation . Holden - Day , San Francisco ISBN 0816224501 ISBN 978 - 0816224500 Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Chapter 5 : DNA Replication Mechanisms Jump up ^ Weigel C , Schmidt A , Rückert B , Lurz R , Messer W ( November 1997 ) . `` DnaA protein binding to individual DnaA boxes in the Escherichia coli replication origin , oriC '' . The EMBO Journal . 16 ( 21 ) : 6574 -- 83 . doi : 10.1093 / emboj / 16.21. 6574 . PMC 1170261 . PMID 9351837 . Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky LS , Matsudaira P , Baltimore D , Darnell J ( 2000 ) . Molecular Cell Biology . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3136 - 3 . 12.1 . General Features of Chromosomal Replication : Three Common Features of Replication Origins Jump up ^ Aravind , L. ; Leipe , D.D. ; Koonin , E.V. ( 1998 ) . `` Toprim -- a conserved catalytic domain in type IA and II topoisomerases , DnaG - type primases , OLD family nucleases and RecR proteins '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 26 ( 18 ) : 4205 -- 4213 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 26.18. 4205 . PMC 147817 . PMID 9722641 . Jump up ^ Frick , David ; Richardson , Charles ( July 2001 ) . `` DNA Primases '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 70 : 39 -- 80 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 70.1. 39 . PMID 11395402 . Jump up ^ Barry , Elizabeth R. ; Bell , Stephen D. ( 8 December 2006 ) . `` DNA Replication in the Archaea '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 70 ( 4 ) : 876 -- 887 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 00029 - 06 . PMC 1698513 . PMID 17158702 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Bruce ( July 2015 ) . `` Reconsidering DNA Polymerases at the Replication Fork in Eukaryotes '' . Molecular Cell. 59 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 141 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2015.07. 004 . PMC 4636199 . PMID 26186286 . Jump up ^ Distinguishing the pathways of primer removal during Eukaryotic Okazaki fragment maturation Contributor Author Rossi , Marie Louise . Date Accessioned : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Date Available : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Date Issued : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Identifier Uri : http://hdl.handle.net/1802/6537 . Description : Dr. Robert A. Bambara , Faculty Advisor . Thesis ( PhD ) -- School of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Rochester . UR only until January 2010 . UR only until January 2010 . Jump up ^ Huberman , Joel A. ; Riggs , Arthur D. ( March 1968 ) . `` On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 32 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 341 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 68 ) 90013 - 2 . PMID 5689363 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . DNA Replication Mechanisms : DNA Topoisomerases Prevent DNA Tangling During Replication Jump up ^ Reece , Richard J. ; Maxwell , Anthony ; Wang , James C. ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` DNA Gyrase : Structure and Function '' . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 26 ( 3 - 4 ) : 335 -- 375 . doi : 10.3109 / 10409239109114072 . PMID 1657531 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . DNA Replication Mechanisms : Special Proteins Help to Open Up the DNA Double Helix in Front of the Replication Fork Jump up ^ Griffiths A.J.F. ; Wessler S.R. ; Lewontin R.C. ; Carroll S.B. ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Genetic Analysis . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6887 - 9 . ( Chapter 7 : DNA : Structure and Replication . pg 283 -- 290 ) Jump up ^ `` Will the Hayflick limit keep us from living forever ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James D. Watson et al. ( 2008 ) , `` Molecular Biology of the gene '' , Pearson Education : 237 ^ Jump up to : Peter Meister , Angela Taddei1 , Susan M. Gasser ( June 2006 ) , `` In and out of the Replication Factory '' , Cell 125 ( 7 ) : 1233 -- 1235 Jump up ^ TA Brown ( 2002 ) . Genomes . BIOS Scientific Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85996 - 228 - 9 . 13.2. 3 . Termination of replication Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Intracellular Control of Cell - Cycle Events : S - Phase Cyclin - Cdk Complexes ( S - Cdks ) Initiate DNA Replication Once Per Cycle Jump up ^ Brown , TA ( 2002 ) . `` 13 '' . Genomes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Wiley - Liss . Jump up ^ Tobiason DM , Seifert HS ( 2006 ) . `` The Obligate Human Pathogen , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Is Polyploid '' . PLoS Biology . 4 ( 6 ) : e185 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040185 . PMC 1470461 . PMID 16719561 . Jump up ^ Slater , Steven ; Wold , Sture ; Lu , Min ; Boye , Erik ; Skarstad , Kirsten ; Kleckner , Nancy ( September 1995 ) . `` E. coli SeqA protein binds oriC in two different methyl - modulated reactions appropriate to its roles in DNA replication initiation and origin sequestration '' . Cell. 82 ( 6 ) : 927 -- 936 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 95 ) 90272 - 4 . PMID 7553853 . Jump up ^ Saiki , Randall ; Gelfand , David H. ; Stoffel , Susanne ; Scharf , Stephen J. ; Higuchi , Russell ; Horn , Glenn T. ; Mullis , Kary B. ; Erlich , Henry A. ( 29 January 1988 ) . `` Primer - directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase '' . Science . 239 ( 4839 ) : 487 -- 491 . Bibcode : 1988Sci ... 239 ... 487S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2448875 . PMID 2448875 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . DNA replication ( comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic ) Initiation Prokaryotic ( initiation ) Pre-replication complex dnaC Cdc6 Helicase dnaA dnaB T7 Primase dnaG Eukaryotic ( preparation in G1 phase ) Pre-replication complex Origin recognition complex ORC1 ORC2 ORC3 ORC4 ORC5 ORC6 Cdc6 Cdt1 Minichromosome maintenance MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 Licensing factor Autonomously replicating sequence Single - strand binding protein SSBP2 SSBP3 SSBP4 RNase H RNASEH1 RNASEH2A Helicase : HFM1 Primase : PRIM1 PRIM2 Both Origin of replication / Ori / Replicon Replication fork Lagging and leading strands Okazaki fragments Primer Replication Prokaryotic ( elongation ) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dnaC dnaE dnaH dnaN dnaQ dnaT dnaX holA holB holC holD holE Replisome DNA ligase DNA clamp Topoisomerase DNA gyrase Prokaryotic DNA polymerase : DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment Eukaryotic ( synthesis in S phase ) Replication factor C RFC1 Flap endonuclease FEN1 Topoisomerase Replication protein A RPA1 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase : alpha POLA1 POLA2 PRIM1 PRIM2 delta POLD1 POLD2 POLD3 POLD4 epsilon POLE POLE2 POLE3 POLE4 DNA clamp PCNA Control of chromosome duplication Both Movement : Processivity DNA ligase Termination Telomere : Telomerase TERT TERC DKC1 Molecular and cellular biology portal GND : 4153174 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_replication&oldid=845628201 '' Categories : DNA replication Senescence Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 02 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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7969947360993094096	Political compass	Political compass - wikipedia Political compass Chart proposed by the Political Compass Organisation extending from - 10 to + 10 on each axis . The political compass is a multi-axis political model used by the website of the same name to label or organise political thought on two dimensions . In its selection and representation of these two dimensions , it is similar to the Nolan Chart and Pournelle chart . The term `` political compass '' is claimed as a trademark by the British website Pace News Limited , which uses responses to a set of 61 propositions to rate political ideology on two axes : economic ( left -- right ) and social ( authoritarian -- libertarian ) . The site also includes an explanation of the two - axis system they use , a few charts which place various past and present political figures according to their estimation and reading lists for each of the main political orientations . Contents 1 Political model 2 Website 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Political model ( edit ) The underlying theory of the political compass is that political ideology may be better measured along two separate and independent axes . The economic ( left -- right ) axis measures one 's opinion of how the economy should be run : `` left '' is defined as the desire for the economy to be run by a cooperative collective agency ( which can mean the state , but can also mean a network of communes ) while `` right '' is defined as the desire for the economy to be left to the devices of competing individuals and organizations . The other axis ( authoritarian -- libertarian ) measures one 's political opinions in a social sense , regarding the amount of personal freedom that one would allow : `` libertarianism '' is defined as the belief that personal freedom should be maximised while `` authoritarianism '' is defined as the belief that authority should be obeyed . A number of other multi-axis models of political thought exist . Some are based on similar axes to the political compass . A similar chart appeared in 1970 in The Floodgates of Anarchy by Albert Meltzer and Stuart Christie , and in 1968 in the Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought by Maurice C. Bryson and William R. McDill . Meltzer and Christie 's and Bryson and McDill are pretty much the same as Nolan 's , but for a change of nomenclature , and the Political Compass is also the same , but flipped and rotated 45 ° anti-clockwise . The website does not explain its scoring system . A number of writers , including Tom Utley and Brian Patrick Mitchell , have criticised its validity . Website ( edit ) The politicalcompass.org website does not reveal the people behind it , beyond the fact that it seems to be based in the United Kingdom . At the bottom of any page on the website , it is stated that the political compass 's copyright belongs to an organisation named `` Pace News Limited '' . Pace News Limited is a company registered in New Zealand whose director is Wayne Brittenden . According to The New York Times , the site is the work of Wayne Brittenden , a political journalist . According to Tom Utley , writing in The Daily Telegraph , the site is connected to One World Action , a charity founded by Glenys Kinnock . An early version of the site was published on One World Action 's web server . See also ( edit ) Cleavage ( politics ) F - scale ( personality test ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Political Compass '' . The Political Compass. 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : LiCalzi O'Connell , Pamela ( 4 December 2003 ) . `` Online Diary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time to start pounding away at Gordon Brown '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Albert ; Christie , Stuart ( 1970 ) . `` Party Lines and Politics '' . The Floodgates of Anarchy . ISBN 0 - 900707 - 03 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Maurice C. ; McDil , William R. ( Summer 1968 ) . `` The Political Spectrum : A Bi-Dimensional Approach '' ( PDF ) . Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought. 4 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Political Compass FAQ # 25 '' . politicalcompass.org . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Can you provide your scoring details ( ? ) ... we have a strict policy against releasing this information . ^ Jump up to : Utley , Tom . `` I 'm v. Right - wing , says the BBC , but it 's not that simple '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . A lot of the questions in the test are very irritatingly phrased and impossible to answer properly , with only these four options available : `` strongly agree '' , `` agree '' , `` disagree '' and `` strongly disagree '' . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Brian Patrick. `` Eight ways to run the country '' . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2007 . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99358 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Shut Up , I 'm A Libertarian '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Q29 '' . Politicalcompass.org . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ The Political Compass . `` The Political Compass '' . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Political Compass Political spectrum Left -- right Far - left Hard left Left Centre - left Centre Radical Centre - right Right Hard / Far - right Radical : United States - Europe Post-left Anti-Stalinist left Christian left Jewish left Muslim left New left Third Position Third Way Triangulation Christian right Hindutva Islamism New right Other models : Horseshoe theory Nolan Chart Open -- closed Political compass Pournelle chart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_compass&oldid=856469094 '' Categories : Political science terminology Political spectrum Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Svenska اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 12 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do you land on the political compass	[]	[]
2169602532531653729	Hypertext	Hypertext - wikipedia Hypertext Jump to : navigation , search For the concept in semiotics , see Hypertext ( semiotics ) . `` Metatext '' redirects here . For the literary concept , see Metafiction . Documents that are connected by hyperlinks . Engineer Vannevar Bush wrote `` As We May Think '' in 1945 in which he described the Memex , a theoretical proto - hypertext device which in turn helped inspire the subsequent invention of hypertext . Douglas Engelbart in 2008 , at the 40th anniversary celebrations of `` The Mother of All Demos '' in San Francisco , a 90 - minute 1968 presentation of the NLS computer system which was a combination of hardware and software that demonstrated many hypertext ideas . Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references ( hyperlinks ) to other text that the reader can immediately access , or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail ( also called StretchText ) . Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks , which are typically activated by a mouse click , keypress sequence or by touching the screen . Apart from text , the term `` hypertext '' is also sometimes used to describe tables , images , and other presentational content forms with integrated hyperlinks . Hypertext is one of the key underlying concepts of the World Wide Web , where Web pages are often written in the Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) . As implemented on the Web , hypertext enables the easy - to - use publication of information over the Internet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Types and uses of hypertext 3 History 4 Implementations 5 Academic conferences 6 Hypertext fiction 6.1 Forms of hypertext 7 See also 8 References 9 Documentary Film 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Hypertext conferences Etymology ( edit ) The English prefix hyper - comes from the Greek prefix `` ὑπερ - '' and means `` over '' or `` beyond '' ; it has a common origin with the prefix `` super - '' which comes from Latin . It signifies the overcoming of the previous linear constraints of written text . The term `` hypertext '' is often used where the term `` hypermedia '' might seem appropriate . In 1992 , author Ted Nelson -- who coined both terms in 1963 -- wrote : By now the word `` hypertext '' has become generally accepted for branching and responding text , but the corresponding word `` hypermedia '' , meaning complexes of branching and responding graphics , movies and sound -- as well as text -- is much less used . Instead they use the strange term `` interactive multimedia '' : this is four syllables longer , and does not express the idea of extending hypertext . -- Nelson , Literary Machines , 1992 Types and uses of hypertext ( edit ) Hypertext documents can either be static ( prepared and stored in advance ) or dynamic ( continually changing in response to user input , such as dynamic web pages ) . Static hypertext can be used to cross-reference collections of data in documents , software applications , or books on CDs . A well - constructed system can also incorporate other user - interface conventions , such as menus and command lines . Links used in a hypertext document usually replace the current piece of hypertext with the destination document . A lesser known feature is StretchText , which expands or contracts the content in place , thereby giving more control to the reader in determining the level of detail of the displayed document . Hypertext can be used to support very complex and dynamic systems of linking and cross-referencing . The most famous implementation of hypertext is the World Wide Web , written in the final months of 1990 and released on the Internet in 1991 . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of hypertext and Timeline of hypertext technology In 1941 , Jorge Luis Borges published `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' , a short story that is often considered an inspiration for the concept of hypertext . In 1945 , Vannevar Bush wrote an article in The Atlantic Monthly called `` As We May Think '' , about a futuristic proto - hypertext device he called a Memex . A Memex would hypothetically store - and record - content on reels of microfilm , using electric photocells to read coded symbols recorded next to individual microfilm frames while the reels spun at high speed , stopping on command . The coded symbols would enable the Memex to index , search , and link content to create and follow associative trails . Because the Memex was never implemented and could only link content in a relatively crude fashion -- by creating chains of entire microfilm frames -- the Memex is now regarded only as a proto - hypertext device , but it is fundamental to the history of hypertext because it directly inspired the invention of hypertext by Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart . Ted Nelson gives a presentation on Project Xanadu , a theoretical hypertext model conceived in the 1960s whose first and incomplete implementation was first published in 1998 . In 1963 , Ted Nelson coined the terms ' hypertext ' and ' hypermedia ' as part of a model he developed for creating and using linked content ( first published reference 1965 ) . He later worked with Andries van Dam to develop the Hypertext Editing System ( text editing ) in 1967 at Brown University . By 1976 , its successor FRESS was used in a poetry class in which students could browse a hyperlinked set of poems and discussion by experts , faculty and other students , in what was arguably the world 's first online scholarly community which van Dam says `` foreshadowed wikis , blogs and communal documents of all kinds '' . Ted Nelson said in the 1960s that he began implementation of a hypertext system he theorized , which was named Project Xanadu , but his first and incomplete public release was finished much later , in 1998 . Douglas Engelbart independently began working on his NLS system in 1962 at Stanford Research Institute , although delays in obtaining funding , personnel , and equipment meant that its key features were not completed until 1968 . In December of that year , Engelbart demonstrated a ' hypertext ' ( meaning editing ) interface to the public for the first time , in what has come to be known as `` The Mother of All Demos '' . The first hypermedia application is generally considered to be the Aspen Movie Map , implemented in 1978 . The Movie Map allowed users to arbitrarily choose which way they wished to drive in a virtual cityscape , in two seasons ( from actual photographs ) as well as 3 - D polygons . In 1980 , Tim Berners - Lee created ENQUIRE , an early hypertext database system somewhat like a wiki but without hypertext punctuation , which was not invented until 1987 . The early 1980s also saw a number of experimental `` hyperediting '' functions in word processors and hypermedia programs , many of whose features and terminology were later analogous to the World Wide Web . Guide , the first significant hypertext system for personal computers , was developed by Peter J. Brown at UKC in 1982 . In 1980 Roberto Busa , an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the pioneers in the usage of computers for linguistic and literary analysis , published the Index Thomisticus , as a tool for performing text searches within the massive corpus of Aquinas 's works . Sponsored by the founder of IBM , Thomas J. Watson , the project lasted about 30 years ( 1949 - 1980 ) , and eventually produced the 56 printed volumes of the Index Thomisticus the first important hypertext work about Saint Thomas Aquinas books and of a few related authors . In 1983 , Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland Human - Computer Interaction Lab led a group that developed the HyperTies system that was commercialized by Cognetics Corporation . Hyperties was used to create the July 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM as a hypertext document and then the first commercial electronic book Hypertext Hands - On ! In August 1987 , Apple Computer released HyperCard for the Macintosh line at the MacWorld convention . Its impact , combined with interest in Peter J. Brown 's GUIDE ( marketed by OWL and released earlier that year ) and Brown University 's Intermedia , led to broad interest in and enthusiasm for hypertext , hypermedia , databases , and new media in general . The first ACM Hypertext ( hyperediting and databases ) academic conference took place in November 1987 , in Chapel Hill NC , where many other applications , including the branched literature writing software Storyspace , were also demonstrated . Meanwhile , Nelson ( who had been working on and advocating his Xanadu system for over two decades ) convinced Autodesk to invest in his revolutionary ideas . The project continued at Autodesk for four years , but no product was released . In 1989 , Tim Berners - Lee , then a scientist at CERN , proposed and later prototyped a new hypertext project in response to a request for a simple , immediate , information - sharing facility , to be used among physicists working at CERN and other academic institutions . He called the project `` WorldWideWeb '' . HyperText is a way to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will . Potentially , HyperText provides a single user - interface to many large classes of stored information , such as reports , notes , data - bases , computer documentation and on - line systems help . We propose the implementation of a simple scheme to incorporate several different servers of machine - stored information already available at CERN , including an analysis of the requirements for information access needs by experiments ... A program which provides access to the hypertext world we call a browser . ― T. Berners - Lee , R. Cailliau , 12 November 1990 , CERN In 1992 , Lynx was born as an early Internet web browser . Its ability to provide hypertext links within documents that could reach into documents anywhere on the Internet began the creation of the Web on the Internet . As new web browsers were released , traffic on the World Wide Web quickly exploded from only 500 known web servers in 1993 to over 10,000 in 1994 . As a result , all previous hypertext systems were overshadowed by the success of the Web , even though it lacked many features of those earlier systems , such as integrated browsers / editors ( a feature of the original WorldWideWeb browser , which was not carried over into most of the other early Web browsers ) . Implementations ( edit ) Besides the already mentioned Project Xanadu , Hypertext Editing System , NLS , HyperCard , and World Wide Web , there are other noteworthy early implementations of hypertext , with different feature sets : Hypertext Editing System ( HES ) IBM 2250 Display console -- Brown University 1969 FRESS -- a 1970s multi-user successor to the Hypertext Editing System . ZOG -- a 1970s hypertext system developed at Carnegie Mellon University . Electronic Document System -- an early 1980s text and graphic editor for interactive hypertexts such as equipment repair manuals and computer - aided instruction . Information Presentation Facility -- used to display online help in IBM operating systems . Intermedia -- a mid-1980s program for group web - authoring and information sharing . HyperTies - a mid-1980s program commercially applied to hundreds of projects , including July 1988 Communications of the ACM and Hypertext Hands - On ! book . Texinfo -- the GNU help system . KMS -- a 1980s successor to ZOG developed as a commercial product . Storyspace -- a mid-1980s program for hypertext narrative . Adobe 's Portable Document Format -- a widely used publication format for electronic documents including links . Amigaguide -- released on the Commodore Amiga Workbench 1990 . Windows Help -- released with Windows 3.0 in 1990 . Wikis -- aim to compensate for the lack of integrated editors in most Web browsers . Various wiki software have slightly different conventions for formatting , usually simpler than HTML . PaperKiller -- a document editor specifically designed for hypertext . Started in 1996 as IPer ( educational project for ED - Media 1997 ) . XML with the XLink extension -- a newer hypertext markup language that extends and expands capabilities introduced by HTML . Academic conferences ( edit ) Among the top academic conferences for new research in hypertext is the annual ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia . Although not exclusively about hypertext , the World Wide Web series of conferences , organized by IW3C2 , include many papers of interest . There is a list on the Web with links to all conferences in the series . Hypertext fiction ( edit ) Main article : Hypertext fiction Hypertext writing has developed its own style of fiction , coinciding with the growth and proliferation of hypertext development software and the emergence of electronic networks . Two software programs specifically designed for literary hypertext , Storyspace and Intermedia became available in the 1990s . On the other hand , concerning the Italian production , the hypertext s000t000d by Filippo Rosso ( 2002 ) , was intended to lead the reader ( with the help of a three - dimensional map ) in a web page interface , and was written in HTML and PHP . An advantage of writing a narrative using hypertext technology is that the meaning of the story can be conveyed through a sense of spatiality and perspective that is arguably unique to digitally networked environments . An author 's creative use of nodes , the self - contained units of meaning in a hypertextual narrative , can play with the reader 's orientation and add meaning to the text . One of the most successful computer games , Myst , was first written in Hypercard . The game was constructed as a series of Ages , each Age consisting of a separate Hypercard stack . The full stack of the game consists of over 2500 cards . In some ways Myst redefined interactive fiction , using puzzles and exploration as a replacement for hypertextual narrative . Critics of hypertext claim that it inhibits the old , linear , reader experience by creating several different tracks to read on , and that this in turn contributes to a postmodernist fragmentation of worlds . In some cases , hypertext may be detrimental to the development of appealing stories ( in the case of hypertext Gamebooks ) , where ease of linking fragments may lead to non-cohesive or incomprehensible narratives . However , they do see value in its ability to present several different views on the same subject in a simple way . This echoes the arguments of ' medium theorists ' like Marshall McLuhan who look at the social and psychological impacts of the media . New media can become so dominant in public culture that they effectively create a `` paradigm shift '' as people have shifted their perceptions , understanding of the world , and ways of interacting with the world and each other in relation to new technologies and media . So hypertext signifies a change from linear , structured and hierarchical forms of representing and understanding the world into fractured , decentralized and changeable media based on the technological concept of hypertext links. Importantly , this development puts the reader , rather than the author , at the center of the paradigm made available by hypertexts . Yet `` the figure of the reader in much editorial theory often remains abstract and even mystified '' in modern scholarship . Forms of hypertext ( edit ) There are various forms of hypertext , each of which are structured differently . Below are four of the existing forms of hypertext : Axial hypertexts are the most simple in structure . They are situated along an axis in a linear style . These hypertexts have a straight path from beginning to end and are fairly easy for the reader to follow . An example of an axial hypertext is The Virtual Disappearance of Miriam . Arborescent hypertexts are more complex than the axial form . They have a branching structure which resembles a tree . These hypertexts have one beginning but many possible endings . The ending that the reader finishes on depends on their decisions whilst reading the text . This is much like gamebook novels that allow readers to choose their own ending . Networked hypertexts are more complex still than the two previous forms of hypertext . They consist of an interconnected system of nodes with no dominant axis of orientation . Unlike the arborescent form , networked hypertexts do not have any designated beginning or any designated endings . An example of a networked hypertext is Shelley Jackson 's Patchwork Girl . Layered hypertext consist of two layers of linked pages . Each layer is doubly linked sequentially and a page in the top layer is doubly linked with a corresponding page in the bottom layer . The top layer contains plain text , the bottom multimedia layer provides photos , sounds and video . In the Dutch historical novel De man met de hoed ( nl ) designed as layered hypertext in 2006 by Eisjen Schaaf , Pauline van de Ven en Paul Vitányi , the structure is proposed to enhance the atmosphere of the time , to enrich the text with research and family archive material and to enable readers to insert memories of their own while preserving tension and storyline . See also ( edit ) Timeline of hypertext technology Cybertext Distributed Data Management Architecture HTML ( HyperText Markup Language ) Hyperwords Hypotext HTTP Hyperkino References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hypertext '' ( definition ) . Marriam - webster Free Online Dictionary . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Internet '' . West 's Encyclopedia of American Law ( definition ) ( 2 ed . ) . Free Online Law Dictionary . July 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hypertext and creative writing , The Association for Computing Machinery . ^ Jump up to : Gary Wolf ( June 1995 ) . `` The Curse of Xanadu '' . WIRED. 3 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Joyce , MI , Did Ted Nelson first use the word `` hypertext '' ( sic ) , meaning fast editing '' at Vassar College ? , Vassar Jump up ^ Barnet , Belinda ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Crafting the User - Centered Document Interface : The Hypertext Editing System ( HES ) and the File Retrieval and Editing System ( FRESS ) '' . 4 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Where meter meets mainframe : An early experiment teaching poetry with computers News from Brown '' . news.brown.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Andrea Tornielli , Padre Busa , il gesuita che ha inventato l'ipertesto , La Stampa - VaticanInsider , 11 / 08 / 2011 Jump up ^ Matthew Zepelin Computers and the Catholic Mind : Religion , Technology , and Social Criticism in the Postwar United States , July 5 , 1914 Jump up ^ Morto padre Busa , è stato il pioniere dell'informatica linguistica , Corriere del Veneto , 15 . August 2011 Jump up ^ `` Religion : Sacred Electronics '' , Time , 31 December 1956 , 15 August 2011 Jump up ^ Thomas N. Winter , `` Roberto Busa , S.J. , and the Invention of the Machine - Generated Condordance '' , Digital commons , University of Nebraska ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hawisher , Gail E. , Paul LeBlanc , Charles Moran , and Cynthia L. Selfe ( 1996 ) . Computers and the Teaching of Writing in American Higher Education , 1979 -- 1994 : A History Ablex Publishing , Norwood NJ , p. 213 ^ Jump up to : WorldWideWeb : Proposal for a HyperText Project , The World Wide Web consortium . Jump up ^ SIGWEB Hypertext Conference , ACM , archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ IW3C2 . Jump up ^ `` Conferences '' , IW3C2 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Jeremy . `` When SCUMM Ruled the Earth '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ ¿ Es el hipertexto una bendición o un ... ? ( Is hypertext a blessing or a ... ? ) ( in Spanish ) , Biblum literaria , Jul 2008 . Jump up ^ The Game of Reading an Electronic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , CA : U Calgary . Jump up ^ Green 2001 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Siemens , Ray ; Dobson , Teresa ( 2011 ) . `` HCI - Book ? Perspectives on E-Book Research 2006 - 2008 '' . Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada / Cahiers de la Société Bibliographique du Canada . 49 ( 1 ) : 39 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Welkom '' . demanmetdehoed.nl . Documentary Film ( edit ) Andries van Dam : Hypertext : an Educational Experiment in English and Computer Science at Brown University . Brown University , Providence , RI , U.S. 1974 , Run time 15 : 16 , Hypertext on IMDb , Full Movie on the Internet Archive Bibliography ( edit ) Green , Lelia ( 2001 ) , Technoculture : From Alphabet to Cybersex , Allen & Unwin Ep , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86508048 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Engelbart , Douglas C ( 1962 ) . `` Augmenting Human Intellect : A Conceptual Framework '' . AFOSR - 3233 Summary Report , SRI Project No. 3579 . Nelson , Theodor H. ( September 1965 ) . `` Complex information processing : a file structure for the complex , the changing and the indeterminate '' . ACM / CSC - ER Proceedings of the 1965 20th national conference . Nelson , Theodor H. ( September 1970 ) . `` No More Teachers ' Dirty Looks '' . Computer Decisions . -- -- -- ( 1973 ) . `` A Conceptual framework for man - machine everything '' . AFIPS Conference Proceedings . 42 . pp. M22 -- 23 . Yankelovich , Nicole ; Landow , George P ; Cody , David ( 1987 ) . `` Creating hypermedia materials for English literature students '' . SIGCUE Outlook . 20 ( 3 ) . Heim , Michael ( 1987 ) . Electric Language : A Philosophical Study of Word Processing . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07746 - 7 . * van Dam , Andries ( July 1988 ) . `` Hypertext : ' 87 keynote address '' . Communications of the ACM. 31 ( 7 ) : 887 -- 95 . doi : 10.1145 / 48511.48519 . Conklin , J. ( 1987 ) . `` Hypertext : An Introduction and Survey '' . Computer . 20 ( 9 ) : 17 -- 41 . doi : 10.1109 / MC. 1987.1663693 . Byers , T.J. ( April 1987 ) . `` Built by association '' . PC World . 5 : 244 -- 51 . Crane , Gregory ( 1988 ) . `` Extending the boundaries of instruction and research '' . T.H.E. Journal ( Technological Horizons in Education ) ( Macintosh Special Issue ) : 51 -- 54 . Nelson , Theodor H. ( 1992 ) . Literary Machines 93.1 . Sausalito , CA : Mindful Press . ISBN 0 - 89347 - 062 - 7 . Cicconi , Sergio ( 1999 ) . `` Hypertextuality '' . Mediapolis . Berlino & New York : Ed . Sam Inkinen & De Gruyter : 21 -- 43 . Bolter , Jay David ( 2001 ) . Writing Space : Computers , Hypertext , and the Remediation of Print . New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 2919 - 9 . Landow , George ( 2006 ) . Hypertext 3.0 Critical Theory and New Media in an Era of Globalization : Critical Theory and New Media in a Global Era ( Parallax , Re-Visions of Culture and Society ) . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8257 - 5 . Buckland , Michael ( 2006 ) . Emanuel Goldberg and His Knowledge Machine . Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31332 - 6 . Ensslin , Astrid ( 2007 ) . Canonizing Hypertext : Explorations and Constructions . London : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 9558 - 3 . Barnet , Belinda. ( 2013 ) Memory Machines : The Evolution of Hypertext ( Anthem Press ; 2013 ) A technological history of hypertext , External links ( edit ) Look up hypertext in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hypertext . Hypertext : Behind the Hype , Eric digests . Reviving Advanced Hypertext , Use IT ( whether and how concepts from hypertext research can be used on the Web ) . Hypertext conferences ( edit ) Ed - Media World Conference on Educational Multimedia , Hypermedia , and Telecommunications , AACE . The ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia , Interaction design GND : 4239975 - 0 NDL : 00576930 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypertext&oldid=800906980 '' Categories : Hypertext American inventions Computer - related introductions in 1945 Ted Nelson Words coined in the 1960s Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 12 : 56 . 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-3200866996739244264	Sons of Liberty	Sons of Liberty - wikipedia Sons of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sons of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . 1st row : Samuel Adams Benedict Arnold John Hancock Patrick Henry James Otis , Jr. 2nd row : Paul Revere James Swan Alexander McDougall Benjamin Rush Charles Thomson 3rd row : Joseph Warren Marinus Willett Oliver Wolcott Christopher Gadsden Haym Salomon Not pictured : Hercules Mulligan , Thomas Melvill , Isaac Sears Sons of Liberty Motto No taxation without representation Formation 1765 Dissolved 1776 Type Patriot , paramilitary , political organizations Legal status defunct Location Boston , Province of Massachusetts Bay , New York City , Province of New York , Providence , Rhode Island , Province of Rhode Island , Newport , Rhode Island , Province of New Hampshire , Province of New Jersey , Province of Maryland , Virginia Colony A 1765 broadside , regarding the `` Sons of Liberty '' organizations and their principles Nine stripe Sons of Liberty flag The Sons of Liberty was an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies . The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government . They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765 . The group officially disbanded after the Stamp Act was repealed . However , the name was applied to other local separatist groups during the years preceding the American Revolution . In the popular imagination , the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders . More likely , the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws . The well - known label allowed organizers to issue anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree , `` Liberty Pole '' , or other public meeting - place . Furthermore , a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown 's actions . Their motto became `` No taxation without representation . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 New York 2 Flags 3 Notable Sons of Liberty 4 Later societies 5 Modern references 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 18th Century Sons 8.2 Later groups 9 External links History ( edit ) The Bostonian Paying the Excise - Man , 1774 British propaganda print , referring to the tarring and feathering , of Boston Commissioner of Customs John Malcolm four weeks after the Boston Tea Party . The men also poured hot tea down Malcolm 's throat ; note the noose hanging on the Liberty Tree and the Stamp Act posted upside - down In 1765 , the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies , and intended that the colonists living there should contribute . The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists , and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes ; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative . This became commonly known as `` No Taxation without Representation . '' Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament . The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765 , which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions ( starting in the colony of Virginia ) , public demonstrations , threats , and occasional hurtful losses . The organization spread hour by hour , after independent starts in several different colonies . In August 1765 , the group was founded in Boston , Massachusetts . By November 6 , a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies . In December , an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut . January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City , and by March , Providence had initiated connections with New York , New Hampshire , and Newport , Rhode Island . March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey , Maryland , and Virginia . In Boston , another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver . They burned his effigy in the streets . When he did not resign , they escalated to burning down his office building . Even after he resigned , they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson . It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities . Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear . Early in the American Revolution , the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups , such as the Committee of Safety . The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767 . This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution . This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates . New York ( edit ) In December 1773 , a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York , which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was `` an enemy to the liberties of America '' and that `` whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions , we will not deal with , or employ , or have any connection with him '' . After the end of the American Revolutionary War , Isaac Sears , Marinus Willet , and John Lamb in New York City revived the Sons of Liberty . In March 1784 , they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1 . The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists . In violation of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists . Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists , citing the supremacy of the treaty . Flags ( edit ) In 1767 , the Sons of Liberty adopted a flag called the rebellious stripes flag with nine vertical stripes , four white and five red . A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by Commodore Esek Hopkins ( Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Navy ) and by American merchant ships during the war . This flag was also associated with the Sons of Liberty . Red and white were common colors of the flags , although other color combinations were used , such as green and white or yellow and white . Notable Sons of Liberty ( edit ) Samuel Adams -- political writer , tax collector , cousin of John Adams , fire warden . Founded the Sons Of Liberty , Boston Joseph Allicocke -- One of the leaders of the Sons in New York , and possibly of African ancestry . Benedict Arnold -- businessman , later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army Timothy Bigelow -- blacksmith , Worcester John Brown -- business leader of Providence , Rhode Island John Crane -- carpenter , Colonel in command of the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment , Braintree Benjamin Edes -- journalist / publisher Boston Gazette , Boston Christopher Gadsden -- merchant , Charleston , South Carolina John Hancock -- merchant , smuggler , fire warden , Boston Patrick Henry -- lawyer , Virginia John Lamb -- trader , New York City Alexander McDougall -- captain of privateers , New York City Hercules Mulligan -- tailor , spy under George Washington for the Continental Army , friend of Alexander Hamilton James Otis -- lawyer , Massachusetts Charles Willson Peale -- portrait painter and saddle maker , Annapolis , Maryland Paul Revere -- silversmith , fire warden , Boston Benjamin Rush -- physician , Philadelphia Isaac Sears -- captain of privateers , New York City Haym Salomon -- financial broker , New York and Philadelphia James Swan -- American patriot and financier , Boston Isaiah Thomas -- printer , Boston then Worcester , first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts Charles Thomson -- tutor , secretary , Philadelphia Joseph Warren -- doctor , soldier , Boston Thomas Young -- doctor , Boston Marinus Willett -- cabinetmaker , soldier , New York Oliver Wolcott -- lawyer , Connecticut Later societies ( edit ) At various times , small secret organizations took the name `` sons of liberty '' . They generally left very few records . The name was also used during the American Civil War . By 1864 , the Copperhead group the Knights of the Golden Circle set up an offshoot called Order of the Sons of Liberty . They both came under federal prosecution in 1864 for treason , especially in Indiana . A radical wing of the Zionist movement launched a boycott in the U.S. against British films in 1948 , in response to British policies in Palestine . It called itself the `` Sons of Liberty . '' Modern references ( edit ) The patriotic spirit of the Sons of Liberty has been used by Walt Disney Pictures through their 1957 film adaptation of Esther Forbes ' novel Johnny Tremain . Within the movie , the Sons of Liberty sing a rousing song titled `` The Liberty Tree '' . This song raises the Liberty Tree to a national icon in a manner similar to the way in which George M. Cohan 's `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' revitalized respect for the American flag in the early twentieth century . In the 1995 alternative history novel The Two Georges , the Sons of Liberty are depicted as a nativist terrorist organisation whose aim is to make the North American Union independent of the British Empire ; their attempts include the theft of the titular portrait for a fifty million pound ransom and two assassination attempts on King - Emperor Charles III . The flag used by the Sons of Liberty and the Independence Party alike is a variation of the North American Jack and Stripes with the Union Jack in the canton being replaced by a bald eagle . The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2001 video game Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty . It refers to them in the title , and a group within the game calls itself the Sons of Liberty and models itself after them . In 2015 , a three - part mini-series aired on the History Channel with the same name . The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2015 Broadway show Hamilton . In the song `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) , '' the character Hercules Mulligan sings , `` I am runnin ' with the Sons of Liberty and I am lovin ' it . '' In an episode of the Claymation children 's TV show Gumby , entitled `` Son of Liberty '' ( first aired in 1966 ) , Gumby becomes a member of the Sons of Liberty . See also ( edit ) Daughters of Liberty Stamp Act Congress Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty ( miniseries ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Phillips Resch , ed. , Americans at war : society , culture , and the homefront ( MacMillan Reference Library , 2005 ) 1 : 174 - 75 Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod ( 2000 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the American Revolution . Alpha Books . p. 89 . ISBN 9780028633794 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies ( 2007 ) 1 : 688 Jump up ^ Frank Lambert ( 2005 ) . James Habersham : loyalty , politics , and commerce in colonial Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2539 - 2 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1943 ) p. 74 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1943 ) Jump up ^ Such as by the local judges and Frederick , Maryland . See Thomas John Chew Williams ( 1979 ) . History of Frederick County , Maryland . Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 9780806379739 . Jump up ^ Miller , Origins of the American Revolution pp. 121 , 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Anger , p. 135 Jump up ^ Benjamin H. Irvin , `` Tar , feathers , and the enemies of American liberties , 1768 - 1776 . '' New England Quarterly ( 2003 ) : 197 - 238 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ T.H. Breen ( 2004 ) . The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence . Oxford UP . p. 446 . ISBN 9780199840113 . Jump up ^ Schecter , pg. 382 Jump up ^ Colonial and Revolutionary War Flags ( U.S. ) Jump up ^ Liberty Flags ( U.S. ) Jump up ^ Ansoff , Peter . ( 2004 ) . The First Navy Jack . Raven : A Journal of Vexillology , 11 Jump up ^ Donald A. Grinde Jr , `` Joseph Allicocke : African - American Leader of the Sons of Liberty . '' Afro - Americans in New York Life and History 14 #. 2 ( 1990 ) : 61 - 69 . Jump up ^ Dave R. Plamer ( 2010 ) . George Washington and Benedict Arnold : A Tale of Two Patriots . Regnery Publishing . p. 3 . ISBN 9781596981645 . Jump up ^ Ira Stoll ( 2008 ) . Samuel Adams : A Life . Free Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9781416594567 . Jump up ^ David H. Fischer ( 1995 ) . Paul Revere 's ride . Oxford University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 9780195098310 . Jump up ^ Paul Della Valle ( 2009 ) . Massachusetts Troublemakers : Rebels , Reformers , and Radicals from the Bay State . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 57 . ISBN 9780762757954 . Jump up ^ Chris Alexander ( 2010 ) . Two Truths Two Justices . Xulon Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9781612154527 . Jump up ^ Daniel Elbridge Wager ( 1891 ) . Col. Marinus Willett , the Hero of Mohawk Valley . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Baker , pg. 341 Jump up ^ David C. Keehn ( 2013 ) . Knights of the Golden Circle : Secret Empire , Southern Secession , Civil War . Louisiana State UP . p. 173 . ISBN 9780807150047 . Jump up ^ Kerry Segrave ( 2004 ) . Foreign Films in America : A History . McFarland . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8162 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) 18th century Sons ( edit ) Becker , Carl ( 1901 ) , `` Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province 1765 -- 1774 '' , American Historical Review , 7 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 76 , ISSN 0002 - 8762 , JSTOR 1832532 , doi : 10.2307 / 1832532 Carson , Clayborne , Jake Miller , and James Miller . `` Sons of Liberty . '' in Civil Disobedience : An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States ( 2015 ) : 276 + Champagne , Roger J. ( 1967 ) , `` Liberty Boys and Mechanics of New York City , 1764 -- 1774 '' , Labor History , 8 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 135 , ISSN 0023 - 656X Champagne , Roger J. ( 1964 ) , `` New York 's Radicals and the Coming of Independence '' , Journal of American History , 51 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 40 , ISSN 0021 - 8723 , JSTOR 1917932 , doi : 10.2307 / 1917932 Dawson , Henry Barton . The Sons of Liberty in New York ( 1859 ) 118 pages ; online edition Foner , Philip Sheldon . Labor and the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Westport , CN : Greenwood. 258 pages . Hoffer , Peter Charles ( 2006 ) , Seven Fires : The Urban Infernos The Reshaped America , New York : Public Affairs , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 355 - 2 Irvin , Benjamin H. ( 2003 ) , `` Tar , Feathers , and the Enemies of American Liberties , 1768 -- 1776 '' , New England Quarterly , 76 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 238 , ISSN 0028 - 4866 , JSTOR 1559903 , doi : 10.2307 / 1559903 Labaree , Benjamin Woods . The Boston Tea Party ( 1964 ) . Maier , Pauline ( 1972 ) , From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 , New York : W.W. Norton Maier , Pauline . `` Reason and Revolution : The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young , '' American Quarterly Vol. 28 , No. 2 , ( Summer 1976 ) , pp. 229 -- 249 in JSTOR Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 019531588X Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) , Origins of the American Revolution , Boston : Little , Brown and Company Morais , Herbert M. ( 1939 ) , `` The Sons of Liberty in New York '' , in Morris , Richard B. , The Era of the American Revolution , pp. 269 -- 289 , a Marxist interpretation Nash , Gary B. ( 2005 ) , The Unknown Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America , London : Viking , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Schecter , Barnet ( 2002 ) , The Battle of New York , New York : Walker , ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 Unger , Harlow ( 2000 ) , John Hancock : Merchant King and American Patriot , Edison , NJ : Castle Books , ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2026 - 4 Walsh , Richard . Charleston 's Sons of Liberty : A Study of the Artisans , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1968 ) Warner , William B. Protocols of Liberty : Communication Innovation and the American Revolution ( University of Chicago Press , 2013 ) Later groups ( edit ) Baker , Jean ( 1983 ) , Affairs of Party : The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century , Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1513 - 6 Churchill , Robert . `` Liberty , conscription , and a party divided - The Sons of Liberty conspiracy , 1863 - 1864 . '' Prologue - Quarterly of the National Archives 30 # 4 ( 1998 ) : 294 - 303 . Rodgers , Thomas E. `` Copperheads or a Respectable Minority : Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War - Era Democrats . '' Indiana Magazine of History 109 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 114 - 146 . in JSTOR External links ( edit ) The Sons of Liberty , ushistory.org The Sons of Liberty , u-s-history.com Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York , December 15 , 1773 New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers ( hide ) American Revolutionary War Origins of the American Revolution Philosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen Common Sense Spirit of ' 76 `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Royalists Pitt -- Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox -- North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related British Acts of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Sons of Liberty Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Boston Massacre Gaspee Affair Hutchinson Letters Affair Boston Tea Party Powder Alarm Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies Combatants Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy German allies Colonial allies France army navy Hortalez et Cie Campaigns and theaters Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St. Vincent Charleston Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Guilford Court House Lochry 's Defeat Yorktown Saintes Cuddalore Other events Staten Island Peace Conference `` First Salute '' Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee -- American wars Fourth Anglo - 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About Wikipedia	who were sons of liberty and what did they do	[]	[]
-8596127252162838467	American Civil War	American Civil War - Wikipedia American Civil War American Civil War Clockwise from top : Battle of Gettysburg , Union Captain John Tidball 's artillery , Confederate prisoners , ironclad USS Atlanta , ruins of Richmond , Virginia , Battle of Franklin Date April 12 , 1861 -- May 9 , 1865 ( 4 years , 3 weeks and 6 days ) Location Southern United States , Northeastern United States , Western United States , Atlantic Ocean Result Union victory : Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade and others ... Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg and others ... Strength 2,200,000 : Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service 698,000 ( peak ) 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : Confederate Army Confederate Marines Confederate Navy 360,000 ( peak ) Casualties and losses 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured Total : 828,000 + casualties 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured Total : 864,000 + casualties 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead Theaters of the American Civil War Union blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a war ( though a Declaration of War was never issued by Congress ) fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . As a result of the long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States , who advocated for states ' rights to expand slavery . Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America , or the South . The Confederacy grew to include eleven slave states . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although the United Kingdom and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal to the U.S. ( including the border states where slavery was legal ) were known as the Union or the North . The Union and Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House , followed by a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 people dead , more than the number of U.S. military deaths in all other wars combined ( at least until approximately the Vietnam War ) . Much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed , especially the transportation systems . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history . Contents 1 Overview 2 Causes of secession 2.1 Slavery 2.2 Sectionalism 2.3 Protectionism 2.4 States ' rights 2.5 Territorial crisis 2.5. 1 Nationalism and honor 2.5. 2 Lincoln 's election 3 Outbreak of the war 3.1 Secession crisis 3.2 Battle of Fort Sumter 3.3 Attitude of the border states 4 War 4.1 Mobilization 4.1. 1 Motivation 4.1. 2 Prisoners 4.2 Naval war 4.2. 1 Union blockade 4.2. 1.1 Modern navy evolves 4.2. 1.2 Blockade runners 4.2. 1.3 Economic impact 4.2. 2 Rivers ' war 4.3 Eastern theater 4.4 Western theater 4.5 Trans - Mississippi 4.6 End of the war 4.6. 1 Conquest of Virginia 4.6. 2 Confederacy surrenders 5 Diplomacy 6 Union victory and aftermath 6.1 Results 6.2 Costs 6.3 Emancipation 6.3. 1 Slavery as a war issue 6.3. 2 Emancipation Proclamation 6.4 Texas v. White 6.5 Reconstruction 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Lost Cause 7.2 Beardian historiography 7.3 Battlefield preservation 7.4 Civil War commemoration 7.5 Technological significance 8 In works of culture and art 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 8.3 Song 8.4 Video games 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview In the 1860 presidential election , Republicans , led by Abraham Lincoln , supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories . The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery . The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82 % majority of the votes cast nationally : Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in the north , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee , Kentucky , and Virginia . The Republican Party , dominant in the North , secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally , thus Lincoln was constitutionally elected president . He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency . However , before his inauguration , seven slave states with cotton - based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy . The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations , a total of 49 percent . Of those states whose legislatures resolved for secession , the first seven voted with split majorities for unionist candidates Douglas and Bell ( Georgia with 51 % and Louisiana with 55 % ) , or with sizable minorities for those unionists ( Alabama with 46 % , Mississippi with 40 % , Florida with 38 % , Texas with 25 % , and South Carolina , which cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president . Of these , only Texas held a referendum on secession . Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America . Hostilities began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter . While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains , in the Eastern Theater , the battle was inconclusive from 1861 -- 1862 . Later , in 1863 , Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which made ending slavery a war goal . To the west , by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , then much of their western armies , and seized New Orleans . The 1863 Union Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Robert E. Lee 's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg . Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant 's command of all Union armies in 1864 . Inflicting an ever - tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports , the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions , leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea . The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee 's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 . While the military war was coming to an end , the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years , known as the Reconstruction Era . The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 . Causes of secession Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began , but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war . James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists , who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war . Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s . The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery , and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate , Lincoln , won the 1860 election . After Lincoln won , many Southern leaders felt that disunion was their only option , fearing that the loss of representation would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies . Slavery Status of the states , 1861 States that seceded before April 15 , 1861 States that seceded after April 15 , 1861 Union states that permitted slavery Union states that banned slavery Territories Slavery was a major cause of disunion . Although there were opposing views even in the Union States , most northern soldiers were largely indifferent on the subject of slavery , while Confederates fought the war largely to protect a southern society of which slavery was an integral part . From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism . The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment -- to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction . The slave - holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights . Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South 's economy , due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population . In particular , southerners feared a repeat of `` the horrors of Santo Domingo '' , in which nearly all white people -- including men , women , children , and even many sympathetic to abolition -- were killed after the successful slave revolt in Haiti . Historian Thomas Fleming points to the historical phrase `` a disease in the public mind '' used by critics of this idea , and proposes it contributed to the segregation in the Jim Crow era following emancipation . These fears were exacerbated by the recent attempts of John Brown to instigate an armed slave rebellion in the South . Slavery was illegal in much of the North , having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities , but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the rural South and Southwest . Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide . Sectionalism Sectionalism resulted from the different economies , social structure , customs and political values of the North and South . Regional tensions came to a head during the War of 1812 , resulting in the Hartford Convention which manifested Northern dissastisfaction with a foreign trade embargo that affected the industrial North disproportionately , the Three - Fifths Compromise , dilution of Northern power by new states , and a succession of Southern Presidents . Sectionalism increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North , which phased slavery out of existence , industrialized , urbanized , and built prosperous farms , while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor , together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen . In the 1840s and 50s , the issue of accepting slavery ( in the guise of rejecting slave - owning bishops and missionaries ) split the nation 's largest religious denominations ( the Methodist , Baptist and Presbyterian churches ) into separate Northern and Southern denominations . Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war . Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary . While socially different , the sections economically benefited each other . Protectionism Slave owners preferred low - cost manual labor with no mechanization . Northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade , The Democrats in Congress , controlled by Southerners , wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816 . The Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election . The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress . The tariff issue was a Northern grievance . However , neo-Confederate writers have claimed it as a Southern grievance . In 1860 -- 61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue . Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff . States ' rights The South argued that each state had the right to secede -- leave the Union -- at any time , that the Constitution was a `` compact '' or agreement among the states . Northerners ( including President Buchanan ) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetual union . Historian James McPherson writes concerning states ' rights and other non-slavery explanations : While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups , few professional historians now subscribe to them . Of all these interpretations , the states ' - rights argument is perhaps the weakest . It fails to ask the question , states ' rights for what purpose ? States ' rights , or sovereignty , was always more a means than an end , an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle . Territorial Crisis Further information : Slave and free states Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . At first , the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states . It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided . With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848 , slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well . Northern `` free soil '' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory . The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free - soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s . But the states admitted following California were all free : Minnesota ( 1858 ) , Oregon ( 1859 ) and Kansas ( 1861 ) . In the southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive . Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion : `` The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself . '' Sen. Stephen Douglas , author of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 Sen. John J. Crittenden , of the 1860 Crittenden Compromise By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly . The first of these `` conservative '' theories , represented by the Constitutional Union Party , argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate . The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view . The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence , championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance -- that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress , thus Congress could restrict human bondage , but never establish it . The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 . Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' sovereignty -- which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine . In Kansas Territory , years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted ; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860 , but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861 , after the 1860 elections when southern senators began to leave . The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , one of state sovereignty ( `` states ' rights '' ) , also known as the `` Calhoun doctrine '' , named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self - government , state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the federal union under the U.S. Constitution . `` States ' rights '' was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority . As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out , the `` Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power . '' These four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery , the territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election . Nationalism and honor Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century , with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster . While practically all Northerners supported the Union , Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States ( called `` unionists '' ) and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy . C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group , A great slave society ... had grown up and miraculously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic . It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its institutional , legal , metaphysical , and religious defenses ... When the crisis came it chose to fight . It proved to be the death struggle of a society , which went down in ruins . Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859 . While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism , leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded , and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union . The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it : `` We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government , and as an avowal of contemplated treason , which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence . '' The South ignored the warnings : Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together . Lincoln 's election Main article : United States presidential election , 1860 Abraham Lincoln in 1864 The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession . Efforts at compromise , including the `` Corwin Amendment '' and the `` Crittenden Compromise '' , failed . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction . The slave states , which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives , were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North . Before Lincoln took office in March 1861 , seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy . According to Lincoln , the people had shown that they can be successful in establishing and administering a republic , but a third challenge faced the nation , maintaining a republic based on the people 's vote against an attempt to overthrow it . Outbreak of the War Secession Crisis The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession . Prior to the war , South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws , and even to secede from the United States . The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20 , 1860 , and adopted the `` Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . It argued for states ' rights for slave owners in the South , but contained a complaint about states ' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act , claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution . The `` cotton states '' of Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas followed suit , seceding in January and February 1861 . The first published imprint of secession , a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury , December 20 , 1860 Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states , those of three -- Texas , Alabama , and Virginia -- specifically mentioned the plight of the `` slaveholding states '' at the hands of northern abolitionists . The rest make no mention of the slavery issue , and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures . However , at least four states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas -- also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession , all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement 's influence over the politics of the northern states . The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution . These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4 , 1861 . They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4 , 1861 . Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession , and that the Union `` was intended to be perpetual '' , but that `` The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union '' was not among the `` enumerated powers granted to Congress '' . One quarter of the U.S. Army -- the entire garrison in Texas -- was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general , David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy . As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House , Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war , including the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges ( the Morrill Act ) , a Homestead Act , a transcontinental railroad ( the Pacific Railway Acts ) , the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862 . The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war . On December 18 , 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south . The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it . It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise . The Republicans again rejected the idea , although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it . A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington , proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise , it was rejected by Congress . The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient . Nonetheless , the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two - to - one no - vote in Virginia 's First Secessionist Convention on April 4 , 1861 . Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America ( 1861 -- 1865 ) On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President . In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract , and called any secession `` legally void '' . He had no intent to invade Southern states , nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed , but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property . The government would make no move to recover post offices , and if resisted , mail delivery would end at state lines . Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. marshals and judges would be withdrawn . No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia , and North Carolina . He stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports ; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration . His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union , famously calling on `` the mystic chords of memory '' binding the two regions . The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government , and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . Secretary of State William Seward , who at the time saw himself as the real governor or `` prime minister '' behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln , engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union - occupied forts in the Confederacy , Fort Monroe in Virginia , in Florida , Fort Pickens , Fort Jefferson , Fort Taylor and Fort Sumter , located at the cockpit of secession in Charleston , South Carolina . Battle of Fort Sumter Main article : Battle of Fort Sumter Mass meeting in New York City April 20 , 1861 , to support the Union . Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina . Its garrison recently moved there to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Lincoln told Maj . Anderson to hold on until fired upon . Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort . Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected , and Davis ordered General P.G.T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive . He bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , forcing its capitulation . The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism . Historian Allan Nevins said : The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment ... Anger swept the land . From every side came news of mass meetings , speeches , resolutions , tenders of business support , the muster of companies and regiments , the determined action of governors and legislatures . '' Union leaders incorrectly assumed that only a minority of Southerners were in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on . Had Northerners realized that most Southerners really did favor secession , they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South . Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day . In western Missouri , local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal . On May 3 , 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years . Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures , but now Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors , declared their secession , and joined the Confederacy . To reward Virginia , the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond . Attitude of the border states Main article : Border states ( American Civil War ) US Secession map 1863 . The Union vs. the Confederacy . Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery ( One of these states , West Virginia was created in 1863 ) Confederate states Union territories that permitted slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) at the start of the war , but where slavery was outlawed in 1862 Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South . West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863 . Maryland 's territory surrounded the United States ' capital of Washington , DC and could cut it off from the North . It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South . Maryland 's legislature voted overwhelmingly ( 53 -- 13 ) to stay in the Union , but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors , voting to close Maryland 's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war . Lincoln responded by establishing martial law and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North . Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia by seizing many prominent figures , including arresting 1 / 3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened . All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , that only Congress ( and not the president ) could suspend habeas corpus ( Ex parte Merryman ) . Indeed , federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor , Frank Key Howard , Francis Scott Key 's grandson , after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice 's ruling . In Missouri , an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union . When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia , it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state ( see also : Missouri secession ) . In the resulting vacuum , the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri . Kentucky did not secede ; for a time , it declared itself neutral . When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861 , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status , while trying to maintain slavery . During a brief invasion by Confederate forces , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , inaugurated a governor , and gained recognition from the Confederacy . The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky . After Virginia 's secession , a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24 , 1861 . A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill ( 96 percent approving ) . The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20 , 1863 . West Virginia provided about 20,000 -- 22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union . A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , but was suppressed by the Confederacy , which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union . They were held without trial . War See also : List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War County map of Civil War battles by theater and year The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle . Over four years , 237 named battles were fought , as were many more minor actions and skirmishes , which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties . In his book The American Civil War , John Keegan writes that `` The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought '' . Without geographic objectives , the only target for each side was the enemy 's soldier . Mobilization See also : Child soldiers in the American Civil War As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 . However , Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias . The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February . By May , Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration , and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress . In the first year of the war , both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip . After the initial enthusiasm faded , reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough . Both sides used a draft law -- conscription -- as a device to encourage or force volunteering ; relatively few were actually drafted and served . The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35 ; overseers of slaves , government officials , and clergymen were exempt . The U.S. Congress followed in July , authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers , including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland . Union soldiers before Marye 's Heights , Second Fredericksburg Confederate dead overrun at Marye 's Heights , reoccupied next day May 4 , 1863 When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863 , ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states , and used to meet the state quotas . States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers . Congress tightened the law in March 1863 . Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or , until mid-1864 , pay commutation money . Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , especially in Catholic areas . The great draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city 's Democratic political machine , not realizing it made them liable for the draft . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863 In both the North and South , the draft laws were highly unpopular . In the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , many of them fleeing to Canada , and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war . At least 100,000 Southerners deserted , or about 10 percent . In the South , many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families , then returned to their units . In the North , `` bounty jumpers '' enlisted to get the generous bonus , deserted , then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus ; 141 were caught and executed . From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the `` largest and most efficient armies in the world '' within a few years . European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional , but British historian John Keegan 's assessment is that each outmatched the French , Prussian and Russian armies of the time , and but for the Atlantic , would have threatened any of them with defeat . Motivation Perman and Taylor ( 2010 ) say that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight . Prisoners Main article : American Civil War prison camps At the start of the civil war , a system of paroles operated . Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged . Meanwhile , they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties . The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners . After that , about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war , accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict 's fatalities . Naval War The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865 , with 671 vessels , having a tonnage of 510,396 . Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports , take control of the river system , defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas , and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy . Meanwhile , the main riverine war was fought in the West , where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland , if the U.S. Navy could take control . In the East , the Navy supplied and moved army forces about , and occasionally shelled Confederate installations . Union blockade Main article : Union blockade General Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' 1861 . Tightening naval blockade , forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River , Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence , idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia . By early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible . Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy . Lincoln adopted parts of the plan , but he overruled Scott 's caution about 90 - day volunteers . Public opinion , however , demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond . In April 1861 , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports ; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended . The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective ; by the time they realized the mistake , it was too late . `` King Cotton '' was dead , as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton . The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton , especially New Orleans , Mobile , and Charleston . By June 1861 , warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports , and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service . Modern Navy evolves The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution and subsequently many naval innovations emerged during this time , most notably the advent of the ironclad warship . It began when the Confederacy , knowing they had to meet or match the Union 's naval superiority , responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels , including twenty - six ironclads and floating batteries . Only half of these saw active service . Many were equipped with ram bows , creating `` ram fever '' among Union squadrons wherever they threatened . But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union 's own ironclad warships , they were unsuccessful . The Confederacy experimented with the submarine CSS Hunley , which did not work well , and with building an ironclad ship , CSS Virginia , which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship , Merrimack . On its first foray on March 8 , 1862 , Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union 's wooden fleet , but the next day the first Union ironclad , USS Monitor , arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay . The resulting three hour Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw , but it proved that ironclads were effective warships . Not long after the battle the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture , while the Union built many copies of the Monitor . Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships , the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain . Blockade runners Main article : Blockade runners of the American Civil War Gunline of nine Union ironclads . South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Charleston . Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North 's overwhelming war production . British investors built small , fast , steam - driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda , Cuba , and the Bahamas in return for high - priced cotton . Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out . When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner , the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold , with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors ; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released . The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war . There were multiple reasons for this : the severe deterioration of food supplies , especially in cities , the failure of Southern railroads , the loss of control of the main rivers , foraging by Northern armies , and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies . Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy ; however , Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months , thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles , lead , blankets , and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply . Economic impact Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy , at the cost of few lives in combat . Practically , the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless ( although it was sold to Union traders ) , costing the Confederacy its main source of income . Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well . The measure of the blockade 's success was not the few ships that slipped through , but the thousands that never tried it . Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade ; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports . To fight an offensive war , the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain , converted them to warships , and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters . However , the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested . After the war , the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done , and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871 . Rivers ' War Clashes on the rivers were melees of ironclads , cottonclads , gunboats and rams , complicated by torpedoes and fire rafts . The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes : McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond . Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee . The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River . The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas . Ulysses Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote 's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy 's `` Gibraltar of the West '' at Columbus , Kentucky . Though rebuffed at Belmont , Grant cut off Columbus . The Confederates , lacking their own gunboats , were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March 1862 , taking control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers In addition to ocean - going warships coming up the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads , and armored gunboats . Shipyards at Cairo , Illinois , and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action . They took control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers after victories at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and Fort Donelson ( February 11 to 16 , 1862 ) , and supplied Grant 's forces as he moved into Tennessee . At Shiloh ( Pittsburg Landing ) , in Tennessee in April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell . Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant counter-attacked . Grant and the Union won a decisive victory -- the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over . Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6 , 1862 , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River . On April 24 , 1862 , U.S. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans . Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South . Naval forces assisted Grant in the long , complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at Vicksburg , Mississippi in July 1863 , and in the Union fully controlling the Mississippi River soon after . Eastern Theater Further information : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Left : The Battle of Antietam , the Civil War 's deadliest one - day fight . Union troops committed piecemeal had little effect . Right : Confederate ironclads at Norfolk and New Orleans dispersed blockade , until Union ironclads could defeat them . In one of the first highly visible battles , a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces near Washington was repulsed . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 ( he was briefly general - in - chief of all the Union armies , but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ) , and the war began in earnest in 1862 . Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond . Although McClellan 's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines , then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat . The Northern Virginia Campaign , which included the Second Battle of Bull Run , ended in yet another victory for the South . McClellan resisted General - in - Chief Halleck 's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia , which made it easier for Lee 's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops . Emboldened by Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North . General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 . Lincoln then restored Pope 's troops to McClellan . McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg , Maryland , on September 17 , 1862 , the bloodiest single day in United States military history . Lee 's army , checked at last , returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it . Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee 's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation . Union forces performing a bayonet charge , 1862 When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam , he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13 , 1862 , when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye 's Heights . After the battle , Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker . Hooker , too , proved unable to defeat Lee 's army ; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one , he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 . Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications . Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee 's second invasion of the North , in June . Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg ( July 1 to 3 , 1863 ) . This was the bloodiest battle of the war , and has been called the war 's turning point . Pickett 's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high - water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory . Lee 's army suffered 28,000 casualties ( versus Meade 's 23,000 ) . However , Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee 's retreat , and after Meade 's inconclusive fall campaign , Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership . At the same time , the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered , giving the Union control of the Mississippi River , permanently isolating the western Confederacy , and producing the new leader Lincoln needed , Ulysses S. Grant . Western Theater Further information : Western Theater of the American Civil War Left : The Battle of Chickamauga , the highest two - day losses . Confederate victory held off Union offensive for two months . Right : New Orleans captured . Union ironclads forced passage , sank Confederate fleet , destroyed batteries , held docks for Army . While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater , they were defeated many times in the West . They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge . Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus ended Kentucky 's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy . Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862 , leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization . The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid , Missouri , and then Memphis , Tennessee . In April 1862 , the Union Navy captured New Orleans , which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi . Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented Union control of the entire river . General Braxton Bragg 's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville , although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state . Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee . By 1863 the Union controlled large portions of the Western Theater , especially areas surrounding the Mississippi river The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga . Bragg , reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps ( from Lee 's army in the east ) , defeated Rosecrans , despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas . Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged . The Union 's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant , who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson ( by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers ) ; the Battle of Shiloh ; and the Battle of Vicksburg , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war . Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy . Trans - Mississippi Further information on Missouri in the Civil War : Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Left : Quantrill 's Raid captured a hotel in free - state Kansas for a day in a town of 2,000 , burned 185 buildings , killed 182 men and boys . Right : Nathaniel Lyon secured St. Louis docks and arsenal , led Union forces to expel Missouri Confederate forces and government . Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans - Mississippi region , as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control . Roving Confederate bands such as Quantrill 's Raiders terrorized the countryside , striking both military installations and civilian settlements . The `` Sons of Liberty '' and `` Order of the American Knights '' attacked pro-Union people , elected officeholders , and unarmed uniformed soldiers . These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged . By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln . Missouri not only stayed in the Union , but Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election . Numerous small - scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union . The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862 , and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas . In the Indian Territory , civil war broke out within tribes . About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy , and smaller numbers for the Union . The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General Stand Watie , the last Confederate general to surrender . After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863 , General Kirby Smith in Texas was informed by Jefferson Davis that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi River . Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies , he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler , along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy , a virtual `` independent fiefdom '' in Texas , including railroad construction and international smuggling . The Union in turn did not directly engage him . Its 1864 Red River Campaign to take Shreveport , Louisiana was a failure and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war . End of the War Conquest of Virginia At the beginning of 1864 , Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac , and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies . Grant understood the concept of total war and believed , along with Lincoln and Sherman , that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war . This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes , farms , and railroads , that Grant said `` would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion . This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end . '' Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions . Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond , General Franz Sigel ( and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley , General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea ( the Atlantic Ocean ) , Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia , and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama . These dead soldiers -- from Ewell 's May 1864 attack at Spotsylvania -- delayed Grant 's advance on Richmond in the Overland Campaign . The Peacemakers by George Peter Alexander Healy portrays Sherman , Grant , Lincoln , and Porter discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer River Queen in March 1865 . Grant 's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond , where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army . The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles , notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor . These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides , and forced Lee 's Confederates to fall back repeatedly . An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler , who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend . Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals , though unlike those prior generals , Grant fought on rather than retreat . Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond . While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond , Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months . Grant finally found a commander , General Philip Sheridan , aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge . The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy 's last major victory of the war . After redoubling his efforts , Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles , including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek . Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia . Meanwhile , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way . The fall of Atlanta on September 2 , 1864 , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president . Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman 's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin - Nashville Campaign . Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood 's army . Leaving Atlanta , and his base of supplies , Sherman 's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his `` March to the Sea '' . He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia in December 1864 . Sherman 's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves ; there were no major battles along the March . Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south , increasing the pressure on Lee 's army . Lee 's army , thinned by desertion and casualties , was now much smaller than Grant 's . One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks ( sometimes called `` the Waterloo of the Confederacy '' ) on April 1 . This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond - Petersburg , completely cutting it off from the Confederacy . Realizing that the capital was now lost , Lee decided to evacuate his army . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , composed of black troops . The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler 's Creek . Confederacy surrenders Main article : Conclusion of the American Civil War Map of Confederate territory losses year by year Initially , Lee did not intend to surrender , but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting , and then continue the war . Grant chased Lee and got in front of him , so that when Lee 's army reached Appomattox Court House , they were surrounded . After an initial battle , Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant 's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union , Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse , Traveller . On April 14 , 1865 , President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth , a Southern sympathizer . Lincoln died early the next morning , and Andrew Johnson became the president . Meanwhile , Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee 's surrender reached them . On April 26 , 1865 , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present - day Durham , North Carolina . It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces , effectively bringing the war to an end . President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9 , 1865 ; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day . On June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans - Mississippi Department . On June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War Though the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union , this was never likely , and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators . The Union , under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this , and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America . In 1861 , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments , hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton , but this did not work . Worse , Europe developed other cotton suppliers , which they found superior , hindering the South 's recovery after the war . Crewmembers of USS Wissahickon by the ship 's 11 - inch ( 280 mm ) Dahlgren gun , circa 1863 Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton , while the 1860 -- 62 crop failures in Europe made the North 's grain exports of critical importance . It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy . It was said that `` King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton '' , as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half . When Britain did face a cotton shortage , it was temporary , being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India . Meanwhile , the war created employment for arms makers , ironworkers , and British ships to transport weapons . Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesmen , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . '' U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade . The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( CSS Alabama , CSS Shenandoah , CSS Tennessee , CSS Tallahassee , CSS Florida , and some others ) . The most famous , the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes . However , public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain , where the antislavery movement was powerful . War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent affair , involving the U.S. Navy 's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats . However , London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two . In 1862 , the British considered mediation between North and South -- though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom 's Cabin three times when deciding on this . The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy . Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France 's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union . Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris . After 1863 , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers , and ensured that they would remain neutral . Union victory and aftermath Results The causes of the war , the reasons for its outcome , and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today . The North and West grew rich while the once - rich South became poor for a century . The national political power of the slaveowners and rich southerners ended . Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction , especially regarding the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty . Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war . Most scholars , including James McPherson , argue that Confederate victory was at least possible . McPherson argues that the North 's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed . He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics , they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union . Comparison of Union and Confederacy , 1860 -- 1864 Year Union Confederacy Population 1860 22,100,000 ( 71 % ) 9,100,000 ( 29 % ) 1864 28,800,000 ( 90 % ) 3,000,000 ( 10 % ) Free 1860 21,700,000 ( 81 % ) 5,600,000 ( 19 % ) Slave 1860 400,000 ( 11 % ) 3,500,000 ( 89 % ) 1864 negligible 1,900,000 Soldiers 1860 -- 64 2,100,000 ( 67 % ) 1,064,000 ( 33 % ) Railroad miles 1860 21,800 ( 71 % ) 8,800 ( 29 % ) 1864 29,100 ( 98 % ) negligible Manufactures 1860 90 % 10 % 1864 98 % 2 % Arms production 1860 97 % 3 % 1864 98 % 2 % Cotton bales 1860 negligible 4,500,000 1864 300,000 negligible Exports 1860 30 % 70 % 1864 98 % 2 % Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win , but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high . The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win . Lincoln was not a military dictator , and could continue to fight the war only as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war . The Confederacy sought to win independence by out - lasting Lincoln ; however , after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for a political victory for the South ended . At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain and France . By defeating the Democrats and McClellan , he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform . Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long - term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population . Confederate actions , they argue , only delayed defeat . Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly : `` I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories , and a lot more , the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back . I do n't think the South ever had a chance to win that War . '' A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because , as E. Merton Coulter put it , `` people did not will hard enough and long enough to win . '' Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees , pointing to a class conflict in the Confederate army between the slave owners and the larger number of non-owners . He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery , and fought less enthusiastically . He attributes the major Confederate defeats in 1863 at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict . However , most historians reject the argument . James M. McPherson , after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers , found strong patriotism that continued to the end ; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty . Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864 -- 65 , he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard . Historian Gary Gallagher cites General Sherman who in early 1864 commented , `` The devils seem to have a determination that can not but be admired . '' Despite their loss of slaves and wealth , with starvation looming , Sherman continued , `` yet I see no sign of let up -- some few deserters -- plenty tired of war , but the masses determined to fight it out . '' Also important were Lincoln 's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause . The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President 's war powers . The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily , particularly Britain and France . Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities . Lincoln 's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods ; as a result , imports and exports to the South declined significantly . The abundance of European cotton and Britain 's hostility to the institution of slavery , along with Lincoln 's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades , severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war . Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that : The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . '' Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South . The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South . However , a 2017 study challenges this , noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status , the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North . Costs One in thirteen veterans were amputees . Remains of both sides were reinterred . National cemetery in Andersonville , GA . The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( 3 percent of the population ) , including about 620,000 soldier deaths -- two - thirds by disease , and 50,000 civilians . Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000 , 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated , and possibly as high as 850,000 . The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South . About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War . An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war . Union army dead , amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served , was broken down as follows : 110,070 killed in action ( 67,000 ) or died of wounds ( 43,000 ) . 199,790 died of disease ( 75 percent was due to the war , the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway ) 24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 9,058 killed by accidents or drowning 15,741 other / unknown deaths 359,528 total dead In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy ( 2,112 in battle ) and 460 in the Marines ( 148 in battle ) . Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll , they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle . Losses among African Americans were high , in the last year and a half and from all reported casualties , approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War . Notably , their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers : ( We ) find , according to the revised official data , that of the slightly over two millions troops in the United States Volunteers , over 316,000 died ( from all causes ) , or 15.2 percent . Of the 67,000 Regular Army ( white ) troops , 8.6 percent , or not quite 6,000 , died . Of the approximately 180,000 United States Colored Troops , however , over 36,000 died , or 20.5 percent . In other words , the mortality `` rate '' amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty - five percent greater than that among other troops , notwithstanding the fact that the former were not enrolled until some eighteen months after the fighting began . Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74,524 killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease . Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94,000 killed and died of wounds . Fox complained , however , that records were incomplete , especially during the last year of the war , and that battlefield reports likely under - counted deaths ( many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds ) . Thomas L. Livermore , using Fox 's data , put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at 166,000 , using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records , for a total of 260,000 deaths . However , this excludes the 30,000 deaths of Confederate troops in prisons , which would raise the minimum number of deaths to 290,000 . The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses : Union : 853,838 110,100 killed in action 224,580 disease deaths 275,154 wounded in action 211,411 captured ( including 30,192 who died as POWs ) Confederate : 914,660 94,000 killed in action 164,000 disease deaths 194,026 wounded in action 462,634 captured ( including 31,000 who died as POWs ) Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield , 1862 While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited , they are incomplete . In addition to many Confederate records being missing , partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits , both armies only counted troops who died during their service , and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged . This often happened only a few days or weeks later . Francis Amasa Walker , Superintendent of the 1870 Census , used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths , for a total death toll of 850,000 soldiers . While Walker 's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 Census 's undercounting , it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 % , and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate . Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 , but most likely 761,000 soldiers , died in the war . This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths , going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses . Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate , due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they were known to be considerable , as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter , doctors , or food for them . University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease , starvation , exposure , or execution at the hands of the Confederates , and that if these deaths are counted in the war 's total , the death toll would exceed 1 million . Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths , including fewer than two thousand killed in battle , between 1846 and 1848 . One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century , such as charging . With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels , Minié balls and ( near the end of the war for the Union army ) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle , soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open . This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I . The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy 's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived ; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or ( on December 6 , 1865 ) by the Thirteenth Amendment . The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South . All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit ; most banks and railroads were bankrupt . Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North , a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century . Southern influence in the U.S. federal government , previously considerable , was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century . The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction . Emancipation Slavery as a War issue While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery , most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast , the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery . Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war , though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal . Lincoln 's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ( `` Copperheads '' ) and War Democrats , but energized most Republicans . By warning that free blacks would flood the North , Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections , but they did not gain control of Congress . The Republicans ' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support , with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment . Emancipation Proclamation Main article : Emancipation Proclamation Left : Contrabands -- fugitive slaves -- cooks , laundresses , laborers , teamsters , railroad repair crews -- fled to the Union Army , but were not officially freed until 1863 . Emancipation Proclamation . Right : In 1863 , the Union army accepted Freedmen . Seen here are Black and White teen - aged soldiers . The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African - Americans , both free blacks and escaped slaves , to join the Union Army . About 190,000 volunteered , further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates , who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery . During the Civil War , sentiment concerning slaves , enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided . In 1861 , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states , and that `` to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . '' Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation , although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union . At first , Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont ( in Missouri ) and David Hunter ( in South Carolina , Georgia and Florida ) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats . Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected . But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln 's gradual plan , which was enacted by Congress . When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it , as to do otherwise would seem like `` our last shriek on the retreat '' . Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in abolitionist Horace Greeley 's newspaper . In September 1862 , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity , and the subsequent War Governors ' Conference added support for the proclamation . Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , 1862 , and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that `` If slavery is not wrong , nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events , but confess plainly that events have controlled me . '' Lincoln 's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states , War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union . The Union - controlled border states ( Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia ) and Union - controlled regions around New Orleans , Norfolk and elsewhere , were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation . All abolished slavery on their own , except Kentucky and Delaware . Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President 's war powers , it only included territory held by Confederates at the time . However , the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union 's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union 's definition of liberty . The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy 's hope of getting aid from Britain or France . By late 1864 , Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment , which made emancipation universal and permanent . Texas v. white In Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1869 ) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union , despite claims that it joined the Confederate States ; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States , and that the ordinances of secession , and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances , were `` absolutely null '' , under the constitution . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction era Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , and it continued until 1877 . It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war 's aftermath , the most important of which were the three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' to the Constitution , which remain in effect to the present time : the 13th ( 1865 ) , the 14th ( 1868 ) and the 15th ( 1870 ) . From the Union perspective , the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union ; to guarantee a `` republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states ; and to permanently end slavery -- and prevent semi-slavery status . President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment . Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free . They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson 's work . In 1872 the `` Liberal Republicans '' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end . They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated . In 1874 , Democrats , primarily Southern , took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction . The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended . With the withdrawal of federal troops , however , whites retook control of every Southern legislature ; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin . Memory and historiography Left : Monument to the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union veteran organization Right : Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory . There are innumerable statues , commemorations , books and archival collections . The memory includes the home front , military affairs , the treatment of soldiers , both living and dead , in the war 's aftermath , depictions of the war in literature and art , evaluations of heroes and villains , and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war . The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery , heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines , and the issues of democracy and minority rights , as well as the notion of an `` Empire of Liberty '' influencing the world . Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than to the war itself . Military history has largely developed outside academe , leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources , pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and write for the large public readership , rather than the small scholarly community . Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best - known writers . Practically every major figure in the war , both North and South , has had a serious biographical study . Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Lost Cause Main article : Lost Cause of the Confederacy Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the `` Lost Cause '' , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations . Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly `` a rationalization , a cover - up to vindicate the name and fame '' of those in rebellion . Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized ; in any case , secession was said to be lawful . Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the `` virulent racism '' of the 19th century , sacrificing African - American progress to a white man 's reunification . He also deems the Lost Cause `` a caricature of the truth . This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter '' in every instance . Beardian historiography The economic and political - power determinism forcefully presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s . The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . They ignored constitutional issues of states ' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict . The Beards announced that the Civil War was really : ( A ) social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s , when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery . However , Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers . Battlefield preservation Beginning in 1961 the U.S. Post Office released Commemorative stamps for five famous battles , each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle . The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war itself with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg , Mill Springs and Chattanooga . Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 , but the oldest surviving monument is the Hazen monument , erected at Stones River near Murfreesboro , Tennessee , in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. William B. Hazen 's brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead in the Battle of Stones River . In the 1890s , the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department , beginning with the creation of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park in Tennessee and the Antietam National Battlefield in Maryland in 1890 . The Shiloh National Military Park was established in 1894 , followed by the Gettysburg National Military Park in 1895 and Vicksburg National Military Park in 1899 . In 1933 , these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service . The modern Civil War battlefield preservation movement began in 1987 with the founding of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites ( APCWS ) , a grassroots organization created by Civil War historians and others to preserve battlefield land by acquiring it . In 1991 , the original Civil War Trust was created in the mold of the Statue of Liberty / Ellis Island Foundation , but failed to attract corporate donors and soon helped manage the disbursement of U.S. Mint Civil War commemorative coin revenues designated for battlefield preservation . Although the two non-profit organizations joined forces on a number of battlefield acquisitions , ongoing conflicts prompted the boards of both organizations to facilitate a merger , which happened in 1999 with the creation of the Civil War Preservation Trust . In 2011 , the organization was renamed , again becoming the Civil War Trust . After expanding its mission in 2014 to include battlefields of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , the non-profit became the American Battlefield Trust in May 2018 , operating with two divisions , the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust . From 1987 through May 2018 , the Trust and its predecessor organizations , along with their partners , preserved 49,893 acres of battlefield land through acquisition of property or conservation easements at more than 130 battlefields in 24 states . Civil War commemoration Main article : Commemoration of the American Civil War See also : Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Left : Grand Army of the Republic ( Union ) Right : United Confederate Veterans The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles , to statues and memorial halls erected , to films being produced , to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued , all of which helped to shape public memory . This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary . Hollywood 's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory , as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , and more recently Lincoln ( 2012 ) . Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War ( 1990 ) . It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015 . Technological significance There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th - century science . The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an `` industrial war '' , in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war . New inventions , such as the train and telegraph , delivered soldiers , supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel . It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare , in the form of reconnaissance balloons , to a significant effect . It saw the first action involving steam - powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history . Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle , Spencer rifle , Colt revolving rifle , Triplett & Scott carbine and others , first appeared during the Civil War ; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle - loading and single - shot firearms in warfare , as well as the first appearances of rapid - firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun . In works of culture and art Literature The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1881 ) by Jefferson Davis The Red Badge of Courage ( 1885 ) by Stephen Crane The Private History of a Campaign That Failed ( 1885 ) by Mark Twain Texar 's Revenge , or , North Against South ( 1887 ) by Jules Verne `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1890 ) by Ambrose Bierce Gone with the Wind ( 1936 ) by Margaret Mitchell Shiloh ( 1952 ) by Shelby Foote North and South ( 1982 ) by John Jakes Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All ( 1989 ) by Allan Gurganus Film The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 , US ) The General ( 1926 , US ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 , US ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 , US ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 , US ) Shenandoah ( 1965 , US ) The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 , Italy - Spain - FRG ) The Beguiled ( 1971 , US ) Glory ( 1989 , US ) The Civil War ( 1990 , US ) Gettysburg ( 1993 , US ) The Last Outlaw ( 1993 , US ) Cold Mountain ( 2003 , US ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 , US ) North and South ( miniseries ) Lincoln ( 2012 , US ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 , US ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 , US ) The Gettysburg Address ( 2017 , US ) Song `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) written by Merle Kilgore , sung by Johnny Horton `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' ( 1969 ) written by Robbie Robertson , sung by The Band Video games Sid Meier 's Gettysburg ! ( 1997 , US ) Sid Meier 's Antietam ! ( 1999 , US ) American Conqest : Divided Nation ( 2006 , US ) Forge of Freedom : The American Civil War ( 2006 , US ) The History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided ( 2006 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War ( 2007 , US / FR ) History Civil War : Secret Missions ( 2008 , US ) Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood ( 2009 , US ) Darkest of Days ( 2009 , US ) Victoria II : A House Divided ( 2011 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War II ( 2013 , US / FR ) Ultimate General : Gettysburg ( 2014 , UKR ) Ultimate General : Civil War ( 2016 , UKR ) See also General reference Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Corps badges of the American Civil War Costliest battles of the American Civil War Origins of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederacy Uniforms of the Union Weapons in the American Civil War Union United States Union Army Union Navy Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Confederacy Confederate States Confederate Army Confederate Navy Jefferson Davis Ethnic articles African Americans in the American Civil War German Americans in the American Civil War Irish Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans in the American Civil War American Civil War portal Topical articles Blockade runners of the American Civil War Union Blockade Casualties in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Education of freed people during the Civil War Infantry in the American Civil War Modern display of the Confederate flag Nursing in the American Civil War , Dorothea Dix Ships captured during the American Civil War Slavery during the American Civil War Spies in the American Civil War National articles Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War Britain in the American Civil War Canada in the American Civil War Prussia in the American Civil War State articles See articles in the format , `` * state * in the American Civil War '' Memorials List of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery List of memorials to Jefferson Davis List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Stonewall Jackson List of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials References Notes Jump up ^ Last shot fired June 22 , 1865 . ^ Jump up to : Total number that served Jump up ^ A novel way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . Jump up ^ `` Union population 1864 '' aggregates 1860 population , average annual immigration 1855 -- 1864 , and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source . Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen , migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies , and natural increase are excluded . Jump up ^ `` Slave 1864 , CSA '' aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Texas . It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation , freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies , especially in the Mississippi Valley . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the war , some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters . By 1862 , when it became clear that this would be a long war , the question of what to do about slavery became more general . The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor . It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production . As one Congressman put it , the slaves `` ... can not be neutral . As laborers , if not as soldiers , they will be allies of the rebels , or of the Union . '' The same Congressman -- and his fellow Radical Republicans -- put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves , whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual , compensated emancipation and colonization . Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln 's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines . From early years of the war , hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines , especially in occupied areas like Nashville , Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 , Tennessee from 1862 on , the line of Sherman 's march , etc . So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them , where both adults and children learned to read and write . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps , for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations . In addition , approximately 180,000 or more African - American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops . Most of those were escaped slaves . Probably the most prominent of these African - American soldiers is the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . Jump up ^ In spite of the South 's shortage of soldiers , most Southern leaders -- until 1865 -- opposed enlisting slaves . They used them as laborers to support the war effort . As Howell Cobb said , `` If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong . '' Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war , and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat . The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented . The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation , as Union armies moved south . Historian John D. Winters referred to the exhilaration of the slaves when the Union Army came through Louisiana : `` As the troops moved up to Alexandria , the Negroes crowded the roadsides to watch the passing army . They were ' all frantic with joy , some weeping , some blessing , and some dancing in the exuberance of their emotions . ' All of the Negroes were attracted by the pageantry and excitement of the army . Others cheered because they anticipated the freedom to plunder and to do as they pleased now that the Federal troops were there . '' Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers , and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . This led to a breakdown of the prisoner and mail exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia , where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End . All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers . If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports . Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia . The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 10 , 1865 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War '' : Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines , 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia , and 427,000 were in the field army . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 . Jump up ^ `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 -- Volume 2 '' , United States . War Dept 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War ( 1889 ) ^ Jump up to : Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured , and 30,218 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . Jump up ^ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . ^ Jump up to : Nofi , Al ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` Statistics on the War 's Costs '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . University of Connecticut , April 13 , 2012 . `` The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic , but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources . The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered ; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors , leaving no records of their deaths . '' 60,000 documented plus ' tens of thousands ' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths . Jump up ^ Recounting the dead , Associate Professor J. David Hacker , `` estimates , based on Census data , indicate that the ( military ) death toll was approximately 750,000 , and may have been as high as 850,000 '' Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . Oxford University Press , April 13 , 2012 . `` An 2 April 2012 New York Times article , `` New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , '' reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people . As horrific as this new number is , it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war . If former slaves were included in this figure , the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ... '' Jump up ^ `` Answers to your Civil War Questions '' . Civil War Trust . Civil War Trust . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchison , Coleman ( 2015 ) . A History of American Civil War Literature . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781316432419 . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Related to 1860 Black Population '' , America 's Civil War Jump up ^ Burnham , Walter Dean . Presidential Ballots , 1836 -- 1892 . Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 , pp. 247 -- 57 Jump up ^ Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , and Waldo E. Martin , Jr. , Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2013 ) , 325 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Williams , `` Doing Less and Doing More : The President and the Proclamation -- Legally , Militarily and Politically , '' in Harold Holzer , ed . The Emancipation Proclamation ( 2006 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated , New Analysis Suggests '' . Science Daily . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker 2011 , p. 307 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Huddleston 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ James C. Bradford , A Companion to American Military History ( 2010 ) , vol. 1 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ See also Freehling , William W. , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant 1854 -- 1861 , pp. 9 -- 24 , and Martis , Kenneth C. , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 920170 - 5 , pp. 111 -- 115 , and Foner , Eric . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War , ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 , 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Coates , Ta - Nehisi ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` What This Cruel War Was Over '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession ... It was not states ' rights . It was not a tariff . It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war . It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( March 1 , 1994 ) . What They Fought For 1861 -- 1865 . Louisiana State University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780807119044 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( April 3 , 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 9780195090239 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union . Most loyal citizens , though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards , embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slave holders , weaken the confederacy , and protect the union from future internal strife . A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery , though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union . Jump up ^ Eskridge , Larry ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` After 150 years , we still ask : Why ' this cruel war ' ? '' . Canton Daily Ledger . Canton , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Weeks 2013 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Olsen 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , French Esnor . Causes of the civil war , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Thomas Fleming ( 2014 ) . A Disease in the Public Mind : A New Understanding of Why We Fought the Civil War . ISBN 978 - 0306822957 . Jump up ^ Charles S. Sydnor , The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819 -- 1848 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Royal Russel , Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism , 1840 -- 1861 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Ahlstrom 1972 , p. 648 -- 649 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War ( 1981 ) , p. 198 ; Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth 1996 , p. 145 , 151 , 505 , 512 , 554 , 557 , 684 . Jump up ^ Thornton & Ekelund 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Frank Taussig , The Tariff History of the United States ( 1931 ) , pp. 115 -- 61 Jump up ^ Hofstadter 1938 , p. 50 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Robert Gray Gunderson , Old Gentleman 's Convention : The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 . ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Jon L. Wakelyn ( 1996 ) . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 -- April 1861 . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio , 1776 -- 1876 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 3 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stampp 1990 , p. 190 -- 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 468 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bestor , Arthur . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' , in Lawrence Meir Friedman ( ed . ) `` American Law and the Constitutional Order : Historical Perspectives , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02527 - 1 p. 231 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1973 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Politics and Government '' . Territorial Kansas Online : University of Kansas and Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Finteg Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Varon 2008 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gara , 1964 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Potter 1962 , p. 924 -- 50 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1971 ) , American Counterpoint : Slavery and Racism in the North - South Dialogue , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , The Shaping of Southern Culture : Honor , Grace , and War , 1760s -- 1880s ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Growth of Southern Nationalism , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ `` Republican Platform of 1860 , '' in Kirk H. Porter , and Donald Bruce Johnson , eds . National Party Platforms , 1840 -- 1956 , ( University of Illinois Press , 1956 ) . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Susan - Mary Grant , North over South : Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era ( 2000 ) ; Melinda Lawson , Patriot Fires : Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Jaffa , Harry V. ( 2000 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9952 - 8 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Ordinances of Secession by State Archived June 11 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of Georgia 's secession declaration . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ President James Buchanan , Message of December 8 , 1860 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 41 -- 66 Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 147 -- 52 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 234 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Abraham Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , Monday , March 4 , 1861 . ^ Jump up to : Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 572 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The War for the Union : The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 ( 1959 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ James Ford Rhodes , History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 291 -- 92 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Howard Louis Conard ( 1901 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln : Proclamation 83 -- Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 276 -- 307 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly , Maryland State Archives '' . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom : Arrest of the Maryland Legislature , 1861 '' . Maryland State Archives . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 284 -- 87 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , Lincoln and the Border States : Preserving the Union ( University Press of Kansas , 2011 ) , p. 71 , Jump up ^ Howard , F.K. ( Frank Key ) ( 1863 ) . Fourteen Months in American Bastiles . London : H.F. Mackintosh . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 119 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 129 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience , The Creation of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Archives & History . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard Orr ( 1964 ) , A House Divided , A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , University of Pittsburgh Press , map on p. 49 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Snell , Mark A. , West Virginia and the Civil War , History Press , Charleston , SC , 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Neely 1993 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Keegan , `` The American Civil War '' , p. 73 . Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war , 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee . See Gabor Boritt , ed . War Comes Again ( 1995 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30 , 1860 , the Regular Army ... '' Civil War Extracts pp. 199 -- 221 , American Military History . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , Confederate States of America ( 1950 ) p. 308 . John G. Nicolay and John Hay ( Abraham Lincoln : a history , vol. 4 , p. 264 ) state : `` Since the organization of the Montgomery government in February , some four different calls for Southern volunteers had been made ... In his message of April 29 to the rebel Congress , Jefferson Davis proposed to organize for instant action an army of 100,000 ... '' Coulter reports that Alexander Stephens took this to mean Davis wanted unilateral control of a standing army , and from that moment on became his implacable opponent . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) online edition . Jump up ^ Albert Bernhardt Faust , The German Element in the United States ( 1909 ) v. 1 , p. 523 online . The railroads and banks grew rapidly . See Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . Jay Cooke : Financier Of The Civil War ( 1907 ) , Vol. 2 at Google Books , pp. 378 -- 430 . See also Oberholtzer , A History of the United States Since the Civil War ( 1926 ) , 3 : 69 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene Murdock , One Million Men : the Civil War draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Judith Lee Hallock , `` The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion . '' Civil War History ( 1983 ) 29 # 2 pp. 123 -- 34 . online Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the U.S. Civil War . '' Social Forces ( 1991 ) 70 # 2 pp. 321 -- 42 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Fantina , Desertion and the American soldier , 1776 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Perman & Taylor 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Roger Pickenpaugh ( 2013 ) . Captives in Blue : The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 73 . ISBN 9780817317836 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 1466 . Jump up ^ Welles 1865 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Canney 1998 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Richter 2009 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1998 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , pp. 288 -- 89 , 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1989 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose , The Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2008 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Stern 1962 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely , Jr . `` The Perils of Running the Blockade : The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War , '' Civil War History ( 1986 ) 32 # 2 , pp. 101 -- 18 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running during the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Surdam , David G. ( 1998 ) . `` The Union Navy 's blockade reconsidered '' . Naval War College Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ David G. Surdam , Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War ( University of South Carolina Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robert D. ( 1963 ) . `` Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 62 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Myron J. Smith , Tinclads in the Civil War : Union Light - Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters , 1862 -- 1865 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Frank & Reaves 2003 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Symonds & Clipson 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Ronald Scott Mangum , `` The Vicksburg Campaign : A Study In Joint Operations , '' Parameters : U.S. Army War College ( 1991 ) 21 # 3 , pp. 74 -- 86 online Jump up ^ Foote 1974 , p. 464 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 263 -- 96 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 424 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , pp. 538 -- 44 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 528 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 543 -- 45 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 571 -- 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 639 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Jonathan A. Noyalas ( December 3 , 2010 ) . Stonewall Jackson 's 1862 Valley Campaign . Arcadia Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 9781614230403 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 653 -- 663 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 664 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 404 -- 05 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 418 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 480 -- 83 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 405 -- 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 637 -- 38 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 677 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 2009 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ James B. Martin , Third War : Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861 -- 1865 ( Combat Studies Institute Leavenworth Paper series , number 23 , 2012 ) . See also , Michael Fellman , Inside War : The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War ( 1989 ) . Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units , and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands , especially in the recently settled western counties . Jump up ^ Bohl , Sarah ( 2004 ) . `` A War on Civilians : Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri '' . Prologue. 36 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Graves , William H. ( 1991 ) . `` Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army : Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma . 69 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Neet , J. Frederick ; Jr ( 1996 ) . `` Stand Watie : Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation '' . Great Plains Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely Jr. ; `` Was the Civil War a Total War ? '' Civil War History , Vol. 50 , 2004 , pp. 434 + . Jump up ^ U.S. Grant ( 1990 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ; Selected Letters . Library of America . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 58 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ron Field ( 2013 ) . Petersburg 1864 -- 65 : The Longest Siege . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . ISBN 9781472803054 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 724 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 778 -- 79 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 773 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 812 -- 15 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 825 -- 30 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 846 -- 47 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox ( 2002 ) , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Unaware of the surrender of Lee , on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus , Georgia and the Battle of West Point . Jump up ^ http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/end-of-war/smith-surrenders.html General Kirby Smith Surrenders the Trans - Mississippi Forces Archived February 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Web . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , John Wesley , Ghost towns of Oklahoma , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , pp. 68 -- 69 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1420 - 7 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 546 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , War for the Union 1862 -- 1863 , pp. 263 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) , pp. 8 ( quote ) , 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Richard Huzzeym , Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates , The Approaching Fury : Voices of the Storm 1820 -- 1861 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 855 . ^ Jump up to : James McPherson , Why did the Confederacy Lose ? . p. ? . Jump up ^ Railroad length is from : Chauncey Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 , p. 111 ; For other data see : 1860 U.S. Census and Carter , Susan B. , ed . The Historical Statistics of the United States : Millennial Edition ( 5 vols ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , `` The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 '' Simon & Schuster ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 p. 27 . At the beginning of 1865 , the Confederacy controlled one - third of its congressional districts , which were apportioned by population . The major slave - populations found in Louisiana , Mississippi , Tennessee , and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of 1864 . Jump up ^ Digital History Reader , U.S. Railroad Construction , 1860 -- 1880 Virginia Tech , Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . `` Total Union railroad miles '' aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860 -- 1864 @ 5000 , plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 771 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Murray , Bernstein & Knox 1996 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ HeidlerHeidlerColes 2002 , p. 1207 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 ( 1950 ) , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Beringer , Herman Hattaway , Archer Jones and William N. Still Jr , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1991 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Armstead Robinson , Bitter Fruits of Bondage : The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of Virginia Press , 2004 ) Jump up ^ see Alan Farmer , History Review ( 2005 ) , No. 52 : 15 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1997 , pp. 169 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1999 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Don ( 2004 ) . `` Lincoln 's Wartime Leadership : The First Hundred Days '' . University of Illinois . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 382 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , `` The World Was Watching : America 's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege '' , Wall Street Journal ( February 7 -- 8 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dupont , Brandon ; Rosenbloom , Joshua L. ( 2018 ) . `` The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite '' . Explorations in Economic History . 68 : 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.09. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker , J. David ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Recounting the Dead '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Vinovskis 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Wightman Fox ( 2008 ). `` National Life After Death '' . Slate.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands '' . National Geographic News . July 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Teresa Riordan ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` When Necessity Meets Ingenuity : Art of Restoring What 's Missing '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Aptheker , `` Negro Casualties in the Civil War '' , The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 32 , No. 1 . ( January 1947 ) . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction '' . January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Field and Peter Dennis ( 2013 ) . American Civil War Fortifications ( 2 ) : Land and Field Fortifications . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 9781472805317 . Jump up ^ Claudia Goldin , `` The economics of emancipation . '' The Journal of Economic History 33 # 1 ( 1973 ) : 66 -- 85 . Jump up ^ The Economist , `` The Civil War : Finally Passing '' , April 2 , 2011 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foner 1981 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 506 -- 8 . Jump up ^ McPherson . p. 686 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 355 , 494 -- 96 , 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 831 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Winters 1963 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 791 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's letter to O.H. Browning , September 22 , 1861 . Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery especially among Forty - Eighters , resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union . `` Wittke , Carl ( 1952 ) . `` Refugees of Revolution '' . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania press . `` , Christian B. Keller , `` Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen : The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers '' , Journal of Military History , Vol / 73 , No. 1 , January 2009 , pp. 117 -- 45 ; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich , eds , Germans in the Civil War : The Letters They Wrote Home ( 2006 ) . `` On the other hand , many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs , and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought . '' Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . `` Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities , the poor and working class Irish Catholics generally opposed emancipation . When the draft began in the summer of 1863 , they launched a major riot in New York City that was suppressed by the military , as well as much smaller protests in other cities . '' Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) , ch 6 . Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861 , sending thousands of soldiers to the front and taking high casualties , especially at Fredericksburg ; their volunteering fell off after 1862 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James , in Gabor S. Boritt , ed . Lincoln , the War President , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Oates , Stephen B. , Abraham Lincoln : The Man Behind the Myths , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Letter to Greeley , August 22 , 1862 '' . Jump up ^ Pulling , Sr. Anne Francis . `` Images of America : Altoona , 2001 , 10 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's Letter to A.G. Hodges , April 4 , 1864 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( 2003 ) . `` SLAVERY in DELAWARE '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James McPherson , The War that Never Goes Away '' Jump up ^ Asante & Mazama 2004 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Holzer & Gabbard 2007 , p. 172 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Murray , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse , Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) covers all the main events and leaders . Jump up ^ Eric Foner 's A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) is a brief survey . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 2nd edn 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher , eds ( 2009 ) , Wars within a War : Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War ( University of North Carolina Press ) . Jump up ^ David W. Blight , Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth ( 1996 ) . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . p. 208 . ISBN 9780313290190 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cushman ( 2014 ) . Belligerent Muse : Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 9781469618784 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn , eds. , Leaders of the American Civil War : A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary ( 1998 ) Provide short biographies and valuable historiographical summaries Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fallin , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Gaines M. Foster ( 1988 ) , Ghosts of the Confederacy : Defeat , the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South , 1865 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Alan T. , in Gallagher , Gary W. , and Alan T. Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War history ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 304 . ISBN 9780307809605 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Murfreesboro Post , April 27 , 2007 , `` Hazen 's Monument a rare , historic treasure . '' Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Timothy B. Smith , `` The Golden Age of Battlefield Preservation '' ( 2008 ; The University of Tennessee Press ) . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Washington Post , July 21 , 2007 , `` '' Behind the bitter war to preserve Civil War battlefields . '' Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) American Battlefield Trust announcement , May 8 , 2018 . Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bob Zeller , `` Fighting the Second Civil War : A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust , '' ( 2017 : Knox Press ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' page . Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gary Gallagher , Causes Won , Lost , and Forgotten : How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas and David Kennedy : The American Pageant , p. 434 . 1987 Jump up ^ Dome , Steam ( 1974 ) . `` A Civil War Iron Clad Car '' . Railroad History . The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society . 130 ( Spring 1974 ) : 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ William Rattle Plum , The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States , ed . Christopher H. Sterling ( New York : Arno Press , 1974 ) vol. 1 : 63 . Jump up ^ Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War ( Warfare and History ) . Routledge ; 1 edition ( December 18 , 1998 ) . pp. 6 , 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 589 - 5 Jump up ^ Sondhaus , Naval Warfare 1815 -- 1914 p. 77 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of the American Civil War Ahlstrom , Sydney E. ( 1972 ) . A Religious History of the American People . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01762 - 5 . Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea and By River : The naval history of the Civil War . New York , New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80367 - 3 . Asante , Molefi Kete ; Mazama , Ama ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2762 - 4 . Beringer , Richard E. , Archer Jones , and Herman Hattaway , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1986 ) , influential analysis of factors ; an abridged version is The Elements of Confederate Defeat : Nationalism , War Aims , and Religion ( 1988 ) Bestor , Arthur ( 1964 ) . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' . American Historical Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 52 . JSTOR 1844986 . Canney , Donald L. ( 1998 ) . Lincoln 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization , 1861 -- 65 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 519 - 4 . Catton , Bruce ( 1960 ) . The Civil War . New York : American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8281 - 0305 - 3 . Chambers , John W. ; Anderson , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Stand in the Day of Battle : The Imperiled Union : 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14895 - 5 . Davis , William C. ( 2003 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3499 - 3 . Donald , David ; Baker , Jean H. ; Holt , Michael F. ( 2001 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97427 - 0 . Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1981 ) . Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502883 - 6 . Fellman , Michael ; Gordon , Lesley J. ; Sunderland , Daniel E. ( 2007 ) . This Terrible War : The Civil War and its Aftermath ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 38960 - 2 . Foner , Eric ( 1981 ) . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502926 - 0 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 34066 - 2 . Foote , Shelby ( 1974 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74623 - 4 . Frank , Joseph Allan ; Reaves , George A. ( 2003 ) . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . Fuller , Howard J. ( 2008 ) . Clad in Iron -- The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 297 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. ( 1999 ) . The Confederate War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16056 - 9 . Gara , Larry . 1964 . The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ( originally published in Civil War History , X , No. 3 , September 1964 ) Green , Fletcher M. ( 2008 ) . Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States , 1776 -- 1860 : A Study in the Evolution of Democracy . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 928 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2009 ) . Lincoln : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536780 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984328 - 2 . Hacker , J. David ( December 2011 ) . `` A Census - Based Count of the Civil War Dead '' . Civil War History . 57 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 48 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2011.0061 . PMID 22512048 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ; Coles , David J. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 382 - 3 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976553 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1938 ) . `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' . American Historical Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 55 . JSTOR 1840850 . Holt , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Holzer , Harold ; Gabbard , Sara Vaughn ( 2007 ) . Lincoln and Freedom : Slavery , Emancipation , and the Thirteenth Amendment . Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2764 - 5 . Huddleston , John ( 2002 ) . Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6773 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert W. ( 1973 ) . Stephen A. Douglas . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 501620 - 8 . Johnson , Timothy D. ( 1998 ) . Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0914 - 7 . Jones , Howard ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2582 - 4 . Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Wilmington , Delaware : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Krannawitter , Thomas L. ( 2008 ) . Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5972 - 6 . Lipset , Seymour Martin ( 1960 ) . Political Man : The Social Bases of Politics . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 045842 - 0 . McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974105 - 2 . McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539242 - 5 . Thornton , Mark ; Ekelund , Robert Burton ( 2004 ) . Tariffs , Blockades , and Inflation : The Economics of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . Murray , Robert Bruce . Legal Cases of the Civil War ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0059 - 3 Murray , Williamson ; Bernstein , Alvin ; Knox , MacGregor ( 1996 ) . The Making of Strategy : Rulers , States , and War . Cabmbridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56627 - 8 . Neely , Mark ( 1993 ) . Confederate Bastille : Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Marquette University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87462 - 325 - 3 . Nelson , James L. ( 2005 ) . Reign of Iron : The Story of the First Battling Ironclads , the Monitor and the Merrimack . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052404 - 3 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union , an 8 - volume set ( 1947 -- 1971 ) . the most detailed political , economic and military narrative ; by Pulitzer Prize - winner 1 . Fruits of Manifest Destiny , 1847 -- 1852 online ; 2 . A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ; 3 . Douglas , Buchanan , and Party Chaos , 1857 -- 1859 ; 4 . Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ; vols 5 -- 8 have the series title War for the Union ; 5 . The Improvised War , 1861 -- 1862 ; 6 . online ; War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ; 7 . The Organized War , 1863 -- 1864 ; 8 . The Organized War to Victory , 1864 -- 1865 Olsen , Christopher J. ( 2002 ) . Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516097 - 0 . Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 3 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 87520 - 7 . Potter , David M. ( 1962 ) . `` The Historian 's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 50 . JSTOR 1845246 . Potter , David M. ; Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1976 ) . The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013403 - 7 . Rhodes , John Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : The Macmillan Company . Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Lanham : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Russell , Robert R. ( 1966 ) . `` Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories '' . Journal of Southern History . 32 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 86 . doi : 10.2307 / 2204926 . JSTOR 2204926 . Schott , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2106 - 1 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron , ed. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 5131 - 1 . , 2 vol. 1232 pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Stampp , Kenneth M. ( 1990 ) . America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503902 - 5 . Stern , Phillip Van Doren ( 1962 ) . The Confederate Navy . Doubleday & Company , Inc . Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Pierpaoli , Paul G. ; White , William E. ( 2010 ) . The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 338 - 5 . Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) . Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 . Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward a Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39559 - 5 . Ward , Geoffrey R. ( 1990 ) . The Civil War : An Illustrated History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Weeks , William E. ( 2013 ) . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00590 - 7 . Weigley , Frank Russell ( 2004 ) . A Great Civil War : A Military and Political History , 1861 -- 1865 . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33738 - 0 . Welles , Gideon ( 1865 ) . Secretary of the Navy 's Report . 37 -- 38 . American Seamen 's Friend Society . Winters , John D. ( 1963 ) . The Civil War in Louisiana . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 5 . Woodworth , Steven E. ( 1996 ) . American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Wesport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29019 - 0 . Further reading Gugliotta , Guy . New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , The New York Times , April 3 , 2012 , p . D1 ( of the New York edition ) , and April 2 , 2012 , on NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 online . Bibliography of American Civil War naval history `` American Civil War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . 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4341944855228731253	Shakespeare's plays	Shakespeare 's plays - wikipedia Shakespeare 's plays Jump to : navigation , search Sir John Gilbert 's 1849 painting : The Plays of Shakespeare , containing scenes and characters from several of William Shakespeare 's plays . The plays written by English poet , playwright , and actor William Shakespeare ( 1564 -- 1616 ) have the reputation of being among the greatest in the English language and in Western literature . Traditionally , the plays are divided into the genres of tragedy , history , and comedy ; they have been translated into every major living language , in addition to being continually performed all around the world . Many of his plays appeared in print as a series of quartos , but approximately half of them remained unpublished until 1623 , when the posthumous First Folio was published . The traditional division of his plays into tragedies , comedies and histories follows the categories used in the First Folio . However , modern criticism has labelled some of these plays `` problem plays '' that elude easy categorisation , or perhaps purposely break generic conventions , and has introduced the term romances for what scholars believe to be his later comedies . When Shakespeare first arrived in London in the late 1570s or early 1580s , dramatists writing for London 's new commercial playhouses ( such as The Curtain ) were combining two different strands of dramatic tradition into a new and distinctively Elizabethan synthesis . Previously , the most common forms of popular English theatre were the Tudor morality plays . These plays , celebrating piety generally , use personified moral attributes to urge or instruct the protagonist to choose the virtuous life over Evil . The characters and plot situations are largely symbolic rather than realistic . As a child , Shakespeare would likely have seen this type of play ( along with , perhaps , mystery plays and miracle plays ) . The other strand of dramatic tradition was classical aesthetic theory . This theory was derived ultimately from Aristotle ; in Renaissance England , however , the theory was better known through its Roman interpreters and practitioners . At the universities , plays were staged in a more academic form as Roman closet dramas . These plays , usually performed in Latin , adhered to classical ideas of unity and decorum , but they were also more static , valuing lengthy speeches over physical action . Shakespeare would have learned this theory at grammar school , where Plautus and especially Terence were key parts of the curriculum and were taught in editions with lengthy theoretical introductions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theatre and stage setup 2 Elizabethan Shakespeare 3 Jacobean Shakespeare 4 Style 4.1 Soliloquies in plays 5 Source material of the plays 6 Canonical plays 6.1 Comedies 6.2 Histories 6.3 Tragedies 7 Dramatic collaborations 8 Lost plays 9 Plays possibly by Shakespeare 10 Shakespeare and the textual problem 11 Performance history 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Theatre and stage setup ( edit ) Archaeological excavations on the foundations of the Rose and the Globe in the late twentieth century showed that all London English Renaissance theatres were built around similar general plans . Despite individual differences , the public theatres were three stories high , and built around an open space at the centre . Usually polygonal in plan to give an overall rounded effect , three levels of inward - facing galleries overlooked the open centre into which jutted the stage -- essentially a platform surrounded on three sides by the audience , only the rear being restricted for the entrances and exits of the actors and seating for the musicians . The upper level behind the stage could be used as a balcony , as in Romeo and Juliet , or as a position for a character to harangue a crowd , as in Julius Caesar . Usually built of timber , lath and plaster and with thatched roofs , the early theatres were vulnerable to fire , and gradually were replaced ( when necessary ) with stronger structures . When the Globe burned down in June 1613 , it was rebuilt with a tile roof . A different model was developed with the Blackfriars Theatre , which came into regular use on a long term basis in 1599 . The Blackfriars was small in comparison to the earlier theatres , and roofed rather than open to the sky ; it resembled a modern theatre in ways that its predecessors did not . Elizabethan Shakespeare ( edit ) For Shakespeare as he began to write , both traditions were alive ; they were , moreover , filtered through the recent success of the University Wits on the London stage . By the late 16th century , the popularity of morality and academic plays waned as the English Renaissance took hold , and playwrights like Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe revolutionised theatre . Their plays blended the old morality drama with classical theory to produce a new secular form . The new drama combined the rhetorical complexity of the academic play with the bawdy energy of the moralities . However , it was more ambiguous and complex in its meanings , and less concerned with simple allegory . Inspired by this new style , Shakespeare continued these artistic strategies , creating plays that not only resonated on an emotional level with audiences but also explored and debated the basic elements of what it means to be human . What Marlowe and Kyd did for tragedy , John Lyly and George Peele , among others , did for comedy : they offered models of witty dialogue , romantic action , and exotic , often pastoral location that formed the basis of Shakespeare 's comedic mode throughout his career . Shakespeare 's Elizabethan tragedies ( including the history plays with tragic designs , such as Richard II ) demonstrate his relative independence from classical models . He takes from Aristotle and Horace the notion of decorum ; with few exceptions , he focuses on high - born characters and national affairs as the subject of tragedy . In most other respects , though , the early tragedies are far closer to the spirit and style of moralities . They are episodic , packed with character and incident ; they are loosely unified by a theme or character . In this respect , they reflect clearly the influence of Marlowe , particularly of Tamburlaine . Even in his early work , however , Shakespeare generally shows more restraint than Marlowe ; he resorts to grandiloquent rhetoric less frequently , and his attitude towards his heroes is more nuanced , and sometimes more sceptical , than Marlowe 's . By the turn of the century , the bombast of Titus Andronicus had vanished , replaced by the subtlety of Hamlet . In comedy , Shakespeare strayed even further from classical models . The Comedy of Errors , an adaptation of Menaechmi , follows the model of new comedy closely . Shakespeare 's other Elizabethan comedies are more romantic . Like Lyly , he often makes romantic intrigue ( a secondary feature in Latin new comedy ) the main plot element ; even this romantic plot is sometimes given less attention than witty dialogue , deceit , and jests . The `` reform of manners , '' which Horace considered the main function of comedy , survives in such episodes as the gulling of Malvolio . Jacobean Shakespeare ( edit ) Shakespeare reached maturity as a dramatist at the end of Elizabeth 's reign , and in the first years of the reign of James . In these years , he responded to a deep shift in popular tastes , both in subject matter and approach . At the turn of the decade , he responded to the vogue for dramatic satire initiated by the boy players at Blackfriars and St. Paul 's . At the end of the decade , he seems to have attempted to capitalise on the new fashion for tragicomedy , even collaborating with John Fletcher , the writer who had popularised the genre in England . The influence of younger dramatists such as John Marston and Ben Jonson is seen not only in the problem plays , which dramatise intractable human problems of greed and lust , but also in the darker tone of the Jacobean tragedies . The Marlovian , heroic mode of the Elizabethan tragedies is gone , replaced by a darker vision of heroic natures caught in environments of pervasive corruption . As a sharer in both the Globe and in the King 's Men , Shakespeare never wrote for the boys ' companies ; however , his early Jacobean work is markedly influenced by the techniques of the new , satiric dramatists . One play , Troilus and Cressida , may even have been inspired by the War of the Theatres . Shakespeare 's final plays hark back to his Elizabethan comedies in their use of romantic situation and incident . In these plays , however , the sombre elements that are largely glossed over in the earlier plays are brought to the fore and often rendered dramatically vivid . This change is related to the success of tragicomedies such as Philaster , although the uncertainty of dates makes the nature and direction of the influence unclear . From the evidence of the title - page to The Two Noble Kinsmen and from textual analysis it is believed by some editors that Shakespeare ended his career in collaboration with Fletcher , who succeeded him as house playwright for the King 's Men . These last plays resemble Fletcher 's tragicomedies in their attempt to find a comedic mode capable of dramatising more serious events than had his earlier comedies . Style ( edit ) During the reign of Queen Elizabeth , `` drama became the ideal means to capture and convey the diverse interests of the time . '' Stories of various genres were enacted for audiences consisting of both the wealthy and educated and the poor and illiterate . Later on , he retired at the height of the Jacobean period , not long before the start of the Thirty Years ' War . His verse style , his choice of subjects , and his stagecraft all bear the marks of both periods . His style changed not only in accordance with his own tastes and developing mastery , but also in accord with the tastes of the audiences for whom he wrote . While many passages in Shakespeare 's plays are written in prose , he almost always wrote a large proportion of his plays and poems in iambic pentameter . In some of his early works ( like Romeo and Juliet ) , he even added punctuation at the end of these iambic pentameter lines to make the rhythm even stronger . He and many dramatists of this period used the form of blank verse extensively in character dialogue , thus heightening poetic effects . To end many scenes in his plays he used a rhyming couplet to give a sense of conclusion , or completion . A typical example is provided in Macbeth : as Macbeth leaves the stage to murder Duncan ( to the sound of a chiming clock ) , he says , `` Hear it not Duncan ; for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven or to hell . '' Shakespeare 's writing ( especially his plays ) also feature extensive wordplay in which double entendres and rhetorical flourishes are repeatedly used . Humour is a key element in all of Shakespeare 's plays . Although a large amount of his comical talent is evident in his comedies , some of the most entertaining scenes and characters are found in tragedies such as Hamlet and histories such as Henry IV , Part 1 . Shakespeare 's humour was largely influenced by Plautus . Soliloquies in plays ( edit ) Shakespeare 's plays are also notable for their use of soliloquies , in which a character makes a speech to him - or herself so the audience can understand the character 's inner motivations and conflict . In his book Shakespeare and the History of Soliloquies , James Hirsh defines the convention of a Shakespearean soliloquy in early modern drama . He argues that when a person on the stage speaks to himself or herself , they are characters in a fiction speaking in character ; this is an occasion of self - address . Furthermore , Hirsh points out that Shakespearian soliloquies and `` asides '' are audible in the fiction of the play , bound to be overheard by any other character in the scene unless certain elements confirm that the speech is protected . Therefore , a Renaissance playgoer who was familiar with this dramatic convention would have been alert to Hamlet 's expectation that his soliloquy be overheard by the other characters in the scene . Moreover , Hirsh asserts that in soliloquies in other Shakespearian plays , the speaker is entirely in character within the play 's fiction . Saying that addressing the audience was outmoded by the time Shakespeare was alive , he `` acknowledges few occasions when a Shakespearean speech might involve the audience in recognising the simultaneous reality of the stage and the world the stage is representing . '' Other than 29 speeches delivered by choruses or characters who revert to that condition as epilogues `` Hirsh recognises only three instances of audience address in Shakespeare 's plays , ' all in very early comedies , in which audience address is introduced specifically to ridicule the practice as antiquated and amateurish . ' '' Source material of the plays ( edit ) The first edition of Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles of England , Scotlande , and Irelande , printed in 1577 . As was common in the period , Shakespeare based many of his plays on the work of other playwrights and recycled older stories and historical material . His dependence on earlier sources was a natural consequence of the speed at which playwrights of his era wrote ; in addition , plays based on already popular stories appear to have been seen as more likely to draw large crowds . There were also aesthetic reasons : Renaissance aesthetic theory took seriously the dictum that tragic plots should be grounded in history . For example , King Lear is probably an adaptation of an older play , King Leir , and the Henriad probably derived from The Famous Victories of Henry V. There is speculation that Hamlet ( c. 1601 ) may be a reworking of an older , lost play ( the so - called Ur - Hamlet ) , but the number of lost plays from this time period makes it impossible to determine that relationship with certainty . ( The Ur - Hamlet may in fact have been Shakespeare 's , and was just an earlier and subsequently discarded version . ) For plays on historical subjects , Shakespeare relied heavily on two principal texts . Most of the Roman and Greek plays are based on Plutarch 's Parallel Lives ( from the 1579 English translation by Sir Thomas North ) , and the English history plays are indebted to Raphael Holinshed 's 1587 Chronicles . This structure did not apply to comedy , and those of Shakespeare 's plays for which no clear source has been established , such as Love 's Labour 's Lost and The Tempest , are comedies . Even these plays , however , rely heavily on generic commonplaces . While there is much dispute about the exact Chronology of Shakespeare plays , as well as the Shakespeare Authorship Question , the plays tend to fall into three main stylistic groupings . The first major grouping of his plays begins with his histories and comedies of the 1590s . Shakespeare 's earliest plays tended to be adaptations of other playwright 's works and employed blank verse and little variation in rhythm . However , after the plague forced Shakespeare and his company of actors to leave London for periods between 1592 and 1594 , Shakespeare began to use rhymed couplets in his plays , along with more dramatic dialogue . These elements showed up in The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Almost all of the plays written after the plague hit London are comedies , perhaps reflecting the public 's desire at the time for light - hearted fare . Other comedies from Shakespeare during this period include Much Ado About Nothing , The Merry Wives of Windsor and As You Like It . The middle grouping of Shakespeare 's plays begins in 1599 with Julius Caesar . For the next few years , Shakespeare would produce his most famous dramas , including Macbeth , Hamlet , and King Lear . The plays during this period are in many ways the darkest of Shakespeare 's career and address issues such as betrayal , murder , lust , power and egoism . The final grouping of plays , called Shakespeare 's late romances , include Pericles , Prince of Tyre , Cymbeline , The Winter 's Tale and The Tempest . The romances are so called because they bear similarities to medieval romance literature . Among the features of these plays are a redemptive plotline with a happy ending , and magic and other fantastic elements . Canonical plays ( edit ) Except where noted , the plays below are listed , for the thirty - six plays included in the First Folio of 1623 , according to the order in which they appear there , with two plays that were not included ( Pericles , Prince of Tyre and The Two Noble Kinsmen ) being added at the end of the list of comedies and Edward III at the end of the list of histories . Comedies ( edit ) Main article : Shakespearean comedy The Tempest Two Gentlemen of Verona The Merry Wives of Windsor Measure for Measure The Comedy of Errors Much Ado About Nothing Love 's Labour 's Lost A Midsummer Night 's Dream The Merchant of Venice As You Like It The Taming of the Shrew All 's Well That Ends Well Twelfth Night The Winter 's Tale Pericles , Prince of Tyre The Two Noble Kinsmen Histories ( edit ) Main article : Shakespearean history King John Richard II Henry IV , Part 1 Henry IV , Part 2 Henry V Henry VI , Part 1 Henry VI , Part 2 Henry VI , Part 3 Richard III Henry VIII Edward III Tragedies ( edit ) Main article : Shakespearean tragedy Troilus and Cressida Coriolanus Titus Andronicus Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Julius Caesar Macbeth Hamlet King Lear Othello Antony and Cleopatra Cymbeline Note : Plays marked with are now commonly referred to as the `` late romances '' . Plays marked with are sometimes referred to as the `` problem plays '' . The three plays marked with were not included in the First Folio . Dramatic collaborations ( edit ) Main article : Shakespeare 's collaborations Like most playwrights of his period , Shakespeare did not always write alone , and a number of his plays were collaborative , although the exact number is open to debate . Some of the following attributions , such as for The Two Noble Kinsmen , have well - attested contemporary documentation ; others , such as for Titus Andronicus , remain more controversial and are dependent on linguistic analysis by modern scholars . Cardenio , either a lost play or one that survives only in later adaptation Double Falsehood ; contemporary reports say that Shakespeare collaborated on it with John Fletcher . Cymbeline , in which the Yale edition suggests a collaborator had a hand in the authorship , and some scenes ( Act III scene 7 and Act V scene 2 ) may strike the reader as un-Shakespearean compared with others . Edward III , of which Brian Vickers ' recent analysis concluded that the play was 40 % Shakespeare and 60 % Thomas Kyd . Henry VI , Part 1 , possibly the work of a team of playwrights , whose identities we can only guess at . Some scholars argue that Shakespeare wrote less than 20 % of the text . Henry VIII , generally considered a collaboration between Shakespeare and John Fletcher . Macbeth , Thomas Middleton may have revised this tragedy in 1615 to incorporate extra musical sequences . Measure for Measure may have undergone a light revision by Thomas Middleton at some point after its original composition . Pericles , Prince of Tyre may include the work of George Wilkins , either as collaborator , reviser , or revisee . Timon of Athens may result from collaboration between Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton ; this might explain its unusual plot and unusually cynical tone . Titus Andronicus may be a collaboration with , or revision by , George Peele . The Two Noble Kinsmen , published in quarto in 1634 and attributed to John Fletcher and William Shakespeare ; each playwright appears to have written about half of the text . Lost plays ( edit ) Love 's Labour 's Won -- a late sixteenth - century writer , Francis Meres , and a bookseller 's list both include this title among Shakespeare 's recent works , but no play of this title has survived . It may have become lost , or it may represent an alternative title of one of the plays listed above , such as Much Ado About Nothing or All 's Well That Ends Well . Cardenio -- the original of a late play by Shakespeare and Fletcher , referred to in several documents , has not survived . It is believed to have re-worked a tale in Cervantes ' Don Quixote . In 1727 , Lewis Theobald produced a play he called Double Falshood , which he claimed to have adapted from three manuscripts of a lost play by Shakespeare that he did not name . Double Falshood does re-work the Cardenio story , and modern scholarship generally agrees that Double Falshood includes fragments of Shakespeare 's lost play . Plays possibly by Shakespeare ( edit ) Note : For a comprehensive account of plays possibly by Shakespeare or in part by Shakespeare , see the separate entry on the Shakespeare Apocrypha . Arden of Faversham -- the middle portion of the play ( scenes 4 -- 9 ) may have been written by Shakespeare . Edmund Ironside -- contains numerous words first used by Shakespeare . Sir Thomas More -- a collaborative work by several playwrights , including Shakespeare . There is a `` growing scholarly consensus '' that Shakespeare was called in to re-write a contentious scene in the play and that `` Hand D '' in the surviving manuscript is that of Shakespeare himself . The Spanish Tragedy -- additional passages included in the fourth quarto , including the `` painter scene '' , are likely to have been written by him . Shakespeare and the textual problem ( edit ) Unlike his contemporary Ben Jonson , Shakespeare did not have direct involvement in publishing his plays and produced no overall authoritative version of his plays before he died . As a result , the problem of identifying what Shakespeare actually wrote is a major concern for most modern editions . One of the reasons there are textual problems is that there was no copyright of writings at the time . As a result , Shakespeare and the playing companies he worked with did not distribute scripts of his plays , for fear that the plays would be stolen . This led to bootleg copies of his plays , which were often based on people trying to remember what Shakespeare had actually written . Textual corruptions also stemming from printers ' errors , misreadings by compositors , or simply wrongly scanned lines from the source material litter the Quartos and the First Folio . Additionally , in an age before standardised spelling , Shakespeare often wrote a word several times in a different spelling , and this may have contributed to some of the transcribers ' confusion . Modern editors have the task of reconstructing Shakespeare 's original words and expurgating errors as far as possible . In some cases the textual solution presents few difficulties . In the case of Macbeth for example , scholars believe that someone ( probably Thomas Middleton ) adapted and shortened the original to produce the extant text published in the First Folio , but that remains our only authorised text . In others the text may have become manifestly corrupt or unreliable ( Pericles or Timon of Athens ) but no competing version exists . The modern editor can only regularise and correct erroneous readings that have survived into the printed versions . The textual problem can , however , become rather complicated . Modern scholarship now believes Shakespeare to have modified his plays through the years , sometimes leading to two existing versions of one play . To provide a modern text in such cases , editors must face the choice between the original first version and the later , revised , usually more theatrical version . In the past editors have resolved this problem by conflating the texts to provide what they believe to be a superior Ur - text , but critics now argue that to provide a conflated text would run contrary to Shakespeare 's intentions . In King Lear for example , two independent versions , each with their own textual integrity , exist in the Quarto and the Folio versions . Shakespeare 's changes here extend from the merely local to the structural . Hence the Oxford Shakespeare , published in 1986 ( second edition 2005 ) , provides two different versions of the play , each with respectable authority . The problem exists with at least four other Shakespearian plays ( Henry IV , part 1 , Hamlet , Troilus and Cressida , and Othello ) . Performance history ( edit ) Main article : Shakespeare in performance The modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre , in London . During Shakespeare 's lifetime , many of his greatest plays were staged at the Globe Theatre and the Blackfriars Theatre . Shakespeare 's fellow members of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men acted in his plays . Among these actors were Richard Burbage ( who played the title role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare 's plays , including Hamlet , Othello , Richard III and King Lear ) , Richard Cowley ( who played Verges in Much Ado About Nothing ) , William Kempe , ( who played Peter in Romeo and Juliet and , possibly , Bottom in A Midsummer Night 's Dream ) and Henry Condell and John Heminges , who are most famous now for collecting and editing the plays of Shakespeare 's First Folio ( 1623 ) . Shakespeare 's plays continued to be staged after his death until the Interregnum ( 1649 -- 1660 ) , when all public stage performances were banned by the Puritan rulers . After the English Restoration , Shakespeare 's plays were performed in playhouses with elaborate scenery and staged with music , dancing , thunder , lightning , wave machines , and fireworks . During this time the texts were `` reformed '' and `` improved '' for the stage , an undertaking which has seemed shockingly disrespectful to posterity . Victorian productions of Shakespeare often sought pictorial effects in `` authentic '' historical costumes and sets . The staging of the reported sea fights and barge scene in Antony and Cleopatra was one spectacular example . Too often , the result was a loss of pace . Towards the end of the 19th century , William Poel led a reaction against this heavy style . In a series of `` Elizabethan '' productions on a thrust stage , he paid fresh attention to the structure of the drama . In the early twentieth century , Harley Granville - Barker directed quarto and folio texts with few cuts , while Edward Gordon Craig and others called for abstract staging . Both approaches have influenced the variety of Shakespearian production styles seen today . See also ( edit ) Chronology of Shakespeare 's plays Elizabethan era Globe Theatre List of Shakespearean characters Shakespeare on screen Shakespeare 's late romances The Complete Works of William Shakespeare Music in the plays of William Shakespeare Shakespeare in Love References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Will in the World : How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare by Stephen Greenblatt , W.W. Norton & Company , 2004 , page 34 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , T.W. Shakspere 's Small Latine and Less Greek , ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1944 ) , 499 -- 532 ) . Jump up ^ Doran , Madeleine , Endeavors of Art ( Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1954 ) , 160 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Gurr , pp. 123 -- 31 and 142 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bevington , David , From Mankind to Marlowe ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press ) , 1969 , passim . Jump up ^ Shakespeare 's Marlowe by Robert A. Logan , Ashgate Publishing , 2006 , page 156 . Jump up ^ Irving Ribner , The English History Play in the Age of Shakespeare ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1957 : 12 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Eugene Waith , The Herculean Hero in Marlowe , Chapman , Shakespeare , and Dryden ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ Doran 220 - 25 . Jump up ^ Edward Rand , Horace and the Spirit of Comedy ( Houston : Rice Institute Press , 1937 , passim . Jump up ^ Arthur Kirsch , `` Cymbeline and Coterie Dramaturgy , '' Jump up ^ R.A. Foakes , Shakespeare : Dark Comedies to Last Plays ( London : Routledge , 1968 ) : 18 -- 40 . Jump up ^ O.J. Campbell , Comicall Satyre and Shakespeare 's Troilus and Cressida ( San Marino : Huntington Library , 1938 , passim . Jump up ^ David Young , The Heart 's Forest : A Study of Shakespeare 's Pastoral Plays ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1972 ) , 130ff . Jump up ^ Ackroyd , Peter ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare : The Biography . London : Chatto and Windus . pp. 472 -- 474 . ISBN 1 - 85619 - 726 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabethan Period ( 1558 -- 1603 ) , from ProQuest Period Pages '' . ProQuest. 2005 . Jump up ^ Wilson , F.P. ( 1945 ) . Elizabethan and Jacobean . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Bentley , G.E. `` The Profession of Dramatist in Shakespeare 's Time , '' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115 ( 1971 ) , 481 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Hamlet by William Shakespeare , Barron 's Educational Series , 2002 , page 11 . Jump up ^ Meagher , John C. ( 2003 ) . Pursuing Shakespeare 's Dramaturgy : Some Contexts , Resources , and Strategies in His Playmaking . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Macbeth Act 2 , Scene 1 Jump up ^ Mahood , Molly Maureen ( 1988 ) . Shakespeare 's Wordplay . Routledge . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hamlet 's Puns and Paradoxes '' . Shakespeare Navigators . Archived from the original on 13 June 2007 . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Humor in Shakespeare 's Plays . '' Shakespeare 's World and Work . Ed . John F. Andrews . 2001 . Charles Scribner 's Sons , New York . eNotes.com . December 2005 . 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare 's Soliloquies by Wolfgang H. Clemen , translated by Charity S. Stokes , Routledge , 1987 , page 11 . Jump up ^ Maurer , Margaret ( 2005 ) . `` Shakespeare and the History of Soliloquies '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 56 ( 4 ) : 504 . doi : 10.1353 / shq. 2006.0027 . Jump up ^ William Shakespeare . ( n.d. ) Retrieved from : https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare/Shakespeares-sources Jump up ^ Welsh , Alexander . Hamlet in his Modern Guises . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2001 : 3 Jump up ^ William Shakespeare . ( n.d. ) Retrieved from : https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare/Shakespeares-sources Jump up ^ Plutarch 's Parallel Lives . Accessed 23 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Woodhuysen , Henry ( 2010 ) . `` Shakespeare 's writing , from manuscript to print '' . In de Grazia , Margreta ; Wells , Stanley . The New Cambridge companion to Shakespeare ( 2 ed . ) . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88632 - 1 . Jump up ^ Woodhuysen ( 2010 : 70 ) Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/arts/further-proof-of-shakespeares-hand-in-the-spanish-tragedy.html Jump up ^ Editor 's Preface to A Midsummer Night 's Dream by William Shakespeare , Simon and Schuster , 2004 , page xl Jump up ^ Foakes , 6 . Nagler , A.M ( 1958 ) . Shakespeare 's Stage . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 7 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02689 - 7 . Shapiro , 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Ringler , William jr . `` Shakespeare and His Actors : Some Remarks on King Lear '' from Lear from Study to Stage : Essays in Criticism edited by James Ogden and Arthur Hawley Scouten , Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press , 1997 , page 127 . Jump up ^ Interregnum Jump up ^ Halpern ( 1997 ) . Shakespeare Among the Moderns . New York : Cornell University Press , 64 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8418 - 9 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Trevor R ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . A Midsummer 's Night 's Dream . William Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; Introduction , 2 , 38 -- 39 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57565 - 6 . Halpern , 64 . Jump up ^ Bristol , Michael , and Kathleen McLuskie ( eds . ) . Shakespeare and Modern Theatre : The Performance of Modernity . London ; New York : Routledge ; Introduction , 5 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21984 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Shakespeare in Print : A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing , by Andrew Murphy ( Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) ISBN 9781139439466 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : William Shakespeare Complete text of Shakespeare 's plays , listed by genre Complete list of shakespeare plays with synopsis Narrative and Dramatic Sources of all Shakespeare 's works Also publication years and chronology of Shakespeare plays Folger Digital Texts The Shakespeare Resource Center A directory of Web resources for online Shakespearean study . Includes play synopses , a works timeline , and language resources . Shake Sphere Summary and analysis of all the plays , including those of questionable authorship , such as Edward III , The Two Noble Kinsmen , and Cardenio . Shakespeare at the British Library - online resource including images of original manuscripts , new articles and teaching resources . ( hide ) William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost ( hide ) Shakespeare 's plays Shakespearean tragedy William Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra Characters Mark Antony Octavius Caesar Lepidus Cleopatra Sextus Pompey Domitius Enobarbus Ventidius Canidius Scarus Octavia Maecenas Agrippa Taurus Dolabella Gallus Menas Charmian Sources Parallel Lives Stage adaptations The False One ( c. 1620 ) All for Love ( 1677 ) Opera Antony and Cleopatra ( 1966 ) On screen 1908 1913 1959 ( TV ) The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ; TV ) 1972 1974 ( TV ) 1981 ( TV ) Related Cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra ( 1912 ) Cleopatra ( 1917 ) Roman Tragedies ( 2007 ) William Shakespeare 's Coriolanus Characters Historical Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Junius Brutus Tullus Aufidius Fictional Volumnia Virgilia Sources Roman Antiquities Parallel Lives Ab Urbe Condita Policraticus A Mervalious Combat of Contrarieties ( William Averell ) Adaptations Coriolanus ( 1953 ) The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ; TV ) The Tragedy of Coriolanus ( 1984 ; TV ) Coriolanus ( 2011 ) Related Veturia Thomas North Roman Tragedies ( 2007 ) William Shakespeare 's Cymbeline Characters Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus Jupiter Sources Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) The Decameron ( c. 1353 ) Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1577 ) Adaptations Cymbeline ( 1982 ; TV ) Cymbeline ( 2014 ) Related Shakespeare 's late romances Philaster ( c. 1609 ) Deus ex machina Milford Haven William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1990 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) Ophelia ( 2018 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Hamlet Had an Uncle Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure `` Tales from the Public Domain '' Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) War ( 2002 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) `` The Conscience of the King '' ( 1966 ) `` Born to Be King '' ( 1983 ) `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' ( 2001 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar Characters Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavius Lepidus Flavius Marullus Cicero Calpurnia Portia Cinna Titinius Messala Young Cato Volumnius Conspirators Marcus Brutus Cassius Casca Decius Brutus Cinna Metellus Cimber Trebonius Caius Ligarius Sources Parallel Lives On screen 1950 1953 The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ; TV ) 1970 1979 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Adaptations La morte di Cesare ( 1788 ) Shakespeare Writing `` Julius Caesar '' ( 1907 ) Caesar ( 1937 ) Die Ermordung Cäsars ( 1959 ) Dead Caesar ( 2007 ) The Karaoke King ( 2007 ) Roman Tragedies ( 2007 ) Quotes `` The dogs of war '' `` Et tu , Brute ? '' `` Friends , Romans , countrymen , lend me your ears '' `` Greek to me '' Music Julius Caesar ( overture , 1851 ) Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar 's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles ( 2008 ) Caesar Must Die ( 2012 ) William Shakespeare 's King Lear Characters King Lear Cordelia Goneril Regan Edmund Sources Historia Regum Britanniae ( 1136 ) The Mirror for Magistrates ( 1555 ) Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1577 ) King Leir ( 1594 ) `` Water and Salt '' Related Llŷr Leir of Britain Cordelia of Britain Adaptations Plays The History of King Lear ( 1681 ) The Yiddish King Lear ( 1892 ) Safed Khoon ( 1907 ) Lear ( 1971 ) Novels La Terre ( 1887 ) A Thousand Acres ( 1991 ) Fool ( 2009 ) Opera Re Lear ( Libretto only ) ( 1896 ) Lear ( 1978 ) Kuningas Lear ( 2000 ) Films King Lear ( 1910 ) King Lear ( 1916 ) Gunasundari Katha ( 1949 ) King Lear ( 1971 USSR ) King Lear ( 1971 UK ) Ran ( 1985 ) King Lear ( 1987 ) A Thousand Acres ( 1997 ) Gypsy Lore ( 1997 ) King Lear ( 1999 ) My Kingdom ( 2001 ) Second Generation ( 2003 ) Life Goes On ( 2009 ) Television King Lear ( 1953 ) BBC Television Shakespeare ( 1982 ) King Lear ( 1983 ) King of Texas ( 2002 ) King Lear ( 2008 ) King Lear ( 2018 ) Story within a story The Dresser ( 1980 play ) The Dresser ( 1983 film ) The Dresser ( 2015 film ) Other Tiriel ( 1789 , poem ) The Prince of the Pagodas ( 1957 , ballet ) The Tragedy of King Lear ( screenplay ) William Shakespeare 's Macbeth Characters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff 's son Third Murderer Young Siward Inspirations Macbeth , King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward , Earl of Northumbria King James VI and I Sources Daemonologie ( 1597 ) The Witch ( play ) Holinshed 's Chronicles Darraðarljóð Film 1908 1909 ( French ) 1909 ( Italian ) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 1971 2006 2015 Cancelled ( Olivier ) Television 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1982 1992 2005 TV / film adaptations The Real Thing at Last ( 1916 ) Marmayogi ( 1951 ) Joe MacBeth ( 1955 ) Throne of Blood ( 1957 ) Macbeth ( Verdi opera ) ( 1987 ) Men of Respect ( 1990 ) Scotland , PA ( 2001 ) Makibefo ( 2001 ) Maqbool ( 2003 ) Shakespeare Must Die ( 2012 ) Veeram ( 2016 ) Plays Voodoo Macbeth ( 1936 ) MacBird ! ( 1967 ) uMabatha ( 1970 ) Macbett ( 1972 ) Cahoot 's Macbeth ( 1979 ) MacHomer ( 1995 ) Sleep No More ( 2003 ) Sleep No More ( 2009 ) Dunsinane ( 2010 ) Sleep No More ( 2011 ) Just Macbeth ! Operas Macbeth ( 1847 , Verdi ) discography Macbeth ( 1910 , Bloch ) Literary adaptations Wyrd Sisters ( 1988 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 1998 ) The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II ( 2008 ) Albums Music from Macbeth ( 1972 ) Macbeth ( 1990 ) Thane to the Throne ( 2000 ) Shakespeare 's Macbeth -- A Tragedy in Steel ( 2003 ) Lady Macbeth ( 2005 ) Art Pity ( 1795 ) The Night of Enitharmon 's Joy ( 1795 ) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth ( 1889 ) Scenes and speeches `` On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth '' ( 1823 ) Sleepwalking Scene ( 5.1 ) `` Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow '' Words and phrases `` What 's done is done '' `` Crack of doom '' `` Strange but true '' The Scottish Play Thane of Cawdor Story within a story We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair `` The Movies '' `` Sleeping with the Enemy '' `` The Shower Principle '' Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare Episodes `` A Witch 's Tangled Hare '' ( 1959 , Looney Tunes ) `` The Bellero Shield '' ( 1964 , The Outer Limits ) `` Sense and Senility '' ( 1987 , Blackadder the Third ) `` The Coup '' ( 2006 , The Office ) `` Dial `` N '' for Nerder '' ( 2008 , The Simpsons ) `` Four Great Women and a Manicure '' ( 2009 , The Simpsons ) `` The Understudy '' ( 2014 , Inside No. 9 ) Other Macbeth ( Strauss ) The Scottish Play Piano Trios , Op. 70 ( Beethoven ) The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards ( UK , 1990 ) House of Cards ( US , 2013 -- present ) William Shakespeare 's Othello Characters Othello Desdemona Iago Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo Brabantio Other characters Source Della descrittione dell'Africa ( 1550 ) by Leo Africanus `` Un Capitano Moro '' from Gli Hecatommithi ( 1565 ) by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Sampiero Corso Opera and ballet adaptations Otello ( 1816 ; opera ) Otello ( 1887 ; opera ) Othello ( 1892 ; overture ) The Moor 's Pavane ( 1949 ; ballet ) Othello ( 1998 ; ballet score ) Bandanna ( 1999 ; opera ) Films 1922 1951 1955 1965 1995 TV 1965 1981 1990 1994 Stage adaptations Masquerade ( 1835 ) Othello ( 1951 ) Catch My Soul ( US ; 1969 ) Catch My Soul ( UK ; 1970 ) Film adaptations Jubal ( 1956 ) All Night Long ( 1962 ) Catch My Soul ( 1974 ) Kaliyattam ( 1997 ) O ( 2001 ) Eloise ( 2002 ) Souli ( 2004 ) Omkara ( 2006 ) Jarum Halus ( 2008 ) From Verdi Otello ( 1906 ; film ) Othello Ballet Suite / Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 ( 1967 ; ballet suite ) Otello ( 1986 ; film ) The Othello Syndrome ( 2008 ; album ) Art Othello Phrases `` Beast with two backs '' Related Othello error Filming Othello Red Velvet The Duke of Milan Love 's Sacrifice Desdemona Goodnight Desdemona Story within a story Carnival ( 1921 film ) Carnival ( 1931 film ) The Deceiver ( 1931 ) Men Are Not Gods ( 1936 ) A Double Life ( 1947 ) Saptapadi ( 1961 ) The Dresser ( 1980 play ) The Dresser ( 1983 film ) An Imaginary Tale ( 1990 ) The Dresser ( 2015 film ) William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare 's Timon of Athens Characters Timon Alcibiades Apemantus Sources Palace of Pleasure ( 1566 ) Adaptations Timon ( 1973 ) Timon of Athens ( 1981 ) Revisions The History of Timon of Athens the Man - hater ( 1677 ) William Shakespeare 's Titus Andronicus Characters Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus Lucius Sources Ab Urbe Condita ( c. 26 BC ) Metamorphoses ( c.AD 8 ) Thyestes ( first century AD ) Gesta Romanorum ( late third century AD ) Adaptations Titus Andronicus ( 1985 ; TV ) Titus ( 1999 ) `` Scott Tenorman Must Die '' ( 2001 ; TV ) The Hungry ( 2017 ) Related Peacham drawing Authorship question Themes `` Titus Andronicus ' Complaint '' George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc ( 1561 ) Edmund Ironside ( 1590 ) Jan Vos Titus ( soundtrack ) William Shakespeare 's Troilus and Cressida Characters Trojans Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas Helen Greeks Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites Myrmidons Sources Troilus and Criseyde Troy Book Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye Adaptations The Face of Love ( 1954 , TV ) Troilus and Cressida ( 1981 , TV ) Related Trojan War Trojan War in popular culture Achilles and Patroclus Shakespearean problem play `` Bitch '' Shakespearean comedy William Shakespeare 's All 's Well That Ends Well Characters Bertram Countess of Roussillon Helen Rinaldo Lavatch Paroles King of France Lafeu Duke of Florence Widow Diana Mariana Sources The Decameron ( c. 1353 ) Palace of Pleasure ( 1566 ) Adaptations All 's Well That Ends Well ( 1981 ; TV ) Related Shakespearean problem play Diana Alazôn Bed trick William Shakespeare 's As You Like It Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Screen 1912 1936 1978 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) 2006 Related `` All the world 's a stage '' William Shakespeare 's The Comedy of Errors Characters Antipholus of Syracuse Antipholus of Ephesus Dromio of Syracuse Dromio of Ephesus Adriana Luciana Egeon Emilia Solinus Sources Menaechmi Amphitryon Apollonius of Tyre Opera and musicals Gli equivoci ( 1786 ) The Boys from Syracuse ( 1938 ) Pozdvižení v Efesu ( 1943 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1976 ) The Bomb - itty of Errors ( 2000 ) Film / TV The Boys from Syracuse ( 1940 ) Bhranti Bilas ( 1963 ) Do Dooni Char ( 1968 ) Angoor ( 1982 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1983 ; TV ) Big Business ( 1988 ) Ulta Palta ( 1997 ) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan ( 1998 ) Dam Dama Dam ( 1998 ) Ulta Palta ( 1998 ) Heeralal Pannalal ( 1999 ) Double Di Trouble ( 2014 ) Related Classical unities Gesta Grayorum ( 1688 ) The Flying Karamazov Brothers William Shakespeare 's Love 's Labour 's Lost Characters King Ferdinand of Navarre Lord Berowne Lord Longaville Lord Dumaine Princess of France Lady Rosaline Lady Maria Lady Katharine Boyet Don Adriano de Armado Moth Sir Nathaniel Holofernes Dull Costard Jaquenetta Marcadé Adaptations Love 's Labor Lost ( animated ; 1920 ) Love 's Labour 's Lost ( opera ; 1973 ) Love 's Labour 's Lost ( TV ; 1985 ) Love 's Labour 's Lost ( film ; 2000 ) Related Love 's Labour 's Won Honorificabilitudinitatibus Nine Worthies The School of Night Robert Tofte The Princess ( poem ; 1847 ) William Shakespeare 's Measure for Measure Characters Angelo Adaptations The Law Against Lovers ( 1662 ) Das Liebesverbot ( 1834 ) Round Heads and Pointed Heads ( 1936 ) Measure for Measure ( 1943 ) Measure for Measure ( 1979 ; TV ) Desperate Measures ( 2004 ) Art Mariana ( Millais ) Related Mariana ( Tennyson ) Bletting Bed trick Shakespearean problem play William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice Characters Shylock Antonio Portia Jessica Sources Gesta Romanorum ( late 13th century ) Il Pecorone ( late 14th century ) by Giovanni Fiorentino The Jew of Malta ( 1590 ) by Christopher Marlowe On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock ( 1941 ) 1961 1969 1980 ( TV ) One Man Band ( unfinished ) Adaptations Le marchand de Venise ( 1935 , opera ) Shylock ( 1987 , musical ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1982 , opera ) Derivative works Serenade to Music ( 1938 ) Shylock ( 1996 ) Yasser ( 2001 ) The Maori Merchant of Venice ( 2002 ) Related `` All that glitters is not gold '' `` All the world 's a stage '' `` Between you and I '' Quibble Letter and spirit of the law `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` The quality of mercy '' William Shakespeare 's The Merry Wives of Windsor Characters Falstaff Mistress Quickly Ancient Pistol Bardolph Robert Shallow Corporal Nym Film / Television The Merry Wives of Windsor ( 1950 ) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor ( 1953 ) The Merry Wives of Windsor ( 1982 ; TV ) Opera / Musical Falstaff ( 1799 ) The Merry Wives of Windsor ( 1849 ) Falstaff ( 1893 ) Sir John in Love ( 1929 ) Lone Star Love ( 2004 ) William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream Characters Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Other characters Puck Egeus Philostrate Film 1909 1935 1959 1968 1999 Television 1969 1980 1992 1994 2016 Stage A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1970 , play ) The Park ( 1983 , play ) The Donkey Show ( 1999 , musical ) The Dreaming ( 2001 , musical ) Ballet A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1962 ) The Dream ( 1964 ) Opera The Fairy - Queen ( 1692 ) Pyramus and Thisbe ( 1745 ) Puck ( 1949 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1960 , opera ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 ) Film adaptations Wood Love ( 1925 ) Dream of a Summer Night ( 1983 ) Get Over It ( 2001 ) A Midsummer Night 's Rave ( 2002 ) Midsummer Dream ( 2005 ) Were the World Mine ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Triumph of Beauty ( 1646 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1852 ) `` Fascination '' ( 1994 ) Literature A Midsummer Tempest ( 1974 ) A Midsummer Night 's Gene ( 1997 ) A Midsummer 's Nightmare ( 1997 ) Lords and Ladies ( 1992 ) The Great Night ( 2011 ) Comics Auberon Faerie Titania Music A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Wedding March ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Three Shakespeare Songs ( 1951 ) Symphony No. 8 ( 1992 , Henze ) Il Sogno ( 2004 ) Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night 's Dream Related The Sandman : Dream Country ( 1991 ) Pyramus and Thisbe Mechanical Love - in - idleness The Apartment ( 1996 ) Wicker Park ( 2004 ) William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing Characters Don Pedro Dogberry Adaptations Screen 1984 ( TV ) 2005 ( TV ) 2012 Opera Béatrice et Bénédict ( 1862 ) Much Ado About Nothing ( opera ) ( 1901 ) Musical Much Ado ( 1995 ) The Boys Are Coming Home ( 2005 ) Adaptations The Law Against Lovers ( 1662 ) Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) Related Dogberryism `` Curiosity killed the cat '' Pleaching William Shakespeare 's Pericles , Prince of Tyre Characters John Gower Diana Sources Confessio Amantis ( 1390 ) The Pattern of Painful Adventures ( 1576 ) Adaptations Pericles , Prince of Tyre ( 1984 ; TV ) Related George Wilkins Shakespeare 's late romances Shakespeare Apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures ( 2008 ; radio ) First water William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Katherina Minola Petruchio Bianca Minola Baptista Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman 's Prize ( c1611 ) Catharine and Petruchio ( 1754 ) Las bravías ( 1896 ) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1872 ) Sly , ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy ( 1957 ) Christopher Sly ( 1963 ) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1962 ( TV ) 1967 1980 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Other adaptations Daring Youth ( 1924 ) You Made Me Love You ( 1933 ) Second Best Bed ( 1938 ) Kiss Me Kate ( 1953 ) Abba Aa Hudugi ( 1959 ) Gundamma Katha ( 1962 ) Manithan Maravillai ( 1962 ) McLintock ! ( 1963 ) Arivaali ( 1963 ) Pattikada Pattanama ( 1972 ) Il Bisbetico Domato ( 1980 ) Nanjundi Kalyana ( 1989 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) O Cravo ea Rosa ( 2000 ; TV ) Deliver Us from Eva ( 2003 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 2005 ; TV ) Frivolous Wife ( 2008 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 ; TV ) Isi Life Mein ( 2010 ) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew ( stock character ) Induction Love - in - idleness William Shakespeare 's The Tempest Characters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Sources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates , Knight Decades of the New World Montaigne 's Essays Ovid 's Metamorphoses Erasmus 's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture Films 1911 1963 1979 1980 1992 Adaptations Music Three Shakespeare Songs ( Vaughan Williams ) The Tempest ( Sullivan ) The Tempest ( Sibelius ) The Tempest ( Tchaikovsky ) The Tempest ( ballet ) ( Nordheim ) `` Do n't Pay the Ferryman '' ( 1982 ) Screen Yellow Sky ( 1948 ) Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) Tempest ( 1982 ) The Journey to Melonia ( 1989 ) Prospero 's Books ( 1991 ) Painting Scene from Shakespeare 's The Tempest ( Hogarth ) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel ( Millais ) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest ( Dryden ) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest ( 1674 Duffet ) Une Tempête ( 1969 Césaire ) The Sea ( play ) ( 1973 ) I 'll Be The Devil ( 2008 ) Opera The Tempest ( 1756 Smith ) Die Geisterinsel ( libretto 1796 ) Die Geisterinsel ( 1798 Reichardt ) Die Geisterinsel ( 1805 Zumsteeg ) Der Sturm ( 1955 Martin ) Noises , Sounds & Sweet Airs ( 1991 Nyman ) The Tempest ( Adès 2004 ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 Sams ) Poetry and prose fiction Caliban upon Setebos ( Browning ) The Sea and the Mirror ( Auden ) Indigo ( Warner ) A Midsummer Tempest ( Anderson ) Island ( Rogers ) Hag - Seed ( Atwood ) Phrases `` Ariel 's Song '' `` Brave new world '' `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Full fathom five '' `` Sea change '' `` What 's past is prologue '' Sculpture The Tempest ( 1966 ) William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night Characters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste On screen 1933 1955 1966 1980 ( TV ) 1986 1988 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) Musical Your Own Thing ( 1968 ) Music Is ( 1976 ) Play On ! ( 1997 ) Illyria ( 2004 ) All Shook Up ( 2004 ) Adaptations Just One of the Guys ( 1985 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Dil Bole Hadippa ! ( 2009 ) Opera Viola ( unfinished ) Story within a story `` Grace '' ( 2011 ) William Shakespeare 's The Two Gentlemen of Verona Characters Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed Crab Sources The Boke Named the Governour ( 1531 ) Los Siete Libros de la Diana ( 1559 ) Euphues , The Anatomy of Wit ( 1578 ) The Countess of Pembroke 's Arcadia ( 1580 ) Theatrical adaptations Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1971 ) Screen adaptations A Spray of Plum Blossoms ( 1931 ) The Two Gentlemen of Verona ( TV ; 1983 ) Related Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper `` An Sylvia '' ( 1826 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? ( 2002 ) William Shakespeare 's The Two Noble Kinsmen Characters Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell Timothy Sources `` The Knight 's Tale '' The Canterbury Tales Related Shakespeare Apocrypha Shakespeare 's late romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray 's Inn ( 1613 ) William Shakespeare 's The Winter 's Tale Characters Leontes Perdita Florizel Sources The Countess of Pembroke 's Arcadia ( c. 1580 ) Pandosto ( 1588 ) Oberon , the Faery Prince ( 1611 ) Adaptations The Winter 's Tale ( 1910 ) The Winter 's Tale ( 1967 ) The Winter 's Tale ( 1981 ) `` The Winter 's Tale '' ( 1994 ) Operas The Winter 's Tale ( 2017 ) Shakespearean history William Shakespeare 's King John Characters King John Queen Eleanor Prince Henry Blanche of Castile Earl of Essex Earl of Salisbury Earl of Pembroke Lord Bigot Philip Faulconbridge King Philip of France Louis the Dauphin Lady Constance Arthur Cardinal Pandulf Hubert Sources Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1577 ) The Troublesome Reign of King John ( c. 1589 ) Adaptations King John ( 1899 ) The Life and Death of King John ( 1984 ; TV ) Related King Johan Cultural depictions of John of England Anglo - French War ( 1213 -- 14 ) William Shakespeare 's Edward III Characters English Edward III Queen Philippa Edward , the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord Montfort French King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of Bohemia Scottish King David of Scotland Sir William Douglas Sources Froissart 's Chronicles ( c. 1370 ) Palace of Pleasure ( 1566 ) Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1577 ) Related Shakespeare Apocrypha Thomas Kyd George Peele Robert Greene Hundred Years ' War Battle of Halidon Hill Siege of Calais Battle of Crécy Battle of Poitiers William Shakespeare 's Henriad Richard II Henry IV , Part 1 Henry IV , Part 2 Henry V Characters and events Richard II Richard II Henry Bolingbroke Duke of York Earl of Northumberland Duke of Aumerle John of Gaunt Queen ( unnamed composite of Anne of Bohemia and Isabella of Valois ) Henry ' Hotspur ' Percy Duchess of York ( unnamed composite of Infanta Isabella of Castile and Joan Holland ) Duchess of Gloucester Thomas Mowbray , Duke of Norfolk Bishop of Carlisle Duke of Surrey Bushy Bagot Green Lord Ross Earl of Salisbury Lord Berkeley 1 Henry IV Henry IV Prince Hal Henry ' Hotspur ' Percy Sir John Falstaff Ned Poins Mistress Quickly Bardolph Thomas Percy , Earl of Worcester Earl of Douglas Sir Walter Blunt Henry Percy , Earl of Northumberland Lady Percy Earl of Westmorland Owen Glendower Edmund Mortimer Lady Mortimer Archbishop of York John , Duke of Bedford Battle of Humbleton Hill Battle of Shrewsbury 2 Henry IV Henry IV Prince Hal Sir John Falstaff Ned Poins Ancient Pistol Bardolph Mistress Quickly Doll Tearsheet Robert Shallow Earl of Westmorland Archbishop of York John , Duke of Bedford Earl of Warwick Lord Chief Justice Lord Bardolf Earl of Northumberland Lord Mowbray Humphrey , Duke of Gloucester Thomas , Duke of Clarence Earl of Surrey Rumour Henry V Henry V King of France Louis the Dauphin Fluellen Ancient Pistol Mistress Quickly Bardolph Corporal Nym Katharine Constable of France Chorus Duke of Exeter John , Duke of Bedford Humphrey , Duke of Gloucester Thomas , Duke of Clarence Earl of Westmorland Duke of Orléans Duke of Burgundy Duke of York Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Duke of Bourbon Archbishop of Canterbury Bishop of Ely Queen Isabel Earl of Cambridge Lord Scroop Sir Thomas Grey Michael Williams Sir Thomas Erpingham Duke of Berry Battle of Agincourt On screen Richard II An Age of Kings ( 1960 ; TV ) The Life and Death of King Richard II ( 1960 ; TV ) King Richard the Second ( 1978 ; TV ) Richard the Second ( 2001 ) The Hollow Crown : Richard II ( 2012 ; TV ) 1 Henry IV An Age of Kings ( 1960 ; TV ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) The First Part of King Henry the Fourth , with the life and death of Henry surnamed Hotspur ( 1979 ; TV ) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV , Part 1 ( 2012 ; TV ) 2 Henry IV An Age of Kings ( 1960 ; TV ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth containing his Death : and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift ( 1979 ; TV ) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV , Part 2 ( 2012 ) Henry V Henry V ( 1944 ) An Age of Kings ( 1960 ; TV ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) The Life of Henry the Fift ( 1979 ; TV ) Henry V ( 1989 ) The Hollow Crown : Henry V ( 2012 ) Sources Holinshed 's Chronicles The Famous Victories of Henry V ( c. 1585 ) Thomas of Woodstock / Richard the Second , Part One ( c. 1593 ) Related plays The Merry Wives of Windsor ( c. 1597 ) Sir John Oldcastle ( 1599 ) Falstaff 's Wedding ( 1760 ) Related music Falstaff ( 1913 ) At the Boar 's Head ( 1925 ) Suite from Henry V ( 1963 ) Historical context Hundred Years ' War Wars of the Roses Divine right of kings Robert Devereux , 2nd Earl of Essex John Oldcastle William Shakespeare 's first historical tetralogy Henry VI , Part 1 Henry VI , Part 2 Henry VI , Part 3 Richard III Characters and events 1 Henry VI Henry VI Humphrey , Duke of Gloucester Duke of Exeter Lord Talbot Duke of Bedford Richard , Duke of York Bishop of Winchester Earl of Suffolk Duke of Somerset ( conflation of John Beaufort , 1st Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort , 2nd Duke of Somerset ) Earl of Warwick Earl of Salisbury John Talbot Edmund Mortimer , Earl of March ( conflation of Sir Edmund Mortimer and Edmund Mortimer , 5th Earl of March ) Sir John Fastolf Charles the Dauphin Joan la Pucelle Margaret of Anjou Reignier , Duke of Anjou Duke of Alençon Bastard of Orléans Duke of Burgundy Jacques d'Arc Siege of Orléans Battle of Patay 2 Henry VI Henry VI Queen Margaret Humphrey , Duke of Gloucester Richard , Duke of York Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Cardinal of Winchester Duke of Suffolk Duke of Buckingham Jack Cade Duke of Somerset ( conflation of John Beaufort , 1st Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort , 2nd Duke of Somerset ) Duchess of Gloucester Edward Plantagenet Richard Plantagenet Lord Clifford Young Clifford Margery Jourdayne Lord Saye Lord Scales First Battle of St Albans Peasants ' Revolt 3 Henry VI Henry VI Queen Margaret Richard , Duke of York Earl of Warwick Edward IV Richard , Duke of Gloucester George , Duke of Clarence Edward , Prince of Wales Lord Clifford Lady Grey Montague Earl of Oxford Duke of Somerset ( conflation of Henry Beaufort , 3rd Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort , 4th Duke of Somerset ) Lord Hastings Sir William Stanley Earl of Northumberland Duke of Exeter Duke of Norfolk Earl of Westmorland Lord Rivers Edmund , Earl of Rutland Henry , Earl of Richmond Louis XI of France Bona of Savoy Prince Edward Earl of Pembroke Lord Stafford Lord Bourbon Battle of Towton Battle of Barnet Battle of Wakefield Second Battle of St Albans Battle of Tewkesbury Richard III Richard III Duke of Buckingham Queen Elizabeth Duchess of York Queen Margaret Lady Neville George , Duke of Clarence Edward IV Lord Hastings Lord Stanley , Earl of Derby Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond Sir William Catesby Sir Richard Ratcliffe Lord Rivers Marquis of Dorset Sir James Tyrrell Lord Richard Grey Prince Edward Richard , Duke of York Earl of Warwick Countess of Salisbury Duke of Norfolk Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of York Earl of Surrey Sir Thomas Vaughan Sir Christopher Robert Brackenbury Lord Lovel Ghost of Henry VI Ghost of Edward , Prince of Wales Lord Mayor of London Earl of Oxford Sir James Blunt Sir William Brandon Bishop of Ely Sheriff of Wiltshire Wars of the Roses Princes in the Tower Battle of Bosworth Field On screen 1 Henry VI An Age of Kings ( 1960 ; TV ) The Wars of the Roses ( 1965 ; TV ) The First Part of Henry the Sixt ( 1983 ; TV ) The Hollow Crown : Henry VI , Part 1 ( 2016 ; TV ) 2 Henry VI An Age of Kings ( 1960 ; TV ) The Wars of the Roses ( 1965 ; TV ) The Second Part of Henry the Sixt ( 1983 ; TV ) The Hollow Crown : Henry VI , Part 1 & Henry VI , Part 2 ( 2016 ; TV ) 3 Henry VI An Age of Kings ( 1960 ; TV ) The Wars of the Roses ( 1965 ; TV ) The Third Part of Henry the Sixt ( 1983 ; TV ) The Hollow Crown : Henry VI , Part 2 ( 2016 ; TV ) Richard III The Life and Death of King Richard III ( 1912 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) An Age of Kings ( 1960 ; TV ) The Wars of the Roses ( 1965 ; TV ) The Tragedy of Richard III ( 1983 ; TV ) `` The Foretelling '' ( 1983 ; TV ) `` King Richard III '' ( 1994 ; TV ) Richard III ( 1995 ) Looking for Richard ( 1996 ) Richard III ( 2008 ) The Hollow Crown : Richard III ( 2016 ; TV ) Sources The Mirror for Magistrates ( 1559 ) Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1577 ) Richardus Tertius ( 1580 ) The Spanish Tragedy The True Tragedy of Richard III ( c. 1590 ) Historical context Hundred Years ' War Wars of the Roses House of Plantagenet House of York House of Lancaster Related `` Even a worm will turn '' The Tragical History of King Richard the Third ( 1699 ) David Garrick as Richard III ( 1745 ) William Shakespeare 's Henry VIII Characters Henry VIII Cardinal Wolsey Queen Katherine Anne Bullen Duke of Buckingham Thomas Cranmer Stephen Gardiner Lord Chamerlain Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Earl of Surrey Cardinal Campeius Capucius Thomas Cromwell Lord Sands Lord Abergavenny Lord Chancellor Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Lovell Henry Guildford Nicholas Vaux Anthony Denny Dr. Butts Garter King - of - Arms Sources Thomas Wolsey , Late Cardinall , his Lyffe and Deathe ( 1558 ) Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1577 ) Adaptations Henry VIII ( 1911 ) The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight ( 1979 ) Related John Fletcher Cultural depictions of Henry VIII of England Globe Theatre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare%27s_plays&oldid=829967039 '' Categories : Plays by William Shakespeare Lists of plays Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Wikisource templates with missing id Use dmy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Occitan Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 22 : 29 . 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-1392499017130761973	Causes of World War II	Causes of World War II - wikipedia Causes of World War II Jump to : navigation , search The German battleship Schleswig - Holstein attacked Westerplatte at the start of the war , September 1 , 1939 Destroyer USS Shaw exploding during the attack on Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Some long - term causes of World War II are found in the conditions preceding World War I and seen as common for both World Wars . Supporters of this view paraphrase Carl von Clausewitz : World War II was a continuation of World War I by the same means . In fact , World Wars had been expected before Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to power and Japan invaded China . Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s , Japanese militarism and invasions of China in the 1930s , and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy . The immediate cause was Britain and France declaring war on Germany after it invaded Poland in September 1939 . Problems arose in Weimar Germany that experienced strong currents of revanchism after the Treaty of Versailles that concluded its defeat in World War I in 1918 . Dissatisfactions of treaty provisions included the demilitarization of the Rhineland , the prohibition of unification with Austria ( including the Sudetenland ) and the loss of German - speaking territories such as Danzig and Eupen - Malmedy despite Wilson 's Fourteen Points , the limitations on the Reichswehr making it a token military force , the war - guilt clause , and last but not least the heavy tribute that Germany had to pay in the form of war reparations , which became an unbearable burden after the Great Depression . The most serious internal cause in Germany was the instability of the political system , as large sectors of politically active Germans rejected the legitimacy of the Weimar Republic . After his rise and take - over of power in 1933 to a large part based on these grievances , Adolf Hitler and the Nazis heavily promoted them and also ideas of vastly ambitious additional demands based on Nazi ideology , such as uniting all Germans ( and further all Germanic peoples ) in Europe in a single nation ; the acquisition of `` living space '' ( Lebensraum ) for primarily agrarian settlers ( Blut und Boden ) , creating a `` pull towards the East '' ( Drang nach Osten ) where such territories were to be found and colonized , in a model that the Nazis explicitly derived from the American Manifest Destiny in the Far West and its clearing of native inhabitants ; the elimination of Bolshevism ; and the hegemony of an `` Aryan '' / `` Nordic '' so - called Master Race over the `` sub-humans '' ( Untermenschen ) of inferior races , chief among them Slavs and Jews . Tensions created by those ideologies and the dissatisfactions of those powers with the interwar international order steadily increased . Italy laid claim on Ethiopia and conquered it in 1935 , Japan created a puppet state in Manchuria in 1931 and expanded beyond in China from 1937 , and Germany systematically flouted the Versailles treaty , reintroducing conscription in 1935 with the Stresa Front 's failure after having secretly started re-armament , remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936 , annexing Austria in March 1938 , and the Sudetenland in October 1938 . All those aggressive moves met only feeble and ineffectual policies of appeasement from the League of Nations and the Entente Cordiale , in retrospect symbolized by the `` peace for our time '' speech following the Munich Conference , that had allowed the annexation of the Sudeten from interwar Czechoslovakia . When the German Führer broke the promise he had made at that conference to respect that country 's future territorial integrity in March 1939 by sending troops into Prague , its capital , breaking off Slovakia as a German client state , and absorbing the rest of it as the `` Protectorate of Bohemia - Moravia '' , Britain and France tried to switch to a policy of deterrence . As Nazi attentions turned towards resolving the `` Polish Corridor Question '' during the summer of 1939 , Britain and France committed themselves to an alliance with Poland , threatening Germany with a two - front war . On their side , the Germans assured themselves of the support of the USSR by signing a non-aggression pact with them in August , secretly dividing Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence . The stage was then set for the Danzig crisis to become the immediate trigger of the war in Europe started on 1 September 1939 . Following the Fall of France in June 1940 , the Vichy regime signed an armistice , which tempted the Empire of Japan to join the Axis powers and invade French Indochina to improve their military situation in their war with China . This provoked the then neutral United States to respond with an embargo . The Japanese leadership , whose goal was Japanese domination of the Asia - Pacific , thought they had no option but to pre-emptively strike at the US Pacific fleet , which they did by attacking Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . Meanwhile , the Axis in Europe had brought the Soviet Union into the world war as an active belligerent by attacking eastwards in Operation Barbarossa ( June 1941 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anti-communism 2 Expansionism 3 Militarism 4 Racism 5 Interrelations and economics 5.1 Problems with the Treaty of Versailles 5.2 French security demands 5.2. 1 Paris Peace Conference ( 1919 ) 5.2. 2 Germany 's reaction to Treaty of Versailles 5.3 Competition for resources and markets 5.4 Problems with the League of Nations 5.5 The Mason - Overy Debate : `` The Flight into War '' theory 6 Specific developments 6.1 Nazi dictatorship 6.2 Re-militarization of the Rhineland 6.3 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) 6.4 Spanish Civil War 6.5 Second Sino - Japanese War 6.6 Anschluss 6.7 Munich Agreement 6.7. 1 German occupation and Slovak independence 6.8 Italian invasion of Albania 6.9 Soviet -- Japanese Border War 6.10 Danzig crisis 6.10. 1 Polish alliance with the Entente 6.10. 2 Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact 6.10. 3 Invasion of Poland 6.11 Invasion of the Soviet Union 6.12 Attack on Pearl Harbor 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Anti-communism ( edit ) Main article : Anti-communism `` Bolshevik freedom '' -- Polish propaganda poster with nude caricature of Leon Trotsky The internationalist - minded , radical Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in November 1917 , with the goal of overthrowing capitalism across the world . They supported communist parties in many countries and helped set up similar regimes in Hungary and Bavaria , Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia . By 1920 there was a corridor of anti-communist border states just west of Russia . However , these states feuded among themselves , and such alliances they formed , like the Little Entente , were unstable . Italian and German fascism were in part a reaction to international communist and socialist uprisings , in conjunction with nationalist fears of a Slavic empire . A further factor in Germany was the success of Freikorps ( voluntary paramilitary groups of World War I veterans ) in crushing the Bolshevik Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich in 1919 . Many of these veterans became early components of the Nazis ' SA ( `` Stormtroopers '' ) , which would be the party 's troops in the street warfare with the communist paramilitary Roter Frontkämpferbund in the decade before 1933 . The street violence would help shift moderate opinion towards the need for Germany to find an anti-communist strongman to restore stability to German life . Expansionism ( edit ) Expansionism is the doctrine of expanding the territorial base ( or economic influence ) of a country , usually by means of military aggression . In Europe , Italy under Benito Mussolini sought to create a New Roman Empire based around the Mediterranean . It invaded Albania in early 1939 , at the start of the war , and later invaded Greece . Italy had also invaded Ethiopia as early as 1935 . This provoked angry words and an oil embargo from the League of Nations , which failed . Under the Nazi regime , Germany began its own program of expansion , seeking to restore the `` rightful '' boundaries of historic Germany . As a prelude toward these goals the Rhineland was remilitarized in March 1936 . Also , of importance was the idea of a Greater Germany , supporters hoped to unite the German people under one nation state , which included all territories where Germans lived , regardless of whether they happened to be a minority in a particular territory . After the Treaty of Versailles , a unification between Germany and a newly formed German - Austria , a successor rump state of Austria - Hungary , was prohibited by the Allies despite the majority of Austrian Germans supporting such a union . Japanese march into Zhengyangmen of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937 In Asia , the Empire of Japan harbored expansionist desires towards Manchuria and Republic of China . Militarism ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese militarism , Statism in Shōwa Japan , and Militarism Militarism is the principle or policy of maintaining a large military establishment , with the view that military efficiency is the supreme ideal of a state . A highly militaristic and aggressive national ideology prevailed in Germany , Japan and Italy . This attitude fuelled military advancement and expansion as well while their revolutionary motivated background were commanding an increase in propaganda , which led to increased tensions among the Axis powers and their opponents in the run up to the war . In addition to this , the leaders of militaristic countries often feel a need to prove that their armies are important and formidable , and this was often a contributing factor in the start of conflicts , including the aggressive foreign policy of Germany ( European expansionism ) , Italy ( the Second Italo - Abyssinian War ) and Japan ( the Second Sino - Japanese War ) , which in itself is a contributing factor to the World War . Racism ( edit ) Main articles : Racial policy of Nazi Germany , Lebensraum , and Drang nach Osten Twentieth - century events marked the culmination of a millennium - long process of intermingling between Germans and Slavs . Over the centuries , many Germans had settled in the east ( examples being the Volga Germans invited to Russia by Catherine the Great , and the Ostsiedlung in medieval times ) . Such migratory patterns created enclaves and blurred ethnic frontiers . The rise of nationalism in the 19th century made race a centerpiece of political loyalty . The rise of the nation - state had given way to the politics of identity , including Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism . Furthermore , Social - Darwinist theories framed the coexistence as a `` Teuton vs. Slav '' struggle for domination , land and limited resources . Integrating these ideas into their own world - view , the Nazis believed that the Germans , the `` Aryan race '' , were the master race and that the Slavs were inferior . Interrelations and economics ( edit ) Problems with the Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Versailles Germany after Versailles Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighboring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The Treaty of Versailles was neither lenient enough to appease Germany , nor harsh enough to prevent it from becoming the dominant continental power again . Germans largely saw the treaty place the blame , or `` war guilt , '' on Germany and Austria - Hungary and punish them for their `` responsibility '' rather than working out an agreement that would assure long - term peace . The treaty provided for harsh monetary reparations , separated millions of ethnic Germans into neighboring countries , territorial dismemberment , and caused mass ethnic resettlement . In an effort to pay war reparations to Britain and France , the Weimar Republic printed trillions of marks , causing extremely high inflation of the German currency ( see Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic ) . The treaty created bitter resentment towards the victors of World War I , who had promised the people of Germany that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points would be a guideline for peace ; however , the US played a minor role in World War I and Wilson could not convince the Allies to agree to adopt his Fourteen Points . Many Germans felt that the German government had agreed to an armistice based on this understanding , while others felt that the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 had been orchestrated by the `` November criminals '' who later assumed office in the new Weimar Republic . The German colonies were taken during the war , and Italy took the southern half of Tyrol after an armistice had been agreed upon . The war in the east ended with the defeat and collapse of Russian Empire , and German troops occupied large parts of Eastern and Central Europe ( with varying degree of control ) , establishing various client states such as a kingdom of Poland and the United Baltic Duchy . After the destructive and indecisive battle of Jutland ( 1916 ) and the mutiny of its sailors in 1917 , the Kaiserliche Marine spent most of the war in port , only to be turned over to the allies and scuttled at surrender by its own officers . The lack of an obvious military defeat was one of the pillars that held together the Dolchstosslegende ( `` Stab - in - the - back myth '' ) and gave the Nazis another propaganda tool at their disposal . French security demands ( edit ) French security demands , such as reparations , coal payments , and a demilitarized Rhineland , took precedence at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and shaped the Treaty of Versailles by severely punishing Germany ; however , Austria found the treaty to be unjust which encouraged Hitler 's popularity . Ginsberg argues , `` France was greatly weakened and , in its weakness and fear of a resurgent Germany , sought to isolate and punish Germany ... French revenge would come back to haunt France during the Nazi invasion and occupation twenty years later . '' Paris peace Conference ( 1919 ) ( edit ) As World War I ended in 1918 , France , along with the other victor countries , were in a desperate situation regarding their economies , security , and morale . The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was their chance to punish Germany for starting the war . The war `` must be someone 's fault -- and that 's a very natural human reaction '' analyzed historian Margaret MacMillan . Germany was charged with the sole responsibility of starting World War I . The War Guilt Clause was the first step towards a satisfying revenge for the victor countries , namely France , against Germany . France understood that its position in 1918 was `` artificial and transitory '' . Thus , Clemenceau , the French leader at the time , worked to gain French security via the Treaty of Versailles . `` The Big Four '' made all the major decisions at the Paris Peace Conference ( from left to right , David Lloyd George of Britain , Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy , Georges Clemenceau of France , Woodrow Wilson of the U.S. ) The two main provisions of the French security agenda were reparations from Germany in the form of money and coal and a detached German Rhineland . The French government printed excess currency , which created inflation , to compensate for the lack of funds in addition to borrowing money from the United States . Reparations from Germany were necessary to stabilize the French economy . France also demanded that Germany give France their coal supply from the Ruhr to compensate for the destruction of French coalmines during the war . Because France feared for its safety as a country , the French demanded an amount of coal that was a `` technical impossibility '' for the Germans to pay back . France wanted the German Rhineland demilitarized because that would hinder a German attack . This gave France a physical security barrier between itself and Germany . The inordinate amount of reparations , coal payments , and the principle of a demilitarized Rhineland were viewed by the Germans to be insulting and unreasonable . Germany 's reaction to Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) `` No postwar German government believed it could accept such a burden on future generations and survive ... '' . Paying reparations is a classic punishment of war but in this instance it was the `` extreme immoderation '' that caused German resentment . Germany made its last World War I reparation payment on 3 October 2010 , ninety - two years after the end of World War I. Germany also fell behind in their coal payments . They fell behind because of a passive resistance movement against the French . In response , the French invaded the Ruhr , the region filled with German coal , and occupied it . At this point the majority of Germans were enraged with the French and placed the blame for their humiliation on the Weimar Republic . Adolf Hitler , a leader of the Nazi Party , attempted a coup d'état against the republic to establish a Greater German Reich known as the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 . Although this failed , Hitler gained recognition as a national hero amongst the German population . The demilitarized Rhineland and additional cutbacks on military infuriated the Germans . Although it is logical that France would want the Rhineland to be a neutral zone , the fact that France had the power to make that desire happen merely added onto the resentment of the Germans against the French . In addition , the Treaty of Versailles dissolved the German general staff and possession of navy ships , aircraft , poison gas , tanks , and heavy artillery was made illegal . The humiliation of being bossed around by the victor countries , especially France , and being stripped of their prized military made the Germans resent the Weimar Republic and idolize anyone who stood up to it . Competition for resources and markets ( edit ) World map of colonialism at the end of the Second World War in 1945 Other than a few coal and iron deposits , and a small oil field on Sakhalin Island , Japan lacked strategic mineral resources . At the start of the 20th century in the Russo - Japanese War , Japan had succeeded in pushing back the East Asian expansion of the Russian Empire in competition for Korea and Manchuria . Japan 's goal after 1931 was economic dominance of most of East Asia , often expressed in Pan-Asian terms of `` Asia for the Asians . '' . Japan was determined to dominate the China market , which the U.S. and other European powers had been dominating . On October 19 , 1939 , the American Ambassador to Japan , Joseph C. Grew , in a formal address to the America - Japan Society stated : the new order in East Asia has appeared to include , among other things , depriving Americans of their long established rights in China , and to this the American people are opposed ... American rights and interests in China are being impaired or destroyed by the policies and actions of the Japanese authorities in China . In 1937 Japan invaded Manchuria and China proper . Under the guise of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , with slogans as `` Asia for the Asians ! '' Japan sought to remove the Western powers ' influence in China and replace it with Japanese domination . The ongoing conflict in China led to a deepening conflict with the U.S. , where public opinion was alarmed by events such as the Nanking Massacre and growing Japanese power . Lengthy talks were held between the U.S. and Japan . When Japan moved into the southern part of French Indochina , President Roosevelt chose to freeze all Japanese assets in the U.S. The intended consequence of this was the halt of oil shipments from the U.S. to Japan , which had supplied 80 percent of Japanese oil imports . The Netherlands and Britain followed suit . With oil reserves that would last only a year and a half during peace time ( much less during wartime ) , this ABCD line left Japan two choices : comply with the U.S. - led demand to pull out of China , or seize the oilfields in the East Indies from the Netherlands . The Japan government deemed it unacceptable to retreat from China . Problems with the League of Nations ( edit ) Main article : League of Nations The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I to prevent future wars . The League 's methods included disarmament ; preventing war through collective security ; settling disputes between countries through negotiation diplomacy ; and improving global welfare . The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in thought from the preceding century . The old philosophy of `` concert of nations '' , growing out of the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , saw Europe as a shifting map of alliances among nation - states , creating a balance of power maintained by strong armies and secret agreements . Under the new philosophy , the League was a government of governments , with the role of settling disputes between individual nations in an open and legalist forum . The impetus for the founding of the League came from U.S. President Wilson , though the United States never joined . This lessened the power and credibility of the League -- the addition of a burgeoning industrial and military world power would have added more force behind the League 's demands and requests . The official opening of the League of Nations , 15 November 1920 The League lacked an armed force of its own and so depended on the members to enforce its resolutions , uphold economic sanctions that the League ordered , or provide an army when needed for the League to use . However , they were often very reluctant to do so . After numerous notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s , the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s . The reliance upon unanimous decisions , the lack of an armed force , and the continued self - interest of its leading members meant that this failure was arguably inevitable . The Mason - Overy Debate : `` the flight into War '' theory ( edit ) In the late 1980s the British historian Richard Overy was involved in a historical dispute with Timothy Mason that mostly played out over the pages of the Past and Present journal over the reasons for the outbreak of World War II in 1939 . Mason had contended that a `` flight into war '' had been imposed on Adolf Hitler by a structural economic crisis , which confronted Hitler with the choice of making difficult economic decisions or aggression . Overy argued against Mason 's thesis , maintaining that though Germany was faced with economic problems in 1939 , the extent of these problems can not explain aggression against Poland and the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership . Mason had argued that the German working - class was always to the Nazi dictatorship ; that in the over-heated German economy of the late 1930s , German workers could force employers to grant higher wages by leaving for another firm that would grant the desired wage increases ; that this was a form of political resistance and this resistance forced Adolf Hitler to go to war in 1939 . Thus , the outbreak of the Second World War was caused by structural economic problems , a `` flight into war '' imposed by a domestic crisis . The key aspects of the crisis were according to Mason , a shaky economic recovery was threatened by a rearmament program that was overwhelming the economy and in which the Nazi regime 's nationalist bluster limited its options . In this way , Mason articulated a Primat der Innenpolitik ( `` primacy of domestic politics '' ) view of World War II 's origins through the concept of social imperialism . Mason 's Primat der Innenpolitik thesis was in marked contrast to the Primat der Außenpolitik ( `` primacy of foreign politics ) usually used to explain World War II . In Mason 's opinion , German foreign policy was driven by domestic political considerations , and the launch of World War II in 1939 was best understood as a `` barbaric variant of social imperialism '' . Mason argued that `` Nazi Germany was always bent at some time upon a major war of expansion . '' However , Mason argued that the timing of such a war was determined by domestic political pressures , especially as relating to a failing economy , and had nothing to do with what Hitler wanted . In Mason 's view in the period between 1936 -- 41 , it was the state of the German economy , and not Hitler 's ' will ' or ' intentions ' that was the most important determinate on German decision - making on foreign policy . Mason argued that the Nazi leaders were deeply haunted by the November Revolution of 1918 , and was most unwilling to see any fall in working class living standards out of the fear that it might provoke another November Revolution . According to Mason , by 1939 , the `` overheating '' of the German economy caused by rearmament , the failure of various rearmament plans produced by the shortages of skilled workers , industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies , and the sharp drop in living standards for the German working class forced Hitler into going to war at a time and place not of his choosing . Mason contended that when faced with the deep socio - economic crisis the Nazi leadership had decided to embark upon a ruthless ' smash and grab ' foreign policy of seizing territory in Eastern Europe which could be pitilessly plundered to support living standards in Germany . Mason described German foreign policy as driven by an opportunistic ' next victim ' syndrome after the Anschluss , in which the `` promiscuity of aggressive intentions '' was nurtured by every successful foreign policy move . In Mason 's opinion , the decision to sign the German - Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union and to attack Poland and the running of the risk of a war with Britain and France were the abandonment by Hitler of his foreign policy program outlined in Mein Kampf forced on him by his need to stop a collapsing German economy by seizing territory abroad to be plundered . For Overy , the problem with Mason 's thesis was that it rested on the assumption that in a way not shown by records , information was passed on to Hitler about the Reich 's economic problems . Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials , industry and foreign reserves of neighboring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan . Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was somewhat downplayed by Mason . Finally , Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that the German state felt they could master the economic problems of rearmament ; as one civil servant put it in January 1940 `` we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past , that here too , if one or other raw material became extremely scarce , ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix '' . Specific developments ( edit ) Nazi dictatorship ( edit ) Main articles : Nazi Germany and Nazi Party Hitler and his Nazis took full control of Germany in 1933 -- 34 ( Machtergreifung ) , turning it into a dictatorship with a highly hostile outlook toward the Treaty of Versailles and Jews . It solved its unemployment crisis by heavy military spending . Hitler 's diplomatic tactics were to make seemingly reasonable demands , then threatening war if they were not met ; concessions were made , he accepted them and moved onto a new demand . When opponents tried to appease him , he accepted the gains that were offered , then went to the next target . That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the League of Nations ( 1933 ) , rejected the Versailles Treaty and began to re-arm ( 1935 ) with the Anglo - German Naval Agreement , won back the Saar ( 1935 ) , re-militarized the Rhineland ( 1936 ) , formed an alliance ( `` axis '' ) with Mussolini 's Italy ( 1936 ) , sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) , seized Austria ( 1938 ) , took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French appeasement of the Munich Agreement of 1938 , formed a peace pact with Stalin 's Russia in August 1939 , and finally invaded Poland in September 1939 . Re-militarization of the Rhineland ( edit ) Main article : Remilitarization of the Rhineland This coin was minted for Edward VIII . In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the spirit of the Locarno Pact and the Stresa Front , Germany re-militarized the Rhineland on March 7 , 1936 . It moved German troops into the part of western Germany where , according to the Versailles Treaty , they were not allowed . France could not act because of political instability at the time . According to his official Biography , King Edward VIII , who thought the Versailles provision was unjust , ordered the government to stand down . Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Italo - Abyssinian War After the Stresa Conference and even as a reaction to the Anglo - German Naval Agreement , Italian dictator Benito Mussolini attempted to expand the Italian Empire in Africa by invading the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) . The League of Nations declared Italy the aggressor and imposed sanctions on oil sales that proved ineffective . Italy annexed Ethiopia in May 7 and merged Ethiopia , Eritrea , and Somaliland into a single colony known as Italian East Africa . On June 30 , 1936 , Emperor Haile Selassie gave a stirring speech before the League of Nations denouncing Italy 's actions and criticizing the world community for standing by . He warned that `` It is us today . It will be you tomorrow '' . As a result of the League 's condemnation of Italy , Mussolini declared the country 's withdrawal from the organization . Spanish Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Civil War Between 1936 and 1939 , Germany and Italy lent support to the Nationalists led by general Francisco Franco in Spain , while the Soviet Union supported the existing democratically elected government , the Spanish Republic , led by Manuel Azaña . Both sides experimented with new weapons and tactics . The League of Nations was never involved , and the major powers of the League remained neutral and tried ( with little success ) to stop arms shipments into Spain . The Nationalists eventually defeated the Republicans in 1939 . Spain negotiated with joining the Axis but remained neutral during World War II , and did business with both sides . It also sent a volunteer unit to help the Germans against the USSR . Whilst it was considered in the 1940s and 1950s to be a prelude to World War II and It prefigured the war to some extent ( as it changed it into an antifascists contest after 1941 ) , it bore no resemblance to the war that started in 1939 and had no major role in causing it . Second Sino - Japanese War ( edit ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War In 1931 Japan took advantage of China 's weakness in the Warlord Era and fabricated the Mukden Incident in 1931 to set up the puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria , with Puyi , who had been the last emperor of China , as its emperor . In 1937 the Marco Polo Bridge Incident triggered the Second Sino - Japanese War . The invasion was launched by the bombing of many cities such as Shanghai , Nanjing and Guangzhou . The latest , which began on 22 and 23 September 1937 , called forth widespread protests culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the League of Nations . The Imperial Japanese Army captured the Chinese capital city of Nanjing , and committed war crimes in the Nanjing massacre . The war tied down large numbers of Chinese soldiers , so Japan set up three different Chinese puppet states to enlist some Chinese support . Anschluss ( edit ) Main article : Anschluss Cheering crowds greet the Nazis in Innsbruck The Anschluss was the 1938 annexation by threat of force of Austria into Germany . Historically , the Pan-Germanism idea of creating a Greater Germany to include all ethnic Germans into one nation - state was popular for Germans in both Austria and Germany . One of the Nazi party 's points was `` We demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people 's right to self - determination . '' The Stresa Front of 1935 between Britain , France and Italy had guaranteed the independence of Austria , but after the creation of the Rome - Berlin Axis Mussolini was much less interested in upholding its independence . The Austrian government resisted as long as possible , but had no outside support and finally gave in to Hitler 's fiery demands . No fighting occurred as most Austrians were enthusiastic , and Austria was fully absorbed as part of Germany . Outside powers did nothing . Italy had little reason for continued opposition to Germany , and was if anything drawn in closer to the Nazis . Munich Agreement ( edit ) Main articles : Munich Agreement and Appeasement The Sudetenland was a predominantly German region inside Czechoslovakia alongside its border with Germany . Its more than 3 million ethnic Germans comprised almost a quarter of the population of Czechoslovakia . In the Treaty of Versailles it was given to the new Czechoslovak state against the wishes of much of the local population . The decision to disregard their right to self determination was based on French intent to weaken Germany . Much of Sudetenland was industrialized . British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Hitler at a meeting in Germany on 24 September 1938 , where Hitler demanded annexation of Czech border areas without delay Czechoslovakia had a modern army of 38 divisions , backed by a well - noted armament industry ( Škoda ) as well as military alliances with France and Soviet Union . However its defensive strategy against Germany was based on the mountains of the Sudetenland . Hitler pressed for the Sudetenland 's incorporation into the Reich , supporting German separatist groups within the Sudeten region . Alleged Czech brutality and persecution under Prague helped to stir up nationalist tendencies , as did the Nazi press . After the Anschluss , all German parties ( except German Social - Democratic party ) merged with the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) . Paramilitary activity and extremist violence peaked during this period and the Czechoslovakian government declared martial law in parts of the Sudetenland to maintain order . This only complicated the situation , especially now that Slovakian nationalism was rising , out of suspicion towards Prague and Nazi encouragement . Citing the need to protect the Germans in Czechoslovakia , Germany requested the immediate annexation of the Sudetenland . In the Munich Agreement of September 30 , 1938 , British , French and Italian prime ministers appeased Hitler by giving him what he wanted , hoping he would not want any more . The conferring powers allowed Germany to move troops into the region and incorporate it into the Reich `` for the sake of peace . '' In exchange for this , Hitler gave his word that Germany would make no further territorial claims in Europe . Czechoslovakia was not allowed to participate in the conference . When the French and British negotiators informed the Czechoslovak representatives about the agreement , and that if Czechoslovakia would not accept it , France and Britain would consider Czechoslovakia to be responsible for war , President Edvard Beneš capitulated . Germany took the Sudetenland unopposed . German occupation and slovak independence ( edit ) Main articles : Protectorate of Bohemia - Moravia and Slovak Republic ( 1939 -- 1945 ) All territories taken from Czechoslovakia by its neighbours in October 1938 ( `` Munich Dictate '' ) and March 1939 In March 1939 , breaking the Munich Agreement , German troops invaded Prague , and with the Slovaks declaring independence , the country of Czechoslovakia disappeared . The entire ordeal was the last show of the French and British policy of appeasement . Italian invasion of Albania ( edit ) Main article : Italian invasion of Albania After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Benito Mussolini feared for Italy becoming a second - rate member of the Axis . Rome delivered Tirana an ultimatum on March 25 , 1939 , demanding that it accede to Italy 's occupation of Albania . King Zog refused to accept money in exchange for countenancing a full Italian takeover and colonization of Albania . On April 7 , 1939 , Italian troops invaded Albania . Albania was occupied after a 3 days campaign with minimal resistance offered by the Albanian forces . Soviet -- Japanese border War ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Khalkhin Gol In 1939 , the Japanese attacked west from Manchuria into the Mongolian People 's Republic , following the earlier Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 . They were decisively beaten by Soviet units under General Georgy Zhukov . Following this battle , the Soviet Union and Japan were at peace until 1945 . Japan looked south to expand its empire , leading to conflict with the United States over the Philippines and control of shipping lanes to the Dutch East Indies . The Soviet Union focused on her western border , but leaving 1 million to 1.5 million troops to guard the frontier with Japan . Danzig crisis ( edit ) The Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig See also : Free City of Danzig ( interwar ) and Polish Corridor After the final fate of Czechoslovakia proved that the Führer 's word could not be trusted , Britain and France decided to change tack . They decided any further unilateral German expansion would be met by force . The natural next target for the Third Reich 's further expansion was Poland , whose access to the Baltic sea had been carved out of West Prussia by the Versailles treaty , making East Prussia an exclave . The main port of the area , Danzig , had been made a free city - state under Polish influence guaranteed by the League of Nations , a stark reminder to German nationalists of the Napoleonic free city established after the French emperor 's crushing victory over Prussia in 1807 . After taking power , the Nazi government made efforts to establish friendly relations with Poland , resulting in the signing of the ten - year German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact with the Piłsudski regime in 1934 . In 1938 , Poland participated in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia by annexing Zaolzie . In 1939 , Hitler claimed extra-territoriality for the Reichsautobahn Berlin - Königsberg and a change in Danzig 's status , in exchange for promises of territory in Poland 's neighbours and a 25 - year extension of the non-aggression pact . Poland refused , fearing losing de facto access to the sea , subjugation as a German satellite state or client state , and future further German demands . In August 1939 , Hitler delivered an ultimatum to Poland on Danzig 's status . Polish alliance with the Entente ( edit ) Main articles : British - Polish Military Alliance and Franco - Polish alliance ( 1921 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) In March 1939 , Britain and France guaranteed the independence of Poland . Hitler 's claims in the summer of 1939 on Danzig and the Polish provoked yet another international crisis . On August 25 , Britain signed the Polish - British Common Defence Pact . Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact ( edit ) Main articles : Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , Soviet invasion of Poland , Occupation of the Baltic States , Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina , and Winter War Nominally , the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact was a non-aggression treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union . It was signed in Moscow on August 23 , 1939 , by the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop . In 1939 , neither Germany nor the Soviet Union were ready to go to war with each other . The Soviet Union had lost territory to Poland in 1920 . Although officially labeled a `` non-aggression treaty '' , the pact included a secret protocol , in which the independent countries of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland and Romania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties . The secret protocol explicitly assumed `` territorial and political rearrangements '' in the areas of these countries . Subsequently , all the mentioned countries were invaded , occupied , or forced to cede part of their territory by either the Soviet Union , Germany , or both . Invasion of Poland ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Poland The Soviet Union joined Germany 's Invasion of Poland . Between 1919 and 1939 Poland pursued a policy of balancing between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany , seeking non-aggression treaties with both . In early 1939 Germany demanded that Poland join the Anti-Comintern Pact as a satellite state of Germany . Poland , fearing a loss of independence , refused , and Hitler told his generals on 23 May 1939 that the reason for invading Poland was not Danzig : `` Danzig is not the issue at stake . It 's a matter of extending our living space in the East ... '' To deter Hitler , Britain and France announced that an invasion would mean war and tried to convince the Soviet Union to join in this deterrence . Moscow pretended to play along with this wish but found it could gain control of the Baltic states and parts of Poland by allying with Germany , which it did in August 1939 . London 's deterrence had failed , but Hitler did not expect a wider war . Germany invaded Poland on September 1 , 1939 , and rejected the British and French demands that it withdraw , resulting in their declaration of war on September 3 , 1939 , in accordance with the defense treaties with Poland that they had signed and publicly announced . Invasion of the Soviet Union ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Barbarossa and Soviet offensive plans controversy Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 . Hitler believed that the Soviet Union could be defeated in a fast - paced and relentless assault that capitalized on the Soviet Union 's ill - prepared state , and hoped that success there would bring Britain to the negotiation table , ending the war altogether . Attack on Pearl Harbor ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor . Usually , the US government and the American public in general had been supportive of China , condemning the colonialist policies of the European powers and Japan in that country , and promoting a so - called Open Door Policy . Also , many Americans viewed the Japanese as an aggressive or inferior race , or both . The Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai - shek held close relations with the United States , which opposed Japan 's invasion of China in 1937 that it considered an illegal violation of the sovereignty of the Republic of China , and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic , economic , and military assistance during its war against Japan . Diplomatic friction between the US and Japan manifested itself in events like the Panay incident in 1937 and the Allison incident in 1938 . Japanese troops entering Saigon Reacting to Japanese pressure on French authorities of French Indochina to stop trade with China , the U.S. began restricting trade with Japan in July 1940 . The cutoff of all oil shipments in 1941 was decisive , for the U.S. , Britain and the Netherlands provided almost all of Japan 's oil . In September 1940 , the Japanese invaded Vichy French Indochina and occupied Tonkin in order to prevent China from importing arms and fuel through French Indochina along the Sino - Vietnamese Railway , from the port of Haiphong through Hanoi to Kunming in Yunnan . This tightening of the blockade of China made a continuation of the drawn - out Battle of South Guangxi unnecessary . The agreement also allowed Japan to station troops in the rest of Indochina , though this did not happen immediately . Taking advantage of the situation , Thailand launched the Franco - Thai War in October 1940 . In November 1940 , American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan , set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan , known as the Flying Tigers . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941 . However , they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Japan stepped in as a mediator for the French - Thai war in May 1941 , allowing its ally to occupy bordering provinces in Cambodia and Laos . In July 1941 , as operation Barbarossa had neutralized the Soviet threat , the faction of the Japanese military junta supporting the `` Southern Strategy '' , pushed through the occupation of the rest of French Indochina . The United States reacted by seeking to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan on 1 August 1941 , demanding that Japan withdraw all troops from both China and Indochina . Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its oil , resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum and oil products . Attack on Pearl Harbor , December 1941 On 7 December 1941 , without any prior declaration of war , the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor . At the same time , other Japanese forces attacked the U.S. - held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . These attacks led both the USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day . Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11 , 1941 , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States . Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan 's declaration of war ; although American destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic . This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated , formally entering the war in Europe . See also ( edit ) World War I portal United Nations portal World War II portal Areas annexed by Nazi Germany and the pre-war German territorial claims on them Diplomatic history of World War II Interwar Britain Military globalization Neville Chamberlain 's European Policy World war References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See `` World War I and World War II '' in World War . Jump up ^ Robert Service , Comrades ! : A History of World Communism ( 2010 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bernard Wasserstein , Barbarism and Civilization : A History of Europe in our Time ( 2007 ) pp 158 -- 64 , 173 -- 89 Jump up ^ Bauer , Yehuda . `` Why Did World War II Break Out ? '' . Yadvashem.org . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World War 2 Causes '' . History Learning Site . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` the definition of militarism '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bruno Coppieters ; N. Fotion ( 2008 ) . Moral Constraints on War : Principles and Cases . Lexington Books . p. 6 . ISBN 9780739121306 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese history : Militarism and World War II '' . www.japan-guide.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Andreas Wimmer , Waves of War : Nationalism , State Formation , and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Michael Burleigh , The Third Reich : A New History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` The National Archives Learning Curve The Great War Making peace Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles Background '' . www.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roy H. Ginsberg ( 2007 ) . Demystifying the European Union : The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 32 . ISBN 9780742536555 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jay ( 2009 ) . The Legacy of the Great War : Ninety Years On . University of Missouri Press . p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Paxton , Robert O. ( 2011 ) . Europe in the Twentieth Century . United States : Wadsworth . p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Paxton , Robert O. ( 2011 ) . Europe in the Twentieth Century . United States : Wadsworth . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` History of World War I '' . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Paxton , Robert O. ( 2011 ) . Europe in the Twentieth Century . United States : Wadsworth . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Crossland , David . `` Germany Set to Make Final World War I Reparation Payment '' . ABC News . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Paxton , Robert O. ( 2011 ) . Europe in the Twentieth Century . United States : Wadsworth . p. 164 . Jump up ^ http://home.zonnet.nl/rene.brouwer/majorbattles.htm . `` Beer Hall Putsch '' Check url = value ( help ) . Holocaust Encyclopedia . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Goebbels , Joseph . `` The New Year 1939 / 40 '' . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Eri Hotta , Pan-Asianism and Japan 's war 1931 -- 1945 ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Clark , Joseph ( 1944 ) . Ten Years in Japan : a Contemporary Record Drawn from the Diaries and Private and Official Papers of Joseph G. Grew , United States Ambassador to Japan , 1932 -- 1942 . pp. 251 -- 255 . ASIN B0006ER51M . Jump up ^ Antony Best , `` Economic appeasement or economic nationalism ? A political perspective on the British Empire , Japan , and the rise of Intra ‐ Asian Trade , 1933 -- 37 . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ( 2002 ) 30 # 2 : 77 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Fisher , `` The Expansion of Japan : A Study in Oriental Geopolitics : Part II . The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . '' Geographical Journal ( 1950 ) : 179 -- 193 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kaoru Sugihara , `` The economic motivations behind Japanese aggression in the late 1930s : Perspectives of Freda Utley and Nawa Toichi . '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1997 ) 32 # 2 pp 259 -- 280 Vol. 32 , No. 2 ( Apr. , 1997 ) , pp. 259 -- 280 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ `` History of the League of Nations '' . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Matt `` Mason , Timothy '' pages 780 -- 781 from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing edited by Kelly Boyd , Volume 2 , London : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing , 1999 page 780 Jump up ^ Kaillis , Aristotle Fascist Ideology , London : Routledge , 2000 pages 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Kaillis , Aristotle Fascist Ideology , London : Routledge , 2000 page 7 ^ Jump up to : Kaillis , Aristotle Fascist Ideology , London : Routledge , 2000 page 165 ^ Jump up to : Kershaw , Ian The Nazi Dictatorship London : Arnold 2000 page 88 . ^ Jump up to : Kaillis , Aristotle Fascist Ideology , London : Routledge , 2000 pages 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Kaillis , Aristotle Fascist Ideology , London : Routledge , 2000 page 166 Jump up ^ Kaillis , Aristotle Fascist Ideology , London : Routledge , 2000 page 151 ^ Jump up to : Mason , Tim & Overy , R.J. `` Debate : Germany , ' domestic crisis ' and the war in 1939 '' from The Origins of The Second World War edited by Patrick Finney , ( London : Edward Arnold , 1997 ) p 102 Jump up ^ Overy , Richard `` Germany , ' Domestic Crisis ' and War in 1939 '' from The Third Reich edited by Christian Leitz ( Oxford : Blackwell , 1999 ) p 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Overy , Richard `` Germany , ' Domestic Crisis ' and War in 1939 '' from The Third Reich edited by Christian Leitz Blackwell : Oxford , 1999 page 108 Jump up ^ Richard Evans , The Third Reich in Power ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Adam Tooze , The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey Record ( 2007 ) . The Specter of Munich : Reconsidering the Lessons of Appeasing Hitler . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 106 . ISBN 9781597970396 . Jump up ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg , The Foreign Policy of Hitler 's Germany : Starting World War II , 1937 -- 1939 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Paul W. Doerr ( 1988 ) . British Foreign Policy , 1919 -- 1939 . Manchester University Press . pp. 189 -- 94 . ISBN 9780719046728 . Jump up ^ King Edward VIII : A Biography by Philip Ziegler , 1991 Jump up ^ George W. Baer , Test Case : Italy , Ethiopia , and the League of Nations ( Hoover Institution Press , 1976 ) Jump up ^ `` Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) -- History of Spain don Quijote '' . donQuijote . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne ( 2008 ) . The Spanish Civil War , the Soviet Union , and Communism . Yale UP . pp. 313 -- 14 . ISBN 0300130783 . Jump up ^ Willard C. Frank Jr , `` The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War . '' International History Review ( 1987 ) 9 # 3 pp : 368 -- 409 . Jump up ^ David M. Gordon , `` The China -- Japan War , 1931 -- 1945 '' Journal of Military History ( 2006 ) v 70 # 1 , pp 137 -- 82 . online Jump up ^ David Faber , Munich , 1938 : Appeasement and World War II ( 2010 ) pp 139 -- 68 Jump up ^ Sister Mary Antonia Wathen , The policy of England and France toward the '' Anschluss '' of 1938 ( Catholic University of America Press , 1954 ) . Jump up ^ David Faber , Munich , 1938 : Appeasement and World War II ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Chamberlain 's radio broadcast , 27 September 1938 Jump up ^ Robert A. Cole , `` Appeasing Hitler : The Munich Crisis of 1938 : A Teaching and Learning Resource , '' New England Journal of History ( 2010 ) 66 # 2 pp 1 -- 30 . Jump up ^ The German - Polish Crisis ( March 27 -- May 9 , 1939 ) Jump up ^ John Ashley Soames Grenville ( 2005 ) . A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century . Routledge . pp. 234 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28955 - 9 . Jump up ^ Białe plamy - czarne plamy : sprawy trudne w polsko - rosyjskich -- Page 191 Polsko - Rosyjska Grupa do Spraw Trudnych , Adam Daniel Rotfeld , Anatoliĭ Vasilʹevich Torkunov -- 2010 Jump up ^ John Lukacs , The Last European War : September 1939 -- December 1941 p 31 Jump up ^ `` Bericht über eine Besprechung ( Schmundt - Mitschrift ) '' . `` Danzig ist nicht das Objekt , um das es geht . Es handelt sich für uns um die Erweiterung des Lebensraumes im Osten und Sicherstellung der Ernährung , sowie der Lösung des Baltikum - Problems . '' Jump up ^ Halik Kochanski , The Eagle Unbowed : Poland and the Poles in the Second World War ( 2012 ) pp 34 -- 93 Jump up ^ Zara Steiner , The Triumph of the Dark : European International History , 1933 -- 1939 ( 2011 ) pp 690 -- 92 , 738 -- 41 Jump up ^ Conrad Black ( 2005 ) . Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom . PublicAffairs . pp. 645 -- 46 . ISBN 9781586482824 . Jump up ^ L'Indochine française pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale Archived 2012 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , Jean - Philippe Liardet ^ Jump up to : Guo wu yuan . Xin wen ban gong shi . Col. C.L. Chennault and Flying Tigers . English translation . State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . Pp. 16 . Jump up ^ Euan Graham . Japan 's sea lane security , 1940 -- 2004 : a matter of life and death ? ( Routledge , 2006 ) p. 77 . Jump up ^ Howard W. French ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ See United States declaration of war upon Italy and United States declaration of war upon Germany ( 1941 ) Further reading ( edit ) Bell , P.M.H. The Origins of the Second World War in Europe ( 1986 ) . 326 pp . Boyce , Robert , and Joseph A. Maiolo . The Origins of World War Two : The Debate Continues ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Carley , Michael Jabara 1939 : the Alliance that never was and the coming of World War II , Chicago : I.R. Dee , 1999 ISBN 1 - 56663 - 252 - 8 . Dallek , Robert . Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932 -- 1945 ( 1995 ) . Deist , Wilhelm et al. , ed . Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1 : The Build - up of German Aggression. ( 1991 ) . 799 pp. , official German history Duroselle , Jean - Baptiste . France and the Nazi Threat : The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932 -- 1939 ( 2004 ) ; translation of his highly influential La décadence , 1932 -- 1939 ( 1979 ) Dutton , David Neville Chamberlain , ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 340 - 70627 - 9 . Eubank , Keith . The Origins of World War II ( 2004 ) , short survey Evans , Richard J. The Third Reich in Power ( 2006 ) Feis , Herbert . The Road to Pearl Harbor : The coming of the war between the United States and Japan . classic history by senior American official . Finney , Patrick . The Origins of the Second World War ( 1998 ) , 480pp Goldstein , Erik & Lukes , Igor ( editors ) The Munich crisis , 1938 : Prelude to World War II , ( London : Frank Cass , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8056 - 7 . Hildebrand , Klaus The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich , translated by Anthony Fothergill , London , Batsford 1973 . Hillgruber , Andreas Germany and the Two World Wars , translated by William C. Kirby , Cambridge , Mass . : Harvard University Press , 1981 ISBN 0 - 674 - 35321 - 8 . Kaiser , David E. Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War : Germany , Britain , France , and Eastern Europe , 1930 -- 1939 ( Princeton UP , 2015 ) . Lamb , Margaret and Tarling , Nicholas . From Versailles to Pearl Harbor : The Origins of the Second World War in Europe and Asia . ( 2001 ) . 238 pp . Langer , William L. and S. Everett Gleason . The Challenge to Isolation : The World Crisis of 1937 -- 1940 and American Foreign Policy ( 1952 ) ; The Undelcared War : 1940 -- 1941 : The World Crisis and American Foreign Policy ( 1953 ) ; highly detailed narrative Mallett , Robert . Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War , 1933 -- 1940 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Overy , Richard and Wheatcroft , Andrew . The Road to War . ( 1990 ) . 364 pp . Overy , Richard & Mason , Timothy `` Debate : Germany , `` Domestic Crisis '' and War in 1939 '' pages 200 -- 240 from Past and Present , Number 122 , February 1989 . Steiner , Zara . The Triumph of the Dark : European International History , 1933 -- 1939 ( Oxford History of Modern Europe ) ( 2011 ) 1236pp Strang , G. Bruce On The Fiery March : Mussolini Prepares For War , ( Praeger Publishers , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 97937 - 7 . Thorne , Christopher G . The Issue of War : States , Societies , and the Coming of the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) sophisticated analysis of each major power . Tohmatsu , Haruo and H.P. Willmott . A Gathering Darkness : The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific ( 2004 ) , short overview . Watt , Donald Cameron How war came : the immediate origins of the Second World War , 1938 -- 1939 , New York : Pantheon , 1989 ISBN 0 - 394 - 57916 - X . Weinberg , Gerhard. The Foreign Policy of Hitler 's Germany : Diplomatic Revolution in Europe , 1933 -- 36 ( v. 1 ) ( 1971 ) ; The Foreign Policy of Hitler 's Germany : Starting World War II , 1937 -- 1939 ( vol 2 ) ( University of Chicago Press , 1980 ) ISBN 0 - 226 - 88511 - 9 . Wright , Jonathan . Germany and the Origins of the Second World War ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2007 ) 223pp . online review Young , Robert France and the Origins of the Second World War , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1996 ISBN 0 - 312 - 16185 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Causes of World War II . Why Did World War II Break Out ? An online lecture by Prof. Yehuda Bauer on the Yad Vashem website France , Germany and the Struggle for the War - making Natural Resources of the Rhineland Explains the long term conflict between Germany and France over the centuries , which was a contributing factor to the World Wars . 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-170194028434382205	Dr. Strangelove	Dr. Strangelove - wikipedia Dr. Strangelove Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Strangelove '' , see Strangelove ( disambiguation ) . Dr. Strangelove Theatrical release poster by Tomi Ungerer Directed by Stanley Kubrick Produced by Stanley Kubrick Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick Terry Southern Peter George Based on Red Alert by Peter George Starring Peter Sellers George C. Scott Sterling Hayden Keenan Wynn Slim Pickens Tracy Reed Music by Laurie Johnson Cinematography Gilbert Taylor Edited by Anthony Harvey Production company Hawk Films Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date January 29 , 1964 ( 1964 - 01 - 29 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $1.8 million Box office $9.4 million ( North America ) Play media Dr. Strangelove , trailer Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb , more commonly known as Dr. Strangelove , is a 1964 political satire black comedy film that satirizes the Cold War fears of a nuclear conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States . The film was directed , produced , and co-written by Stanley Kubrick , stars Peter Sellers and George C. Scott , and features Sterling Hayden , Keenan Wynn , and Slim Pickens . Production took place in the United Kingdom . The film is loosely based on Peter George 's thriller novel Red Alert ( 1958 ) . The story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general who orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union . It follows the President of the United States , his advisers , the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and a Royal Air Force ( RAF ) officer as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse . It separately follows the crew of one B - 52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress included Dr. Strangelove in the first group of films selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . It was listed as number three on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Peter Sellers 's multiple roles 2.1. 1 Group Captain Lionel Mandrake 2.1. 2 President Merkin Muffley 2.1. 3 Dr. Strangelove 2.2 Slim Pickens as Major T.J. `` King '' Kong 2.3 George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson 3 Production 3.1 Novel and screenplay 3.2 Sets and filming 3.3 Fail Safe 3.4 Ending 3.5 Original ending 3.6 Effects of the Kennedy assassination on the film 3.7 1994 re-release 4 Themes 4.1 Satirizing the Cold War 4.2 Sexual themes 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Awards and honors 7 Potential sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) United States Air Force Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper is commander of Burpelson Air Force Base , which houses the Strategic Air Command 843rd Bomb Wing , equipped with B - 52 bombers and nuclear bombs . The 843rd is currently in - flight on airborne alert , two hours from their targets inside Russia . Ripper tells Mandrake that he discovered the Communist plot to pollute Americans ' `` precious bodily fluids '' during `` the physical act of love . '' General Ripper orders his executive officer , Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the UK Royal Air Force , to put the base on alert . Ripper also issues `` Wing Attack Plan R '' to the patrolling aircraft , one of which is commanded by Major T.J. `` King '' Kong . All of the aircraft commence an attack flight on Russia and set their radios to allow communications only through the CRM 114 discriminator , which is programmed to accept only communications preceded by a secret three - letter code known only to General Ripper . Mandrake discovers that no war order has been issued by the Pentagon and tries to stop Ripper , who locks them both in his office . Ripper tells Mandrake that he believes the Soviets have been using fluoridation of United States water supplies to pollute the `` precious bodily fluids '' of Americans . Mandrake now realizes that Ripper is insane . In the War Room at the Pentagon , General Buck Turgidson briefs President Merkin Muffley and other officers about how Plan R enables a senior officer to launch a strike against the Soviets if all superiors have been killed in a first strike on Washington , D.C. Turgidson reports that his men are trying every possible three - letter CRM code to issue the stand - down order , but that could take over two days and the planes are due to reach their targets in about an hour . Muffley orders the Army chief to storm the base and arrest General Ripper . Turgidson attempts to convince Muffley to let the attack continue , but Muffley refuses to be party to a nuclear first strike . Instead , he brings Soviet ambassador Alexei de Sadeski into the War Room , to telephone Soviet premier Dimitri Kissov on the `` hot line '' . Muffley warns the Premier of the impending attack and offers to reveal the planes ' positions and targets so the Russians can protect themselves . After a heated discussion in Russian with the Premier , the ambassador informs President Muffley that the Soviet Union has created a doomsday device , which consists of many buried bombs jacketed with `` Cobalt - Thorium G '' connected to a computer network set to detonate them automatically should any nuclear attack strike the country . Within two months after detonation , the Cobalt - Thorium G would encircle the earth in a radioactive `` doomsday shroud '' , wiping out all human and animal life , rendering the surface of the earth uninhabitable for 93 years . The device can not be dismantled or `` untriggered '' , as it is programmed to explode if any such attempt is made . When the President 's wheelchair - bound scientific advisor , former Nazi Dr. Strangelove points out that such a doomsday device would only be an effective deterrent if everyone knew about it , de Sadeski replies that the Russian Premier had planned to reveal its existence to the world the following week . Meanwhile , United States Army forces arrive at Burpelson , still sealed by Ripper 's order , and soon take over the base . Ripper kills himself , while Mandrake identifies Ripper 's CRM code from his desk blotter ( `` OPE , '' a variant of both Peace on Earth and Purity of Essence ) and relays this code to the Pentagon . Using the recall code , SAC successfully recalls all of the aircraft except one . No one in the War Room knows that a surface - to - air missile has ruptured the fuel tank of that plane and destroyed its communications device , making it impossible to recall this particular plane even with the correct recall code . Aircraft commander Major T.J. Kong riding the bomb down . Muffley discloses the plane 's target to help the Soviets find it , but Major Kong , his fuel dwindling , has selected a closer target . As the plane approaches the new target , the crew is unable to open the damaged bomb bay doors . Major Kong enters the bomb bay and repairs the broken electric wiring , whereupon the doors open . With Kong straddling it like a rodeo bull , the bomb falls and detonates . In the War Room , Dr. Strangelove recommends that the President gather several hundred thousand people to live in deep mineshafts where the radiation will not penetrate . He suggests a 10 : 1 female - to - male ratio for a breeding program to repopulate the Earth when the radiation has subsided . Turgidson , worried that the Soviets will do the same , warns about a `` mineshaft gap . '' Dr. Strangelove comes out of his wheelchair and loudly announces that he can walk again . Just then the doomsday device kicks into operation and the film ends with a montage of nuclear detonations , accompanied by Vera Lynn 's version of the World War II - era song `` We 'll Meet Again '' . Cast and characters ( edit ) Peter Sellers as : Group Captain Lionel Mandrake , a British RAF exchange officer President Merkin Muffley , the President of the United States Dr. Strangelove , the wheelchair - using nuclear war expert and former Nazi George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson , a jingoist USAF general Sterling Hayden as Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper , a paranoid ultra-nationalist Keenan Wynn as Colonel Bat Guano , the Army officer who finds Mandrake and the dead Ripper Slim Pickens as Major T.J. `` King '' Kong , the B - 52 Stratofortress bomber 's commander and pilot Peter Bull as Soviet Ambassador Alexei de Sadeski James Earl Jones as Lieutenant Lothar Zogg , the B - 52 's bombardier Tracy Reed as Miss Scott , General Turgidson 's secretary and mistress , the film 's only female character . Reed also appears as `` Miss Foreign Affairs , '' the centerfold in the June 1962 issue of Playboy magazine that Major Kong ( Slim Pickens ) is perusing just before he is notified of the radio message ordering `` Wing Attack -- Plan R '' by Lt. `` Goldie '' Goldberg ( Paul Tamarin ) . Shane Rimmer as Capt . Ace Owens , the B - 52 co-pilot Peter Sellers 's multiple roles ( edit ) Columbia Pictures agreed to finance the film if Peter Sellers played at least four major roles . The condition stemmed from the studio 's opinion that much of the success of Kubrick 's previous film Lolita ( 1962 ) was based on Sellers 's performance in which his single character assumes a number of identities . Sellers had also played three roles in The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) . Kubrick accepted the demand , later explaining that `` such crass and grotesque stipulations are the sine qua non of the motion - picture business '' . Peter Sellers 's roles Group Captain Mandrake sitting at an IBM 7090 console President Merkin Muffley Dr. Strangelove Sellers ended up playing three of the four roles written for him . He had been expected to play Air Force Major T.J. `` King '' Kong , the B - 52 Stratofortress aircraft commander , but from the beginning , Sellers was reluctant . He felt his workload was too heavy and he worried he would not properly portray the character 's Texas accent . Kubrick pleaded with him and asked screenwriter Terry Southern ( who had been raised in Texas ) to record a tape with Kong 's lines spoken in the correct accent . Using Southern 's tape , Sellers managed to get the accent right and started shooting the scenes in the aircraft but then Sellers sprained an ankle and could not work in the cramped cockpit set . Sellers is said to have improvised much of his dialogue , with Kubrick incorporating the ad - libs into the written screenplay so the improvised lines became part of the canonical screenplay , a practice known as retroscripting . Group Captain Lionel Mandrake ( edit ) According to film critic Alexander Walker , the author of biographies of both Sellers and Kubrick , the role of Group Captain Lionel Mandrake was the easiest of the three for Sellers to play , as he was aided by his experience of mimicking his superiors while serving in the RAF during World War II . There is also a heavy resemblance to Sellers 's friend and occasional co-star Terry - Thomas and prosthetic - limbed RAF ace Douglas Bader . President Merkin Muffley ( edit ) For his performance as President Merkin Muffley , Sellers assumed the accent of an American Midwesterner . Sellers drew inspiration for the role from Adlai Stevenson , a former Illinois governor who was the Democratic candidate for the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections and the U.N. ambassador during the Cuban Missile Crisis . In early takes , Sellers faked cold symptoms to emphasize the character 's apparent weakness . That caused frequent laughter among the film crew , ruining several takes . Kubrick ultimately found this comic portrayal inappropriate , feeling that Muffley should be a serious character . In later takes Sellers played the role straight , though the President 's cold is still evident in several scenes . In keeping with Kubrick 's satirical character names , a `` merkin '' is a pubic hair wig . The president is bald , and his last name is `` Muffley '' ; both are additional homages to a merkin . Dr. Strangelove ( edit ) Dr. Strangelove is an ex-Nazi scientist , suggesting Operation Paperclip , the US effort to recruit top German technical talent at the end of World War II . He serves as President Muffley 's scientific adviser in the War Room . When General Turgidson wonders aloud what kind of name `` Strangelove '' is , saying to Mr. Staines ( Jack Creley ) that it is not a `` Kraut name '' , Staines responds that Strangelove 's original German surname was Merkwürdigliebe ( `` Strange love '' in German ) and that `` he changed it when he became a citizen . '' Twice in the film , Strangelove accidentally addresses the president as Mein Führer . Dr. Strangelove did not appear in the book Red Alert . John von Neumann proposed the strategy of mutual assured destruction The character is an amalgamation of RAND Corporation strategist Herman Kahn , mathematician and Manhattan Project principal John von Neumann , rocket scientist Wernher von Braun ( a central figure in Nazi Germany 's rocket development program recruited to the US after the war ) , and Edward Teller , the `` father of the hydrogen bomb '' . There is a common misconception that the character was based on Henry Kissinger , but Kubrick and Sellers denied this ; Sellers said , `` Strangelove was never modeled after Kissinger -- that 's a popular misconception . It was always Wernher von Braun . '' . Furthermore , Henry Kissinger points out in his memoirs that at the time of the writing of Dr. Strangelove , he was an unknown academic . The wheelchair - using Strangelove furthers a Kubrick trope of the menacing , seated antagonist , first depicted in Lolita through the character `` Dr. Zaempf '' . Strangelove 's accent was influenced by that of Austrian - American photographer Weegee , who worked for Kubrick as a special photographic effects consultant . Strangelove 's appearance echoes the mad scientist archetype as seen in the character Rotwang in Fritz Lang 's film Metropolis ( 1927 ) . Sellers 's Strangelove takes from Rotwang the single black gloved hand ( which , in Rotwang 's case is mechanical , because of a lab accident ) , the wild hair and , most importantly , his ability to avoid being controlled by political power . According to Alexander Walker , Sellers improvised Dr. Strangelove 's lapse into the Nazi salute , borrowing one of Kubrick 's black leather gloves for the uncontrollable hand that makes the gesture . Dr. Strangelove apparently suffers from alien hand syndrome . Kubrick wore the gloves on the set to avoid being burned when handling hot lights , and Sellers , recognizing the potential connection to Lang 's work , found them to be menacing . Slim Pickens as Major T.J. `` King '' Kong ( edit ) Wing Attack Plan R , fresh from the cockpit 's safe , allows a nuclear strike without the President 's authorization . Slim Pickens , an established character actor and veteran of many Western films , was eventually chosen to replace Sellers as Major Kong after Sellers 's injury . Terry Southern 's biographer , Lee Hill , said the part was originally written with John Wayne in mind , and that Wayne was offered the role after Sellers was injured but he immediately turned it down . Dan Blocker of the Bonanza western television series was approached to play the part , but according to Southern , Blocker 's agent rejected the script as being `` too pinko '' . Kubrick then recruited Pickens , whom he knew from his brief involvement in a Marlon Brando western film project that was eventually filmed as One - Eyed Jacks . Fellow actor James Earl Jones recalls , `` He was Major Kong on and off the set -- he did n't change a thing -- his temperament , his language , his behavior . '' Pickens was not told that the movie was a comedy and was only given the script for scenes he was in , to get him to play it `` straight '' . Kubrick biographer John Baxter explains , in the documentary Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove : As it turns out , Slim Pickens had never left the United States . He had to hurry and get his first passport . He arrived on the set , and somebody said , `` Gosh , he 's arrived in costume ! '' , not realizing that that 's how he always dressed ... with the cowboy hat and the fringed jacket and the cowboy boots -- and that he was n't putting on the character -- that 's the way he talked . Pickens , who had previously played only minor supporting and character roles , said his appearance as Maj . Kong greatly improved his career . He later commented , `` After Dr. Strangelove the roles , the dressing rooms and the checks all started getting bigger . '' George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson ( edit ) General Buck Turgidson imitating a low - flying B - 52 `` frying chickens in a barnyard '' Kubrick tricked Scott into playing the role of Gen. Turgidson far more ridiculously than Scott was comfortable doing . Kubrick talked Scott into doing over the top `` practice '' takes , which Kubrick told Scott would never be used , as a way to warm up for the `` real '' takes . Kubrick used these takes in the final film , causing Scott to swear never to work with Kubrick again . During the filming , Kubrick and Scott had different opinions regarding certain scenes , but Kubrick got Scott to conform largely by repeatedly beating him at chess , which they played frequently on the set . Scott , a skilled player himself , later said that while he and Kubrick may not have always seen eye to eye , he respected Kubrick immensely for his skill at chess . Production ( edit ) Novel and screenplay ( edit ) Stanley Kubrick started with nothing but a vague idea to make a thriller about a nuclear accident that built on the widespread Cold War fear for survival . While doing research , Kubrick gradually became aware of the subtle and paradoxical `` balance of terror '' between nuclear powers . At Kubrick 's request , Alastair Buchan ( the head of the Institute for Strategic Studies ) recommended the thriller novel Red Alert by Peter George . Kubrick was impressed with the book , which had also been praised by game theorist and future Nobel Prize in Economics winner Thomas Schelling in an article written for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and reprinted in The Observer , and immediately bought the film rights . In 2006 , Schelling wrote that conversations between Kubrick , Schelling , and George in late 1960 about a treatment of Red Alert updated with intercontinental missiles eventually led to the making of the film . In collaboration with George , Kubrick started writing a screenplay based on the book . While writing the screenplay , they benefited from some brief consultations with Schelling and , later , Herman Kahn . In following the tone of the book , Kubrick originally intended to film the story as a serious drama . However , as he later explained during interviews , he began to see comedy inherent in the idea of mutual assured destruction as he wrote the first draft . Kubrick said : My idea of doing it as a nightmare comedy came in the early weeks of working on the screenplay . I found that in trying to put meat on the bones and to imagine the scenes fully , one had to keep leaving out of it things which were either absurd or paradoxical , in order to keep it from being funny ; and these things seemed to be close to the heart of the scenes in question . Among the titles that Kubrick considered for the film were Dr. Doomsday or : How to Start World War III Without Even Trying , Dr. Strangelove 's Secret Uses of Uranus , and Wonderful Bomb . After deciding to make the film a black comedy , Kubrick brought in Terry Southern as a co-writer in late 1962 . The choice was influenced by reading Southern 's comic novel The Magic Christian , which Kubrick had received as a gift from Peter Sellers , and which itself became a Sellers film in 1969 . Southern made important contributions to the film , but his role led to a rift between Kubrick and Peter George ; after Life magazine published a photo - essay on Southern in August 1964 which implied that Southern had been the script 's principal author -- a misperception neither Kubrick nor Southern did much to dispel -- Peter George wrote an indignant letter to the magazine , published in its September 1964 issue , in which he pointed out that he had both written the film 's source novel and collaborated on various incarnations of the script over a period of ten months , whereas `` Southern was briefly employed ... to do some additional rewriting for Kubrick and myself and fittingly received a screenplay credit in third place behind Mr. Kubrick and myself '' . Sets and filming ( edit ) Dr. Strangelove was filmed at Shepperton Studios , near London , as Sellers was in the middle of a divorce at the time and unable to leave England . The sets occupied three main sound stages : the Pentagon War Room , the B - 52 Stratofortress bomber and the last one containing both the motel room and General Ripper 's office and outside corridor . The studio 's buildings were also used as the Air Force base exterior . The film 's set design was done by Ken Adam , the production designer of several James Bond films ( at the time he had already worked on Dr. No ) . The black and white cinematography was by Gilbert Taylor , and the film was edited by Anthony Harvey and Stanley Kubrick ( uncredited ) . The original musical score for the film was composed by Laurie Johnson and the special effects were by Wally Veevers . The theme of the chorus from the bomb run scene is a modification of When Johnny Comes Marching Home . Sellers and Kubrick got on famously during the film 's production and shared a love of photography . Model of the War Room constructed for the film . The War Room with the Big Board . For the War Room , Ken Adam first designed a two - level set which Kubrick initially liked , only to decide later that it was not what he wanted . Adam next began work on the design that was used in the film , an expressionist set that was compared with The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Fritz Lang 's Metropolis . It was an enormous concrete room ( 130 feet ( 40 m ) long and 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide , with a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) - high ceiling ) suggesting a bomb shelter , with a triangular shape ( based on Kubrick 's idea that this particular shape would prove the most resistant against an explosion ) . One side of the room was covered with gigantic strategic maps reflecting in a shiny black floor inspired by dance scenes in Fred Astaire films . In the middle of the room there was a large circular table lit from above by a circle of lamps , suggesting a poker table . Kubrick insisted that the table would be covered with green baize ( although this could not be seen in the black and white film ) to reinforce the actors ' impression that they are playing ' a game of poker for the fate of the world . ' Kubrick asked Adam to build the set ceiling in concrete to force the director of photography to use only the on - set lights from the circle of lamps . Moreover , each lamp in the circle of lights was carefully placed and tested until Kubrick was happy with the result . Lacking cooperation from the Pentagon in the making of the film , the set designers reconstructed the aircraft cockpit to the best of their ability by comparing the cockpit of a B - 29 Superfortress and a single photograph of the cockpit of a B - 52 and relating this to the geometry of the B - 52 's fuselage . The B - 52 was state - of - the - art in the 1960s , and its cockpit was off - limits to the film crew . When some United States Air Force personnel were invited to view the reconstructed B - 52 cockpit , they said that `` it was absolutely correct , even to the little black box which was the CRM . '' It was so accurate that Kubrick was concerned whether Ken Adam 's production design team had done all of their research legally , fearing a possible investigation by the FBI . In several shots of the B - 52 flying over the polar ice en route to Russia , the shadow of the actual camera plane , a Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress , is visible on the snow below . The B - 52 was a scale model composited into the Arctic footage , which was sped up to create a sense of jet speed . Home movie footage included in Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove on the 2001 Special Edition DVD release of the film shows clips of the B - 17 with a cursive `` Dr. Strangelove '' painted over the rear entry hatch on the right side of the fuselage . Fail Safe ( edit ) Red Alert author Peter George collaborated on the screenplay with Kubrick and satirist Terry Southern . Red Alert was more solemn than its film version and did not include the character Dr. Strangelove though the main plot and technical elements were quite similar . A novelization of the actual film , rather than a reprint of the original novel , was published by George , based on an early draft in which the narrative is bookended by the account of aliens , who , having arrived at a desolated Earth , try to piece together what has happened . It was reissued in October 2015 by Candy Jar Books , featuring never - before - published material on Strangelove 's early career . During the filming of Dr. Strangelove , Stanley Kubrick learned that Fail Safe , a film with a similar theme , was being produced . Although Fail Safe was to be an ultrarealistic thriller , Kubrick feared that its plot resemblance would damage his film 's box office potential , especially if it were released first . Indeed , the novel Fail - Safe ( on which the film is based ) is so similar to Red Alert that Peter George sued on charges of plagiarism and settled out of court . What worried Kubrick most was that Fail Safe boasted acclaimed director Sidney Lumet and first - rate dramatic actors Henry Fonda as the American President and Walter Matthau as the advisor to the Pentagon , Professor Groeteschele . Kubrick decided to throw a legal wrench into Fail Safe 's production gears . Lumet recalled in the documentary Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove : `` We started casting . Fonda was already set ... which of course meant a big commitment in terms of money . I was set , Walter ( Bernstein , the screenwriter ) was set ... And suddenly , this lawsuit arrived , filed by Stanley Kubrick and Columbia Pictures . '' Kubrick argued that Fail Safe 's own 1960 source novel Fail - Safe had been plagiarized from Peter George 's Red Alert , to which Kubrick owned creative rights and pointed out unmistakable similarities in intentions between the characters Groeteschele and Strangelove . The plan worked , and Fail Safe opened eight months behind Dr. Strangelove , to critical acclaim but mediocre ticket sales . Ending ( edit ) The end of the film shows Dr. Strangelove exclaiming , `` Mein Führer , I can walk ! '' before cutting to footage of nuclear explosions , with Vera Lynn singing `` We 'll Meet Again . '' This footage comes from nuclear tests such as shot BAKER of Operation Crossroads at Bikini Atoll , the Trinity test , a test from Operation Sandstone and the hydrogen bomb tests from Operation Redwing and Operation Ivy . In some shots , old warships ( such as the German heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen ) , which were used as targets , are plainly visible . In others , the smoke trails of rockets used to create a calibration backdrop can be seen . Former Goon Show writer , and friend of Sellers , Spike Milligan , was credited with suggesting the Vera Lynn music for the ending . Original ending ( edit ) The cream pie fight was removed from the final cut . It was originally planned for the film to end with a scene that depicted everyone in the war room involved in a pie fight . Accounts vary as to why the pie fight was cut . In a 1969 interview , Kubrick said , `` I decided it was farce and not consistent with the satiric tone of the rest of the film . '' Critic Alexander Walker observed that `` the cream pies were flying around so thickly that people lost definition , and you could n't really say whom you were looking at . '' Nile Southern , son of screenwriter Terry Southern , suggested the fight was intended to be less jovial : `` Since they were laughing , it was unusable , because instead of having that totally black , which would have been amazing , like , this blizzard , which in a sense is metaphorical for all of the missiles that are coming , as well , you just have these guys having a good old time . So , as Kubrick later said , ' it was a disaster of Homeric proportions . ' '' Effects of the Kennedy assassination on the film ( edit ) A first test screening of the film was scheduled for November 22 , 1963 , the day of the assassination of John F. Kennedy . The film was just weeks from its scheduled premiere , but because of the assassination , the release was delayed until late January 1964 , as it was felt that the public was in no mood for such a film any sooner . One line by Slim Pickens , `` a fella could have a pretty good weekend in Dallas with all that stuff '' , was dubbed to change `` Dallas '' to `` Vegas '' since Dallas was where Kennedy was killed . The original reference to Dallas survives in the English audio of the French - subtitled version of the film . The assassination also serves as another possible reason that the pie - fight scene was cut . In the scene , after Muffley takes a pie in the face , General Turgidson exclaims : `` Gentlemen ! Our gallant young president has been struck down in his prime ! '' Editor Anthony Harvey stated that the scene `` would have stayed , except that Columbia Pictures were horrified , and thought it would offend the president 's family . '' Kubrick and others have said that the scene had already been cut before preview night because it was inconsistent with the rest of the film . 1994 re-release ( edit ) In 1994 the film was re-released . While the 1964 release used the 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio , the new print was in the slightly squarer 1.66 : 1 ( 5 : 3 ) ratio that Kubrick had originally intended . Themes ( edit ) Satirizing the cold War ( edit ) Dr. Strangelove takes passing shots at numerous contemporary Cold War attitudes , such as the `` missile gap '' , but it primarily focuses its satire on the theory of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) , in which each side is supposed to be deterred from a nuclear war by the prospect of a universal cataclysmic disaster regardless who `` won '' . Military strategist and former physicist Herman Kahn in the book , On Thermonuclear War ( 1960 ) used the theoretical example of a doomsday machine to illustrate the limitations of MAD , which was developed by John von Neumann . The concept of such a machine is consistent with MAD doctrine , when it is logically pursued to its conclusion . It thus worried Kahn that the military might like the idea of a doomsday machine and build one . Kahn , a leading critic of MAD and President Eisenhower administration 's doctrine of massive retaliation upon the slightest provokation by the USSR , considered MAD foolish bravado , and instead urged America to plan for proportionality and thus , even a limited nuclear war . With this logical reasoning , Kahn became one of the architects of the flexible response doctrine , that while superficially resembling MAD , allowed for responding to a limited nuclear strike , with a proportional or calibrated , return of fire ( see On Escalation ) . Kahn would educate Kubrick on the concept of the semi-realistic `` Cobalt - Thorium G '' doomsday machine and Kubrick then used the concept for the film . Kahn in his writings and talks would often come across as cold and calculating , for example , with his use of the term megadeaths and in his willingness to estimate how many human lives the United States could lose and still rebuild economically , but it was unfair , as he was not really advocating nuclear warfare . ( He simply meant that if it came to nuclear war , there might , in fact , be a limited one , and options should be kept open . ) Kahn 's cold analytical attitude towards millions of deaths is reflected in Turgidson 's remark to the president about the outcome of a preemptive nuclear war : `` Mr. President , I 'm not saying we would n't get our hair mussed . But I do say no more than ten to twenty million killed , tops , uh , depending on the breaks . '' Turgidson has a binder that is labelled `` World Targets in Megadeaths '' , a term coined in 1953 by Kahn and popularized in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War . The post-hoc planning in the film , by Dr. Strangelove , done after the MAD policy has clearly broken down , to keep the human race alive and to regenerate from populations sheltered in mineshafts , is a parody of those strict adherents of the MAD doctrine who are opposed to the prior creation of fallout shelters on ideological grounds . To such adherents , talk of survival takes the `` Assured Destruction '' out of `` Mutual Assured Destruction '' , hence no preparations should be conducted for fear of `` destabilizing '' the MAD doctrine . Moreover , it is also somewhat of a parody of Nelson Rockefeller , Edward Teller , Herman Kahn , and Chet Holifield 's November 1961 popularization of a similar plan to spend billions of dollars on a nationwide network of highly protective concrete - lined underground fallout shelters , capable of holding millions of people and to be built before any such nuclear exchange began . These extensive and therefore wildly expensive preparations were the fullest conceivable implementation of President Kennedy 's , month prior , September 1961 advocacy in favor of the comparatively more modest , individual and community fallout shelters , as it appeared in Life magazine , which was in the context of shelters being on the minds of the public at the time due to the Berlin Crisis . The Kennedy administration would later go on to expand the nascent United States civil defense efforts , including the assessment of millions of homes and to create a network of thousands of well known , black and yellow plaqued , community fallout shelters . This was done , not with a massive construction effort but by the relatively cheap re-purposing of existing buildings and stocking them with CD V - 700 geiger counters etc . In 1962 the Kennedy administration would found the American Civil Defense Association to organize this , comparatively far more cost - effective , shelter effort . The fallout - shelter - network proposal , mentioned in the film , with its inherently high radiation protection characteristics , has similarities and contrasts to that of the very real and robust Swiss civil defense network . Switzerland has an overcapacity of nuclear fallout shelters for the country 's population size , and by law , new homes must still be built with a fallout shelter . If the US did that , it would violate the spirit of MAD and according to MAD adherents , allegedly destabilize the situation because the US could launch a first strike and its population would largely survive a retaliatory second strike . ( See MAD § Theory ) To refute early 1960s novels and Hollywood films like Fail - Safe and Dr. Strangelove , which raised questions about US control over nuclear weapons , the Air Force produced a documentary film , SAC Command Post , to demonstrate its responsiveness to presidential command and its tight control over nuclear weapons . The Ripper character showed similarities to the real - life General Curtis LeMay . Sexual themes ( edit ) In the months following the film 's release director Stanley Kubrick received a fan letter from Legrace G. Benson of the Department of History of Art at Cornell University interpreting the film as being sexually - layered . The director wrote back to Benson and confirmed the interpretation , `` Seriously , you are the first one who seems to have noticed the sexual framework from intromission ( the planes going in ) to the last spasm ( Kong 's ride down and detonation at target ) . '' Sexual metaphors often popped up when the nuclear analysts that Kubrick consulted were discussing strategy , such as when Bernard Brodie compared his not attacking cities / withhold plan following belligerent escalation to coitus interruptus in an internally circulated memorandum at the RAND Corporation ( spoofed in the film as the ' BLAND Corporation ' ) , while he described the SAC plan of massive retaliation as `` going all the way '' . That led RAND scholar Herman Kahn , whom Kubrick consulted , to quip to an assembled group of `` massive retaliation '' SAC officers , `` Gentlemen , you do not have a war plan . You have a Wargasm ! '' . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was a popular success , earning US $ 4,420,000 in rentals in North America during its initial theatrical release . Critical response ( edit ) Dr. Strangelove is Kubrick 's highest rated film on Rotten Tomatoes , holding a 99 % approval rating ( based on 73 reviews ) with an average rating of 9.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Stanley Kubrick 's brilliant Cold War satire remains as funny and razor - sharp today as it was in 1964 . '' The film also holds a score of 96 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 11 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' The film is ranked number 7 in the All - Time High Scores chart of Metacritic 's Video / DVD section . It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Dr. Strangelove is on Roger Ebert 's list of The Great Movies , and he described it as `` arguably the best political satire of the century '' . One of the most celebrated of all film comedies , it is the only one that made the top 10 in the 2002 Sight & Sound directors ' poll , and John Patterson of The Guardian wrote , `` There had been nothing in comedy like Dr Strangelove ever before . All the gods before whom the America of the stolid , paranoid 50s had genuflected -- the Bomb , the Pentagon , the National Security State , the President himself , Texan masculinity and the alleged Commie menace of water - fluoridation -- went into the wood - chipper and never got the same respect ever again . '' It is also listed as number 26 on Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time , and in 2010 it was listed by Time magazine as one of the 100 best films since the publication 's inception in 1923 . The Writers Guild of America ranked its screenplay the 12th best ever written . In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted it the 24th greatest comedic film of all time . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for four Academy Awards and also seven BAFTA Awards , of which it won four . Academy Awards nominations Best Actor in a Leading Role : Peter Sellers Best Adapted Screenplay : Stanley Kubrick , Peter George , Terry Southern Best Director : Stanley Kubrick Best Picture BAFTA Awards Best British Actor : Peter Sellers ( nom ) Best British Art Direction ( Black and White ) : Ken Adam ( won ) Best British Film ( won ) Best British Screenplay : Stanley Kubrick , Peter George , Terry Southern ( nom ) Best Film From Any Source ( won ) Best Foreign Actor : Sterling Hayden ( nom ) UN award In addition , the film won the best written American comedy award from the Writers Guild of America , a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . Kubrick won two awards for best director , from the New York Film Critics Circle and the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists , and was nominated for one by the Directors Guild of America . The film ranked # 32 on TV Guide 's list of the 50 Greatest Movies on TV ( and Video ) . American Film Institute included the film as # 26 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , # 3 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs , # 64 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes ( `` Gentlemen , you ca n't fight in here ! This is the War Room ! '' ) and # 39 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . Potential sequel ( edit ) In 1995 , Kubrick enlisted Terry Southern to script a sequel titled Son of Strangelove . Kubrick had Terry Gilliam in mind to direct . The script was never completed , but index cards laying out the story 's basic structure were found among Southern 's papers after he died in October 1995 . It was set largely in underground bunkers , where Dr. Strangelove had taken refuge with a group of women . In 2013 , Gilliam commented , `` I was told after Kubrick died -- by someone who had been dealing with him -- that he had been interested in trying to do another Strangelove with me directing . I never knew about that until after he died but I would have loved to . '' See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal United Kingdom portal 1960s portal Comedy portal List of American films of 1964 CRM 114 Dead Hand List of films considered the best Politics in fiction Stanley Kubrick Archive Operation Paperclip OSS program used to recruit scientists from Nazi Germany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dr. Strangelove '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1963 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Peter ( 2014 ) . Dr. Strangelove or : How I learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1844577791 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Was Dr. Strangelove ? '' . Slate ( magazine ) . March 9 , 1999 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The distinctive bikinied torso on the cover dates this as the real June 1962 issue , which features the pictorial `` A Toast to Bikinis '' ( being a play on the testing - site atoll for nukes ) , shown as the pinups on the inside of the B - 52 's safe door . Grant B. Stillman , `` Last Secrets of Strangelove Revealed '' , 2008 . Jump up ^ For the pose , Reed lay flat on her chest and had the January 1963 ( Vol. 41 , No. 2 ) issue of Foreign Affairs covering her buttocks . Despite this modest pose , her mother was furious . In the novel and advertising posters , the Playboy model is identified as `` Miss Foreign Affairs '' . Brian Siano , `` A Commentary on Dr. Strangelove '' , 1995 and `` Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove , '' a documentary included with the 40th Anniversary Special Edition DVD of the film . ^ Jump up to : Terry Southern , `` Notes from The War Room '' , Grand Street , issue # 49 ^ Jump up to : Lee Hill , `` Interview with a Grand Guy '' : interview with Terry Southern Jump up ^ Tulsa TV Memories . U.N.C.L.E. , SAGE , SABRE , Strangelove & Tulsa : Connections Jump up ^ In the fictionalized biopic The Life and Death of Peter Sellers , it is suggested that Sellers faked the injury as a way to force Kubrick to release him from the contractual obligation to play this fourth role . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove , '' a documentary included with the 40th Anniversary Special Edition DVD of the film Jump up ^ Dan Geddes , `` Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) '' ; The Satirist , December 2011 . Jump up ^ Beverly Merrill Kelley , Reelpolitik II : Political Ideologies in ' 50s and ' 60s Films ; Oxford : Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 ; p. 263 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Townsend , et al. , ' Red Alert ' in John Tibbetts & James Welsh ( eds ) , The Encyclopedia of Novels into Films , New York , 1999 , pp. 183 -- 186 Jump up ^ Paul Boyer , `` Dr. Strangelove '' in Mark C. Carnes ( ed . ) , Past Imperfect : History According to the Movies , New York , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Strangelove '' . moviediva.com . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael Seth ( 1991 ) . Peter Sellers : A Film History . McFarland & Company . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 512 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Lolita '' . The Criterion Collection . Jump up ^ Frayling , Christopher . Mad , Bad , and Dangerous ? : The Scientist and the Cinema . London : Reaktion , 2006 . p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Lee Hill , A Grand Guy : The Life and Art of Terry Southern ( Bloomsbury , 2001 ) , pp. 118 -- 119 Jump up ^ Biography for Dan Blocker at Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` Movie Night ! '' . Phenry.org . February 22 , 1999 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Slim Pickens biography Jump up ^ James Earl Jones ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` A Bombardier 's Reflection '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kubrick on The Shining '' Archived July 20 , 2007 , at WebCite from Michel Ciment , ' Kubrick ' , Holt , Rinehart , and Winston ; 1st American ed edition ( 1983 ) , ISBN 0 - 03 - 061687 - 5 Jump up ^ Brian Siano , `` A Commentary on Dr. Strangelove '' , 1995 Jump up ^ Alexander Walker , `` Stanley Kubrick Directs , '' Harcourt Brace Co , 1972 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 684892 - 9 , cited in Brian Siano , `` A Commentary on Dr. Strangelove '' , 1995 Jump up ^ Phone interview with Thomas Schelling by Sharon Ghamari - Tabrizi , published in her book The Worlds of Herman Kahn ; The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War ( Harvard University Press , 2005 ) `` Dr. Strangelove '' ^ Jump up to : Terry Southern , `` Check - up with Dr. Strangelove '' , article written in 1963 for Esquire but unpublished at the time Jump up ^ Schelling , Thomas C. ( 2006 ) . Strategies of Commitment and Other Essays . Harvard University Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02567 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sharon Ghamari - Tabrizi , `` The Worlds of Herman Kahn ; The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War '' , Harvard University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Macmillan International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers , vol. 1 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Usher , Shaun ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Strangelove '' . Lists of Note . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George Case ( 2014 ) , Calling Dr Strangelove : The Anatomy and Influence of the Kubrick Masterpiece ( McFarland & Co , Jefferson , Nth Carolina ) p. 118 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9449 - 1 ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Stanley Kubrick ( 1969 ) '' , published in Joseph Gelmis , The Film Director as Superstar , 1970 , Doubleday and Company : Garden City , New York . Jump up ^ Duncan , Paul , Stanley Kubrick : The Complete Films , Taschen GmbH , p. 95 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8365 - 2775 - 0 Jump up ^ `` A Kubrick Masterclass , '' interview with Sir Ken Adam by Sir Christopher Frayling , 2005 ; excerpts from the interview were published online at Berlinale talent capus Archived January 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . and the Script Factory website Archived September 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Interview with Ken Adam by Michel Ciment , published in Michel Ciment , `` Kubrick , '' Holt , Rinehart , and Winston ; 1st American ed edition ( 1983 ) , ISBN 0 - 03 - 061687 - 5 Jump up ^ The camera ship , a former USAAF B - 17G - 100 - VE , serial 44 - 85643 , registered F - BEEA , had been one of four Flying Fortresses purchased from salvage at Altus , Oklahoma in December 1947 by the French Institut géographique national and converted for survey and photomapping duty . It was the last active B - 17 of a total of fourteen once operated by the IGN , but it was destroyed in a takeoff accident at RAF Binbrook in 1989 during filming of the film Memphis Belle. `` 1944 USAAF Serial Numbers ( 44 - 83886 to 44 - 92098 ) '' . USAAS - USAAC - USAAF - USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers -- 1908 to Present . Joseph F. Baugher . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Candy Jar Publishes Classic '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DR STRANGELOVE -- THE LOST STORY '' . candyjarlimited.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Alert -- Peter Bryant -- Microsoft Reader eBook '' . eBookMall , Inc . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mick , , Broderick , . Reconstructing Strangelove : inside Stanley Kubrick 's ' nightmare comedy ' . New York . ISBN 9780231177092 . OCLC 966969835 . Jump up ^ Sheward , David ( 2008 ) . Rage and Glory : The Volatile Life and Career of George C. Scott . Hal Leonard Publishing . pp. 105 -- 06 . ISBN 9781557836700 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eric D. Snider , `` What 's the big deal ? : Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) '' ; Seattle Post-Intelligencer , October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` No Fighting in the War Room Or : Dr. Strangelove and the Nuclear Threat '' , a documentary included with the 40th Anniversary Special Edition DVD of the film Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent . `` Stanley Kubrick : A Biography '' . Da Capo Press , 1995 , p. 250 Jump up ^ King , Mike ( 2009 ) . The American cinema of excess : extremes of the national mind on film . McFarland . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3988 - 1 . Jump up ^ See On Thermonuclear War pp. 144 -- 155 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy , Volume 1 . Simon and Schuster . 2001 . p. 471 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80657 - 0 . Jump up ^ Craig , Nelson ( 2014 ) . The age of radiance : the epic rise and dramatic fall of the atomic era . pp. 290,291 . ISBN 145166043X . OCLC 852226548 . Jump up ^ Fortune magazine November 1961 pages 112 -- 115 et al . Jump up ^ DOE.gov Jump up ^ Ball , Deborah ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Swiss Renew Push for Bomb Shelters '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Imogen ( February 10 , 2007 ) . `` Swiss still braced for nuclear war '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ SAC Command Post Jump up ^ Fred Kaplan ( 10 October 2004 ) . `` Truth Stranger Than ' Strangelove ' '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 ... it would have been obvious to many viewers in 1964 -- that General Ripper looked a lot like Curtis LeMay , the cigar - chomping , gruff - talking general who headed the Strategic Air Command through the 1950 's and who served as the Pentagon 's Air Force Chief of Staff in the early 60 's . Jump up ^ Castle , Alison ( 2008 ) . The Stanley Kubrick Archives . Taschen . p. 359 . ISBN 3836508885 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Fred The Wizards of Armageddon . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , 1991 , 222 -- 223 Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Pictures of 1964 '' , Variety , January 6 , 1965 p 39 . Note this figure is rentals accruing to distributors , not total gross . Jump up ^ `` STANLEY KUBRICK '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DVD / Video : All - Time High Scores '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , `` Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) '' , July 11 , 1999 Jump up ^ Potemra , Michael ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Gentlemen ! You Ca n't Fight in the War Room ! '' . National Review . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sight & Sound 's directors ' poll Archived December 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ( no longer available as of February 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dr Strangelove : No 6 best comedy film of all time '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` Dr. Strangelove : or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb '' . Time . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Screenplays '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Academy Awards ( 1965 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Movies on TV ( and Video ) '' . TV Guide . TV Guide Magazine . 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 1998 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2002 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2005 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Todd ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Stanley Kubrick Wanted Terry Gilliam To Direct SON OF STRANGELOVE '' . Twitch Film . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Dolan , Edward F. Jr . Hollywood Goes to War . London : Bison Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 86124 - 229 - 7 . Hardwick , Jack and Schnepf , Ed . `` A Viewer 's Guide to Aviation Movies . '' The Making of the Great Aviation Films , General Aviation Series , Volume 2 , 1989 . Henriksen , Margot A. ( 1987 ) . Dr. Strangelove 's America : Society and Culture in the Atomic Age . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08310 - 5 . Oriss , Bruce . When Hollywood Ruled the Skies : The Aviation Film Classics of World War II . Hawthorne , California : Aero Associates Inc. , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 9613088 - 0 - X . Rice , Julian ( 2008 ) . Kubrick 's Hope : Discovering Optimism from 2001 to Eyes Wide Shut . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 6206 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDr . Strangeloveat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Dr. Strangelove on IMDb Dr. Strangelove at the TCM Movie Database Dr. Strangelove at AllMovie Dr. Strangelove at the American Film Institute Catalog Dr. Strangelove at Rotten Tomatoes Checkup with Dr. Strangelove by Terry Southern Do n't Panic covers Dr. Strangelove ( archived ) Continuity transcript Commentary on Dr. Strangelove by Brian Siano Last Secrets of Strangelove Revealed by Grant B. Stillman Study Guide by Dan Lindley . See also : longer version Annotated bibliography on Dr. Strangelove from the Alsos Digital Library Stanley Kubrick Feature films Fear and Desire ( 1953 ) Killer 's Kiss ( 1955 ) The Killing ( 1956 ) Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) Lolita ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1980 ) Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ) Short films Day of the Fight ( 1951 ) Flying Padre ( 1951 ) The Seafarers ( 1953 ) Related films World Assembly of Youth ( 1952 ) Strangers Kiss ( 1983 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures ( 2001 ) Dark Side of the Moon ( 2002 ) Colour Me Kubrick ( 2005 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Boxes ( 2008 ) Room 237 ( 2012 ) S Is for Stanley ( 2016 ) Related topics Archive Bibliography Filmography and awards Influence Interpretations of 2001 Personal life Political and religious beliefs Recurring cast members Unrealized projects People Alan Conway Anthony Frewin Jan Harlan Christiane Kubrick Vivian Kubrick Ruth Sobotka BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) Best Film 1968 -- present The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best British Film 1947 -- 1967 Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) The Blue Lamp ( 1950 ) The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Genevieve ( 1953 ) Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Reach for the Sky ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Sapphire ( 1959 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) 1992 -- present The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) Shallow Grave ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) Elizabeth ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) The Warrior ( 2002 ) Touching the Void ( 2003 ) My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) This Is England ( 2007 ) Man on Wire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) Brooklyn ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) BFI Sight & Sound Poll 1952 Bicycle Thieves City Lights The Gold Rush Battleship Potemkin Intolerance : Love 's Struggle Throughout the Ages Louisiana Story Greed Le Jour Se Lève The Passion of Joan of Arc Brief Encounter The Rules of the Game Le Million 1962 Citizen Kane L'Avventura The Rules of the Game Greed Ugetsu Monogatari Battleship Potemkin Bicycle Thieves Ivan the Terrible La Terra Trema L'Atalante 1972 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Battleship Potemkin 81⁄2 L'Avventura Persona The Passion of Joan of Arc The General The Magnificent Ambersons Ugetsu Monogatari Wild Strawberries 1982 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai Singin ' in the Rain 81⁄2 Battleship Potemkin L'Avventura The Magnificent Ambersons Vertigo The General The Searchers Critics ' Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Tokyo Story Vertigo The Searchers L'Atalante The Passion of Joan of Arc Pather Panchali Battleship Potemkin 2001 : A Space Odyssey Directors ' Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Raging Bull La Strada L'Atalante The Godfather Modern Times Vertigo The Godfather Part II The Passion of Joan of Arc Rashomon Seven Samurai 2002 Critics ' Citizen Kane Vertigo The Rules of the Game The Godfather The Godfather Part II Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Battleship Potemkin Sunrise 81⁄2 Singin ' in the Rain Directors ' Citizen Kane The Godfather / The Godfather Part II 81⁄2 Lawrence of Arabia Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Bicycle Thieves Raging Bull Vertigo Rashomon The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai 2012 Critics ' Vertigo Citizen Kane Tokyo Story The Rules of the Game Sunrise 2001 : A Space Odyssey The Searchers Man with a Movie Camera The Passion of Joan of Arc 81⁄2 Directors ' Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Taxi Driver Apocalypse Now The Godfather Vertigo The Mirror Bicycle Thieves VIAF : 196099396 GND : 4639640 - 8 SUDOC : 095760083 BNF : cb164600436 ( data ) BNE : XX4000709 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Strangelove&oldid=808905167 '' Categories : 1964 films English - language films 1960s comedy films Apocalyptic films American aviation films American black comedy films American films American political satire films Anti-nuclear films Anti-war films Best British Film BAFTA Award winners Best Film BAFTA Award winners American black - and - white films British black - and - white films British aviation films British black comedy films British films British political films British satirical films British political satire films Cold War aviation films Cold War films Columbia Pictures films Films about fictional Presidents of the United States Films about nuclear war and weapons Films based on British novels Films based on military novels Films directed by Stanley Kubrick Films produced by Stanley Kubrick Films set in the Arctic Films set in Washington , D.C. Films set on airplanes Films shot in England Films shot in Greenland Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Mad scientist films Military humor in film Screenplays by Stanley Kubrick Screenplays by Terry Southern United States Air Force in films United States National Film Registry films World War III speculative fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 22 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dr. strangelove or how i learned to stop worrying and love the bomb (1964) trailer	[]	[]
-2630368675642018826	Adina Porter	Adina Porter - wikipedia Adina Porter Jump to : navigation , search Adina Porter Adina Elizabeth Porter ( 1971 - 03 - 13 ) March 13 , 1971 ( age 46 ) New York City , New York , U.S Occupation Actress Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) David Raymond Hecht ( divorced ) Larry Earl Madison Jr. ( widowed ) Children Adina Elizabeth Porter ( born March 13 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She began her career appearing on Off - Broadway stage , winning Obie Award in 1996 for Venus . Porter is best known for her performances on television . From 2008 to 2014 , she starred as Lettie Mae Thornton in the HBO drama series True Blood . From 2012 to 2014 , Porter also co-starred as Kendra James in the HBO drama The Newsroom . In 2014 , she began appearing in a recurring role as Indra in the CW post-apocalyptic drama , The 100 , and in 2016 was cast as Lee Harris in the FX anthology series American Horror Story : Roanoke and as Beverly Hope in the current season of the series , American Horror Story : Cult . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Theater 1.2 Television and film 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Porter was born and raised in New York City , New York . She graduated from the State University of New York at Purchase . Her first acting teacher was Butterfly McQueen . She was married two times and has a son with her second husband , Larry Earl Madison Jr . Theater ( edit ) Porter began her acting career in the theatre , appearing in off Broadway plays and in regional theatre . Her off - Broadway credits include The Debutante Ball , Jersey City , Aven ' U Boys , Girl Gone , Silence , Cunning , Exile , Dancing on Moonlight and Hurricane . In 1996 , she received Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress for her performance in Venus . Her Broadway debut came in 2001 with the Roundabout Theater 's revival of The Women , directed by Scott Elliott , broadcast as part of PBS 's Stage on Screen series , in addition , she performed in multiple productions at the New York Shakespeare Festival . Television and film ( edit ) Porter began her screen career playing guest starring roles on television dramas include Law & Order , New York Undercover , Brooklyn South , and NYPD Blue . She had a recurring role as housekeeper Gwen Walker in the NBC period drama American Dreams from 2002 to 2003 . In film , she made her debut in 1992 Leopold / Loeb New Queer Cinema feature , Swoon . She went to appear in small roles in films The Peacemaker ( 1997 ) , Gia ( 1998 ) , Body Shots ( 1999 ) , The Fluffer ( 2001 ) , and The Salon ( 2005 ) . In 2005 , Porter played Ricky in the film adaptation of Ruben Santiago - Hudson 's play Lackawanna Blues for HBO . She received Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actress : Television Movie / Cable for her role . She went to appear ER , Prison Break , Without a Trace , House , and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . In 2008 , Porter was cast as Lettie Mae Thornton , mother to Rutina Wesley 's Tara Thorton , in the HBO drama series , True Blood . She was promoted to series regular in seventh and final season of show . In 2012 , she guest starred in an episode of Grey 's Anatomy . From 2012 to 2014 , she also had a recurring role on the HBO series The Newsroom playing Kendra James . In 2014 , she began appearing in a recurring role as Indra in the CW post-apocalyptic drama , The 100 . Porter also starred in two unsold drama pilots for ABC , Doubt in 2013 , and The Jury in 2016 . In 2016 , she played Pearly Mae during first season of WGN America period drama Underground . Later that year , Porter was cast as Lee Harris in the FX anthology series American Horror Story : Roanoke , after previously appearing as a minor character in American Horror Story : Murder House in 2011 . For her performance in Roanoke , she received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television . She later portrayed Beverly Hope in American Horror Story : Cult where she received similar praise from critics . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Swoon Stenographer Geoffrey Beene 30 Woman Short film 1997 The Peacemaker Police NYPD 1998 Gia Girl at Group Therapy 1999 Body Shots Detective Thompson 2001 The Fluffer Silver 2002 Pipe Dream Lauren Gunther 2005 The Salon Percy 's wife 2005 Lackawanna Blues Ricky Television movie 2009 Operating Instructions Celia Television movie The Social Network Gretchen 's Associate Uncredited 2011 About Sunny Cheryl 2011 The Changing Room Sarah Short film 2017 The Last Word Bree Wilson Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Woman Neighbor Episode : `` Out of the Half - Light '' 1994 Law & Order Sheryl Decker Episode : `` Nurture '' 1994 New York Undercover Jasmine Hopkins Episode : `` Pilot '' 1995 Law & Order Mary Byman Episode : `` Savages '' 1997 Brooklyn South Angela Withers Episode : `` Life Under Castro '' 1998 Brimstone Rachel Episode : `` Repentance '' 1999 Snoops Angela Jackson Episode : `` The Grinch '' 2000 The District Ella 's Assistant Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 Judging Amy N / A Episode : `` Unnecessary Roughness '' 2000 Any Day Now Diane Episode : `` Where 's the Justice in That ? '' 2000 City of Angels Hazina Episode : `` Smoochas Gracias '' 2001 NYPD Blue Tisha Episode : `` Dying to Testify '' 2002 Strong Medicine Malia Episode : `` Compassionate Release '' 2002 The Guardian Assistant D.A. Episode : `` Monster '' 2002 Crossing Jordan Vicki Moran Episode : `` Prisoner Exchange '' 2002 -- 03 American Dreams Gwen Walker 15 episodes 2003 NYPD Blue Ifeoma Okafor Episode : `` Meet the Grandparents '' 2005 ER Mrs. Hopkins Episode : `` Back in the World '' 2005 Jack & Bobby N / A Episode : `` A Child of God '' 2005 CSI : NY Shannon Goodall Episode : `` On the Job '' 2005 Prison Break Leticia Barris 2 episodes 2006 Without a Trace Harriet Lewis Episode : `` Watch Over Me '' 2007 House M.D. Claudia Episode : `` Family '' 2007 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Janelle Odami Episode : `` Fight '' 2007 -- 10 Saving Grace Tamara Cooley 2 episodes 2008 -- 14 True Blood Lettie Mae Thornton 30 episodes 2009 Cold Case Laticia Myers Episode : `` Jurisprudence '' 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Denise Devine Episode : `` Coup de Grace '' Hawthorne Nancy Breton Episode : `` The Match '' The Whole Truth Detective Sweeney Episode : `` Cold Case '' 2011 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Jeanette Rawlins Episode : `` Two of a Kind '' 2011 Private Practice Stacy Episode : `` A Step Too Far '' 2011 American Horror Story : Murder House Sally Freeman Episode : `` Murder House '' 2011 Prime Suspect Detective Kendra Cannon Episode : `` The Great Wall of Silence '' 2011 -- 12 Ringer Principal Caruso 2 episodes 2012 The Finder Ms. Estelle Episode : `` Life After Death '' 2012 Grey 's Anatomy Dr. Ramsey Episode : `` Remember the Time '' 2012 Glee History Teacher Episode : `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' 2012 The Vampire Diaries Nandi Episode : `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' 2012 -- 14 The Newsroom Kendra James 23 episodes 2014 -- 17 The 100 Indra 29 episodes 2015 Code Black Susie Episode : `` Pilot '' 2015 The Leftovers G.R. Leader Episode : `` Ten Thirteen '' 2016 -- 17 Underground Pearly Mae 7 episodes 2016 The Catch FBI Agent Emily Clark Episode : `` The Wedding '' 2016 American Horror Story : Roanoke Lee Harris 10 episodes 2017 Ray Donovan Vicky 4 episodes 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Beverly Hope 8 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2006 Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actress : Television Movie / Cable Lackawanna Blues Nominated 2017 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on Television American Horror Story : Roanoke Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Adina Porter '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adina Porter '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adina Porter - Lortel Archives '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` True Blood : Actor Bio : Adina Porter '' . HBO.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' True Blood ' Promotes Adina Porter to Series Regular '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : ' True Blood , ' ' Newsroom ' Actress Checks In '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` DeWanda Wise Aims At ' Shots Fired ' ; Adina Porter Joins ' The Jury ' '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Adina Porter Cast In WGN America 's ' Underground ' '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pehanick , Maggie . `` American Horror Story : If You Watched Season 1 , You 've Already Seen This Actress '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Adina Porter on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adina_Porter&oldid=808132879 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Actresses from New York City 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Obie Award recipients American television actresses African - American actresses American actresses American film actresses American stage actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays tara's mom on true blood	[ "Adina Elizabeth Porter[2] (born March 13, 1971) is an American actress. She began her career appearing on Off-Broadway stage, winning Obie Award in 1996 for Venus." ]	[ "Adina Elizabeth Porter" ]
7824011063102870969	Game Boy Color	Game Boy Color - Wikipedia Game Boy Color Jump to : navigation , search Game Boy Color Atomic Purple version of the Game Boy Color Manufacturer Nintendo Product family Game Boy line Type Handheld game console Generation Fifth generation Release date JP : October 21 , 1998 NA : November 18 , 1998 PAL : November 23 , 1998 AU : November 27 , 1998 Retail availability 1998 -- 2003 Discontinued May 30 , 2003 Units sold Worldwide : 118.69 million , including Game Boy units Media ROM cartridge CPU Sharp LR35902 core @ 4.19 / 8.38 MHz Display LCD 160 x 144 pixels , 44x40 mm Online services Mobile System GB Best - selling game Pokémon Gold and Silver , approximately 14.51 million combined ( in Japan and the USA ) ( details ) . Backward compatibility Game Boy Predecessor Game Boy Successor Game Boy Advance The Game Boy Color ( abbreviated as GBC ) is a handheld game console manufactured by Nintendo , which was released on October 21 , 1998 in Japan and was released in November of the same year in international markets . It is the successor of the Game Boy . The Game Boy Color features a color screen . It is slightly thicker and taller and features a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket , its predecessor . As with the original Game Boy , it has a custom 8 - bit processor made by Sharp that is considered a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80 . The spelling of the systems name , Game Boy Color , remains consistent throughout the world with its American English spelling of color . The Game Boy Color 's primary competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16 - bit handhelds Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan , though the Game Boy Color outsold these by a wide margin . SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color respectively but this did little to change Nintendo 's sales dominance . With SEGA discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997 , the Game Boy Color 's only competitor in the United States was its predecessor , the Game Boy , until the short - lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was released in August of 1999 . The Game Boy and Game Boy Color combined have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the 3rd best selling system of all time . It was discontinued in 2003 , shortly after the release of the Game Boy Advance SP . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Launch titles 2 Specifications 2.1 Summary 2.1. 1 Color palettes used for original Game Boy games 2.2 Cartridges 2.3 Colors produced 3 Games 4 Sales 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Game Boy Color was a response to pressure from game developers for a more sophisticated handheld platform , as they felt that the Game Boy , even in its latest incarnation , the Game Boy Pocket , was insufficient . The resultant product was backward compatible , a first for a handheld system , and leveraged the large library of games and installed base of the predecessor system . This became a major feature of the Game Boy line , since it allowed each new launch to begin with a significantly larger library than any of its competitors . Launch titles ( edit ) Tetris DX Wario Land II Pocket Bomberman Specifications ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of Nintendo portable consoles Summary ( edit ) The Game Boy Color motherboard The technical details for the console are as follows : Main processor : Sharp Corporation LR35902 ( based on the 8 - bit Zilog Z80 ) Processor speed : 4.194 or 8.388 MHz ( two processor modes ) Resolution : 160 × 144 pixels ( 10 : 9 aspect ratio , same aspect ratio and resolution as the original Game Boy ) Palette colors available : 32,768 ( 15 - bit ) Colors on screen : Supports 10 , 32 or 56 Maximum sprites : 40 total , 10 per line , 4 colors per sprite ( one of which being transparent ) Sprite size : 8 × 8 or 8 × 16 Tiles on screen : 512 ( 360 ~ 399 visible , the rest are drawn off screen as a scrolling buffer ) Audio : 2 square wave channels , 1 wave channel , 1 noise channel , mono speaker , stereo headphone jack ROM : 8 MB maximum RAM : 32 kB VRAM : 16 kB Cartridge RAM : 128 kB Power : internal : 2 AA batteries , 30 + hours of gameplay external : 3V DC 0.6 W ( 2.35 mm × 0.75 mm ) indicator : Red LED Input : 8 - way D - pad 4 buttons ( A , B , Start , Select ) Volume potentiometer Power switch Serial I / O ( `` Link cable '' ) : 512 kbit / s with up to 4 connections in serial Infra - red I / O : Less than 2 m distance at 45 ° Cartridge I / O Dimensions : Metric : 75 mm × 27 mm × 133 mm Imperial : 2.95 in × 1.06 in × 5.24 in The processor , which is a Z80 workalike made by Sharp with a few extra ( bit manipulation ) instructions , has a clock speed of approximately 8 MHz , twice as fast as that of the original Game Boy . The Game Boy Color also has three times as much memory as the original ( 32 kilobytes system RAM , 16 kilobytes video RAM ) . The screen resolution was the same as the original Game Boy , which is 160 × 144 pixels . The Game Boy Color also featured an infrared communications port for wireless linking . The feature was only supported in a small number of games , so the infrared port was dropped from the Game Boy Advance line , to be later reintroduced with the Nintendo 3DS , though wireless linking ( using Wi - Fi ) would return in the Nintendo DS line . The console was capable of showing up to 56 different colors simultaneously on screen from its palette of 32,768 ( 8 × 4 color background palettes , 8x3 + transparent sprite palettes ) , and could add basic four - , seven - or ten - color shading to games that had been developed for the original 4 - shades - of - grey Game Boy . In the 7 - color modes , the sprites and backgrounds were given separate color schemes , and in the 10 - color modes the sprites were further split into two differently - colored groups ; however , as flat black ( or white ) was a shared fourth color in all but one ( 7 - color ) palette , the overall effect was that of 4 , 6 or 8 colors . This method of upgrading the color count resulted in graphic artifacts in certain games ; for example , a sprite that was supposed to meld into the background would sometimes be colored separately , making it easily noticeable . The system also featured a rarely used `` high color mode '' , capable of displaying more than 2,000 colors on the screen simultaneously . Color palettes used for original Game Boy games ( edit ) Alternate Color Palettes Directional pad Action button None ( default ) Up Brown Red Dark brown Down Pastel mix Orange Yellow Left Blue Dark blue Grayscale Right Green Dark green Inverted For dozens of popular Game Boy titles , the Game Boy Color has an enhanced palette built in featuring up to 16 colors - four colors for each of the Game Boy 's four layers . If the system does not have a palette stored for a game , it defaults to a palette of green , blue , salmon , black , and white . However , when the user turns on the system , they may choose one of 12 built in color palettes by pressing certain button combinations ( namely a direction key and optionally A or B) while the Game Boy logo is present on the screen . These palettes each contain up to ten colors . In most games , the four shades displayed on the original Game Boy would translate to different subsets of this 10 - color palette , such as by displaying movable sprites in one subset and backgrounds , etc. in another . The grayscale ( Left + B) palette produces an appearance similar to that experienced on the original Game Boy . Illustrated color - samples of the palettes for the different key - combinations . Any color crossed out will be present in palette RAM , but rendered as transparent . Cartridges ( edit ) The clear cartridge for exclusive Game Boy Color games . The black cartridge was for Game Boy games that took advantage of Game Boy Color features , but could still be played on original Game Boys . Game Boy Color exclusive games are housed in clear - colored cartridges , referred to as `` Game Pak '' cartidges . They are shaped differently from original Game Boy games . When inserted into an original Game Boy , these translucent cartridges prevent the system from turning on due to a missing notch present in original Game Boy cartridges that prevent the cartridge from being removed once powered on . While the Game Boy Pocket and Super Game Boy do power on with a Game Boy Color exclusive cartridge inserted , these games display a warning message stating that a Game Boy Color system is required and refuse to play . Games that are designed for the Game Boy Color , but which also include backward compatibility with the Game Boy and Game Boy Pocket , use the same cartridge shape as original Game Boy games , but are typically black and never gray . Colors produced ( edit ) See also : List of Game Boy colors and styles § Game Boy Color The logo for Game Boy Color spelled out the word `` COLOR '' in the five original colors in which the unit was manufactured . They were named : Berry ( C ) Grape ( O ) Kiwi ( L ) Dandelion ( O ) Teal ( R ) Another color released at the same time was `` Atomic Purple '' , made of a transparent purple plastic that was also used on the color - respective Nintendo 64 controller . Other colors were sold as limited editions or in specific countries . Games ( edit ) Main article : List of Game Boy Color games Due to its backwards compatibility with Game Boy games , the Game Boy Color had a large playable library at launch . The system amassed an impressive library of 576 Game Boy Color games over a four - year period . While the majority of the games were Game Boy Color exclusive , approximately 30 % of the titles released were backwards compatible with the original Game Boy . While Tetris for the original Game Boy was the best selling game compatible with the system , Pokémon Gold and Silver were the best selling games developed for the Game Boy Color . The best selling Game Boy Color exclusive game was Pokémon Crystal . The last Game Boy Color game ever released was the Japanese exclusive Doraemon no Study Boy : Kanji Yomikaki Master , which was released in Japan on July 18 , 2003 . In North America and Europe , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , released in November of 2002 , was the last game released . Sales ( edit ) The Game Boy and Game Boy Color were both commercially successful , selling a combined 32.47 million units in Japan , 44.06 million in the Americas , and 42.16 million in other regions . In 2003 , when the Game Boy Color was discontinued , the pair was the best selling gaming console of all time . Both the Nintendo DS and PlayStation 2 would go on to outsell the pair and the Game Boy / Game Boy Color is now the third best selling system of all time and the second best selling handheld . See also ( edit ) Nintendo portal List of Player 's Choice games List of Game Boy accessories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ゲームボーイカラー ( Gēmu Bōi Karā ) in Japan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2016 - 04 - 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of Game Console Warfare : Game Boy '' . BusinessWeek . McGraw - Hill . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Support/Game-Boy-Pocket-Color/Product-information/Technical-data/Technical-data-619585.html Jump up ^ `` モバイルシステム GB '' . Nintendo ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Platinum Game Chart '' . The Magic Box . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Platinum Videogame Chart '' . The Magic Box . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Umezu ; Sugino . `` Nintendo 3DS ( Volume 3 -- Nintendo 3DS Hardware Concept ) '' . Iwata Asks ( Interview : Transcript ) . Interview with Satoru Iwata . Nintendo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nintendo.co.JP -- Game Boy Color Jump up ^ `` The Nintendo ® Game Boy TM , Part 1 : The Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80 . '' . RealBoy . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo GameBoy Color Console Information -- Console Database '' . ConsoleDatabase.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` First Alone in the Dark Screenshots for Game Boy Color '' . IGN. 4 August 2000 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Disassembling the GBC Boot ROM Jump up ^ `` Changing the Color Palette on Game Boy Advance Systems '' . Customer Service . Nintendo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Game Pak Troubleshooting - All Game Boy Systems '' . Nintendo of America customer support . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game Boy Color . Official website Game Boy Color at Nintendo.com ( archived versions at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine ) ( 1 ) at Nintendo.com ( archived from `` the original '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 03 . at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine ) Game Boy Color at DMOZ Nintendo Announces Full Color Game Boy - ROME ( March 10 , 1998 ) Game Boy line Consoles Game Boy Pocket Light Color Advance family Advance SP Micro Visteon Dockable Entertainment Accessories Afterburner Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter Game Boy Camera Game Boy Player Game Boy Pocket Sonar Game Boy Printer Game Link Cable GameBooster Nintendo 64 transfer pak Nintendo e-Reader Nintendo GameCube -- Game Boy Advance link cable Nintendo Power Play - Yan Super Game Boy Wide - Boy64 WormCam Games Game Boy best - sellers Color Advance best - sellers Super Game Boy multiplayer titles Emulation BoycottAdvance NO $ GBA VisualBoyAdvance Wzonka - Lad → Nintendo DS family Nintendo video game hardware Consoles Home NES Famicom Titler Twin Famicom NES - 101 Sharp Nintendo Television NES Classic Edition accessories Super NES New - Style SF Naizou TV SF1 Super NES Classic Edition Nintendo 64 iQue Player GameCube Panasonic Q accessories Wii Wii U Nintendo Switch Handheld Game Boy Game Boy Color Virtual Boy Game Boy Advance SP Micro Dockable Entertainment Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Dedicated Home Color TV - Game NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Handheld Game & Watch Mini Classics Pokémon Pikachu Arcade VS . System PlayChoice - 10 Super Famicom Box Nintendo Super System Peripherals Add - ons 3D System Data Recorder Disk System Satellaview Super NES CD - ROM ( unreleased ) Super Game Boy Game Boy Camera Game Boy Printer 64DD Rumble Pak e-Reader Game Boy Player Connectivity NES Four Score NES Satellite Game Link Cable GCN - GBA Link Cable Controllers Family BASIC NES Advantage NES Zapper Power Pad R.O.B. Speedboard SNES Mouse Super Scope Nintendo 64 controller GameCube controller WaveBird Wireless Wii Balance Board Wii Remote Classic Controller MotionPlus Wii Zapper Third - party accessories Wii Speak Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller Joy - Con Networking Family Computer Network System Teleplay Modem XBAND Satellaview GCN Modem and Broadband Adapter Nintendo Wi - Fi USB Connector Other Nintendo Power Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Amiibo Technology Media NES Game Pak SNES Game Pak N64 Game Pak Game Boy Advance Video Nintendo optical discs Nintendo game card Processors 2A03 PPU 5A22 S - APU GSU RCP Gekko Broadway Hollywood PICA200 Espresso Erista List of products Video game consoles ( Fifth generation ) Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- ) Fifth generation Home 3DO Interactive Multiplayer Amiga CD32 Atari Jaguar Casio Loopy FM Towns Marty Nintendo 64 NEC PC - FX Pippin Playdia PlayStation Sega Saturn Handheld Design Master Senshi Game Boy Color Game.com Neo Geo Pocket R - Zone Genesis Nomad Virtual Boy WonderSwan ← Fourth generation Sixth generation → Emulator Game List Manufacturer Timeline Handheld game consoles Bandai LCD Solarpower Design Master Senshi WonderSwan Game Park / Holdings GP32 GP2X XGP GP2X Wiz CAANOO Nintendo ( comparison ) Game Boy line Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance family Advance Advance SP Micro Virtual Boy Pokémon Pikachu Nintendo DS family Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Switch Nokia N - Gage N - Gage QD Sega Game Gear Nomad SNK Neo Geo Pocket Neo Geo Pocket Color Neo Geo X Sony PlayStation Portable Xperia Play PlayStation Vita Tiger R - Zone Game.com Other handhelds 1970s Microvision 1980s Select - A-Game Entex Adventure Vision Nelsonic Industries Electronika Epoch Game Pocket Computer Atari Lynx 1990s TurboExpress Game Master Gamate Barcode Battler Watara Supervision Mega Duck 2000s Tapwave Zodiac GameKing GPANG service Didj Leapster Gizmondo Coleco Sonic Dingoo V - Smile Pocket 2010s JXD devices Pandora DragonBox Pyra Shield Portable GCW Zero GPD XD GPD Win Early units List Comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Boy_Color&oldid=804683658 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1998 2003 disestablishments Backward - compatible video game consoles Fourth - generation video game consoles Game Boy consoles Regionless game consoles Handheld game consoles 1990s toys 2000s toys Z80 Discontinued products Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 14 : 22 . 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5290661025590555362	New York Yankees	New York Yankees - wikipedia New York Yankees Jump to : navigation , search For other historical teams known as the New York Yankees , see New York Yankees ( disambiguation ) . `` Yankees '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yankee ( disambiguation ) . `` Bronx Bombers '' redirects here . For the Broadway play , see Bronx Bombers ( play ) . New York Yankees 2017 New York Yankees season Established in 1901 Based in New York City since 1903 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 15 16 20 23 32 37 42 42 44 46 49 51 Colors Midnight navy blue , gray , white Name New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Other nicknames The Bronx Bombers , The Yanks , The Pinstripers , The Bronx Zoo , The Evil Empire , Murderer 's Row Ballpark Yankee Stadium ( II ) ( 2009 -- present ) Yankee Stadium ( I ) ( 1923 -- 1973 , 1976 -- 2008 ) Shea Stadium ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Polo Grounds ( IV ) ( 1913 -- 1922 ) a.k.a. Brush Stadium ( 1913 -- 1919 ) Hilltop Park ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Oriole Park ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 AL Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 East Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Yankee Global Enterprises ( Hal and Hank Steinbrenner , co-chairmen ) Manager Joe Girardi General Manager Brian Cashman President of Baseball Operations Randy Levine The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the New York Mets of the National League . In the 1901 season , the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise ( which had ceased operations ) and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and former catcher Joe Girardi is the team 's manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name after the previous facility was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ; in 2011 , the Yankees had the second - highest attendance . One of the most successful sports clubs in the world , the Yankees have won 18 division titles , 40 AL pennants , and 27 World Series championships , all of which are MLB records . The Yankees have won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues . Forty - four Yankees players and eleven Yankees managers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame , including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , and Whitey Ford . In pursuit of winning championships , the franchise has used a large payroll to attract talent , particularly during the Steinbrenner era . According to Forbes , the Yankees are the second highest valued sports franchise in the United States and the second in the world , with an estimated value of approximately $3.7 billion . The Yankees have garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase , as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams . The team 's rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well - known rivalries in U.S. sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) 1.2 Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) 1.3 New owners , a new home , and a new name : Years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) 1.4 Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and Murderer 's Row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) 1.5 Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) 1.6 Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) 1.7 The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) 1.8 New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) 1.9 Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) 1.10 Struggles : The Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) 1.11 New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 1.12 Back on top : Championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 1.13 New Era : Baby Bombers take charge ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Distinctions 3 World Series championships 4 Team nicknames 5 Logo , uniform , and dress code 6 Popularity 6.1 Fan support 6.2 The Bleacher Creatures 6.3 Global expansion and business model 6.4 Criticism 7 Fight and theme songs 8 Radio and television 8.1 Past announcers 9 Roster 9.1 Current roster 9.2 Retired numbers 9.3 Hall of Famers 10 Rivalries 10.1 Boston Red Sox 10.2 Subway Series 11 Minor league affiliations 12 Front office 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links History Main article : History of the New York Yankees Origins in Baltimore ( 1901 -- 1902 ) At the end of 1900 , Ban Johnson , president of the American League -- a minor league previously known as the Western League ( 1894 -- 1899 ) -- reorganized the league . He added teams in three East Coast cities , forming the American League ( AL ) as a major league in an attempt to challenge the National League ( NL ) for supremacy . Plans to add another a team in New York City were blocked by the NL 's New York Giants , who had enough political power in New York City to prevent the AL from establishing a team . Instead , a team was placed in Baltimore , Maryland , a city which the NL abandoned when it contracted from 12 to 8 teams in 1900 . Nicknamed the Orioles , the team began playing in 1901 and was managed and partly owned by John McGraw . During the 1902 season , McGraw feuded with Johnson and secretly jumped to the Giants . In the middle of the season , the Giants , aided and abetted by McGraw , gained controlling interest of the Orioles and began raiding it for players , until the AL stepped in and took control of the team . In January 1903 , a `` peace conference '' was held between the two leagues to settle disputes and try to coexist . At the conference , Johnson requested that an AL team be put in New York , to play alongside the NL 's Giants . It was put to a vote , and 15 of the 16 major league owners agreed on it , with only John T. Brush of the Giants opposing . The Orioles ' new owners , Frank J. Farrell and William S. Devery , found a ballpark location not blocked by the Giants , and Baltimore 's team moved to New York . Move to New York : the Highlanders years ( 1903 -- 1912 ) Hilltop Park , home of the Highlanders The team 's new ballpark , Hilltop Park ( formally known as `` American League Park '' ) , was constructed in one of Upper Manhattan 's highest points -- between 165th and 168th Streets -- just a few blocks away from the much larger Polo Grounds . The team came to be known as the New York Highlanders . The name was inspired by a combination of the team 's elevated location in Upper Manhattan , and to the noted Scottish military unit The Gordon Highlanders , which coincided with the team 's president Joseph Gordon whose family was of Scots Irish heritage . Newspapers initially called the team `` Gordon 's Highlanders '' ( e.g. New York World , April 15 , 1903 ) , which soon became just `` Highlanders '' . As was common with all members of the American League , the team was often called the New York Americans . They were also dubbed the `` Invaders '' for a short time in 1903 . New York Press Sports Editor Jim Price coined the unofficial nickname Yankees ( or `` Yanks '' ) for the club as early as 1904 , because it was easier to fit in headlines and because `` Yankee '' was and is a commonly - used synonym for `` American '' . A prophetic letter to the editor of the New York Sun , May 7 , 1903 , p. 8 , had raised this question : `` Name for the American New Yorks . If the new baseball team is to have a name that is in keeping with the ' Giants , ' does it not seem reasonable that if they are the ' New York Americans ' they might be called the ' Yankees ' or ' Yanks ' ? '' The most success the Highlanders achieved was finishing second in 1904 , 1906 and 1910 , 1904 being the closest they came to winning the AL pennant . That year , they lost the deciding game on the last day of the season to the Boston Americans , who later became the Boston Red Sox . This had much historical significance , as the Highlanders ' role in the pennant race caused the Giants to announce that they would not play in the World Series against the AL pennant winner . The World Series was not skipped again for another 90 years , when a strike truncated the entire 1994 season . It was the last time Boston would beat New York in a pennant - deciding game for a full century ( 2004 ) . In 1904 , pitcher Jack Chesbro set the single - season wins record at 41 , which still stands . Under current playing practices , this is most likely an unbreakable record , when you consider that the last thirty game winner was Denny McLain ( 31 ) in 1968 . New owners , a New home , and a New name : years at the Polo Grounds ( 1913 -- 1922 ) The Polo Grounds , home of the Yankees from 1913 to 1922 The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park during reconstruction . Relations between the two teams warmed , and the Highlanders would move into the newly rebuilt Polo Grounds in 1913 . Now playing on the Harlem River , a far cry from their high - altitude home , the name `` Highlanders '' no longer applied , and fell into disuse among the press . The media had already widely adopted the `` Yankees '' nickname coined by the New York Press , and in 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees . By the middle of the decade , Yankees owners Farrell and Devery had become estranged and both were in dire need of money . At the start of 1915 , they sold the team to Colonel Jacob Ruppert and Captain Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston for $1.25 million . Ruppert inherited a brewery fortune , providing the Yankees with an owner who possessed deep pockets and a willingness to dig into them to produce a winning team . This would lead the team to more success and prestige than Ruppert could ever have envisioned . It is interesting to note that all the games of the 1921 and 1922 World Series were played in the Polo Grounds , when the Yankees squared off against their intracity rival Giants . Sluggers and the Stadium : Ruth , Gehrig , and murderer 's row ( 1923 -- 1935 ) With his hitting prowess , Babe Ruth ushered in an offensive - oriented era of baseball and helped lead the Yankees to 4 World Series titles In the years around 1920 , the Yankees , the Red Sox , and the Chicago White Sox had a détente . The trades between the three ballclubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname `` The Insurrectos '' . This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll . Most new players who would later contribute to the team 's success came from the Red Sox , whose owner , Harry Frazee , was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions . Pitcher - turned - outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston , and the outcome of the trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years , a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship . The Red Sox often found themselves eliminated from the playoff hunt as a result of the Yankees ' success . This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural , and seemed to stem from that one trade . However , it would not be until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized . Lou Gehrig was the first Yankees player to have his number retired , in 1939 . Ruth 's multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart , the Giants . In 1921 -- the year after acquiring Babe Ruth -- the Yankees played in their first World Series . They competed against the Giants , and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds . After the 1922 season , the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds . Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should `` move to some out - of - the - way place , like Queens '' , but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx , right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds . In 1922 , the Yankees returned to the World Series again , and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants . Important newcomers in this period were manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow . The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 would cause a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923 . In 1923 , the Yankees moved to their new home , Yankee Stadium . It was the first triple - deck venue in baseball and seated an astounding 58,000 people . In the first game at Yankee Stadium , Babe Ruth hit a home run , which was fitting as his home runs and drawing power paid for the stadium , giving it its nickname of `` The House That Ruth Built '' . At the end of the season , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year , and triumphed in the brand new ballpark for their first championship . Prior to that point , the Giants had been the city 's icon and dominant team . From 1923 onward , the Yankees would assume that role , and many years later the Giants would leave Coogan 's Bluff for San Francisco . In the 1927 season , the Yankees featured a lineup that became known as `` Murderers ' Row '' , and some consider this team to be the best in the history of baseball ( though similar claims have been made for other Yankee squads , notably those of 1939 , 1961 and 1998 ) . The Yankees won a then - AL record 110 games with only 44 losses , and swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series . Ruth 's home run total of 60 in 1927 set a single - season home run record that would stand until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 . Meanwhile , first baseman Lou Gehrig had his first big season , batting . 373 with 47 home runs and 175 RBIs , beating Ruth 's single - season RBI mark ( 171 in 1921 ) . The Yankees would win the World Series again in 1928 . In 1931 , Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL . They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series , and brought the team 's streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12 . This series was made famous by Babe Ruth 's `` Called Shot '' in game three of the series at Wrigley Field , a fitting `` swan song '' to his illustrious World Series career . In 1935 , Ruth would leave the Yankees to join the NL 's Boston Braves , and he made his last major league baseball appearance on May 30 of that year . Joltin ' Joe DiMaggio ( 1936 -- 1951 ) In 1941 , Joe DiMaggio set an MLB record with a 56 - game hitting streak that stands to this day and will probably never be broken With Ruth retired , Gehrig finally had a chance to take center stage , but it was only one year before a new star appeared , Joe DiMaggio . The team would win an unprecedented four straight World Series titles from 1936 to 1939 . For most of 1939 , however , they had to do it without Gehrig , who took himself out of the lineup and retired due to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) , now nicknamed `` Lou Gehrig 's Disease '' in his memory . The Yankees declared July 4 , 1939 to be `` Lou Gehrig Day '' , on which they retired his number 4 ( the first retired number in baseball ) . Gehrig made a famous speech in which he declared himself to be `` the luckiest man on the face of the earth . '' He died two years later . The 1941 baseball season was often described as the last year of the `` Golden Era '' before World War II and other realities intervened . It was a thrilling year as America watched two major events unfold : Ted Williams of the Red Sox hitting for the elusive . 400 batting average and Joe DiMaggio getting hits in consecutive ballgames . By the end of his hitting streak , DiMaggio hit in 56 consecutive games , the current major league record and one often deemed unbreakable . Two months after the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series , the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan , and many of their best players , including DiMaggio , were drafted into the military to fight in World War II . The Yankees still managed to pull out a win against the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1943 World Series . In 1945 construction magnate Del Webb and partners Dan Topping and Larry MacPhail purchased the team from the Ruppert estate for $2.8 million ; MacPhail was bought out in 1947 . After a few slumping seasons , McCarthy was fired early in 1946 . A few interim managers later , Bucky Harris took the job , righting the ship and taking the Yankees to a hard fought series victory against the Dodgers . Despite finishing only three games behind the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 pennant race , Harris was relieved of his duties and replaced by Casey Stengel , who had a reputation of being a clown and managing bad teams . His tenure as Yankee field manager , however , was marked with success . The `` underdog '' Yankees came from behind to catch and surprise a powerful Red Sox team on the last two days of the 1949 season , a face off that fueled the beginning of the modern Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . By this time , however , DiMaggio 's career was winding down , and the `` Yankee Clipper '' retired after the 1951 season . This year marked the arrival of the `` Oklahoma Kid '' , Mickey Mantle , who was one of several new stars that would fill the gap . Stengel 's squad in the 1950s ( 1951 -- 1959 ) Opening Day of the 1951 baseball season at Griffith Stadium . President Harry Truman throws out the first ball as Casey Stengel looks on . Bettering the clubs managed by Joe McCarthy , the Yankees won the World Series five consecutive times from 1949 -- 1953 under Stengel , which continues to be the major league record . Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle , pitcher Whitey Ford , and catcher Yogi Berra , Stengel 's teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his twelve seasons as the Yankees manager . Stengel was a master at publicity for the team and for himself , even landing a cover story in Time magazine in 1955 . The 1950 title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers ; it was won in four straight games against the Whiz Kids of the Philadelphia Phillies . In 1954 , the Yankees won over 100 games , but the Indians took the pennant with an AL record 111 wins ; 1954 was famously referred to as The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant . In 1955 , the Dodgers finally beat the Yankees in the World Series , after five previous Series losses to them , but the Yankees came back strong the next year . On October 8 , 1956 , in Game Five of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers , pitcher Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history , which remains the only perfect game in postseason play and was the only no - hitter of any kind to be pitched in postseason play until Roy Halladay pitched a no - hitter on October 6 , 2010 . The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves . Following the Series , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California , the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles , leaving the Yankees as New York 's only baseball team . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves , and became the second team to win the Series after being down three - games - to - one . For the decade , the Yankees won six World Series championships ( ' 50 , 51 , ' 52 , ' 53 , ' 56 , ' 58 ) and eight American League pennants ( those six plus ' 55 and ' 57 ) . Led by Mantle , Ford , Berra , Elston Howard ( the Yankees ' first African - American player ) , and the newly acquired Roger Maris , the Yankees entered the 1960s seeking to replicate their success of the 1950s . The M&M Boys : Mantle and Maris ( 1960 -- 1964 ) Mickey Mantle was one of the franchise 's most celebrated hitters , highlighted by his 1956 Triple Crown Arnold Johnson , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , was a longtime business associate of then - Yankees co-owners Del Webb and Dan Topping . Because of this `` special relationship '' with the Yankees , he traded young players to them in exchange for cash and aging veterans . Invariably , these trades ended up being heavily tilted in the Yankees ' favor , leading to accusations that the Athletics were little more than a Yankee farm team at the major league level . Kansas City had been home to the Yankees ' top farm team for almost 20 years before the Athletics moved there from Philadelphia in 1954 . In 1960 , Charles O. Finley purchased the Athletics and put an end to the trades . But the Yankees had already strengthened their supply of future prospects , which included a young outfielder named Roger Maris . In 1960 , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBIs , and extra base hits . He finished second in home runs ( one behind Mantle ) and total bases , and won a Gold Glove , which garnered enough votes for the American League MVP award . The year 1961 would prove to be one of the most memorable in Yankee history . Throughout the summer , Mantle and Maris hit home runs at a fast pace , and became known as the `` M&M Boys '' . Ultimately , a severe hip infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup and drop out of the race . Maris continued though , and on October 1 ( the last day of the regular season ) , he hit home run number 61 , surpassing Babe Ruth 's single season home run record of 60 . However , MLB Commissioner Ford Frick ( who , as it was discovered later , had ghostwritten for Babe Ruth during his career ) decreed that since Maris had played in a 162 - game season , and Ruth ( in 1927 ) had played in a 154 - game season , two separate records would be kept . It would be 30 years before the dual record would be done away with , and Maris would hold the record alone until Mark McGwire broke it in 1998 . Maris still holds the American League record . The Yankees won the pennant with a 109 -- 53 record and went on to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 World Series . The team finished the year with a then - record 240 home runs . After the 1957 departures of the Dodgers and Giants for the West Coast , New York City was a one - team town for the first time since professional play began . In 1962 , the sports scene in New York changed when the National League expanded to include a new expansion team , the New York Mets , who played at the Giants ' former home , the Polo Grounds , for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing , Queens . The Mets lost a record 120 games while the Yankees would win the 1962 World Series , their tenth in the past sixteen years , defeating the San Francisco Giants in seven games . It would be the Yankees ' last championship until 1977 . The Yankees reached the 1963 World Series , but were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher Sandy Koufax . After the season , Yogi Berra , who had just retired from playing , took over managerial duties . The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series , but were beaten in seven games by the St. Louis Cardinals . It would be the Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 , when they were swept by the Big Red Machine . New ownership and a steep decline ( 1965 -- 1972 ) After the 1964 season , CBS purchased 80 % of the Yankees from Topping and Webb for $11.2 million . With the new ownership , the team began to decline . In fact , the Yankees finished in the second division in 1965 -- their first losing record in 40 years , and only their second in 47 years . In 1966 , the Yankees finished last in the AL for the first time since 1912 . It also marked their first consecutive losing seasons since 1917 and 1918 . They finished next - to - last in 1967 . While their fortunes improved somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s , they only finished higher than fourth once during CBS ' ownership , in 1970 . Topping and Webb had owned the Yankees for 20 years , missing the World Series only five times and going 10 -- 5 in the ones they did get to . By contrast , the CBS - owned teams never went to the World Series . Various reasons have been given for the decline , but the single biggest one was the Yankees ' inability to replace their aging superstars with promising young talent , as they had consistently done in the previous five decades . As early as the 1961 - 62 offseason , longtime fans noticed that the pipeline of talent had started to dry up . This was worsened by the introduction of the major league amateur draft that year , which meant that the Yankees could no longer sign any player they wanted . While the Yankees usually drafted fairly early during this period due to their lackluster records , Thurman Munson was the only pick who lived up to his billing . At the start of this period , all - time `` Voice of the Yankees '' Mel Allen , the team 's top announcer since 1939 , was fired after the 1964 season , supposedly due to cost - cutting measures by longtime broadcast sponsor Ballantine Beer . During baseball 's centennial season in 1969 , the greatest players at each position for every team were named during a voting . The all - time Yankees were : Bill Dickey ( catcher ) , Whitey Ford ( left - handed pitcher ) , Red Ruffing ( right - handed pitcher ) , Johnny Murphy ( relief pitcher ) , Lou Gehrig ( first base ) , Tony Lazzeri ( second base ) , Phil Rizzuto ( shortstop ) , Red Rolfe ( third base ) , Joe DiMaggio ( center field , also named baseball 's `` Greatest Living Player '' ) , Babe Ruth ( right field ) , Mickey Mantle ( left field ) , and Casey Stengel ( manager ) . Steinbrenner , Martin , Jackson , and Munson : the Bronx Zoo ( 1973 -- 1981 ) A group of investors , led by Cleveland - based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner ( 1930 -- 2010 ) , purchased the club from CBS on January 3 , 1973 for $8.7 million . Mike Burke stayed on as president until he quit in April . Within a year , Steinbrenner bought out most of his other partners and became the team 's principal owner , although Burke continued to hold a minority share into the 1980s . One of Steinbrenner 's major goals was to renovate the Stadium . It had greatly deteriorated by the late 1960s , and the surrounding neighborhood had gone south as well . CBS initially suggested renovations , but the team would have needed to play elsewhere , and the Mets refused to open their home , Shea Stadium , to the Yankees . A new stadium in the Meadowlands , across the Hudson River in New Jersey , was suggested ( and was eventually built , as Giants Stadium , specifically for football ) . Finally , in mid-1972 , Mayor John Lindsay stepped in . The city bought the Stadium and began an extensive two - year renovation period . Since the city owned Shea , the Mets had to allow the Yankees to play two seasons there . The renovations modernized the look of the stadium , significantly altered the dimensions , and reconfigured some of the seating . During 1974 and 1975 , Yankee Stadium was renovated into its final shape and structure , as shown here in 2002 , seven years before demolition After the 1974 season , Steinbrenner made a move that started the modern era of free agency , signing star pitcher Catfish Hunter away from Oakland . Midway through the 1975 season , Steinbrenner made another move , hiring former second baseman Billy Martin as manager . With Martin at the helm , the Yankees reached the 1976 World Series , but were swept by the Cincinnati Reds and their famed `` Big Red Machine . '' After the 1976 campaign , Steinbrenner added star Oakland outfielder Reggie Jackson -- who had spent 1976 with the Baltimore Orioles -- to his roster . During spring training of 1977 , Jackson alienated his teammates with controversial remarks about the Yankees captain , catcher Thurman Munson . He had bad blood with manager Billy Martin , who had managed the Detroit Tigers when Jackson 's Athletics defeated them in the 1972 playoffs . Jackson , Martin , and Steinbrenner repeatedly feuded with each other throughout Jackson 's 5 - year contract . Martin would be hired and fired by Steinbrenner five times over the next 13 years . This conflict , combined with the extremely rowdy Yankees fans of the late 1970s and the bad conditions of the Bronx , led to the Yankee organization and stadium being referred to as the `` Bronx Zoo . '' Despite the turmoil , Jackson starred in the 1977 World Series , when he hit three home runs in the same game , and overall , four home runs on four consecutive pitches from four different pitchers . Jackson 's great performance in the postseason earned him the Series MVP Award , and the nickname `` Mr. October . '' Throughout the late 1970s , the race for the pennant was often a close competition between the Yankees and the Red Sox . In the 1950s and early 1960s , the Yankees had been dominant while the Red Sox were largely a non-factor . However , in the late 1960s and early 1970s , the Yankees were mired in second place and the Red Sox led the league . In the late 1970s the two teams were contending simultaneously and locked in a close fight . On July 14 , 1978 , the Yankees were 14 ⁄ games behind the Red Sox . In late July , Martin suspended Reggie Jackson for `` defiance '' after he bunted while Martin had the `` swing '' signal on . Upon Jackson 's return , Martin made a famous statement against both Jackson and owner Steinbrenner : `` They deserve each other . One 's a born liar ; the other 's convicted . '' Martin was forced to resign the next day and was replaced by Bob Lemon . This came while the team was winning 5 games in a row and Boston was losing 5 in a row . The Yankees continued to win games , making up ground and by the time they met Boston for a pivotal four - game series at Fenway Park in early September , they were only four games behind the Red Sox . The Yankees swept the Red Sox in what became known as the `` Boston Massacre '' , winning the games 15 -- 3 , 13 -- 2 , 7 -- 0 , and 7 -- 4 . The third game was a shutout pitched by `` Louisiana Lightning '' Ron Guidry , who would lead the majors with nine shutouts , a 25 -- 3 record , and a 1.74 ERA . Guidry finished with 248 strikeouts , but Nolan Ryan 's 260 strikeouts with the California Angels deprived Guidry of the pitching Triple Crown . On the last day of the season , the two clubs finished in a tie for first place in the AL East , and a one - game playoff ( the 163rd game of the regular season ) was held at Fenway Park . With Guidry pitching against former Yankee Mike Torrez , the Red Sox took an early 2 -- 0 lead . In the seventh inning , light - hitting Yankee shortstop Bucky Dent drove a three - run home run over the `` Green Monster '' ( Fenway Park 's famed left field wall ) , putting the Yankees up 3 -- 2 . Reggie Jackson 's solo home run in the following inning sealed the eventual 5 -- 4 win that gave the Yankees their one hundredth win of the season and their third straight AL East title and Guidry earned his 25th win of the season . After beating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Dodgers again in the World Series . They lost the first two games in LA , but won all three games at Yankee Stadium and won Game 6 in Los Angeles , winning their 22nd World Championship . Changes occurred during the 1979 season . Former Cy Young Award - winning closer Sparky Lyle was traded to the Texas Rangers for several players , including Dave Righetti . Tommy John was acquired from the Dodgers and Luis Tiant from the hated Red Sox to bolster the pitching staff . During the season , Bob Lemon was replaced by Billy Martin . The mask and catcher 's mitt of Thurman Munson , the team captain who was killed in a plane crash in 1979 The 1970s ended on a tragic note for the Yankees . On August 2 , 1979 , Thurman Munson died after crashing his private plane while practicing `` Touch and Go '' landings . Four days later , the entire team flew out to Canton , Ohio for the funeral , despite having a game later that day against the Orioles . Martin adamantly stated that the funeral was more important , and that he did not care if they made it back in time . Bobby Murcer , a close friend of Munson 's , was chosen to give the eulogy at his funeral . In a nationally televised and emotional game , Murcer used Munson 's bat ( which he gave to his fallen friend 's wife after the game ) , and drove in all five of the team 's runs in a dramatic 5 -- 4 walk - off victory . Before the game , Munson 's locker sat empty except for his catching gear , a sad reminder for his teammates . His locker , labeled with his number 15 , has remained empty in the Yankee clubhouse as a memorial . When the Yankees moved across the street , Munson 's locker was torn out and installed in the new Stadium 's museum . The number 15 has been retired by the team . The 1980 season brought more changes to the Yankees . Billy Martin was fired once again and Dick Howser took his place . Chris Chambliss was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for catcher Rick Cerone . Thanks to Howser 's no - nonsense attitude , Reggie Jackson hit . 300 for the only time in his career with 41 homers , and finished 2nd in the MVP voting to Kansas City 's George Brett . The Yankees won 103 games and the AL East by three games over the 100 - win Baltimore Orioles , but were swept by the Royals in the 1980 ALCS . After the season ended , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10 - year contract . The Yankees fired Howser and replaced him with Gene Michael . Under Michael , the Yankees led the AL East before a strike hit in June 1981 . In the second half of the season , the Yankees struggled under Bob Lemon , who replaced Michael . Thanks to the split - season playoff format , the Yankees faced the second - half winner Milwaukee Brewers in the special 1981 American League Division Series . After narrowly defeating Milwaukee in five games , they breezed through Billy Martin and the Oakland Athletics in a three - game ALCS . In the World Series , the Yankees got off to a hot start by winning the first two games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . But the Dodgers fought back and stunned the Yankees by winning the next four games to clinch their first World Series title since 1965 . Struggles : the Mattingly years ( 1982 -- 1995 ) Don Mattingly headlined a Yankees franchise that struggled in the 1980s Following the team 's loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees began their longest absence from the playoffs since 1921 . Following the example set by the St. Louis Cardinals and the Big Red Machine that had defeated his team in the 1976 World Series , George Steinbrenner announced his plan to transform the Yankees from the Bronx Bombers into the `` Bronx Burners '' , increasing the Yankees ' ability to win games based on speed and defense instead of `` waiting around for a 3 run home run '' . As a first step towards this end , the Yankees signed Dave Collins from the Cincinnati Reds during the 1981 off season . Collins was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays after the 1982 season in a deal that also included future All - Stars Fred McGriff and Mike Morgan . In return the Yankees got Dale Murray and Tom Dodd . The Yankees of the 1980s were led by All - Star first baseman Don Mattingly . In spite of accumulating the most total wins of any major league team , they failed to win a World Series ( the first such Yankees team since the 1910s ) and had only 1 playoff appearance . Although they consistently had a powerful offense -- Mattingly at various times was teammate to Dave Winfield ( whom Mattingly battled for the AL batting title throughout most of the 1984 season ) , Rickey Henderson , Don Baylor , Ken Griffey , Sr. , Mike Pagliarulo , Steve Sax , and Jesse Barfield , and the Yankees led the majors in runs scored for the decade -- the Yankees teams of the 1980s lacked sufficient starting pitching to win a championship . After posting a 22 -- 6 record in 1985 , arm problems caught up with Ron Guidry , and his performance declined over the next three years . Of the remaining mainstays of the Yankees ' rotation , only Dave Righetti stood out , pitching a no - hitter on July 4 , 1983 , but he was moved to the bullpen the next year where he helped to define the closer role . Despite the Yankees ' lack of pitching success during the 1980s , they had three of the premier pitchers of the early 1990s on their roster during these years in Al Leiter , Doug Drabek and José Rijo . All were mismanaged and dealt away before they could reach their full potential , with only Rijo returning much value -- he was traded to the Oakland A 's in the deal that brought Henderson to New York . The team came close to winning the AL East in 1985 and 1986 , finishing second to the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox ( who lost in the World Series that year to the Yankees ' cross-town rivals , the New York Mets ) respectively , but fell to fourth place in 1987 and fifth in 1988 , despite having mid-season leads in the AL East standings both years . Despite their lack of championships and playoff appearances the Yankees posted the highest winning percentage of all MLB teams during the 1980s . By the end of the decade , the Yankees ' offense was on the decline . Henderson and Pagliarulo had departed by the middle of 1989 , while back problems hampered both Winfield ( who missed the entire ' 89 season ) and Mattingly ( who missed almost the entire second half of 1990 ) . Winfield 's tenure with the team ended when he was dealt to the Angels . From 1989 to 1992 , the team had a losing record , spending significant money on free - agents and draft picks who did not live up to expectations . In 1990 , the Yankees had the worst record in the American League , and their fourth last - place finish in franchise history . On July 1 , 1990 , pitcher Andy Hawkins became the first Yankee ever to lose despite throwing a no - hitter . Third baseman Mike Blowers committed an error , followed by two walks and an error by the left fielder Jim Leyritz with the bases loaded , scoring all three runners and the batter . The 4 -- 0 loss to the Chicago White Sox was the largest margin of any no - hitter loss in the 20th century . Ironically , the Yankees ( and Hawkins ) were no - hit for six innings in a rain - shortened game against the White Sox 11 days later . During the 1990 season , Yankee fans started to chant `` 1918 ! '' to taunt the Red Sox , reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990 . Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward , demeaning chants of `` 1918 ! '' echoed through the stadium . Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying `` CURSE OF THE BAMBINO '' , pictures of Babe Ruth , and wearing `` 1918 ! '' T - shirts each time they were at the Stadium . The poor showings in the 1980s and 1990s would soon change . Steinbrenner hired Howard Spira to uncover damaging information on Winfield and was subsequently suspended from day - to - day team operations by Commissioner Fay Vincent when the plot was revealed . This turn of events allowed management to implement a coherent acquisition / development program without owner interference . General Manager Gene Michael , along with manager Buck Showalter , shifted the club 's emphasis from high - priced acquisitions to developing talent through the farm system . This new philosophy developed key players such as outfielder Bernie Williams , shortstop Derek Jeter , catcher Jorge Posada , and pitchers Andy Pettitte and Mariano Rivera . The first significant success came in 1994 , when the Yankees had the best record in the AL , but the strike ended the season and Mattingly 's best chance for a World Series title and is remembered among the 10 worst moments in New York City sports history . Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike , the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between the two Yankee teams ( 1981 and 1994 ) , which included both Yankee teams having division leads taken away by strike . Throughout October , the media continued to speculate about what might have been if there had not been a strike , making references to the days games in the post-season would have been played . A year later , the team qualified for the playoffs in the new wild card slot in the strike shortened 1995 season . In the memorable 1995 American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners , the Yankees won the first two games at home and dropped the next three in Seattle . Mattingly , suffering greatly from his back injury , retired after the 1995 season . He had the unfortunate distinction of beginning and ending his career on years bookended by Yankee World Series appearances ( 1981 and 1996 ) . New dynasty ( 1996 -- 2007 ) The Yankees ' success in the late 1990s and early 2000s was built from a core of productive players , including Jorge Posada , Mariano Rivera , and Derek Jeter . Joe Torre had a mediocre run as a manager in the National League , and the choice was initially derided ( `` Clueless Joe '' was a headline in the New York Daily News ) . However , his calm demeanor proved to be a good fit , and his tenure was the longest under George Steinbrenner 's ownership . 1996 saw the rise of three Yankees who would form the core of the team for years to come : rookie shortstop Derek Jeter , second - year starting pitcher Andy Pettitte , and second - year pitcher Mariano Rivera , who served as setup man in 1996 before becoming closer in 1997 . Aided by these young players , the Yankees won their first AL East title in 15 years in 1996 . They defeated the Texas Rangers in the ALDS , and in the ALCS beat the Baltimore Orioles in five games , which included a notable fan interference by young Jeffrey Maier that was called as a home run for the Yankees . In the World Series the team rebounded from an 0 -- 2 series deficit and defeated the defending champion Atlanta Braves , ending an 18 - year championship drought . Jeter was named Rookie of the Year . In 1997 , the Yankees lost the 1997 ALDS to the Cleveland Indians in five games . GM Bob Watson stepped down and was replaced by assistant GM Brian Cashman . The 1998 Yankees are widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest teams in baseball history , compiling a then - AL record 114 regular season wins against just 48 losses and then sweeping the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series . Their 125 combined regular and postseason wins is an MLB single - season record . On May 17 , 1998 , David Wells pitched a perfect game against the Minnesota Twins at Yankee Stadium . On July 18 , 1999 , which was `` Yogi Berra Day '' at the Stadium , David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos . The ALCS was the Yankees ' first meeting with the Red Sox in a post-season series . The Yankees would go on to win the 1999 World Series giving the 1998 -- 1999 Yankees a 22 -- 3 record ( including four series sweeps ) in six consecutive post-season series . In 2000 , the Yankees faced the New York Mets in the first Subway Series World Series since 1956 . The Yankees won the series in 5 games , but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of World Series wins at 14 , surpassing the club 's previous record of 12 ( in 1927 , 1928 , and 1932 ) . The Yankees are the last major league team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankee teams of 1936 -- 1939 and 1949 -- 1953 , as well as the 1972 -- 1974 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series . The Yankees dynasty of the 1990s was also part the Braves -- Mets rivalry . As noted above , three of their four World Series wins happened against either team ( Braves in 1996 and 1999 , Mets in 2000 ) . Joe Torre added further fuel to the dynasty being part of the rivalry , having played for and managed both teams and he becoming manager of the Yankees and the events of the 1996 season were seen as factors in that rivalry intensifying . In aftermath of the September 11 attacks , that year , Yankees defeated the Oakland A 's in the ALDS , and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS . By winning the pennant for a fourth straight year , the 1998 -- 2001 Yankees joined the 1921 -- 1924 New York Giants , and the Yankee teams of ' 36 -- ' 39 , ' 49 -- ' 53 , ' 55 -- ' 58 and ' 60 -- ' 64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants . The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4 - year period . In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks , the Yankees lost the series when closer Mariano Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ; it was the second time in five years that a team lost the World Series after taking a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 ( following the Cleveland Indians in 1997 ) and the first time since 1991 that the home team won all seven games of a World Series . The Yankees were also the first American League team to lose a World Series in which the home team won all seven games . Also , despite a very poor series overall , batting under . 200 , Derek Jeter got the nickname , `` Mr. November '' , echoing comparisons Reggie Jackson 's `` Mr. October '' , for his walk - off home run in Game 4 , though it began October 31 , as the game ended in the first minutes of November 1 . In addition , the Yankees ' home field in the aftermath of the attacks served as hosts of a memorial service titled `` Prayer for America . '' A vastly revamped Yankees team finished the 2002 season with an AL best record of 103 -- 58 . The season was highlighted by Alfonso Soriano becoming the first second baseman ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season . In the ALDS the Yankees lost to the eventual champion Anaheim Angels in four games . In 2003 , the Yankees again had the best league record ( 101 -- 61 ) , highlighted by Roger Clemens ' 300th win and 4000th strikeout . In the ALCS , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in a dramatic seven game series , which featured a bench - clearing incident in Game 3 and a series - ending walk - off home run by Aaron Boone in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7 . In the World Series the Yankees lost in 6 games to the Florida Marlins , losing a World Series at home for the first time since 1981 . Yankees ' third baseman Alex Rodriguez , 2007 In 2004 , the Yankees acquired Alex Rodriguez , who moved to third base from his usual shortstop position to accommodate Derek Jeter . In the ALCS , the Yankees met the Boston Red Sox again , and became the first team in professional baseball history , and only the third team in North American pro sports history , to lose a best - of - seven series after taking a 3 -- 0 series lead . Main article : 2005 New York Yankees season In 2005 Alex Rodriguez won the American League MVP award , becoming the first Yankee to win the award since Don Mattingly in 1985 . The Yankees again won the AL East by virtue of a tiebreaker but lost the ALDS in five games to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The 2006 season was highlighted by a 5 - game series sweep of the Red Sox at Fenway Park ( sometimes referred to as the `` Second Boston Massacre '' ) , outscoring the Red Sox 49 -- 26 . Main article : 2006 New York Yankees season Despite winning the AL East for the ninth consecutive year , the Yankees lost again in the ALDS , this time to the Detroit Tigers . After the ALDS was over , tragedy struck when pitcher Cory Lidle died when his plane crashed into a highrise apartment building in Manhattan . Along with Thurman Munson , Lidle was the second active Yankee to be killed in a private plane crash . Main article : 2007 New York Yankees season On June 18 , 2007 the Yankees broke new ground by signing the first two professional baseball players from the People 's Republic of China to the MLB , and became the first team in MLB history to sign an advertising deal with a Chinese company . The Yankees ' streak of nine straight AL East division titles ended in 2007 , but they still reached the playoffs with the AL Wild Card . For the third year in a row , the team lost in the first round of the playoffs , as the Cleveland Indians defeated the Yankees in the 2007 ALDS . After the series , Joe Torre declined a reduced - length and compensation contract offer from the Yankees and returned to the National League as manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers . Back on top : championship run followed by struggles ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Former Yankees catcher Joe Girardi became manager in 2008 . After Torre 's departure the Yankees signed former catcher Joe Girardi to a three - year contract to manage the club . The 2008 season was the last season played at Yankee Stadium . To celebrate the final year and history of Yankee Stadium , the 2008 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was played there on July 15 , 2008 . The final regular - season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21 , 2008 . After the game , Jeter addressed the crowd , thanking them for their support over the years , and urging them to `` take the memories of this field , add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation . '' Despite multiple midseason roster moves , the team was hampered by injuries and missed the playoffs for the first time in 14 seasons . The new Yankee Stadium opened in 2009 and was christened with a World Series victory Main articles : 2009 New York Yankees season and 2009 World Series During the off - season , the Yankees retooled their roster with several star free agent acquisitions , including CC Sabathia , Mark Teixeira , and A.J. Burnett . At the beginning of the 2009 season , the Yankees opened the new Yankee Stadium . The Yankees set a major league record by playing error - free ball for 18 consecutive games from May 14 to June 1 , 2009 . The Yankees finished first in the AL East . In the ALDS they defeated the Twins in a sweep before moving on to the ALCS where the Yankees defeated Angels in six games . They defeated the defending champions , the Philadelphia Phillies , in Game 6 of the World Series 7 -- 3 , to take the series 4 -- 2 , their 27th World Series title . Main article : 2010 New York Yankees season The 2010 season featured the rivalry between the Yankees and Red Sox being revived to start and end the season . The Yankees and the Red Sox started and finished the season against each other at Fenway Park . This was the first time since 1950 this had happened . In June , Joe Torre 's Dodgers played games against the Yankees for the first time since he became manager of the Dodgers , with the Yankees taking two out of three games in the series . During the 2010 All - Star break , Pennsylvania announcer Bob Sheppard and principal owner George Steinbrenner died . Eight days later , another longtime Yankee icon , former player and manager Ralph Houk , died . The Yankees won the American League Wild Card . They swept the Minnesota Twins in the 2010 American League Division Series , but lost to the Texas Rangers in the 2010 American League Championship Series 4 games to 2 . In a 22 -- 9 win over the Athletics at home on August 25 , 2011 , the Yankees became the first team in Major League history to hit three grand slams in a single game . They were hit by Robinson Canó , Russell Martin , and Curtis Granderson . The Yankees won the AL East title for the second time in three seasons , finishing with 97 wins and took home field throughout the AL postseason . However , they were defeated by the Tigers in five games in the 2011 American League Division Series . In 2012 , the Yankees again finished the season with the AL 's best record at 95 -- 67 . They faced the Orioles in the 2012 American League Division Series . In Game 3 , Raúl Ibañez became the oldest player to hit two home runs in a game , the oldest to hit a walk - off homer , the first substitute position player in a postseason game to hit two home runs , and the first to hit two home runs in the 9th inning or later in a postseason game , in the Yankees ' 3 -- 2 win . The Yankees would defeat the Orioles in five games . But in the 2012 American League Championship Series , the Yankees lost to the Tigers again , this time in a four - game sweep , which was compounded with a struggling offense and a season - ending injury to Derek Jeter . The 2013 season was riddled with injuries . Mark Teixeira strained his elbow during the WBC and played only 15 games in the season , Alex Rodriguez played only 44 games after a hip surgery , Derek Jeter played only 17 games due to his ankle injury from the 2012 ALCS and Curtis Granderson played only 61 games due to forearm and knuckle injuries . On April 12 , 2013 , the Yankees made their second triple play ever in a home game playing the Baltimore Orioles . It was scored as 4 -- 6 -- 5 -- 6 -- 5 -- 3 -- 4 , the first triple play of its kind in baseball history . On September 25 , 2013 , the Yankees lost to the Tampa Bay Rays , which for the second time in the wild card era , eliminated them from any playoffs . They ended the season 85 - 77 , finishing in 3rd place in the AL East . During the 2013 -- 14 offseason , the Yankees went on a large free agent spending spree , signing players such as Brian McCann , Jacoby Ellsbury , Masahiro Tanaka , and Carlos Beltrán . Despite that , the Yankees missed the playoffs for the second straight season , the first time in the post-1994 strike era , finishing 2nd in the AL East with an 84 - 78 record . Rodriguez missed the entire season due to a 162 - game suspension for his participation in the Biogenesis baseball scandal . One notable moment happened on September 25 , 2014 , when Derek Jeter -- playing his final home game -- hit a walk - off single off pitcher Evan Meek to defeat the Baltimore Orioles in front of 48,613 fans who came to see the captain for the last time . Reliever Dellin Betances finished 3rd in voting for AL Rookie of the Year , while starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka finished 5th . The 2015 season saw the Yankees make the playoffs for the first time since 2012 . In his return from suspension , Rodriguez hit 33 home runs , his most since 2008 , and tied Hank Aaron 's record of fifteen 30 - homer seasons . Teixeira hit 31 home runs before a hit - by - pitch ended his season in August . Rookie first baseman Greg Bird had an impressive showing in Teixeira 's place , hitting 11 home runs in 46 games , while rookie starting pitcher Luis Severino went 5 - 3 with a 2.89 ERA in 62.1 innings after getting called up in August . Closer Andrew Miller won the AL Reliever of the Year Award . The Yankees led the AL East for most of the year before being felled by a surging Toronto Blue Jays team , ending the season 87 - 75 and in 2nd place . They were soundly defeated by the Houston Astros , 3 -- 0 in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game , shutout for six innings by opposing starter Dallas Keuchel , earning boos from the frustrated home crowd of Yankees fans . In the offseason , the Yankees traded for Cincinnati Reds ' closer Aroldis Chapman after a domestic violence allegation lowered his value . Chapman would later be suspended 30 games . The Yankees started the 2016 season on a rough note , starting 9 - 17 . The resurgent 2015 experienced by Rodriguez and Teixeira did not carry over , as they batted . 200 and . 204 for the season , respectively . Bird was ruled out for the season after undergoing shoulder surgery . Starting pitcher Michael Pineda struggled , going 6 - 12 with a 4.82 ERA , the 7th - highest in baseball . At the trade deadline , the Yankees stood at an uninspiring 52 - 52 , persuading ownership to trade away their most valuable assets and be sellers at the deadline . New era : Baby Bombers take charge ( 2016 -- present ) On July 25 , 2016 , the Yankees began the rebuilding process , trading Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for a package centered around top shortstop prospect Gleyber Torres . Six days later , Miller was traded to the Cleveland Indians for prospects , outfielder Clint Frazier and pitcher Justus Sheffield . Miller and Chapman would face off in the 2016 World Series as opposing relievers . In early August , both Teixeira and Rodriguez revealed their plans to retire by the season 's end . Rodriguez played his final game on August 12 , going 1 - for - 4 with an RBI and getting a chance to play third base . In his fourth - to - last game , Teixeira hit a walk - off grand slam against the Boston Red Sox , his 409th and last career home run . The Yankees called up several top prospects to the majors in early August . First baseman Tyler Austin and outfielder Aaron Judge made their debut on August 13 , hitting back - to - back home runs in their first career at - bats . Catcher Gary Sánchez hit 20 home runs in only 53 games , finishing 2nd in AL Rookie of the Year voting and setting records as the fastest to reach 20 career home runs . Sanchez , Judge and Austin , as well as the Yankees ' prosperous farm system in general , became nicknamed the `` Baby Bombers '' . During the 2016 - 17 offseason , the Yankees signed Chapman to a 5 - year , $86 million contract , the most expensive for a relief pitcher in history . The Yankees ' farm system is currently highly regarded , boasting seven prospects in MLB. com 's Top 100 list , with the highest being Gleyber Torres ( 3rd ) . Distinctions World Series rings See also : List of New York Yankees seasons and New York Yankees award winners and league leaders The Yankees have won a record 27 World Series in 40 appearances ( which , since the first World Series in 1903 , currently amounts to an average appearance every 2.7 seasons and a championship every 4.0 seasons ) ; the St. Louis Cardinals are second with 11 World Series victories . The Yankees ' number of World Series losses , 13 , leads Major League Baseball . The St. Louis Cardinals , Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers and New York / San Francisco Giants are second in total World Series appearances with eighteen apiece . Of their 18 World Series appearances , the Dodgers have faced the Yankees eleven times , going 3 -- 8 , while the Giants have faced the Yankees seven times , going 2 -- 5 . Among North American major sports , the Yankees ' success is approached only by the 24 Stanley Cup championships of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League . The Yankees have played in the World Series against every National League pennant winner except the Houston Astros and the Colorado Rockies . Through 2014 , the Yankees have an all - time regular season winning percentage of . 567 ( a 10,031 -- 7,648 record ) , the best of any team in baseball . World Series championships The Yankees have won 27 World Series Championships . Their most recent one came in 2009 , under manager Joe Girardi , when they defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . Season Manager Opponent Series Score Record 1923 Miller Huggins New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 54 1927 Miller Huggins Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 110 -- 44 1928 Miller Huggins St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 0 101 -- 53 1932 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 107 -- 47 1936 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 2 102 -- 51 1937 Joe McCarthy New York Giants 4 -- 1 102 -- 52 1938 Joe McCarthy Chicago Cubs 4 -- 0 99 -- 53 1939 Joe McCarthy Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 0 106 -- 45 1941 Joe McCarthy Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 101 -- 53 1943 Joe McCarthy St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 1 98 -- 56 1947 Bucky Harris Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1949 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 1 97 -- 57 1950 Casey Stengel Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 0 98 -- 56 1951 Casey Stengel New York Giants 4 -- 2 98 -- 56 1952 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 95 -- 59 1953 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 2 99 -- 51 1956 Casey Stengel Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 3 97 -- 57 1958 Casey Stengel Milwaukee Braves 4 -- 3 92 -- 62 1961 Ralph Houk Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 1 109 -- 53 1962 Ralph Houk San Francisco Giants 4 -- 3 96 -- 66 1977 Billy Martin Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 62 1978 Bob Lemon Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 100 -- 63 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 2 92 -- 70 1998 Joe Torre San Diego Padres 4 -- 0 114 -- 48 1999 Joe Torre Atlanta Braves 4 -- 0 98 -- 64 2000 Joe Torre New York Mets 4 -- 1 87 -- 74 2009 Joe Girardi Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 2 103 -- 59 Total World Series championships : 27 Team nicknames The `` Yankees '' name is often shortened to `` the Yanks . '' Their most prominently used nickname is `` the Bronx Bombers '' or simply `` the Bombers '' , a reference to their home and their prolific hitting . A less used nickname is `` the Pinstripes '' , in reference to the iconic feature on their home uniforms . Critics often refer to the team and the organization as `` the Evil Empire '' , a term applied to the Yankees by Boston Red Sox president Larry Lucchino in a 2002 interview with the New York Times . A term from the team 's tumultuous late 70s , `` the Bronx Zoo '' , is sometimes used by detractors , as well as the `` Damn Yankees '' , after the musical of the same name . Ironically , even many Yankees supporters refer to their team as the `` Evil Empire '' as a badge of honor and in fact enjoy having their team play `` the villain '' . Logo , uniform , and dress code Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees Popularity Fan support `` Freddy Sez '' holding one of his signs near the bleachers entrance before a game between the Yankees and the Texas Rangers . With their recurring success since the 1920s , the Yankees have since been one of the most popular teams in the world , with their fan base coming from much further than the New York metropolitan area . The Yankees typically bring an upsurge in attendance at all or most of their various road - trip venues , drawing crowds of their own fans , as well as home - town fans whose interest is heightened when the Yankees come to town . The first 1 million - fan season was in 1920 , when 1,289,422 fans attended Yankee games at the Polo Grounds . The first 2 million - fan season was in 1946 , when 2,265,512 fans attended the games at Yankee Stadium . The Yankees have beaten the league average for home attendance 83 out of the last 87 years ( only during 1990 , 1991 , 1992 and 1994 did they not accomplish this ) . In the past seven years , the Yankees have drawn over three million fans each year , with an American League record - setting 4,090,696 in 2005 , becoming only the third franchise in sports history to draw over four million in regular season attendance in their own ballpark . The Yankees were the league leaders in `` road attendance '' each year from 2001 through 2006 . One famous fan was Freddy Schuman , popularly known as `` Freddy Sez . '' For over 50 years , he came to the Yankees ' home games with a baseball cap , a Yankees ' jersey ( which on the back bears his own name ) , and a cake pan with a shamrock painted on it , which was connected to a sign inscribed with words of encouragement for the home team . Schuman died on October 17 , 2010 at the age of 85 . To avoid unwanted publicity , Yankees members use aliases when registering for hotels . The Village Voice published a list of aliases used by Yankees members , and the contents were republished on The Smoking Gun . The Bleacher Creatures A shirt worn by a number of Bleacher Creatures Main article : Bleacher Creatures The `` Bleacher Creatures '' are a notorious group of season ticket holders who occupied Section 39 in the right field bleachers at the old Yankee Stadium , and occupy Section 203 in the new one . They are known for their strict allegiance to the Yankees , and are often merciless to opposing fans who sit in the section and cheer for the road team . They enjoy taunting the opposing team 's right fielder with a series of chanting and slandering . The `` creatures '' got their nickname from New York Daily News columnist Filip `` Flip '' Bondy , who spent the 2004 season sitting in the section for research on his book about the group , Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium , published in 2005 . Global expansion and business model The Yankees baseball club is formally owned by Yankee Global Enterprises which owns the team 's regional YES sports network . While the club has claimed it is operating under annual losses in excess of $47 million this figure is attributed only to the ballclub 's finances and not to finances attributed to YES or Yankees Global Enterprises . The Yankees have become well known for a winning reputation on a global level . In 2007 , they reached an agreement with the Chinese Baseball Association to allow coaches , scouts and trainers to work in China to promote baseball and judge talent . They are trying to do the same with the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers in Japan . The Yankees and Yomiuri Giants currently have a close relationship and share ideas and strategies . The Yomiuri Shimbun daily newspaper has an ad on the left - field wall at Yankee Stadium , and other Japanese ads appear on the scrolling backstop advertising board . The Yankees are hoping that close ties with countries such as China and Japan will give them personal , in depth judgments of baseball talent . In 2008 , the Yankees announced a joint venture with the Dallas Cowboys that would form the basis for a partnership in running food and beverage , and other catering services to both teams ' stadiums . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked New York Yankees as the fourth most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid of La Liga , Manchester United of the Premier League and Barcelona of La Liga , a value of $2.3 billion . In 2017 , Forbes magazine ranked the Yankees as the most valuable MLB team at $3.7 billion , up 9 % from 2016 , with the average MLB team worth $1.54 billion . Criticism With the long - term success of the franchise and a large Yankee fanbase , many fans of other teams have come to dislike the Yankees . The organization is sometimes referred to by detractors as `` the Bronx Zoo '' ( echoing the title of Sparky Lyle 's book ) or `` the Evil Empire . '' When the Yankees are on the road , it is common for the home fans to chant `` Yankees Suck '' , and numerous T - shirts , bumper stickers and other items have been sold with this phrase . Much of the animosity toward the team may derive from its high payroll ( which was around $200 million at the start of the 2008 season , the highest of any American sports team ) , and the free agent superstars the team attracts in the offseason . Chicago Tribune columnist Mike Royko noted , `` Hating the Yankees is as American as pizza pie , unwed mothers , and cheating on your income tax . '' Fight and Theme songs The Grounds - crew at Yankee Stadium dancing to `` Y.M.C.A. '' The official fight song for the Yankees is `` Here Come the Yankees '' , written in 1967 by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman . While it is not used as often , it is still heard frequently in instrumental form , most prominently in radio broadcasts . Another song strongly linked to the team is `` New York , New York '' , which is played in the stadium after home games . The Frank Sinatra cover version is traditionally played after victories , and the Liza Minnelli original version after losses . When the Yankees take the field before the start of every game , 2 Unlimited 's `` Get Ready For This '' is played , with the fans usually clapping along . When the Yankees score a run at home , a short snippet of 2 Unlimited 's `` Workaholic '' containing the bell chime of Westminster Quarters is played . A wide selection of songs are played regularly at the stadium , many of them live on the Stadium 's Hammond organ . `` God Bless America '' has been played during the 7th inning stretch since September 11 . The version typically played is an abbreviated version of Kate Smith 's rendition . However , during many important games ( including most play - off games ) and on noteworthy days , it is sung live a Capella and includes a longer introduction . During the 5th inning , the grounds - crew , while performing their duties , dances to `` Y.M.C.A. '' . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , once played during the 7th inning stretch , is now played in the 8th inning . On the DiamondVision screen , a man in farmer 's garb is shown dancing in the stadium 's control room , with the words `` Cotton - Eyed Joey '' at the bottom . The organist will sometimes play the `` Zorba the Greek Theme '' , accompanied by clapping from the audience , to excite the crowd and encourage a rally . Radio and television Main article : List of New York Yankees broadcasters The Yankees Entertainment and Sports ( YES ) Network launched in 2002 , and serves as the primary home of the New York Yankees . Michael Kay is the play - by - play announcer with Ken Singleton , and Singleton , David Cone , Al Leiter , John Flaherty , and Paul O'Neill work as commentators as part of a three - man , or occasionally two - man , booth . Bob Lorenz hosts the pre-game show and the post-game show with Jack Curry , and Meredith Marakovits and Nancy Newman are the on site reporters . Some games are telecast on WPIX and formerly on WWOR - TV ; those broadcasts are produced by YES . Radio broadcasts are on the Yankees Radio Network , the flagship station being WFAN 660 AM , with John Sterling as the play - by - play announcer and Suzyn Waldman providing the commentary , with Spanish - language broadcasts on WADO 1280 AM . The history of Yankee radio broadcasters is : WJZ 770 ( 1939 -- ' 40 ) , WOR 710 ( 1942 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1944 -- ' 57 ) , WMGM 1050 ( 1958 -- ' 60 ) , WCBS 880 ( 1961 -- ' 66 ) , WHN 1050 ( 1967 -- ' 70 ) , WMCA 570 ( 1971 -- ' 77 ) , WINS 1010 ( 1978 -- ' 80 ) , WABC 770 ( 1981 -- 2001 ) , WCBS 880 ( 2002 -- 2013 ) , WFAN 660 AM and WFAN - FM 101.9 ( 2014 -- present ) . Past announcers Mel Allen was the team 's lead announcer from 1948 to 1964 . Red Barber called Yankees games for thirteen seasons ( 1954 -- 1966 ) . Frank Messer , Phil Rizzuto and Bill White teamed together in the 1970s and 1980s . Rizzuto , with 40 years in the broadcast booth , is the longest serving broadcaster in the history of the club . Messer and White each worked nearly two decades for the Yankees , with White notably moving on to become president of the National League in 1989 . Bobby Murcer also called games for over twenty years , and continued with the YES Network until shortly before his death from brain cancer . Roster Further information : List of New York Yankees coaches , List of New York Yankees managers , New York Yankees award winners and league leaders , and New York Yankees team captains Current roster New York Yankees roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 55 Sonny Gray 52 CC Sabathia 40 Luis Severino 19 Masahiro Tanaka Bullpen 68 Dellin Betances 34 Jaime García 57 Chad Green 48 Tommy Kahnle 47 Jordan Montgomery 30 David Robertson 43 Adam Warren Closer 54 Aroldis Chapman Catchers 27 Austin Romine 24 Gary Sánchez Infielders 33 Greg Bird 14 Starlin Castro 29 Todd Frazier 18 Didi Gregorius 12 Chase Headley 74 Ronald Torreyes Outfielders 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 11 Brett Gardner 31 Aaron Hicks 99 Aaron Judge Designated hitters 17 Matt Holliday Pitchers 50 Giovanny Gallegos 64 Domingo Germán 61 Ben Heller -- Ronald Herrera 65 Jonathan Holder 66 Bryan Mitchell 45 Chasen Shreve 41 Caleb Smith Catchers -- Kyle Higashioka 36 Erik Kratz Infielders 67 Miguel Andújar 26 Tyler Austin -- Garrett Cooper 39 Tyler Wade Outfielders 77 Clint Frazier Manager 28 Joe Girardi Coaches -- Jason Brown ( bullpen catcher ) 62 Alan Cockrell ( hitting ) 53 Joe Espada ( third base / infield ) 60 Mike Harkey ( bullpen ) 56 Tony Peña ( first base / catching ) 58 Larry Rothschild ( pitching ) 63 Marcus Thames ( asst . hitting ) 59 Rob Thomson ( bench ) 60 - day disabled list 85 Luis Cessa 35 Michael Pineda 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated October 5 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Yankees have retired 21 numbers for 23 individuals , the most in Major League Baseball . Billy Martin 2B , M Retired August 10 , 1986 Derek Jeter SS Retired May 14 , 2017 Babe Ruth RF Retired June 13 , 1948 Lou Gehrig 1B Retired July 4 , 1939 Joe DiMaggio CF Retired April 18 , 1952 Joe Torre Retired August 23 , 2014 Mickey Mantle CF , Coach Retired June 8 , 1969 Bill Dickey C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Yogi Berra C , M , Coach Retired July 22 , 1972 Roger Maris RF Retired July 21 , 1984 Phil Rizzuto SS Retired August 4 , 1985 Thurman Munson Retired August 3 , 1979 Whitey Ford SP , Coach Retired August 3 , 1974 Jorge Posada Retired August 22 , 2015 Don Mattingly 1B , Coach Retired August 31 , 1997 Elston Howard C , Coach Retired July 21 , 1984 Casey Stengel Retired August 8 , 1970 Mariano Rivera RP Retired September 22 , 2013 Reggie Jackson RF Retired August 14 , 1993 Andy Pettitte SP Retired August 23 , 2015 Ron Guidry SP , Coach Retired August 23 , 2003 Bernie Williams CF Retired May 24 , 2015 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The retired numbers were displayed behind the old Yankee Stadium 's left field fence and in front of the opposing team 's bullpen , forming a little alley that connects Monument Park to the left field stands . When the franchise moved across the street to the new stadium , the numbers were incorporated into Monument Park that sits place in center field between both bullpens . The 20 numbers are placed on the wall in chronological order , beginning with Lou Gehrig 's number 4 . This was retired soon after Gehrig left baseball on July 4 , 1939 , the same day he gave his famous farewell speech . His was the first number retired in Major League Baseball history . Beneath the numbers are plaques with the names of the players and a descriptive paragraph . The first four in the row of retired numbers at the old Yankee Stadium The number 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson on April 15 , 1997 , the 50th anniversary of his breaking the color barrier . The day was declared Jackie Robinson Day , and would later be observed by all of baseball , with select players from every team wearing the number 42 . Players who wore No. 42 at the time were allowed to continue to wear it until they left the team with which they played on April 15 , 1997 ; Mariano Rivera was the last active player covered under that grandfather clause . While other teams placed the number 42 with the rest of their retired numbers , the Yankees did not do so at first . Ten years later , on April 17 , 2007 , the Yankees honored Robinson by mounting the logo of Jackie Robinson Day with a corresponding plaque alongside the rest of the retired numbers . Because the Yankees were finishing a roadtrip in Oakland on Jackie Robinson Day , the ceremony took place two days later . When the Yankees moved to the second Yankee Stadium , they replaced the Jackie Robinson Day logo with a number 42 that resembled the other retired numbers . Later on they replaced the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodger 's style , and on September 22 , 2013 a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park . Also , the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera . In 1972 , the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day , in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege , catcher Yogi Berra . Berra inherited Dickey 's number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach . Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player / manager combination . He wore number 1 as a player in the 1950s and as a manager in the 1970s and 1980s . The numbers 37 and 6 , retired for Casey Stengel and Joe Torre respectively , are the only numbers retired by the Yankees for someone who served solely as manager of the team . Stengel managed the Yankees to ten pennants and seven world championships between 1949 and 1960 , including a record five consecutive world championships from 1949 through 1953 . Joe Torre managed the Yankees from 1996 to 2007 , winning six pennants and four World Series championships . On May 14 , 2017 , the Yankees retired number 2 in honor of Derek Jeter . This leaves 0 , which the Yankees have never issued in their history , as the only single - digit number available for future Yankees . Hall of Famers New York Yankees Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Baltimore Orioles Roger Bresnahan Joe Kelley Joe McGinnity John McGraw Wilbert Robinson New York Highlanders Jack Chesbro * Clark Griffith Willie Keeler Branch Rickey New York Yankees Frank Baker Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Wade Boggs Frank Chance Earle Combs Stan Coveleski Bobby Cox Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Leo Durocher Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Waite Hoyt Miller Huggins Catfish Hunter * * Reggie Jackson Randy Johnson Tony Lazzeri Bob Lemon Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail Mickey Mantle Joe McCarthy Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Phil Rizzuto Iván Rodríguez Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Casey Stengel Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Paul Waner George Weiss Dave Winfield Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Yankees or Highlanders cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Catfish Hunter could not decide between the Yankees and Athletics , and so opted to wear no insignia on his cap upon his induction . Larry MacPhail served as co-owner , president and general manager of the Yankees. Lee MacPhail served as director of player personnel and general manager of the Yankees . Both were inducted as Executives by the Veterans Committee . Neither were affiliated with a primary team or depicted on their plaques with caps Jacob Ruppert was inducted as an Executive / Pioneer for his contributions to baseball as owner of the Yankees . Ed Barrow and George Weiss were inducted as Executives for their work as general managers of the Yankees . They are depicted on their plaques without caps . New York Yankees Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman * Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges Tony Kubek * Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Yankees . * Played as a Yankee Rivalries Boston Red Sox Main article : Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry The Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry is one of the oldest , most famous and fiercest rivalries in professional sports . For over 100 years , the Boston Red Sox and the Yankees have been intense rivals . The rivalry is often termed `` the best '' and `` greatest rivalry in all of sports . '' Games between the two teams are often broadcast on national television , schedule permitting . The rivalry is sometimes so polarizing that it is often a heated subject , like religion or politics , in the Northeastern United States . Since the inception of the wild card team and an added Division Series , the American League East rivals have squared off in the American League Championship Series three times , with the Yankees winning twice in 1999 and 2003 and the Sox winning in 2004 . In addition , the teams have twice met in the last regular - season series of a season to decide the league title , in 1904 ( when the Red Sox won ) and 1949 ( when the Yankees won ) . The teams also finished tied for first in 1978 , when the Yankees won a high - profile one - game playoff for the division title . The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14 - game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season . Similarly , the 2004 ALCS is notable for the Yankees leading 3 games to 0 and ultimately losing a best of seven series . The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win a postseason series . Subway Series Main articles : Subway Series , Mets -- Yankees rivalry , Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry , and Giants -- Yankees rivalry The Subway Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City . The term 's historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams . The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city , and have compiled an 11 -- 3 record in the fourteen championship Subway Series . Since 1997 , the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of New York Yankees minor league affiliates The Yankees are affiliated with the following minor league teams : Level Team League Location AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders International League Moosic , Pennsylvania AA Trenton Thunder Eastern League Trenton , New Jersey Advanced A Tampa Yankees Florida State League Tampa , Florida Charleston RiverDogs South Atlantic League Charleston , South Carolina Short Season A Staten Island Yankees New York -- Penn League Staten Island , New York Rookie Pulaski Yankees Appalachian League Pulaski , Virginia GCL Yankees West Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida GCL Yankees East Gulf Coast League Tampa , Florida DSL Yankees 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Yankees 2 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Front office Main article : List of New York Yankees owners and executives The Yankees front office , as of 2013 , included Hal Steinbrenner ( Managing General Partner / Co-Chairperson ) , Randy Levine ( President ) , Lonn A. Trost ( Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel ) , and Brian Cashman ( Senior Vice President , General Manager ) . See also Baseball portal New York City portal List of World Series champions List of New York Yankees managers References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Timeline 1903 -- 1925 '' . New York Yankees . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Yankee Stadium '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : 1999 '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Revenue To Immediately Double In New Stadium '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Hall of Fame Register '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` The Cowboys And Yankees Top The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Yankees ( 1903 -- present ) '' . Sports E-cyclopedia . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Gordon - Society for American Baseball Research '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William F. ( 2006 ) . The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball , McFarland , chapter 3 : The Professional Game : 1876 to 1892 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 42468 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline ( 1903 -- 1925 ) '' . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Find Franchise Trade History between Boston Red Sox & New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Owners Of Yanks To Enjoin Johnson ; Colonels Ruppert and Huston Will Carry Fight for Carl Mays Into Court . Refuse To Attend Meeting Big Baseball Battle Precipitated by Ban 's Belated Action Against Former Boston Pitcher . Will Enjoin President . Statement of Owners . Parting of the Ways '' . The New York Times . 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Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds vs. Philadelphia Phillies -- Recap '' . ESPN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jeff ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Valuing Trades Between the Kansas City A 's and New York Yankees '' . Royals Review . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Friend , Harold . `` The New York Yankees Traded Roger Maris for Him ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Maris battled Mantle , media and Babe 's legacy '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Maris breaks home - run record - Oct 01 , 1961 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees Timeline 1951 -- 1975 '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Curt ( 2005 ) . Voices of Summer . New York City : Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1446 - 8 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( 2007 ) . `` ' The Boss ' made Yankees a dictatorship '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyle , Sparky ; Golenbock , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Bronx Zoo : The Astonishing Inside Story of the 1978 World Champion New York Yankees . Illinois : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 715 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall of Famers -- Reggie Jackson '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Jackson Was a Liar and George Steinbrenner Was Convicted , Said Mr. Martin '' . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis Capitol Mon , July 24 , 1978 '' . Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` 25 years later , Thurman Munson 's last words remain a symbol of his life '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Forgotten Era : The ' 80s '' . `` There is an element of follow the leader that happened in the 1980s '' , Thorn said . `` The Yankees remade their roster in the 1980s to utilize speed and defense . And it did n't work with that short porch . '' Other teams out - slugged the Yankees in their home ball park , which was part of the reason the Yankees did n't win a pennant after 1981 when their late - 1970s dynasty began to break up . Jump up ^ `` Switch - hitting OF Dave Collins ' time with New York Yankees short but sweet '' . Jump up ^ `` Steinbrenner 's Speed '' . Jump up ^ `` Fans voicing displeasure with Yankees ' ownership '' . The Globe and Mail . Associated Press . August 31 , 1989 . p . A18 . Steinbrenner said ... `` You have to look at the record . We did n't win a World Series this decade , but we had the best record of the 1980s of any team in the major leagues . '' ... This is the first Yankee team since 1910 -- 1919 to go an entire decade without winning a World Series title . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( September 25 , 1990 ) . `` Pennant Chases in East Still Flying High , West All but Flagged '' . The Washington Post . p . E3 . Yankees fans had taunted the Red Sox all weekend with chants of ' 1918 , 1918 ! ' -- the last time Boston won the World Series -- and the Red Sox are not allowed by long - suffering New Englanders to forget the pain they have wrought with years of excruciating near misses . ^ Jump up to : Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 26 Jump up ^ McShane , Larry ( September 16 , 1994 ) . `` Yankees Fans Left with Broken Hearts '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Eckstein , Bob ( September 16 , 1997 ) . `` New York 's top ten worst moments in sports '' . The Village Voice. 42 ( 37 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( August 7 , 1994 ) . `` Flashback to ' 81 : Another Lead , Another Strike '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( August 10 , 1994 ) . `` ' 81 , ' 94 Yankees Both Winners but Worlds Apart in Personality '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . C2 . Those who followed the 1981 New York Yankees ... ca n't help but notice potential similarities with this year 's first - place Yankee club . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` Finishing What They Started '' . The Hartford Courant . p . G2 . In the lengthy and uncertain off - season , an unfair annointing was bestowed on the Yankees . To emphasize the sense of loss with no World Series , many columnists kept referring to the dates in October when the Yankees might have played a Series game . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre Managerial Record '' . BaseballReference.com. 2009 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Torre 's timeline with Yankees '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 659 - 7 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` In Final Twist , New York Falls in Ninth '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ben ( November 5 , 2001 ) . `` Diamondbacks 3 , Yankees 2 '' . Associated Press . The other two all - home victory Series were both won by Minnesota , 1987 and 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees finish off five - game sweep '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees sign two Chinese prospects '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kamaras , Jacob ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees Sign Sponsorship Agreement With China 's Yili Group '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees name Joe Girardi the 32nd manager in franchise history ; Signed to a three - year contract through the 2010 season '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Yankees Schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No additional final sendoff for Stadium '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Teixeira slide sparks Yanks in 12 -- 3 win over Texas '' . ABCNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Back on Top , Yankees Add a 27th Title '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Right off the bat , Sox face Yanks in 2010 '' . redsox.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks open , close 2010 vs. Red Sox '' . yankees.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` MLB announces master 2010 schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dodgers draw Yanks , Red Sox in 2010 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees turn key triple play vs. O 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees eliminated with Indians ' victory '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod's suspension reduced to 162 games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Clutch ! Jeter scripts walk - off in home finale '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards Voting Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A-Rod joins Hank Aaron as only players with 15 30 - home run seasons '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Melancon , Andrew Miller are top relievers '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Fans Boo Brett Gardner '' . The New York Times - The New York Times . 2015 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aroldis Chapman suspended 30 games '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs acquire Aroldis Chapman from Yankees '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Indians Acquire Andrew Miller '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez announces retirement , will play final game Friday '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees first baseman Mark Teixeira announces retirement '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Teixeira '' Game Logs '' 2016 '' Batting FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Austin , Judge hit back - to - back HRs in 1st at - bats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Gary Sanchez 's 20th home run helps set an MLB record '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees depending on Baby Bombers in 2017 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tayler , Jon . `` Yankees gamble by splurging for Aroldis Chapman '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com 2017 Prospect Watch '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Season - By - Season World Series Results '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Teams and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lucchino fires shot at Yanks after losing out on pitcher '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pumerantz , Zack . `` The 50 Most Popular Teams in Sports '' . The Bleacher Report . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees reach four million in tickets sales for second consecutive season '' . MLB.com . July 2 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance Report -- 2006 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Batting Third , Charlie Wattsizname '' . The Smoking Gun . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( 2005 ) . Bleeding Pinstripes : A Season with the Bleacher Creatures of Yankee Stadium . New York : Sports Publishing . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees and Chinese Baseball Association reach landmark agreement '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees team with Yomiuri Giants '' . MLB . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid Tops The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gerard , Jim ( 2005 ) . Yankees Suck ! : The Unofficial Guide for Those Who Hate , Despise , Loathe , and Detest Those Bums from the Bronx . Penguin Group : Roadside Amusements . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 12677 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Salary Database '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankee Quotations '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) . `` How ' Y.M.C.A. ' Became Baseball 's Never - Ending Jam '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Ink Multi-Year Broadcast Deal With WFAN AM & FM '' . Newyork.cbslocal.com . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Uniform Numbers in the American League '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees retire Jackie Robinson 's number '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/video/v1214974983/yankees-will-retire-jeters-no-2-in-2017 Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Zero single - digit numbers in the Bronx ? Actually , there 's still one left '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Here they go again ... ; Red Sox vs. Yankees : Bitter enemies clash with Series on line '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ; The Boston Globe ( 2004 ) . The rivals : the Boston Red Sox vs. the New York Yankees : an inside history ( 1st ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33616 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jorge L. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees vs. Red Sox : Long - running drama '' . USA Today . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy 2005 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Richinick , Michele ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Sox - Yankees rivalry led to attack , police say '' . The Boston Globe . p . B2 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` They Love to Hate Each Other ; Red Sox and Yankees carry bitter rivalry into championship series that starts tonight '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` A World Series ticket ; Sox complete comeback , oust Yankees for AL title '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , pp. 177 -- 179 Jump up ^ Frommer & Frommer 2004 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Back From Dead , Red Sox Bury Yanks and Go to Series '' . New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Rieber , Anthony ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bruins ' fall brings back memories of 2004 '' . Newsday . p. 68 . The 2004 Yankees ... are the only baseball team in history to lead a postseason series 3 -- 0 and not win it . Jump up ^ `` Minor League Affiliates '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Front Office yankees.com '' . Mlb.com . May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Bibliography Surdam , David G. ( Dec 2008 ) . `` The New York Yankees Cope with the Great Depression '' . Enterprise and Society . 9 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 40 . doi : 10.1093 / es / khn081 . Johnson , Richard A. ; Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Dick ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . New York Yankees : 40 - Man Roster New York Yankees : Manager and Coaches External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Yankees . New York Yankees official website New York Yankees on Twitter New York Yankees on Facebook Baseball-Reference.com -- year - by - year franchise index Baseball Almanac Sports E-Cyclopedia Bronx Baseball Daily New York Yankees Formerly the New York Highlanders -- Based in The Bronx , New York Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Coaches Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Team captains Members of the Hall of Fame First - round picks YES Network Ballparks Hilltop Park Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium ( opened 1923 ) ( Events ) Shea Stadium Yankee Stadium ( opened 2009 ) Spring training : Whittington Park West End Park Barrs Field Bader Field Al Lang Stadium Fort Lauderdale Stadium George M. 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'' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Joe Girardi Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . Tampa Yankees Charleston RiverDogs Short A Staten Island Yankees Rookie Adv . Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees West GCL Yankees East DSL Yankees1 DSL Yankees2 Seasons ( 115 ) 1900s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Book : New York Yankees Links to related articles Principal owners of the New York Yankees Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Sydney Frank ( 1901 -- 1902 ) John Mahon ( 1902 ) Andrew Freedman ( 1902 ) Ban Johnson ( 1902 ) New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1913 ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1903 -- 1913 ) New York Yankees ( 1913 -- present ) William Devery and Frank Farrell ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. and Tillinghast Huston ( 1915 -- 1922 ) Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1922 -- 1939 ) The Estate of Jake Ruppert Jr. ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail , Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Dan Topping and Del Webb ( 1947 -- 1964 ) CBS ( 1964 -- 1973 ) George Steinbrenner ( 1973 -- 2008 ) Hal and Hank Steinbrenner ( 2008 -- present ) New York Yankees general managers Ed Barrow ( 1920 -- 1945 ) Larry MacPhail ( 1945 -- 1947 ) George Weiss ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Roy Hamey ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Ralph Houk ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Dan Topping Jr. ( 1966 ) Lee MacPhail ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Gabe Paul ( 1973 -- 1977 ) Cedric Tallis ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Gene Michael ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Bill Bergesch ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Murray Cook ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Clyde King ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Woody Woodward ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Lou Piniella ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Quinn ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Pete Peterson ( 1990 ) Gene Michael ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Bob Watson ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Brian Cashman ( 1998 -- present ) New York Yankees managers John McGraw ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Wilbert Robinson ( 1902 ) Clark Griffith ( 1903 -- 1908 ) Kid Elberfeld ( 1908 ) George Stallings ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Hal Chase ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Harry Wolverton ( 1912 ) Frank Chance ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roger Peckinpaugh ( 1914 ) Bill Donovan ( 1915 -- 1917 ) Miller Huggins ( 1918 -- 1929 ) Art Fletcher ( 1929 ) Bob Shawkey ( 1930 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1931 -- 1946 ) Bill Dickey ( 1946 ) Johnny Neun ( 1946 ) Bucky Harris ( 1947 -- 1948 ) Casey Stengel ( 1949 -- 1960 ) Ralph Houk ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Yogi Berra ( 1964 ) Johnny Keane ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Ralph Houk ( 1966 -- 1973 ) Bill Virdon ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Billy Martin ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dick Howser ( 1978 ) Bob Lemon ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Billy Martin ( 1979 ) Dick Howser ( 1980 ) Gene Michael ( 1981 ) Bob Lemon ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Gene Michael ( 1982 ) Clyde King ( 1982 ) Billy Martin ( 1983 ) Yogi Berra ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Billy Martin ( 1985 ) Lou Piniella ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Billy Martin ( 1988 ) Lou Piniella ( 1988 ) Dallas Green ( 1989 ) Bucky Dent ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Stump Merrill ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Buck Showalter ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Joe Torre ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Joe Girardi ( 2008 -- ) New York Yankees retired numbers 1 Billy Martin 2 Derek Jeter 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Torre 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Bill Dickey & Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Phil Rizzuto 15 Thurman Munson 16 Whitey Ford 20 Jorge Posada 23 Don Mattingly 32 Elston Howard 37 Casey Stengel 42 Mariano Rivera 44 Reggie Jackson 46 Andy Pettitte 49 Ron Guidry 51 Bernie Williams Championship Navigation Boxes New York Yankees 1923 World Series champions Benny Bengough Joe Bush Joe Dugan Mike Gazella Hinkey Haines Harvey Hendrick Fred Hofmann Waite Hoyt Ernie Johnson Sam Jones Carl Mays Mike McNally Bob Meusel Herb Pennock George Pipgras Wally Pipp Babe Ruth Wally Schang Everett Scott Bob Shawkey Elmer Smith Aaron Ward Whitey Witt Manager Miller Huggins Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1927 World Series champions Benny Bengough Pat Collins Earle Combs Joe Dugan Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Joe Giard Johnny Grabowski Waite Hoyt Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Bob Meusel Wilcy Moore Ray Morehart Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Dutch Ruether Babe Ruth Bob Shawkey Urban Shocker Myles Thomas Julie Wera Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season Murderers ' Row New York Yankees 1928 World Series champions Benny Bengough George Burns Archie Campbell Pat Collins Earle Combs Bill Dickey Joe Dugan Leo Durocher Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Johnny Grabowski Fred Heimach Waite Hoyt Hank Johnson Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Wilcy Moore Bob Meusel Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Gene Robertson Babe Ruth Al Shealy Myles Thomas Tom Zachary Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season New York Yankees 1932 World Series champions 1 Earle Combs 2 Lyn Lary 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Ben Chapman 7 Jack Saltzgaver 8 Bill Dickey 9 Art Jorgens 10 George Pipgras 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Herb Pennock 14 Ed Wells 15 Red Ruffing 16 Wilcy Moore 17 Danny MacFayden 18 Johnny Allen 19 Jumbo Brown 20 Charlie Devens 20 Johnny Murphy 21 Joe Sewell 22 Doc Farrell 23 Tony Lazzeri 24 Sammy Byrd 26 Joe Glenn 27 Myril Hoag 28 Ivy Andrews 32 Eddie Phillips Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Jimmy Burke 31 Cy Perkins Regular season Babe Ruth 's called shot New York Yankees 1936 World Series champions 1 Roy Johnson 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig ( AL MVP ) 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Joe DiMaggio 10 Don Heffner 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Jack Saltzgaver 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Jumbo Brown 18 Art Jorgens 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Johnny Broaca 21 Pat Malone 22 Bob Seeds 25 Kemp Wicker 26 Joe Glenn Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1937 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Tony Lazzeri 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 24 Ivy Andrews 25 Kemp Wicker Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1938 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Gordon 7 Jake Powell 8 Bill Dickey 9 Myril Hoag 11 Lefty Gomez 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 17 Tommy Henrich 19 Johnny Murphy Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1939 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Babe Dahlgren 14 Bump Hadley 15 Red Ruffing 16 Monte Pearson 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Oral Hildebrand 32 Steve Sundra Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Earle Combs 31 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1941 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Red Rolfe 3 George Selkirk 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Joe Gordon 7 Tommy Henrich 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Phil Rizzuto 12 Buddy Rosar 14 Jerry Priddy 15 Red Ruffing 17 Charley Stanceu 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler 22 Marius Russo 24 Marv Breuer 26 Ken Silvestri 27 Frenchy Bordagaray 28 Atley Donald 34 Johnny Sturm Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1943 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Bud Metheny 5 Nick Etten 6 Joe Gordon 7 Billy Johnson 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Roy Weatherly 15 Hank Borowy 16 Tuck Stainback 18 Johnny Lindell 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler ( AL MVP ) 22 Marius Russo Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season New York Yankees 1947 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Allie Clark 5 Joe DiMaggio ( AL MVP ) 6 Bobby Brown 8 Aaron Robinson 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Lonny Frey 15 Tommy Henrich 16 Bill Bevens 20 Spec Shea 21 Spud Chandler 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 27 Johnny Lindell 29 Sherm Lollar 34 Bobo Newsom 35 Yogi Berra 36 Jack Phillips 38 Karl Drews 42 Charley Wensloff 43 Vic Raschi 50 Ralph Houk 51 George McQuinn Manager 37 Bucky Harris Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 7 Chuck Dressen 31 Red Corriden 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1949 World Series champions 1 Snuffy Stirnweiss 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Joe Page 14 Gene Woodling 15 Tommy Henrich 17 Vic Raschi 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 27 Johnny Lindell 28 Tommy Byrne 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Gus Niarhos 42 Jerry Coleman Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1950 World Series champions 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Bobby Brown 7 Cliff Mapes 8 Yogi Berra 10 Phil Rizzuto ( AL MVP ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 19 Whitey Ford 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Billy Johnson 25 Hank Bauer 26 Tom Ferrick 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Jackie Jensen 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season New York Yankees 1951 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 5 Joe DiMaggio 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra ( AL MVP ) 9 Bobby Brown 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald ( AL ROY ) 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 25 Hank Bauer 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 35 Joe Ostrowski 36 Johnny Mize 38 Johnny Hopp 40 Bobby Hogue 41 Joe Collins 42 Jerry Coleman 52 Tom Morgan Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 15 Tommy Henrich 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1952 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 17 Vic Raschi 18 Ray Scarborough 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 32 Ralph Houk 36 Johnny Mize 40 Ewell Blackwell 41 Joe Collins Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1953 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Phil Rizzuto 11 Johnny Sain 12 Gil McDougald 14 Gene Woodling 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Vic Raschi 18 Jim McDonald 21 Bob Kuzava 22 Allie Reynolds 24 Tom Gorman 25 Irv Noren 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Ed Lopat 36 Johnny Mize 38 Art Schallock 45 Don Bollweg Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 32 Ralph Houk 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1956 World Series champions 1 Billy Martin 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 15 Joe Collins 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen ( World Series MVP ) 19 Bob Turley 22 Mickey McDermott 23 Tommy Byrne 28 Tom Morgan 29 Charlie Silvera 30 Rip Coleman 32 Elston Howard 36 Norm Siebern 39 George Wilson 41 Bob Cerv 42 Jerry Coleman 47 Tom Sturdivant 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Bob Grim Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Bill Dickey Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1958 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Andy Carey 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Hank Bauer 10 Tony Kubek 11 Jerry Lumpe 12 Gil McDougald 14 Bill Skowron 16 Whitey Ford 17 Enos Slaughter 18 Don Larsen 19 Bob Turley ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 20 Marv Throneberry 23 Murry Dickson 24 Duke Maas 25 Norm Siebern 26 Ryne Duren 28 Art Ditmar 30 Bobby Shantz 32 Elston Howard 53 Johnny Kucks 55 Zach Monroe Manager 37 Casey Stengel Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 31 Jim Turner 33 Charlie Keller 35 Ralph Houk Regular season New York Yankees 1961 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris ( AL MVP ) 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 12 Billy Gardner 14 Bill Skowron 15 Jack Reed 16 Whitey Ford ( CYA and World Series MVP ) 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry 28 Bud Daley 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 47 Luis Arroyo Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 29 Earl Torgeson 31 Johnny Sain 36 Wally Moses 44 Jim Hegan Regular season New York Yankees 1962 World Series champions 1 Bobby Richardson 6 Clete Boyer 7 Mickey Mantle ( AL MVP ) 8 Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Tony Kubek 11 Héctor López 14 Bill Skowron 15 Tom Tresh ( AL ROY ) 16 Whitey Ford 22 Bill Stafford 23 Ralph Terry ( World Series MVP ) 26 Dale Long 28 Bud Daley 30 Marshall Bridges 32 Elston Howard 38 Johnny Blanchard 39 Jim Coates 56 Jim Bouton Manager 35 Ralph Houk Coaches 2 Frankie Crosetti 44 Jim Hegan 36 Wally Moses 55 Spud Murray 31 Johnny Sain Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1977 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent 24 Mike Torrez 25 George Zeber 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 35 Don Gullett 40 Fran Healy 41 Cliff Johnson 44 Reggie Jackson ( World Series MVP ) 49 Ron Guidry 50 Ken Clay Manager 1 Billy Martin Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 21 Cloyd Boyer 32 Elston Howard 33 Bobby Cox 34 Dick Howser 42 Art Fowler Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1978 World Series champions 2 Paul Blair 6 Roy White 9 Graig Nettles 10 Chris Chambliss 11 Fred Stanley 12 Jim Spencer 14 Lou Piniella 15 Thurman Munson 17 Mickey Rivers 19 Dick Tidrow 20 Bucky Dent ( World Series MVP ) 24 Gary Thomasson 25 Brian Doyle 27 Jay Johnstone 28 Sparky Lyle 29 Catfish Hunter 30 Willie Randolph 31 Ed Figueroa 36 Paul Lindblad 41 Cliff Johnson 43 Ken Clay 44 Reggie Jackson 45 Jim Beattie 46 Mike Heath 49 Ron Guidry 54 Goose Gossage Manager 21 Bob Lemon Coaches 8 Yogi Berra 42 Art Fowler 32 Elston Howard 34 Dick Howser 33 Gene Michael Regular season American League Championship Series Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry New York Yankees 1996 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Dwight Gooden 12 Wade Boggs 13 Jim Leyritz 17 Kenny Rogers 18 Mariano Duncan 19 Luis Sojo 20 Mike Aldrete 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Jimmy Key 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Andy Fox 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Rubén Rivera 31 Tim Raines 33 Charlie Hayes 35 John Wetteland ( World Series MVP ) 36 David Cone 39 Darryl Strawberry 41 Brian Boehringer 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Cecil Fielder 46 Andy Pettitte 51 Bernie Williams ( ALCS MVP ) 52 David Weathers 57 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Bench Coach 48 Don Zimmer Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Bullpen Catcher Rudy Árias Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 1998 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 14 Hideki Irabu 18 Scott Brosius ( World Series MVP ) 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Homer Bush 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Graeme Lloyd 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 31 Tim Raines 33 David Wells ( ALCS MVP ) 36 David Cone 38 Ricky Ledée 39 Darryl Strawberry 40 Darren Holmes 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 1999 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Chuck Knoblauch 13 Jim Leyritz 14 Hideki Irabu 17 Ricky Ledée 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Sojo 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Joe Girardi 26 Orlando Hernández ( ALCS MVP ) 27 Allen Watson 28 Chad Curtis 29 Mike Stanton 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 39 Darryl Strawberry 42 Mariano Rivera ( World Series MVP ) 43 Jeff Nelson 45 Chili Davis 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 50 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 José Cardenal Assistant Coach 57 Gary Tuck Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees 2000 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter ( World Series MVP ) 11 Chuck Knoblauch 12 Denny Neagle 13 José Vizcaíno 14 Luis Sojo 17 Dwight Gooden 18 Scott Brosius 19 Luis Polonia 20 Jorge Posada 21 Paul O'Neill 22 Roger Clemens 24 Tino Martinez 25 Chris Turner 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Allen Watson 28 David Justice ( ALCS MVP ) 29 Mike Stanton 31 Glenallen Hill 33 Jose Canseco 35 Clay Bellinger 36 David Cone 38 Jason Grimsley 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Jeff Nelson 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Shane Spencer 51 Bernie Williams 55 Ramiro Mendoza 58 Randy Choate Manager 6 Joe Torre Third Base Coach 30 Willie Randolph Pitching Coach 34 Mel Stottlemyre Bullpen Coach 40 Tony Cloninger Hitting Coach 49 Chris Chambliss Bench Coach 52 Don Zimmer First Base Coach 53 Lee Mazzilli Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Mets -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 2009 World Series champions 2 Derek Jeter 11 Brett Gardner 13 Alex Rodriguez 14 Eric Hinske 17 Jerry Hairston Jr . 18 Johnny Damon 19 Ramiro Peña 20 Jorge Posada 24 Robinson Canó 25 Mark Teixeira 26 José Molina 29 Francisco Cervelli 30 David Robertson 33 Nick Swisher 34 A.J. Burnett 41 Chad Gaudin 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Dámaso Marte 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Freddy Guzmán 48 Phil Coke 52 CC Sabathia 53 Melky Cabrera 55 Hideki Matsui ( World Series MVP ) 62 Joba Chamberlain 65 Phil Hughes 91 Alfredo Aceves 99 Brian Bruney Manager 27 Joe Girardi Bench coach 56 Tony Peña First base coach 50 Mick Kelleher Third base coach 59 Rob Thomson Hitting coach 54 Kevin Long Pitching coach 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen coach 57 Mike Harkey Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former and relocated teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sport teams based in the New York metropolitan area Australian rules football USAFL New York Magpies Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees NYPL Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees ALPB Bridgeport Bluefish Long Island Ducks Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Rockland Boulders Sussex County Miners Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks ABA Jersey Express Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets WFA New York Sharks Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Bridgeport Sound Tigers NWHL Metropolitan Riveters Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Soccer MLS New York City FC New York Red Bulls NASL New York Cosmos USL New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL F.A. 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-8802654902643073991	National identification number	National identification number - wikipedia National identification number Jump to : navigation , search For the numeric form of password , see Personal identification number . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A national identification number , national identity number , or national insurance number is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens , permanent residents , and temporary residents for the purposes of work , taxation , government benefits , health care , and other governmentally - related functions . The number appears on identity documents issued by several of the countries . The ways in which such a system is implemented vary among countries , but in most cases citizens are issued an identification number upon reaching legal age , or when they are born . Non-citizens may be issued such numbers when they enter the country , or when granted a temporary or permanent residence permit . Many countries issued such numbers for a singular purpose , but over time , they become a de facto national identification number . For example , the United States developed its Social Security number system as a means of organizing disbursing of Social Security benefits . However , due to function creep , the number has become used for other purposes to the point where it is almost essential to have one to , among other things , open a bank account , obtain a credit card , or drive a car . Although some countries are required to collect TIN / SSN information for overseas payment procedures , some countries , like the US , are not required to collect other nations ' TIN if other requirements are met , such as date of birth . Authorities use databases and they need a unique identifier in order to be that data actually refer to the searched person . In countries where there is no established nationwide number , authorities need to create their own number for each person , though there is a risk of mismatching people . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 1.1 The Gambia 1.2 Nigeria 1.3 South Africa 1.4 Zimbabwe 2 Americas 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Canada 2.4 Chile 2.5 Colombia 2.6 Mexico 2.7 United States 2.8 Venezuela 3 Asia 3.1 Bahrain 3.2 People 's Republic of China 3.3 Hong Kong 3.4 India 3.5 Indonesia 3.6 Iran , Islamic Republic of 3.7 Iraq , Republic of 3.8 Israel 3.9 Japan 3.10 Kazakhstan 3.11 Kuwait 3.12 Macau 3.13 Malaysia 3.14 Nepal 3.15 Pakistan 3.16 Singapore 3.17 South Korea 3.18 Sri Lanka 3.19 Taiwan 3.20 Thailand 3.21 United Arab Emirates 3.22 Vietnam 4 Europe 4.1 Albania 4.2 Austria 4.3 Belgium 4.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.5 Bulgaria 4.6 Croatia 4.7 Czech Republic and Slovakia 4.8 Denmark 4.9 Estonia 4.10 European Economic Area / Switzerland 4.11 Finland 4.12 France 4.13 Germany 4.14 Greece 4.15 Hungary 4.16 Iceland 4.17 Ireland 4.18 Italy 4.19 Latvia 4.20 Lithuania 4.21 Macedonia 4.22 Moldova 4.23 Montenegro 4.24 Netherlands 4.25 Norway 4.26 Poland 4.27 Portugal 4.28 Romania 4.29 San Marino 4.30 Serbia 4.31 Slovakia 4.32 Slovenia 4.33 Spain 4.34 Sweden 4.35 Switzerland 4.36 Turkey 4.37 Ukraine 4.38 United Kingdom 5 Oceania 5.1 Australia 5.2 New Zealand 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) The Gambia ( edit ) In The Gambia , the National Identification Number ( NIN ) consists of 11 digits in the form DDMMYY - PG - # # CS . DD MM YY indicates date of birth , PG indicates place of issuance and nationality , # # is a serial number and also indicates sex and CS is a check sum . Nigeria ( edit ) The Nigerian National Identification Number ( NIN ) is issued and managed by National Identity Management Commission ( NIMC ) , and it 's a set of eleven digits ( e.g. : XXXXXXXXXXX ) , assigned to 16 + years old Nigerians and legal residents by the Government . South Africa ( edit ) South African identity document Explanation of identity number in a South African identity document during apartheid In the Republic of South Africa every citizen must apply for an Identity Document from the age of 16 years . The ID number is already allocated at the time the birth certificate is generated and required for child passport applications . This passport - size document contains only 8 pages - the first page containing the national identification number ( also in barcoded format ) , name of bearer , district or country of birth , as well as a photograph of the bearer . The other pages are used for recording of voting participation , a page for driver 's license information ( although it is no longer used since the introduction of plastic card type licenses ) , as well as pages for fire arms licenses ( also plastic card type now ) . The document is required to apply for a passport , car learner 's license ( over 17 ) , motorcycle learner 's license ( over 16 ) , driving license ( over 18 ) , motorcycle license ( over 16 or 18 depending on cc ) and to vote ( over 18 ) . The Identity Document is not used for international travel purposes ( a separate passport is issued ) but usually is acceptable photographic identification for internal flights , and mainly serves as proof of identification . Some authorities may accept the driver 's license as proof of identity , but the Identity Document is the only universally accepted form of identification . The government has started issuing ID cards which contains a biometric chip which , in turn , holds biographical information which is unique to the holder of that specific card . The South African government wishes to phase out the old Green Barcoded ID book and replace it with the Identity Card . The Identity number is also used when the holder applies for a grant from the South African Social Security Agency ( SASSA ) . Validation A South African person identification number is a 13 - digit number containing only numeric characters , and no whitespace , punctuation , or alpha characters . It is defined as YYMMDDSSSSCAZ : YYMMDD represents the date of birth ( DoB ) ; SSSS is a sequence number registered with the same birth date ( where females are assigned sequential numbers of either 0 or 4 and males from 5 to 9 ) C is the citizenship with 0 if the person is a SA citizen , 1 if the person is a permanent resident ; A is 8 or 9 . Prior to 1994 this number was used to indicate the holder 's race ; Z is a checksum digit . Using ID Number 8001015009087 as an example , it would read as follows : The ID indicates that a male citizen was born on 1 January 1980 ; he was the 10th male to be registered ( assuming that the first male to be registered on that day would be assigned the sequence number 5000 ) . The checksum digit is calculated using the Luhn algorithm : A = the sum of the digits in the ID number in the odd positions ( excluding Z ) B = the number formed by the concatenation of the digits in the ID number in the even positions C = the sum of the digits in ( 2 * B) D = A + C Z = 10 - ( D mod 10 ) Racial classification During the apartheid era the second to last digit , `` A '' , denoted `` race '' . Since these documents were not then issued to the majority population , the `` race '' code does not include those classified as Black. 7605300675088 `` A '' Classification : 0 : White 1 : Cape Coloured 2 : Kosom Anekk 3 : Griqua 4 : Chinese 5 : Indian 6 : Other Asian 7 : Other Coloured After about 1987 , the racial classification was eliminated , and all existing numbers were reissued with new digits in the last two fields ( AZ ) . HANIS In contrast to other countries the South African ID number is not unique , at least because of the use of a two - digit year . Other issues with duplications exist : however the Department of Home Affairs HANIS Project has planned to rectify that with ID smart cards . The timeline for that is undetermined as the last budget request for 08 / 09 and 09 / 10 included requests for budget for it despite the project being active since 1997 . Zimbabwe ( edit ) The national ID registration in Zimbabwe is managed by the Registrar Generals Office . The National ID number is an eleven character alphanumeric code in which the 2 digit prefix denote the district in which the applicant resides or registered for the national document . The next six digits denote the unique personal code for the applicant and a check letter then the last 2 digits denote the district of origin usually from the paternal side , this would be the prefix code on the parents national ID number . so the number would look something like 12 345678 A90 if this person were to have a child his or her national id would then look like this 12 876543 B12 . Starting in the early 2000 the National ID number is now assigned at birth and is printed on the long birth certificate by default . Upon reaching the age of 16 the applicant then has to go to the registrar generals offices in their district to obtain a national ID . Foreigners in Zimbabwe have their ID number with the district of origin as 00 meaning they are foreigners so their ID number would look like 12 345678 A00 . Zimbabweans who are not of black race also get a district of origin shown as 00 , even those who are of mixed race . Americas ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Argentina the only nationally issued identification is the DNI , Documento Nacional de Identidad ( National Identity Document ) . It is a number not related to anything in particular about the person ( except for immigrants who get assigned numbers starting at 92,000,000 ) . It is assigned at birth by the Registro Nacional de las Personas ( National Registry for People ) , but parents need to sign up their children , and because of this there are some people , especially the poor , who do not have a DNI . The ID is required for applying for credit , opening a bank account , and for voting . Law requires a person to show his or her DNI when using a credit card . Prior to the DNI the LC ( Libreta Cívica , for women ) , and LE ( Libreta de Enrolamiento , for men ) were used . This was later unified in the DNI . For taxpaying purposes , the CUIT and CUIL ( Código Único de Identificación Tributaria , Unique Code for Taxpaying Identification and Código Único de Identificación Laboral , Unique Code for Laboral Identification ) . An example of the ID is 20 - 10563145 - 8 . It is based on the DNI and appends 2 numbers at the beginning and one at the end . For example , 20 and 23 for men , 27 for women , and one control digit at the end . Employees have a CUIL ( assigned at the moment the DNI is created ) , and employers have a CUIT . The first two digits to identify the CUIT for companies are for instance : 30 or 33 . If a person decides to open a company of its own , his CUIL usually becomes his CUIT . The CUIT was needed because a different identification is required for companies , who can not be identified by a DNI number . Brazil ( edit ) Main articles : Registro Geral and Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas In Brazil there are two systems . The first , the Registro Geral ( RG ) is a number associated to the official ID card . Although the ID cards are supposedly national , the RG numbers are assigned by the states and a few other organizations , such as the armed forces . So , not only is it possible for a person to have the same RG number as a person from other state ( which is usually dealt with by specifying the state which issued the ID card ) , but it is also possible to ( legally ) have more than one RG , from different states . The other system , the Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas ( CPF ) is federal and supposedly unique ( barring fraud ) , but it was created originally for purposes of taxation ( a related system is used for companies , which is called Cadastro Nacional de Pessoas Jurídicas - CNPJ ) . One , the other or both numbers are required for many common tasks in Brazil , such as opening a bank account or getting a driver 's license . The RG system is more widespread , but its shortcomings have led to debate about merging both systems into a new one , which would be based around the CPF . Another type of registration is the Social Security Number , which is originated when a person creates one in the National Social Security Institute 's site or starts to work for a company , when this one has to register the employee in the Social Integration Program . There is another number for elections , which are mandatory participation for citizens from 18 to 70 years old . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Social Insurance Number The use of the Social Insurance Number ( SIN ) as a `` de facto '' ID number ended in 2004 with passage of The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act . There are only certain instances where an organization may ask for a SIN ( namely for tax or retirement benefit related issues ) . The SIN must be guarded as confidential personal information , and therefore can not be used as a general ID number . Nevertheless , the SIN is still used as a unique identifier for the Canada Revenue Agency to track individuals who are filing their income tax returns . Chile ( edit ) In Chile the National Identification Number is called RUN ( Rol Único Nacional ) , but is usually called RUT ( Rol Único Tributario ) since the number is the same as the one used for tax purposes . The main difference between them is that RUN is only assigned to natural persons , while juristic persons can only get a RUT number . In the case of natural persons , RUN / RUT number is used as a national identification number , tax payer number , social insurance number , driver 's license number , for employment , etc . It is also commonly used as a customer number in banks , retailers , insurance companies , airlines , etc . Until the end of August 2013 , the RUN was also used as the passport number . After this date , Chilean passports have had unique numbers . Since well before 1990 , every baby born is given a RUN number ; previously it was assigned at the moment of applying to get the ID card . Non-Chilean residents also get a RUN and an identification card . Every company or organization also must have a RUT for taxation purposes . The RUN or RUT has 7 or 8 digits ( for people alive today ; in the past , there were persons with a 5 - or 6 - digit one , but have died off ) plus a check digit or letter ( xx. xxx. xxx - z , z is ( 0 - 9 , K ) ) . Code in C # for checking correctness of RUT can be found on the here : http://www.vesic.org/english/blog/c-sharp/verifying-chilean-rut-code-tax-number/ and in Clojure for checking correctness of RUT can be found on the here : https://github.com/daplay/chileno Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia , each person is issued a basic ID card during childhood ( Tarjeta de Identidad ) . The ID number includes the date of birth and a short serial number . Upon reaching the age of 18 , every citizen is reissued a citizenship card ( Cédula de Ciudadanía ) , and the ID number on it is used and required in all instances , public and private . Every Colombian national traveling abroad is issued a passport document ( which includes a passport number related to the national identification number ) ; in this manner foreign governments can track Colombian nationals with their consulates . There is as well a number assigned to companies : NIT ( Número de Identificación Tributaria ) . Tributary Identification Number ( for its Spanish acronym ) . Among other things , it is used for tax reports . RUT ( Registro único tributario ) ( taxpayer identification number ) ( 10 ) As of 2003 created the NUIP ( Número Único de Identificación Personal ) , starting the numbering per billion ( 1,000,000,000 ) . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Unique Population Registry Code In Mexico , the ID number is called the CURP ( Clave Única de Registro de Población ) although the most important and accepted ID card would be the election card ( `` credencial de elector '' or else `` credencial del INE , '' as per the initials of `` Instituto Nacional Electoral / National Institute of Elections , the institution responsible for electoral procedures ) . There are , however , other important ID numbers in Mexico : for instance , the social security number , which is the number assigned by Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social ( Mexican Institute of Social Security , or IMSS ) to every citizen who starts working , or the RFC ( Registro Federal del Contribuyente ) which is assigned by the Treasury and has the same format as the CURP but a shorter length . United States ( edit ) Main article : Social Security number In the United States , a Selective Service Number must be applied for by all male citizens turning age 18 . An optional national identity number is the Social Security number ( SSN ) , a nine - digit number issued to U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and temporary ( working ) residents . Its purpose was to identify individuals for the purposes of Social Security , but it is now also used to track individuals for taxation purposes . There is no legal requirement to have a SSN if it is not required for Social Security or taxation purposes , but in practice one is required for many other purposes , for example to open a bank account or apply for a driving license , so that nearly all U.S. citizens and permanent residents have one . The SSN has therefore become a de facto national identification number , despite the fact that originally it was expressly not for this purpose , and in fact a valid SSN can be easily guessed , as they are issued serially Venezuela ( edit ) In Venezuela , the SAIME ( DIEX ) issues an ID card for individuals in their teens ( Cédula de Identidad ) . The ID card includes date of birth , a correlative number ( population continuous number for nationals , greater than 80,000,000 for foreign - born residents ) , a photo , marital status , expiration date ( an expired ID card is still valid for nationals ) , and a fingerprint . Newly issued ID cards are valid for 10 years . Companies are assigned an RIF ( Fiscal Information Registry ) number for taxable purposes . For physical persons , it is their ID number + checksum digit . Asia ( edit ) Bahrain ( edit ) In Bahrain every citizen and resident must hold an Identification Card ( Arabic : بطاقة الهوية ‎ ‎ ) and thus has a Personal Number ( Arabic : الرقم الشخصي ‎ ‎ ) which consists of 8 digits followed by a check digit ( Total : 9 digits ) . In general , it has the following format : YYMMNNNNC , where YYMM is the year and month of birth , NNNN is a random number , C is the check digit . However , a minority of citizens and residents have Personal Numbers that do not follow that format . It is possible to obtain a Distinctive Personal Number ( Arabic : الرقم الشخصي المميز ‎ ‎ ) , only for newborn infants and it is optional and not compulsory , for a fee ( US $130 , 200 , or 260 depending on the category ) . Another local name for the Personal number is Central Population Registration ( CPR ) Number ( Arabic : الرقم السكاني ‎ ‎ ) which was used before the inception of the Central Informatics Organization ( CIO ) ( Arabic : الجهاز المركزي للمعلومات ‎ ‎ ) . People 's Republic of china ( edit ) Main article : Resident Identity Card § Identity card number In the PRC , an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 16 years old . The ID number has 18 digits and is in the format RRRRRRYYYYMMDDSSSC , which is the sole and exclusive identification code for the holder ( an old ID card only has 15 digits in the format RRRRRRYYMMDDIII ) . RRRRRR is a standard code for the administrative division where the holder is born ( county or a district of a city ) , YYYYMMDD is the birth date of the holder , and SSS is a sequential code for distinguishing people with identical birthdates and birthplaces . The sequential code is odd for males and even for females . The final character , C , is a checksum value over the first 17 digits . To calculate the checksum , each digit in order is multiplied by a weight in the ordered set ( 7 9 10 5 8 4 2 1 6 3 7 9 10 5 8 4 2 ) and summed together . The sum modulus 11 is used as an index into the ordered set ( 1 0 X 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ) , with the first index being zero . The indexed value is the checksum digit . In 15 digit IDs , III is an identification number created through certain mathematical methods ( the last digit might be an English letter , such as X ) . The ID card is used for residential registration , army enrollment registration , registration of marriage / divorce , going abroad , taking part in national exams , and other social or civil matters . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , a Hong Kong Identity Card ( HKID ) is mandatory for all residents aged over 11 , subject to limited exceptions . HKID cards contain the bearer 's HKID number , of which the standard format is X123456 ( A ) . X represents one or two letters of the alphabet . The numerals may represent any Arabic number . A is the check digit , which has 11 possible values from 0 to 9 and A . The letters and numbers are not assigned arbitrarily . Additionally , one can view the international securities identification numbers organization that helps assign ISIN codes to securities . India ( edit ) Digitally generated Aadhaar Card As World 's biggest Biometric ID Programme , the Indian Government on 28 January 2009 , established an Authority called the Unique Identification Authority of India ( UIDAI ) to issue a Unique Identification Number to all citizens and residents of India . UIDAI 's Aadhaar card project gives each Indian citizen a unique 12 digit identification number , along with recording their biometrics such as iris scan and fingerprints on a UIDAI database and the card is being rolled out to all eligible citizens . The first Aadhaar number was launched in Maharashtra in the village of Tembli , on 29 September 2010 . So far up to February 2016 , 984 million ( 98 crores ) Aadhaar Numbers have been issued . In October 2015 , 93 percent of adult Indians have an Aadhaar card . There is no Aadhaar smart card but UID information of a card can be printed on a piece of paper or on a plastic card . After the recent order by the supreme court of India Aadhar card is not mandatory for availing public services . Government has also authorised printing of Aadhar like Pan cards i.e. in PVC cards . Before Aadhaar , the closest India has come to this is the Permanent account number ( PAN ) , issued by the Income Tax Office , for purposes of tracking income and income taxes . It has gained use as a means of identification for activities like getting a phone connection . A total of 24.37 crore ( 243.7 million ) PANs have been allotted as of 24 February 2016 . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , 16 digit number is used as a unique number for each citizens . It is known as Nomor Induk Kependudukan . The number is given to all Indonesian citizen . The format is PPRRSSDDMMYYXXXX where PP is two digits province code , RR is two digits regency or city code , SS is two digits sub-district code , DDMMYY is date of birth ( DD is added by 40 for female ) , and XXXX is a four digits computerized number . The number is stated in Indonesian identity card . Add with individual state code as per issue state a unique no of district . and its no to be reflected from ( like District no + state No + India National N This program is designed on the basis of UIDAI of India . Though Indonesia started late , Indonesia National ID program is growing at much rapid pace and assumed to complete earlier than India due to smaller population . Since 2012 , the government rolls out e-KTP ( `` Elektronik Kartu Tanda Penduduk '' , `` Electronic Citizen ID Card '' ) which is an RFID card containing encrypted information of the electronic signature , iris scan , ten - finger fingerprint scan and a high - resolution passport photo . Iran , islamic Republic of ( edit ) In Iran ID card named ( کارت ملی ) Iranian national identity card karte - meli , ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 15 years old and National Identification Number is a 10 - digit number in the format of XXX - XXXXXX - X ; ( e.g. 012 - 345678 - 9 ) . The government started NIDs and 10 - digit postal codes in 1989 . Iraq , Republic of ( edit ) Main article : Iraq National Card Every Iraqi citizen must have a Nationality Certificate ( شهادة الجنسية ) and a civil Identification Document ( هوية الأحوال المدنية ) . In 2016 , both documents were replaced with National Card ( البطاقة الوطنية ) , a biometric ID card . Israel ( edit ) An Identity Number ( Hebrew : מספר זהות Mispar Zehut ) is issued to all Israeli citizens at birth by the ( ( Ministry of Interior ( Israel ) Ministry of the Interior ) ) . It is composed of nine digits : a one - digit prefix , seven digits , and a final check digit . Blocks of numbers are distributed to hospitals , and individual numbers are issued to babies upon discharge from hospital . Temporary residents ( category A-5 ) are assigned a number when they receive temporary resident status . An Identity Card , ( Hebrew : Teudat Zehut ) , bearing an Identity Number , is issued to all residents over 16 years old who have legal temporary or permanent residence status , including non-citizens . Japan ( edit ) Japan 's national identification number system , known within the country as `` My Number '' ( Japanese : マイナンバー ) , went into effect from 2016 . The number consists of 12 digits , and one is assigned to each resident of Japan , including non-Japanese long - term residents with valid residency permits . Kazakhstan ( edit ) In Kazakhstan there is a 12 - digit Individual Identification Number for natural persons ( abbreviated in Kazakh : ЖСН , ZhSN ; in Russian : ИИН , IIN , with first six digits representing person 's date of birth in the YYMMDD format ) and a 12 - digit Business Identification Number ru : Бизнес - идентификационный номер for legal entities ( companies ) . Until its abolishment on 1 January 2013 , the 12 - digit Taxpayer 's Registration Number ( Kazakh : Салық төлеушінің тіркеу нөмірі ; Russian : Регистрационный номер налогоплательщика , usually abbreviated as РНН , RNN ) was more popular in dealings with authorities as well as with businesses . Kuwait ( edit ) In Kuwait , the 12 - digit national identification number is the Civil Number ( Arabic : الرقم المدني ‎ ‎ ) , it follows the format ( NYYMMDDNNNNN ) , and is issued and put on the Civil ID and managed by Public Agency for Civil Information ( PACI ) Arabic : الهيئة العامة للمعلومات المدنية ‎ ‎ . The Civil ID contains holder 's name in Arabic and English , picture , gender , date of birth , current address and a digital memory . The Civil Number is issued for citizens and residents , and it 's used for a lot of tasks like opening a bank account , getting free medical care or even for taking some tests like the IELTS exam . Passports can be used instead for those who do n't have Civil IDs like tourists . Macau ( edit ) In Macau , there are two types of ID cards : Permanent Resident Identity Card ( BIRP ) and Non-Permanent Resident Identity Card ( BIRNP ) . The identification number has 8 - digit standard format : NNNNNNN ( N ) , where N is a numeric digit 0 - 9 . The first numeric digit N has special meaning , and it can be one of the following digits : ' 1 ' , ' 5 ' or ' 7 ' . ' 1 ' : The first - time date of issuance of ID card to the bearer was 1992 or later . ' 5 ' : The predecessor of the ID card is Portuguese National Identity Card ( BI ) , issued by Macau Civil Authority . ' 7 ' : The predecessor of the ID card is Macau Identity Card , issued by Macau Public Security Police . During Portuguese rule , Macau had no unified identification system , and several departments had the authority to issue identity cards to Macau citizens and residents . Since 1992 , the Identification Department ( once known as SIM , now called DSI ) has become the unitary authority to issue identity cards . It has adopted the above - mentioned numbering policy . Macau 's Finance Department has also adopted identification number as a tax reporting number , for tax filing purposes . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : National Registration Identity Card Number ( Malaysia ) In Malaysia , a 12 - digit number ( format : YYMMDD - SS - # # # G , since 1991 ) known as the National Registration Identification Card Number ( NRIC No . ) is issued to citizens and permanent residents on a MyKad . Prior to January 1 , 2004 , a separate social security ( SOCSO ) number ( also the old IC number in format ' S # # # # # # # # # ' , S denotes state of birth or country of origin ( alphabet or number ) , # is a 9 - digit serial number ) was used for social security - related affairs . The first group of numbers ( YYMMDD ) are the date of birth . The second group of numbers ( SS ) represents the place of birth of the holder - the states ( 01 - 13 ) , the federal territories ( 14 - 16 ) or the country of origin ( 60 - 85 ) . The last group of numbers ( # # # G ) is a serial number in an unidentified pattern which is randomly generated . The last digit ( G ) is an odd number for a male , while an even number is given for a female . Nepal ( edit ) In Nepal , there is no national identification but needs to for the process of development . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : National Database and Registration Authority After the independence of Pakistan , Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan launched the Personal Identity System ( PIS ) program to issue national identification cards to the citizens of Pakistan and Muslim refugees settling in Pakistan . Since the 1960s , Pakistan has been issuing National Identity Card ( commonly known by the acronym , NIC ) numbers to its citizens . These numbers are assigned at birth when the parents complete the child 's birth registration form ( B - Form ) , and then a National Identity Card ( NIC ) with the same number is issued at the age of 18 . Until , 2001 NIC numbers were 11 digits long . In 2001 -- 2002 , the National Database and Registration Authority ( NADRA ) , started issuing 13 - digit NIC numbers along with their new biometric ID cards . The first 5 digits are based on the applicant 's locality , the next 7 are serial numbers , and the last digit is a check digit . The last digit also indicates the gender of the applicant ; an even number indicates a female and an odd number indicates a male . The old numbers are invalid as of 2004 . As of 2012 , NADRA has started to issue SMART ID cards which include an encrypted chip . The SMART card plan is to be extended to disburse social benefits as well as to allow the heirs of the card to get life insurance at the death of the card holder . Every citizen has an NIC number for activities such as paying taxes , opening a bank account , getting a utility connection ( phone , cell phone , gas , electricity ) . However , since a majority of births in the country are not registered , and a large number of Pakistanis do not conduct any of the activities described above , most do not have ID cards . Obtaining an NIC card costs 100 rupees ( US $1.66 - almost the average daily income ) , and this reduces the number of people who can afford it . In 2006 , NADRA announced that it had issued 50 million CNIC ( the C standing for Computerized ) numbers , which is approximately one - third of the population . In June 2008 , the federal government announced it would start issuing CNIC cards for free . In addition to NIC / CNIC companies and individuals in business and employment with taxable income are required to register with Central Board of Revenue and have their National Tax Number ( commonly known as NTN ) . The tax number is mainly used only for taxation purposes and is rarely used otherwise as compared to other countries . New NTN certificates are being issued with computerized NIC numbers and old NTN certificates bearing old NIC numbers will become invalid . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore the National Registration Identity Card ( NRIC ) is issued to Singapore citizens and permanent residents . Permanent residents ( PR ) are issued with NRIC number similar to citizens . The NRIC contains a unique number that identifies the person holding it , and is used for almost all identification purposes in Singapore , including authentication when accessing the Singapore government 's web portal . Citizens and permanent residents are issued with identity number starts with prefix S ( born before 2000 ) and T ( born in or after year 2000 ) , followed with a 7 - digit number and a checksum alphabet . For citizens and permanent residents born after 1968 , the first two digits of the 7 - digit number indicate their birth year . Long - term pass holders ( e.g. people holding work permits , employment passes or student passes ) are issued a similarly formatted Foreign Identification Number ( FIN ) on their long - term passes , with prefix F ( registered before year 2000 ) and G ( registered in or after year 2000 ) . South Korea ( edit ) Main article : Resident registration number In South Korea , every Korean resident is assigned a Resident 's Registration Number ( 주민등록번호 ) , which has the form 000000 - 0000000 . The first seven digits have his / her birthday and gender , where the first six digits are in the format YYMMDD and the seventh digit is determined by the century and the gender as follows : 1 : males , holding Korean nationality , born 1900 -- 1999 2 : females , holding Korean nationality , born 1900 -- 1999 3 : males , holding Korean nationality , born 2000 -- 2099 4 : females , holding Korean nationality , born 2000 -- 2099 5 : male foreigners sojourn in Korea , born 1900 -- 1999 6 : female foreigners sojourn in Korea , born 1900 -- 1999 7 : male foreigners sojourn in Korea , born 2000 -- 2099 8 : female foreigners sojourn in Korea , born 2000 -- 2099 9 : males , holding Korean nationality , born before 1900 0 : females , holding Korean nationality , born before 1900 ( For example , a male citizen who was born on 27 May 2001 is assigned the number 010527 ‒ 3 * * * * * * , and a female citizen which was born on 24 March 1975 is assigned the number 750324 ‒ 2 * * * * * * . ) The next four digits mean the region of his / her birth registration , and the next 1 digit is a serial number of registration within the date and the region . The last digit is a check digit . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , all citizens over the age of 16 need to apply for a National Identity Card ( NIC ) . Each NIC has a unique 10 digit number , in the format 000000000A ( where 0 is a digit and A is a letter ) . The first two digits of the number are your year of birth ( e.g. : 88xxxxxxxx for someone born in 1988 ) . Add 500 to middle 3 numbers after first two numbers for females . The final letter is generally a ' V ' or ' X ' . An NIC number is required to apply for a passport ( over 16 ) , driving license ( over 18 ) and to vote ( over 18 ) . In addition , all citizens are required to carry their NIC on them as proof of identity . NICs are not issued to non-citizens , but they too are required to carry some form of photo identification ( such as a photocopy of their passport or foreign driving license ) . Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 14 years old . Every citizen has a unique ID number . The ID card has been uniformly numbered since 1965 . A valid National Identification number consists of one letter and nine - digits , in the format A# # # # # # # # C. The letter ( `` A '' ) records the card holder 's first location of household registration , which is usually where they were born . The first digit depends on gender ; 1 for male , 2 for female . The last digit ( `` C '' ) is a checksum . Thus the total number of IDs is 208,000,000 . The letter usage ( i.e. , indicating the household registration location ) is as follows : Active letters Letters no longer issued Letter City / county Taipei City Taichung City Keelung City Tainan City Kaohsiung City New Taipei City Yilan County Taoyuan City Chiayi City J Hsinchu City Miaoli County Letter City / county Nantou County Changhua County O Hsinchu County Yunlin County Q Chiayi County Pingtung County U Hualien County V Taitung County Kinmen County X Penghu County Z Lienchiang County Letter Original division Date of final issue Current division Taichung County Dec. 25 , 2010 Taichung City Tainan County Dec. 25 , 2010 Tainan City Kaohsiung County Dec. 25 , 2010 Kaohsiung City Y Yangmingshan Management Bureau Taipei City Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand , the Population Identification Code has been issued by the Department of Provincial Administration of the Ministry of Interior since 1976 . It consists of a 13 - digit string in the format N - NNNN - NNNNN - NN - N , which is assigned at birth or upon receiving citizenship . The first digit signifies type of citizenship , the second to fifth the office where the number was issued , the sixth to twelfth are group and sequence numbers , and the last digit acts as a check digit . United arab Emirates ( edit ) The Emirates Identity Authority ( Arabic : هيئة الإمارات للهوية ‎ ‎ ) issues an Identity Card ( Arabic : بطاقة الهوية ‎ ‎ ) to each citizen and resident . The cardholder 's name , nationality , gender and date of birth are printed on the card . The card also bears a unique 15 - digit Identification Number ( Arabic : رقم الهوية ‎ ‎ ) , which is used for identity verification by the government and some private entities . Inside the card is an electronic chip which contains personal and biometric data about the cardholder . The Identification Number has the following format : 784 - YYYY - NNNNNNN - C , where 784 is the ISO 3166 - 1 numeric code for the UAE , YYYY is the year of birth , NNNNNNN is a random 7 - digit number , and C is a check digit . Vietnam ( edit ) In Vietnam , a Vietnam ID card ( Vietnamese : Thẻ căn cước công dân ) , is issued by Provincial Police Department for Vietnamese citizens . The ID card number is a combination of 12 digits . The expiry date of the ID card is 15 years . Europe ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) In Albania , the Identity Number ( Albanian : Numri i Identitetit ( NID ) ) is issued by the Central Civic Registry Service ( Ministry of Interior ) . The coding structure and algorithm is regulated by a decision of the Council of Ministers of Albania ( No. 827 , Dated 11.12. 2003 ) . From 2004 to 2007 , the Identity Number was referred to as the Citizen Identity Number ( Albanian : Numri i Identitetit të Shtetasit ( NISH ) ) . As of 2007 , with the introduction the new legislation regarding the new biometric ID cards and biometric passports , it is referred to as the Identity Number . The Albanian national identification number appears in the Albanian national ID cards and biometric passports under the ' personal no . ' section . The Albanian Identity Number is a unique personal identification number of 10 characters in the format YYMMDDSSSC , where YYMMDD indicates the date of birth and sex ( for males MM is 01 - 12 , for females 50 is added to the month of birth so that MM is 51 - 62 ) , SSS is a sequence number of persons born on the same date ( 001 -- 999 ) , and C is a checksum letter ( A -- W ) . The YY part of the date of birth is calculated from the following table : 00 -- 09 : 1800 -- 1809 A0 -- A9 : 1900 -- 1909 K0 -- K9 : 2000 -- 2009 10 -- 19 : 1810 -- 1819 B0 -- B9 : 1910 -- 1919 L0 -- L9 : 2010 -- 2019 20 -- 29 : 1820 -- 1829 C0 -- C9 : 1920 -- 1929 M0 -- M9 : 2020 -- 2029 30 -- 39 : 1830 -- 1839 D0 -- D9 : 1930 -- 1939 N0 -- N9 : 2030 -- 2039 40 -- 49 : 1840 -- 1849 E0 -- E9 : 1940 -- 1949 O0 -- O9 : 2040 -- 2049 50 -- 59 : 1850 -- 1859 F0 -- F9 : 1950 -- 1959 P0 -- P9 : 2050 -- 2059 60 -- 69 : 1860 -- 1869 G0 -- G9 : 1960 -- 1969 Q0 -- Q9 : 2060 -- 2069 70 -- 79 : 1870 -- 1879 H0 -- H9 : 1970 -- 1979 R0 -- R9 : 2070 -- 2079 80 -- 89 : 1880 -- 1889 I0 -- I9 : 1980 -- 1989 S0 -- S9 : 2080 -- 2089 90 -- 99 : 1890 -- 1899 J0 -- J9 : 1990 -- 1999 T0 -- T9 : 2090 -- 2099 e.g. For people born in the year 2003 , YY would be K3 . Austria ( edit ) In Austria there are two schemes to identify individuals : Sector - Specific Personal Identifier The Sector - Specific Personal Identifier ( ssPIN ) tries to do away with the problems of the SSN . Its legal foundation is the Austrian E-Government Act , and it is derived from the Central Register of Residents ( CRR ) . Its specification is related with the Austrian Citizen Card . Its computation ( specification ) is a two - stage process : The CCR ID is encoded into the Source Identification Number ( Source PIN ) with a symmetrical crypto - function . This is again one - way encoded into the ssPIN per sector of governmental activity . For the storage of SourcePINs is not limited to citizen cards , and an application can not convert a ssPIN from one sector to the ssPIN from applications of other sectors , the link - up of data of sectors by PINs is constricted . However , there is a legal exception to this rule : applications may query for and store ssPINs from other sectors if they are encrypted in a way that makes them only usable in the target application . This enables the application to communicate across sectors . Sample values CCR - ID : 000247681888 ( 12 - digit ) SourcePIN : MDEyMzQ1Njc4OWFiY2RlZg = = ( 24 bytes base64 ) ssPIN ( BW ) : MswQO / UhO5RG + nR + klaOTsVY + CU = ( 28 bytes base64 ) BW ( Bauen + Wohnen ) is the public sector related to `` construction and habitation '' . There are approximately 30 sectors like health , taxes , statistics , and security . Belgium ( edit ) nl : Rijksregisternummer / fr : Numéro de registre national In Belgium every citizen has a National Register Number , which is created by using the citizen 's date of birth ( encoded in six digits ) , followed by a serial number ( three digits ) and a checksum ( two digits ) . The serial number is used so that men get the odd numbers , while women get the even numbers ; thus , there can be only 500 men or women on each day . The national number is unique to each person and in that capacity used by most government institutions ; however , because one can immediately read the date of birth and the sex of the numbers ' holder and because it is the key in most government databases ( including that of the tax administration , the social security , and others ) , it is considered a privacy - sensitive number . For that reason , although it is put on the identity card by default , with the old ID cards a citizen could request that this would not be done . With the newer Digital ID cards that Belgium is rolling out , this is no longer possible , since the National Number is used as the serial number for the private cryptography keys on the card ... Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Each citizen receives 13 number Unique Master Citizen Number ( Bosnian : Jedinstveni matični broj građana ) upon birth . Unique Master Citizen Number comprises 13 digits in DDMMYYY RR XXX C format . DD / MM / YYY represents citizens birth date . RR indicates one of 10 Bosnian regions ( 10 : Banja Luka , 11 : Bihać , 12 : Doboj , 13 : Goražde , 14 : Livno , 15 : Mostar , 16 : Prijedor , 17 : Sarajevo , 18 : Tuzla , 19 : Zenica ) where the citizen was born . XXX is a unique sequential number where 000 - 499 is used for males and 500 - 999 for females . The final number is a check - sum . Foreign citizens born or residing in Bosnia & Herzegovina can also receive a Unique Master Citizen Number ( UMCN ) . The RR sequence foreign nationals is 01 . Upon gaining Bosnian citizenship , a former foreign national can request new UMCN where the RR part is represented by the region where they were first registered . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Uniform civil number Every citizen or permanent resident of Bulgaria has a unique 10 - digit Uniform Civil Number ( Bulgarian : Единен граждански номер , Edinen grazhdanski nomer , usually abbreviated as ЕГН , EGN ) , generated from the person 's date of birth ( encoded in six digits in the form YYMMDD ) , followed by a three - digit serial number and a single - digit checksum . The last digit of serial number indicates gender : odd numbers are used for females and even numbers for males . For persons born prior to 1900 , the month identifier ( third and fourth digits ) is increased by 20 ( e.g. 952324XXXX denotes a person born on 24 March 1895 ) . Similarly , 40 is added to denote that a person was born after 1999 ( e.g. 054907XXXX denotes a person born on 7 September 2005 ) . EGNs were introduced in 1977 and are used in virtually all dealings with public service agencies , and often with private businesses . EGNs are also printed on Bulgarian identity cards and passports , under the heading `` ЕГН / Personal number '' . Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Personal identification number ( Croatia ) In Croatia , the Personal Identification Number ( Croatian : Osobni identifikacijski broj ( OIB ) ) , is used for identifying the citizens and legal persons in many government and civilian systems . The OIB - system was introduced on January 1 , 2009 and replaced the old JMBG system , renamed to Master Citizen Number ( Croatian : Matični broj građana ( MBG ) ) in 2002 , that was used in former Yugoslavia . The OIB consists of eleven random digits and the last number is a control number . Although the OIB is in use , the MBG is still issued and used for data coordination among government registries . Czech Republic and Slovakia ( edit ) Czech Republic and Slovakia uses a system called Birth Number ( Czech / Slovak : rodné číslo ( RČ ) ) . The system was introduced in the former Czechoslovakia . The form is YYXXDD / SSSC , where XX = MM ( month of birth ) for male ( numbers 01 - 12 ) and XX = MM + 50 for female ( numbers 51 - 62 ) , SSS is a serial number separating persons born on the same date and C is a check digit , but for people born before 1 January 1954 the form is without the check digit - YYXXDD / SSS . This enables the system to work until the year 2054 . The whole number must be divisible by 11 . The system is raising privacy concerns , since the age and the gender of the bearer can be decoded from the number . Therefore , the birth number is considered a sensitive piece of personal information . Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Personal identification number ( Denmark ) A Personal Identification Number ( Da . CPR , Det Centrale Personregister ) in Denmark is used in dealings with public agencies , from health care to the tax authorities . It is also used as a customer number in banks and insurance companies . People must be registered with a CPR number if they reside in Denmark , if they own property or if they pay tax . In Denmark , there has been a systematic registration since 1924 , however it was in 1968 that the electronic CPR register was established . In the 1980s , the electronic system was exported to Kuwait , Jamaica , Malaysia , Thailand , Romania , Cyprus , Estonia , Latvia , Slovakia , and Saint Petersburg . The CPR number is a ten - digit number with the format DDMMYY - SSSS , where DDMMYY is the date of birth and SSSS is a sequence number . The first digit of the sequence number encodes the century of birth ( so that centenarians are distinguished from infants , 0 - 4 in odd centuries , 5 - 9 in even centuries ) , and the last digit of the sequence number is odd for males and even for females . Prior to 2007 , the last digit was also a check digit such that less than 240 SSSS values were available for any given combination of gender and date of birth , but due to an administrative practice of assigning Jan 1 and similar dates for immigrants with unknown date of birth , any SSSS value consistent with gender and century of birth may now be issued , even for birth dates prior to 2007 . Companies and other taxable non-humans are issued an eight - digit `` CVR '' number which is a mostly sequential number , there is no defined rule preventing the issuance of a CVR number with the same digits as a CPR number of an unrelated person , so the type of number must always be indicated , but CPR are always 10 - digit and CVR 8 - digit . VAT registration numbers for Danish companies are simply `` DK '' followed by the CVR number , but far from all CVR numbered entities are VAT registered ( companies with no need for a VAT number , such as holding companies , typically do not request a VAT registration for their CVR ) . Government entities are numbered in a variety of ways , but since 2003 all government entities ( however small ) now have EAN numbers for billing purposes . Some Government entities also have CVR numbers . Only one Government Entity ( the Queen ) has a CPR number . The CPR number gives government agencies access to state - controlled databases with information about the person . The information includes : The person 's marital status and spouse , parents , children , current and former addresses , the cars the person has owned , the criminal record and other information about the person . Foreigners who are not eligible to get a CPR - number , but who need one , includes persons who have witnessed a crime , persons who have been charged with a crime , or are victims of a crime . These persons are registered with a CPR - number with the format : DDMMYY - XXXX where XXXX are four letters instead of four numbers . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , a Personal Identification Code ( Estonian : isikukood ( IK ) ) is defined as a number formed on the basis of the sex and date of birth of a person which allows the identification of the person and used by government and other systems where identification is required , as well as by digital signatures using the nation ID - card and its associated certificates . An Estonian Personal identification code consists of 11 digits , generally given without any whitespace or other delimiters . The form is GYYMMDDSSSC , where G shows sex and century of birth ( odd number male , even number female , 1 - 2 19th century , 3 - 4 20th century , 5 - 6 21st century ) , SSS is a serial number separating persons born on the same date and C a checksum . European Economic area / Switzerland ( edit ) Within the European Economic Area and Switzerland , a card known as the European Health Insurance Card is issued to any resident who so wishes , proving the right of health care anywhere in the area . This card lists a code called `` Identification Number '' , quite simply the national identification number of the residence country , for Germany the health insurance number . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , the Personal Identity Code ( Finnish : henkilötunnus ( HETU ) , Swedish : personbeteckning ) , also known as Personal Identification Number , was introduced in 1964 and it is used for identifying the citizens in government and many corporate and other transactions . It consists of eleven characters of the form DDMMYYCZZZQ , where DDMMYY is the date of birth , C the century sign , ZZZ the individual number and Q the control character ( checksum ) . The sign for the century is either + ( 1800 -- 1899 ) , - ( 1900 -- 1999 ) , or A ( 2000 -- 2099 ) . The individual number ZZZ is odd for males and even for females and for people born in Finland its range is 002 - 899 ( larger numbers may be used in special cases ) . An example of a valid code is 311280 - 888Y . The control character is calculated as the remainder of DDMMYYZZZ divided by 31 , i.e. drop the century sign and divide the resulting nine digit number by 31 . For remainders below ten , the remainder itself is the control character , otherwise pick the corresponding character from string `` 0123456789ABCDEFHJKLMNPRSTUVWXY '' . For example , 311280888 divided by 31 gives the remainder as 30 , and since A = 10 , B = 11 , etc. ending up with Y = 30 . A Personal Identity Code is given to every Finnish citizen born in Finland . Foreign citizens whose residence in Finland is permanent or exceeds one year are also issued a personal identity code by law . The Personal Identity Code is a means to distinguish between individuals having the same name . It can be found in some public documents ( such as the deed of purchase of real estate ) . Therefore , knowing the code should not be used as a proof of identity , although this sometimes happens in the commercial sector . Employers need the personal identity code to report payment of wages to Finnish Tax Administration , the pension funds , etc . The number is shown in all forms of valid identification : national ID card electronic national ID card ( with a chip ) driver 's license ( old A6 - size and new credit card - size ) passport During 1964 -- 1970 the personal identity code was known as sosiaaliturvatunnus ( SOTU , Social Security number ) . The term is still widely in use unofficially ( and incorrectly ) . France ( edit ) Main article : INSEE code In France , the INSEE code is used as a social insurance number , a national identification number , for taxation purposes , for employment , etc . It was invented under the Vichy regime . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , there is no national identification number in the full meaning of the term . Until 2007 only decentralized databases were kept by social insurance companies , who allocate a social insurance number to almost every person . Since 2008 new Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( German : Steuerliche Identifikationsnummer or Steuer - IdNr ) replace the former Tax File Number . Persons who are both employees and self - employed at the same time may receive two taxpayer identification numbers . The corresponding number for organizations , also issued by the tax administration , is named economy identification number ( Wirtschafts - Identifikationsnummer ) . These numbering concepts are national systems , organized by the Federal Central Tax Office . For special purpose further value - added tax identification numbers are issued for persons and organizations that are subject to paying VAT as a deduct from their revenues . This is a Europe - wide unified concept . Additionally for all persons joining the military service , a Service Number is issued . None of these numbers are commonly used for other than their specific purpose , nor is such ( ab ) use legal . German identity documents do not contain any of the mentioned numbers , only a document number . People are not expected to know their number when dealing with an authority , so there are some troubles about people being mismatched . For some time , the West German government intended to create a 12 - digit personal identification number ( Personenkennzeichen , PKZ ) for all citizens , registered alien residents on its territory , as well as for all non-resident Nazi victims entitled to compensation payments . The system , which was to be implemented by the 1973 federal law on civil registry , was rejected in 1976 , when the Bundestag found the concept of an identification system for the entire population to be incompatible with the existing legal framework . In East Germany , a similar system named Personenkennzahl ( PKZ ) was set up in 1970 and remained in use until the state ceased to exist in 1990 . When applying for the Visa Waiver Program As Germany is part of the Visa Waiver Program German citizens can enter the USA for up to 90 days without the need of a visa . In order to participate in this program it is required to fill out an online form called ESTA . This formular specifically asks German citizens about a national identification number . US authorities expect to provide the document number of the German identity card . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , there are a number of national identification numbers . The standard identity card , which has the format A-999999 where A can be any of the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet , is issued to all Greek citizens at the age of 12 . New Greek identity cards have a number formatted like this : XX - 999999 where X is a letter , whose uppercase glyph occurs in both the Greek and the Latin alphabet ( ABEZHIKMNOPTYX ) . The letters and numbers are assigned with sequential order . The Tax Identity Number ( AFM - ΑΦΜ - Αριθμός Φορολογικού Μητρώου - Tax Registry Number ) , which is used by citizens and companies for tax purposes . It has nine digits , the last one of which is a check digit . The Social Security Number ( AMKA - Αριθμός Μητρώου Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης ) which is the work and insurance ID of every employee , pensioner and dependent member of their family in Greece . Its first six digits is the owner 's date of birth in the ddmmyy format . The ID card number is not unique and changes if the person gets a new identity card . The tax identity number is unique for every citizen and company . Social security number is also unique . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , there is no national identification number . The Constitutional Court decided in 1991 : `` A general , uniform personal identification code which may be used without restriction ( i.e. a personal number ) distributed to every citizen and to every resident of the country based on an identical principle is unconstitutional . '' Although the universal use of national identification number ( known as `` Personal Identification Number '' ) is considered to be unconstitutional , it is still used in many places . The structure of such number is GYYMMDDXXXC , whereas G is the gender ( 1 - male , 2 - female , other numbers are also possible for citizens born before 1900 or citizens with double citizenship ) , YYMMDD is the birth date year , month , day , XXX is the serial number , and C is a checksum digit . The meanings of the first number : male , born between 1900 and 1999 female , born between 1900 and 1999 male , born before 1900 or after 1999 female , born before 1900 or after 1999 Until 1997 also were used the following first numbers : 5 male , foreign citizen living in Hungary , born between 1900 and 1999 6 female , foreign citizen living in Hungary , born between 1900 and 1999 7 male , foreign citizen living in Hungary , born before 1900 or after 1999 8 female , foreign citizen living in Hungary , born before 1900 or after 1999 As the `` Personal Identification Number '' is considered to be unconstitutional , another identification form , the ID - card number is in use . So an average Hungarian has these identifiers : personal identification number , ID card identification number , social security number ( `` TAJ '' number ) , tax identification number . They may also have passport identification number , driving license number . Iceland ( edit ) Main article : National identification numbering in Iceland All Icelanders , as well as foreign citizens residing in Iceland and corporations and institutions , have a kennitala ' ( lit . identification number ) identifying them in the National Register . The number is composed of 10 digits , of which the first six are the individual 's birth date or corporation 's founding date in the format DDMMYY . The next two digits are chosen at random when the kennitala is allocated , the ninth digit is a check digit , and the last digit indicates the century in which the individual was born ( for instance , ' 9 ' for the period 1900 -- 1999 , or ' 0 ' for the period 2000 -- 2099 ) . An example would be 120174 - 3399 , the person being born on the twelfth day of January 1974 . The Icelandic system is similar to that in other Scandinavian and European countries , but the use of the identification number is unusually open and extensive in Iceland . Businesses and universities use the kennitala as a customer or student identifier , and all banking transactions include it . The National Registry ( Icelandic : Þjóðskrá ) oversees the system . A database matching names to numbers is freely accessible ( after login ) on all Icelandic online banking sites . Given this openness , the kennitala is never used as an authenticator . It is worth noting that the completeness of the National Register eliminates any need for Iceland to take censuses . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Personal Public Service Number In Ireland the Personal Public Service Number ( PPS No ) is gaining the characteristics of a national identification number as it is used for a variety of public services - although it is stated that it is not a national identifier and its use is defined by law . The PPS No. is in the basic form of 1234567T ( PPS Numbers allocated from 1 January 2013 will have the format 1234567TA ) and is unique to every person . For certain public services the collection or retention of numbers of the general public is not allowed , thus Garda Síochána ( Irish police ) is only given an exemption for its own employees or other people defined under the Immigration Act , 2003 - the latter who are people who are not European Union nationals . Similarly the Irish Defence Forces may only collect and retain the number for their own employees . The PPS Number can not be used for private or commercial transactions . The number is used in the private sector , but is limited to a few procedures that lawfully required the production of a number , for transactions with public services and in this regard the private sector will be acting as the agent of a public body entitled to collect and retain the number . Thus , for instance , students who attend college or university will have their number ( or other personal data ) collected at registration - this will then be sent to Department of Social Protection to ensure that a student is not simultaneously claiming social welfare . Banks may collect the number for the administration of accounts that give interest or tax reliefs which the state funds , through the Revenue Commissioners . A bank may not use the number as a customer identification number . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Italian fiscal code card In Italy , the fiscal code ( Italian : Codice fiscale ) is issued to Italians at birth . It is in the format `` SSSNNNYYMDDZZZZX '' , where : SSS are the first three consonants in the family name ( the first vowel and then an X are used if there are not enough consonants ) ; NNN is the first name , of which the first , third and fourth consonants are used -- exceptions are handled as in family names ; YY are the last digits of the birth year ; M is the letter for the month of birth -- letters are used in alphabetical order , but only the letters A to E , H , L , M , P , R to T are used ( thus , January is A and October is R ) ; DD is the day of the month of birth -- in order to differentiate between genders , 40 is added to the day of birth for women ( thus a woman born on May 3 has ... E43 ... ) ; ZZZZ is an area code specific to the municipality where the person was born -- country - wide codes are used for foreign countries ; X is a parity character as calculated by adding together characters in the even and odd positions , and dividing them by 26 . Numerical values are used for letters in even positions according to their alphabetical order . Characters in odd positions have different values . A letter is then used which corresponds to the value of the remainder of the division in the alphabet . An exception algorithm exists in case of perfectly matching codes for two persons . Issuance of the code is centralized to the Ministry of Treasure . The fiscal code uniquely identifies an Italian citizen or permanently resident alien , and is thus used . However , since it can be calculated from personal information ( whether real , or not ) , it is not generally regarded as an extremely reserved piece of information , nor as official proof of identity / existence of an individual . UNEVEN ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS Character Value Character Value Character Value Character Value 0 9 21 19 8 0 J 21 12 5 0 14 7 5 U 16 9 7 18 V 10 5 13 9 20 22 6 15 13 O 11 X 25 7 17 15 Y 24 8 19 17 Q 6 Z 23 Latvia ( edit ) In Latvia the Personal Code ( Latvian : Personas kods ) consists of 11 digits in form DDMMYY - XNNNC where the first six digits are person 's date of birth , the next one stands for a century person was born in ( 0 for XIX , 1 for XX and 2 for XXI ) , NNN is birth serial number in that day , and C is checksum digit . From July 1 2017 Personal Codes are issued without indication to date of birth . Lithuania ( edit ) In Lithuania the Personal Code ( Lithuanian : Asmens kodas ) consists of 11 digits , and currently is in the form G YYMMDD NNN C , where G is gender & birth century , YYMMDD is the birthday , NNN is a serial number , C is a checksum digit . In this scheme , the first number ( G ) shows both the person 's gender ( odd if male , even if female ) . For example , 4 would mean female , born between 1900 -- 1999 . This number can be calculated as : gender = ( female : 0 , male : 1 ) G = floor ( year / 100 ) * 2 - 34 - gender The checksum is calculated using this formula ( provided here as JavaScript code ) : function lt_nin_checksum ( code ) ( var b = 1 , c = 3 , d = 0 , e = 0 , i , digit ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i + + ) ( digit = parseInt ( code ( i ) ) ; d + = digit * b ; e + = digit * c ; b + + ; if ( b = = 10 ) b = 1 ; c + + ; if ( c = = 10 ) c = 1 ; ) d = d % 11 ; e = e % 11 ; if ( d < 10 ) return d ; else if ( e < 10 ) return e ; else return 0 ; ) C = lt_nin_checksum ( `` 3840915201 '' ) ; Recently ( as of May 2015 ) there are plans to start issuing opaque codes instead , keeping the same overall format and checksum , but containing no personal information . Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Macedonia uses a 13 - number identification code Unique Master Citizen Number ( Macedonian : Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот , acronym ЕМБГ ) . The Unique Master Citizen Number is composed of 13 digits ( DDMMYYYRRSSSC ) arranged in six groups : two digits ( DD ) for the citizen 's day of birth , two digits ( MM ) for the month of birth , last three digits ( YYY ) of the year of birth , two digits ( RR ) as a registry number , three digits ( SSS ) as a combination of the citizen 's sex and ordinal number of birth , and one digit ( C ) as a control number . The two digit registry number depends on the citizens place of birth . There are nine registry codes that define the place of birth : 41 for the municipalities of Bitola , Demir Hisar and Resen ; 42 for the municipalities of Kumanovo , Kratovo and Kriva Palanka ; 43 for the municipalities of Ohrid , Struga , Debar and Kičevo ; 44 for the municipalities of Prilep , Kruševo and Makedonski Brod ; 45 for the City of Skopje ; 46 for the municipalities of Strumica , Valandovo and Radoviš ; 47 for the municipalities of Tetovo and Gostivar ; 48 for the municipalities of Veles , Gevegelija , Kavadarci and Negotino ; and 49 for the municipalities of Štip , Berovo , Vinica , Delčevo , Kočani , Probištip and Sveti Nikole . The combination of the citizen 's sex and ordinal number of birth is presented as a 3 digit number - from 000 to 499 for the male , and from 500 to 999 for the female citizens . The last digit is a computer generated control digit . Moldova ( edit ) In the Republic of Moldova , all citizens receive at birth a Personal Code ( IDNP - Numarul de Identificare ) , which is composed of 13 digits . This code is shown on all identity documents : internal ID cards driving licenses passports as well as all civil status documents : birth certificates , marriage certificates , death certificates etc . Montenegro ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Montenegro uses a 13 - number identification code Jedinstveni matični broj građana / Јединствени матични број грађана ( JMBG ) - Unique Master Citizen Number . Netherlands ( edit ) Dutch Wikipedia : nl : Burgerservicenummer , nl : Sofinummer In the Netherlands , all people receive a Burgerservicenummer ( BSN ) ( Citizen 's Service Number ) when they are born . It is printed on driving licenses , passports and international ID cards , under the header Personal Number . Before 2007 , the BSN was known as sofinummer ( the acronym sofi stands for so - ciaal ( social ) fi - scaal ( fiscal ) ) . The number is unique . However , initially it was issued by regionally operating branches of the tax department which were all assigned ranges ; in densely populated areas the assigned ranges would overflow thus causing duplicate numbers . This mistake was corrected during the transition from SOFI to BSN by issuing a new number to people having a duplicate one . The number does not contain any information about the person to whom it is assigned ( i.e. no information , such as gender or date of birth , can be derived from a BSN ) . Norway ( edit ) Norway 's eleven - digit birth number ( fødselsnummer ) is assigned at birth , or on migration into the country . The register is maintained by the Norwegian Tax Office . The number has been in use since the 1960s and was first introduced to the public in 1968 . The number is not as widely and openly used as in some other Scandinavian countries , and a 2007 report criticized the common misperception by the Norwegian public that the number is suitable for use as a PIN code . Historically , the number has been composed of the date of birth ( DDMMYY ) , a three digit individual number , and two check digits . The individual number and the check digits are collectively known as the Personal Number . The individual number has been selected from a range depending on century of birth : for the years 1854 -- 1899 the range is 500 -- 749 , for the years 1900 -- 1999 the range is 000 - 499 , for the years 2000 -- 2039 the range is 500 -- 999 . For the years 1940 -- 1999 , the range 900 -- 999 was also used for special purposes , such as adoptions from abroad and immigrants . Women have been assigned even individual numbers , men are assigned odd individual numbers . The first check digit is calculated through an algorithm involving modulo 11 of weighted sum of the nine first digits . The second check digit is calculated through a similar algorithm involving the 10 first digits . People who do not permanently reside in Norway have been assigned a D - number upon registration in the population register . The D - number is like a birth number , but with the day of the month increased by 40 . D comes from the Norwegian name of an authority for sailors , which previously issued those numbers , usually to sailors on board Norwegian ships . Nowadays foreign seasonal workers , for example in the tourist industry , get D - numbers . In 2017 , the Norwegian Ministry of Finance approved changes to the numbering system . After the changes , the number will no longer indicate gender , and the first check digit will be ' released ' to become part of the individual number . Poland ( edit ) Main article : PESEL In Poland , a Public Electronic Census System ( Polish Powszechny Elektroniczny System Ewidencji Ludności - PESEL ) number is mandatory for all permanent residents of Poland and for temporary residents living in Poland for over 2 months . It has the form YYMMDDZZZXQ , where YYMMDD is the date of birth ( with century encoded in month field ) , ZZZ is the personal identification number , X denotes sex ( even for females , odd for males ) and Q is a parity number . Portugal ( edit ) The Constitution of Portugal - in its 35th Article - expressly prohibits the assignment of a national single number to the citizens . This prohibition is related with the protection of the personal rights , liberties and guaranties . As such , a national identification number does not exist , but instead each citizen has several different identification numbers for use in the different single purposes . The existing main identification numbers are : Civil identification number ( Portuguese : Número de identificação civil or NIC ) - also referred informally as the Citizen Card 's number or the BI 's number ( BI being the acronym of the old civil identification document ) ; Tax identification Number ( Número de identificação fiscal or NIF ) - also referred informally as the taxpayer 's number ( número do contribuinte ) ; Social Security number ( Número de Segurança Social ) ; Healthcare user number ( Número de utente da Saúde ) ; Voter 's number ( Número de eleitor ) ; Driver 's license number ( Número de carta de condução ) . The NIC and the NIF are the mostly commonly used identification numbers in Portugal . These two numbers are used for a broad number of purposes - both in the public and the private sectors - and not only for the specific purposes for which they were originally conceived . In the past , to each of the above identification numbers corresponded a separate identification document . However , in 2006 , the single Citizen Card was implemented . This card includes the civil identification , the tax identification , the Social Security and the Healthcare user numbers , replacing the old corresponding identification cards . Besides this , the Citizen Card also replaced the previous Voter 's Card , although not including the voter 's number . The replacing of the previous separate identification documents by the single Citizen Card is a gradual process , only being mandatory for a citizen , when one of his / her old documents expires . The driver 's license continues to be an entirely separate document . Romania ( edit ) In Romania each citizen has a Personal Numerical Code ( Cod Numeric Personal , CNP ) , which is created by using the citizen 's gender and century of birth ( 1 / 3 / 5 / 7 for male , 2 / 4 / 6 / 8 for female and 9 for foreign citizen ) , date of birth ( six digits , YYMMDD ) , the country zone ( two digits , from 01 to 52 , or 99 ) , followed by a serial number ( 3 digits ) , and finally a checksum digit . The first digit encodes the gender of person as follows : 1 Male born between 1900 and 1999 Female born between 1900 and 1999 Male born between 1800 and 1899 Female born between 1800 and 1899 5 Male born after 2000 6 Female born after 2000 7 Male resident 8 Female resident 9 Foreign citizen The country zone is a code of Romanian county in alphabetical order . For Bucharest the code is 4 followed by the sector number . To calculate the checksum digit , every digit from CNP is multiplied with the corresponding digit in number 279146358279 ; the sum of all these multiplications is then divided by 11 . If the remainder is 10 then the checksum digit is 1 , otherwise it 's the remainder itself . Example = = = = = = = Control = 279146358279 CNP = 1800101221144 ^ checksum digit = 4 Checksum value = 1 * 2 + 8 * 7 + 0 * 9 + 0 * 1 + 1 * 4 + 0 * 6 + 1 * 3 + 2 * 5 + 2 * 8 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 7 + 4 * 9 = 136 Checksum digit = 136 mod 11 = 4 . Valid CNP ( the last digit is indeed 4 ) . San Marino ( edit ) In San Marino there exists the Codice ISS ( Istituto Sicurezza Sociale ) , which is composed of 5 digits . It is given to all San Marino citizens and permanent residents . Serbia ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Serbia uses a 13 - number identification code Unique Master Citizen Number ( Serbian : Јединствени матични број грађана / Jedinstveni matični broj građana , acronym JMBG ) . Slovakia ( edit ) In Slovakia there are two kinds of National identification numbers . The first one is the Birth Number ( Slovak : Rodné číslo ( RČ ) ) , issued at birth by the civic records authority ( Slovak : matrika ) and recorded on the birth certificate . Its format is YYMMDD / XXXX with YYMMDD being the date of birth and XXXX being a semi-unique identifier . For females , the month of the date of birth is advanced by 50 . Full identification number in the form YYMMDDXXXX must be divisible by 11 . Since this system does not provide a truly unique identifier ( the numbers are repeated every century ) and contains what might be considered private information , it may be updated in the future . The second system is the Citizen 's Identification Card Number ( Slovak : Číslo občianskeho preukazu ( ČOP ) ) which is in the form AA XXXXXX ( A-alphabetic , X-numeric ) and is used on ID cards . Identification Cards are issued by the state authority ( police ) for every citizen who reaches 15 years of age . In contrast to the Birth Number , this identifier can change over the citizen 's lifetime if a new ID card is issued , for reasons such as expiration , loss or change of residence . The ID number is used , among other things , for voter registration ( because of the domicile record verification provided by the ID ) . A similar system , with both types of identification numbers , is used in the Czech Republic . Slovenia ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Slovenia uses a 13 - number identification code Enotna matična številka občana ( EMŠO ) - Unique Master Citizen Number . It is composed of 13 digits as follows DDMMYYYRRSSSX . DD - day of birth > MM - month of birth YYY - year of birth , last three digits RR - a constant value 50 This is a remnant of Yugoslavia , a registry number that marked the birth zone : - 00 - 09 -- foreigners - 10 - 19 -- Bosnia and Herzegovina - 20 - 29 -- Montenegro - 30 - 39 -- Croatia ( 33 - Zagreb ) - 40 - 49 -- Macedonia - 50 - 59 -- Slovenia ( only 50 is used ) - 60 - 69 -- ( not in use ) - 70 - 79 -- Central Serbia ( 71 - Belgrade ) - 80 - 89 -- Province of Vojvodina ( 80 -- Novi Sad ) - 90 - 99 -- Province of Kosovo SSS - serial number or combination of sex and serial numbers for persons born on the same day ( 000 - 499 for men and 500 - 999 for women ) X - checksum of first 12 Spain ( edit ) In Spain , all resident Spanish citizens can obtain ( mandatorily after 14 years old ) a National Identity Document ( Spanish : Documento Nacional de Identidad ( DNI ) ) , with a unique number , in the format 00000000 - A , where 0 is a digit and A is a checksum letter . Since 2010 , foreign residents are no longer issued with identity cards , although they are assigned a number in the format X-0000000 - A ( again , 0 is a digit , A is a checksum letter , and X is a letter , generally X but lately also Y ) , called an NIE Number ( Número de Identificación de Extranjeros , Foreigner 's Identification Number ) . The DNI is required for all transactions related with tax authority , as well as to access the ubiquitous Spanish National Health System ( although it has its own insured identification document ) , apply for marriage licences , receive unemployment compensation , and in general all interactions with law enforcement and any government or government - supervised institution . Foreign residents are required to use their passports together with the document containing their NIE number Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Personal identity number ( Sweden ) In Sweden a Personal Identity Number ( Swedish : personnummer ) is used in dealings with public agencies , from health care to the tax authorities . It is also used as a customer number in banks and insurance companies . It is written on all approved identity documents , making the risk of mixing up people low . The number uses ten digits , YYMMDD - NNGC . The first six give the birth date in YYMMDD format . Digits seven to nine ( NNG ) are used to make the number unique , where digit nine ( G ) is odd for men and even for women . For numbers issued before 1990 , the seventh and eighth digit identify the county of birth or foreign - born people , but privacy - related criticism caused this system to be abandoned for new numbers . Switzerland ( edit ) Since the introduction of a national pension scheme in 1948 , most persons resident in Switzerland are allocated a Social Security Number ( AHV - Nr . ( de ) / No AVS ( fr ) ) , which is also used for other governmental purposes . The eleven - digit format in use since 1968 is of the form AAA. BB. CCC. DDD and encodes information about the name , birth date and sex of its holder : The `` AAA '' digits encode the family name . The `` BB '' digits are equal to the last two digits of the year of birth . The `` CCC '' digits encode the birth day as a trimester number ( 1 - 4 ) followed by the number of the day in the trimester . An offset of 400 is added for female persons ( e.g. 101 is January 1 for men and 501 is January 1 for women ) . The `` DDD '' digits are used to be an origin code depending which country the person came from and or if this person was a Swiss citizen through birth or naturalisation . As of 2008 , an anonymous thirteen - digit number is being issued to all Swiss residents . It is of the form 756. XXXX. XXXX. XY , where 756 is the ISO 3166 - 1 code for Switzerland , XXXX. XXXX. X is a random number and Y is an EAN - 13 check digit . Turkey ( edit ) During the application for a national ID card , every Turkish citizen is assigned a unique personal identification number called Turkish Identification Number ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kimlik Numarası or abbreviated as T.C. Kimlik No . ) , an 11 - digit number with two trailing check digits . This assignment is organized through the MERNIS ( abbreviation for English : Central Personal Registration Administration System ) project that started on 28 October 2000 . The national ID card is compulsory for every citizen and is issued at birth . Parents need to register to the authorities with the child 's birth certificate . The identification number is used by public institutions in their certificates and documents like identity card , passport , international family book , driving license , form and manifesto they issue to citizens . It is used by services such as taxation , security , voting , education , social security , health care , military recruitment , and banking . Ukraine ( edit ) Individual Identification Number is a 10 digit number issued by the tax administration . The first 5 digits represent birthday as the number of days since 01 / 01 / 1900 ( more numbers can be assigned to the same day , this additional or alternative numbers have greate first digit , typically 8 ) . The next four digits is a serial number , it is used so that men get the odd numbers , and women get the even numbers . The last digit is a check digit . The algorithm is not publicly revealed . Similar numbers are issued to residents and foreigners . A person can opt out of receiving an Individual Identification Number based on religious or other beliefs , however it is associated with minor tax disadvantages . The Individual Identification Numbers are issued according to a Law of Ukraine 320 / 94 - BP passed on December 22 , 1994 . Since 2016 , identification no. is one details of Ukrainian identity card ( compared to being a separate paper document ( still in force during transition period ) in the past ) . It takes up to 5 days to obtain taxpayer identification number or tax ID in Ukraine . United kingdom ( edit ) Main article : National Insurance number There is no legal requirement in UK to obtain or carry any identification document or other proof of identity . But an identification is required for many things like renting an apartment . A National Insurance number , generally called an NI Number ( NINO ) , is used to administer state benefits , but has not gained the ubiquity of its US equivalent , and is , quite rightly , not considered proof of identity . As it is the only number that is unique to each individual , does not change during the course of the person 's lifetime , and is issued to virtually every adult throughout the UK , it is used by Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) to track individuals for income tax purposes . The number is stylised as LL NN NN NN L , for example AA 01 23 44 B . Each baby born in the England and Wales is issued a National Health Service number , taking the form NNN - NNN - NNNN , for example 122 - 762 - 9257 ( the last number being a check digit ) . They were formerly of the style `` LLLNNL NNN '' , for example KWB91M 342 , which continued patterns used in World War II identity cards . However , due to the decentralized nature of local NHS organizations issuing the numbers , some patients have been allocated several numbers , the ratio is more often more ( one person : many numbers ) than ( one person : one number ) . The National Programme for Information Technology ( NPfIT ) has also shown that one person can have many numbers , although measures are being undertaken to fix duplicates in the data . Babies born in Scotland are issued a CHI ( Community Health Index ) number , taking the form DDMMYY - NNNN , with the DDMMYY representing their date of birth and a four digit unique number thereafter ( e.g. someone born on 1 January 2010 , would have the number 010110 - NNNN , with the four digit number allocated upon entering newborn details on to the local health board 's patient administration system ) . The second last N is even for females and odd for males . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , the Tax File Number ( TFN ) is issued by the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) to individuals and businesses to track them for income tax purposes . Similar to the Social Security Number ( SSN ) in the US , each individual 's TFN is unique , and does not change throughout their lifetime . However , unlike its U.S. counterpart , Australian law specifically prohibits the use of the TFN as a national identification number , and restricts the use of the TFN to tracking individuals for filing income taxes , superannuation contributions and receiving state welfare benefits . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : NHI Number In New Zealand , an Inland Revenue Department ( IRD ) number is issued by the IRD to every taxpayer ( a natural or juristic person ) , and is needed with dealings with the IRD . It must be given to any employer or bank responsible for charging withholding tax , and to apply for or use a student loan . Driver 's licences carry a unique number , often recorded when providing them as identification . The social security and student support services of the Ministry of Social Development ( Work and Income , and StudyLink ) issue a Work and Income client number , assigned at the occurrence of a person 's first contact with either service . A general letter of enquiry about a service appears to be sufficient for one to be logged and may be assigned without the letter writer 's knowledge . A National Health Index ( NHI ) number is assigned to all newborn New Zealanders at birth , and those who use a health and disability support service that do not already have one . The small population means a name and date of birth can usually uniquely identify someone , though identity theft is easily possible when two people share a name and birthdate . See also ( edit ) VAT identification number International identifiers ( for companies ) Business Identifier Code ( BIC / ISO 9362 , a normalized code for trade , especially popular in banking area as the international Bank code - also known as Bank Identifier Code , Bank International Code and SWIFT code ) , ... References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/iw8ben.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/Individuals/International-Taxpayers/U.S.-Taxpayer-Identification-Number-Requirement Jump up ^ `` National Identity Management Commission '' About the NIN `` . www.nimc.gov.ng . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ SML-FX.COM . `` SAIDValidator '' . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Independent Newspapers Online ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Durban man tells of identity number woes - South Africa IOL News '' . IOL.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Department of Home Affairs : Strategic Plan 2008 -- 11 and Transformation Programme Parliamentary Monitoring Group Parliament of South Africa monitored '' . Pmg.org.za. 2008 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` inss.gov.br '' . inss.gov.br . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Social Insurance Number Usage '' . OnPayroll.ca. 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ David T.S. Fraser ( 1 September 2003 ) . `` New rules for using social insurance numbers '' ( PDF ) . McInnes Cooper law firm . Jump up ^ Kouri , Jim ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Social Security Cards : De Facto National Identification '' . American Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` The Nation ; Not for Identification Purposes '' . Jump up ^ https://www.ssa.gov/history/ssn/geocard.html Jump up ^ Shankar , Besta ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Aadhaar Becomes World 's Biggest Biometric ID Programme '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Byatnal , Amruta ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Tembhli becomes first Aadhar village in India '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ India ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Simply put : What is the Bill giving ' statutory backing ' to Aadhaar about ? '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Firstpost ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` About 93 percent of adults in India have Aadhaar card , says UIDAI '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` You do n't need an Aadhaar smart card , because there is no such card '' . News18. 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://aadhaarprints.com Jump up ^ PTI , From ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Over 24.37 crore PAN cards alloted ( sic ) in country , I-T department says '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Compute Taiwan citizen and resident identification number checksums '' . Jidanni.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived June 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Decision number 827 for way of coding and structure of citizens ' identity numbers '' . Qpz.gov.al. 11 December 2003 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived January 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fehler 404 '' . Buergerkarte.at . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` OIB - Croatia '' . Oib.hr . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 66 7.6. 2002 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o matičnom broju '' . Narodne-novine.nn.hr . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Archived July 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CPR 's udvikling gennem mere end 40 ar '' ( PDF ) . Datamuseum.dk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Personal identity code - Population Register Centre '' . Vrk.fi. 1952 - 10 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Verdict of the Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) , December 15. , 1983 , BVerfGE 65 , 1 . Jump up ^ Guidelines for filling out the ESTA application . ( 7 ) , retrieved 13 February 2017 ( German ) Jump up ^ `` AMKA - What is the AMKA ? '' . Amka.gr . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stream : Blog '' . Privacy International . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ian Watson ( 2010 ) . `` A short history of national identification numbering in Iceland '' . Bifröst Journal of Social Science / Tímarit um félagsvísindi . doi : 10.12742 / bjss. 2010.3 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland : Department of Social Protection , PPS Number Legislation '' . Welfare.ie. 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ https://likumi.lv/ta/id/278984-grozijumi-iedzivotaju-registra-likuma Jump up ^ `` YKA 3 '' ( PDF ) . Mvr.gov.mk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hanne Neverdal Frestad ( 2017 ) . The Norwegian national identification numbering system : the history of a design process ( master 's thesis ) . NTNU . Jump up ^ `` DNI - Concepto y validez '' . Ministerio del Interior . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Einführung der neuen AHV - Nummer '' ( in German ) . Federal Office of Social Security . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MERNİS Projesi hayata geçiyor / Nüfus kayıtları bilgisayarlara taşınıyor '' . Dünya Gazetesi ( in Turkish ) . 2000 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Thought you did n't need to show ID in the UK ? Wrong The Register Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Archived April 5 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) RealVirtual.ro - free online Romanian national identification number ( Personal Numeric Code , Cod Numeric Personal - CNP ) External links ( edit ) Guide to South African ID no. validation ( hide ) National identification numbers by country Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil ( RG CPF CNPJ ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark France Ghana Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain ( DNI NIE ) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_identification_number&oldid=808842701 '' Categories : National identification numbers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from April 2011 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Kazakh - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Latvian - language text Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Macedonian - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Français 한국어 Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 15 : 04 . 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8651756744389383707	OK	OK - wikipedia OK This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 August 2018 . Several terms redirect here . For other uses , see OK ( disambiguation ) , Okay ( disambiguation ) and Okey dokey ( disambiguation ) . An OK button on a remote control `` OK '' ( / oʊ keɪ / ; spelling variations include `` okay '' , `` O.K. '' , `` ok '' ) is an English word denoting approval , acceptance , agreement , assent , acknowledgment , or a sign of indifference . `` OK '' is frequently used as a loanword in other languages . It has been described as the most frequently spoken or written word on the planet . The origins of the word are disputed . As an adjective , `` OK '' principally means `` adequate '' or `` acceptable '' as a contrast to `` bad '' ( `` The boss approved this , so it is OK to send out '' ) ; it can also mean `` mediocre '' when used in contrast with `` good '' ( `` The french fries were great , but the burger was just OK '' ) . It fulfills a similar role as an adverb ( `` Wow , you did OK for your first time skiing ! '' ) . As an interjection , it can denote compliance ( `` OK , I will do that '' ) , or agreement ( `` OK , that is fine '' ) . It can mean `` assent '' when it is used as a noun ( `` the boss gave her OK to the purchase '' ) or , more colloquially , as a verb ( `` the boss OKed the purchase '' ) . `` OK '' , as an adjective , can express acknowledgment without approval . As a versatile discourse marker or back - channeling item , it can also be used with appropriate voice tone to show doubt or to seek confirmation ( `` OK ? '' or `` Is that OK ? '' ) . Contents 1 Proposed etymologies 1.1 Boston abbreviation fad 1.2 Choctaw 1.3 West African 1.4 Alternative etymologies 2 Early history 3 Variations 4 Usage 4.1 International usage 5 Gesture 6 Computers 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Proposed etymologies ( edit ) See also : List of proposed etymologies of OK Numerous explanations for the origin of the expression have been suggested , but few have been discussed seriously by linguists . The following proposals have found mainstream recognition . Boston abbreviation fad ( edit ) The etymology that most reference works provide today is based on a survey of the word 's early history in print : a series of six articles by Allen Walker Read , in the journal American Speech in 1963 and 1964 . He tracked the spread and evolution of the word in American newspapers and other written documents , and later throughout the rest of the world . He also documented controversy surrounding OK and the history of its folk etymologies , both of which are intertwined with the history of the word itself . Read argues that , at the time of the expression 's first appearance in print , a broader fad existed in the United States of `` comical misspellings '' and of forming and employing acronyms , themselves based on colloquial speech patterns : The abbreviation fad began in Boston in the summer of 1838 ... OFM , `` our first men , '' and used expressions like NG , `` no go , '' GT , `` gone to Texas , '' and SP , `` small potatoes . '' Many of the abbreviated expressions were exaggerated misspellings , a stock in trade of the humorists of the day . One predecessor of OK was OW , `` oll wright . '' The general fad is speculated to have existed in spoken or informal written U.S. English for a decade or more before its appearance in newspapers . OK 's original presentation as `` all correct '' was later varied with spellings such as `` Oll Korrect '' or even `` Ole Kurreck '' . The term appears to have achieved national prominence in 1840 , when supporters of the Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for `` Old Kinderhook '' , a nickname for the Democratic president and candidate for reelection , Martin Van Buren , a native of Kinderhook , New York . `` Vote for OK '' was snappier than using his Dutch name . In response , Whig opponents attributed OK , in the sense of `` Oll Korrect , '' to Andrew Jackson 's bad spelling . The country - wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in OK 's history , widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States . Read proposed an etymology of `` OK '' in `` Old Kinderhook '' in 1941 . The evidence presented in that article was somewhat sparse , and the connection to `` Oll Korrect '' not fully elucidated . Various challenges to the etymology were presented ; e.g. , Heflin 's 1962 article . However , Read 's landmark 1963 -- 1964 papers silenced most of the skepticism . Read 's etymology gained immediate acceptance , and is now offered without reservation in most dictionaries . Read himself was nevertheless open to evaluating alternative explanations : Some believe that the Boston newspaper 's reference to OK may not be the earliest . Some are attracted to the claim that it is of American - Indian origin . There is an Indian word , okeh , used as an affirmative reply to a question . Mr Read treated such doubting calmly . `` Nothing is absolute , '' he once wrote , `` nothing is forever . '' Choctaw ( edit ) The folk singer Pete Seeger sang that `` OK '' was of Choctaw Indian origin , as the dictionaries of the time tended to agree . Three major American reference works ( Webster 's , New Century , Funk & Wagnalls ) cited the Choctaw etymology as the probable origin until as late as 1961 . The earliest written evidence for the Choctaw word `` okeh '' is provided in work by the missionaries Cyrus Byington and Alfred Wright in 1825 . These missionaries ended many sentences in their translation of the Bible with the particle `` okeh '' , meaning `` it is so '' . `` Okeh '' was given as an alternative spelling of `` okay '' in the 1913 Webster 's . Byington 's Dictionary of the Choctaw Language confirms the ubiquity of the `` okeh '' particle , and his Grammar of the Choctaw Language notes the particle - keh is an `` affirmative contradistinctive '' , with the `` distinctive '' o - prefix . Subsequent Choctaw spelling books de-emphasized the spellings lists in favor of straight prose , and they made use of the particle ( , ) but they too never included it in the word lists or discussed it directly . The presumption was that the use of particle `` oke '' or `` hoke '' was so common and self - evident as to preclude any need for explanation or discussion for either its Choctaw or non-Choctaw readership . The Choctaw language was one of the languages spoken at this time in the South - Eastern United States by a tribe with significant contact with African slaves . The major language of trade in this area , Mobilian Jargon , was based on Choctaw - Chickasaw , two Muskogean - family languages . This language was used , in particular , for communication with the slave - owning Cherokee ( an Iroquoian - family language ) . For the three decades prior to the Boston abbreviation fad , the Choctaw had been in extensive negotiation with the US government , after having fought alongside them at the Battle of New Orleans . Arguments for a more Southern origin for the word note the tendency of English to adopt loan words in language contact situations , as well as the ubiquity of the `` okeh '' particle . Similar particles exist in native language groups distinct from Iroquoian ( Algonquian , Cree cf . `` ekosi '' ) and its usefulness in conversation ( a verbal equivalent to nodding one 's head ) as the main reasons for its rapid spread among English speakers . West African ( edit ) A verifiable early written attestation of the particle ' kay ' is from transcription by Smyth ( 1784 ) of a North Carolina slave not wanting to be flogged by a European visiting America : Kay , massa , you just leave me , me sit here , great fish jump up into da canoe , here he be , massa , fine fish , massa ; me den very grad ; den me sit very still , until another great fish jump into de canoe ; ... -- A West African ( Mande and / or Bantu ) etymology has been argued in scholarly sources , tracing the word back to the Wolof and Bantu word waw - kay or the Mande ( aka `` Mandinke '' or `` Mandingo '' ) phrase o ke . David Dalby first made the claim that the particle `` OK '' could have African origins in the 1969 Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture . His argument was reprinted in various newspaper articles between 1969 and 1971 . This suggestion has also been mentioned more recently by Joseph Holloway , who argued in the 1993 book The African Heritage of American English ( co-written with a retired missionary ) that various West African languages have near - homophone discourse markers with meanings such as `` yes indeed '' or which serve as part of the back - channeling repertoire . Though Frederic Cassidy challenged Dalby 's claims , asserting that there is no documentary evidence that any of these African - language words had any causal link with its use in the American press , one can certainly wonder at the fact that this standard of written proof does not account for the illiteracy in which the West African speakers were kept during the period of slavery in question . The West African hypothesis had not been accepted by 1981 by any etymologists , yet has since appeared in scholarly sources published by linguists and non-linguists alike . Alternative etymologies ( edit ) A large number of origins have been proposed . Some of them are thought to fall into the category of folk etymology and are proposed based merely on apparent similarity between OK and one or another phrase in a foreign language with a similar meaning and sound . Some examples are : A corruption from the speech of the large number of descendants of Scottish and Ulster Scots ( Scots - Irish ) immigrants to North America , of the common Scots phrase och aye ( `` oh yes '' ) . A borrowing of the Greek phrase όλα καλά ( óla kalá ) , meaning `` all good '' . Early history ( edit ) Allen Walker Read identifies the earliest known use of O.K. in print as 1839 , in the edition of 23 March of the Boston Morning Post ( an American newspaper ) . The announcement of a trip by the Anti-Bell - Ringing Society ( a `` frolicsome group '' according to Read ) received attention from the Boston papers . Charles Gordon Greene wrote about the event using the line that is widely regarded as the first instance of this strain of OK , complete with gloss : The above is from the Providence Journal , the editor of which is a little too quick on the trigger , on this occasion . We said not a word about our deputation passing `` through the city '' of Providence. -- We said our brethren were going to New York in the Richmond , and they did go , as per Post of Thursday . The `` Chairman of the Committee on Charity Lecture Bells , '' is one of the deputation , and perhaps if he should return to Boston , via Providence , he of the Journal , and his train - band , would have his `` contribution box , '' et ceteras , o.k. -- all correct -- and cause the corks to fly , like sparks , upward . Read gives a number of subsequent appearances in print . Seven instances were accompanied with glosses that were variations on `` all correct '' such as `` oll korrect '' or `` ole kurreck '' , but five appeared with no accompanying explanation , suggesting that the word was expected to be well known to readers and possibly in common colloquial use at the time . Various claims of earlier usage have been made . For example , it was claimed that the phrase appeared in a 1790 court record from Sumner County , Tennessee , discovered in 1859 by a Tennessee historian named Albigence Waldo Putnam , in which Andrew Jackson apparently said `` proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker , for an uncalled good , which was O.K. '' . However , Read challenged such claims , and his assertions have been generally accepted . The great lawyer who successfully argued many Indian rights claims , however , supports the Jacksonian popularization of the term based on its Choctaw origin . David Dalby ( see above ) brought up some other earlier attested usages . One example from 1941 is the apparent notation `` we arrived ok '' in the hand - written diary of William Richardson going from Boston to New Orleans in 1815 , about a month after the Battle of New Orleans . Frederic Cassidy asserts that he personally tracked down this diary and notes that : After many attempts to track down this diary , Read and I at last discovered that it is owned by the grandson of the original writer , Professor L. Richardson , Jr. , of the Department of Classical Studies at Duke University . Through his courtesy we were able to examine this manuscript carefully , to make greatly enlarged photographs of it , and to become convinced ( as is Richardson ) that , whatever the marks in the manuscript are , they are not OK . -- Similarly , H.L. Mencken , who originally considered it `` very clear that ' o.k. ' is actually in the manuscript '' , later recanted his endorsement of the expression , asserting that it was used no earlier than 1839 . Mencken ( following Read ) described the diary entry as a misreading of the author 's self - correction , and stated it was in reality the first two letters of the words ah ( andsome ) before noticing the phrase had been used in the previous line and changing his mind . Another example given by Dalby is a Jamaican planter 's diary of 1816 , which records a black slave saying `` Oh ki , massa , doctor no need be fright , we no want to hurt him '' . Cassidy asserts that this is a misreading of the source , which actually begins `` Oh , ki , massa ... '' , where ki is a phrase by itself : In all other examples of this interjection that I have found , it is simply ki ( once spelled kie ) . As here , it expresses surprise , amusement , satisfaction , mild expostulation , and the like . It has nothing like the meaning of the adjective OK , which in the earliest recorded examples means ' all right , good , ' though it later acquires other meanings , but even when used as an interjection does not express surprise , expostulation , or anything similar . -- Variations ( edit ) Whether this word is printed as OK , Ok , ok , okay , or O.K. is a matter normally resolved in the style manual for the publication involved . Dictionaries and style guides such as The Chicago Manual of Style and The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage provide no consensus . Variation Where used / Origins okeh Choctaw word for ' it is so ' ( see above ) . An alternative English spelling , no longer common , although it remained in sporadic use well into the 20th century . Also see Okeh Records . hokay Used in English as an alternative . kay or ' kay Notably used in Herman Wouk 's The Caine Mutiny as a filler word by the maniacal Captain Queeg . k or kk or oka Commonly used in instant messaging , or in SMS messages . Before the days of SMS , `` K '' was used as a Morse code prosign for `` Go Ahead '' . Okie dokie This slang term was popularized in the film `` The Little Rascals '' ( Oki doki ) . The phrase can be extended further , e.g. `` Okie dokie ( aka ) pokie / smokie / artichokie / karaoke / lokie , '' etc . ôkê Used in Vietnam ; okey also used , but ok more commonly . okei Used in Norwegian , Icelandic , Finnish and Estonian ( together with OK or ok ) okey Used in Catalan , Faroese , Russian , Spanish and Turkish , sounding similar to the English pronunciation OK . okej Used in Polish , Serbo - Croatian , Slovene , Macedonian , Swedish , and sometimes Latvian ; ok also used , but considered to be a part of more colloquial internet language . oké Used in Dutch and Hungarian . In Dutch , oke , ok and okay are also used , but are less common in the formal written language . ookoo Used in Finland . Pronounced the same way as `` OK '' ; the spelling arises from the pronunciation of the individual letters in Finnish . oquei and ocá Nowadays , rarely used in Portuguese , but once a fad in Brazil . Pronounced as the English OK or following the names of the letters in Portuguese ( oh - kah ) . In written Portuguese , still very much used as OK . oukej Used in Czech and Slovak . Pronounced as the English OK . When written OK , it is pronounced ( o : ka : ) . Neither version recognized as official . owkej Used in Maltese . Pronounced as the English `` OK '' . oukei Used in colloquial Afrikaans . Pronounced also as `` OK '' . O.K Used in Greek . The abbreviation is pronounced as the English OK . A-OK A more technical - sounding variation popularized by NASA in 1961 . M'kay Slang term popularized by South Park TV show . Pronounced also as `` Mmmm K '' . This variation has connotations of sarcasm , such as condescending disagreement . Okily Dokily ! Catchphrase used by Ned Flanders in The Simpsons . Usage ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1961 , NASA popularized the variant `` A-OK '' during the launch of Alan Shepard 's Mercury mission . International usage ( edit ) In Brazil , Mexico and Peru , as well as in other Latin American countries , the word is pronounced just as it is in English and is used very frequently . Spanish speakers often spell the word `` okey '' to conform with the spelling rules of the language . In Brazil , it may be also pronounced as `` ô - kei '' . In Portugal , it is used with its Portuguese pronunciation and sounds something like `` ókâi '' ( similar to the English pronunciation but with the `` ó '' sounding like the `` o '' in `` lost '' or `` top '' ) , or even as ' oh - kapa ' , from the letters O ( ' ó ' ) and K ( ' capa ' ) . In Flanders and the Netherlands , `` OK '' has become part of the everyday Dutch language . It is pronounced the same way . Arabic speakers also use the word ( أوكي ) widely , particularly in areas of former British presence like Egypt , Jordan , Israel / Palestine and Iraq , but also all over the Arab world due to the prevalence of American cinema and television . It is pronounced just as it is in English but is very rarely seen in Arabic newspapers and formal media . In Hebrew , the word OK is common as an equivalent to the Hebrew word בסדר ( b'seder ) ( ' adequate ' , ' in order ' ) . It is written as it sounds in English אוקיי . It is used in Japan and Korea in a somewhat restricted sense , fairly equivalent to `` all right '' . OK is often used in colloquial Japanese as a replacement for 大丈夫 ( daijōbu `` all right '' ) or いい ( ii `` good '' ) and often followed by です ( desu -- the copula ) . A transliteration of the English word , written as オーケー ( lit . `` ōkē '' ) or オッケー ( lit . `` okkē '' ) is also often used in the same manner as the English , and is becoming more popular in recent years . In Korean , 오케이 ( literally `` okay '' ) can be used colloquially in place of 네 ( ne , `` yes '' ) when expressing approval or acknowledgment . In Chinese , the term 好 ; hǎo ( literally : `` good '' ) , can be modified to fit most of usages of OK . For example , 好了 ; hǎo le closely resembles the interjection usage of OK . The `` 了 '' indicates a change of state ; in this case it indicates the achievement of consensus . Likewise , `` OK '' is commonly transformed into `` OK 了 '' ( OK le ) when communicating with foreigners or with fellow Cantonese speaking people in at least Hong Kong and possibly to an extent other regions of China . Other usages of OK such as `` I am OK '' can be translated as 我还好 ; wǒ hái hǎo . In Hong Kong , movies or dramas set in modern times use the term `` ok '' as part of the sprinkling of English included in otherwise Cantonese dialog . In Mandarin Chinese it is also somewhat humorously used in the `` spelling '' of the word for karaoke , `` 卡拉 OK '' , pronounced `` kah - lah - oh - kei '' ( Mandarin does not natively have a syllable with the pronunciation `` kei '' ) . On the computer , OK is usually translated as `` 确定 , '' which means `` confirm '' or `` confirmed '' . In Taiwan , `` OK '' is frequently used in various sentences , popular among but not limited to younger generations . This includes the aforementioned `` OK 了 '' ( Okay le ) , `` OK 嗎 '' ( Okay ma ) , meaning `` Is it okay ? '' or `` OK 啦 '' ( Okay la ) , a strong , persuading affirmative , as well as the somewhat tongue - in - cheek explicit yes / no construction `` O 不 OK ? '' ( O bù OK ? ) , `` Is it OK or not ? '' In Russia , `` OK '' is used very frequently for any positive meaning . The word in Russian has many morphologies : `` окей '' , `` океюшки '' , `` ок '' , `` окейно '' , etc . In France and Belgium , `` OK '' is used to communicate agreement , and is generally followed by a French phrase ( e.g. OK , d'accord , `` ok , chef '' ) or another borrowing ( e.g. , OK , boss . ok , bye . ) . Rarely pronounced / ɔk / these days , except by young children encountering dialog boxes for the first times . In the Philippines `` okay lang '' is a common expression , literally meaning `` just okay '' or `` just fine '' . Sometimes spelled as okey . In Malay , it is frequently used with the emphatic suffix `` lah '' : OK - lah . In Vietnamese , it is spelled `` Ô kê '' . In India , it is often used after a sentence to mean `` did you get it ? '' , often not regarded politely , for example , `` I want this job done , OK ? '' or at the end of a conversation ( mostly on the phone ) followed by `` bye '' as in `` OK , bye . '' In Indonesia , `` OK '' is also used as a slogan of national television station RCTI since the year 1994 . In Pakistan , `` OK '' has become a part of Urdu and Punjabi languages . In Germany , `` OK '' is spelled as `` o.k. '' or `` O.K. '' or `` okay '' . It may be pronounced as in English , but / ɔˈkeː / or / oˈkeː / are also common . The meaning ranges from acknowledgement to describing something neither good nor bad , same as in US / UK usage . In Maldivian Okay is used in different ways , often used to agree with something , more often used while departing from a gathering `` Okay Dahnee / Kendee . '' In Singapore , `` OK '' is often used with suffix - es used in `` Singlish '' such as OK lor , OK lah , OK meh , OK leh ... etc. which are used in different occasions . Gesture ( edit ) Main article : OK ( gesture ) Okay sign In the United States and much of Europe a related gesture is made by touching the index finger with the thumb ( forming a rough circle ) and raising of the remaining fingers . It is not known whether the gesture is derived from the expression , or if the gesture appeared first . The gesture was popularized in America in 1836 as a symbol to support then Presidential candidate Martin Van Buren . This was because Van Buren 's nickname , Old Kinderhook , derived from his hometown of Kinderhook , NY , had the initials O K. Similar gestures have different meanings in other cultures , some offensive . Computers ( edit ) OK is used to label buttons in modal dialog boxes such as error messages or print dialogs , indicating that the user must press the button to accept the contents of the dialog box and continue . When a modal dialog box contains only one button , it is almost always labeled `` OK '' by convention and default , usually rendered to the screen in upper case without punctuation : OK , rather than O.K. , Okay , or Ok . The OK button can probably be traced to user interface research done for the Apple Lisa . The inspiration was likely the - ok parameter in Unix ' find command . The Forth programming language prints ok when ready to accept input from the keyboard . This prompt is used on Sun , Apple , and other computers with the Forth - based Open Firmware ( OpenBoot ) . The appearance of ok in inappropriate contexts is the subject of some humor . In HTTP , the HyperText Transfer Protocol , upon which the World Wide Web is based , a successful response from the server is defined as OK ( with the numerical code 200 as specified in RFC 2616 ) . The Session Initiation Protocol also defines a response , 200 OK , which conveys success for most requests ( RFC 3261 ) . Some Linux distributions , including those based on Red Hat , display boot progress on successive lines on - screen , which include ( OK ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ South China Morning Post : `` OK , ' most spoken word on the planet ' , marks its 175th anniversary '' Jump up ^ Beaver , David ( 20 February 2011 ) . `` Not OK '' . languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yngve , Victor . `` On getting a word in edgewise , '' page 568 . Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting ( of the ) Chicago Linguistic Society , 1970 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard W. Allen Walker Read , American Scholar in Milestones in the History of English in America ( PDF ) . American Dialect Society 86 , Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press , 2002 . Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary ( good summary of the results of Read 's six articles ) Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1963 ) . `` The first stage in the history of `` O.K '' `` . American Speech. 38 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 27 . doi : 10.2307 / 453580 . JSTOR 453580 . Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1963 ) . `` The second stage in the history of `` O.K '' `` . American Speech. 38 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 453285 . JSTOR 453285 . Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1963 ) . `` Could Andrew Jackson spell ? '' . American Speech. 38 ( 3 ) : 188 -- 195 . doi : 10.2307 / 454098 . JSTOR 454098 . Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1964 ) . `` The folklore of `` O.K '' `` . American Speech. 39 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 453922 . JSTOR 453922 . Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1964 ) . `` Later stages in the history of `` O.K '' `` . American Speech. 39 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 101 . doi : 10.2307 / 453111 . JSTOR 453111 . Jump up ^ Read , Allen W ( 1964 ) . `` '' Successive revisions in the explanation of `` O.K '' . American Speech. 39 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 267 . doi : 10.2307 / 454321 . JSTOR 454321 . Jump up ^ Adams 1985 . Jump up ^ The Economist 2002 . Jump up ^ Read 1941 . Jump up ^ Heflin 1962 . Jump up ^ Online edition of American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Houghton Mifflin ) Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Allen Read '' . The Economist. 24 October 2002 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fay 2007 . Jump up ^ YouTube . Jump up ^ `` okeh '' . ( n.d. ) Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary . ( 1913 ) . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Byington 1915 . Jump up ^ Byington , Cryus ( 1870 ) . Grammar of the Choctaw Language . McCalla & Stavely . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Flickinger , Robert Elliot ( 1911 ) . The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy . gutenberg.org . Jump up ^ Tiya Miles , Ties that Bind : The Story of an Afro - Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom , University of California Press , 2005 , pp. 170 - 173 Jump up ^ `` SLAVERY '' Archived 18 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture , Oklahoma Historical Society , Retrieved 29 December 2014 Jump up ^ Badger 1971 . Jump up ^ Hopkins . Jump up ^ DeRosier Jr , Arthur ( 1967 ) . `` Andrew Jackson and Negotiations for The Removal of the Choctaw Indians '' . The Historian. 29 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Smyth 1784 , pp. 1 : 118 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Cassidy 1981 . Jump up ^ Holloway & Vass 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Lighter , Jonathon , ( 1994 ) . The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang , 708 . Jump up ^ LINGUIST List 4.705. 14 September 1993 . Jump up ^ Read 1964 . Jump up ^ Weber 1942 . Jump up ^ George W. Stimpson. ( 1934 ) `` Nuggets Of Knowledge '' Jump up ^ Felix S. Cohen , `` Americanizing the White Man , '' The American Scholar vol. 21 , no . 2 ( Spring 1952 ) : 177 - 191 Jump up ^ Heflin 1941 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Wait 1941 . Jump up ^ Mencken 1945 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ David Dalby ( Reader in West African Languages , SOAS , U of London ) . ( 1971 ) `` The Etymology of O.K. , '' The Times , 14 January 1971 Jump up ^ `` I 'm OK , you 're okay '' . Grammarphobia. 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Okeh as variant spelling of `` okay '' `` . Thefreedictionary.com. 28 June 1928 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Drew . `` Wallace Letter to Truman Led to White House Okeh of Speech '' . St. Petersburg Times , 18 September 1946 , p. 6 . Retrieved on 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennewein , Paul . `` Okay is Okeh : Along the Cape Fear '' . Wilmington Morning Star ( Wilmington , N.C. ) , 10 June 1977 , p. 1 - D. Retrieved on 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Halbrooks , Hap . `` Arthur Davis ' Hand Reported Okeh '' . Florence Times , 19 May 1955 , p. 12 . Retrieved on 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Word Wizard : Okie Dokie smokie Jump up ^ `` Okie Dokie Artichokie '' ( book ) Jump up ^ Luong , Ngoc MD . Personal interview by Nu Alpha Pi. 2010 April 13 . Jump up ^ ( in Swedish ) Aftonbladet.se Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Taaladvies.net Jump up ^ Mäkinen , Panu . `` Alphabet '' . Phonology . Panu Mäkinen . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Tom ( 1988 ) . The Right Stuff ( 17th print ed . ) . Toronto : Bantam Books . p. 227 . ISBN 9780553275568 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Calm Voice from Space '' . Time . Time Inc . March 2 , 1962 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ 3 min 37 s video , Youtube.com Jump up ^ http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/o__k_#block-duden-tiles-4 ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Nancy & Melissa Wagner. ( 2003 ) Field Guide to Gestures : How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man . Philadelphia : Quirk Books . Jump up ^ Dangerous Body Language Abroad , by Matthew Link . Posted 26 July 2010 01 : 00 PM . Retrieved on 17 November 2012 Jump up ^ Body Language . Obscene , to be used with extreme moderation ! Retrieved on 17 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Apple user interface designers pick ' ' OK ' ' '' . Folklore.org. 17 July 1980 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ search for `` - ok command ; '' Jump up ^ `` USENIX - LISA 99 - The C Days of Y2K '' . USENIX. 23 November 1999 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . References ( edit ) Adams , Cecil ( 1 January 1985 ) . `` What does `` OK '' stand for ? `` . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Badger , Herbert Andrew ( 1971 ) . `` A Descriptive Grammar of Mississippi Choctaw '' . University of Southern Mississippi . OCLC 30845851 . Beath , Paul L. ( October 1946 ) . `` ' O.K. ' in Radio Sign Language '' . American Speech. 21 ( 3 ) : 235 . JSTOR 486779 . Beaver , David ( 20 February 2011 ) . `` Not OK '' . languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . * Byington , Cyrus ( 1915 ) . A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language . U.S. Government Printing Office . Cassidy , Frederic G. ( Winter 1981 ) . `` OK -- Is It African ? '' . American Speech. 56 ( 4 ) : 269 -- 273 . doi : 10.2307 / 455123 . JSTOR 455123 . Dalby , David ( 8 January 1971 ) . `` O.K. , A.O.K and O KE ; The Remarkable Career Of an Americanism That Began in Africa '' . The New York Times . p. 31 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . `` Allen Read '' . The Economist. 24 October 2002 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Eubanks , Ralph T. ( October 1960 ) . `` The Basic Derivation of ' O.K. ' '' . American Speech. 35 ( 3 ) : 188 -- 192 . doi : 10.2307 / 453884 . JSTOR 453884 . Fay , Jim ( 14 July 2007 ) . `` The Choctaw Expression `` Okeh '' and the Americanism `` Okay '' `` . Illinois Prairie . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Greco , Frank A. ; Degges , Mary ( Autumn -- Winter 1975 ) . `` The Etymology of OK Again '' . American Speech. 50 ( 3 / 4 ) : 333 -- 335 . doi : 10.2307 / 3088024 . JSTOR 3088024 . Heflin , Woodford A. ( April 1941 ) . `` ' O.K. ' , But What Do We Know about It ? '' . American Speech. 16 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 487428 . JSTOR 487428 . Heflin , Woodford A. ( December 1962 ) . `` ' O.K. ' and Its Incorrect Etymology '' . American Speech. 37 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 248 . doi : 10.2307 / 453377 . JSTOR 453377 . Hopkins , Nicolas A . The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies , Inc . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Holloway , Joseph E. ; Vass , Winifred Kellersberger ( 1993 ) . The African Heritage of American English . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0253328381 . Levin , Harry ; Gray , Deborah ( Autumn 1983 ) . `` The Lecturer 's OK '' . American Speech. 58 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.2307 / 455226 . JSTOR 455226 . Matthews , Albert ( December 1941 ) . `` A Note on ' O.K. ' '' . American Speech. 16 ( 4 ) : 256 -- 259 . doi : 10.2307 / 486564 . JSTOR 486564 . Mencken , H.L. ( 1936 ) . The American Language ( 4 ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 206 -- 207 . ISBN 0394400755 . Mencken , H.L. ( April 1942 ) . `` ' O.K. , ' 1840 '' . American Speech. 17 ( 2 ) : 126 -- 127 . doi : 10.2307 / 486458 . JSTOR 486458 . Mencken , H.L. ( 1945 ) . The American Language : Supplement I. New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0394400763 . Mencken , H.L. ( 1 October 1949 ) , `` The Life and Times of O.K. '' , The New Yorker , pp. 57 -- 61 Merriam - Webster , Inc. ( 1989 ) . Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage . Philippines : Merriam - Webster , Inc . ISBN 0877790329 . McMillan , B. ( April 1942 ) . `` ' O.K. , ' A Comment '' . American Speech. 17 ( 2 ) : 127 . JSTOR 486459 . Pound , Louise ( December 1942 ) . `` Some Folk - Locutions '' . American Speech. 17 ( 4 ) : 247 -- 250 . doi : 10.2307 / 487190 . JSTOR 487190 . Pound , Louise ( October 1951 ) . `` Two Queries '' . American Speech. 26 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 224 . doi : 10.2307 / 453088 . JSTOR 453088 . Pyles , Thomas ( May 1952 ) . `` ' Choctaw ' Okeh Again : A Note '' . American Speech. 27 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 158 . JSTOR 454369 . Read , Allen W. ( 19 July 1941 ) , `` The Evidence on O.K. '' , Saturday Review of Literature , pp. 3 -- 4 , 10 -- 11 Read , Allen W. ( February 1964 ) . `` The Folklore of `` O.K. '' `` . American Speech. 39 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 453922 . JSTOR 453922 . Rife , J.M. ( October 1966 ) . `` The Early Spread of `` O.K. '' to Greek Schools `` . American Speech. 41 ( 3 ) : 238 . JSTOR 454033 . Smyth , J.F.D. ( 1784 ) . A Tour in the United States of America . G. Robinson . Wait , William Bell ( April 1941 ) . `` Richardson 's ' O.K. ' of 1815 '' . American Speech. 16 ( 2 ) : 136 . doi : 10.2307 / 487427 . JSTOR 487427 . Walser , Richard ( May 1965 ) . `` A Boston `` O.K. '' Poem in 1840 `` . American Speech. 40 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 126 . doi : 10.2307 / 453718 . JSTOR 453718 . Weber , Robert ( April 1942 ) . `` A Greek O.K. '' . American Speech. 17 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 128 . JSTOR 486460 . Further reading ( edit ) Metcalf , Allan . ( 2011 ) . OK : The Improbable Story of America 's Greatest Word . Oxford University Press , Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537793 - 4 External links ( edit ) Look up OK in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to OK . Where did OKAY come from ? The Choctaw Expression Okeh and the Americanism Okay Ok . Let 's continue . Most Recognized Word on the Planet : OK or O.K. or Okay NPR : The Origin of OK ( audio ) OK / OKAY - Exhibition at the Grey Art Gallery , Swiss Institute , New York University FAQ : `` OK '' BBC : How ' OK ' took over the world . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . 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-2719160256405260972	Grand Union Canal	Grand Union canal - wikipedia Grand Union canal Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the modern canal . For the original Grand Union Canal that forms part of this canal , see Grand Union Canal ( old ) . ( hide ) Grand Union Canal Legend Birmingham , Warwick Bar Salford Junction Birmingham & Warwick Jct branch Digbeth branch Bordesley Junction Oxford Canal Napton Junction Oxford Canal Braunston Junction Old Grand Union Canal Norton Junction ( Leicester Line ) River Nene Gayton Junction Northampton Arm Buckingham Arm Cosgrove Junction Buckingham Basin Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway ? Aylesbury Basin Aylesbury Arm Marsworth Junction Wendover Arm Bulbourne Junction Wendover Basin Slough Basin Slough Arm Cowley Peachey Junction Bull 's Bridge Junction Brentford Arm Paddington Arm The Regent 's Canal Paddington Basin Brentford River Thames ? - proposed The canal at Braunston The Grand Union Canal passing Trellick Tower at Westbourne Park , London The Grand Union Canal near Westbourne Park , London The Grand Union Canal in England is part of the British canal system . Its main line starts in London and ends in Birmingham , stretching for 137 miles ( 220 km ) with 166 locks . It has arms to places including Leicester , Slough , Aylesbury , Wendover and Northampton . The Grand Union Canal was also the original name for part of what is now part of the Leicester Line of the modern Grand Union : this latter is now generally referred to as the Old Grand Union Canal to avoid ambiguity . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Brentford to Braunston 3 The Birmingham `` main line '' 4 The Leicester Line 5 Branches 6 Current developments 6.1 Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway 6.2 Buckingham Arm restoration 6.3 Slough Arm Thames link 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References and notes 10 External links History ( edit ) With competition from the railways having taken a large share of traffic in the second half of the 19th century , improvements in roads and vehicle technology in the early part of the 20th century meant that the lorry was also becoming a threat to the canals . Tolls had been reduced to compete with the railways , but there was little scope for further reduction . The Regent 's Canal and the Grand Junction Canal agreed that amalgamation and modernisation were the only way to remain competitive . The Grand Union Canal in its current form came into being on 1 January 1929 , and was further extended in 1932 . It was formed from the amalgamation of several different canals , and at 286.3 miles ( 460.8 km ) ( 281.3 miles ( 452.7 km ) when excluding the shared line with the Oxford Canal ) , is by far the longest merged canal in the UK , whilst the Leeds & Liverpool Canal for being 127 miles ( 204 km ) and having parts of the now - extinct southern end of the Lancaster Canal , is considered the longest single Canal in the UK : London area Regent 's Canal -- original company Hertford Union Canal -- bought by the Regent 's Canal in 1857 Main Line Warwick and Napton Canal -- bought by the Regent 's Canal in 1927 Warwick and Birmingham Canal -- bought by the Regent 's Canal in 1927 Birmingham and Warwick Junction Canal -- bought by the Regent 's Canal in 1927 Grand Junction Canal -- bought by the Regent 's Canal in 1927 Leicester Line Old Grand Union Canal -- bought by the Grand Junction in 1894 Leicestershire and Northamptonshire Union Canal -- bought by the Grand Junction in 1894 Leicester Navigation -- bought by the Grand Union in 1932 Loughborough Navigation -- bought by the Grand Union in 1932 Erewash Canal -- bought by the Grand Union in 1932 A 5 - mile ( 8 - km ) section of the Oxford Canal forms the main line of the Grand Union between Braunston and Napton . Although the Grand Union intended to buy the Oxford Canal and Coventry Canal , this did not take place . The section of the main line between Brentford and Braunston ( formerly the Grand Junction Canal ) , was built as a ' wide ' or ' broad ' canal -- that is , its locks were wide enough to accommodate two narrowboats abreast ( side by side ) or a single wide barge up to 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) in beam . However , the onward sections from Braunston to Birmingham had been built as ' narrow ' canals -- that is , the locks could accommodate only a single narrowboat . An Act of Parliament of 1931 was passed authorising a key part of the modernisation scheme of the Grand Union , supported by Government grants . The narrow locks ( and several bridges ) between Napton and Camp Hill Top Lock in Birmingham were rebuilt to take widebeam boats or barges up to 12 feet 6 inches ( 3.81 m ) in beam , or two narrowboats . The canal was dredged and bank improvements carried out : the depth was increased to 5 feet 6 inches ( 1.68 m ) to allow heavier cargoes , and the minimum width increased to 26 feet ( 7.9 m ) to enable two boats of 12 feet 6 inches to pass . Lock works were completed in 1934 when the Duke of Kent opened the new broad locks at Hatton , and other improvements finished by 1937 . However , these improvements to depth and width were never carried out between Braunston and London . Camp Hill Locks in Birmingham were not widened , as it would have been very expensive and of little point , since they lead only to further flights of locks not in the ownership of the Grand Union . A new basin and warehouse were constructed at Tyseley , above Camp Hill , to deal with this . Although the Grand Union company had a number of broad boats built to take advantage of the improvements , they never really caught on and the canal continued to be operated largely by pairs of narrow boats , whose journeys were facilitated by the newly widened locks in which they could breast up . The three sections between Norton junction and the River Trent ( collectively known as the ' Leicester line ' ) are mixed in size . From Norton to Foxton , the route is a narrow canal . From below Foxton to Leicester it is a wide canal . From Leicester to the Trent , the route is effectively the River Soar and the locks and bridges are wide . Another Act of 1931 authorised the widening of the locks at Watford and Foxton , but with Government grants for this section not forthcoming , the work was not carried out . The Grand Union Canal was nationalised in 1948 , control transferring to the British Transport Commission , and in 1962 to the British Waterways Board , later British Waterways . Commercial traffic continued to decline , effectively ceasing in the 1970s , though lime juice was carried from Brentford to Boxmoor until 1981 , and aggregates on the River Soar until 1996 . However , leisure traffic took over , and the canal is now as busy as it ever was , with leisure boating complemented by fishing , towpath walking and gongoozling . More recently freight traffic has returned with the carriage of aggregates from Denham to West Drayton in barges and narrow boats , and the opening of a new wharf for re-cyclables and aggregates at Old Oak Common . Brentford to Braunston ( edit ) One end of the Grand Union Canal ( Grand Junction Canal -- Main Line ) is at Brentford on the River Thames in west London , where the canal follows the engineered course of the River Brent . The double Thames Lock at Brentford acts as the demarcation point between the Thames , administered by the Port of London Authority , and the River Brent / Grand Union Canal , administered by the Canal & River Trust . The locks on the canal are numbered south from Braunston , and Thames Lock is lock number 101 . The Thames Lock on the Grand Union Canal , Brentford , West London . Photo taken in twilight at the peak of a spring tide From the Thames Lock , the canal and the River Brent are one and the same , and the waterway is semi-tidal until the double Gauging Lock ( lock 100 ) at Brentford is reached . Just upstream of the Gauging Lock was a large canal basin , now known as Brentford Lock , from which the canal continues to follow the course of the River Brent through two more locks . The river and canal part company at the base of the Hanwell flight of locks ( 92 -- 97 ) , before two more locks take the canal to Norwood Green . It then heads westward over level ground through Southall , Hayes and West Drayton until it reaches the valley of the River Colne where it swings northward to Cowley through Uxbridge . Three miles ( 5 km ) from Norwood on this long level is Bulls Bridge Junction , once the site of the Grand Union Canal Carrying Company 's main dockyard . At Bulls Bridge , the Paddington Arm branches off to the north and runs 12 miles ( 19 km ) to join the Regents Canal at Little Venice ( see below ) . Just before Uxbridge is Cowley Peachey junction , where the Slough Arm branches off westward . At Cowley , the canal begins to climb the valley of the River Colne following a north - westerly course to Uxbridge After Denham and Harefield , it passes to the south of Rickmansworth . Here it merges with the Rivers Chess , Colne and Gade . After Rickmansworth , the canal follows the valley of the River Gade , a tributary of the River Colne , passing the site of Croxley paper mill . The canal skirts Watford through Cassiobury Park , passing under the M25 motorway as it approaches Kings Langley . By now the locks are becoming more frequent as the climb into the Chiltern Hills steepens . The original four locks here were replaced in 1819 by five shallower ones to alleviate problems with water supply to the nearby paper mills . This realigned the canal to the south of its former course ; the locks here are still referred to -- without irony -- as `` The New ' Uns '' by traditional boaters , and the term has been passed on to a new generation of canal users . After Kings Langley and Apsley -- the site of more former paper mills -- the canal passes Hemel Hempstead and Boxmoor Common . From here the canal follows the course of the River Bulbourne through Bourne End with the well - known swingbridge at Winkwell , and the `` Port of Berkhamsted '' . At Cow Roast Lock the canal reaches the 3 - mile ( 5 - km ) long summit level at Tring in the Chiltern hills , having risen through 54 locks since Brentford . At the north - west end of the summit level is Bulbourne Works , where lock gates were manufactured until 2003 for the southern canal network . Half a mile ( 800 m ) further on , the canal reaches the top of the Marsworth flight of seven locks , which begin the descent to the Vale of Aylesbury . The Wendover Arm branches off westwards from the summit level under a bridge adjacent to Marsworth Top Lock and is currently navigable for just over a mile to moorings and a winding hole . There is a restoration project to extend it back to Wendover . This part of the canal in parlance used by natives and canal staff was `` the withered arm '' and in fact was only really `` opened '' to allow the pumping station there to pump water into the summit . A few hundred yards ( metres ) beyond the bottom lock of the flight , the Aylesbury Arm branches off to the south west . The Grand Union crosses the wide valley gradually , descending by interspersed locks past the villages of Cheddington , Horton and Slapton until it reaches Leighton Buzzard . Traditionally this section of the canal is called `` Slapton Fields '' or just `` The Fields '' by boaters . New Bradwell Aqueduct , Milton Keynes A few miles further on it enters Milton Keynes at the outskirts of Bletchley at Fenny Stratford Lock , which is unusual in lowering the level by only 12 inches ( 30 cm ) . The next stretch of 11 miles ( 18 km ) is on the level . ( There is a plan ( see below ) to dig a new arm from the Grand Union at Milton Keynes to the Great Ouse at Bedford ) . North of the centre , it traverses the modern New Bradwell Aqueduct , the first on the Grand Union in over 100 years . Leaving Milton Keynes at Wolverton , the canal runs on a high embankment before passing over the Great Ouse at Cosgrove `` Iron Trunk '' aqueduct . Top lock at Stoke Bruerne After rising through Cosgrove Lock , ( and passing the start of the abandoned Buckingham Arm ) another long level section brings the canal to the bottom of the Stoke Bruerne flight of seven locks . At the top of this flight is the Stoke Bruerne Canal Museum followed shortly by Blisworth Tunnel , at 3,056 yards ( 2,794 m ) one of the longest on the canal network . Crick Wharf , Northamptonshire Once clear of the tunnel , the canal passes Blisworth village and reaches Gayton Junction where the Northampton Arm branches off to the east . This arm has 17 narrow locks as it descends to join the navigable River Nene ( see below ) . The long level stretch continues past several villages including Nether Heyford and Weedon Bec and is very rural in character . At Whilton , the canal reaches the bottom of the Buckby flight of seven locks which raise it to Braunston summit although the village of that name is still 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) distant . Beyond the top lock is Norton Junction where the Leicester line ( not strictly a branch ) heads off north . A few miles further on the canal passes through the 2040 - yard ( 1865 - m ) Braunston Tunnel , which pierces a low range of hills that are part of the Northamptonshire uplands . The canal then drops down the Braunston flight of six locks until it reaches Braunston Junction , just over 93 miles ( 150 km ) from Brentford . The Birmingham `` main line '' ( edit ) At Braunston Junction , the Oxford Canal diverges north and south . The north section leads to Rugby and Coventry ; the southward fork carries both the Oxford Canal and the Grand Union for 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) to Napton Junction . Here , the Grand Union heads north towards Birmingham , while the Oxford Canal veers south towards Banbury and Oxford . Shortly after Napton Junction , the Grand Union reaches three locks at Calcutt , which begin the descent to the Warwickshire River Avon . After a 3 - mile ( 5 - km ) level , the canal descends into the valley of the River Leam by the Stockton flight of 10 locks ( often known as ' the Itchington Ten ' ) . Above the eighth lock down the flight , a short arm ( now used as pleasure craft moorings ) used to serve Southam cement works . From the bottom of the locks , a 3 - mile ( 5 - km ) level leads to the four Bascote locks . The top two form a ' riser ' or staircase . Six more interspersed locks lead to Radford , after which a 5 - mile ( 8 - km ) level takes the canal through Leamington Spa to Warwick . Between these two towns , the canal crosses the River Avon and the former Great Western Railway on aqueducts . At Warwick , the canal rises by two locks to Budbrooke Junction ( formerly the junction with the then - independent Warwick and Birmingham Canal ) . To the left is the restored Saltisford Canal Arm , a short stretch that used to run under the railway to the original canal basin complex and terminus of the Warwick and Birmingham Canal -- the basin was filled - in in the 1970s . The canal used to serve the oldest gas works in the world and several unusual hexagonal buildings remain opposite Sainsbury 's . After half a mile the mainline reaches the bottom of the Hatton flight of 21 locks that lift the canal up out of the Avon Valley . The first 10 locks are spaced out but from the middle lock the flight is tightly spaced . Three miles ( 5 km ) from Hatton Top Lock the canal passes through Shrewley Tunnel , with its separate horse tunnel , and then passes Rowington village to Kingswood Junction where a short spur connects with the Stratford - upon - Avon Canal . Another 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) lead to the Knowle flight of five locks . Finally , an 11 - mile ( 18 - km ) level takes the canal through Elmdon Heath , Solihull , Acocks Green and Tyseley to the heart of Birmingham . The main line may be considered to terminate at Bordesley Junction . From here , there are two routes , both part of the Grand Union Canal . The original line of the Warwick and Birmingham Canal leads to the Digbeth Branch Canal of the Birmingham Canal Navigations at the Warwick Bar , while the later line of the Birmingham and Warwick Junction Canal leads to the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal ( and Tame Valley Canal ) at Salford Junction , which in turn has connections to the Coventry Canal and the Trent and Mersey Canal . The Leicester line ( edit ) ( hide ) Grand Union Canal - Leicester Line Legend River Soar Navigation to Loughborough and River Trent Lakeside Marina Watermead Way Bridge Belgrave Lock Abbey Park Evans Weir Soar Lane Bridge West Bridge , Leicester Leicester moorings Upperton Road Arm ( dis ) Leicester City Football Club St Mary 's Mills Aylestone Road Arm Great Central Railway ( cycle path ) Junction of River Soar Navigation King 's Lock & Café Kilby Bridge Saddington Tunnel ( 880 yd ) Debdale Wharf & Marina GU Market Harborough Arm Foxton Locks ( 10 ) & Inclined Plane Market Harborough Basin summit Husbands Bosworth Tunnel ( 1166 yd ) Welford Junction Welford basin Crick Marina Crick Tunnel ( 1528 yd ) summit Watford Locks ( 7 ) Norton Junction Grand Union Canal main line † Diagram not to scale . Selected features . Saddington Tunnel on the Leicester Line . Formed by amalgamations of once - independent canals , the ' Leicester Line ' of the Grand Union Canal runs north from Norton Junction for about 35 miles ( 56 km ) until it reaches Leicester , where it joins the River Soar to provide a link to the River Trent and to the Trent and Mersey Canal . It includes notable tunnels south of Crick 1,528 yd ( 1,397 m ) and north of Husbands Bosworth 1,166 yd ( 1,066 m ) The village of Crick is home to a popular annual boat show . The stretch of the canal which passes through the centre of Leicester known as the ' Mile Straight ' is home to Leicester Rowing Club , a rowing and sculling club formed in 1882 . The club hosts its annual regattas on the River Soar , typically held in mid-April which sees competitors from all over the UK race over a 770 - yard ( 700 m ) course . The club insignia is based on the mythical Wyvern and rowers compete in the club 's colours of black and white . Also on this section are the well - known features of Foxton Locks and Watford Locks , both of which feature staircase locks . Beside Foxton locks is the site of a long - abandoned inclined plane boat lift . This was constructed as part of a project to create a wide - beam canal route to connect the northern and southern parts of the canal system , something which does not exist to this day . Funding to deal with the narrow locks at Watford was not forthcoming and the scheme was aborted . The canal north of Foxton Junction is wide - beam to Leicester and onwards . It was originally intended to build a canal at this width all the way to the River Nene at Northampton . However , that canal never went further than the basin at Market Harborough . The Leicester Line continues along the River Soar Navigation , and reaches the River Trent at Soar Mouth , north of Ratcliffe - on - Soar . It is possible to continue to the Trent and Mersey Canal , Coventry Canal and North Oxford Canal , to complete a circuit known as the Leicester Ring . Branches ( edit ) Paddington Branch crossing the North Circular Road The Grand Union Canal has several branches , usually termed ' arms ' . Five miles ( 8 km ) from Brentford , the Paddington Arm leads to Paddington Basin and , just north - west of the Basin at ' Little Venice ' , it connects to the Regent 's Canal . At Cowley Peachey , the Slough Arm runs 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) to the west . At Marsworth , about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Brentford , two arms leave the main line , one to Wendover ( not currently navigable for its full length but being restored by the Wendover Arm Trust ) and the other descends through 16 narrow locks for 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) to Aylesbury . From Gayton Junction , about 60 miles ( 97 km ) from Brentford , the Northampton Arm links with the River Nene . At Warwick the last remaining branch of the GU , the Saltisford Canal Arm is encountered . The restored arm is close to the centre of Warwick , and is now a short branch of the Grand Union Canal , but was originally the mainline line of the Warwick and Birmingham Canal , 1799 , leading to the terminus and a basin complex built to originally handle timber . When the Warwick and Napton Canal opened , this section was bypassed but served as the town 's wharf area . The Saltisford Canal Trust have restored most of the surviving canal over the last 25 years , including major piling works and restoration of a warehouse in 2007 . The last 160 yards ( 150 m ) were lost in the 1970s and are now built on except for a bridge now isolated in a car park . The restored section is now the mooring for narrowboats and a waterside park open to the public . Over 800 visiting narrowboats come by water to Warwick each year and moor on the arm . On the Leicester Line there are two arms . One is a mile ( 1.6 km ) long and leads to the village of Welford . The other leaves the main canal at the bottom of Foxton Locks and runs 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) to Market Harborough . Current developments ( edit ) Bedford & Milton Keynes waterway ( edit ) Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway Location Bedfordshire Proposer Bedford and Milton Keynes Partnership Cost estimate £ 170 million The Bedford and Milton Keynes Partnership ( B&MK ) plans to build a 16 - mile ( 26 km ) canal connecting the Grand Union at Milton Keynes to the River Great Ouse at Bedford at an estimated cost of £ 170 million . The project is supported by British Waterways ( and its successor , the Canal & River Trust ) , the Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway Trust , other waterways campaign groups , and also local councils . The first element of the canal is an underpass under the A421 , completed in 2009 and efforts are continuing to obtain funding to complete the scheme in ' bite - size chunks ' . The new waterway would create a new cruising ring connecting through from the Grand Union to the waterways of East Anglia which are beneficial to leisure cruising as boat hirers are able to take circular routes . The project was first discussed in 1810 when its promoters included Samuel Whitbread . From Milton Keynes , the canal is planned to pass beneath the M1 utilising an existing cattle creep , then cross over Brogborough Hill , and across the Marston Vale through to the River Great Ouse in Kempston . Buckingham Arm restoration ( edit ) The Buckingham Arm once ran from Cosgrove , Northamptonshire to Buckingham . It was built as an arm of the Grand Junction Canal , in two separate phases , opening in 1800 and 1801 . It was disused from 1932 , but was not finally abandoned until 1964 . It is now the subject of a restoration project . Slough Arm Thames link ( edit ) There have been proposals to build a link from the end of the Slough Arm to join the River Thames , a distance of approximately 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) at the closest point in the centre of Slough . British Waterways ( BWB ) has estimated that this would cost about £ 30 million . The plan was proposed in 2008 , and confirmed in 2012 as a long - term objective when the economic climate allows . Gallery ( edit ) Sculpture at Ferry Wharf , Brentford , marking the entrance to the Grand Union Canal from the River Thames . Brentford Locks Wooden bridge across the canal at Northolt Batchworth Lock No 81 , Grand Union Canal ( 1977 ) A lock at Apsley The canal near Bugbrooke The canal near Nether Heyford Bull 's Bridge Junction , near Heston The Grand Union Canal at the confluence with the River Brent . Saddington Tunnel See also ( edit ) UK Waterways portal List of canals of the United Kingdom Grand Union Canal 145 mile Race Wendover Arm Canal References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canal Junction : The Grand Union Canal Jump up ^ Waterscape : History Of The Grand Union Canal Jump up ^ The spellings Bull 's Bridge and Bulls Bridge are both used . Jump up ^ Canalplan : Grand Union Canal ( Leicester Section ) Accessed 23 April 2012 Jump up ^ Waterscape Boaters ' Guide Accessed 23 April 2012 Jump up ^ Canalcuttings.com article on GUC Jump up ^ canaljunction.com -- Grand Union Accessed 23 April 2012 Jump up ^ Wendover Arm Trust Jump up ^ Saltisford Canal Trust ^ Jump up to : `` B&MK Waterway Trust '' . Jump up ^ Route chosen for £ 150m link canal BBC News story , 28 February 2003 Jump up ^ First British canal for 100 years announced The Guardian newspaper article Jump up ^ `` The Route B&MK Waterway Trust '' . B-mkwaterway.org.uk . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plan to link canal with Thames '' . Sloughobserver.co.uk. 1 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Activists back canal link plan '' . Sloughobserver.co.uk. 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Union Canal . Official page with guides , maps , etc . Navigable canals of the United Kingdom England Aire and Calder Ashby - de-la - Zouch Ashton Basingstoke Canal Beverley Beck Birmingham Canal Navigations Bridgewater Bridgwater and Taunton Bude Calder and Hebble Cambridgeshire Lodes Chelmer and Blackwater Chesterfield Chichester Coventry Driffield Droitwich Erewash Foss Dyke Gloucester and Sharpness Grand Union Grand Western Grantham Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Hollinwood Branch Huddersfield Broad Huddersfield Narrow Ipswich and Stowmarket Kennet and Avon Lancaster Leeds and Liverpool Lee Navigation Limehouse Llangollen Lydney Macclesfield Manchester Bolton & Bury Manchester Ship Canal Market Weighton Middle Level Navigations Montgomery North Walsham & Dilham Nottingham Oxford Peak Forest Pocklington Regent 's Canal Ribble Link Ripon Rochdale Royal Military Canal Sankey Selby Sheffield and South Yorkshire Shropshire Union Sleaford South Forty - Foot Drain Staffordshire and Worcestershire Stort Stourbridge Stratford - upon - Avon Stroudwater Thames and Medway Thames and Severn Trent and Mersey Weaver Wey and Arun Wey and Godalming Wilts & Berks Witham Navigable Drains Worcester and Birmingham Northern Ireland Broharris Canal Coalisland Canal Dukart 's Canal Lagan Canal Newry Canal Shannon -- Erne Waterway Strabane Canal Ulster Canal Scotland Caledonian Canal Crinan Canal Forth and Clyde Union Canal Wales Llangollen Canal Monmouthshire and Brecon Montgomery Canal Neath and Tennant Swansea Canal Features Aqueducts ( list ) Basins Locks Rings Tunnels ( list ) Winding holes Related topics British Waterways Canal & River Trust Scottish Canals History of the British canal system Narrowboats National Waterways Museum Navigable aqueduct Waterways Ireland Notes : Contains canalised river . Partly or mostly navigable , and / or under restoration . A system of canals . Canals which form part of this system are not listed here individually . Transport in Buckinghamshire Road Motorways M1 M4 M25 M40 A-roads A4 A40 A41 A404 A412 A413 A418 A421 A422 A428 A4010 A4012 A4146 A4155 A5 A508 A509 A5130 Roman roads Akeman Street Watling Street Notable junctions Handy Cross roundabout Denham Roundabout Magic Roundabout ( High Wycombe ) Motorway service stations Beaconsfield Newport Pagnell Rail Main lines West Coast Main Line Chiltern Main Line Great Western main line Other lines Marston Vale line London -- Aylesbury line Metropolitan line Aylesbury -- Princes Risborough line Marlow branch line Closed lines Varsity Line Great Central Main Line Banbury to Verney Junction branch line Brill Tramway Wycombe Railway Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway Cheddington to Aylesbury Line Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Wolverton -- Newport Pagnell line Bedford -- Northampton line Other Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway East West Rail Link Buckinghamshire Railway Centre Seer Green rail crash List of railway stations Air Denham Aerodrome Turweston Aerodrome Silverstone Heliport Wycombe Air Park RAF Bases Waterways Rivers River Thames River Great Ouse Canals Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway ( under construction ) Grand Union Canal Branches : Slough Arm Wendover Arm Aylesbury Arm Footpaths National Trails Thames Path The Ridgeway Long - distance footpaths Icknield Way ( path ) Chiltern Way Greater Ridgeway Midshires Way Ouse Valley Way Shakespeare 's Way Swan 's Way Cycle paths Route 4 Route 6 Route 50 Route 51 Route 57 Route 61 Route 70 Related articles Transport in Milton Keynes Road Milton Keynes grid road system A421 A422 A4146 A5 A509 A5130 H6 Childs Way H10 Bletcham Way V6 Grafton Street V8 Marlborough Street Rail Bletchley railway station Bletchley TMD Bow Brickhill railway station East West Rail Link Fenny Stratford railway station Marston Vale line Milton Keynes Central railway station Varsity Line West Coast Main Line Woburn Sands railway station Wolverton railway station Wolverton -- Newport Pagnell line Bus Buses in Milton Keynes Arriva Shires & Essex Milton Keynes Coachway MK Metro Stagecoach in Northants United Counties Omnibus Water Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway ( under construction ) Cosgrove aqueduct Grand Union Canal Other transport Milton Keynes redway system Watling Street Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway Transport in Bedfordshire Road Motorways M1 A1 ( M ) A-roads A1 A1081 A4012 A4146 A421 A5 A505 A507 A5120 A5130 A6 Roman roads Watling Street Notable junctions Black Cat Roundabout Motorway service stations Toddington Other Transport in Luton / Dunstable Urban Area Rail Main lines West Coast Main Line Midland Main Line East Coast Main Line Other lines Marston Vale line Closed lines Varsity Line Bedford -- Hitchin line Bedford -- Northampton line Dunstable Branch Lines Other List of railway stations Air Luton Airport RAF Bases Shuttleworth Collection Waterways Rivers River Great Ouse River Ouzel Canals Grand Union Canal Footpaths Long - distance footpaths Ouse Valley Way Cycle paths Route 6 Route 51 Ceremonial county of Northamptonshire Northamptonshire Portal Boroughs or districts Corby Daventry East Northamptonshire Kettering Northampton South Northamptonshire Wellingborough Major settlements Brackley Burton Latimer Corby Daventry Desborough Higham Ferrers Irthlingborough Kettering Northampton Oundle Raunds Rothwell Rushden Thrapston Towcester Wellingborough See also : List of civil parishes in Northamptonshire Rivers River Avon River Cherwell River Great Ouse Harpers Brook River Ise River Nene Rains Brook River Tove River Welland Willow Brook Wooton Brook Canals Grand Union Canal Oxford Canal Topics European Parliament constituency Parliamentary constituencies Places SSSIs Country houses Flag Grade I buildings History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Schools Museums Soke of Peterborough Diocese of Peterborough Ceremonial county of Warwickshire Boroughs or districts Borough of North Warwickshire Borough of Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough of Rugby District of Stratford - on - Avon District of Warwick Major settlements Alcester Atherstone Bedworth Coleshill Henley - in - Arden Kenilworth Nuneaton Royal Leamington Spa Rugby Shipston - on - Stour Southam Stratford - upon - Avon Warwick Whitnash See also : List of civil parishes in Warwickshire Rivers Alne Anker Arrow Avon Blythe Cole Dene Itchen Leam Rea Sherbourne Sowe Stour Tame Canals Coventry Grand Union Oxford Stratford - upon - Avon Warwickshire ring Topics Flag Places ( by population ) History Monastic houses Museums Windmills Parliamentary constituencies SSSIs Schools Country Houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Coordinates : 52 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 0 ° 44 ′ 02 '' W / 52.05076 ° N 0.73400 ° W / 52.05076 ; 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726267754274246887	Great Mosque of Mecca	Great mosque of Mecca - wikipedia Great mosque of Mecca Jump to : navigation , search `` Grand Masjid '' redirects here . For other large masjids around the world , see List of Grand Masjids . Great Mosque of Mecca The Great Mosque during the Hajj of 2009 Location in Saudi Arabia Basic information Location Makkah , Saudi Arabia Geographic coordinates 21 ° 25 ′ 19 '' N 39 ° 49 ′ 34 '' E / 21.422 ° N 39.826 ° E / 21.422 ; 39.826 Coordinates : 21 ° 25 ′ 19 '' N 39 ° 49 ′ 34 '' E / 21.422 ° N 39.826 ° E / 21.422 ; 39.826 Affiliation Islam Country Saudi Arabia Administration Saudi Arabian government Leadership Imam ( s ) : Abdul Rahman Al - Sudais Saud Al - Shuraim Abdullah Awad Al Juhany Saleh Al Talib Saleh Al Humaid Bandar Baleelah Usaamah Khayyat Khalid Al Ghmadi Maher Al Mueaqly Faisal Gazzawi Website www.gph.gov.sa Architectural description Architectural type Mosque Date established Pre-Islamic era Specifications Capacity 900,000 worshippers ( Increased to 4,000,000 worshippers during the Hajj period ) Minaret ( s ) 9 Minaret height 89 m ( 292 ft ) Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal The Great Mosque of Mecca ( Arabic : المسجد الحرام ‎ , translit . al - Masjid al - Ḥarām , lit . ' the sacred mosque ' ‎ ) , also called the Grand Mosque , is the largest mosque in the World , and surrounds Islam 's holiest place , the Kaaba , in the city of Makkah ( Arabic : مكة ‎ ‎ , Mecca ) , Hijaz , Saudi Arabia . Muslims face in the Qiblah ( Arabic : قبلة ‎ ‎ , direction of the Kaaba ) while performing Salah ( obligatory daily prayers ) . One of the Five Pillars of Islam requires every Muslim to perform the Ḥajj ( Arabic : حج ‎ ‎ , ' Pilgrimage ' ) , one of the largest annual gatherings of people in the world , at least once in their lifetime if able to do so , including Ṭawāf ( Arabic : طواف ‎ ‎ , Circumambulation ) of the Kaaba . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Era of Abraham and Ishmael 1.2 Era of Muhammad 1.3 Umayyad era 1.4 Ottoman era 1.5 Saudi era 1.5. 1 Current expansion project 2 Pilgrimage 3 Symbolic structures 3.1 Kaaba 3.2 Black Stone 3.3 Maqam Ibrahim 3.4 Safa and Marwah 3.5 Zamzam Well 4 Controversies 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Mecca in 1850 , during the Ottoman period Mecca in 1910 One of the entrances of the Grand Mosque Era of Abraham and Ishmael ( edit ) The Quran states that Abraham , together with his son Ishmael , raised the foundations of a house ( Quran 2 : 127 ) that is identified by most commentators as the Kaaba . Allah had shown Abraham the exact site , very near to the Well of Zamzam , where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the Kaaba 's construction in circa 2130 BCE . After Abraham had built the Kaaba , an angel brought to him the Black Stone , a celestial stone that , according to tradition , had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays . According to a saying attributed to Muhammad , the Black Stone had `` descended from Paradise whiter than milk but the sins of the sons of Adam had made it dark '' . The Black Stone is believed to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham . After placing the Black Stone in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba , Abraham received a revelation , in which Allah told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage to mankind , so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far away , on camel and on foot . Quran 22 : 27 Going by the dates attributed to the patriarchs , Ishmael is believed to have been born around 2150 BCE , with Isaac being born a hundred years later . Era of Muhammad ( edit ) Upon Muhammad 's victorious return to Mecca in 630 , he and his son - in - law , Ali Ibn Abi Talib , broke the idols in and around the Kaaba , similar to what , according to the Quran , Ibrahim did in his homeland , which is believed to be ancient Iraqi city of Ur . Thus ended Polytheistic use of the Kaaba , and re-began Monotheistic rule over it and its sanctuary . Umayyad era ( edit ) The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692 on the orders of Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan . Before this renovation , which included the mosque 's outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling , the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center . By the end of the 8th century , the mosque 's old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a minaret on the orders of Al - Walid I . The spread of Islam in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets . Ottoman era ( edit ) In 1570 , Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque . This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally , and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque . These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building . During heavy rains and flash floods in 1621 and 1629 , the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage . In 1629 , during the reign of Sultan Murad IV , the Kaaba was rebuilt with stones from Mecca and the mosque was renovated . In the renovation of the mosque , a new stone arcade was added , three more minarets ( bringing the total to seven ) were built , and the marble flooring was retiled . This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries . Saudi era ( edit ) The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was done between 1955 and 1973 . In this renovation , four more minarets were added , the ceiling was refurnished , and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble . The Mas'a gallery ( Al - Safa and Al - Marwah ) is included in the Masjid via roofing and enclosements . During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans , particularly the support columns , were demolished . The second Saudi renovations under King Fahd , added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque . The new wing , which is also for prayers , is reached through the King Fahd Gate . This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988 . The third Saudi extension ( 1988 -- 2005 ) saw the building of more minarets , the erecting of a King 's residence overlooking the mosque and more prayer area in and around the mosque itself . These developments have taken place simultaneously with those in Arafat , Mina and Muzdalifah . This third extension has also resulted in 18 more gates , three domes corresponding in position to each gate and the installation of nearly 500 marble columns . Other modern developments include the addition of heated floors , air conditioning , escalators and a drainage system . Current expansion project ( edit ) See also : Mecca crane collapse In 2007 , the mosque underwent a fourth extension project which is estimated to last until 2020 . King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz planned to increase the mosque 's capacity to 2 million ; although the King died in 2015 , his successor , King Salman , is likely to continue renovations . In 2016 it was estimated that Great Mosque had cost 100 billion dollars . A view of the ongoing construction in the mataaf and the temporary structure for tawaf surrounding the Kaabah in August 2014 Northern expansion of the mosque began in August 2011 and was expected to be completed in one and a half years . The area of the mosque will be expanded from the current 356,000 m ( 3,830,000 sq ft ) to 400,000 m ( 4,300,000 sq ft ) . A new gate named after King Abdullah will be built together with two new minarets , bringing their total to eleven . The cost of the project is $10.6 billion and after completion the mosque will house over 2.5 million worshipers . The Mataaf ( the circumambulation areas around the Kaaba ) will also see expansion and all closed spaces will be air conditioned . The King Abdullah Expansion Project will cover an area of 456,000 sq. meters will accommodate an additional 1.2 million faithful . Courtyards of the mosque 's new expansion can hold more than 250,000 worshipers . The project is being implemented by the Saudi Binladin Group . On 11 September 2015 , at least 111 people died and 394 were injured when a crane collapsed onto the mosque . Pilgrimage ( edit ) Main articles : Hajj and Umrah The Great Mosque is the main setting for the Hajj and ' Umrah pilgrimages that occur in the month of Dhu al - Hijjah in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year , respectively . The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam , required of all able - bodied Muslims who can afford the trip . In recent times , over 5 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year . Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents . For example , the episode of Hagar 's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah . The Hajj is associated with the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century , but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Ibrahim ( Abraham ) . Symbolic structures ( edit ) This section should include only a brief summary of another article . See Wikipedia : Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article 's main text . ( August 2017 ) Kaaba ( edit ) Main article : Kaaba Al - Ka'bah ( Arabic : الكعبة ‎ ‎ , `` The Cube '' ) is a cuboid - shaped building in the center of the Great Mosque and is one of the most sacred sites in Islam . All Muslims around the world face the Kaaba during prayers , no matter where they are . The direction from the location of the person who prays to the Kaaba is called the Qibla . The Hajj requires pilgrims to circumambulate seven times around the Kaaba in a counter-clockwise direction . This circumambulation , the Tawaaf , is also performed by pilgrims during the Umrah ( lesser pilgrimage ) . Black Stone ( edit ) The Black Stone ( Arabic : الحجر الأسود ‎ ‎ al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba . It was set intact into the Kaaba 's wall by Muhammad in the year 605 , five years before his first revelation . Since then it has been broken into a number of fragments and is now cemented into a silver frame in the side of the Kaaba . Its physical appearance is that of a fragmented dark rock , polished smooth by the hands of millions of pilgrims . Many of the pilgrims , if possible , stop and kiss the Black Stone , emulating the kiss that Islamic tradition records it having received from Muhammad . If they can not reach it , they point to it on each of their seven circumambulations around the Kaaba . Maqām Ibrahim ( edit ) The Maqam Ibrahim ( Abraham 's place of standing ) is a rock that reportedly has an imprint of Abraham 's foot , which is kept in a crystal dome next to the Kaaba . This rock was identified by most Islamic scholars as the one behind which Muhammad prayed when he circumambulated the Kaaba . Several traditions existed to explain how Abraham 's footprint miraculously appeared in the stone , including one suggesting it appeared when Abraham stood on the stone while building the Kaaba ; when the walls became too high , Abraham stood on the maqām , which miraculously rose up to let him continue building and also miraculously went down in order to allow Ishmael to hand him stones . Other traditions held that the footprint appeared when the wife of Ishmael washed Abraham 's head , or alternatively when Abraham stood atop it in order to summon the people to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca . Safa and Marwah ( edit ) Main article : Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Al - Safa and Al - Marwah ( Arabic : الصفا ‎ ‎ Aṣ - Ṣafā , المروة Al - Marwah ) are two hills , now located in the Masjid al - Haram . In Islamic tradition , Abraham 's wife Hagar ran between the hills of Al - Safa and Al - Marwah looking for water for her infant son Ishmael until God eventually revealed her the Zamzam . Muslims also travel back and forth seven times during the ritual pilgrimages of Hajj and Umrah as a remembrance to her sacrifice . Al - Safa -- from which the ritual walking ( Arabic : سعى ‎ ‎ saʿy ) begins -- is located approximately half a mile from the Kaaba . Al - Marwah is located about 100 m ( 330 ft ) from the Kaaba . The distance between Al - Safa and Al - Marwah is approximately 450 m ( 1,480 ft ) Zamzam Well ( edit ) The Zamzam Well ( Arabic : زمزم ‎ ‎ ) is a well located 20 m ( 66 ft ) east of the Kaaba . According to Islamic belief , it began when Abraham 's infant son Ishmael was thirsty and kept crying for water . The well still supplies enough water for all pilgrims throughout the year . Pilgrims also take the water to their homes . al - Ḥajaru al - Aswad Maqam Ibrahim crystal dome Mount Marwah Mount Safa in the Sacred Mosque Zamzam well located beneath floor ( entrance now covered ) Controversies ( edit ) Main article : Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage . Many ancient buildings , some more than a thousand years old , have been demolished to make room for the expansion . Some examples are : Bayt Al - Mawlid , the house where Muhammad was born , demolished and rebuilt as a library . Dar Al - Arqam , the first Islamic school where Muhammad taught , was flattened to lay marble tiles . The house of Abu Jahal has been demolished and replaced by public washrooms . Dome which served as a canopy over the Well of Zamzam demolished . Some Ottoman porticos at the Masjid al - Haram demolished and those remaining are under threat . House of Muhammed in Medina where he lived after the migration from Mecca . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Islamic architecture List of famous mosques Al - Masjid an - Nabawi , Medina Al - Aqsa Mosque , Jerusalem Grand Mosque seizure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Location of Masjid al - Haram '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.haramainsharifain.com/p/blog-page.html Jump up ^ http://www.haramain.info ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi Arabia starts Mecca mosque expansion '' . reuters.com . Jump up ^ Quran 21 : 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ History of Islam by Professor Masudul Hasan Jump up ^ Mecca : From Before Genesis Until Now , M. Lings , pg. 39 , Archetype Jump up ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam , C. Glasse , Kaaba , Suhail Academy Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq , Muhammad ( 1955 ) . Ibn Ishaq 's Sirat Rasul Allah -- The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 88 -- 9 . ISBN 9780196360331 . Jump up ^ Karen Armstrong ( 2002 ) . Islam : A Short History . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6618 - X . Jump up ^ Guidetti , Mattia ( 2016 ) . In the Shadow of the Church : The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria : The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria . BRILL . p. 113 . ISBN 9789004328839 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Andrew ( 2002 ) . Dictionary of Islamic Architecture . Routledge . ISBN 9781134613656 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Wijdan ( 1999 ) . The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art : From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries . American Univ in Cairo Press . ISBN 9789774244766 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ James Wynbrandt ( 2010 ) . A Brief History of Saudi Arabia . Infobase Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7876 - 9 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ambitious new architecture plan for Al - Masjid Al - Haram Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/the-worlds-most-expensive-buildings/masjid-al-haram-mecca-saudi-arabia/ Jump up ^ `` Historic Masjid Al - Haram Extension Launched '' . onislam. 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi King launches five Grand Mosque expansion projects '' . Jump up ^ `` Makkah crane crash report submitted '' . Al Arabiya. 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daftar Nama Jemaah Rawat / Wafat Musibah Jatuhnya Crane Di Masjidil Haram 11 September 2015 '' ( Names of Pilgrims Hospitalized / Dead in Calamity of Haram Crane Collapse September 11 , 2015 ) ( in Indonesian ) . Direktorat Jenderal Penyelenggaraan Haji dan Umrah - Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` King Salman to make findings of Makkah crane collapse probe public '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Number of casualties of Turkish Haji candidates at the Kaaba accident reach 8 ... '' . Presidency of Religious Affairs . 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Six Nigerians among victims of Saudi crane accident : official '' . Yahoo ! News . AFP . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Halkon , Ruth ; Webb , Sam ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Two Brits dead and three injured in Mecca Grand Mosque crane tragedy that killed 107 people l '' . Mirror Online . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohammed , Mamdouh N. ( 1996 ) . Hajj to Umrah : From A to Z . Mamdouh Mohammed . ISBN 0 - 915957 - 54 - X . Jump up ^ General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A.H. until 24 : 00 hours , 28 / 09 / 1436 A.H. Total Number of the Mu ` tamirs : 5,715,051 `` General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A.H. '' . The Ministry of Hajj , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Archived from the original on 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wensinck , A. J ; Ka ` ba . Encyclopaedia of Islam IV p. 317 Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Hajj pilgrimage '' . BBC News . 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` As Hajj begins , more changes and challenges in store '' . altmuslim . Jump up ^ Shaykh Safi - Ar - Rahman Al - Mubarkpuri ( 2002 ) . Ar - Raheeq Al - Makhtum ( The Sealed Nectar ) : Biography of the Prophet . Dar - As - Salam Publications . ISBN 1 - 59144 - 071 - 8 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Jeri ( 1992 ) . Your Door to Arabia . Lower Hutt , N.Z. : R. Eberhardt . ISBN 0 - 473 - 01546 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Mamdouh N. ( 1996 ) . Hajj to Umrah : From A to Z . Amana Publications . ISBN 0 - 915957 - 54 - X . ^ Jump up to : M.J. Kister , `` Maḳām Ibrāhīm , '' p. 105 , The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( new ed . ) , vol . VI ( Mahk - Mid ) , eds . Bosworth et al. , Brill : 1991 , pp. 104 - 107 . Jump up ^ `` Zamzam Studies and Research Centre '' . Saudi Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 5 February 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Laessing , Ulf ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Mecca goes Upmarket '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jerome ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Mecca for the rich : Islam 's holiest site turning into Vegas '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Abou - Ragheb , Laith ( 12 July 2005 ) . `` Dr. Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah '' . Center for Islamic Pluralism . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Masjid al - Haram . Watch Live Al - Masjid al - Haram Official mobile application for indoor navigation system of the Grand Mosque Gallery of images of Mecca at 3dmekanlar.com Mecca , Kaaba , Al - Masjid 360 Degree Virtual Tour at 360tr.net Kaaba , Al - Masjid 360 Degree Virtual Tour at 360tr.com Recordings from Al - Masjid al - Haram at Haramain.info People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters God in Islam ( Allah ) Names of God found in the Quran Angels Israfil Izra'il / Azrael ( Malak al - Mawt ) Jibra'il / Gabriel ( Al - Ruh al - Amin ) and Holy Spirit ( Al - Ruh al - Qudus ) and Al - Ruh ( The Spirit ) Maalik Mika'il Harut and Marut Jinns Iblīs / Devil Shaitan / Satan Ifrit ( and Marid ) Qareen In Heaven ( Jannah ) Ghilman and Wildan Houri In Hell ( Jahannam ) Zabaniyya Zaqqum Prophets and apostles ( messengers ) of God Mentioned Ādam / Adam Alyasa ' / Elisha Ayyub / Job Dawud / David Dhul - Kifl / Ezekiel ? Harun / Aaron Hud / Eber ? Ibrahim / Abraham ( Khalilullah ) Idris / Enoch ? Ilyas / Elijah Imran / Joachim ( father of Maryam ) Isa / Jesus Isḥaq / Isaac Isma'il / Ishmael Dhabih Ullah Lut / Lot Muhammad or Ahmad / Paraclete Musa / Moses ( Kalimullah ) Nuh / Noah Saleh / Shelah ? Shuaib / Jethro Sulayman / Solomon Uzair / Ezra ? Yahya / John the Baptist Yaqub / Jacob ( Israel ) Yunus / Jonah ( Dhul - Nun , Sahib al - Hut ) Yūsuf / Joseph Zakariya / Zechariah Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Samuel Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua Good people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Dhul - Qarnayn Luqman Maryam / Mary ( mother of Isa ) Talut / Saul Implicitly mentioned Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ? ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Beniamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Other people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Āzar ( uncle of Ibrahim ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jalut / Goliath Qarun / Korah Sāmiri Implicitly mentioned Abraha Bal'am / Balaam Barṣīṣā Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleika ( wife of al - Aziz ) Mentioned people ( after inception of Islam ) Abū Lahab Zayd ibn Harithah Relatives of prophets Specified good relatives Daughters of Lut / Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Elizabeth or ' Ishā ' ( wife of Zakariya ) Habil / Abel ( son of Adam ) Hawwa ' / Eve ( wife of Adam ) Kulthum / Miriam ( sister of Musa ) Saffurah / Zipporah ( wife of Musa ) and Layya ( Saffura 's sister ) Sarah ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isḥaq ) Yukabed / Jochebed ( mother of Musa ) Non-specified good relatives Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud ) Muhammad 's wives Daughters of Muhammad Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Other relatives Brothers of Yūsuf Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ? Tārah / Terah ( father of Ibrahim ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ? ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Groups and tribes Tribes and ethnicities Mentioned ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arabs and Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shu'aib ( people of Madyan and people of Aykah / Wood ) People of Tubba ' Quraysh Romans Thamud ( people of Saleh , companions of Hijr ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Bayt Amalek Banu Hashim Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Groups Mentioned Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Companions of Sabbath ( Aşḥāb al - Sabt ) Companions of the Cave / Seven Sleepers and Companions of al - Raqaim Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of the Burned Garden ( Aşḥāb al - Jannah ) Ulu'l azm prophets Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Aus and Khazraj Copts Hezbollah Muhajirun ( The emigrants ) and Ansar ( The helpers ) Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Christians ( People of Injil ) Jews Kafir ( Infidels ) Majus Zoroastrians Munafiq Hypocrites Mushrik Polytheists Muslims People of the Book ( ‎ ′ Ahl al - Kitāb ) Sabians Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Rabbani / Rabbi Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Locations , entities and events Locations Mentioned Ahqāf Al - Aqsa Mosque Arafat and Mash'ar al - Harām Bābil / Babylon Badr Door of Hittah Hijr / Hegra Holy Land ( Palestine and Levant ) Hunayn Iram Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan / Midian Madinah / Medina ( formerly Yathrib ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah / Mecca ( Umm al - Qura , Balad al - Amin , Bakkah ) Maqām Ibrahim Masjid al - Dirar Masjid al - Haram Mount Judi Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Rass Saba ' / Sheba Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Tur Sinā ' / Mount Sinai and Jabal al - Tur Egypt Valley of Tuwa Implicitly mentioned Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas and ' Ariha Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) and Al - Hijr of Isma'il Canaan Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Masjid al - Nabawi ( Prophet 's Mosque ) Mesopotamia Nile River Nineveh Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Quba Mosque Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert Ta'if Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related animals Cow of Israelites and Golden calf Dog of Seven Sleepers Fish of Yunis Hoopoe of Sulayman She - Camel of Saleh Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr ( Jibt and Taghut Ansāb ) Events Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of the Trench ( Battle of the Confederates ) Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Layla al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Mosques in Saudi Arabia Al Jum'ah Mosque Al - Fuqair Mosque Al - Ijabah Mosque Al - Rayah mosque Amberiye mosque As - Sabaq Mosque As - Sajadah Mosque Bani Bayadhah Mosque Bani Haritsah Mosque Bay'ah Mosque Fas'h mosque Grand mosque of Masjid al - Haram Jawatha Mosque King Saud Mosque Manartain mosque Masjid al - Nabawi Masjid al - Qiblatayn Masjid e Taneem Masjid - u-Shajarah Mosque of Al - Fadeekh Mosque of Al - Ghamama Mosque of Al - Saqiya Mosque of Atban Bin Malik Mosque of Bani Haram Mosque of the Jinn Quba Mosque The Seven Mosques List of mosques in Saudi Arabia Islam in Saudi Arabia Mosques by country Hajj topics Every year , from the eighth to the twelfth day of Dhu al - Hijjah . Preparation Ihram Miqat Dhu'l - Hulayfah Juhfah Yalamlam Sequence Tawaf Zamzam Well Safa and Marwa Mina Mount Arafat Muzdalifah Rami al - Jamarat Eid al - Adha Tawaf al - Ifadah Tawaf al - Wida Mosques Great Mosque of Mecca Al - Masjid an - Nabawi Masjid - u-Shajarah Rabigh History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Mosque_of_Mecca&oldid=807337835 '' Categories : Mosques in Saudi Arabia Islamic holy places Places of worship converted into mosques Arabic architecture Mosques in Mecca Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Use dmy dates from September 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox religious building with unsupported parameters Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles containing overly long summaries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 10 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the names of the two hills that the pilgrims visit	[ "Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents. For example, the episode of Hagar's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah.", "Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents. For example, the episode of Hagar's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah." ]	[ "Safa", "Marwah" ]
-480003723202247477	Universal joint	Universal joint - Wikipedia Universal joint `` U-joint '' redirects here . For the plumbing fixture , see U-bend . A universal joint A universal joint ( universal coupling , U-joint , Cardan joint , Spicer or Hardy Spicer joint , or Hooke 's joint ) is a joint or coupling connecting rigid rods whose axes are inclined to each other , and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion . It consists of a pair of hinges located close together , oriented at 90 ° to each other , connected by a cross shaft . The universal joint is not a constant - velocity joint . Contents 1 History 2 Equation of motion 3 Double Cardan shaft 4 Double Cardan joint 5 Thompson coupling 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Play media This video shows different parts and operation of the universal shaft . The main concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals , which have been in use since antiquity . One anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the ancient Greeks on ballistae . In Europe the universal joint is often called the Cardano joint or Cardan shaft , after the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano ; however , in his writings , he mentioned only gimbal mountings , not universal joints . The mechanism was later described in Technica curiosa sive mirabilia artis ( 1664 ) by Gaspar Schott , who mistakenly claimed that it was a constant - velocity joint . Shortly afterwards , between 1667 and 1675 , Robert Hooke analysed the joint and found that its speed of rotation was nonuniform , but that this property could be used to track the motion of the shadow on the face of a sundial . In fact , the component of the equation of time which accounts for the tilt of the equatorial plane relative to the ecliptic is entirely analogous to the mathematical description of the universal joint . The first recorded use of the term universal joint for this device was by Hooke in 1676 , in his book Helioscopes . He published a description in 1678 , resulting in the use of the term Hooke 's joint in the English - speaking world . In 1683 , Hooke proposed a solution to the nonuniform rotary speed of the universal joint : a pair of Hooke 's joints 90 ° out of phase at either end of an intermediate shaft , an arrangement that is now known as a type of constant - velocity joint . Christopher Polhem of Sweden later re-invented the universal joint , giving rise to the name Polhemsknut ( `` Polhem knot '' ) in Swedish . In 1841 , the English scientist Robert Willis analyzed the motion of the universal joint . By 1845 , the French engineer and mathematician Jean - Victor Poncelet had analyzed the movement of the universal joint using spherical trigonometry . The term universal joint was used in the 18th century and was in common use in the 19th century . Edmund Morewood 's 1844 patent for a metal coating machine called for a universal joint , by that name , to accommodate small alignment errors between the engine and rolling mill shafts . Ephriam Shay 's locomotive patent of 1881 , for example , used double universal joints in the locomotive 's drive shaft . Charles Amidon used a much smaller universal joint in his bit - brace patented 1884 . Beauchamp Tower 's spherical , rotary , high speed steam engine used an adaptation of the universal joint circa 1885 . The term Cardan joint appears to be a latecomer to the English language . Many early uses in the 19th century appear in translations from French or are strongly influenced by French usage . Examples include an 1868 report on the Exposition Universelle of 1867 and an article on the dynamometer translated from French in 1881 . Equation of motion ( edit ) Diagram of variables for the universal joint . Axle 1 is perpendicular to the red plane and axle 2 is perpendicular to the blue plane at all times . These planes are at an angle β with respect to each other . The angular displacement ( rotational position ) of each axle is given by γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) and γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) respectively , which are the angles of the unit vectors x ^ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( x ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) and x ^ 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( x ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) with respect to their initial positions along the x and y axis . The x ^ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( x ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) and x ^ 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( x ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) vectors are fixed by the gimbal connecting the two axles and so are constrained to remain perpendicular to each other at all times . Angular ( rotational ) output shaft speed ω 2 ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( 2 ) \ , ) versus rotation angle γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 1 ) \ , ) for different bend angles β ( \ displaystyle \ beta \ , ) of the joint Output shaft rotation angle , γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) \ , ) , versus input shaft rotation angle , γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 1 ) \ , ) , for different bend angles , β ( \ displaystyle \ beta \ , ) , of the joint The Cardan joint suffers from one major problem : even when the input drive shaft axle rotates at a constant speed , the output drive shaft axle rotates at a variable speed , thus causing vibration and wear . The variation in the speed of the driven shaft depends on the configuration of the joint , which is specified by three variables : γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) the angle of rotation for axle 1 γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) the angle of rotation for axle 2 β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) the bend angle of the joint , or angle of the axles with respect to each other , with zero being parallel or straight through . These variables are illustrated in the diagram on the right . Also shown are a set of fixed coordinate axes with unit vectors x ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) and y ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( y ) ) ) ) and the planes of rotation of each axle . These planes of rotation are perpendicular to the axes of rotation and do not move as the axles rotate . The two axles are joined by a gimbal which is not shown . However , axle 1 attaches to the gimbal at the red points on the red plane of rotation in the diagram , and axle 2 attaches at the blue points on the blue plane . Coordinate systems fixed with respect to the rotating axles are defined as having their x-axis unit vectors ( x ^ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) and x ^ 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) ) pointing from the origin towards one of the connection points . As shown in the diagram , x ^ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) is at angle γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) with respect to its beginning position along the x axis and x ^ 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) is at angle γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) with respect to its beginning position along the y axis . x ^ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) is confined to the `` red plane '' in the diagram and is related to γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) by : x ^ 1 = ( cos ⁡ γ 1 , sin ⁡ γ 1 , 0 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) = ( \ cos \ gamma _ ( 1 ) \ , , \ , \ sin \ gamma _ ( 1 ) \ , , \ , 0 ) ) x ^ 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) is confined to the `` blue plane '' in the diagram and is the result of the unit vector on the x axis x ^ = ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( x ) ) = ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) ) being rotated through Euler angles ( π / 2 , β , 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ pi \ ! / 2 \ , , \ , \ beta \ , , \ , 0 ) ) : x ^ 2 = ( − cos ⁡ β sin ⁡ γ 2 , cos ⁡ γ 2 , sin ⁡ β sin ⁡ γ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) = ( - \ cos \ beta \ sin \ gamma _ ( 2 ) \ , , \ , \ cos \ gamma _ ( 2 ) \ , , \ , \ sin \ beta \ sin \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) ) A constraint on the x ^ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) and x ^ 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) vectors is that since they are fixed in the gimbal , they must remain at right angles to each other . This is so when their dot product equals zero : x ^ 1 ⋅ x ^ 2 = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) \ cdot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) = 0 ) Thus the equation of motion relating the two angular positions is given by : tan ⁡ γ 1 = cos ⁡ β tan ⁡ γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ tan \ gamma _ ( 1 ) = \ cos \ beta \ tan \ gamma _ ( 2 ) \ , ) with a formal solution for γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) : γ 2 = tan − 1 ⁡ ( tan ⁡ γ 1 / cos ⁡ β ) ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ tan \ gamma _ ( 1 ) / \ cos \ beta ) \ , ) The solution for γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) is not unique since the arctangent function is multivalued , however it is required that the solution for γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) be continuous over the angles of interest . For example , the following explicit solution using the atan2 ( y , x ) function will be valid for − π < γ 1 < π ( \ displaystyle - \ pi < \ gamma _ ( 1 ) < \ pi ) : γ 2 = a t a n 2 ( sin ⁡ γ 1 , cos ⁡ β cos ⁡ γ 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) = \ mathrm ( atan2 ) ( \ sin \ gamma _ ( 1 ) , \ cos \ beta \ , \ cos \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) ) The angles γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) and γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) in a rotating joint will be functions of time . Differentiating the equation of motion with respect to time and using the equation of motion itself to eliminate a variable yields the relationship between the angular velocities ω 1 = d γ 1 / d t ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( 1 ) = d \ gamma _ ( 1 ) / dt ) and ω 2 = d γ 2 / d t ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( 2 ) = d \ gamma _ ( 2 ) / dt ) : ω 2 = ω 1 cos ⁡ β 1 − sin 2 ⁡ β cos 2 ⁡ γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( 1 ) \ cos \ beta ) ( 1 - \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ beta \ cos ^ ( 2 ) \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) ) ) As shown in the plots , the angular velocities are not linearly related , but rather are periodic with a period half that of the rotating shafts . The angular velocity equation can again be differentiated to get the relation between the angular accelerations a 1 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) ) and a 2 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 2 ) ) : a 2 = a 1 cos ⁡ β 1 − sin 2 ⁡ β cos 2 ⁡ γ 1 − ω 1 2 cos ⁡ β sin 2 ⁡ β sin ⁡ 2 γ 1 ( 1 − sin 2 ⁡ β cos 2 ⁡ γ 1 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( a_ ( 1 ) \ cos \ beta ) ( 1 - \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ beta \ , \ cos ^ ( 2 ) \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ cos \ beta \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ beta \ sin 2 \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) ( ( 1 - \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ beta \ cos ^ ( 2 ) \ gamma _ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Double Cardan shaft ( edit ) Universal joints in a driveshaft A configuration known as a double Cardan joint drive shaft partially overcomes the problem of jerky rotation . This configuration uses two U-joints joined by an intermediate shaft , with the second U-joint phased in relation to the first U-joint to cancel the changing angular velocity . In this configuration , the angular velocity of the driven shaft will match that of the driving shaft , provided that both the driving shaft and the driven shaft are at equal angles with respect to the intermediate shaft ( but not necessarily in the same plane ) and that the two universal joints are 90 degrees out of phase . This assembly is commonly employed in rear wheel drive vehicles , where it is known as a drive shaft or propeller ( prop ) shaft . Even when the driving and driven shafts are at equal angles with respect to the intermediate shaft , if these angles are greater than zero , oscillating moments are applied to the three shafts as they rotate . These tend to bend them in a direction perpendicular to the common plane of the shafts . This applies forces to the support bearings and can cause `` launch shudder '' in rear wheel drive vehicles . The intermediate shaft will also have a sinusoidal component to its angular velocity , which contributes to vibration and stresses . Mathematically , this can be shown as follows : If γ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 1 ) \ , ) and γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) \ , ) are the angles for the input and output of the universal joint connecting the drive and the intermediate shafts respectively , and γ 3 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 3 ) \ , ) and γ 4 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 4 ) \ , ) are the angles for the input and output of the universal joint connecting the intermediate and the output shafts respectively , and each pair are at angle β ( \ displaystyle \ beta \ , ) with respect to each other , then : tan ⁡ γ 2 = cos ⁡ β tan ⁡ γ 1 tan ⁡ γ 4 = cos ⁡ β tan ⁡ γ 3 ( \ displaystyle \ tan \ gamma _ ( 2 ) = \ cos \ beta \ , \ tan \ gamma _ ( 1 ) \ qquad \ tan \ gamma _ ( 4 ) = \ cos \ beta \ , \ tan \ gamma _ ( 3 ) ) If the second universal joint is rotated 90 degrees with respect to the first , then γ 3 = γ 2 + π / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 3 ) = \ gamma _ ( 2 ) + \ pi / 2 ) . Using the fact that tan ⁡ ( γ + π / 2 ) = 1 / tan ⁡ γ ( \ displaystyle \ tan ( \ gamma + \ pi / 2 ) = 1 / \ tan \ gamma ) yields : tan ⁡ γ 4 = cos ⁡ β / tan ⁡ γ 2 = 1 / tan ⁡ γ 1 = tan ⁡ ( γ 1 + π / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ tan \ gamma _ ( 4 ) = \ cos \ beta / \ tan \ gamma _ ( 2 ) = 1 / \ tan \ gamma _ ( 1 ) = \ tan ( \ gamma _ ( 1 ) + \ pi / 2 ) \ , ) and it is seen that the output drive is just 90 degrees out of phase with the input shaft , yielding a constant - velocity drive . NOTE : The reference for measuring angles of input and output shafts of universal joint are mutually perpendicular axes . So , in absolute sense the forks of the intermediate shaft are parallel to each other . ( Since , one fork is acting as input and the other fork is acting as output for shafts and above 90 degree phase difference is mentioned between the forks . ) Double Cardan joint ( edit ) Main article : Constant - velocity joint § Double Cardan A double Cardan joint consists of two universal joints mounted back to back with a center yoke ; the center yoke replaces the intermediate shaft . Provided that the angle between the input shaft and center yoke is equal to the angle between the center yoke and the output shaft , the second Cardan joint will cancel the velocity errors introduced by the first Cardan joint and the aligned double Cardan joint will act as a CV joint . Thompson coupling ( edit ) Main article : Constant - velocity joint § Thompson coupling A Thompson coupling is a refined version of the double Cardan joint . It offers slightly increased efficiency with the penalty of great increase in complexity . See also ( edit ) Canfield joint Elastic coupling Gear coupling Hotchkiss drive Rag joint Constant - velocity joint References ( edit ) Theory of Machines 3 from National University of Ireland Jump up ^ UjjwalRane ( 8 July 2010 ) . `` Kinematics with MicroStation - Ch02 J Hookes Joint '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ see : `` Universal Joint - Invented by Gerolamo Cardano '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ See : Tony Rothman ( 2013 ) `` Cardano v. Tartaglia : The Great Feud Goes Supernatural , '' p. 25 . Available on - line at : Arxiv.org . ( Note that Rothman mentions Wikipedia 's error regarding Cardano 's supposed invention of the universal joint . ) Hans - Christoph Seherr - Thoss , Friedrich Schmelz , Erich Aucktor , Universal Joints and Driveshafts : Analysis , Design , Applications ( Berlin , Germany : Springer Verlag , 1992 ) , p. 1 . Marie Boas , The Scientific Renaissance : 1450 - 1630 ( New York , New York : Harper Brothers , 1962 ) , p. 186 Archived 2016 - 04 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... James Eckman , Jerome Cardan ( Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins Press , 1946 . ) , p. 77 . Hieronymi Cardanime ( Gerolamo Cardano ) , De Subtilitate Libri XXI . ( On subtle things in 21 books ) ( Basel , Switzerland : Sebastian Henric Petri , 1553 ) , Liber XVII . De Artibus , Artificiosisque ; rebus . ( Book 17 . On crafts and ingenious devices ) , p. 817 . ( Note : ( 1 ) This book is a reprint of the 1500 original . ( 2 ) In the margin of p. 817 is printed : Sedes mira ( miraculous chair ) . ) From p. 817 : Archived 2017 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . `` Simili ratione inventũ est , ut Cæsaris sedes ita disponeretur , ut quocumque situ constituatur , ille immobilis , ac commodè dum vehitur sedeat . Hoc tractum ex armillarum ratione : cum enim circuli tres chalybei constituentur , polis sursum , deorsum , antè , retro , dextra ac sinistra mobilibus , cum plures non possint esse situs , necesse est ipsum in essedo quomodocumque agatur quiescere perpetuò . '' ( By similar reasoning , ( it ) has been found that the Emperor 's chair might be so arranged that he ( remain ) fixed in whatever orientation be decided and he sit comfortably while he is transported . This is based on the logic of the gimbal mounting : the three steel rings are arranged by the movable poles ( i.e. , ends of the axes ) upwards , downwards , forwards , backwards , right and left , when more ( motions ) can not be allowed , ( because it ) is necessary ( that ) he in the carriage somehow be made to remain still constantly . ) Hieronymi Cardani ( Gerolamo Cardano ) , Mediolanensis Philosophi ac Medici Celeberrimi Operum ( Of the very famous works of the Milanese philosopher and physician ) ( Lyon ( Lugdunum ) , France : Jean Antoine Huguetan and Marc Antoine Ravaud , 1663 ) , vol. 10 : Opuscula miscellanea ( Miscellaneous works ) , Paralipomenon ( Supplement ) , Liber V. De rebus factis raris & artificiis ( Book 5 . On rare and ingeniously made things ) , Caput VII . De Armillarum instrumento ( Chapter 7 . On the armillary ) , pp. 488 - 489 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Allan , `` Robert Hooke 's ' universal joint ' and its application to sundials and the sundial - clock '' , Notes & Records of the Royal Society , 2007 , accessed online Archived 2015 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . 2010 - 06 - 16 Jump up ^ Gasparis Schotti , Technica Curiosa , sive Mirabilia Artis , Libris XII. ... ( Curious works of skill , or marvelous works of craftsmanship ) ( Nuremberg ( Norimberga ) , ( Germany ) : Johannes Andreas Endter & Wolfgang Endter , 1664 ) , Liber IX . Mirabilia Chronometrica , ... ( Book 9 . Marvelous Clocks , ... ) , Caput V. Signa chronometrica optica , seu indices . ( Chapter 5 . Marvelous visual clocks , or clocks with hands ) , pp. 664 - 665 : Propositio XX . Indicem sinuosum & obliquatum per anfractus quosvis , sine Rotis dentatis quocumque lubet educere . ( Proposition 20 . ( How ) , without any gears , to lead the twisting , turning pointer ( i.e. , the shaft that drives the clock 's hands ) through any bend one pleases . ) In the margin is printed : Vide Iconism . VII . Fig. 32 . ( See Plate 7 , Figure 32 . ) , which depicts Schott 's universal joint . Schott first notes that there may be occasions when a clock 's gear works and its face ca n't be conveniently aligned ; e.g. , public clocks installed in towers . He then mentions , in the description of its construction ( Technasma , the Greek word for `` artifice '' ) , that the universal joint resembles a gimbal that is used to hold an oil lamp so that it wo n't spill oil . Schott 's joint consists of two forks ( fuscinula ) , each of which consists of a shaft to which a metal strip , bent into a semicircle , is attached to one end . Near each end of the semicircle , a hole is drilled . A cross with four perpendicular arms ( crux sive 4 brachia ) is also made . The holes in each semicircle fit over the ends of an opposing pair of arms . The angle between the shafts must be greater than a right angle . In discussing the joint 's motion ( Motus ) , Schott claims that the two shafts move at the same speed ( i.e. , they form a constant - velocity joint ) : `` ... horum autem ductum necesse est sequatur & altera fuscinula , parique cum priore illa feratur velocitate : unde si fuerit unius fuscinulae motus regularis circularis , erit similis & alterius ... '' ( ... but this driven ( fork ) must follow the other ( driving ) fork , and it be born at a speed equal to the former : whence if one fork 's motion were regularly circular , it will be similarly with the other ... ) . Jump up ^ For a ( partial ) history of universal joints , see : Robert Willis , Principles of Mechanism ... , 2nd ed . ( London , England : Longmans , Green , and Co. , 1870 ) , Part the Fifth : On Universal Joints , pp. 437 - 457 . Jump up ^ `` universal , a . ( adv . ) and n . '' , para. 13 , Oxford English Dictionary Online , accessed 2010 - 06 - 16 Jump up ^ Hooke first described a universal joint in Hevelius ' instrument in : Robert Hooke , Animadversions on the first part of the Machina Coelestis ... ( London , England : John Martyn , 1674 ) , p. 73 . Here he calls the joint a `` universal Instrument '' . From page 73 : I shall show `` ... what use I have made of this Joynt , for a universal Instrument for Dialling , for equalling of Time , for making the Hand of a Clock move in the Shadow of a Style , and for performing a multitude of other Mechanical Operations . '' The joint is depicted on Plate X , Fig. s 22 and 23 , which are available at : Posner Memorial Collection - Carnegie Mellon University Archived 2015 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Robert Hooke , A Description of Helioscopes , and Some Other Instruments ( London , England : John Martyn , 1676 ) , p. 14 . From p. 14 : `` The Universal Joynt for all these manner of Operations , having not had time to describe the last Exercise , I shall now more particularly explain . '' Illustrations of Hooke 's universal joint appear on p. 40 , Fig. s 9 and 10 ; available at : ETU Library ; Zurich , Switzerland Archived 2015 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Review of Ferdinand Berthoud 's Treatise on Marine Clocks , Appendix Art . VIII , The Monthly Review or Literary Journal , Vol . L , 1774 ; see footnote , page 565 . Jump up ^ Gunther , Robert Theodore , Early Science in Oxford , vol. 7 : `` Life and work of Robert Hooke , Part II '' ( Oxford , England : Dawsons of Pall Mall , 1930 ) , pp. 621 -- 622 . Jump up ^ Willis , Robert , Principles of Mechanisms , ... ( London , England : John W. Parker , 1841 ) , pp. 272 - 284 . Jump up ^ J.V. Poncelet , Traité de mécanique appliquée aux machines , Part 1 ( Liége , France : Librairie scientifique et industrielle , 1845 ) , pp. 121 - 124 . Jump up ^ Edmund P. Morewood , Improvement in Coating Iron and Copper , U.S. Patent 3,746 , Sept. 17 , 1844 . Jump up ^ Ephraim Shay , Locomotive - Engine , U.S. Patent 242,992 , June 14 , 1881 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Amidon , Bit - Brace , U.S. Patent 298,542 , May 13 , 1884 . Jump up ^ `` The Tower Spherical Engine '' . www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ William P. Blake , Report of the Commissioner to the Paris Exposition , 1867 , Chapter 1 , Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society , During the Years 1866 and 1867 , Vol X , Gelwicks , Sacramento , 1868 . Jump up ^ The Dynamometer Balance , ( Van Nostrand 's Engineering Magazine ) , Vol . XXV , No . CLVI ( Dec. 1881 ) ; page 471 . Jump up ^ Electronically - controlled adjustable height bearing support bracket - US Patent 6345680 Archived February 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Curtis Universal Joint Company - http://curtisuniversal.com/?gclid=Cj0KEQjwmayfBRDo25CR9un4hvEBEiQAv9fBbT5HspCTqTBFAQDocWG4DiL1VqWuTNczAFMA65A7lRwaAp0Y8P8HAQ External links ( edit ) http://curtisuniversal.com/?gclid=Cj0KEQjwmayfBRDo25CR9un4hvEBEiQAv9fBbT5HspCTqTBFAQDocWG4DiL1VqWuTNczAFMA65A7lRwaAp0Y8P8HAQ Universal Joint Shaft Applications ( 1 ) by Sándor Kabai , Wolfram Demonstrations Project . DIY : Replacing Universal Joints at About.com . Thompson Couplings Limited explanation of the Thompson coupling . The Thompson Coupling - invented by Glenn Thompson by ABC Television ( The New Inventors , broadcast Feb 2007 ) . U.S. Patent 7,144,326 ( constant - velocity coupling ) . About universal joints at McMaster Carr . Powertrain Part of the Automobile series Automotive engine Diesel engine Electric Fuel cell Hybrid ( Plug - in hybrid ) Internal combustion engine Petrol engine Steam engine Transmission Automatic transmission Chain drive Clutch Constant - velocity joint Continuously variable transmission Coupling Differential Direct - shift gearbox Drive shaft Dual - clutch transmission Drive wheel Electrohydraulic manual transmission Electrorheological clutch Epicyclic gearing Fluid coupling Friction drive Gear stick Giubo Hotchkiss drive Limited - slip differential Locking differential Manual transmission Manumatic Parking pawl Park by wire Preselector gearbox Semi-automatic transmission Shift by wire Torque converter Transaxle Transmission control unit Universal joint Wheels and Tires Wheel hub assembly Wheel Rim Alloy wheel Hubcap Tire Tubeless Radial Rain Snow Racing slick Off - road Run - flat Spare Hybrid Electric motor Hybrid vehicle drivetrain Electric generator Alternator Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_joint&oldid=839902775 '' Categories : Rotating shaft couplings Mechanisms ( engineering ) Automotive transmission technologies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 13 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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2486865944492458109	Dome of the Rock	Dome of the Rock - wikipedia Dome of the Rock Not to be confused with Al - Aqsa Mosque or Mosque of Omar ( Jerusalem ) . Dome of the Rock Qubbat As - Sakhrah قبّة الصخرة Location within the Old City of Jerusalem Basic information Location Jerusalem Geographic coordinates 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 31.7780 ° N 35.2354 ° E / 31.7780 ; 35.2354 Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 31.7780 ° N 35.2354 ° E / 31.7780 ; 35.2354 Affiliation Islam Administration Ministry of Awqaf ( Jordan ) Architectural description Architectural type Shrine Architectural style Umayyad , Abbasid , Ottoman Date established built 688 -- 692 , expanded 820s , restored 1020s , 1545 -- 1566 , 1721 / 2 , 1817 , 1874 / 5 , 1959 -- 1962 , 1993 . Specifications Dome ( s ) Minaret ( s ) 0 The Dome of the Rock ( Arabic : قبة الصخرة ‎ Qubbat al - Sakhrah , Hebrew : כיפת הסלע ‎ Kippat ha - Sela ) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem . It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik during the Second Fitna , built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple , destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE . The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23 . The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture . Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces , although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period , notably with the addition of the gold - plated roof , in 1959 -- 61 and again in 1993 . The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary ( also known as Kathisma in Greek and al - Qadismu in Arabic ) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem . The site 's great significance for Muslims derives from traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and to the belief that the Prophet Muhammad 's Night Journey to heaven started from the rock at the center of the structure . In Jewish tradition the rock bears great significance as the Foundation Stone , the place from which the world expanded into its present form and where God gathered the dust used to create the first human , Adam ; as the site on Mount Moriah where Abraham attempted to sacrifice his son ; and as the place where God 's divine presence is manifested more than in any other place , towards which Jews turn during prayer . A UNESCO World Heritage Site , it has been called `` Jerusalem 's most recognizable landmark , '' along with two nearby Old City structures , the Western Wall , and the `` Resurrection Rotunda '' in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Islamic 1.2 Original construction 1.3 Abbasids and Fatimids 1.4 Crusaders 1.5 Ayyubids and Mamluks 1.6 Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1917 ) 1.7 Modern history 2 Accessibility 3 Religious significance 4 Architectural homages 5 Images 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Pre-islamic Main articles : Temple Mount , Herod 's Temple , and Aelia Capitolina Reconstruction of Herod 's Temple as seen from the east ( Holyland Model of Jerusalem , 1966 ) The Dome of the Rock is situated in the center of the Temple Mount , the site of the Temple of Solomon and the Jewish Second Temple , which had been greatly expanded under Herod the Great in the 1st century BCE . Herod 's Temple was destroyed in 70 CE by the Romans , and after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , a Roman temple to Jupiter Capitolinus was built at the site . Jerusalem was ruled by the Christian Byzantine Empire throughout the 4th to 6th centuries . During this time , Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem began to develop . The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built under Constantine in the 320s , but the Temple Mount was left undeveloped after a failed project of restoration of the Jewish Temple under Julian the Apostate . Original construction The Dome of the Rock is now mostly assumed to have been built by the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik and his son and successor Al - Walid I . According to Sibt ibn al - Jawzi , construction started in 687 . Construction cost was reportedly seven times the yearly tax income of Egypt . A dedicatory inscription in Kufic script is preserved inside the dome . The date is recorded as AH 72 ( 691 / 2 CE ) , the year historians believe the construction of the original Dome was completed . In this inscription , the name of al - Malik was deleted and replaced by the name of Abbasid caliph Al - Ma'mun . This alteration of the original inscription was first noted by Melchior de Vogüé in 1864 . Some scholars have suggested that the dome was added to an existing building , built either by Muawiyah I ( r . 661 -- 680 ) , or indeed a Byzantine building dating to before the Muslim conquest , built under Heraclius ( r . 610 -- 641 ) . Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces . The two engineers in charge of the project were Raja ibn Haywah , a Muslim theologian from Beit She'an and Yazid Ibn Salam , a non-Arab who was Muslim and a native of Jerusalem . Cross section of the Dome ( print from 1887 , after the first detailed drawings of the Dome , made by Frederick Catherwood in 1833 ) . Shelomo Dov Goitein of the Hebrew University has argued that the Dome of the Rock was intended to compete with the many fine buildings of worship of other religions : `` The very form of a rotunda , given to the Qubbat as - Sakhra , although it was foreign to Islam , was destined to rival the many Christian domes . '' K.A.C. Creswell in his book The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock notes that those who built the shrine used the measurements of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . The diameter of the dome of the shrine is 20.20 m ( 66.3 ft ) and its height 20.48 m ( 67.2 ft ) , while the diameter of the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is 20.90 m ( 68.6 ft ) and its height 21.05 m ( 69.1 ft ) . The structure was basically octagonal . It comprised a wooden dome , approximately 20 m ( 66 ft ) in diameter , which was mounted on an elevated drum consisting of a circle of 16 piers and columns . Surrounding this circle was an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns . Abbasids and fatimids The building was severely damaged by earthquakes in 808 and again in 846 . The dome collapsed in an earthquake in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23 . The mosaics on the drum were repaired in 1027 -- 28 . Crusaders Main article : Templum Domini Depiction of the Templum Domini on the reverse side of the seal of the Knights Templar For centuries Christian pilgrims were able to come and experience the Temple Mount , but escalating violence against pilgrims to Jerusalem ( Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah , who ordered the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre , was an example ) instigated the Crusades . The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and the Dome of the Rock was given to the Augustinians , who turned it into a church , while the Al - Aqsa Mosque became a royal palace . The Knights Templar , active from c. 1119 , identified the Dome of the Rock as the site of the Temple of Solomon and set up their headquarters in the Al - Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century . The Templum Domini , as they called the Dome of the Rock , featured on the official seals of the Order 's Grand Masters ( such as Everard des Barres and Renaud de Vichiers ) , and soon became the architectural model for round Templar churches across Europe . Ayyubids and mamluks Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin on 2 October 1187 , and the Dome of the Rock was reconsecrated as a Muslim shrine . The cross on top of the dome was replaced by a crescent , and a wooden screen was placed around the rock below . Saladin 's nephew al - Malik al - Mu'azzam Isa carried out other restorations within the building , and added the porch to the Al - Aqsa Mosque . The Dome of the Rock was the focus of extensive royal patronage by the sultans during the Mamluk period , which lasted from 1250 until 1510 . Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1917 ) During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520 -- 1566 ) the exterior of the Dome of the Rock was covered with tiles . This work took seven years . The interior of the dome is lavishly decorated with mosaic , faience and marble , much of which was added several centuries after its completion . It also contains Qur'anic inscriptions . Surah Ya Sin ( the `` Heart of the Quran '' ) is inscribed across the top of the tile work and was commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent . Al - Isra , the Surah 17 which tells the story of the Isra or Night Journey , is inscribed above this . Adjacent to the Dome of the Rock , the Ottomans built the free - standing Dome of the Prophet in 1620 . Large - scale renovation was undertaken during the reign of Mahmud II in 1817 . In a major restoration project undertaken in 1874 -- 75 during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz , all the tiles on the west and southwest walls of the octagonal part of the building were removed and replaced by copies that had been made in Turkey . The first - ever photograph of the building , 1842 -- 44 View from the north , Francis Bedford ( 1862 ) West front in 1862 . By this date many of the 16th century tiles were missing . Interior showing mosaic decoration ( 1914 ) Tiled façade ( 2013 ) Interior showing rock ( 1915 ) Modern History 1920s photograph Haj Amin al - Husseini , appointed Grand Mufti by the British during the 1917 mandate of Palestine , along with Yaqub al - Ghusayn , implemented the restoration of the Dome of the Rock and the Al - Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem . The Dome of the Rock was badly shaken during the 11 July 1927 Jericho earthquake , damaging many of the repairs that had taken place over previous years . In 1955 , an extensive program of renovation was begun by the government of Jordan , with funds supplied by Arab governments and Turkey . The work included replacement of large numbers of tiles dating back to the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , which had become dislodged by heavy rain . In 1965 , as part of this restoration , the dome was covered with a durable aluminium bronze alloy made in Italy that replaced the lead exterior . Before 1959 , the dome was covered in blackened lead . In the course of substantial restoration carried out from 1959 to 1962 , the lead was replaced by aluminum - bronze plates covered with gold leaf . A few hours after the Israeli flag was hoisted over the Dome of the Rock in 1967 during the Six - Day War , Israelis lowered it on the orders of Moshe Dayan and invested the Muslim waqf ( religious trust ) with the authority to manage the Temple Mount / Haram al - Sharif , in order to `` keep the peace '' . In 1993 , the golden dome covering was refurbished following a donation of USD 8.2 million by King Hussein of Jordan who sold one of his houses in London to fund the 80 kilograms of gold required . The Dome of the Rock has been depicted on the Obverse and reverse of several Middle East currencies : Reverse of a 1,000 Iranian rial banknote ( 1992 ) . Reverse of a 1 Jordanian dinar banknote ( 1959 ) . Since 1992 , the 20 Dinar note bears the Dome 's depiction . Obverse of a 50 Saudi riyal banknote ( 1983 ) . Reverse of a 250 Iraqi dinar banknote ( 2002 ) . Obverse of a 1 Palestinian pound banknote ( 1939 ) . Accessibility Sign at visitors entrance to Temple Mount The Dome is maintained by the Ministry of Awqaf in Amman , Jordan . Until the mid-twentieth century , non-Muslims were not permitted in the area . Since 1967 , non-Muslims have been permitted limited access ; however non-Muslims are not permitted to pray on the Temple Mount , bring prayer books , or wear religious apparel . The Israeli police help enforce this . Israel restricted access for a short time during 2012 of Palestinian residents of the West Bank to the Temple Mount . West Bank Palestinian men had to be over 35 to be eligible for a permit . Palestinian residents of Jerusalem , who hold Israeli residency cards , and Palestinians with Israeli citizenship are permitted unrestricted access . Some Orthodox rabbis encourage Jews to visit the site , while most forbid entry to the compound lest there be a violation of Jewish law . Even rabbis who encourage entrance to the Temple Mount prohibit entrance to the actual Dome of the Rock . Religious significance The Temple in Jerusalem depicted as the Dome of the Rock on the printer 's mark of Marco Antonio Giustiniani , Venice 1545 -- 52 According to some Islamic scholars , the rock is the spot from which the Islamic prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven accompanied by the angel Gabriel . Further , Muhammad was taken here by Gabriel to pray with Abraham , Moses , and Jesus . Other Islamic scholars believe that the Prophet ascended to Heaven from the Al - Aqsa Mosque . Muslims believe the location of the Dome of the Rock to be the site mentioned in Sura 17 of the Qur'an , which tells the story of the Isra and Mi'raj , the miraculous Night Journey of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to `` the farthest mosque '' , where he leads prayers and rises to heaven to receive instructions from Allah . The Night Journey is mentioned in the Qur'an in a very brief form and is further elaborated by the hadiths . Caliph Umar ibn Al - Khattab ( 579 -- 644 ) was advised by Ka'ab al - Ahbar , a Jewish rabbi who converted to Islam , that `` the farthest mosque '' is identical with the site of the former Jewish Temples in Jerusalem . The Foundation Stone viewed from the dome . Photograph was taken between 1900 and 1920 , before the removal of the surrounding iron grill . The Foundation Stone and its surroundings is the holiest site in Judaism . Though Muslims now pray towards the Kaaba at Mecca , they once faced the Temple Mount as the Jews do . Muhammad changed the direction of prayer for Muslims after a revelation from Allah . Jews traditionally regarded the location of the stone as the holiest spot on Earth , the site of the Holy of Holies during the Temple Period . According to Jewish tradition , the stone is the site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac . On the walls of the Dome of the Rock is an inscription in a mosaic frieze that includes an explicit rejection of the divinity of Christ , from Quran ( 19 : 33 -- 35 ) : 33 . `` So peace is upon me the day I was born , and the day I die , and the day I shall be raised alive ! '' 34 . Such is Jesus , son of Mary . It is a statement of truth , about which they doubt . 35 . It is not befitting to ( the majesty of ) Allah that He should take himself a child . Glory be to Him ! when He determines a matter , He only says to it , `` Be '' , and it is . According to Goitein , the inscriptions decorating the interior clearly display a spirit of polemic against Christianity , whilst stressing at the same time the Qur'anic doctrine that Jesus was a true prophet . The formula la sharika lahu ( `` God has no companion '' ) is repeated five times ; the verses from Sura Maryam 19 : 35 -- 37 , which strongly reaffirm Jesus ' prophethood to God , are quoted together with the prayer : Allahumma salli ala rasulika wa'abdika ' Isa bin Maryam -- `` O Lord , send your blessings to your Prophet and Servant Jesus son of Mary . '' He believes that this shows that rivalry with Christendom , together with the spirit of Muslim mission to the Christians , was at work at the time of construction . The Temple Institute wishes to relocate the Dome to another site and replace it with a Third Temple . Many Israelis are ambivalent about the Movement 's wishes . Some religious Jews , following rabbinic teaching , believe that the Temple should only be rebuilt in the messianic era , and that it would be presumptuous of people to force God 's hand . However , some Evangelical Christians consider rebuilding of the Temple to be a prerequisite to Armageddon and the Second Coming . Jeremy Gimpel , a US - born candidate for Habayit Hayehudi in the 2013 Israeli elections , caused a controversy when he was recorded telling a Fellowship Church evangelical group in Florida in 2011 to imagine the incredible experience that would follow were the Dome to be destroyed . All Christians would be immediately transported to Israel , he opined . Architectural homages The Dome of the Rock has inspired the architecture of a number of buildings . These include the octagonal Church of St. Giacomo in Italy , the Mausoleum of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in Istanbul , the octagonal Moorish Revival style Rumbach Street Synagogue in Budapest , and the New Synagogue in Berlin , Germany . It was long believed by Christians that the Dome of the Rock echoed the architecture of the Temple in Jerusalem , as can be seen in Raphael 's The Marriage of the Virgin and in Perugino 's Marriage of the Virgin . Panorama of the Temple Mount , including Al - Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock , from the Mount of Olives Images The Interior of the Dome The Dome itself Ornaments and writing inside the Dome More detailed image Foundation stone of the Dome Interior Vector See also Islam portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Ablaq Abomination of desolation History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes List of the oldest mosques in the world New Jerusalem Well of Souls Notes Jump up ^ Gil , Moshe ( 1997 ) . A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 . Jump up ^ Slavik , Diane ( 2001 ) . Cities through Time : Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem . Geneva , Illinois : Runestone Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 3218 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Avner , Rina ( 2010 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock in light of the development of concentric martyria in Jerusalem '' ( PDF ) . Muqarnas . Volume 27 : An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World . Leiden : Brill . pp. 31 -- 50 ( 43 -- 44 ) . ISBN 978 - 900418511 - 1 . JSTOR 25769691 . Jump up ^ M. Anwarul Islam and Zaid F. Al - hamad ( 2007 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock : Origin of its octagonal plan '' . Palestine Exploration Quarterly . 139 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Nasser Rabbat ( 1989 ) . `` The meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock '' . Muqarnas. 6 : 12 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Carol Delaney , Abraham on Trial : The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth , Princeton University Press 2000 p. 120 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeffrey ( 29 January 2001 ) . `` Arafat 's Gift '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO World Heritage '' . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Aelia Capitolina '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 256 . Lester L. Grabbe ( 2010 ) . An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism : History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah , the Maccabees , Hillel , and Jesus . A&C Black . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Linda Kay and David Martin Gitlitz Pilgrimage : From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , Inc , Santa Barbara , CA 2002 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense the proud Temple once at Jerusalem , and committed this task to Alypius of Antioch . Alypius set vigorously to work , and was seconded by the governor of the province , when fearful balls of fire , breaking out near the foundations , continued their attacks , till the workmen , after repeated scorchings , could approach no more : and he gave up the attempt . '' Ammianus Marcellinus , Res Gestae , 23.1. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Jacob Lassner : Muslims on the sanctity of Jerusalem : preliminary thoughts on the search for a conceptual framework . In : Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam . Band 31 ( 2006 ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2008 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Vogüé 1864 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Oleg Grabar : The Meaning of the Dome of the Rock . Jump up ^ Busse , Heribert ( 1991 ) . `` Zur Geschichte und Deutung der frühislamischen Ḥarambauten in Jerusalem '' . Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina - Vereins ( in German ) . 107 : 144 -- 154 . JSTOR 27931418 . Jump up ^ Richard Ettinghausen ; Oleg Grabar ; Marilyn Jenkins ( 2001 ) . Islamic Art and Architecture 650 -- 1250 . Yale University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08869 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Drawings of Islamic Buildings : Dome of the Rock , Jerusalem '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Until 1833 the Dome of the Rock had not been measured or drawn ; according to Victor von Hagen , ' no architect had ever sketched its architecture , no antiquarian had traced its interior design ... ' On 13 November in that year , however , Frederick Catherwood dressed up as an Egyptian officer and accompanied by an Egyptian servant ' of great courage and assurance ' , entered the buildings of the mosque with his drawing materials ... ' During six weeks , I continued to investigate every part of the mosque and its precincts . ' Thus , Catherwood made the first complete survey of the Dome of the Rock , and paved the way for many other artists in subsequent years , such as William Harvey , Ernest Richmond and Carl Friedrich Heinrich Werner . ^ Jump up to : Goitein , Shelomo Dov ( 1950 ) . `` The historical background of the erection of the Dome of the Rock '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 70 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 108 . JSTOR 595539 . Jump up ^ `` Dome of the Rock '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Amiran , D.H.K. ; Arieh , E. ; Turcotte , T. ( 1994 ) . `` Earthquakes in Israel and adjacent areas : macroseismic observations since 100 B.C.E. '' . Israel Exploration Journal . 44 ( 3 / 4 ) : 260 -- 305 ( 267 ) . JSTOR 27926357 . Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney . God 's Battalions ; a Case for the Crusades. Harper Collins , NY , 2009 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Clermont - Ganneau 1899 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ St. Laurent , Beatrice ; Riedlmayer , András ( 1993 ) . `` Restorations of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and their political significance , 1537 -- 1928 '' ( PDF ) . In Necipoğlu , Gülru . Muqarnas . Volume 10 : Essays in Honor of Oleg Grabar . Leiden : Brill . pp. 76 -- 84 . JSTOR 1523174 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Jerusalem : A Fight Over Sacred Turf by Sandra Scham '' . Archaeology.org . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C. `` Hashemite Restorations of the Islamic Holy Places in Jerusalem -- kinghussein.gov.jo -- Retrieved 21 January 2008 '' . Kinghussein.gov.jo . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jerusalem 's Holy Places and the Peace Process Marshall J. Breger and Thomas A. Idinopulos , Washington Institute for Near East Policy , 1998 . Jump up ^ Browning , Noah ( 15 August 2012 ) . `` Palestinians flock to Jerusalem as Israeli restrictions eased -- Yahoo ! News '' . News.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Zivotofsky . `` Tzarich Iyun : The Har HaBayit -- OU Torah '' . OU Torah . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Braswell , G. Islam -- Its Prophets , People , Politics and Power . Nashville , TN : Broadman and Holman Publishers . 1996 . p. 14 Jump up ^ Ali , A . The Holy Qur'an -- Translation and Commentary . Bronx , NY : Islamic Propagation Centre International . 1946 . pp. 1625 -- 31 Jump up ^ `` Me'raj -- The Night Ascension '' . Al-islam.org . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meraj Article '' . Duas.org . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Yakub of Syria ( Ka'b al - Ahbar ) Last Jewish Attempt at Islamic Leadership Committee for Historical Research in Islam and Judaism , © 2004 -- 2012 , accessed July 2013 . `` He continued to follow Rabbinic tradition such that later Islamic historians questioned whether he ever ' converted ' to Islam . '' Jump up ^ raisa ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) . `` ' Third Temple ' crowdfunding plan aims to relocate Jerusalem 's Dome of the Rock '' ( Text ) . The Stream - Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Stephen Spector , Evangelicals and Israel : The Story of American Christian Zionism , Oxford University Press , 2008 p. 202 . Jump up ^ Andrew Esensten U.S. - born Knesset candidate , Jeremy Gimpel , and his Dome of the Rock ' joke ' , Haaretz 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Burckhardt , Jacob ; Peter Murray ; James C. Palmes ( 1986 ) . The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance . University of Chicago Press . p. 81 . References Creswell , K.A.C. ( 1924 ) . The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock ( 2 Volumes ) . London : British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem . OCLC 5862604 . Peterson , Andrew ( 1994 ) . Dictionary of Islamic Architecture . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06084 - 2 Braswell , G. ( 1996 ) . Islam -- Its Prophets , People , Politics and Power . Nashville , TN : Broadman and Holman Publishers . Clermont - Ganneau , Charles ( 1899 ) . `` Chapter VIII The Kubbet es Sakhra '' . Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873 -- 1874 . Volume 1 . London : Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund . pp. 179 -- 227 . Necipoğlu , Gülru ( 2008 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock as palimpsest : ' Abd al - Malik 's grand narrative and Sultan Süleyman 's glosses '' ( PDF ) . In Necipoğlu , Gülru ; Bailey , Julia . Muqarnas : An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World . Volume 25 . Leiden : Brill . pp. 17 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 900417327 - 9 . Ali , A. ( 1946 ) . The Holy Qur'an -- Translation and Commentary . Bronx , NY : Islamic Propagation Centre International . Islam , M. Anwarul ; Al - Hamad , Zaid ( 2007 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock : origin of its octagonal plan '' . Palestine Exploration Quarterly . 139 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 128 . doi : 10.1179 / 003103207x194145 . Christoph Luxenberg : Neudeutung der arabischen Inschrift im Felsendom zu Jerusalem . In : Karl - Heinz Ohlig / Gerd - R. Puin ( Hg . ) : Die dunklen Anfänge . Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam , Berlin ( Verlag Hans Schiler ) 2005 , S. 124 -- 147 . English version : `` A New Interpretation of the Arabic Inscription in Jerusalem 's Dome of the Rock '' . In : Karl - Heinz Ohlig / Gerd - R. Puin ( eds . ) : The Hidden Origins of Islam : New Research into Its Early History , Amherst , N.Y. ( Prometheus Books ) 2010 Vogüé , Melchior de ( 1864 ) . Le Temple de Jérusalem : monographie du Haram - ech - Chérif , suivie d'un essai sur la topographie de la Ville - sainte ( in French ) . Paris : Noblet & Baudry . Further reading Grabar , Oleg ( 2006 ) . The Dome of the Rock . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02313 - 0 . Flood , Finbarr B. ( 2000 ) . `` The Ottoman windows in the Dome of the Rock and the Aqsa Mosque '' ( PDF ) . In Auld , Sylvia ; Hillenbrand , Robert . Ottoman Jerusalem : The Living City : 1517 -- 1917 . Volume 1 . London : Altajir World of Islam Trust . pp. 431 -- 463 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901435 - 03 - 0 . Kessler , Christel ( 1964 ) . `` Above the ceiling of the outer ambulatory in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ( 3 / 4 ) : 83 -- 94 . JSTOR 25202759 . Kessler , Christel ( 1970 ) . `` ' Abd Al - Malik 's inscription in the Dome of the Rock : a reconsideration '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1 ) : 2 -- 14 . JSTOR 25203167 . Richmond , Ernest Tatham ( 1924 ) . The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem : A Description of its Structure and Decoration . Oxford : Clarendon Press . St. Laurent , Beatrice ( 1998 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock and the politics of restoration '' . Bridgewater Review . 17 ( 2 ) : 14 -- 20 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dome of the Rock . `` Qubba al - Sakhra , Jerusalem '' . Archnet Digital Archive . Dome of the Rock Sacred sites The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture Ochs , Christoph ( 2010 ) . `` Dome of the Rock '' . Bibledex in Israel . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . Allen , Terry ( 2014 ) . `` The Marble Revetment of the Piers of the Dome of the Rock '' . Occidental , CA : Solipsist Press . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts Assassination of Abdullah I 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Islamic structures on the Temple Mount Under the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf and the Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mosque al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Marwani Prayer Hall Domes Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountains Fountain of Qasim Pasha Fountain of Qayt Bay Pool of Raranj Other structures Islamic Museum Al - Mawazin Minarets Minaret of Israel Bab al - Silsila Minaret Ghawanima Minaret al - Fakhariyya Minaret See also Islamization of the Temple Mount Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Old City of Jerusalem and its walls World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 1981 Judaism ( Sephardic / Ashke - nazi Chief Rabbis ) General Southern Wall Western Wall Western Wall Tunnel Little Western Wall Orthodox Jewish Hurva Synagogue Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue Ramban Synagogue Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue Ari Synagogue Four Sephardic Synagogues Ohr ha - Chaim Synagogue Tzuf Dvash Synagogue Areas , quarters Christian Quarter Muristan Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter Jewish Quarter Temple Mount Gates 1 . Jaffa 2 . Zion 3 . Dung 4 . Golden 5 . Lions 6 . Herod 7 . Damascus 8 . New ( Double , Single , Tanners ' ) Al - Mawazin Surrounding streets , roads : Hativat Yerushalayim HaTsanhanim Jaffa Road Jericho Ma'ale HaShalom Ofel Sultan Suleiman Christianity `` Status quo '' Church of the Holy Sepulchre Deir Es - Sultan Via Dolorosa See also : New Church of the Theotokos Catholic ( Custody of the Holy Land ) Latin ( Patriarch ) Chapel of Simon of Cyrene Monastery of the Flagellation Church of the Condemnation Church of the Flagellation Church of the Holy Family Church of Saint James Intercisus Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Church of Saint Mary of the Latins Convent of the Sisters of Zion Church of Ecce Homo Monastery of Saint Saviour Church of Saint Anne Templum Domini Melkite Catholic ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of the Annunciation Armenian Catholic Church of Our Lady of Sorrows Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Church of Saint John the Baptist Oriental Orthodox Armenian Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of Saint James Church of the Holy Archangels Church of Saint Toros Syriac Orthodox Monastery of Saint Mark Protestant Anglican Communion Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East Christ Church Lutheran Evangelical Church in Germany Church of the Redeemer Islam ( Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti ) Noble Sanctuary ( Waqf ) Al - Aqsa Mosque Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Marwani Mosque Other Al - Buraq Mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Mosque of Omar Remnants or rebuilt buildings in italic ( governing authority in small ) Jerusalem portal Israel portal Palestine portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal WorldCat Identities GND : 4387050 - 8 ISNI : 0000 0001 2288 6525 VIAF : 134358038 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dome_of_the_Rock&oldid=865740290 '' Categories : Religious buildings with domes 691 7th - century religious buildings Arabic architecture Castles and fortifications of the Knights Templar Islamic architecture Islam in Jerusalem Octagonal buildings Shrines in Jerusalem Temple Mount Tiling Umayyad architecture 690s establishments Entering Heaven alive Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from July 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles needing the year an event occurred from September 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Ladino Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 文言吴语粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the dome of the rock painted gold	[ "Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces,[3] although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.[3]\n", "Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces,[3] although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.[3]\n" ]	[ "1959–61", "1993" ]
751320730409434817	Encyclopedia Americana	Encyclopedia Americana - Wikipedia Encyclopedia Americana Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the modern version . For the 19th - century encyclopedia , see Encyclopædia Americana ( Lieber ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2014 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Encyclopædia Americana Author Francis Lieber ( 1800 - 1872 ) Language English Subject General Published 1829 - 33 Encyclopedia Americana is one of the largest general encyclopedias in the English language . Following the acquisition of Grolier in 2000 , the encyclopedia has been produced by Scholastic . The encyclopedia has more than 45,000 articles , most of them more than 500 words and many running to considerable length ( the `` United States '' article is over 300,000 words ) . The work 's coverage of American and Canadian geography and history has been a traditional strength . Written by 6,500 contributors , the Encyclopedia Americana includes over 9,000 bibliographies , 150,000 cross-references , 1,000 + tables , 1,200 maps , and almost 4,500 black - and - white line art and color images . It also has 680 factboxes . Most articles are signed by their contributors . Long available as a 30 - volume print set , the Encyclopedia Americana is now marketed as an online encyclopedia requiring a subscription . In March 2008 , Scholastic said that print sales remained good but that the company was still deciding on the future of the print edition . The company did not produce an edition in 2007 , a change from its previous approach of releasing a revised print edition each year . The most recent print edition of the Encyclopedia Americana was published in 2006 . The online version of the Encyclopedia Americana , first introduced in 1997 , continues to be updated and sold . This work , like the print set from which it is derived , is designed for high school and first - year college students along with public library users . It is available to libraries as one of the options in the Grolier Online reference service , which also includes the Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia , intended for middle and high school students , and The New Book of Knowledge , an encyclopedia for elementary and middle school students . Grolier Online is not available to individual subscribers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Later developments 3 Editors in Chief 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This 1921 advertisement for the Encyclopedia Americana suggests that other encyclopedias are as out - of - date as the locomotives of 90 years earlier . `` Francis Lieber ( 1800 - 1872 ) , a German political exile , who came to Boston , Massachusetts in 1827 , began publication of Encyclopedia Americana in 1829 . The 13 volumes of the first edition were completed in 1833 , and other editions and printings followed in 1835 , 1836 , 1847 - 1848 , 1849 and 1858 . Lieber 's work was based upon and was in no small part a translation of the 7th edition of the well established Konversations - Lexikon of Brockhaus ( ... ) The last three editions included a supplementary fourteenth volume. ( ... ) Just before the beginning of the 20th century Richard S. Peale , publisher of various subscription sets ( ... ) entered into a cooperative arrangement with Munn and Company , of New York City , publisher of Scientific American , for the production of the Encyclopedia Americana , under their sponsorship . Some of the old material was carried over into the new encyclopedia . The short article method of Brockhaus was continued . '' Thus in 1902 a new version in 16 volumes that carried over some of the old material was published , under the editorial supervision of Scientific American magazine . The magazine 's editor , Frederick Converse Beach , was editor - in - chief , and was said to be assisted by hundreds of eminent scholars and authorities who served as consulting editors or authors . The first publisher was R.S. Peale & Co ; between 1903 and 1906 further editions were issued by the Americana Corp. and the Scientific American Compiling Department , with George Edwin Rines appointed managing editor in 1903 . The relationship with Scientific American was terminated in 1911 . From 1907 to 1912 , the work was published as The Americana . A major new edition appeared in 1918 -- 20 in 30 volumes , with George Edwin Rines as editor - in - chief . An Annual or Yearbook was also published each year beginning in 1923 and continuing until 2000 . The encyclopedia was purchased by Grolier in 1945 . By the 1960s , sales of the Americana and its sister publications under Grolier -- The Book of Knowledge , the Book of Popular Science , and Lands and Peoples -- were strong enough to support the company 's occupancy of a large building ( variously named the Americana Building and the Grolier Building ) in Midtown Manhattan , at 575 Lexington Avenue . Sales during this period were accomplished primarily through mail - order and door - to - door operations . Telemarketing and third - party distribution through their Lexicon division added to sales volumes in the 1970s . By the late 1970s , Grolier had moved its operations to Danbury , Connecticut . Later developments ( edit ) In 1988 Grolier was purchased by the French media company Hachette , which owned a well - known French - language encyclopedia , the Hachette Encyclopedia . Hachette was later absorbed by the French conglomerate the Lagardère Group . A CD - ROM version of the encyclopedia was published in 1995 . Although the text and images were stored on separate disks , it was in keeping with standards current at the time . More importantly , the work had been digitized , allowing for release of an online version in 1997 . Over the next few years the product was augmented with additional features , functions , supplementary references , Internet links , and current events journal . A redesigned interface and partly reengineered product , featuring enhanced search capabilities and a first - ever ADA - compliant , text - only version for users with disabilities , was presented in 2002 . The acquisition of Grolier by Scholastic for US $400 million , took place in 2000 . The new owners projected a 30 % increase in operating income , although historically Grolier had experienced earnings of 7 % to 8 % on income . Staff reductions as a means of controlling costs followed soon thereafter , even while an effort was made to augment the sales force . Cuts occurred every year between 2000 and 2007 , leaving a much - depleted work force to carry out the duties of maintaining a large encyclopedia database . Today , Encyclopedia Americana lives on as an integral database within the Grolier Online product . Editors in chief ( edit ) Frederick Converse Beach , 1902 -- 1917 . Engineer and editor of Scientific American magazine . George Edwin Rines , 1917 -- 1920 . Author and editor . A.H. McDannald , 1920 -- 1948 . Reporter ( Baltimore News and Baltimore Evening Sun ) , editor , and author . Lavinia P. Dudley , 1948 -- 1964 . Editor ( Encyclopædia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana ) and manager ; first woman to head a major American reference publication . George A. Cornish , 1965 -- 1970 . Reporter ( New York Herald Tribune ) and editor . Bernard S. Cayne , 1970 -- 1980 . Educational researcher ( Educational Testing Service , Harvard Educational Review ) , editor ( Ginn & Co. , Collier 's Encyclopedia , Macmillan ) and business executive ( Grolier Inc . ) . Alan H. Smith , 1980 -- 1985 . Editor ( Grolier / Encyclopedia Americana ) David T. Holland , 1985 -- 1991 . Editor ( Harcourt Brace , Grolier / Encyclopedia Americana ) . Mark Cummings , 1991 -- 2000 . Editor ( Macmillan , Oxford University Press ) . Michael Shally - Jensen , 2000 -- 2005 . Editor ( Merriam - Webster / Encyclopædia Britannica ) . K. Anne Ranson , 2005 -- 2006 . Editor ( Academic American Encyclopedia , Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia ) . Joseph M. Castagno , 2006 -- present . Editor ( Grolier / Lands and Peoples , New Book of Popular Science ) . See also ( edit ) Lists of encyclopedias References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Encyclopedia-Americana Jump up ^ Noam Cohen ( 16 March 2008 ) . `` Start Writing the Eulogies for Print Encyclopedias '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Americana ; A Popular Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature , History , Politics and Biography , Brought Down to the Present Time ; Including a Copious Collection of Original Articles in American Biography ; on the Basis of the Seventh Edition of the German Conversations - Lexicon . Edited by Francis Lieber , Assisted by E. Wigglesworth . I ( 1 ed . ) . Philadelphia : Carey , Lea & Carey. 1829 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Americana , 1963 Edition , vol. 10 , p. 317a . ^ Jump up to : Rines , George Edwin , ed. ( 1920 ) . `` Rines , George Edwin '' . Encyclopedia Americana . Jump up ^ Collison , Robert ( 1964 ) . Encyclopedias : Their History throughout the Ages . New York : Hafner . Jump up ^ `` French Plan to Sell Grolier , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 11 / 29 / 1999 ; `` Scholastic to Acquire Grolier , '' press release , Scholastic Inc. , 4 / 13 / 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Has Record Year and Begins Grolier Integration , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 7 / 24 / 00 ; `` Scholastic Sales Surge Continues , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 1 / 01 / 01 ; `` Robinson : Scholastic 's Business Remains Strong , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 10 / 01 / 01 ; `` Sales Dip , Earnings Rise at Scholastic , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 7 / 29 / 02 ; `` Scholastic Cuts 400 from Global Workforce , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 6 / 02 / 03 ; `` Scholastic Takes a Charge , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 7 / 19 / 04 ; `` Scholastic Cuts 30 Spots in Library Unit , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 6 / 02 / 05 ; `` Scholastic to Cut Costs as Profits Fall , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 12 / 16 / 05 ; `` Weak Results Prompt Closings , Layoffs at Scholastic , '' PublishersWeekly.com , 3 / 23 / 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Encyclopedia Americana . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Encyclopedia Americana ( 1920 ) Text and images of the Encyclopaedia Americana 1851 at the University of Michigan 's Making of America site . Encyclopedia Americana Description from Grolier online Complete hyperlinked editions of the 1904 and 1918 - 20 eds . at the Online Books Page The Americana , 1912 -- via HathiTrust ( fulltext ) Encyclopedia Americana , 1918 -- via HathiTrust ( fulltext ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&oldid=790620089 '' Categories : English - language encyclopedias American encyclopedias 1902 books 20th - century encyclopedias Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2017 , at 23 : 26 . 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5372926084082083137	Minor Sherlock Holmes characters	Minor Sherlock Holmes characters - wikipedia Minor Sherlock Holmes characters This article features minor characters from the Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , and from non-canonical derived works . Contents 1 Inspector Baynes 2 Billy 3 Inspector Bradstreet 4 Inspector Gregson 5 Inspector Hopkins 6 Mrs. Hudson 7 Shinwell Johnson 8 Athelney Jones 9 Mary Morstan ( later Watson ) 9.1 Film and television appearances 10 Langdale Pike 11 Toby 12 Wiggins 13 Non-canonical 13.1 Auguste Lupa 13.2 Enola Holmes 13.3 Eurus Holmes 13.4 Mary Russell 13.5 Raffles Holmes 13.6 Sherrinford Holmes 14 See also 15 References Inspector Baynes ( edit ) Inspector Baynes of the Surrey force appears in the two - part series `` The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge '' , named ( i ) `` The singular experience of Mr John Scott Eccles '' , and ( ii ) `` The Tiger of San Pedro '' . He is the only uniformed policeman in the books to have ever matched Sherlock Holmes in his investigative skills . In this story , the reader finds that even despite working in different lines , they both arrive at the right conclusion and solve the mystery at the same time . In fact , Baynes had misled even Holmes as he used a method similar to one that Holmes often used when he arrested the wrong man and provided inaccurate information to the press in order to lull the true criminal into a false sense of security . Holmes congratulated this inspector and believed that he would go far . In Japanese puppetry Sherlock Holmes , Baynes is a pupil of Beeton School as well as Holmes and has a strong sense of rivalry against him . Baynes speaks in a precocious manner and provokes Holmes to find the truth of the disappearance of two pupils , Garcia and Henderson . After that , he provokes Holmes again by posting a message using the stick figures of dancing men in the school . Yōsuke Asari voices him . Billy ( edit ) Billy is Holmes 's young page , appearing in the stories The Valley of Fear , `` The Problem of Thor Bridge '' and `` The Mazarin Stone '' . In the latter he plays a significant role in helping to arrest the lead villain . He is a more significant character in all three of Doyle 's plays featuring Sherlock Holmes , Sherlock Holmes ; A Drama in Four Acts , The Stonor Case and The Crown Diamond , and in the spoof The Painful Predicament of Sherlock Holmes written by William Gillette . In 1903 Charlie Chaplin began his career by playing Billy on stage in both the four - act play and Gillette 's spoof . Billy has appeared in the films Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) , Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) and The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) . Inspector Bradstreet ( edit ) Inspector Bradstreet is a detective who appears in three short stories : `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' , `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' and `` The Adventure of the Engineer 's Thumb '' . Doyle described him as `` a tall , stout official ... in a peaked cap and frogged jacket '' . Sidney Paget 's illustrations for the Strand Magazine depict him with a full beard . Beyond this little is revealed about him in the canon . Bradstreet originally served in Scotland Yard 's E Division which associates him with the Bow Street Runners , a forerunner of Scotland Yard . He claims to have been in the force since 1862 ( `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' ) but in June 1889 Dr Watson writes he is in B Division to oversee `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' . According to Sherlockian author Jack Tracy , B Division was : one of the twenty - two administrative divisions of the Metropolitan Police Force . Its 5.17 square miles include parts of south Kensington and the south - western section of West - minister ( sic ? ) ... In `` The Adventure of the Engineer 's Thumb '' , he accompanied Holmes to Eyford , a village in Berkshire . According to Jack Tracy 's The Encyclopaedia Sherlockiana , he was `` assigned most likely to the central headquarters staff . '' Bradstreet is not a martinet ; in `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' he could have prosecuted the false beggar , but chose to overlook this action to spare Neville St Clair the trauma of shaming his wife and children . Bradstreet appears four times in Granada Television 's The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes : `` The Blue Carbuncle '' , `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' , `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' ( substituting for Inspector Lestrade , as Colin Jeavons was unavailable ) , and a cameo appearance in `` The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone '' . Initially he was played by Brian Miller as a blustering , pompous plodder , then later as much more competent by Denis Lill . He is also featured in M.J. Trow 's series The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade . Inspector Gregson ( edit ) Inspector Tobias Gregson , a Scotland Yard inspector , was first introduced in A Study in Scarlet ( 1887 ) , and he subsequently appears in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' ( 1893 ) , `` The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge '' ( 1908 ) and `` The Adventure of the Red Circle '' ( 1911 ) . Holmes declares him to be `` the smartest of the Scotland Yarders , '' but given Holmes ' opinion of the Scotland Yard detectives , this is not sweeping praise . In one of the stories Watson specifically mentions the callous and cool way in which Gregson behaved . Gregson first appears in A Study in Scarlet and is a polar opposite of another Yarder Doyle created , Inspector Lestrade . Lestrade and Gregson are such visual opposites , it indicates the barrier Doyle drew between them to emphasise their professional animosity . Gregson is tall , `` tow - headed '' ( fair - haired ) in contrast to the shorter Lestrade 's dark `` ferretlike '' ( narrow ) features and has `` fat , square hands '' . Of all the Yarders , Gregson comes the closest to meeting Sherlock Holmes on intellectual grounds , while acknowledging Holmes 's abilities . He even admits to Holmes that he always feels more confident when he has Holmes 's aid in a case . Regrettably , he is bound within the confines of the law he serves , and the delay in getting his assistance turns to tragedy in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' . He also has some regrettable human flaws . During A Study in Scarlet he publicly laughs at Lestrade 's incorrect assumptions , even though he is also on the wrong trail . Unlike Lestrade , Gregson overlooks the little grey areas of the law , and in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' overlooks Holmes 's breaking of a window in order to enter a premises . The life of Mycroft Holmes 's fellow lodger is saved by this minor criminal act . Gregson last appears in Doyle 's `` The Adventure of the Red Circle '' in events that happen in 1902 but are not published by Dr Watson until 1911 . In this story , Watson observes that : Our official detectives may blunder in the matter of intelligence , but never in that of courage . Gregson climbed the stair to arrest this desperate murderer with the same absolutely quiet and businesslike bearing with which he would have ascended the official staircase of Scotland Yard . The Pinkerton man had tried to push past him , but Gregson had firmly elbowed him back . London dangers were the privilege of the London force . In the 1945 film The Woman in Green , Gregson was played by Matthew Boulton . A character named Captain Gregson of the NYPD appears in the TV adaptation Elementary , portrayed by Aidan Quinn . Originally he was to be called Tobias Gregson , after the character in the stories , but his name was changed to Thomas Gregson . Inspector Hopkins ( edit ) Inspector Stanley Hopkins is a Scotland Yard detective and a student of Holmes 's deductive methods , who attempts to apply them in his own investigations . Holmes , however , is very critical of Hopkins 's ability to apply them well , Hopkins sometimes making such mistakes as arresting a man whose notebook was found at a crime scene despite it being physically impossible for the man in question to have killed the victim in the manner that he was discovered . Hopkins refers several cases to Holmes , all within the South - East areas of England and London , including : `` The Adventure of the Golden Pince - Nez '' , set in 1894 in Chatham , Kent , and `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' , in Weald set in 1895 , and `` The Adventure of the Abbey Grange '' , in 1897 in Chislehurst . In the 1946 film Dressed to Kill , Hopkins was portrayed by Carl Harbord . In the first episode of Season Two of Elementary , a `` DCI Hopkins '' calls Holmes to London from New York . A female Inspector Stella Hopkins appears in the first episode of the fourth series of Sherlock . Mrs. Hudson ( edit ) Mrs. Hudson is the landlady of the house 221B Baker Street , in which Holmes lives . Mrs. Hudson is a woman who wants the home to be clean and tidy , and often fights with Holmes for this . Watson describes her as a very good cook ; in `` The Naval Treaty , '' Holmes says `` Her cuisine is a little limited , but she has as good an idea of breakfast as a Scotchwoman , '' which some readers have taken to mean that she is Scottish , and others that she can not possibly be . Other than one mention of her `` stately tread '' , she is given no physical description or first name , although she has been identified with the `` Martha '' in `` His Last Bow '' . Watson described the relationship between Holmes and Hudson in the opening of `` The Adventure of the Dying Detective '' : Mrs. Hudson , the landlady of Sherlock Holmes , was a long - suffering woman . Not only was her first - floor flat invaded at all hours by throngs of singular and often undesirable characters but her remarkable lodger showed an eccentricity and irregularity in his life which must have sorely tried her patience . His incredible untidiness , his addiction to music at strange hours , his occasional revolver practice within doors , his weird and often malodorous scientific experiments , and the atmosphere of violence and danger which hung around him made him the very worst tenant in London . On the other hand , his payments were princely . I have no doubt that the house might have been purchased at the price which Holmes paid for his rooms during the years that I was with him . The landlady stood in the deepest awe of him and never dared to interfere with him , however outrageous his proceedings might seem . She was fond of him , too , for he had a remarkable gentleness and courtesy in his dealings with women . At one point in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' Holmes calls the landlady `` Mrs. Turner '' , rather than Mrs. Hudson , which has caused much speculation among Holmes fans . In film and television adaptations of the stories , Mrs. Hudson is usually portrayed as an older woman ; on rare occasions she is presented as a young woman . In the BBC series Sherlock , she is played by actress and TV presenter Una Stubbs . She offers Holmes a lower rent because he helped her out by ensuring the conviction and execution of her husband in Florida after he murdered two people . In `` A Scandal in Belgravia '' when agents torture Mrs. Hudson trying to find a mobile phone , Sherlock repeatedly throws the agent responsible out of an upper - level window , and later states that `` England would fall '' if Mrs. Hudson left Baker Street . In `` His Last Vow '' her name is revealed to be Martha Louise Hudson ( née Sissons ) , a semi-reformed alcoholic and former exotic dancer . Her `` pressure point '' , according to Charles Augustus Magnusson 's information on her , is marijuana . Mrs. ( Clara , née Clarisa ) Hudson is a much more developed character in Laurie R. King 's series of novels focusing on the detective scholar Mary Russell . In this alternative extension of the Holmes mythology , the retired Holmes marries his much younger apprentice and partner . Russell and Holmes meet after the traumatic death of her family in California when she moves to the farm adjoining Holmes ' Sussex home . Mrs. Hudson takes the young and emotionally fragile Russell under her wing , and Russell comes to think of her as a friend , a second mother , and a rock in the whirl of danger that always surrounds Holmes . The novel The Murder of Mary Russell tells Mrs. Hudson 's biography over several generations , her meeting and bond with Holmes , and her ties to Russell . The novel appeared after the development of Mrs. Hudson 's character in the BBC series Sherlock . As in that rendition of the character , Mrs. Hudson has a criminal past and initially met Holmes in unsavory circumstances , in this case when she murdered her father to save Holmes ' life . Holmes buys the Baker St. house for Hudson and establishes her as his landlady . In typical Holmesian logic , this relieves him of the tedium of homeownership and explains both her forbearance with her tenant and his uncharacteristic affection for her . A skilled actress and con artist , she is comfortable with the criminals who inhabit his world and enjoys playing occasional roles in investigations in which an eminently respectable older woman might be needed . In this series , she is slightly older than Holmes ( although Russell and Watson thinks she is significantly older ) , born in Scotland , raised in Australia , and an immigrant to England . She acted as a mother surrogate to Billy Mudd , Holmes ' first ' Irregular ' , has one sister who lived to adulthood , and one illegitimate child of her own . Holmes states explicitly that the condition of her remaining in England and their relationship is that Hudson 's life prior to the murder is never to be mentioned , that they must never have a sexual or romantic relationship , and that she know that her history as a criminal and murderer will always be present in his mind whenever they interact . To Holmes , Hudson represents a way of solving the ethical problem of what to do with someone who murders to prevent harm , but who may return to criminal activity . His manipulation of Hudson removes Hudson and Mudd from lives as criminals , keeps Hudson 's infant from the workhouse , and provides Holmes with a housekeeper and intelligent ally . A transgender Ms. Hudson appears in the 19th episode of the US series Elementary as an expert in Ancient Greek who essentially makes a living as a kept woman and muse for various wealthy men ; Holmes allows her to stay in the apartment after a break - up , and she subsequently agrees to clean for them once a week as a source of income and to prevent Holmes from having to do it himself . In Sherlock Holmes ' War of the Worlds it is suggested that Holmes and Mrs. Hudson had a long - lasting love relationship , obvious to all but the naive Watson . In the TMS anime series Sherlock Hound directed by Hayao Miyazaki , Mrs. Hudson is depicted as a younger woman , and a widow of a pilot named Jim . In this incarnation , her full name is revealed to be Marie Hudson , and fitting with the theme of the characters being canines , she resembles a Golden Retriever . She normally stays behind at 221B Baker Street , but accompanies Hound and Watson on a few cases , usually any that involve something related to flight , and is shown to be a very skilled driver , pilot , and marksman . She is once kidnapped by Professor Moriarty and his henchmen as a part of a scheme to defeat Hound , though Moriarty vows to never involve her in his schemes after she shows him kindness during the time she 's kept as a hostage . Additionally , it 's shown that most of the main male cast of the series ( namely Hound and especially Watson ) are attracted to her . In the NHK puppetry Sherlock Holmes , Mrs. Hudson ( voiced by Keiko Horiuchi ) is a jolly housemother of Baker House , one of the houses of Beeton School . She loves singing and baking biscuits and calls Holmes by his first name Sherlock . She is particularly kind to him and Watson for Holmes saves her when she is in a predicament in the first episode `` The First Adventure '' based on `` A Study in Scarlet '' . In the episode 11 based on `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' , she finds a big snake in the school . Shinwell Johnson ( edit ) Shinwell `` Porky '' Johnson is a former criminal who acts as informant and occasional muscle for Sherlock Holmes ( Although Watson notes that he is only useful in cases that by their nature will not go to court as he would compromise his connection to Holmes and thus render himself useless as a source if he ever had to testify as part of a case ) . He appears in `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' where he protects Kitty from Baron Grüner 's henchmen and provides Holmes with insight into how he might go about infiltrating Grüner 's house to acquire a certain book . He is referred to in the radio adaptations of Sherlock Holmes , specifically in The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes : The Ferrers Documents where he appears to carry on with intimidation business . The fifth season of the TV show Elementary introduced an updated version of the character ( played by Nelsan Ellis ) as both a former patient of Watson 's and ex-convict now attempting to go straight . He became part of a complex sting operation to infiltrate and dismantle his old gang , but after Sherlock and Joan decided to trust him even after learning that he killed one of his old associates in the gang , he was killed before he could complete his assignment . Athelney Jones ( edit ) Inspector Athelney Jones is a Scotland Yard detective who appears in The Sign of the Four . He arrests the entire household of Bartholomew Sholto , including his brother and servants , on suspicion of his murder , but is forced to release all but one of them , much to his own embarrassment . An Inspector Peter Jones appears in `` The Red - Headed League '' ; it is unknown if he is related to Athelney . He does however refer specifically to events in The Sign of the Four , and Watson says that he speaks in a `` consequential way '' , suggesting a connection . Holmes refers to Jones as `` an imbecile '' but also acknowledges him as being `` tenacious as a lobster . '' Mary Morstan ( later Watson ) ( edit ) Mary Morstan is the wife of Dr. Watson . She is first introduced in The Sign of the Four , where she and Watson tentatively become attracted to each other , but only when the case is resolved is he able to propose to her . She is described as blonde with pale skin . At the time she hires Holmes she had been making a living as a governess . Although at the end of the story the main treasure is lost , she has received six pearls from a chaplet of the Agra Treasure . Her father , Captain Arthur Morstan , was a senior captain of an Indian regiment and later stationed near the Andaman Islands . He disappeared in 1878 under mysterious circumstances that would later be proven to be related to the mystery , The Sign of the Four . Her mother died soon after her birth and she had no other relatives in England , although she was educated there ( in accordance with the received wisdom of the time about children in the colony of India ) until the age of seventeen . Shortly afterwards her father disappeared and she found work as a governess . Watson and Mary marry in 1889 . Mary Morstan is mentioned in passing in `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man '' and `` The Boscombe Valley Mystery '' , but by the time of `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' ( after Holmes 's return ) Mary Morstan has died and Watson has returned to his former lodgings in Baker Street . Her cause of death is never mentioned . Film and television appearances ( edit ) Mary Morstan has been portrayed on film and television by several actresses . In many cases , her role is expanded to be critical in new stories , and she is often given a career of her own . Isobel Elsom in the 1913 silent film Sherlock Holmes Solves The Sign of the Four Isla Bevan in the 1932 film The Sign of Four : Sherlock Holmes ' Greatest Case featuring Arthur Wontner as Holmes Ann Bell in The Sign of Four episode of the 1965 - 68 Sherlock Holmes series featuring Peter Cushing as Holmes and Nigel Stock as Watson Gila von Weitershausen in the 1974 French / German film Das Zeichen der Vier Samantha Eggar in the 1976 film The Seven - Per - Cent Solution Cherie Lunghi in the 1983 film The Sign of Four featuring Ian Richardson as Holmes Yekaterina Zinchenko in the 1983 Soviet film The Treasures of Agra ( Priklyucheniya Sherloka Kholmsa i doktora Vatsona : Sokrovishcha Agry ) Jenny Seagrove in the 1984 television series starring Jeremy Brett Susannah Harker in the 1991 television adaptation of the play The Crucifer of Blood , starring Charlton Heston as Sherlock Holmes . In the play and the telefilm , Morstan is renamed `` Irene St. Claire '' . Glenn Close played the character in the original 1978 Broadway cast of the play ; Susan Hampshire played her in the original 1979 London cast . Sophie Lorain in the 2001 film The Sign of Four , with Matt Frewer as Sherlock Holmes and Kenneth Welsh as Dr. Watson . In this version , Mary Morstan becomes engaged to Thaddeus Sholto rather than Dr. Watson . Kelly Reilly in Guy Ritchie 's 2009 film Sherlock Holmes , starring Robert Downey , Jr. as Sherlock Holmes and Jude Law as Dr Watson . In the film , Mary is first introduced to Holmes as Watson 's fiancée rather than as a client . Reilly reprises the role in the 2011 film Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . Amanda Abbington in the third season of Sherlock . She is first introduced in `` The Empty Hearse '' when Watson is attempting to propose . Sherlock interrupts and surprises John to let him know that he is not dead ; however , this backfires as Watson is angry with Sherlock . Morstan likes Sherlock and agrees to talk to Watson , whom she marries , but in the following episode , she shoots Sherlock non-fatally and it is revealed she was an assassin in the past with the initials A.G.R.A. . Sherlock admits that he had deduced some degree of her secret due to her past only extending back a few years , and muses that Watson would have only married a woman who appealed to his subconscious ' need ' for danger . She and Watson are reconciled and they are expecting a daughter as of the last episode of the series . In a subsequent special , Mary is shown to be less guarded about her past , using her skills from her former profession to assist Sherlock and vex Mycroft . Her past is expanded upon in the first episode of the fourth season , The Six Thatchers . Mary was once part of an international secret agent group , called A.G.R.A. , an acronym of the names of the members : Alex , Gabriel , Rosamund ( Mary 's real name ) and Ajay . During a rescue mission in the British Embassy in Tbilisi , A.G.R.A. is betrayed by Vivian Norbury , secretary to Lady Elizabeth Smallwood , resulting in the deaths of half the team , the ones surviving being Mary and Ajay . Ajay , having been tipped off by his captors , attempted to kill Mary on the belief that she betrayed the team . Ajay is killed in the confrontation . Mary later finds out that Vivian was the traitor and confronted her with Sherlock . As Vivian was about to be arrested , she shot at Sherlock , but Mary dived in front of it . John arrived and watched as she succumbed to her wound . Anna Ishibashi voices Mary Morstan , a pupil of Archer House in the NHK puppetry Sherlock Holmes . In the show , her elder brother Arthur is attacked by someone and she requests Holmes to find the truth behind it . Meanwhile , Watson falls in love with her at first sight and tries to show her his braveness . But there is a rival called Jonathan Small who sent her a picture postcard every week before her entrance into Beeton School and writes a song `` You are My Treasure '' for her . Small joins a chorus band formed by Arthur and the Sholto twins but is betrayed by Arthur who changes the title to `` Agra Treasure '' and makes it his own . Lexi Wolfe in popular viral spoof No Place Like Holmes by Ross K Foad , and in spin - off The Mary Morstan Mysteries . Langdale Pike ( edit ) Langdale Pike is a celebrated gossipmonger whose columns are published in numerous magazines and newspapers ( referred to as the `` garbage papers '' by Watson ) . He 's introduced in `` The Adventure of the Three Gables '' in which he helps Holmes learn the name of the woman who led Douglas Maberley to his demise , although he does not actually appear in the story itself and is only referred to by Watson who describes Pike as `` strange '' and `` languid '' and states that all of Pike 's waking hours are spent `` in the bow window of a St. James 's Street club '' . His character has however been expanded on or fleshed out elsewhere . In William S. Baring - Gould 's biography of Sherlock Holmes , Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street , it is claimed that Pike is a college acquaintance of Holmes who encourages a young Holmes to try his hand at acting . Here his real name is given as ' Lord Peter ' . In Peter Ling 's radio play for the BBC Radio series , Pike 's real name is said to be Clarence Gable . Here he is also an old school - friend of Holmes 's and is nervous of strangers and reluctant to leave his club for this reason . In the Granada television adaptation starring Jeremy Brett as Holmes meanwhile , Pike ( played by Peter Wyngarde ) is also apparently an old university friend of Holmes 's . Here he claims to be the benevolent counterpart of Charles Augustus Milverton ( the eponymous blackmailer of The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton ) , who suppresses more information than he exposes . Though Watson is rather scathing about Pike , Holmes is more sympathetic towards him , suggesting that Pike is isolated , much like Holmes himself . In the American television series Elementary , Pike appears in the first episode of the second season as one of Holmes ' sources in London ; details are not seen as Pike moves quickly when delivering a package to Watson . `` Langdale '' is used as a British Intelligence codename in the first episode of the fourth series of Sherlock , along with `` Porlock , '' the name of another Holmes informer in the original stories . In the NHK puppetry Sherlock Holmes , Pike is a pupil of Beeton School and assists Holmes in his investigation . He also works as informant and is fast at his job but tight with money . Besides he sells photographs of girls to male pupils . Tomokazu Seki voices him . Toby ( edit ) Toby is a dog who is used by Sherlock Holmes . He is first introduced in The Sign of the Four and is described by Watson as an `` ugly long haired , lop - eared creature , half spaniel and half lurcher , brown and white in colour , with a very clumsy waddling gait . '' Though used by Holmes , the dog belongs to Mr Sherman who keeps a menagerie of creatures at No. 3 Pinchin Lane in Lambeth . Toby lives at No. 7 within his house . Holmes states he would `` rather have Toby 's help than that of the whole detective force in London '' and requests the dog by name . Toby also featured in the novel Sherlock Holmes vs Dracula ; or , The Adventures of the Sanguinary Count by Loren D. Estleman , when Watson and Holmes called on Toby to track Count Dracula after finding him in a meat - packing district -- Dracula 's carriage having rolled through a distinctive piece of rubbish -- allowing the two to track Dracula to Watson 's house in time to learn that he has abducted Mary Watson . In the Holmes-esque The Great Mouse Detective , Toby is a Basset Hound and a permanent resident of 221b Baker Street . He is frequently used by Basil , the eponymous protagonist , as a means of transport and to pick up trails . In the NHK puppetry Sherlock Holmes , Toby is kept by Sherman in a shed in Beeton School and assists Holmes in his investigation . In the series , Sherman is a female pupil who loves animals and communicates with them , unlike Mr Sherman in `` The Sign of the Four '' . Though being a pupil of Baker House , she does n't live in the house but in the shed with animals . A dog also appears in the Guy Ritchie 's Sherlock Holmes films , but the similarity stops at it being a dog and living with Sherlock . Its name is Gladstone , it 's clearly an English bulldog and technically belongs to Watson . Sherlock does n't use it as a hound , but as a subject for his experiments , especially those involving narcotics of some kind . Hence the running gag in the films `` He 's killed the dog again ! '' In these respects it bears a far stronger resemblance to the dog in A Study in Scarlet upon which Holmes tests out the murderer 's poison pills ( and in so doing euthanises the hound . ) In the BBC series Sherlock , in the first episode of the fourth season titled The Six Thatchers , Sherlock Holmes requires the services of a bloodhound named Toby . Wiggins ( edit ) Wiggins is a street urchin in London and head of the Baker Street Irregulars . He has no first name in the stories . His first appearance is in A Study in Scarlet ( 1886 ) . The film The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes , directed by Billy Wilder , features a character called Wiggins ( played by Graham Armitage ) who is a footman at the Diogenes Club . He delivers a note to Mycroft Holmes ( played by Christopher Lee ) and receives instructions concerning various items . The character , credited as `` Bill Wiggins '' , also appears in the series three finale of Sherlock portrayed by Tom Brooke as a drug user who actually demonstrates the beginning of Sherlock 's deductive skills , and later appoints himself a `` pupil '' of Sherlock 's . Non-canonical ( edit ) Some fictional characters associated with Sherlock Holmes are not part of the Conan Doyle canon and were created by other writers . Auguste Lupa ( edit ) Auguste Lupa is the son of Sherlock Holmes and Irene Adler . He appears in two pastiche novels by author John Lescroart , Son of Holmes ( 1986 ) and Rasputin 's Revenge ( 1987 ) . Lupa , a secret agent during the First World War , is strongly implied to be the younger version of fictional detective Nero Wolfe in the mystery series by Rex Stout . Enola Holmes ( edit ) Enola Holmes is the younger sister and youngest sibling of Sherlock and Mycroft Holmes . She appears in the series The Enola Holmes Mysteries by Nancy Springer and it could be inferred that she appears in the story The Copper Beeches as Violet Hunter , however there is not enough evidence to support the idea . Enola is a very independent and rebellious girl who likes to wear trousers while riding her bike . She becomes a Perditorian , or finder of lost things , when her mother runs away with the gypsies and her brothers try to send her to boarding school . Using her natural cunning which seems to be inherited by every member of the Holmes family , she creates multiple disguises on her quest to be reunited with her mother and evade her brothers . Eurus Holmes ( edit ) See also : List of Sherlock characters § Eurus_Holmes A third Holmes sibling appears as a reference by Mycroft in the BBC Sherlock series , in the third - season episode `` His Last Vow '' . At the end of the first episode of the fourth season , Mycroft requests to be put through to `` Sherrinford '' ( see below ) . In the second episode of the fourth season , it was confirmed that Mycroft and Sherlock in fact have a sister named Eurus . She had posed as Faith Smith , the daughter of serial killer Culverton Smith and gave Sherlock a piece of paper which led him to the belief that Culverton Smith was a serial killer . Eurus had also posed as a woman on the bus who John Watson met and later texted , wanting to further their relationship . She also posed as John Watson 's therapist and then later revealed herself to be Eurus Holmes , and at the end of the episode shoots John Watson with a handgun . In the last episode , `` The Final Problem '' , it is revealed that Sherrinford is in fact a high - security complex on an island to house some of the most dangerous criminals in the world , including Eurus . With Eurus having simply shot John with a tranquiliser dart , Sherlock and John stage a scenario where Mycroft will admit Eurus 's existence . Mycroft explains that Eurus was the youngest child , 8 years younger than Mycroft and one year younger than Sherlock , possessing a transcendent intellect that gave her the potential to be the equivalent of Newton in her era , but she was twisted by her inability to comprehend human feeling , once slicing at her arm to see her own muscles and having to ask the meaning of ' pain ' . After a traumatic experience where she was involved in ( or perpetrated ) the disappearance and death of Sherlock 's best friend , and then burned down the family home , she was confined as a child in a mental institution by her uncle , who took charge of her care . The traumatized young Sherlock reinvented his friend in memory as his dog , to lessen the emotional pain , and successfully repressed any memory of her or his childhood friend well into his adult life . Later , Mycroft assumed responsibility for Eurus , and arranged for her death to be faked to their parents , and for Eurus to be incarcerated in a highly secure prison facility . Despite her incarceration , Mycroft occasionally consulted Eurus for her insight into potential national threats , apparently predicting the dates of three major attempted terrorist attacks on Britain after an hour on Twitter , in exchange for ' favours ' , including five minutes of unsupervised conversation with Jim Moriarty . Having taken subtle control of her prison through her skills at manipulating others , Eurus traps Sherlock , John , and Mycroft in a game which culminates in her ordering Sherlock to shoot either John or Mycroft , only to resort to tranquilising all three of them when Sherlock threatens to shoot himself instead . At the conclusion of the episode Eurus has trapped John in the deep well where Eurus left her first victim to drown . Under pressure Sherlock deduces that a childish song she gave as the only ' clue ' to what she had done to his disappeared friend was actually a coded message that invited Sherlock to Eurus 's room , allowing Sherlock to save his friend by making a genuinely emotional appeal to Eurus , giving her the love of an older brother and a form of relationship he 'd denied her as a child , which convinces her to stand down . She is returned to incarceration , with Mycroft describing her as reduced to a catatonic state , although she responds in duet when Sherlock plays the violin near her cell . Mary Russell ( edit ) Main article : Mary Russell ( character ) Mary Russell is a fictional character in a book series by Laurie R. King , focusing on the adventures of Russell and her mentor and , later , husband , an aging Sherlock Holmes . Raffles Holmes ( edit ) Raffles Holmes , the son of Sherlock Holmes , is a fictional character in the 1906 collection of short stories Raffles Holmes and Company by John Kendrick Bangs . He is described as the son of Sherlock Holmes by Marjorie Raffles , the daughter of gentleman thief A.J. Raffles . Wold Newton family theorist Win Scott Eckert devised an explanation in his Original Wold Newton Universe Crossover Chronology to reconcile the existence of Raffles Holmes with canonical information about Sherlock Holmes and A.J. Raffles , which fellow Wold Newton speculator Brad Mengel incorporated into his essay `` Watching the Detectives . '' According to the theory , Holmes married Marjorie in 1883 , and she died giving birth to Raffles later that year . Since Raffles and Holmes are contemporaries , it has been suggested that Marjorie was actually Raffles ' sister . Eckert further proposed in his Crossover Chronology that ( 1 ) Raffles Holmes was the same character as the `` lovely , lost son '' of Sherlock Holmes referred to in Laurie R. King 's Mary Russell novels , and ( 2 ) Raffles Holmes was the father of Creighton Holmes , who is featured in the collection of short stories The Adventures of Creighton Holmes by Ned Hubble . Mengel 's online essay was revised for publication in the Eckert - edited Myths for the Modern Age : Philip José Farmer 's Wold Newton Universe ( MonkeyBrain Books , 2005 ) , a collection of Wold Newton essays by Farmer and several other `` post-Farmerian '' contributors , authorised by Farmer as an extension of his Wold Newton mythos . He does not appear or is ever mentioned in any of the original stories of Sherlock Holmes and is not a creation of Doyle . Sherrinford Holmes ( edit ) Sherrinford Holmes is a proposed elder brother of Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft Holmes . His name is taken from early notes as one of those considered by Arthur Conan Doyle for his detective hero before settling on `` Sherlock Holmes '' . The name is used of Holmes by Stamford in the 1954 radio show ' Dr Watson Meets Sherlock Holmes ' as he attempts to remember Holmes ' first name . He was first proposed by William S. Baring - Gould who wrote in his fictional biography Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street ( 1962 ) that Sherrinford was the eldest brother of Sherlock Holmes . Holmes once stated that his family were country squires , which means that the eldest brother would have to stay to manage the estate . If Mycroft were the eldest , he could not play the role he does in four stories of the Sherlock Holmes canon , so Sherrinford frees them both . This position is strengthened by the fact that Mycroft 's general position as a senior civil servant was a common choice among the younger sons of the gentry . The character ( as `` Sherringford '' ) appears along with his brothers in the Virgin New Adventures Doctor Who novel All - Consuming Fire by Andy Lane , where he is revealed to be the member of a cult worshipping an alien telepathic slug that is mutating him and his followers into an insect - like form ; the novel culminates with Holmes being forced to shoot his brother to save Watson . He also appears , accused of a murder that Sherlock must find him innocent of , in the Call of Cthulhu roleplaying game adventure The Yorkshire Horrors . Sherrinford also appears in the Italian comic series Storie da Altrove ( a spin - off of Martin Mystère ) as the eldest brother , born nine years before him , of Sherlock himself . See also ( edit ) List of detectives , constables , and agents in Sherlock Holmes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dick Riley ; Pam McAllister ( 1998 ) . The Bedside , Bathtub & Armchair Companion to Sherlock Holmes . Continuum . p. 60 . ISBN 0826411169 . Jump up ^ Vincent Starrett ( 1993 ) . The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes . Otto Penzler Books . p. 142 . ISBN 9781883402051 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Jack . `` The Encyclopaedia Sherlockiana '' 1977 Doubleday & Co . Jump up ^ VBS Elementary Jump up ^ Doyle , Arthur Conan , Sir : `` The Naval Treaty , '' The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes . 834 Jump up ^ Vincent Starrett ( 1934 ) . The Singular Adventures of Martha Hudson . Jump up ^ Catherine Cook . `` Mrs. Hudson : A Legend In Her Own Lodging House '' ( PDF ) . The Baker Street Journal ( 55 ) : 13 -- 14 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Arthur ( 2004 ) . The Adventure of the Dying Detective . Kessinger Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 5132 - 0 . Jump up ^ Catherine Cook . `` Mrs. Hudson : A Legend In Her Own Lodging House '' ( PDF ) . The Baker Street Journal ( 55 ) : 21 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Shinjiro Okazaki and Kenichi Fujita ( ed . ) , `` シャーロックホームズ冒険ファンブック Shārokku Hōmuzu Bōken Fan Bukku '' , Tokyo : Shogakukan , 2014 , p. 14 , p. 32 and p. 72 Jump up ^ http://merrisonholmes.com/the_casebook.php The BBC Radio Series - The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly . ' Elementary ' premiere : Introducing more classic Sherlock characters '' . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ The Original Wold Newton Universe Crossover Chronology Part IV Jump up ^ The Original Wold Newton Universe Crossover Chronology Part VI Jump up ^ The Original Wold Newton Universe Crossover Chronology Part VII Jump up ^ Honan , William H. ( 1997 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Shylock To Sherlock A Study In Names '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://archive.org/details/OTR_Sherlock_Holmes_smurfmeat Jump up ^ Cthulhu by Gaslight , Chaosium , 1986 http://www.yog-sothoth.com/cocdbdetail.php?ID=21 Jump up ^ Carlo Recagno ( w ) , Cesare Colombi ( a ) , Monica Husler ( let ) . `` La cosa che attende nella nebbia '' Storie da Altrove 2 : 46 ( November 1999 ) , Milan : Sergio Bonelli Editore Jump up ^ Carlo Recagno ( w ) , Giuseppe Palumbo ( a ) , Marina Sanfelice ( let ) . `` L'ombra che sfidò Sherlock Holmes '' Storie da Altrove 3 : 164 ( November 2000 ) , Milan : Sergio Bonelli Editore Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes Canon Adaptations Popular culture Novels A Study in Scarlet ( 1887 ) The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1902 ) The Valley of Fear ( 1915 ) Story collections The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1892 ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1894 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1905 ) His Last Bow ( 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1927 ) Characters Sherlock Holmes Dr. Watson Professor Moriarty Sebastian Moran Irene Adler Inspector Lestrade Mycroft Holmes Baker Street Irregulars Minor characters Uncollected stories `` The Field Bazaar '' `` The Lost Special '' `` How Watson Learned the Trick '' Lists List of cases List of investigators Universe 221B Baker Street Baritsu Diogenes Club The Dynamics of an Asteroid A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem Related Sherlock fandom Sherlockian game Sherlockiana Sherlock Holmes Museum The Sherlock Holmes The Baker Street Irregulars Holmesian studies The Strand Magazine Naked Is the Best Disguise Undershaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minor_Sherlock_Holmes_characters&oldid=853947022 '' Categories : Sherlock Holmes characters Sherlock Holmes lists Lists of minor fictional characters Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2011 Use dmy dates from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español עברית Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 23 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	was mary watson in the sherlock holmes books	[]	[]
-7977962076555528770	2017 World Series	2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series For other uses , see 2017 World Series ( disambiguation ) . 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series 2018 → The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , also becoming the first team from Texas to do so . It was the first time since 2002 when two consecutive World Series went to seven games . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Chase Utley in 2009 . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of the two pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage had been determined by coin flips and by alternating between the AL and NL . From 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . The Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 6 Sponsorship 7 Impact and aftermath 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . They won their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Rob Manfred , the Commissioner of Baseball , suspended Gurriel for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed him to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman hit a home run off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth inning , but the Dodgers won the game to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , McCann was hit by a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other was the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit . Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . Game 7 ( edit ) George Springer hit his fifth home run in Game 7 , tying the World Series record . November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS , and the Dodgers ' first World Series Game 7 since 1965 ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history , and ending their 56 - year drought . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . After Game 7 , the trophy presention , usually taking place in the locker room whenever the visiting team clinches the series , took place on the losing team 's field for the first time ever before a small crowd of mostly Astros fans that remained as most Dodgers fans left the stadium . Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . For Fox Deportes , Rolando Nichols provided play - by - play while Carlos Álvarez and Edgar Gonzalez provided color commentary . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings According to Nielsen ratings , this series was the third highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , a World Series game , Game 5 , beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series nationally in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . Impact and aftermath ( edit ) The Astros earned $30,420,155.57 from postseason pool money to split among team personnel ; each share was worth $438,901.57 . The Dodgers received $20,280,103.72 , with shares of $259,722.14 The sportsbooks in Nevada lost $11.4 million in November 2017 , a record for baseball - related betting . The city of Houston held a parade for the Astros on November 3 , 2017 , which Mayor Sylvester Turner proclaimed was `` Houston Astros ' Day '' . An estimated 750,000 to one million attended the parade . Springer and Altuve appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated 's November 13 , 2017 , issue , with Altuve holding the Commissioner 's Trophy and Springer holding a copy of a Sports Illustrated from 2014 that predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held Jump up ^ The Astros moved to the American League West from the National League Central before the 2013 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` 1994 strike most embarrassing moment in MLB history '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` The meaning of home - field advantage : For the first time in World Series history , Game 1 belongs to the team with the best record '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers bullpen sets record for consecutive scoreless innings in a postseason '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Astros clinch first AL West title , first division title overall since 2001 : The Astros have their first division title since moving to the AL in 2013 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Darvish has shortest outing of career in first World Series start ; Astros top Dodgers 5 - 3 in Game 3 '' . The Dallas Morning News . Associated Press . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : 11 crazy facts from Astros ' insane Game 5 win vs. Dodgers '' . Usatoday.com . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffarth , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hoffarth on the media : Fox Deportes ' Nichols fills important role in 2017 Serie Mundial '' . Daily News . Orange County Register . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MLB postseason shares : Astros to split record $30.42 million '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros ' title results in $11.4 million baseball loss for Las Vegas sportsbooks in November '' . Espn.com . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian . `` Houston pays tribute to Astros with parade '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Matt ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Jose Altuve , George Springer make Sports Illustrated cover '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the world series last year in 2017	[ "2017 World Series\n\nTeam (Wins)\n\nManager(s)\n SeasonHouston Astros (4)\n\nA. J. Hinch\n101–61 (.623)Los Angeles Dodgers (3)\n\nDave Roberts\n104–58 (.642)Dates\nOctober 24 – November 1MVP\nGeorge Springer (Houston)Umpires\nPhil Cuzzi (Games 1–2), Gerry Davis (crew chief), Laz Díaz, Dan Iassogna, Bill Miller, Paul Nauert, Mark Wegner (Games 3–7)[1]ALCS\nHouston Astros defeated New York Yankees, 4–3NLCS\nLos Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs, 4–1BroadcastTelevision\nFoxFox DeportesMLB InternationalTV announcers\nJoe Buck, John Smoltz, Ken Rosenthal, and Tom Verducci (Fox)Rolando Nichols, Carlos Álvarez, Edgar Gonzalez, and Jaime Motta (Fox Deportes)Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez (MLB International)Radio\nESPN RadioESPN Deportes RadioSportstalk 790 (HOU – English)FM 94.1 HD3 (HOU – Spanish)AM 570 LA Sports (LAD – English)Univision America 1020 (LAD – Spanish)Radio Korea 1540 (LAD – Korean)Radio announcers\nDan Shulman and Aaron Boone (ESPN)Eduardo Ortega, Renato Bermúdez, José Francisco Rivera, and Orlando Hernández (ESPN Deportes)Robert Ford and Steve Sparks (HOU – English)Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero (HOU – Spanish)Charley Steiner and Rick Monday (LAD – English)Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín (LAD – Spanish)Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim (LAD – Korean)World Series Program\n\n\n← 2016\nWorld Series\n2018 →\n" ]	[ "Houston Astros" ]
-2915868495418150918	Paris Peace Conference, 1919	Paris Peace Conference , 1919 - wikipedia Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Jump to : navigation , search Paris Peace Conference League of Nations ( show ) Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles ( show ) War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Treaties Possible cause of World War II International Opium Convention Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( show ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( show ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon ( show ) Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres ( show ) Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Others ( show ) American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry The Paris Peace Conference , also known as Versailles Peace Conference , was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers . Involving diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities , the major or main decisions were the creation of the League of Nations , i.e. the five peace treaties with the defeated states ; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as `` mandates '' , chiefly to Britain and France ; reparations imposed on Germany ; and the drawing of new national boundaries ( sometimes with plebiscites ) to better reflect ethnic boundaries . The main result was the Treaty of Versailles with Germany , which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on `` the aggression of Germany and her allies '' . This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for the expensive reparations Germany was intended to pay ( it paid only a small portion before reparations ended in 1931 ) . The `` Big Four '' were the Prime Minister of France , Georges Clemenceau ; the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , David Lloyd George ; the President of the United States , Woodrow Wilson ; and the Prime Minister of Italy , Vittorio Emanuele Orlando . They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions , which in turn were ratified by the others . The conference began on January 18 1919 and with respect to its end date Professor Michael Neiberg has noted : Although the senior statesmen stopped working personally on the conference in June 1919 , the formal peace process did not really end until July 1923 , when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed `` . Johannes Bell of Germany is portrayed signing the peace treaties on 28 June 1919 in The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors by Sir William Orpen Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and direct results 2 Mandates 3 American approach 4 British approach 4.1 Dominion representation 5 French approach 6 Italian approach 7 Greek approach 8 Japanese approach 8.1 Racial equality proposal 8.2 Territorial claims 9 Chinese approach 10 Questions about independence 10.1 All - Russian Government ( Whites ) 10.2 Ukraine 10.3 Belarus 10.4 Minority rights in Poland and other European countries 10.5 Caucasus 10.6 Korean Delegation 10.7 Palestine 11 Historical assessments 12 Cultural references 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview and direct results ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of participants to Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . Versailles St - Germain Neuilly Trianon Sevres The location of the signing of the five principal treaties within the Île de France region The conference opened on 18 January 1919 . This date was symbolic , as it was the anniversary of the proclamation of William I as German Emperor in 1871 , in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles , shortly before the end of the Siege of Paris - a day itself imbued with significance in its turn in Germany as the anniversary of the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 . Delegates from 27 nations ( delegates representing 5 nationalities were for the most part ignored ) were assigned to 52 commissions , which held 1,646 sessions to prepare reports , with the help of many experts , on topics ranging from prisoners of war , to undersea cables , to international aviation , to responsibility for the war . Key recommendations were folded into the Treaty of Versailles with Germany , which had 15 chapters and 440 clauses , as well as treaties for the other defeated nations . The five major powers ( France , Britain , Italy , the U.S. , and Japan ) controlled the Conference . Amongst the `` Big Five '' , in practice Japan played a small role and the `` Big Four '' leaders dominated the conference . The four met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions , which in turn were ratified by other attendees . The open meetings of all the delegations approved the decisions made by the Big Four . The conference came to an end on 21 January 1920 with the inaugural General Assembly of the League of Nations . Map of the world with the participants in World War I . The Allies and their colonial possessions are depicted in green , the Central Powers and their colonial possessions in orange , and neutral countries in grey . Five major peace treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference ( with , in parentheses , the affected countries ) : the Treaty of Versailles , 28 June 1919 , ( Germany ) the Treaty of Saint - Germain , 10 September 1919 , ( Austria ) the Treaty of Neuilly , 27 November 1919 , ( Bulgaria ) the Treaty of Trianon , 4 June 1920 , ( Hungary ) the Treaty of Sèvres , 10 August 1920 ; subsequently revised by the Treaty of Lausanne , 24 July 1923 , ( Ottoman Empire / Republic of Turkey ) . The major decisions were the establishment of the League of Nations ; the five peace treaties with defeated enemies ; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as `` mandates '' , chiefly to members of the British Empire and to France ; reparations imposed on Germany , and the drawing of new national boundaries ( sometimes with plebiscites ) to better reflect the forces of nationalism . The main result was the Treaty of Versailles , with Germany , which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on `` the aggression of Germany and her allies '' . This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for very high reparations Germany was supposed to pay ( it paid only a small portion before reparations ended in 1931 ) . As the conference 's decisions were enacted unilaterally , and largely on the whims of the Big Four , for its duration Paris was effectively the center of a world government , which deliberated over and implemented the sweeping changes to the political geography of Europe . Most famously , the Treaty of Versailles itself weakened Germany 's military and placed full blame for the war and costly reparations on Germany 's shoulders -- the humiliation and resentment in Germany is sometimes considered one of the causes of Nazi electoral successes and indirectly a cause of World War II . The League of Nations proved controversial in the United States as critics said it subverted the powers of Congress to declare war ; the U.S. Senate did not ratify any of the peace treaties and the U.S. never joined the League -- instead , the Harding administration of 1921 - 1923 concluded new treaties with Germany , Austria , and Hungary . Republican Germany was not invited to attend the conference at Versailles . Representatives of White Russia ( but not Communist Russia ) were present . Numerous other nations did send delegations in order to appeal for various unsuccessful additions to the treaties ; parties lobbied for causes ranging from independence for the countries of the South Caucasus to Japan 's unsuccessful demand for racial equality amongst the other Great Powers . Mandates ( edit ) A central issue of the Conference was the disposition of the overseas colonies of Germany . ( Austria did not have colonies and the Ottoman Empire presented a separate issue . ) The British dominions wanted their reward for their sacrifice . Australia wanted New Guinea , New Zealand wanted Samoa , and South Africa wanted South West Africa ( modern Namibia ) . Wilson wanted the League of Nations to administer all the German colonies until such time as they were ready for independence . Lloyd George realized he needed to support his dominions , and he proposed a compromise that there be three types of mandates . Mandates for the Turkish provinces were one category ; they would be divided up between Britain and France . The second category , comprising New Guinea , Samoa , and South West Africa , were located so close to responsible supervisors that the mandates could hardly be given to anyone except Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa . Finally , the African colonies would need the careful supervision as `` Class B '' mandates that could only be provided by experienced colonial powers Britain , France , and Belgium ; Italy and Portugal received small bits of territory . Wilson and the others finally went along with the solution . The dominions received `` Class C Mandates '' to the colonies they wanted . Japan obtained mandates over German possessions north of the equator . Wilson wanted no mandates for the United States ; his top advisor Colonel House was deeply involved in awarding the others . Wilson was especially offended by Australian demands . He and Hughes had some memorable clashes , with the most famous being : Wilson : `` But after all , you speak for only five million people . '' Hughes : `` I represent sixty thousand dead . '' ( The much larger United States had suffered 50,000 deaths . ) American approach ( edit ) `` The Big Four '' made all the major decisions at the Paris Peace Conference ( from left to right , David Lloyd George of Britain , Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy , Georges Clemenceau of France , Woodrow Wilson of the U.S. ) Prior to Wilson 's arrival in Europe in December 1918 , no American president had ever visited Europe while in office . Wilson 's Fourteen Points , of a year earlier , had helped win the hearts and minds of many as the war ended ; these included Americans and Europeans generally , as well as Germany , its allies and the former subjects of the Ottoman Empire specifically . Wilson 's diplomacy and his Fourteen Points had essentially established the conditions for the armistices that had brought an end to World War I. Wilson felt it was his duty and obligation to the people of the world to be a prominent figure at the peace negotiations . High hopes and expectations were placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the post-war era . In doing so , Wilson ultimately began to lead the foreign policy of the United States toward interventionism , a move strongly resisted in some domestic circles . Once Wilson arrived , however , he found `` rivalries , and conflicting claims previously submerged '' . He worked mostly trying to sway the direction that the French ( Georges Clemenceau ) and British ( Lloyd George ) delegations were taking towards Germany and its allies in Europe , as well as the former Ottoman lands in the Middle East . Wilson 's attempts to gain acceptance of his Fourteen Points ultimately failed , after France and Britain refused to adopt some specific points and its core principles . In Europe , several of his Fourteen Points conflicted with the other powers . The United States did not encourage or believe that the responsibility for the war that Article 231 placed on Germany was fair or warranted . It would not be until 1921 that the United States finally signed separate peace treaties with Germany , Austria and Hungary . In the Middle East , negotiations were complicated by competing aims , claims , and the new mandate system . The United States hoped to establish a more liberal and diplomatic world , as stated in the Fourteen Points , where democracy , sovereignty , liberty and self - determination would be respected . France and Britain , on the other hand , already controlled empires , wielded power over their subjects around the world , and still aspired to be dominant colonial powers . In light of the previously secret Sykes -- Picot Agreement , and following the adoption of the mandate system on the Arab province of the former Ottoman lands , the conference heard statements from competing Zionist and Arab claimants . President Woodrow Wilson then recommended an international commission of inquiry to ascertain the wishes of the local inhabitants . The Commission idea , first accepted by Great Britain and France , was later rejected . Eventually it became the purely American King -- Crane Commission , which toured all Syria and Palestine during the summer of 1919 , taking statements and sampling opinion . Its report , presented to President Wilson , was kept secret from the public until The New York Times broke the story in December 1922 . A pro-Zionist joint resolution on Palestine was passed by Congress in September 1922 . France and Britain tried to appease the American President by consenting to the establishment of his League of Nations . However , because isolationist sentiment was strong and some of the articles in the League 's charter conflicted with the United States Constitution , the United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations , which President Wilson had helped create , to further peace through diplomacy rather than war and conditions which can breed it . Under President Warren Harding the United States signed separate treaties with Germany , Austria , and Hungary in 1921 . British approach ( edit ) The British Air Section at the Conference Maintenance of the British Empire 's unity , holdings and interests were an overarching concern for the British delegates to the conference , but it entered the conference with the more specific goals of : Ensuring the security of France Removing the threat of the German High Seas Fleet Settling territorial contentions Supporting the League of Nations with that order of priority . The Racial Equality Proposal put forth by the Japanese did not directly conflict with any of these core British interests . However , as the conference progressed the full implications of the Racial Equality Proposal , regarding immigration to the British Dominions ( with Australia taking particular exception ) , would become a major point of contention within the delegation . Ultimately , Britain did not see the Racial Equality proposal as being one of the fundamental aims of the conference . The delegation was therefore willing to sacrifice this proposal in order to placate the Australian delegation and thus help satisfy its overarching aim of preserving the unity of the British Empire . Although Britain reluctantly consented to the attendance of separate Dominion delegations , the British did manage to rebuff attempts by the envoys of the newly proclaimed Irish Republic to put its case to the Conference for self - determination , diplomatic recognition and membership of the proposed League of Nations . The Irish envoys ' final `` Demand for Recognition '' in a letter to Clemenceau , the Chairman , was not answered . Britain had planned to legislate for two Irish Home Rule states ( without Dominion status ) , and did so in 1920 . In 1919 Irish nationalists were unpopular with the Allies because of the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . David Lloyd George commented that he did `` not do badly '' at the peace conference , `` considering I was seated between Jesus Christ and Napoleon . '' This was a reference to the very idealistic views of Wilson on the one hand and the stark realism of Clemenceau , who was determined to see Germany punished . Dominion representation ( edit ) The Australian delegation . At the center is Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes The Dominion governments were not originally given separate invitations to the conference , but rather were expected to send representatives as part of the British delegation . Convinced that Canada had become a nation on the battlefields of Europe , its Prime Minister , Sir Robert Borden , demanded that it have a separate seat at the conference . This was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States , which saw a dominion delegation as an extra British vote . Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost nearly 60,000 men , a far larger proportion of its men compared to the 50,000 American losses , at least had the right to the representation of a `` minor '' power . The British Prime Minister , David Lloyd George , eventually relented , and convinced the reluctant Americans to accept the presence of delegations from Canada , India , Australia , Newfoundland , New Zealand and South Africa . They also received their own seats in the League of Nations . Canada , although it too had sacrificed nearly 60,000 men in the war , asked for neither reparations nor mandates . The Australian delegation , led by the Australian Prime Minister , Billy Hughes , fought hard for its demands : reparations , annexation of German New Guinea and rejection of the Japanese racial equality proposal . Hughes said that he had no objection to the equality proposal provided it was stated in unambiguous terms that it did not confer any right to enter Australia . Hughes was concerned by the rise of Japan . Within months of the declaration of the War in 1914 , Japan , Australia and New Zealand had seized all German possessions in the Far East and Pacific . Though Japan occupied German possessions with the blessings of the British , Hughes was alarmed by this policy . French approach ( edit ) Woodrow Wilson , Georges Clemenceau and David Lloyd George confer at the Paris Peace Conference ( Noël Dorville , 1919 ) The French Prime Minister , Georges Clemenceau , controlled his delegation and his chief goal was to weaken Germany militarily , strategically and economically . Having personally witnessed two German attacks on French soil in the last forty years , he was adamant that Germany should not be permitted to attack France again . In particular , Clemenceau sought an American and British guarantee of French security in the event of another German attack . Clemenceau also expressed scepticism and frustration with Wilson 's Fourteen Points : `` Mr. Wilson bores me with his fourteen points '' , complained Clemenceau . `` Why , God Almighty has only ten ! '' Wilson won a few points by signing a mutual defense treaty with France , but back in Washington he did not present it to the Senate for ratification and it never took effect . Another alternative French policy was to seek a rapprochement with Germany . In May 1919 the diplomat René Massigli was sent on several secret missions to Berlin . During his visits Massigli offered on behalf of his government to revise the territorial and economic clauses of the upcoming peace treaty . Massigli spoke of the desirability of `` practical , verbal discussions '' between French and German officials that would lead to a `` collaboration Franco - allemande '' . Furthermore , Massagli told the Germans that the French thought of the `` Anglo - Saxon powers '' , namely the United States and British Empire , to be the major threat to France in the post-war world . He argued that both France and Germany had a joint interest in opposing `` Anglo - Saxon domination '' of the world and warned that the `` deepening of opposition '' between the French and the Germans `` would lead to the ruin of both countries , to the advantage of the Anglo - Saxon powers '' . The Germans rejected the French offers because they considered the French overtures to be a trap to trick them into accepting the Versailles treaty `` as is '' and because the German foreign minister , Count Ulrich von Brockdorff - Rantzau thought that the United States was more likely to reduce the severity of the peace terms than France . In the final event it proved to be Lloyd George who pushed for more favourable terms for Germany . Italian approach ( edit ) From left to right : Marshal Ferdinand Foch , Clemenceau , Lloyd George and the Italians Vittorio Emanuele Orlando and Sidney Sonnino In 1914 Italy remained neutral despite its alliance with Germany and Austria . In 1915 it joined the Allies . It was motivated by gaining the territories promised by the Allies in the secret Treaty of London : the Trentino , the Tyrol as far as Brenner , Trieste and Istria , most of the Dalmatian coast except Fiume , Valona and a protectorate over Albania , Antalya in Turkey and possibly colonies in Africa or Asia . The Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando tried therefore to get full implementation of the Treaty of London , as agreed by France and Great Britain before the war . He had popular support , for the loss of 700,000 soldiers and a budget deficit of 12,000,000,000 Lire during the war made the Italian government and people feel entitled to all these territories and even more not mentioned in the Treaty of London , in particular the city of Fiume , which many Italians believed should be annexed to Italy because of the Italian population . In the meetings of the `` Big Four '' , in which Orlando 's powers of diplomacy were inhibited by his lack of English , the others were only willing to offer Trentino to the Brenner , the Dalmatian port of Zara and some of the Dalmatian islands . All other territories were promised to other nations and the great powers were worried about Italy 's imperial ambitions . Even though Italy did get most of its demands , Orlando was refused Fiume , most of Dalmatia and any colonial gain , so he left the conference in a rage . There was a general disappointment in Italy , which the nationalist and fascist parties used to build the idea that Italy was betrayed by the Allies and refused what was due ( Mutilated victory ) . This led to the general rise of Italian fascism . Greek approach ( edit ) Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos took part in the Paris Peace Conference as Greece 's chief representative . President Woodrow Wilson was said to have placed Venizelos first in point of personal ability among all delegates gathered in Paris to settle the terms of Peace . Venizelos proposed the Greek expansion in Southern Macedonia ( Current Florina area ) , Thrace and Asia Minor ( lands of the defeated Kingdom of Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire ) , Northern Epirus , Imvros and Tenedos , aiming to the realization of Megali Idea . He also reached an agreement with the Italians on the cession of the Dodecanese ( Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement ) . For the Greeks of Pontus he proposed a common Pontic - Armenian State . As a liberal politician , Venizelos was a strong supporter of the Fourteen Points and League of Nations . Japanese approach ( edit ) Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference 1919 . Japan sent a large delegation headed by the former Prime Minister , Marquess Saionji Kinmochi . It was originally one of the `` big five '' but relinquished that role because of its slight interest in European affairs . Instead it focused on two demands : the inclusion of their racial equality proposal in the League 's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies , namely Shantung ( including Kiaochow ) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator ( the Marshall Islands , Micronesia , the Mariana Islands , and the Carolines ) . Makino was de facto chief while Saionji 's role was symbolic and limited by his ill health . The Japanese delegation became unhappy after receiving only one - half of the rights of Germany , and walked out of the conference . Racial equality proposal ( edit ) Main article : Racial Equality Proposal , 1919 Baron Makino Nobuaki Japan proposed the inclusion of a `` racial equality clause '' in the Covenant of the League of Nations on 13 February as an amendment to Article 21 . It read : The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations , the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states , members of the League , equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction , either in law or in fact , on account of their race or nationality . Because he knew that Great Britain was critical to the decision , President Wilson , as Conference chairman , ruled that a unanimous vote was required . On 11 April 1919 the commission held a final session and the proposal received a majority of votes , but Great Britain and Australia opposed it . The Australians had lobbied the British to defend Australia 's White Australia policy . The defeat of the proposal influenced Japan 's turn from cooperation with the West toward more nationalistic policies . Territorial claims ( edit ) The Japanese claim to Shantung was disputed by the Chinese . In 1914 at the outset of World War I Japan had seized the territory granted to Germany in 1897 . They also seized the German islands in the Pacific north of the equator . In 1917 , Japan had made secret agreements with Britain , France and Italy that guaranteed their annexation of these territories . With Britain , there was a mutual agreement , Japan also agreeing to support British annexation of the Pacific islands south of the equator . Despite a generally pro-Chinese view on behalf of the American delegation , Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles transferred German concessions in Jiaozhou , China to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China . The leader of the Chinese delegation , Lou Tseng - Tsiang , demanded that a reservation be inserted before he would sign the treaty . The reservation was denied , and the treaty was signed by all the delegations except that of China . Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations known as the May Fourth Movement . The Pacific islands north of the equator became a class C mandate administered by Japan . Chinese approach ( edit ) The Chinese delegation was led by Lou Tseng - Tsiang , accompanied by Wellington Koo and Cao Rulin . Before the Western powers , Koo demanded that Germany 's concessions on Shandong be returned to China . He further called for an end to imperialist institutions such as extraterritoriality , legation guards , and foreign lease holds . Despite American support and the ostensible spirit of self - determination , the Western powers refused his claims , transferring the German concessions to Japan instead . This sparked widespread student protests in China on 4 May , later known as the May Fourth Movement , eventually pressuring the government into refusing to sign the Treaty of Versailles . Thus the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only one not to sign the treaty at the signing ceremony . Questions about independence ( edit ) All - Russian government ( whites ) ( edit ) While Russia was formally excluded from the Conference , despite having fought the Central Powers for three years , the Russian Provincial Council ( chaired by Prince Lvov ) , the successor to the Russian Constituent Assembly and the political arm of the Russian White movement attended the conference . Represented by former Tsarist minister Sergey Sazonov who , ironically , if the Tsar had not been overthrown would most likely have attended the conference anyway . The Council maintained the position of an indivisible Russia , but some were prepared to negotiate over the loss of Poland and Finland . The Council suggested all matters relating to territorial claims , or demands for autonomy within the former Russian Empire , be referred to a new All - Russian Constituent Assembly . Ukraine ( edit ) Ukraine had its best opportunity to win recognition and support from foreign powers at the Conference of 1919 . At a meeting of the Big Five on 16 January , Lloyd George called Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura ( 1874 -- 1926 ) an adventurer and dismissed Ukraine as an anti-Bolshevik stronghold . Sir Eyre Crowe , British undersecretary of state for foreign affairs , spoke against a union of East Galicia and Poland . The British cabinet never decided whether to support a united or dismembered Russia . The United States was sympathetic to a strong , united Russia as a counterpoise to Japan , but Britain feared a threat to India . Petliura appointed Count Tyshkevich his representative to the Vatican , and Pope Benedict XV recognized Ukrainian independence . Ukraine was effectively ignored . Belarus ( edit ) A Delegation of the Belarusian Democratic Republic under Prime Minister Anton Łuckievič also participated in the conference , attempting to gain international recognition of the independence of Belarus . On the way to the conference , the delegation was received by Czechoslovak president Tomáš Masaryk in Prague . During the conference , Łuckievič had meetings with the exiled Foreign Minister of admiral Kolchak 's Russian government Sergey Sazonov and the Prime Minister of Poland Ignacy Jan Paderewski . Minority rights in Poland and other European countries ( edit ) At the insistence of President Wilson , the Big Four required Poland to sign a treaty on 28 June 1919 that guaranteed minority rights in the new nation . Poland signed under protest , and made little effort to enforce the specified rights for Germans , Jews , Ukrainians , and other minorities . Similar treaties were signed by Czechoslovakia , Romania , Yugoslavia , Greece , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and later by Latvia , Estonia and Lithuania . Estonia had already given cultural autonomy to minorities in its declaration of independence . Finland and Germany were not asked to sign a minority rights treaty . In Poland the key provisions were to become fundamental laws that overrode any national legal codes or legislation . The new country pledged to assure `` full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals ... without distinction of birth , nationality , language , race , or religion . '' Freedom of religion was guaranteed to everyone . Most residents were given citizenship , but there was considerable ambiguity on who was covered . The treaty guaranteed basic civil , political , and cultural rights , and required all citizens to be equal before the law and enjoy identical rights of citizens and workers . Polish was of the national language , but the treaty provided that minority languages could be freely used privately , in commerce , religion , the press , at public meetings , and before all courts . Minorities were to be permitted to establish and control at their own expense private charities , churches and social institutions , as well as schools , without interference from the government . The government was required to set up German language public schools in those districts that had been German territory before the war . All education above the primary level was to be conducted exclusively in the national language . Article 12 was the enforcement clause ; it gave the Council of the League of Nations responsibility for monitoring and enforcing each treaty . Caucasus ( edit ) The three Caucasian Republics of Armenia , Azerbaijan and Georgia were recognised . Armenian delegation was represented by Avetis Aharonyan , Hamo Ohanjanyan , Armen Garo and others . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was represented by Alimardan Topchubashev . Korean delegation ( edit ) As Japan violently suppressed the March First Movement , there was limited opportunity for a Korean voice . A delegation of overseas Koreans , from Japan , China , and Hawaii , did make it to Paris . Included in this delegation , was a representative from the Korean Provisional Government in Shanghai , Kim Kyu - sik ( 김규식 ) . They were aided by the Chinese , who were eager for the opportunity to embarrass Japan at the international forum . Several top Chinese leaders at the time , including Sun Yat - sen , told U.S. diplomats that the peace conference should take up the question of Korean independence . Beyond that , however , the Chinese , locked in a struggle against the Japanese themselves , could do little for Korea . Apart from China no nation took the Koreans seriously at the Paris conference because of its status as a Japanese colony . The failure of the Korean nationalists to gain support from the Paris Peace Conference ended the possibility of foreign support . Palestine ( edit ) Following the Conference 's decision to separate the former Arab provinces from the Ottoman Empire and to apply the newly conceived mandate - system to them , the Zionist Organization submitted their draft resolutions for consideration by the Peace Conference on 3 February 1919 . Zionist state as claimed at the Paris Peace Conference British memorandum on Palestine ahead of the Peace Conference The statement included five main points : Recognition of the Jewish people 's historic title to Palestine and their right to reconstitute their National Home there . The boundaries of Palestine were to be declared as set out in the attached Schedule The sovereign possession of Palestine would be vested in the League of Nations and the Government entrusted to Great Britain as Mandatory of the League . Other provisions to be inserted by the High Contracting Parties relating to the application of any general conditions attached to mandates , which are suitable to the case in Palestine . The mandate shall be subject also to several noted special conditions , including promotion of Jewish immigration and close settlement on the land and safeguarding rights of the present non-Jewish population a Jewish Council representative for the development of the Jewish National Home in Palestine , and offer to the Council in priority any concession for public works or for the development of natural resources self - government for localities freedom of religious worship ; no discrimination among the inhabitants with regard to citizenship and civil rights , on the grounds of religion , or of race control of the Holy Places However , despite these attempts to influence the conference , the Zionists were instead constrained by Article 7 of the resulting Palestine Mandate to merely having the right of obtaining Palestinian citizenship : `` The Administration of Palestine shall be responsible for enacting a nationality law . There shall be included in this law provisions framed so as to facilitate the acquisition of Palestinian citizenship by Jews who take up their permanent residence in Palestine . '' Citing the Balfour Declaration , the Zionists suggested that the British had already recognised the historic title of the Jews to Palestine in 1917 . The preamble of the British Mandate of 1922 , in which the Balfour Declaration was incorporated , stated : `` Whereas recognition has thereby been given to the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine and to the grounds for reconstituting their national home in that country ... '' . Historical assessments ( edit ) Main article : Causes of World War II The remaking of the world map at these conferences gave birth to a number of critical conflict - prone international contradictions , which would become one of the causes of World War II . The British historian Eric Hobsbawm claimed : ( N ) o equally systematic attempt has been made before or since , in Europe or anywhere else , to redraw the political map on national lines . ( ... ) The logical implication of trying to create a continent neatly divided into coherent territorial states each inhabited by separate ethnically and linguistically homogeneous population , was the mass expulsion or extermination of minorities . Such was and is the reductio ad absurdum of nationalism in its territorial version , although this was not fully demonstrated until the 1940s . It has long been argued that Wilson 's Fourteen Points , in particular the principle of national self - determination , were primarily anti-Left measures , designed to tame the revolutionary fever sweeping across Europe in the wake of the October Revolution and the end of the war by playing the nationalist card . Cultural references ( edit ) World 's End ( 1940 ) , the first novel in Upton Sinclair 's Pulitzer Prize winning Lanny Budd series , describes the political machinations and consequences of the Paris Peace Conference through much of the book 's second half , with Sinclair 's narrative including many historically accurate characters and events . The first two books of novelist Robert Goddard 's The Wide World trilogy ( The Ways of the World and The Corners of the Globe ) are centred around the diplomatic machinations which form the background to the conference . Paris 1919 ( 1973 ) , the third studio album by Welsh musician John Cale , is named after the Paris Peace Conference , and its title song explores various aspects of early 20th century culture and history in Western Europe . A Dangerous Man : Lawrence After Arabia ( 1992 ) is a British television film starring Ralph Fiennes as T.E. Lawrence and Alexander Siddig as Emir Faisal , depicting their struggles to secure an independent Arab state at the conference . `` Paris , May 1919 '' is a 1993 episode of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , written by Jonathan Hales and directed by David Hare , in which Indiana Jones is shown working as a translator with the American delegation at the Paris Peace Conference . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal World War I portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . The Inquiry Causes of World War II International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Minority Treaties Czech Corridor League of Nations mandate Commission of Responsibilities Congress of Vienna References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rene Albrecht - Carrie , Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) p. 363 Jump up ^ Michael S. Neiberg ( 2017 ) . The Treaty of Versailles : A Concise History . Oxford University Press . p. ix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 065918 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Erik Goldstein The First World War Peace Settlements , 1919 -- 1925 p49 Routledge ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ziolkowski , Theodore ( 2011 ) ( 2007 ) . `` 6 : The God That Failed '' . Modes of Faith : Secular Surrogates for Lost Religious Belief . Accessible Publishing Systems PTY , Ltd. p. 231 . ISBN 9781459627376 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . ( ... ) Ebert persuaded the various councils to set elections for 19 January 1919 ( the day following a date symbolic in Prussian history ever since the Kingdom of Prussia was established on 18 January 1701 ) . Jump up ^ Meehan , John David ( 2005 ) . `` 4 : Failure at Geneva '' . The Dominion and the Rising Sun : Canada Encounters Japan , 1929 - 41 . Vancouver : UBC Press . p. 76 - 77 . ISBN 9780774811217 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . As the first non-European nation to achieve great - power status , Japan took its place alongside the other Big Five at Versailles , even if it was often a silent partner . Jump up ^ Antony Lentin , `` Germany : a New Carthage ? '' History Today ( 2012 ) 62 # 1 pp. 22 -- 27 online Jump up ^ Paul Birdsall , Versailles Twenty Years After ( 1941 ) is a convenient history and analysis of the conference . Longer and more recent is Margaret Macmillan , Peacemakers : The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War ( 2002 ) , also published as Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World ( 2003 ) ; a good short overview is Alan Sharp , The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking after the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Alan Sharp , The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking After the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Andrew J. Crozier , `` The Establishment of the Mandates System 1919 -- 25 : Some Problems Created by the Paris Peace Conference , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1979 ) 14 # 3 pp 483 -- 513 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Peter Ryland , Lloyd George ( 1975 ) p. 481 Jump up ^ Wm Louis , Roger ( 1966 ) . `` Australia and the German Colonies in the Pacific , 1914 -- 1919 '' . Journal of Modern History . 38 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 421 . doi : 10.1086 / 239953 . JSTOR 1876683 . Jump up ^ Paul Birdsall , Versailles Twenty Years After ( 1941 ) pp. 58 -- 82 Jump up ^ Macmillan , Paris 1919 , pp. 98 -- 106 Jump up ^ Scot David Bruce , Woodrow Wilson 's Colonial Emissary : Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System , 1917 -- 1919 ( University of Nebraska Press , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Mungo MacCallum ( 2013 ) . The Good , the Bad and the Unlikely : Australia 's Prime Ministers . Black Inc. p. 38 . Jump up ^ MacMillan ( 2001 ) , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : US Dept of State ; International Boundary Study , Jordan -- Syria Boundary , No. 94 -- 30 December 1969 , p. 10 Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MacMillan , Paris 1919 ( 2001 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` CRANE AND KING 'S LONG - HID REPORT ON THE NEAR EAST - American Mandate Recommended in DocumentSent to Wilson. PEOPLE CALLED FOR USDisliked French , DistrustedBritish and Opposed theZionist Plan. ALLIES AT CROSS PURPOSES Our Control Would Have Hid Its Seat in Constantinople , Dominating New Nations . - Article - NYTimes.com '' . 3 December 1922 . Jump up ^ Rubenberg , Cheryl ( 1986 ) . Israel and the American National Interest : A Critical Examination . University of Illinois Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06074 - 1 . Jump up ^ MacMillan ( 2001 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Wikisource Jump up ^ `` First World War.com -- Primary Documents -- U.S. Peace Treaty with Austria , 24 August 1921 '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First World War.com -- Primary Documents -- U.S. Peace Treaty with Hungary , 29 August 1921 '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Zara S. Steiner ( 2007 ) . The Lights that Failed : European International History , 1919 -- 1933 . Oxford UP . pp. 481 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Shimazu ( 1998 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 , 117 . Jump up ^ `` Official Memorandum in support of Ireland 's demand for recognition as a sovereign independent state . Presented to Georges Clemenceau and the members of the Paris Peace Conference by Sean T O'Ceallaigh and George Gavan Duffy from O Ceallaigh Gavan Duffy to George Clemenceau -- June 1919 . -- Documents on IRISH FOREIGN POLICY '' . Jump up ^ John C. Hulsman ( 2009 ) . To Begin the World Over Again : Lawrence of Arabia from Damascus to Baghdad . pp. 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Snelling , R.C. ( 1975 ) . `` Peacemaking , 1919 : Australia , New Zealand and the British Empire Delegation at Versailles '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 4 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 28 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537508582446 . Jump up ^ Fitzhardinge , L.F. ( 1968 ) . `` Hughes , Borden , and Dominion Representation at the Paris Peace Conference '' . Canadian Historical Review . 49 ( 2 ) : 160 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Margaret McMillan , `` Canada and the Peace Settlements , '' in David Mackenzie , ed. , Canada and the First World War ( 2005 ) pp. 379 -- 408 Jump up ^ Snelling , R.C. ( 1975 ) . `` Peacemaking , 1919 : Australia , New Zealand and the British Empire delegation at Versailles '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 4 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 28 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537508582446 . Jump up ^ MacMillan , Paris 1919 pp 26 -- 35 Jump up ^ David Robin Watson , Georges Clemenceau ( 1974 ) pp 338 -- 65 Jump up ^ Ambrosius , Lloyd E. ( 1972 ) . `` Wilson , the Republicans , and French Security after World War I '' . Journal of American History . 59 ( 2 ) : 341 -- 352 . doi : 10.2307 / 1890194 . JSTOR 1890194 . ^ Jump up to : Trachtenberg , Marc ( 1979 ) . `` Reparation at the Paris Peace Conference '' . Journal of Modern History . 51 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 55 ( p. 42 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 241847 . JSTOR 1877867 . ^ Jump up to : Trachtenberg ( 1979 ) , page 43 . Jump up ^ Macmillan , ch 22 Jump up ^ H. James Burgwyn , Legend of the Mutilated Victory : Italy , the Great War and the Paris Peace Conference , 1915 -- 1919 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Chester , 1921 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Macmillan , ch 23 Jump up ^ Gordon Lauren , Paul ( 1978 ) . `` Human Rights in History : Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference '' . Diplomatic History . 2 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 278 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1978. tb00435. x . Jump up ^ Macmillan , Paris 1919 p. 321 Jump up ^ Fifield , Russell . `` Japanese Policy toward the Shantung Question at the Paris Peace Conference , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1951 ) 23 : 3 pp 265 -- 272 . in JSTOR reprint primary Japanese sources Jump up ^ MacMillan , Paris of 1919 pp 322 -- 45 Jump up ^ Seth P. Tillman Anglo - American Relations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 p136 Princeton University Press ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ John M. Thompson Russia , Bolshevism , and the Versailles Peace p76 Princeton University Press ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ John M. Thompson Russia , Bolshevism , and the Versailles Peace p78 Princeton University Press ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Laurence J. Orzell , `` A ' Hotly Disputed ' Issue : Eastern Galicia At The Paris Peace Conference , 1919 , '' Polish Review ( 1980 ) : 49 -- 68 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Yakovenko , Natalya ( 2002 ) . `` Ukraine in British Strategies and Concepts of Foreign Policy , 1917 -- 1922 and after '' . East European Quarterly . 36 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 479 . Jump up ^ Моладзь БНФ . `` Чатыры ўрады БНР на міжнароднай арэне ў 1918 -- 1920 г '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Fink , Carole ( 1996 ) . `` The Paris Peace Conference and the Question of Minority Rights '' . Peace and Change : A journal of peace research . 21 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 88 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0130.1996. tb00272. x . Jump up ^ Fink , `` The Paris Peace Conference and the Question of Minority Rights '' Jump up ^ Edmund Jan Osmańczyk ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements : A to F. Routledge . p. 1812 . Jump up ^ Hart - Landsberg , Martin ( 1998 ) . Korea : Division , Reunification , & U.S. Foreign Policy Monthly Review Press . P. 30 . Jump up ^ Manela , Erez ( 2007 ) The Wilsonian Moment pp. 119 -- 135 , 197 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Kim , Seung - Young ( 2009 ) . American Diplomacy and Strategy Toward Korea and Northeast Asia , 1882 -- 1950 and After pp 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Frank ( 1972 ) . The March First Movement : Korean Challenge and Japanese Response ^ Jump up to : Statement of the Zionist Organization regarding Palestine Archived 24 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , 3 February 1919 Jump up ^ `` The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate '' . Jump up ^ Avalon Project , The Palestine Mandate Jump up ^ First World War -- Willmott , H.P. , Dorling Kindersley , 2003 , pp. 292 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Hobsbawm 1992 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Hobsbawm 1994 , p. 67 : `` ( T ) he first Western reaction to the Bolsheviks ' appeal to the peoples to make peace -- and their publication of the secret treaties in which the Allies had carved up Europe among themselves -- had been President Wilson 's Fourteen Points , which played the nationalist card against Lenin 's international appeal . A zone of small nation - states was to form a sort of quarantine belt against the Red virus ... ( T ) he establishment of new small nation - states along Wilsonian lines , though far from eliminating national conflicts in the zone of revolutions , ... diminished the scope for Bolshevik revolution . That , indeed , had been the intention of the Allied peacemakers . '' From the other side of the political spectrum , John Lewis Gaddis likewise writes : `` When Woodrow Wilson made the principle of self - determination one of this Fourteen Points his intent had been to undercut the appeal of Bolshevism '' ( Gaddis 2005 , p. 121 ) . This view has a long history , and can be summarised by Ray Stannard Baker 's famous remark that `` Paris can not be understood without Moscow . '' See McFadden 1993 , p. 191 . Further reading ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrie , Rene . Italy at the Paris Peace Conference ( 1938 ) online edition Ambrosius , Lloyd E. Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition : The Treaty Fight in Perspective ( 1990 ) Andelman , David A . A Shattered Peace : Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today ( 2007 ) popular history that stresses multiple long - term disasters caused by Treaty . Bailey ; Thomas A. Wilson and the Peacemakers : Combining Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace and Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal ( 1947 ) online edition Birdsall , Paul . Versailles twenty years after ( 1941 ) well balanced older account Boemeke , Manfred F. , et al. , eds . The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment after 75 Years ( 1998 ) . major collection of important papers by scholars Bruce , Scot David , Woodrow Wilson 's Colonial Emissary : Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System , 1917 -- 1919 ( University of Nebraska Press , 2013 ) . Clements , Kendrick , A. Woodrow Wilson : World Statesman ( 1999 ) Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) , scholarly biography ; pp 439 -- 532 excerpt and text search Dillon , Emile Joseph . The Inside Story of the Peace Conference , ( 1920 ) online Dockrill , Michael , and John Fisher . The Paris Peace Conference , 1919 : Peace Without Victory ? ( Springer , 2016 ) . Ferguson , Niall . The Pity of War : Explaining World War One ( 1999 ) , economics issues at Paris pp 395 -- 432 Doumanis , Nicholas , ed . The Oxford Handbook of European History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 2016 ) ch 9 . Fromkin , David . A Peace to End All Peace , The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East , Macmillan 1989 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 713 - 99912 - 9 . Gelfand , Lawrence Emerson . The Inquiry : American Preparations for Peace , 1917 -- 1919 ( Yale UP , 1963 ) . Ginneken , Anique H.M. van . Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations ( 2006 ) Henig , Ruth . Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 ( 2nd ed. 1995 ) , 100 pages ; brief introduction by scholar Hobsbawm , E.J. ( 1992 ) . Nations and Nationalism since 1780 : Programme , Myth , Reality . Canto ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43961 - 9 . Hobsbawm , E.J. ( 1994 ) . The Age of Extremes : The Short Twentieth Century , 1914 -- 1991 . London : Michael Joseph . ISBN 978 - 0718133078 . Keynes , John Maynard , The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( 1920 ) famous criticism by leading economist full text online Dimitri Kitsikis , Le rôle des experts à la Conférence de la Paix de 1919 , Ottawa , éditions de l'université d'Ottawa , 1972 . Dimitri Kitsikis , Propagande et pressions en politique internationale . La Grèce et ses revendications à la Conférence de la Paix , 1919 -- 1920 , Paris , Presses universitaires de France , 1963 . Knock , Thomas J. To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order ( 1995 ) Lederer , Ivo J. , ed . The Versailles Settlement -- Was It Foredoomed to Failure ? ( 1960 ) short excerpts from scholars online edition Lentin , Antony . Guilt at Versailles : Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement ( 1985 ) Lentin , Antony . Lloyd George and the Lost Peace : From Versailles to Hitler , 1919 -- 1940 ( 2004 ) Macalister - Smith , Peter , Schwietzke , Joachim : Diplomatic Conferences and Congresses . A Bibliographical Compendium of State Practice 1642 to 1919 , W. Neugebauer , Graz , Feldkirch 2017 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 85376 - 325 - 4 . McFadden , David W. ( 1993 ) . Alternative Paths : Soviets and Americans , 1917 -- 1920 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 36115 - 5 . MacMillan , Margaret . Peacemakers : The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War ( 2001 ) , also published as Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World ( 2003 ) ; influential survey Mayer , Arno J. ( 1967 ) . Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking : Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles , 1918 -- 1919 . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . Nicolson , Harold ( 2009 ) ( 1933 ) . Peacemaking , 1919 . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 25604 - 4 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 . Paxton , Robert O. , and Julie Hessler . Europe in the Twentieth Century ( 2011 ) pp 141 -- 78 Marks , Sally . The Illusion of Peace : International Relations in Europe 1918 -- 1933 ( 2nd ed. 2003 ) Mayer , Arno J. , Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking : Containment and Counter-revolution at Versailles , 1918 -- 1919 ( 1967 ) , leftist Newton , Douglas . British Policy and the Weimar Republic , 1918 -- 1919 ( 1997 ) . 484 pgs . Pellegrino , Anthony ; Dean Lee , Christopher ; Alex ( 2012 ) . `` Historical Thinking through Classroom Simulation : 1919 Paris Peace Conference '' . The Clearing House : A Journal of Educational Strategies , Issues and Ideas. 85 ( 4 ) : 146 -- 152 . Roberts , Priscilla . `` Wilson , Europe 's Colonial Empires , and the Issue of Imperialism , '' in Ross A. Kennedy , ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp : 492 -- 517 . Schwabe , Klaus . Woodrow Wilson , Revolutionary Germany , and Peacemaking , 1918 -- 1919 : Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power ( 1985 ) online edition Sharp , Alan . The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking after the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Sharp , Alan ( 2005 ) . `` The Enforcement Of The Treaty Of Versailles , 1919 -- 1923 '' . Diplomacy and Statecraft. 16 ( 3 ) : 423 -- 438 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592290500207677 . Naoko Shimazu ( 1998 ) , Japan , Race and Equality , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 17207 - 1 Steiner , Zara . The Lights that Failed : European International History 1919 -- 1933 ( Oxford History of Modern Europe ) ( 2007 ) , pp 15 -- 79 ; major scholarly work online at Questia Trachtenberg , Marc ( 1979 ) . `` Reparations at the Paris Peace Conference '' . The Journal of Modern History . 51 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 55 . doi : 10.1086 / 241847 . JSTOR 1877867 . Walworth , Arthur . Wilson and His Peacemakers : American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 ( 1986 ) 618pp online edition Watson , David Robin . George Clemenceau : A Political Biography ( 1976 ) 463 pgs . online edition External links ( edit ) Excerpts from the NFB documentary Paris 1919 Sampling of maps used by the American delegates held by the American Geographical Society Library , UW Milwaukee World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Wilsonian Armenia Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Category Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France NDL : 00569092 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919&oldid=816663936 '' Categories : Paris Peace Conference , 1919 1919 in international relations 1919 conferences Georges Clemenceau Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Conferences in Paris 1919 in Paris World War I conferences Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 21 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who participated in the paris peace conference and what were their goals	[]	[]
-2951769876165073216	List of political parties in Africa by country	List of political parties in Africa by country - wikipedia List of political parties in Africa by country Part of the Politics series Party politics Political spectrum Left - wing Far - left Centre - left Centre Centre - left Radical centre Centre - right Right - wing Centre - right Far - right Party platform Extremist Radical Progressive Reformist Liberal Moderate Syncretic Third Position Conservative Reactionary Traditionalist Party system Non-partisan One - party Dominant - party Two - party Multi-party Coalition Hung parliament Confidence and supply Minority government Rainbow coalition Grand coalition Full coalition National unity government Majority government Lists Ruling parties by country Political parties by UN geoscheme Political ideologies Politics portal This is a List of political parties in Africa by country , linking to the country list of parties and the political system of each country in the region . Main article : List of political parties by United Nations geoscheme Contents 1 Northern Africa 2 Central Africa 3 Southern Africa 4 Western Africa 5 Eastern Africa 6 See also 7 Notes Northern Africa ( edit ) Country Multi party Two party Dominant party Single party No party Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Central Africa ( edit ) Country Multi party Two party Dominant party Single party No party Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo ( Kinshasa ) Congo ( Brazzaville ) Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Southern Africa ( edit ) Country Multi party Two party Dominant party Single party No party Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland Zimbabwe Western Africa ( edit ) Country Multi party Two party Dominant party Single party No party Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Eastern Africa ( edit ) Country Multi party Two party Dominant party Single party No party Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Somalia Seychelles South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) Portals Access related topics Africa portal Politics portal Lists portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The party system is in transition Jump up ^ The Comoros have two main `` camps , '' federalists ( supporters of the central government ) and autonomists ( supporters of the three island presidents ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Africa_by_country&oldid=804549447 '' Categories : Lists of political parties by United Nations geoscheme Lists of political parties in Africa Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	political parties that led african countries to independence	[]	[]
-7048346033340327970	Space exploration	Space exploration - Wikipedia Space exploration Jump to : navigation , search Saturn V rocket , used for the American manned lunar landing missions The Moon as seen in a digitally processed image from data collected during a spacecraft flyby Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving and growing space technology . While the study of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes , the physical exploration of space is conducted both by unmanned robotic space probes and human spaceflight . While the observation of objects in space , known as astronomy , predates reliable recorded history , it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality . Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research , national prestige , uniting different nations , ensuring the future survival of humanity , and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries . Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War . The early era of space exploration was driven by a `` Space Race '' between the Soviet Union and the United States . The launch of the first human - made object to orbit Earth , the Soviet Union 's Sputnik 1 , on 4 October 1957 , and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period . The Soviet Space Program achieved many of the first milestones , including the first living being in orbit in 1957 , the first human spaceflight ( Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1 ) in 1961 , the first spacewalk ( by Aleksei Leonov ) on 18 March 1965 , the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966 , and the launch of the first space station ( Salyut 1 ) in 1971 . After the first 20 years of exploration , focus shifted from one - off flights to renewable hardware , such as the Space Shuttle program , and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station ( ISS ) . With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS - 133 in March 2011 , plans for space exploration by the US remain in flux . Constellation , a Bush Administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009 . The Obama Administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit ( LEO ) , envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020 , transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector , and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO , such as Earth -- Moon L1 , the Moon , Earth -- Sun L2 , near - Earth asteroids , and Phobos or Mars orbit . In the 2000s , the People 's Republic of China initiated a successful manned spaceflight program , while the European Union , Japan , and India have also planned future manned space missions . China , Russia , Japan , and India have advocated manned missions to the Moon during the 21st century , while the European Union has advocated manned missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 20th / 21st century . From the 1990s onwards , private interests began promoting space tourism and then public space exploration of the Moon ( see Google Lunar X Prize ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of exploration in the 20th century 1.1 First flights 1.2 First human flights 1.3 First planetary explorations 1.4 Key people in early space exploration 1.4. 1 Other key people 2 Targets of exploration 2.1 The Sun 2.2 Mercury 2.3 Venus 2.4 Earth 2.4. 1 The Moon 2.5 Mars 2.5. 1 Phobos 2.6 Jupiter 2.7 Saturn 2.8 Uranus 2.9 Neptune 2.10 Other objects in the Solar System 2.10. 1 Pluto 2.10. 2 Asteroids and comets 2.11 Deep space exploration 3 Future of space exploration 3.1 AI in space exploration 3.1. 1 Autonomous system 3.1. 2 Benefits 3.1. 3 NASA 's Autonomous Science Experiment 3.2 Asteroids in space exploration 4 Rationales 5 Topics 5.1 Spaceflight 5.2 Satellites 5.3 Commercialization of space 5.4 Alien life 5.5 Living in space 6 See also 6.1 Robotic space exploration programs 6.2 Living in space 6.2. 1 Animals in space 6.2. 2 Humans in space 6.3 Recent and future developments 6.4 Other 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History of exploration in the 20th century ( edit ) See also : Timeline of space exploration , History of astronomy , Timeline of first orbital launches by country , and Outer space § Discovery The Paris Gun 's shells achieved sub-orbital flights over 40 km in altitude Most orbital flight actually takes place in upper layers of the atmosphere , especially in the thermosphere ( not to scale ) Timeline of Solar System exploration . In July 1950 the first Bumper rocket is launched from Cape Canaveral , Florida . The Bumper was a two - stage rocket consisting of a Post-War V - 2 topped by a WAC Corporal rocket . It could reach then - record altitudes of almost 400 km . Launched by General Electric Company , this Bumper was used primarily for testing rocket systems and for research on the upper atmosphere . They carried small payloads that allowed them to measure attributes including air temperature and cosmic ray impacts . The highest known projectiles prior to the rockets of the 1940s were the shells of the Paris Gun , a type of German long - range siege gun , which reached at least 40 kilometers altitude during World War One . Steps towards putting a human - made object into space were taken by German scientists during World War II while testing the V - 2 rocket , which became the first human - made object in space on 3 October 1942 with the launching of the A-4 . After the war , the U.S. used German scientists and their captured rockets in programs for both military and civilian research . The first scientific exploration from space was the cosmic radiation experiment launched by the U.S. on a V - 2 rocket on 10 May 1946 . The first images of Earth taken from space followed the same year while the first animal experiment saw fruit flies lifted into space in 1947 , both also on modified V - 2s launched by Americans . Starting in 1947 , the Soviets , also with the help of German teams , launched sub-orbital V - 2 rockets and their own variant , the R - 1 , including radiation and animal experiments on some flights . These suborbital experiments only allowed a very short time in space which limited their usefulness . First flights ( edit ) Sputnik 1 , the first artificial satellite orbited Earth at 939 to 215 km ( 583 to 134 mi ) in 1957 , and was soon followed by Sputnik 2 . See First satellite by country ( Replica Pictured ) Apollo CSM in lunar orbit Image of the Sun from 18 February 2015 Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt standing next to a boulder at Taurus - Littrow . The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik 1 ( `` Satellite 1 '' ) mission on 4 October 1957 . The satellite weighed about 83 kg ( 183 lb ) , and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km ( 160 mi ) . It had two radio transmitters ( 20 and 40 MHz ) , which emitted `` beeps '' that could be heard by radios around the globe . Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere , while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the duration of radio beeps . The results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a meteoroid . Sputnik 1 was launched by an R - 7 rocket . It burned up upon re-entry on 3 January 1958 . The second one was Sputnik 2 . Launched by the USSR on November 3 , 1957 , it carried the dog Laika , who became the first animal in orbit . This success led to an escalation of the American space program , which unsuccessfully attempted to launch a Vanguard satellite into orbit two months later . On 31 January 1958 , the U.S. successfully orbited Explorer 1 on a Juno rocket . First human flights ( edit ) The first successful human spaceflight was Vostok 1 ( `` East 1 '' ) , carrying 27 - year - old Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961 . The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe , lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes . Gagarin 's flight resonated around the world ; it was a demonstration of the advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration : human spaceflight . The U.S. first launched a person into space within a month of Vostok 1 with Alan Shepard 's suborbital flight in Mercury - Redstone 3 . Orbital flight was achieved by the United States when John Glenn 's Mercury - Atlas 6 orbited Earth on 20 February 1962 . Valentina Tereshkova , the first woman in space , orbited Earth 48 times aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963 . China first launched a person into space 42 years after the launch of Vostok 1 , on 15 October 2003 , with the flight of Yang Liwei aboard the Shenzhou 5 ( Spaceboat 5 ) spacecraft . First planetary explorations ( edit ) The first artificial object to reach another celestial body was Luna 2 in 1959 . The first automatic landing on another celestial body was performed by Luna 9 in 1966 . Luna 10 became the first artificial satellite of the Moon . The first manned landing on another celestial body was performed by Apollo 11 on 20 July 1969 . The first successful interplanetary flyby was the 1962 Mariner 2 flyby of Venus ( closest approach 34,773 kilometers ) . The other planets were first flown by in 1965 for Mars by Mariner 4 , 1973 for Jupiter by Pioneer 10 , 1974 for Mercury by Mariner 10 , 1979 for Saturn by Pioneer 11 , 1986 for Uranus by Voyager 2 , 1989 for Neptune by Voyager 2 . In 2015 , the dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto were orbited by Dawn and passed by New Horizons , respectively . The first interplanetary surface mission to return at least limited surface data from another planet was the 1970 landing of Venera 7 on Venus which returned data to Earth for 23 minutes . In 1975 the Venera 9 was the first to return images from the surface of another planet . In 1971 the Mars 3 mission achieved the first soft landing on Mars returning data for almost 20 seconds . Later much longer duration surface missions were achieved , including over six years of Mars surface operation by Viking 1 from 1975 to 1982 and over two hours of transmission from the surface of Venus by Venera 13 in 1982 , the longest ever Soviet planetary surface mission . Key People in early space exploration ( edit ) The dream of stepping into the outer reaches of Earth 's atmosphere was driven by the fiction of Peter Francis Geraci and H.G. Wells , and rocket technology was developed to try to realize this vision . The German V - 2 was the first rocket to travel into space , overcoming the problems of thrust and material failure . During the final days of World War II this technology was obtained by both the Americans and Soviets as were its designers . The initial driving force for further development of the technology was a weapons race for intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) to be used as long - range carriers for fast nuclear weapon delivery , but in 1961 when the Soviet Union launched the first man into space , the United States declared itself to be in a `` Space Race '' with the Soviets . Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , Robert Goddard , Hermann Oberth , and Reinhold Tiling laid the groundwork of rocketry in the early years of the 20th century . Wernher von Braun was the lead rocket engineer for Nazi Germany 's World War II V - 2 rocket project . In the last days of the war he led a caravan of workers in the German rocket program to the American lines , where they surrendered and were brought to the USA to work on U.S. rocket development ( `` Operation Paperclip '' ) . He acquired American citizenship and led the team that developed and launched Explorer 1 , the first American satellite . Von Braun later led the team at NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center which developed the Saturn V moon rocket . Initially the race for space was often led by Sergei Korolyov , whose legacy includes both the R7 and Soyuz -- which remain in service to this day . Korolev was the mastermind behind the first satellite , first man ( and first woman ) in orbit and first spacewalk . Until his death his identity was a closely guarded state secret ; not even his mother knew that he was responsible for creating the Soviet space program . Kerim Kerimov was one of the founders of the Soviet space program and was one of the lead architects behind the first human spaceflight ( Vostok 1 ) alongside Sergey Korolyov . After Korolyov 's death in 1966 , Kerimov became the lead scientist of the Soviet space program and was responsible for the launch of the first space stations from 1971 to 1991 , including the Salyut and Mir series , and their precursors in 1967 , the Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188 . Other key People ( edit ) Valentin Glushko was Chief Engine Designer for the Soviet Union . Glushko designed many of the engines used on the early Soviet rockets , but was constantly at odds with Korolyov . Vasily Mishin was Chief Designer working under Sergey Korolyov and one of the first Soviets to inspect the captured German V - 2 design . Following the death of Sergei Korolev , Mishin was held responsible for the Soviet failure to be first country to place a man on the Moon . Robert Gilruth was the NASA head of the Space Task Force and director of 25 manned space flights . Gilruth was the person who suggested to John F. Kennedy that the Americans take the bold step of reaching the Moon in an attempt to reclaim space superiority from the Soviets . Christopher C. Kraft , Jr. was NASA 's first flight director , who oversaw development of Mission Control and associated technologies and procedures . Maxime Faget was the designer of the Mercury capsule ; he played a key role in designing the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft , and contributed to the design of the Space Shuttle . Susan Finley who designed the Deep Space Network , allowing communication from space to Earth . Targets of exploration ( edit ) The Sun ( edit ) Although the Sun will probably not be physically explored at all , the study of the Sun has nevertheless been a major focus of space exploration . Being above the atmosphere in particular and Earth 's magnetic field gives access to the solar wind and infrared and ultraviolet radiations that can not reach Earth 's surface . The Sun generates most space weather , which can affect power generation and transmission systems on Earth and interfere with , and even damage , satellites and space probes . Numerous spacecraft dedicated to observing the Sun , beginning with the Apollo Telescope Mount , have been launched and still others have had solar observation as a secondary objective . Parker Solar Probe , planned for a 2018 launch , will approach the Sun to within 1 / 8th the orbit of Mercury . MESSENGER image of Mercury Mercury ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Mercury Mercury remains the least explored of the inner planets . As of May 2013 , the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER missions have been the only missions that have made close observations of Mercury . MESSENGER entered orbit around Mercury in March 2011 , to further investigate the observations made by Mariner 10 in 1975 ( Munsell , 2006b ) . A MESSENGER image from 18,000 km showing a region about 500 km across A third mission to Mercury , scheduled to arrive in 2020 , BepiColombo is to include two probes . BepiColombo is a joint mission between Japan and the European Space Agency . MESSENGER and BepiColombo are intended to gather complementary data to help scientists understand many of the mysteries discovered by Mariner 10 's flybys . Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy , which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft , or delta - v. Due to the relatively high delta - v to reach Mercury and its proximity to the Sun , it is difficult to explore and orbits around it are rather unstable . Mariner 10 image of Venus Venus ( edit ) Main article : Observations and explorations of Venus Venus was the first target of interplanetary flyby and lander missions and , despite one of the most hostile surface environments in the Solar System , has had more landers sent to it ( nearly all from the Soviet Union ) than any other planet in the Solar System . The first successful Venus flyby was the American Mariner 2 spacecraft , which flew past Venus in 1962 . Mariner 2 has been followed by several other flybys by multiple space agencies often as part of missions using a Venus flyby to provide a gravitational assist en route to other celestial bodies . In 1967 Venera 4 became the first probe to enter and directly examine the atmosphere of Venus . In 1970 , Venera 7 became the first successful lander to reach the surface of Venus and by 1985 it had been followed by eight additional successful Soviet Venus landers which provided images and other direct surface data . Starting in 1975 with the Soviet orbiter Venera 9 some ten successful orbiter missions have been sent to Venus , including later missions which were able to map the surface of Venus using radar to pierce the obscuring atmosphere . First television image of Earth from space The Blue Marble Earth picture taken during Apollo 17 Earth ( edit ) Main article : Earth observation satellite Space exploration has been used as a tool to understand Earth as a celestial object in its own right . Orbital missions can provide data for Earth that can be difficult or impossible to obtain from a purely ground - based point of reference . For example , the existence of the Van Allen radiation belts was unknown until their discovery by the United States ' first artificial satellite , Explorer 1 . These belts contain radiation trapped by Earth 's magnetic fields , which currently renders construction of habitable space stations above 1000 km impractical . Following this early unexpected discovery , a large number of Earth observation satellites have been deployed specifically to explore Earth from a space based perspective . These satellites have significantly contributed to the understanding of a variety of Earth - based phenomena . For instance , the hole in the ozone layer was found by an artificial satellite that was exploring Earth 's atmosphere , and satellites have allowed for the discovery of archeological sites or geological formations that were difficult or impossible to otherwise identify . The Moon ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of the Moon Apollo 16 LEM Orion , the Lunar Roving Vehicle and astronaut John Young The Moon The Moon was the first celestial body to be the object of space exploration . It holds the distinctions of being the first remote celestial object to be flown by , orbited , and landed upon by spacecraft , and the only remote celestial object ever to be visited by humans . In 1959 the Soviets obtained the first images of the far side of the Moon , never previously visible to humans . The U.S. exploration of the Moon began with the Ranger 4 impactor in 1962 . Starting in 1966 the Soviets successfully deployed a number of landers to the Moon which were able to obtain data directly from the Moon 's surface ; just four months later , Surveyor 1 marked the debut of a successful series of U.S. landers . The Soviet unmanned missions culminated in the Lunokhod program in the early 1970s , which included the first unmanned rovers and also successfully brought lunar soil samples to Earth for study . This marked the first ( and to date the only ) automated return of extraterrestrial soil samples to Earth . Unmanned exploration of the Moon continues with various nations periodically deploying lunar orbiters , and in 2008 the Indian Moon Impact Probe . Manned exploration of the Moon began in 1968 with the Apollo 8 mission that successfully orbited the Moon , the first time any extraterrestrial object was orbited by humans . In 1969 , the Apollo 11 mission marked the first time humans set foot upon another world . Manned exploration of the Moon did not continue for long , however . The Apollo 17 mission in 1972 marked the most recent human visit there , and the next , Exploration Mission 2 , is due to orbit the Moon in 2021 . Robotic missions are still pursued vigorously . Mars as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope Mars ( edit ) Surface of Mars by the Spirit rover in 2004 Main article : Exploration of Mars The exploration of Mars has been an important part of the space exploration programs of the Soviet Union ( later Russia ) , the United States , Europe , Japan and India . Dozens of robotic spacecraft , including orbiters , landers , and rovers , have been launched toward Mars since the 1960s . These missions were aimed at gathering data about current conditions and answering questions about the history of Mars . The questions raised by the scientific community are expected to not only give a better appreciation of the red planet but also yield further insight into the past , and possible future , of Earth . The exploration of Mars has come at a considerable financial cost with roughly two - thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars failing before completing their missions , with some failing before they even began . Such a high failure rate can be attributed to the complexity and large number of variables involved in an interplanetary journey , and has led researchers to jokingly speak of The Great Galactic Ghoul which subsists on a diet of Mars probes . This phenomenon is also informally known as the `` Mars Curse '' . In contrast to overall high failure rates in the exploration of Mars , India has become the first country to achieve success of its maiden attempt . India 's Mars Orbiter Mission ( MOM ) is one of the least expensive interplanetary missions ever undertaken with an approximate total cost of ₹ 450 Crore ( US $73 million ) . The first mission to Mars by any Arab country has been taken up by the United Arab Emirates . Called the Emirates Mars Mission , it is scheduled for launch in 2020 . The unmanned exploratory probe has been named `` Hope Probe '' and will be sent to Mars to study its atmosphere in detail . Phobos ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Phobos Phobos ( moon ) The Russian space mission Fobos - Grunt , which launched on 9 November 2011 experienced a failure leaving it stranded in low Earth orbit . It was to begin exploration of the Phobos and Martian circumterrestrial orbit , and study whether the moons of Mars , or at least Phobos , could be a `` trans - shipment point '' for spaceships traveling to Mars . Jupiter ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Jupiter Jupiter , as seen by HST The exploration of Jupiter has consisted solely of a number of automated NASA spacecraft visiting the planet since 1973 . A large majority of the missions have been `` flybys '' , in which detailed observations are taken without the probe landing or entering orbit ; such as in Pioneer and Voyager programs . The Galileo and Juno spacecraft are the only spacecraft to have entered the planet 's orbit . As Jupiter is believed to have only a relatively small rocky core and no real solid surface , a landing mission is nearly impossible . Reaching Jupiter from Earth requires a delta - v of 9.2 km / s , which is comparable to the 9.7 km / s delta - v needed to reach low Earth orbit . Fortunately , gravity assists through planetary flybys can be used to reduce the energy required at launch to reach Jupiter , albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration . Jupiter has 67 known moons , many of which have relatively little known information about them . Saturn ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Saturn A picture of Saturn taken by Cassini Saturn has been explored only through unmanned spacecraft launched by NASA , including one mission ( Cassini -- Huygens ) planned and executed in cooperation with other space agencies . These missions consist of flybys in 1979 by Pioneer 11 , in 1980 by Voyager 1 , in 1982 by Voyager 2 and an orbital mission by the Cassini spacecraft , which lasted from 2004 until 2017 . Saturn has at least 62 known moons , although the exact number is debatable since Saturn 's rings are made up of vast numbers of independently orbiting objects of varying sizes . The largest of the moons is Titan , which holds the distinction of being the only moon in the Solar System with an atmosphere denser and thicker than that of Earth . Titan holds the distinction of being the only object in the Outer Solar System that has been explored with a lander , the Huygens probe deployed by the Cassini spacecraft . Uranus ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Uranus Uranus from Voyager 2 The exploration of Uranus has been entirely through the Voyager 2 spacecraft , with no other visits currently planned . Given its axial tilt of 97.77 ° , with its polar regions exposed to sunlight or darkness for long periods , scientists were not sure what to expect at Uranus . The closest approach to Uranus occurred on 24 January 1986 . Voyager 2 studied the planet 's unique atmosphere and magnetosphere . Voyager 2 also examined its ring system and the moons of Uranus including all five of the previously known moons , while discovering an additional ten previously unknown moons . Images of Uranus proved to have a very uniform appearance , with no evidence of the dramatic storms or atmospheric banding evident on Jupiter and Saturn . Great effort was required to even identify a few clouds in the images of the planet . The magnetosphere of Uranus , however , proved to be completely unique and proved to be profoundly affected by the planet 's unusual axial tilt . In contrast to the bland appearance of Uranus itself , striking images were obtained of the Moons of Uranus , including evidence that Miranda had been unusually geologically active . Picture of Neptune taken by Voyager 2 Triton as imaged by Voyager 2 Neptune ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Neptune The exploration of Neptune began with the 25 August 1989 Voyager 2 flyby , the sole visit to the system as of 2014 . The possibility of a Neptune Orbiter has been discussed , but no other missions have been given serious thought . Although the extremely uniform appearance of Uranus during Voyager 2 's visit in 1986 had led to expectations that Neptune would also have few visible atmospheric phenomena , the spacecraft found that Neptune had obvious banding , visible clouds , auroras , and even a conspicuous anticyclone storm system rivaled in size only by Jupiter 's small Spot. Neptune also proved to have the fastest winds of any planet in the Solar System , measured as high as 2,100 km / h . Voyager 2 also examined Neptune 's ring and moon system . It discovered 900 complete rings and additional partial ring `` arcs '' around Neptune . In addition to examining Neptune 's three previously known moons , Voyager 2 also discovered five previously unknown moons , one of which , Proteus , proved to be the last largest moon in the system . Data from Voyager 2 supported the view that Neptune 's largest moon , Triton , is a captured Kuiper belt object . Other objects in the Solar System ( edit ) New Horizons image of Pluto Pluto ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Pluto New Horizons image of Charon ( 2015 ) The dwarf planet Pluto presents significant challenges for spacecraft because of its great distance from Earth ( requiring high velocity for reasonable trip times ) and small mass ( making capture into orbit very difficult at present ) . Voyager 1 could have visited Pluto , but controllers opted instead for a close flyby of Saturn 's moon Titan , resulting in a trajectory incompatible with a Pluto flyby . Voyager 2 never had a plausible trajectory for reaching Pluto . Pluto continues to be of great interest , despite its reclassification as the lead and nearest member of a new and growing class of distant icy bodies of intermediate size ( and also the first member of the important subclass , defined by orbit and known as `` plutinos '' ) . After an intense political battle , a mission to Pluto dubbed New Horizons was granted funding from the United States government in 2003 . New Horizons was launched successfully on 19 January 2006 . In early 2007 the craft made use of a gravity assist from Jupiter . Its closest approach to Pluto was on 14 July 2015 ; scientific observations of Pluto began five months prior to closest approach and continued for 16 days after the encounter . Asteroids and comets ( edit ) Main articles : Exploration of the asteroids and List of missions to comets Comet 103P / Hartley Asteroid 4 Vesta , imaged by the Dawn spacecraft Until the advent of space travel , objects in the asteroid belt were merely pinpricks of light in even the largest telescopes , their shapes and terrain remaining a mystery . Several asteroids have now been visited by probes , the first of which was Galileo , which flew past two : 951 Gaspra in 1991 , followed by 243 Ida in 1993 . Both of these lay near enough to Galileo 's planned trajectory to Jupiter that they could be visited at acceptable cost . The first landing on an asteroid was performed by the NEAR Shoemaker probe in 2000 , following an orbital survey of the object . The dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroid 4 Vesta , two of the three largest asteroids , were visited by NASA 's Dawn spacecraft , launched in 2007 . Although many comets have been studied from Earth sometimes with centuries - worth of observations , only a few comets have been closely visited . In 1985 , the International Cometary Explorer conducted the first comet fly - by ( 21P / Giacobini - Zinner ) before joining the Halley Armada studying the famous comet . The Deep Impact probe smashed into 9P / Tempel to learn more about its structure and composition and the Stardust mission returned samples of another comet 's tail . The Philae lander successfully landed on Comet Churyumov -- Gerasimenko in 2014 as part of the broader Rosetta mission . Hayabusa was an unmanned spacecraft developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to return a sample of material from the small near - Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa to Earth for further analysis . Hayabusa was launched on 9 May 2003 and rendezvoused with Itokawa in mid-September 2005 . After arriving at Itokawa , Hayabusa studied the asteroid 's shape , spin , topography , color , composition , density , and history . In November 2005 , it landed on the asteroid to collect samples . The spacecraft returned to Earth on 13 June 2010 . Deep space exploration ( edit ) Main article : Deep space exploration This high - resolution image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field includes galaxies of various ages , sizes , shapes , and colors . The smallest , reddest galaxies , are some of the most distant galaxies to have been imaged by an optical telescope . Deep space exploration is the branch of astronomy , astronautics and space technology that is involved with the exploration of distant regions of outer space . Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights ( deep - space astronautics ) and by robotic spacecraft . Some of the best candidates for future deep space engine technologies include anti-matter , nuclear power and beamed propulsion . The latter , beamed propulsion , appears to be the best candidate for deep space exploration presently available , since it uses known physics and known technology that is being developed for other purposes . Chandra , Hubble , and Spitzer image NGC 1952 Star cluster Pismis 24 and NGC 6357 Whirlpool Galaxy ( Messier 51 ) Future of space exploration ( edit ) Concept art for a NASA Vision mission Artistic image of a rocket lifting from a Saturn moon The United States ' planned Space Launch System concept art The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 2000s , several plans for space exploration were announced ; both government entities and the private sector have space exploration objectives . China has announced plans to have a 60 - ton multi-module space station in orbit by 2020 . The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 provided a re-prioritized list of objectives for the American space program , as well as funding for the first priorities . NASA proposes to move forward with the development of the Space Launch System ( SLS ) , which will be designed to carry the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , as well as important cargo , equipment , and science experiments to Earth 's orbit and destinations beyond . Additionally , the SLS will serve as a back up for commercial and international partner transportation services to the International Space Station . The SLS rocket will incorporate technological investments from the Space Shuttle program and the Constellation program in order to take advantage of proven hardware and reduce development and operations costs . The first developmental flight is targeted for the end of 2017 . Ai in space exploration ( edit ) The idea of using high level automated systems for space missions has become a desirable goal to space agencies all around the world . Such systems are believed to yield benefits such as lower cost , less human oversight , and ability to explore deeper in space which is usually restricted by long communications with human controllers . Autonomous System ( edit ) Autonomy is defined by three requirements : Being able to sense the world and their state , make decisions , and carry them out on their own Can interpret the given goal as a list of actions to take Fail flexibly Benefits ( edit ) Autonomous technologies would be able to perform beyond predetermined actions . They would analyze all possible states and events happening around them and come up with a safe response . In addition , such technologies can reduce launch cost and ground involvement . Performance would increase as well . Autonomy would be able to quickly respond upon encountering an unforeseen event , especially in deep space exploration where communication back to Earth would take too long . NASA 's autonomous science experiment ( edit ) NASA began its autonomous science experiment ( ASE ) on Earth Observing 1 ( EO - 1 ) which is NASA 's first satellite in the new millennium program Earth - observing series launched on 21 November 2000 . The autonomy of ASE is capable of on - board science analysis , replanning , robust execution , and later the addition of model - based diagnostic . Images obtained by the EO - 1 are analyzed on - board and downlinked when a change or an interesting event occur . The ASE software has successfully provided over 10,000 science images . Asteroids in space exploration ( edit ) An article in science magazine Nature suggested the use of asteroids as a gateway for space exploration , with the ultimate destination being Mars . In order to make such an approach viable , three requirements need to be fulfilled : first , `` a thorough asteroid survey to find thousands of nearby bodies suitable for astronauts to visit '' ; second , `` extending flight duration and distance capability to ever - increasing ranges out to Mars '' ; and finally , `` developing better robotic vehicles and tools to enable astronauts to explore an asteroid regardless of its size , shape or spin . '' Furthermore , using asteroids would provide astronauts with protection from galactic cosmic rays , with mission crews being able to land on them in times of greater risk to radiation exposure . Rationales ( edit ) Main article : Space advocacy Astronaut Buzz Aldrin , had a personal Communion service when he first arrived on the surface of the Moon . The research that is conducted by national space exploration agencies , such as NASA and Roscosmos , is one of the reasons supporters cite to justify government expenses . Economic analyses of the NASA programs often showed ongoing economic benefits ( such as NASA spin - offs ) , generating many times the revenue of the cost of the program . It is also argued that space exploration would lead to the extraction of resources on other planets and especially asteroids , which contain billions of dollars worth of minerals and metals . Such expeditions could generate a lot of revenue . As well , it has been argued that space exploration programs help inspire youth to study in science and engineering . Another claim is that space exploration is a necessity to mankind and that staying on Earth will lead to extinction . Some of the reasons are lack of natural resources , comets , nuclear war , and worldwide epidemic . Stephen Hawking , renowned British theoretical physicist , said that `` I do n't think the human race will survive the next thousand years , unless we spread into space . There are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet . But I 'm an optimist . We will reach out to the stars . '' NASA has produced a series of public service announcement videos supporting the concept of space exploration . Overall , the public remains largely supportive of both manned and unmanned space exploration . According to an Associated Press Poll conducted in July 2003 , 71 % of U.S. citizens agreed with the statement that the space program is `` a good investment '' , compared to 21 % who did not . Arthur C. Clarke ( 1950 ) presented a summary of motivations for the human exploration of space in his non-fiction semi-technical monograph Interplanetary Flight . He argued that humanity 's choice is essentially between expansion off Earth into space , versus cultural ( and eventually biological ) stagnation and death . Topics ( edit ) Delta - v 's in km / s for various orbital maneuvers Spaceflight ( edit ) Main article : Spaceflight Spaceflight is the use of space technology to achieve the flight of spacecraft into and through outer space . Spaceflight is used in space exploration , and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications . Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories , reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites . A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch , which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of Earth . Once in space , the motion of a spacecraft -- both when unpropelled and when under propulsion -- is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics . Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely , some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry , and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact . Satellites ( edit ) Main article : Satellite Satellites are used for a large number of purposes . Common types include military ( spy ) and civilian Earth observation satellites , communication satellites , navigation satellites , weather satellites , and research satellites . Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites . Commercialization of space ( edit ) Main article : Commercialization of space Current examples of the commercial use of space include satellite navigation systems , satellite television and satellite radio . Space tourism is the recent phenomenon of space travel by individuals for the purpose of personal pleasure . Alien life ( edit ) Main articles : Astrobiology and Extraterrestrial life Astrobiology is the interdisciplinary study of life in the universe , combining aspects of astronomy , biology and geology . It is focused primarily on the study of the origin , distribution and evolution of life . It is also known as exobiology ( from Greek : έξω , exo , `` outside '' ) . The term `` Xenobiology '' has been used as well , but this is technically incorrect because its terminology means `` biology of the foreigners '' . Astrobiologists must also consider the possibility of life that is chemically entirely distinct from any life found on Earth . In the Solar System some of the prime locations for current or past astrobiology are on Enceladus , Europa , Mars , and Titan . Living in space ( edit ) Main articles : Space colonization , Space habitat , and Space Station The European Space Agency 's Columbus Module at the International Space Station , launched into space on the US Space Shuttle mission STS - 122 in 2008 Artist 's conception of the interior of a Bernal sphere Space colonization , also called space settlement and space humanization , would be the permanent autonomous ( self - sufficient ) human habitation of locations outside Earth , especially of natural satellites or planets such as the Moon or Mars , using significant amounts of in - situ resource utilization . To date , the longest human occupation of space is the International Space Station which has been in continuous use for 7003618700000000000 ♠ 16 years , 343 days . Valeri Polyakov 's record single spaceflight of almost 438 days aboard the Mir space station has not been surpassed . Long - term stays in space reveal issues with bone and muscle loss in low gravity , immune system suppression , and radiation exposure . Many past and current concepts for the continued exploration and colonization of space focus on a return to the Moon as a `` stepping stone '' to the other planets , especially Mars . At the end of 2006 NASA announced they were planning to build a permanent Moon base with continual presence by 2024 . Beyond the technical factors that could make living in space more widespread , it has been suggested that the lack of private property , the inability or difficulty in establishing property rights in space , has been an impediment to the development of space for human habitation . Since the advent of space technology in the latter half of the twentieth century , the ownership of property in space has been murky , with strong arguments both for and against . In particular , the making of national territorial claims in outer space and on celestial bodies has been specifically proscribed by the Outer Space Treaty , which had been , as of 2012 , ratified by all spacefaring nations . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Main article : Outline of space exploration Tupan Patera on Io Ganymede ( moon ) Discovery and exploration of the Solar System In - space propulsion technologies List of missions to Mars List of missions to the outer planets Robotic space exploration programs ( edit ) Robotic spacecraft Timeline of planetary exploration Landings on other planets Pioneer program Luna program Zond program Venera program Mars probe program Ranger program Mariner program Surveyor program Viking program Voyager program Vega program Phobos program Discovery program Chandrayaan Program Mangalyaan Program Chang'e Program Private Astrobotic Technology Program Living in space ( edit ) Interplanetary contamination Animals in space ( edit ) Animals in space Monkeys in space Russian space dogs Humans in space ( edit ) Astronauts List of human spaceflights List of human spaceflights by program Vostok program Mercury program Voskhod program Gemini program Soyuz program Apollo program Salyut program Skylab Space Shuttle program Mir International Space Station Vision for Space Exploration Aurora Programme Tier One Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space architecture Space archaeology flexible path destinations set Recent and future developments ( edit ) Asia 's Space Race Energy development Crew Exploration Vehicle Exploration of Mars Space tourism Private spaceflight Space colonization Interstellar spaceflight Deep space exploration Human outpost Mars to Stay NewSpace Other ( edit ) Spaceflight List of spaceflights Timeline of Solar System exploration List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces Space station Space telescope Sample return mission Atmospheric reentry Space and survival Ozone depletion by rocket launches Space disasters Religion in space Militarization of space French space program Russian explorers U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roston , Michael ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` NASA 's Next Horizon in Space '' . 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Pollingreport.com. 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Arthur C. ( 1950 ) . `` 10 '' . Interplanetary Flight -- An Introduction to Astronautics . New York : Harper & Brothers . Jump up ^ `` NASA Astrobiology '' . Astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` X '' . Aleph.se. 11 March 2000 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fears and dreads '' . World Wide Words. 31 May 1997 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iTWire -- Scientists will look for alien life , but Where and How ? '' . Itwire.com.au. 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astrobiology '' . Biocab.org . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Peter ( 8 December 2006 ) . `` Launching the Alien Debates '' . Astrobiology Magazine . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Astrobiology : the quest for extraterrestrial life '' . Spacechronology.com. 29 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . NASA . 4 December 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Simberg , Rand ( Fall 2012 ) . `` Property Rights in Space '' . The New Atlantis ( 37 ) : 20 -- 31 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Launius , R.D. ; et al. `` Spaceflight : The Development of Science , Surveillance , and Commerce in Space '' . Proceedings of the IEEE. 100 ( special centennial issue ) : 1785 -- 1818 . doi : 10.1109 / JPROC. 2012.2187143 . An overview of the history of space exploration and predictions for the future . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Space exploration Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space exploration . 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GND : 4117629 - 7 NDL : 00574081 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_exploration&oldid=804807427 '' Categories : Space colonization Space exploration Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Use American English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Occitan پنجابی پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Wolof 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 08 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first thing sent into space	[ "Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a \"Space Race\" between the Soviet Union and the United States. The launch of the first human-made object to orbit Earth, the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period. The Soviet Space Program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) on 18 March 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971.[2]" ]	[ "4 October 1957" ]
3884842600990217884	List of countries by southernmost point	List of countries by southernmost point - wikipedia List of countries by southernmost point Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of countries by southernmost point on land . Where borders are contested , the southernmost point under the control of a nation is listed , excluding points within Antarctica and its outlying islands south of 60 ° S. A selection of dependent territories is listed , but not ranked . Rank Country Southernmost point Latitude -- Antarctica South Pole 90 ° 00 'S Antarctic Circle 66 ° 33 ′ 39 `` S United Kingdom Southern Thule , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Pednathise Head , Scilly Isles , United Kingdom Lizard Point ( mainland ) 59 ° 42 'S 49 ° 52'N 49 ° 57'N Chile Islote Águila , Diego Ramírez Islands Cape Froward ( mainland ) 56 ° 32 'S 53 ° 53 'S Argentina Southernmost point of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego Monte Dinero ( mainland ) 55 ° 04 'S 52 ° 24 'S Australia Bishop and Clerk Islets South East Cape ( Tasmania ) South Point ( mainland ) 55 ° 03 'S 43 ° 38 'S 39 ° 08 'S -- Falkland Islands Beauchene Island 52 ° 53 'S New Zealand Jacquemart Island Slope Point ( South Island ) 52 ° 37 'S 46 ° 40 'S 6 France Îles de Boynes , French Southern and Antarctic Lands Lavezzi Islands ( Metropolitan France ) Puig de Comanegra ( mainland ) 50 ° 01 'S 41 ° 20'N 42 ° 20'N 7 South Africa Marion Island , Prince Edward Islands Cape Agulhas ( mainland ) 46 ° 59 'S 34 ° 50 'S 8 Uruguay Isla de Lobos Punta del Este ( mainland ) 35 ° 02 'S 34 ° 58 'S 9 Brazil Border with Uruguay , Rio Grande do Sul , just north of Barra del Chuy ( Uruguay ) 33 ° 45 'S 10 Lesotho Quthing District 30 ° 40 'S 11 Namibia near Onseepkans 28 ° 58 'S -- French Polynesia Southern Rock , Marotiri 27 ° 55 'S 12 Paraguay Yacyretá Island 27 ° 43 'S 13 Swaziland near Lavumisa 27 ° 19 'S 14 Botswana Bokspits 26 ° 54 'S 15 Mozambique Coastal border with South Africa near Zitundo 26 ° 52 'S 16 Madagascar Cape Vohimena 25 ° 37 'S Tropic of Capricorn 23 ° 26 ′ 21 '' S 17 Bolivia Border with Chile , Sur Lípez Province 22 ° 54 'S 18 Zimbabwe Mozambique / South Africa / Zimbabwe tripoint 22 ° 25 'S -- Réunion Saint - Joseph 22 ° 23 'S 19 Tonga ʻAta Island 22 ° 21 'S 20 Fiji Ceva - I - Ra atoll 21 ° 44 'S 21 Mauritius Near Souillac 20 ° 32 'S 22 Vanuatu Anatom 20 ° 15 'S 23 Peru Border with Chile on the Pacific coast of Tacna Province 18 ° 21 'S 24 Zambia Border with Zimbabwe , Kalomo District 18 ° 05 'S 25 Angola Border with Namibia near Dirico , Cuando Cubango Province 18 ° 02 'S 26 Malawi Nsanje District 17 ° 07 'S 27 United States Rose Atoll ( `` unincorporated territory '' ) Palmyra Island ( `` incorporated Territory '' ) Ka Lae , Hawaii ( 50 states ) Cape Sable , Florida ( contiguous states ) 14 ° 34 'S 5 ° 53'N 18 ° 54'N 25 ° 07'N 28 Samoa Nu'ulua Island 14 ° 04 'S 29 Democratic Republic of the Congo Haut - Katanga Province 13 ° 27 'S 30 Comoros Île Canzouni , Mohéli 12 ° 25 'S 31 Solomon Islands East Rennell , Rennell Island 11o47 'S 32 Papua New Guinea Vanatinai near Suau , Samarai - Murua District ( mainland ) 11 ° 46 'S 10 ° 42 'S 33 Tanzania Border with Mozambique , south of Ligunga in Namtumbo District 11 ° 45 'S 34 Kiribati Flint Island , Line Islands 11 ° 26 'S 35 Indonesia Pamana Island 11 ° 00 'S 36 Tuvalu Niulakita 10 ° 48 'S 37 Seychelles Goëlettes Island , Farquhar Atoll 10 ° 13 'S 38 East Timor Border with Indonesia near Bisae Súnan , Passabe Subdistrict , Oecusse 09 ° 30 'S -- Tokelau Fenua Loa , Fakaofo 09 ° 21 'S -- British Indian Ocean Territory Southern tip of Diego Garcia 07 ° 26 'S 39 Republic of the Congo Coastal border with Cabinda Province , Angola , Pointe - Noire Department 05 ° 02 'S 40 Ecuador Border with Peru , Chinchipe Canton 05 ° 00 'S 41 Kenya Coastal border with Tanzania , near Lunga Lunga , Kwale County 04 ° 43 'S 42 Burundi Border with Tanzania at Colline Chibumba , near Mugina 04 ° 28 'S 43 Colombia Quebrada de San Antonio near Leticia , Amazonas 04 ° 14 'S 44 Gabon Coastal border with Republic of Congo , Haute - Banio Department 03 ° 59 'S 45 Rwanda Border with Burundi , Nyaruguru District , southwest of Butare 02 ° 51 'S 46 Somalia Border with Kenya at Chiamboni , Badhadhe District 01 ° 40 'S 47 Uganda Border with Tanzania , Kabale District 01 ° 29 'S 48 Equatorial Guinea Adams Islet , south of Annobón 01 ° 28 'S 49 Maldives Gan Island in Addu Atoll 00 ° 42 'S 50 Nauru Nauru International Airport , Yaren 00 ° 33 'S 51 São Tomé and Príncipe Ilhéu das Rolas 00 ° 01 'S Equator 00 ° 00 ′ 00 '' 52 Venezuela Border with Brazil , Río Negro Municipality , Amazonas 00 ° 40'N 53 Malaysia Border with Indonesia to the southeast of Tebedu , Sarawak 00 ° 51'N 54 Federated States of Micronesia Kapingamarangi 01 ° 01'N 55 Singapore Pulau Satumu 01 ° 09'N 56 Guyana Border with Brazil near Wai - Wai , Upper Takutu - Upper Essequibo Region 01 ° 11'N 57 Cameroon Border with Republic of Congo , Boumba - et - Ngoko Department , just north of Ouésso ( Congo ) 01 ° 39'N 58 Suriname Border with Brazil , Coeroeni 01 ° 50'N -- French Guiana Border with Brazil , Maripasoula 02 ° 06'N 59 Central African Republic Central African Republic / Republic of Congo / Cameroon tripoint , Sangha - Mbaéré 02 ° 13'N 60 Palau Transit Reef , Hatohobei 02 ° 47'N 61 Ethiopia Border with Kenya east of Moyale , Borena Zone 03 ° 24'N 62 South Sudan Border with Uganda south of Nimule 03 ° 29'N 63 China James Shoal ( disputed ) Southern tip of Hainan ( undisputed ) Hai'an , Guangdong ( mainland ) 03 ° 58'N 18 ° 10'N 20 ° 14'N 64 Brunei Border with Malaysia , Melilas 04 ° 00'N 65 Nigeria Cape Formoso , Brass , Bayelsa State 04 ° 17'N 66 Liberia Cape Palmas 04 ° 21'N 67 Côte d'Ivoire Coastal border with Liberia 04 ° 22'N 68 Marshall Islands Ebon Atoll 04 ° 34'N 69 Philippines Saluag Island , Sibutu , Tawi - Tawi province 04 ° 35'N 70 Ghana Cape Three Points , Western Region 04 ° 44'N 71 Costa Rica Cocos Island border with Panama at Punta Burica ( mainland ) 05 ° 31'N 08 ° 04'N 72 Thailand Border with Malaysia in Yarom , Betong District , Yala Province 05 ° 37'N 73 Sri Lanka Dondra Head 05 ° 55'N 74 Togo Lomé 06 ° 07'N 75 Benin Grand - Popo , Mono Department 06 ° 14'N 76 India Indira Point , Great Nicobar , Andaman and Nicobar Islands Kanyakumari ( Cape Comorin ) ( mainland ) 06 ° 44'N 08 ° 06'N 77 Sierra Leone Coastal border with Liberia southeast of Sulima , Pujehun District 06 ° 56'N 78 Panama Punta Mariato , Cerro Hoya National Park , Veraguas 07 ° 11'N 79 Guinea Border with Liberia on River Mani at Bignamou , Yomou Prefecture 07 ° 12'N 80 Chad Border with Central African Republic near Deng , Logone Oriental Region 07 ° 27'N 81 Vietnam Amboyna Cay ( disputed ) Hon Sao Island Cape Cà Mau ( mainland ) 07 ° 51'N 08 ° 25'N 08 ° 35'N 82 Sudan Including Kafia Kingi border with South Sudan south of Kurmuk , Blue Nile State 08 ° 41'N 09 ° 30'N 83 Burkina Faso Border with Côte d'Ivoire , Kpuere , Noumbiel Province 09 ° 24'N 84 Myanmar Christie Island , Myeik Kyunzu Kawthaung ( mainland ) 09 ° 36'N 09 ° 59'N 85 Cambodia Koh Puolo Wai border with Vietnam , Kampot Province ( mainland ) 09 ° 55'N 10 ° 24'N 86 Trinidad and Tobago Icacos , Siparia Region , Trinidad Island 10 ° 03'N 87 Mali Border with Côte d'Ivoire southeast of Manankoro , Bougouni Cercle 10 ° 09'N 88 Taiwan Taiping Island ( disputed ) Cape Eluanbi , Kenting National Park ( undisputed / mainland ) 10 ° 23'N 21 ° 53'N 89 Nicaragua Trinidad , Río San Juan 10 ° 43'N 90 Guinea - Bissau João Vieira and Poilão Marine National Park Headland in Cacine , Tombali Region , opposite the coast of Tristan Island ( Guinea ) ( mainland ) 10 ° 52'N 10 ° 55'N 91 Djibouti Border with Ethiopia southwest of ` As ` Ela 10 ° 56'N 92 Niger Benin / Niger / Nigeria tripoint 11 ° 42'N 93 Netherlands Klein Curaçao border with Belgium south of Kuttingen , Gulpen - Wittem ( European Netherlands ) 11 ° 59'N 50 ° 45'N 94 Grenada Glover Island , Saint George Parish 11 ° 59'N 95 Yemen Darsah Island , Socotra archipelago south of Al Bahiya , Al Madaribah Wa Al Arah District , Lahij Governorate ( mainland ) 12 ° 06'N 12 ° 36'N 96 Senegal Border with Guinea south of Dindefelo , Kédougou Region 12 ° 18'N 97 Eritrea Border with Djibouti , Southern Denkalya Subregion , southwest of the town of Dadda'to ( Djibouti ) 12 ° 22'N 98 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Petit Saint Vincent 12 ° 32'N 99 Honduras Pacific coast border with Nicaragua , Choluteca Department 12 ° 59'N 100 Gambia Coastal border with Senegal near Kartung , Kombo South 13 ° 02'N 101 Barbados South Point , Silver Sands , Christ Church Parish 13 ° 03'N 102 El Salvador El Jaguey , La Unión 13 ° 09'N 103 Saint Lucia Moule a Chique , near Vieux Fort 13 ° 42'N 104 Guatemala Border with El Salvador near Garita Chapina , Jutiapa Department 13 ° 44'N 105 Laos Border with Cambodia near Veun Kham , Khong District , Champasak Province 13 ° 55'N 106 Mexico Coastal border with Guatemala at the mouth of the Río Suchiate , Chiapas 14 ° 32'N 107 Mauritania Border with Senegal at the junction of the Karakoro River and Sénégal Rivers , Guidimaka Region 14 ° 43'N 108 Cape Verde Headland southeast of Tantum , Ilha Brava 14 ° 48'N 109 Dominica Coast southeast of Scotts Head 15 ° 12'N 110 Belize Southwestern border with Guatemala near Chocon ( Guatemala ) 15 ° 53'N 111 Saudi Arabia Border with Yemen south of Muwassam , Jizan Province ( mainland ) 16 ° 23'N 112 Oman Coastal border with Yemen , Dhofar Governorate 16 ° 39'N -- Montserrat Old Fort Point , Soufrière Hills Exclusion Zone 16 ° 40'N 113 Antigua and Barbuda Redonda Island 16 ° 56'N 114 Saint Kitts and Nevis Devil 's Cave , Saint John Figtree Parish , Nevis 17 ° 06'N 115 Dominican Republic Alto Velo Island , Jaragua National Park south of Oviedo , Pedernales in Jaragua National Park ( mainland ) 17 ° 28'N 17 ° 36'N 116 Jamaica Portland Point 17 ° 42'N 117 Haiti South of Torbeck , Les Cayes Arrondissement 18 ° 01'N 118 Algeria Border with Mali , Tin Zaouatine Commune 18 ° 58'N 119 Libya Chad / Libya / Sudan tripoint 19 ° 30'N 120 Cuba East of Cape Cruz , Desembarco del Granma National Park , Granma 19 ° 50'N 121 Japan Okino Torishima Island Ishigaki Island ( southernmost inhabited point ) Cape Sata ( four main Islands ) 20 ° 25'N 24 ° 44'N 30 ° 59'N 122 Bangladesh Chera Dwip , St. Martin 's Island border with Burma at Dakhinpara , Teknaf Upazila , Chittagong Division ( mainland ) 20 ° 35'N 20 ° 45'N -- Western Sahara Cape Blanc ( Ras Nouadibhou ) 20 ° 47'N 123 Bahamas Southeast of Matthew Town , Great Inagua Island 20 ° 55'N 124 Egypt Jebel Bartazuga , Bir Tawil ( disputed ) border with Sudan 21 ° 44'N 22 ° 00'N 125 United Arab Emirates Border with Saudi Arabia , Abu Dhabi Emirate 22 ° 38'N Tropic of Cancer 23 ° 26 ′ 21 '' N 126 Pakistan Rann of Kachchh , Sindh 23 ° 42'N 127 Qatar Border with Saudi Arabia , close to Qatar - UAE Road 24 ° 28'N 128 Iran Pasabandar , Sistan va Baluchestan Region 25 ° 04'N 129 Bahrain Hawar Islands 25 ° 34 `` N 130 Nepal Border with India near Biratnagar 26 ° 22'N 131 Bhutan Border with India 26 ° 43'N 132 Spain El Hierro , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Canary Islands Punta de Tarifa ( mainland ) 27 ° 38'N 36 ° 00'N 133 Morocco * Border with Western Sahara ( disputed ) 27 ° 40'N 134 Kuwait Border with Saudi Arabia 28 ° 32'N 135 Iraq Border with Saudi Arabia 29 ° 04'N 136 Jordan Intersection of Amman - Tabuk railway with Jordan / border with Saudi Arabia 29 ° 11'N 137 Afghanistan Border with Pakistan 29 ° 23'N 138 Israel Near Elat , Hadarom , Red Sea 29 ° 30'N 139 Portugal Ilhéu de Fora , Madeira Cabo de Santa Maria ( mainland ) 30 ° 03'N 36 ° 57'N 140 Tunisia Algeria / Libya / Tunisia tripoint 30 ° 15'N 141 Syria Border with Jordan 32 ° 19'N 142 Lebanon Border with Israel 33 ° 03'N 143 South Korea Marado , Seogwipo , Jeju Province Ttangkkeut , Haenam County , South Jeolla Province ( mainland ) 33 ° 06'N 34 ° 17'N 144 Cyprus Cape Gata 34 ° 34'N 145 Greece Gavdos , Crete Cape Tenaro ( mainland ) 34 ° 49'N 36 ° 23'N 146 Turkmenistan Border with Afghanistan 35 ° 09'N 147 Italy Lampedusa Island , Sicily Capo Spartivento ( mainland ) 35 ° 30'N 37 ° 56'N 148 Malta Delimara Point , Marsaxlokk 35 ° 47'N 149 Turkey Border with Syria , Hatay Region 35 ° 49'N 150 Tajikistan Border with Afghanistan 36 ° 40'N 151 Uzbekistan Afghanistan / Tajikistan / Uzbekistan tripoint 37 ° 11'N 152 North Korea Cape Tungsan , Kangryong 37 ° 40'N 153 Azerbaijan Border with Iran 38 ° 24'N 154 Armenia Border with Iran 38 ° 50'N 155 Kyrgyzstan Border with Tajikistan 39 ° 10'N 156 Albania Border with Greece , Sarandë Region 39 ° 39'N 157 Kazakhstan Border with Uzbekistan 40 ° 34'N 158 Macedonia Border with Greece 40 ° 52'N 159 Georgia Border with Azerbaijan 41 ° 03'N 160 Russia Border with Azerbaijan , Dagestan 41 ° 11'N 161 Bulgaria Border with Greece 41 ° 15'N 162 Mongolia Border with China 41 ° 34'N 163 Canada Middle Island , Ontario ( Lake Erie ) Point Pelee ( mainland ) 41 ° 41'N 41 ° 57'N 164 Serbia including Kosovo 41 ° 48'N 165 Montenegro Ada Bojana Island , Ulcinj municipality 41 ° 51'N 166 Vatican City Border with Italy 41 ° 54'N 167 Croatia Islet Galijula in Adriatic Sea 42 ° 23'N 168 Andorra Border with Spain 42 ° 26'N 169 Bosnia and Herzegovina Trebinje ; near border with Montenegro 42 ° 34'N 170 Romania Border with Bulgaria , Teleorman 43 ° 38'N 171 Monaco Fontvieille ; coast at border with France 43 ° 44'N 172 San Marino Border with Italy 43 ° 54'N 173 Ukraine Kiliis'kyi district , Crimea ( disputed ) 45 ° 20'N 174 Slovenia Border with Croatia 45 ° 25'N 175 Moldova Giurgiuleşti : Moldova / Romania / Ukraine tripoint 45 ° 28'N 176 Hungary Border with Croatia , Beremend 45 ° 45'N 177 Switzerland Border with Italy , Pedrinate , Ticino 45 ° 50'N 178 Austria Border with Slovenia , Carinthia 46 ° 23'N -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre Island 46 ° 45'N 179 Liechtenstein Border with Switzerland 47 ° 03'N 180 Germany Border with Austria , Bavaria 47 ° 17'N 181 Slovakia Border with Hungary , Patince 47 ° 44'N 182 Czech Republic Border with Austria near Vyšší Brod 48 ° 33'N 183 Poland Border with Ukraine at Opołonek peak 49 ° 00'N 184 Luxembourg Border with France 49 ° 27'N 185 Belgium Border with France , Luxembourg , Wallonia 49 ° 30'N -- England Pednathise Head , Scilly Isles Lizard Point ( mainland ) 49 ° 52'N 49 ° 57'N 186 Belarus Nizhnie Zhary , Brahin District , Gomel Region 51 ° 15'N 187 Ireland Fastnet Rock , County Cork Brow Head ( mainland ) 51 ° 23'N 51 ° 26'N -- Wales Flat Holm 51 ° 23'N 188 Lithuania Border with Belarus , Lazdijai 53 ° 54'N -- Northern Ireland Cranfield Point 54 ° 01'N 189 Denmark Falster , Storstrom Region 54 ° 34'N -- Scotland Mull of Galloway 54 ° 38'N 190 Sweden Smygehuk , Skåne , east of Trelleborg 55 ° 20'N 191 Latvia Murani , Daugavpils Region ; Belarus / Latvia / Lithuania tripoint 55 ° 40'N 192 Estonia Border with Latvia , Karisöödi village , Mõniste Parish , Võru County 57 ° 31'N 193 Norway Pysen , Mandal region Lindesnes ( mainland ) 57 ° 57'N 58 ° 00'N 194 Greenland Islet 2.3 km south of Cape Farewell mainland 59 ° 46'N 60 ° 08'N 195 Finland Bogskär in Föglö municipality , Åland Tulliniemi in Hanko ( mainland ) 59 ° 30'N 59 ° 48'N -- Faroe Islands Munkurin 61 ° 20'N 196 Iceland Surtsey Island Kötlutangi ( mainland ) 63 ° 17'N 63 ° 23'N Arctic Circle 66 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Like the District of Columbia , incorporated territories are officially integral parts of the United States , unlike unincorporated territories which are mere possessions or appurtenances , according to the United States Supreme Court , so the U.S. Territory of Palmyra Island is technically the southernmost part of the United States of America . See the Insular Cases . Jump up ^ Sudan occupies an area internationally regarded as part of South Sudan around the town of Kafia Kingi . The second listing for Sudan is the southernmost point of the internationally recognised border . Jump up ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 110 out of 193 United Nations member states . 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-3436732045124162699	Gallipoli Campaign	Gallipoli campaign - wikipedia Gallipoli campaign Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Gallipoli '' redirects here . For other uses , see Battle of Gallipoli ( disambiguation ) . `` Dardanelles Campaign '' redirects here . For other uses , see Battle of the Dardanelles . Gallipoli Campaign Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War A collection of photographs from the campaign . From top and left to right : Ottoman commanders including Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( fourth from left ) ; Allied warships ; the view down to Anzac Cove ; Ottoman soldiers in a trench ; and Allied positions . Date 17 February 1915 -- 9 January 1916 ( 10 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Gallipoli Peninsula , Sanjak of Gelibolu , Adrianople Vilayet , Ottoman Empire Result Ottoman victory Belligerents British Empire Australia India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Supported by : German Empire Austria - Hungary Commanders and leaders Ian Hamilton Herbert Kitchener John de Robeck William Birdwood Winston Churchill Henri Gouraud Maurice Bailloud Otto von Sanders Enver Pasha Esat Bülkat Cevat Çobanlı Mustafa Kemal Wehib Pasha Fevzi Çakmak Yakup Şevki Subaşı Kazım Karabekir Units involved Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Egyptian Labour Corps Maltese Labour Corps Oriental Expeditionary Corps 5th Army Strength 5 divisions ( initial ) 15 divisions ( final ) Total : 489,000 345,000 British ( including Indians , Irish and Newfoundlanders ) 79,000 French c . 50,000 Australians c . 15,000 New Zealanders Supported by c. 2,000 civilian labourers 6 divisions ( initial ) 16 divisions ( final ) Total : 315,500 Casualties and losses British Empire : 160,790 battle casualties 3,778 + died of disease 90,000 evacuated sick French Third Republic : 27,169 battle casualties deaths from disease : unknown 20,000 evacuated sick Total : 302,000 casualties Ottoman Empire : 56,643 killed 97,007 wounded or injured 11,178 missing or PoW 64,440 evacuated sick 21,000 died of disease Total : 250,000 casualties Gallipoli Campaign Naval operations Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale * 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60 Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean The Gallipoli Campaign , also known as the Dardanelles Campaign , the Battle of Gallipoli , or the Battle of Çanakkale ( Turkish : Çanakkale Savaşı ) , was a campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula ( Gelibolu in modern Turkey ) in the Ottoman Empire between 17 February 1915 and 9 January 1916 . The peninsula forms the northern bank of the Dardanelles , a strait that provided a sea route to the Russian Empire , one of the Allied powers during the war . Intending to secure it , Russia 's allies , Britain and France , launched a naval attack followed by an amphibious landing on the peninsula , with the aim of capturing the Ottoman capital of Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ) . The naval attack was repelled and after eight months ' fighting , with many casualties on both sides , the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn to Egypt . The campaign was the only major Ottoman victory of the war . In Turkey , it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation 's history , a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled . The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey eight years later , with Mustafa Kemal ( Kemal Atatürk ) as President , who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli . The campaign is often considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness ; 25 April , the anniversary of the landings , is known as `` Anzac Day '' , the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries , surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Ottoman entry into the war 1.2 Allied strategy and the Dardanelles 2 Naval campaign 2.1 Attempt to force the Straits 2.2 18 March 1915 3 Preparations for invasion 3.1 Allied landing preparations 3.2 Ottoman defensive preparations 4 Landings 4.1 Anzac Cove 4.2 Cape Helles 5 Land campaign 5.1 Early battles 5.2 Operations : May 1915 5.3 Ottoman counter-offensive : 19 May 5.4 Operations : June -- July 1915 5.5 August offensive 5.6 Evacuation 6 Aftermath 6.1 Military repercussions 6.2 Political effects 6.3 Casualties 6.3. 1 Sickness 6.3. 2 Graves and memorials 6.4 Subsequent operations 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Ottoman entry into the War ( edit ) Main articles : Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and Ottoman entry into World War I At the beginning of the 20th century , the Ottoman Empire had the reputation of being the `` sick man of Europe '' ; following a century of slow decline , weakened by political instability , military defeat , civil strife and uprisings by national minorities . In 1908 , a group of young officers , known as the Young Turks , seized power in Constantinople ; Sultan Mehmed V was installed as a figurehead in 1909 . The new régime implemented a program of reform to modernise the outdated political and economic system and to redefine the racial character of the empire . Germany , an enthusiastic supporter , provided significant investment , German diplomats gained influence and German officers assisted in training and re-equipping the army , despite Britain being the predominant power in the region . The economic resources of the Ottoman Empire were depleted by the cost of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and the French , British and Germans had offered financial aid . A pro-German faction influenced by Enver Pasha , the former Ottoman military attaché in Berlin , opposed the pro-British majority in the Ottoman cabinet and tried to secure closer relations with Germany . In December 1913 , the Germans sent a military mission to Constantinople , headed by General Otto Liman von Sanders . The geographical position of the Ottoman Empire meant that Russia , France and Britain had a significant interest in Turkish neutrality in the event of war in Europe . During the Sarajevo Crisis in 1914 , German diplomats offered Turkey an anti-Russian alliance and territorial gains in Caucasia , north - west Iran and Trans - Caspia . The pro-British faction in the cabinet was isolated due to the British ambassador taking leave until 18 August . As the crisis deepened in Europe , Ottoman policy was to obtain a guarantee of territorial integrity and potential advantages , unaware that the British might enter a European war . On 30 July 1914 , two days after the outbreak of the war in Europe , the Ottoman leaders agreed to form a secret Ottoman - German Alliance against Russia , although it did not require them to undertake military action . On 2 August , the British requisitioned two modern battleships -- Sultân Osmân - ı Evvel and Reşadiye which were under construction in British shipyards for the Ottoman Navy -- for their own use , alienating pro-British elements in Constantinople , despite the offer of compensation if they remained neutral . This action strained diplomatic relations between the two empires and the German government offered SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau to the Ottoman Navy as replacements , in an attempt to gain influence . The Allies tried to intercept the ships , which escaped when the Ottoman government opened the Dardanelles to allow them passage to Constantinople , despite being required under international law , as a neutral party , to block military shipping . Allowing the German ships to enter the Dardanelles , demonstrated the Ottoman alignment with Germany . In September , the British naval mission to the Ottomans , which had been established in 1912 under Admiral Arthur Limpus , was recalled due to increasing concern that Turkey would enter the war and Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon of the Imperial German Navy , took command of the Ottoman navy . Acting without orders from the Ottoman government , on 27 September , the German commander of the Dardanelles fortifications ordered the passage closed , adding to the impression that the Ottomans were pro-German . The German naval presence and the success of the German armies in Europe , gave the pro-German faction in the Ottoman government enough influence to declare war on Russia . On 27 October , Goeben and Breslau , having been renamed Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli , conducted the Black Sea Raid , a sortie into the Black Sea , where they bombarded the Russian port of Odessa and sank several ships . The Ottomans refused an Allied demand that they expel the German missions and on 31 October 1914 , formally entered the war on the side of the Central Powers . Russia declared war on Turkey on 2 November , the next day the British ambassador left Constantinople and a British naval squadron off the Dardanelles bombarded the outer defensive forts at Kum Kale on the northern Asian coast and Seddülbahir on the southern tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula . A British shell hit a magazine in one of the forts , knocked the guns off their mounts and killed 86 soldiers . Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and the Ottomans declared a jihad ( holy war ) later that month , beginning the Caucasus Campaign with an offensive against the Russians , to regain former Ottoman provinces . The Mesopotamian Campaign began with a British landing at Basra to control the oil facilities in the Persian Gulf . The Ottomans prepared to attack Egypt in early 1915 , aiming to occupy the Suez Canal and cut the Mediterranean route to India and the Far East . The historian Hew Strachan wrote that in hindsight , Ottoman belligerence was inevitable , once Goeben and Breslau were allowed into the Dardanelles and that delays after that were caused by Ottoman unreadiness for war and Bulgarian neutrality , rather than uncertainty about policy . Allied strategy and the Dardanelles ( edit ) Sea access to Russia through the Dardanelles ( in yellow ) Before the Dardanelles operation was conceived , the British had planned to conduct an amphibious invasion near Alexandretta on the Mediterranean Sea , an idea originally presented by Boghos Nubar in 1914 . This plan was developed by the Secretary of State for War , Field Marshal Earl Kitchener to sever the capital from Syria , Palestine and Egypt . Alexandretta was an area with a Christian population and was the strategic centre of the Empire 's railway network -- its capture would have cut the empire in two . Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peirse , East Indies Station , ordered Captain Frank Larkin of HMS Doris to Alexandretta on 13 December 1914 . At the same time , in the same area , the Russian cruiser Askold and the French cruiser Requin were performing similar operations . Kitchener was working on the plan as late as March 1915 . This plan was also the beginning of Britain 's successful effort to start an Arab Revolt . The Alexandretta landing was abandoned because militarily it would have required more resources than France could allocate and politically France did not want the British operating in their sphere of influence , a position to which Britain had agreed in 1912 . By late 1914 the war on the Western Front had become a stalemate ; the Franco - British counter-offensive of the First Battle of the Marne had ended and the British had suffered many casualties in the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders . Lines of trenches had been dug by both sides , running from the Swiss border to the English Channel as the war of manoeuvre ended and trench warfare began . The German Empire and Austria - Hungary closed the overland trade routes between Britain and France in the west and Russia in the east . The White Sea in the arctic north and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were icebound in winter and distant from the Eastern Front , the Baltic Sea was blockaded by the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) and the entrance to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles was controlled by the Ottoman Empire . While the empire remained neutral supplies could still be sent to Russia through the Dardanelles but prior to the Ottoman entry into the war the straits had been closed and in November they began to mine the waterway . French Minister of Justice Aristide Briand 's proposal in November to attack the Ottoman Empire was rejected and an attempt by the British to pay the Ottomans to join the Allied side also failed . Later that month , Winston Churchill , First Lord of the Admiralty , proposed a naval attack on the Dardanelles , based in part on erroneous reports of Ottoman troop strength . Churchill wanted to use a large number of obsolete battleships , which could not operate against the German High Seas Fleet , in a Dardanelles operation , with a small occupation force provided by the army . It was hoped that an attack on the Ottomans would also draw Bulgaria and Greece ( both formerly ruled by the Ottomans ) into the war on the Allied side . On 2 January 1915 , Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia appealed to Britain for assistance against the Ottomans , who were conducting an offensive in the Caucasus . Planning began for a naval demonstration in the Dardanelles to divert troops from the Caucasian theatre of operations . Naval campaign ( edit ) Main article : Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign Attempt to force the straits ( edit ) Graphic map of the Dardanelles On 17 February 1915 , a British seaplane from HMS Ark Royal flew a reconnaissance sortie over the Straits . Two days later , the first attack on the Dardanelles began when a strong Anglo - French task force , including the British battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth , began a long - range bombardment of Ottoman coastal artillery batteries . The British had intended to use eight aircraft from Ark Royal to spot for the bombardment but harsh conditions rendered all but one of these , a Short Type 136 , unserviceable . A period of bad weather slowed the initial phase but by 25 February the outer forts had been reduced and the entrance cleared of mines . After this , Royal Marines were landed to destroy guns at Kum Kale and Seddülbahir , while the naval bombardment shifted to batteries between Kum Kale and Kephez . Frustrated by the mobility of the Ottoman batteries , which evaded the Allied bombardments and threatened the minesweepers sent to clear the Straits , Churchill began pressuring the naval commander , Admiral Sackville Carden , to increase the fleet 's efforts . Carden drew up fresh plans and on 4 March sent a cable to Churchill , stating that the fleet could expect to arrive in Constantinople within 14 days . A sense of impending victory was heightened by the interception of a German wireless message that revealed the Ottoman Dardanelles forts were running out of ammunition . When the message was relayed to Carden , it was agreed a main attack would be launched on or around 17 March . It transpired that Carden , suffering from stress , was placed on the sick list by the medical officer and command was taken over by Admiral John de Robeck . 18 March 1915 ( edit ) Panoramic view of the Allied fleet in the Dardanelles On 18 March 1915 , the main attack was launched by the Allied fleet , comprising 18 battleships with an array of cruisers and destroyers , against the narrowest point of the Dardanelles , where the straits are 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide . Despite some damage to the Allied ships engaging the forts from Ottoman return fire , minesweepers were ordered along the straits . According to the Ottoman official account , by 2 : 00 p.m. `` all telephone wires were cut , all communications with the forts were interrupted , some of the guns had been knocked out ... in consequence the artillery fire of the defence had slackened considerably '' . The French battleship Bouvet struck a mine , causing it to capsize with her crew of over 600 still aboard . Minesweepers , manned by civilians , retreated under Ottoman artillery - fire , leaving the minefields largely intact . HMS Irresistible and HMS Inflexible detonated mines and sank , although there was confusion during the battle about the cause of the damage -- some blamed torpedoes . HMS Ocean , sent to rescue the Irresistible , was damaged by an explosion and eventually sank . The French battleships Suffren and Gaulois were also damaged ; the ships had sailed through a new line of mines placed secretly by the Ottoman minelayer Nusret ten days before . The losses forced de Robeck to sound the `` general recall '' to protect what remained of his force . During the planning of the campaign , naval losses had been anticipated and so mainly obsolete battleships , unfit to face the German fleet , had been sent . Some of the senior naval officers like the commander of Queen Elizabeth , Commodore Roger Keyes , felt that they had come close to victory , believing that the Ottoman guns had almost run out of ammunition but the views of de Robeck , the First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher and others prevailed . This ended Allied attempts to force the straits using naval power , due to unacceptable losses and bad weather . Planning to capture the Turkish defences by land began and two Allied submarines tried to traverse the Dardanelles but were lost to mines and the strong currents . Preparations for invasion ( edit ) Allied landing preparations ( edit ) Main article : Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign French troops land at Lemnos , 1915 . After the failure of the naval attacks , troops were assembled to eliminate the Ottoman mobile artillery , which was preventing the Allied minesweepers from clearing the way for the larger vessels . Kitchener appointed General Sir Ian Hamilton to command the 78,000 men of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) . Soldiers from the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) and New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were encamped in Egypt , undergoing training prior to being sent to France . The Australian and New Zealand troops were formed into the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC Corps , Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood ) , comprising the volunteer 1st Australian Division and the New Zealand and Australian Division . The ANZAC troops were joined by the regular 29th Division and the Royal Naval Division . The French Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient ( Orient Expeditionary Corps ) , consisting of metropolitan and colonial troops , was subsequently placed under Hamilton 's command . Over the following month , Hamilton prepared his plan and the British and French divisions joined the Australians in Egypt . Hamilton chose to concentrate on the southern part of the Gallipoli peninsula at Cape Helles and Seddülbahir , where an unopposed landing was expected . The Allies initially discounted the fighting ability of the Ottoman soldiers . The naïveté of the Allied planners was illustrated by a leaflet that was issued to the British and Australians while they were still in Egypt , Turkish soldiers as a rule manifest their desire to surrender by holding their rifle butt upward and by waving clothes or rags of any colour . An actual white flag should be regarded with the utmost suspicion as a Turkish soldier is unlikely to possess anything of that colour . The underestimation of Ottoman military potential stemmed from a `` sense of superiority '' among the Allies , because of the decline of the Ottoman Empire and its poor performance in Libya in 1911 and the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 . Allied intelligence failed to adequately prepare for the campaign , in some cases relying on information gained from Egyptian travel guides . The troops for the assault were loaded on transports in the order they were to disembark , causing a long delay which meant that many troops , including the French at Mudros , were forced to detour to Alexandria to embark on the ships that would take them into battle . A five - week delay until the end of April ensued , during which the Ottomans strengthened their defences on the peninsula ; although bad weather during March and April might have delayed the landings anyway , preventing supply and reinforcement . Following preparations in Egypt , Hamilton and his headquarters staff arrived at Mudros on 10 April . The ANZAC Corps departed Egypt in early April and assembled on the island of Lemnos in Greece on 12 April , where a small garrison had been established in early March and practice landings were undertaken . The British 29th Division departed for Mudros on 7 April and the Royal Naval Division rehearsed on the island of Skyros , after arriving there on 17 April . That day , the British submarine HMS E15 ( Captain T.S. Brodie ) , tried to run the straits but hit a submarine net , ran aground and was shelled by a Turkish fort , killing Brodie and six of the crew ; the survivors were forced to surrender . The Allied fleet and British and French troops assembled at Mudros , ready for the landings but poor weather from 19 March grounded Allied aircraft for nine days and on 24 days only a partial programme of reconnaissance flights were possible . Ottoman defensive preparations ( edit ) Dispositions of the Ottoman 5th Army The Ottoman force prepared to repel a landing on either side of the Straits was the 5th Army . This force , which initially consisted of five divisions with another en route , was a conscript force , commanded by von Sanders . Many of the senior officers in the 5th Army were also German . Ottoman commanders and senior German officers debated the best means of defending the peninsula . All agreed that the best defence was to hold the high ground on the ridges of the peninsula . There was disagreement as to where the enemy would land and hence where to concentrate forces . Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal was familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and forecast that Cape Helles ( the southern tip of the peninsula ) and Gaba Tepe were the likely areas for landing . Kemal believed that the British would use their naval power to command the land from every side at the tip of the peninsula ; at Gaba Tepe , the short distance to the eastern coast meant that the Allies could easily reach the Narrows ( the right - angled bend in the middle of the Dardanelles ) . Sanders considered Besika Bay on the Asiatic coast to be the most vulnerable to invasion , since the terrain was easier to cross and was convenient to attack the most important Ottoman batteries guarding the straits and a third of the 5th Army was assembled there . Two divisions were concentrated at Bulair at the north end of the Gallipoli peninsula , to protect supply and communication lines to the defences further down the peninsula . The 19th Division ( Kemal ) and the 9th Division were placed along the Aegean coast and at Cape Helles on the tip of the peninsula . Sanders kept the bulk of the Ottoman forces inland in reserve , leaving a minimum of troops guarding the coast . The 3rd Division and a cavalry brigade arrived from Constantinople in early April , bringing the front line strength of the Ottomans up to 60,000 -- 62,077 men , which Sanders concentrated in three groups . A maximum effort to improve land and sea communications was ordered to move reinforcements swiftly to danger points and troops moved at night to avoid Allied air reconnaissance . Sanders ' strategy was opposed by Ottoman commanders , including Kemal , who believed that the defenders were too widely dispersed to defeat the invasion on the beaches . Sanders was certain that a rigid system of defence would fail and that the only hope of success lay in the mobility of the three groups , particularly the 19th Division near Boghali , in general reserve , ready to move to Bulair , Gaba Tepe or the Asiatic shore . Heavy artillery from the German armoured cruiser Roon , 1915 The time needed by the British to organise the landings meant that Sanders , Colonel Hans Kannengiesser and other German officers , supported by III Corps commander Esat Pasha , had more time to prepare their defences . Sanders later noted , `` the British allowed us four good weeks of respite for all this work before their great disembarkation ... This respite just sufficed for the most indispensable measures to be taken . '' Roads were constructed , small boats built to carry troops and equipment across the Narrows , beaches were wired and improvised mines were constructed from torpedo warheads . Trenches and gun emplacements were dug along the beaches and troops went on route marches to avoid lethargy . Kemal , whose 19th Division was vital to the defensive scheme , observed the beaches and awaited signs of an invasion from his post at Boghali , near Maidos . The Ottomans created a small air force with German assistance and had four aircraft operating around Çanakkale in February , conducting reconnaissance and army co-operation sorties , From 11 April , an Ottoman aircraft made frequent flights over Mudros , keeping watch on the assembly of the British naval force and an airfield was established near Gallipoli . Landings ( edit ) Main articles : Landing at Anzac Cove and Landing at Cape Helles Landing at Gallipoli , April 1915 The Allies planned to land and secure the northern shore , to capture the Ottoman forts and artillery batteries there so that a naval force could advance through the Narrows and the Sea of Marmara towards Constantinople . Scheduled for 23 April but postponed until 25 April due to bad weather , landings were to be made at six beaches on the peninsula . The 29th Division was to land at Helles on the tip of the peninsula and then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir . The Anzacs , with the 3rd Infantry Brigade spearheading the assault , were to land north of Gaba Tepe on the Aegean coast , from where they could advance across the peninsula , cutting off the Ottoman troops in Kilitbahir . The small cove in and around which they landed became known as `` Anzac Cove '' . This sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula became known as Anzac ; the area held by the British and French became known as the Helles sector or Helles . The French made a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian shore before re-embarking , to hold the eastern area of the Helles sector . The Royal Naval Division simulated landing preparations at Bulair as a diversion and a New Zealand officer , Bernard Freyberg , swam ashore under fire to light flares , to distract the defenders from the real landings ; Freyberg was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order . Arrangements for naval gunfire support to the landings , had originally included bombarding the beaches and approaches but was changed to engagement of the ridges during the landings , with the beaches only to be shelled prior to the landings . No decision was ultimately made on the issue of close - support , and it was left up to the initiative of individual ships ' captains . A reluctance to approach the shore later impacted on landings at ' V ' and ' W ' beach where some of the heaviest losses among the infantry occurred , while naval gunfire was of some assistance at ' S ' , ' X ' and Anzac . Even then its effectiveness was limited by the initial confusion ashore , the broken terrain , thick vegetation , and the lack of observation . Kitchener had ruled that air requirements must be met by the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) and the Allies employed a small force of seaplanes and other aircraft from 3 Squadron , RNAS ( Commander Charles Samson ) which arrived at Tenedos at the end of March . The aircraft were unopposed by the small Ottoman air force at first and during the planning , the force had been used to provide aerial reconnaissance , although this ultimately proved inadequate to meet the Allies ' intelligence needs and make up for the lack of adequate maps . After the landings , Allied aircraft conducted photographic reconnaissance , observed naval gunfire , reported on Ottoman troop movements and conducted a small number of bombing raids . Anzac Cove ( edit ) Allocated the northern landing , Birdwood 's force included the 1st Australian Division ( Major General William Bridges ) and the New Zealand and Australian Division ( Major General Sir Alexander Godley ) , a force of about 25,000 men . The force was to land and advance inland to cut the lines of communication to the Ottoman forces in the south . The 1st Australian Division would land first , with the 3rd Infantry Brigade first as a covering force moving inland to establish positions on Gun Ridge . The 2nd Infantry Brigade was to follow and to capture the higher ground on Sari Bair . The 1st Infantry Brigade would land last as the divisional reserve . The New Zealand and Australian Division was to come ashore and form up to advance across the peninsula . The force was to assemble at night and land at dawn to surprise the defenders and on the evening of 24 April , the covering force embarked on battleships and destroyers , with the follow on forces in on transports . The troops would disembark from the transports into ships ' boats and be towed close to the shore by steamboats and then row ashore . Landing of the covering force from battleships ( red ) and destroyers ( orange ) at Anzac Cove , 25 April 1915 At 04 : 00 on the morning of 25 April the first wave of troops from the 3rd Brigade began moving towards the shore on lighters and the ships ' boats . The covering force landed approximately 1.2 miles ( 2 km ) too far north , in a bay just south of Ari Burnu , due to undetected currents or a navigational error . The landing was more difficult , over ground which rose steeply from the beaches , unlike the objective to the south , which was more open . The landing site was garrisoned by only two Ottoman companies but from positions on commanding ground the Ottomans inflict numerous casualties on the Australians before being overcome . The broken terrain prevented a coordinated drive inland , with the Australians on unfamiliar ground and with inaccurate maps . In the maze of steep ravines , spurs and dense scrub , Australian parties that got forward quickly lost contact and were broken up into small groups . Some Australian troops reached the second ridge but fewer still reached their objectives and having become dispersed , the covering force could provide little support to the follow - up force . The 1st and 2nd Brigades , then the New Zealand and Australian Division , landed on the beaches around Ari Burnu but became entangled , which took time to reorganise . About four hours after the landings began , the bulk of the 1st Australian Division was ashore safely and its leading elements were pushing inland . By mid-morning Kemal had reorganised the defenders for a counter-attack on the commanding heights of Chunuk Bair and Sari Bair . The right flank of the small lodgement taken by the Australians was driven in at 10 : 30 a.m. , with most of 400 Plateau being lost . During the afternoon and evening the left flank was pushed back from Baby 700 and the Nek . By evening , Bridges and Godley recommended re-embarkation ; Birdwood agreed but after advice from the navy that re-embarkation was impossible , Hamilton ordered the troops dig - in instead . The Ottoman counter-attack was eventually repulsed and the Australians established a perimeter roughly from Walker 's Ridge in the north to Shell Green in the south . Anzac casualties on the first day numbered around 2,000 men killed or wounded . The failure to secure the high ground led to a tactical stalemate , with the landings contained by the defenders in a perimeter less than 1.2 mi ( 2 km ) long . The Australian submarine HMAS AE2 ( Lieutenant Commander Henry Stoker ) penetrated the Straits on the night of 24 / 25 April . As landings began at Cape Helles and Anzac Cove at dawn on 25 April , AE2 reached Chanak by 06 : 00 and torpedoed a Turkish gunboat believed to be a Peyk - i Şevket - class cruiser and evaded a destroyer . The submarine ran aground beneath a Turkish fort but the Ottoman gunners could not bring their guns to bear and AE2 was manoeuvred free . Shortly after refloating , the periscope was sighted by a Turkish battleship firing over the peninsula at Allied landing sites and the ship ceased fire and withdrew . AE2 advanced toward the Sea of Marmara and at 08 : 30 Stoker decided to rest the boat on the seabed until nightfall . At around 21 : 00 , AE2 surfaced to recharge batteries and sent a wireless report to the fleet . The landing at Cape Helles was going well but the landing at Anzac Cove was not as successful and the Anzac commander , Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood , contemplated the re-embarkation of his troops . The success of AE2 was a consideration in Birdwood deciding to persist and reports about AE2 were relayed to the soldiers ashore to improve morale . Stoker was ordered to `` generally run amok '' and with no enemies in sight , he sailed into the Sea of Marmara , where AE2 cruised for five days to give the impression of greater numbers and made several attacks against Ottoman ships , which failed because of mechanical problems with the torpedoes . Cape Helles ( edit ) The Helles landing was made by the 29th Division ( Major General Aylmer Hunter - Weston ) . The division landed on five beaches in an arc about the tip of the peninsula , named ' S ' , ' V ' , ' W ' , ' X ' and ' Y ' Beaches from east to west . On 1 May , the 29th Indian Brigade ( including the 1 / 6th Gurkha Rifles ) landed , took and secured Sari Bair above the landing beaches and was joined by the 1st / 5th and the 2nd / 10th Gurkha battalions ; the Zion Mule Corps landed at Helles on 27 April . At ' Y ' Beach , during the first engagement , the First Battle of Krithia , the Allies landed unopposed and advanced inland . There were only a small number of defenders in the village but lacking orders to exploit the position , the ' Y ' Beach commander withdrew his force to the beach . It was as close as the Allies ever came to capturing the village as the Ottomans brought up a battalion of the 25th Regiment , checking any further movement . Cape Helles landing beaches The main landings were made at ' V ' Beach , beneath the old Seddülbahir fortress and at ' W ' Beach , a short distance to the west on the other side of the Helles headland . The covering force of Royal Munster Fusiliers and Hampshires landed from a converted collier , SS River Clyde , which was run aground beneath the fortress so that the troops could disembark along ramps . The Royal Dublin Fusiliers landed at ' V ' Beach and the Lancashire Fusiliers at ' W ' Beach in open boats , on a shore overlooked by dunes and obstructed with barbed wire . On both beaches the Ottoman defenders occupied good defensive positions and inflicted many casualties on the British infantry as they landed . Troops emerging one by one from sally ports on River Clyde were shot by machine - gunners at the Seddülbahir fort and of the first 200 soldiers to disembark , 21 men reached the beach . The Ottoman defenders were too few to defeat the landing but inflicted many casualties and contained the attack close to the shore . By the morning of 25 April , out of ammunition and with nothing but bayonets to meet the attackers on the slopes leading up from the beach to the heights of Chunuk Bair , the 57th Infantry Regiment received orders from Kemal `` I do not order you to fight , I order you to die . In the time which passes until we die , other troops and commanders can come forward and take our places . '' and every man of the regiment was either killed or wounded . At ' W ' Beach , thereafter known as Lancashire Landing , the Lancashires were able to overwhelm the defenders despite the loss of 600 casualties from 1,000 men , about 70 percent casualties . Six awards of the Victoria Cross were made among the Lancashires at ' W ' Beach . A further six Victoria Crosses were awarded among the infantry and sailors at the ' V ' Beach landing and three more were awarded the following day as they fought their way inland . Five squads of Ottoman infantry led by Sergeant Yahya distinguished themselves by repulsing several attacks on their hilltop position , the defenders eventually disengaging under cover of darkness . After the landings , so few men remained from the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers that they were amalgamated into The Dubsters . Only one Dubliner officer survived the landing , while of the 1,012 Dubliners who landed , just 11 survived the Gallipoli campaign unscathed . After the landings , little was done by the Allies to exploit the situation , apart from a few limited advances inland by small groups of men . The Allied attack lost momentum and the Ottomans had time to bring up reinforcements and rally the small number of defending troops . Land campaign ( edit ) Early Battles ( edit ) Anzac , the landing 1915 by George Lambert , 1922 shows the landing at Anzac Cove , 25 April 1915 On the afternoon of 27 April , the 19th Division , reinforced by six battalions from the 5th Division , counter-attacked the six Allied brigades at Anzac . With the support of naval gunfire , the Allies held back the Ottomans throughout the night . The following day the British were joined by French troops transferred from Kum Kale on the Asiatic shore to the right of the line near ' S ' Beach at Morto Bay . On 28 April , the Allies fought the First Battle of Krithia to capture the village . Hunter - Weston made a plan which proved overly complex and was poorly communicated to the commanders in the field . The troops of the 29th Division were still exhausted and unnerved by the battles for the beaches and for Seddülbahir village , which was captured after much fighting on 26 April . The Ottoman defenders stopped the Allied advance halfway between the Helles headland and Krithia around 6 : 00 p.m. , having inflicted 3,000 casualties . As Ottoman reinforcements arrived , the possibility of a swift Allied victory on the peninsula disappeared and the fighting at Helles and Anzac became a battle of attrition . On 30 April , the Royal Naval Division ( Major General Archibald Paris ) landed . The same day , Kemal , believing that the Allies were on the verge of defeat , began moving troops forward through Wire Gulley , near the 400 Plateau and Lone Pine . Eight battalions of reinforcements were dispatched from Constantinople a day later and that afternoon , Ottoman troops counter-attacked at Helles and Anzac . The Ottomans briefly broke through in the French sector but the attacks were repulsed by massed Allied machine - gun fire , which inflicted many casualties on the attackers . The following night , Birdwood ordered the New Zealand and Australian Division to attack from Russell 's Top and Quinn 's Post towards Baby 700 . The Australian 4th Infantry Brigade ( Colonel John Monash ) , the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and Royal Marines from the Chatham Battalion took part in the attack . Covered by a naval and artillery barrage , the troops advanced a short distance during the night but got separated in the dark . The attackers came under massed small - arms fire from their exposed left flank and were repulsed , having suffered about 1,000 casualties . HMAS AE2 On 30 April , the submarine AE2 began to rise uncontrollably and surfaced near the Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar , then dropped precipitously below the safe diving depth , then broke the surface again at the stern . Sultanhisar immediately fired on the submarine , puncturing the pressure hull . Stoker ordered the company to abandon ship , scuttled the submarine and the crew was taken prisoner . AE2 's achievements showed that it was possible to force the Straits and soon Ottoman communications were badly disrupted by British and French submarine operations . On 27 April , HMS E14 ( Lieutenant Commander Edward Boyle ) , entered the Sea of Marmara on a three - week patrol , which became one of the most successful Allied naval actions of the campaign , in which four ships were sunk , including the transport Gul Djemal which was carrying 6,000 troops and a field battery to Gallipoli . While the quantity and value of the shipping sunk was minor , the effect on Ottoman communications and morale was significant ; Boyle was awarded the Victoria Cross . Following the success of AE2 and E14 , the French submarine Joule attempted the passage on 1 May but struck a mine and was lost with all hands . ( Several weeks earlier another French boat , Saphir , had been lost after running aground near Nagara Point . ) Operations : May 1915 ( edit ) On 5 May , the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division was dispatched from Egypt . Believing Anzac to be secure , Hamilton moved the Australian 2nd Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , along with 20 Australian field guns , to the Helles front as reserves for the Second Battle of Krithia . Involving a force of 20,000 men , it was the first general attack at Helles and was planned for daylight . French troops were to capture Kereves Dere and the British , Australians and New Zealanders were assigned Krithia and Achi Baba . After 30 minutes of artillery preparation , the assault began at mid-morning on 6 May . The British and French advanced along the Gully , Fir Tree , Krithia and Kereves spurs which were separated by deep gullies , fortified by the Ottomans . As the attackers advanced , they became separated when trying to outflank Ottoman strongpoints and found themselves in unfamiliar terrain . Under artillery and then machine - gun fire from Ottoman outposts that had not been spotted by British aerial reconnaissance , the attack was stopped ; next day , reinforcements resumed the advance . Ottoman machine - gun teams equipped with MG 08s The attack continued on 7 May and four battalions of New Zealanders attacked up Krithia Spur on 8 May ; with the 29th Division the attackers managed to reach a position just south of the village . Late in the afternoon , the Australian 2nd Brigade advanced quickly over open ground to the British front line . Amidst small arms and artillery - fire , the brigade charged towards Krithia and gained 600 metres ( 660 yd ) , about 400 metres ( 440 yd ) short of the objective , with 1,000 casualties . Near Fir Tree Spur , the New Zealanders managed to get forward and link up with the Australians , although the British were held up and the French were exhausted , despite having occupied a point overlooking their objective . The attack was suspended and the Allies dug in , having failed to take Krithia or Achi Baba . A brief period of consolidation followed ; the Allies had almost run out of ammunition , particularly for the artillery and both sides consolidated their defences . The Ottomans relieved troops opposite the Australian line , which was reinforced by the Australian Light Horse operating as infantry . Sporadic fighting continued , with sniping , grenade attacks and raids , the opposing trenches separated in places by only a few metres . The Australians lost a number of officers to sniping , including the commander of the 1st Division , Major General William Bridges , who was wounded while inspecting a 1st Light Horse Regiment position near `` Steele 's Post '' and died of his injuries on the hospital ship HMHS Gascon on 18 May . Ottoman counter-offensive : 19 May ( edit ) Main article : Third attack on Anzac Cove On 19 May , 42,000 Ottoman troops launched an attack at Anzac to push the 17,000 Australians and New Zealanders back into the sea . Short of artillery and ammunition , the Ottomans intended to rely on surprise and weight of numbers but on 18 May , the crews of a flight of British aircraft spotted the Ottoman preparations . The Ottomans suffered c. 13,000 casualties in the attack , of which 3,000 men were killed ; Australian and New Zealand casualties were 160 killed and 468 wounded . The dead included a stretcher bearer , John Simpson Kirkpatrick , whose efforts to evacuate wounded men on a donkey while under fire became famous amongst the Australians at Anzac ; afterwards , his story becoming part of the Australian narrative of the campaign . Ottoman losses were so severe that a truce was organised by Aubrey Herbert and others on 24 May , to bury the dead lying in no man 's land , which led to a camaraderie between the armies , much like the Christmas truce of 1914 on the Western Front . The truce was not repeated formally . Esat Pasha delivering orders to the batteries at Anzac Cove The British advantage in naval artillery diminished after the battleship HMS Goliath was torpedoed on 13 May by Ottoman destroyer Muâvenet - i Millîye . A German submarine , U-21 , sank HMS Triumph on 25 May and HMS Majestic on 27 May . More British reconnaissance patrols were flown around Gallipoli and U-21 was forced to leave the area but ignorant of this , the Allies withdrew most of their warships to Imbros , where they were `` protectively tethered '' between sorties , which greatly reduced Allied naval firepower , particularly in the Helles sector . The submarine HMS E11 ( Lieutenant Commander Martin Nasmith , later awarded a Victoria Cross ) passed through the Dardanelles on 18 May and sank or disabled eleven ships , including three on 23 May , before entering Constantinople harbour , firing on a transport alongside the arsenal , sinking a gunboat and damaging the wharf . The Ottoman forces lacked artillery ammunition and field batteries were only able to fire c. 18,000 shells between early May and the first week of June . After the defeat of the counter-attack at Anzac in mid-May , the Ottoman forces ceased frontal assaults . Late in the month , the Ottomans began tunnelling around `` Quinn 's Post '' in the Anzac sector and early in the morning of 29 May , despite Australian counter-mining , detonated a mine and attacked with a battalion from the 14th Regiment . The Australian 15th Battalion was forced back but counter-attacked and recaptured the ground later in the day , before being relieved by New Zealand troops . Operations at Anzac in early June returned to consolidation , minor engagements and skirmishing with grenades and sniper - fire . Operations : June -- July 1915 ( edit ) French colonial gunners in action with a 75 mm gun , near Seddülbahir during the Third Battle of Krithia , 4 June 1915 In the Helles sector , which had been extensively entrenched by both sides , the Allies attacked Krithia and Achi Baba again , in the Third Battle of Krithia on 4 June , with the 29th Division , Royal Naval Division , 42nd Division and two French divisions . The attack was repulsed and with it , the possibility of a decisive breakthrough ended ; trench warfare resumed , with objectives being measured in hundreds of yards . Casualties were approximately 25 percent on both sides ; the British lost 4,500 from 20,000 men and the French 2,000 casualties from 10,000 troops . Ottoman losses were 9,000 casualties according to the Turkish Official History and 10,000 according to another account . In June , a seaplane carrier HMS Ben - my - Chree arrived and the Allied air effort increased from a squadron to No. 3 Wing RNAS . The 52nd ( Lowland ) Division also landed at Helles in preparation for the Battle of Gully Ravine , which began on 28 June and achieved a local success , which advanced the British line along the left ( Aegean ) flank of the battlefield . Sanders credited the defence to two Ottoman officers , Faik Pasa and Albay Refet . On 30 June , the French commander , Henri Gouraud who had earlier replaced Albert d'Amade , was wounded and replaced by his divisional commander , Maurice Bailloud . Between 1 and 5 July , the Ottomans counter-attacked the new British line several times but failed to regain the lost ground . Ottoman casualties for the period were estimated at 14,000 men . On 12 July , two fresh brigades from the 52nd Division attacked at the centre of the line along Achi Baba Nullah ( Bloody Valley ) , gained very little ground and lost 2,500 casualties out of 7,500 men ; the Royal Naval Division had 600 casualties and French losses were 800 men . Ottoman losses were about 9,000 casualties and 600 prisoners . At sea , the submarine E14 made two voyages into the Marmara . The third tour began on 21 July , when E14 passed through the straits despite a new anti-submarine net placed near the Narrows . The next attempt was made by Mariotte on 27 July , which was caught in the net , forced to the surface and bombarded by shore batteries ; Mariotte was scuttled . On 8 August , E11 torpedoed the battleship Barbaros Hayreddin with the loss of 253 men and sank a gunboat , seven transports and 23 sailing vessels . August offensive ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Sari Bair , Battle of Krithia Vineyard , Battle of Lone Pine , Battle of Chunuk Bair , Battle of the Nek , Battle of Scimitar Hill , and Battle of Hill 60 ( Gallipoli ) Australian light horseman using a periscope rifle The failure of the Allies to capture Krithia or make any progress on the Helles front , led Hamilton to form a new plan to secure the Sari Bair Range of hills at the Battle of Sari Bair and capture high ground on Hill 971 in the Battle of Chunuk Bair . Both sides had been reinforced , the original five Allied divisions having been increased to fifteen and first six Ottoman divisions to sixteen . The Allies planned to land two fresh infantry divisions from IX Corps at Suvla , 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) north of Anzac , followed by an advance on Sari Bair from the north - west . At Anzac , an offensive would be made against the Sari Bair range by advancing through rough and thinly defended terrain , north of the Anzac perimeter . This would be achieved by an attack on Baby 700 from the Nek by dismounted Australian light horsemen from the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , in concert with an attack on Chunuk Bair summit by New Zealanders from the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , who would traverse Rhododendron Ridge , the Apex and the Farm . Hill 971 would be attacked by Gurkhas of the 29th Indian Brigade and the Australians of the 4th Infantry Brigade . The Allies had 40 aircraft , mainly from 3 Wing RNAS at Imbros , which had replaced its Voisins with Farmans and Nieuport Xs ; Escadrille MF98T had also been established at Tenedos . The Ottomans had 20 aircraft , of which eight were stationed at Çanakkale . Allied aircraft made reconnaissance flights , spotted for naval guns and conducted low - level bombing of Ottoman reserves as they were brought up to the battlefield . Allied aircraft also undertook anti-shipping operations in the Gulf of Saros , where a seaplane from HMS Ben - my - Chree sank an Ottoman tug with an air - launched torpedo . Captain Leslie Morshead in a trench at Lone Pine after the battle , looking at Australian and Ottoman dead on the parapet The landing at Suvla Bay took place on the night of 6 August against light opposition ; the British commander , Lieutenant General Frederick Stopford , had limited his early objectives and then failed to forcefully push his demands for an advance inland and little more than the beach was seized . The Ottomans were able to occupy the Anafarta Hills , preventing the British from penetrating inland , which contained the landings and reduced the Suvla front to static trench warfare . The offensive was preceded on the evening of 6 August by diversions , at Helles , where the Battle of Krithia Vineyard became another costly stalemate . At Anzac , the diversionary Battle of Lone Pine , led by the Australian 1st Infantry Brigade , captured the main Ottoman trench line , to divert Ottoman forces but the attacks at Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 failed . The New Zealand Infantry Brigade came within 500 metres ( 550 yd ) of the near peak of Chunuk Bair by dawn on 7 August but was not able to seize the summit until the following morning . On the morning of 7 August , the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade attacked on a narrow front at the Nek , to coincide with the New Zealand attack from Chunuk Bair against the rear of the Ottoman defences . The opening artillery barrage lifted seven minutes too soon , which alerted the Ottomans and the attack was a costly failure . An attack on Hill 971 never took place after the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade and an Indian brigade lost direction during the night . Attempts to resume the attack were easily repulsed by the Ottoman defenders , at great cost to the Allies . The New Zealanders held out on Chunuk Bair for two days before being relieved by two New Army battalions from the Wiltshire and Loyal North Lancashire Regiments but an Ottoman counterattack on 10 August , led by Mustafa Kemal , swept them from the heights . Of 760 men in the New Zealand Wellington Battalion who reached the summit , 711 became casualties . With the Ottoman recapture of the ground , the Allies ' best chance of victory was lost . The Suvla landing was reinforced by the arrival of the 10th ( Irish ) Division on 7 August , the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division , which began landing on 8 August , the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division arriving late on 10 August and the dismounted yeomanry of the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 August . On 12 August the 54th Division attacked Kavak Tepe and Tekke Tepe , crossing the Anafarta Plain . The attack failed and Hamilton briefly considered the evacuation of Suvla and Anzac . Australian troops charging an Ottoman trench , just before the evacuation at Anzac Elements of the new Australian 2nd Division began arriving at Anzac from Egypt with the 5th Infantry Brigade landing from 19 -- 20 August and the 6th Brigade and 7th Brigade arriving in early September . The 29th Division was also shifted from Helles to Suvla . The final British attempt to resuscitate the offensive came on 21 August , in the Battle of Scimitar Hill and the Battle of Hill 60 . Control of the hills would have united the Anzac and Suvla fronts but the attacks failed . On 17 August , Hamilton had requested another 95,000 troops but a day earlier , the French had announced plans to Kitchener for an autumn offensive in France . A meeting of the Dardanelles Committee on 20 August determined that the French offensive would be supported by a maximum effort , which left only about 25,000 reinforcements for the Dardanelles . On 23 August , after news of the failure at Scimitar Hill , Hamilton went onto the defensive as Bulgarian entry into the war , which would allow the Germans to rearm the Turkish army , was imminent and left little opportunity for the resumption of offensive operations . On 20 September 1915 , the Newfoundland Regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay with the 29th Division . On 25 September , Kitchener detached two British and one French division for service in Salonika in Greece , which was the beginning of the end of the Allied campaign at Gallipoli . Alan Moorehead wrote that during the stalemate , an old Ottoman batman was regularly permitted to hang his platoon 's washing on the barbed wire undisturbed and that there was a `` constant traffic '' of gifts being thrown across no - man 's land , dates and sweets from the Ottoman side and cans of beef and packs of cigarettes from the Allied side . Conditions at Gallipoli grew worse for everyone as summer heat and poor sanitation resulted in an explosion in the fly population . Eating became extremely difficult as unburied corpses became bloated and putrid . The precarious Allied lodgements were poorly situated , which caused supply and shelter problems . A dysentery epidemic spread through the Allied trenches at Anzac and Helles , while the Ottomans also suffered heavily from disease which resulted in many deaths . Evacuation ( edit ) The Serbian defeat in the Serbian Campaign in autumn 1915 , prompted France and Britain to transfer troops from the Gallipoli Campaign to Greek Macedonia . The Macedonian Front was established to support the remnants of the Serbian army to conquer Vardar Macedonia . After the failure of the August Offensive , the Gallipoli campaign drifted . Ottoman success began to affect public opinion in Britain , with criticism of Hamilton 's performance being smuggled out by Keith Murdoch , Ellis Ashmead - Bartlett and other reporters . Stopford and other dissident officers also contributed to the air of gloom and the possibility of evacuation was raised on 11 October 1915 . Hamilton resisted the suggestion , fearing the damage to British prestige but was sacked shortly afterwards and replaced by Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro . Autumn and winter brought relief from the heat but also led to gales , blizzards and flooding , resulting in men drowning and freezing to death , while thousands suffered frostbite . Troops from the Royal Irish Fusiliers serving in Gallipoli in Autumn 1915 On 4 September , the submarine E7 was caught in the Ottoman anti-submarine net as it began another tour . Despite such reverses , by mid-September , Allied nets and mines had closed the eastern entrance to the Dardanelles to German U-boats and U-21 was thwarted when it tried to pass the straits to Constantinople on 13 September . The first French submarine to enter the Sea of Marmara was Turquoise but it was forced to turn back ; on 30 October , when returning through the straits , it ran aground beneath a fort and was captured intact . The crew of 25 were taken prisoner and documents detailing planned Allied operations were discovered , including a scheduled rendezvous with HMS E20 on 6 November . The rendezvous was kept by the German U-boat U-14 instead , which torpedoed and sank E20 , killing all but nine of the crew . The situation at Gallipoli was complicated by Bulgaria joining the Central Powers . In early October 1915 , the British and French opened a second Mediterranean front at Salonika , by moving three divisions from Gallipoli and reducing the flow of reinforcements . A land route between Germany and the Ottoman Empire through Bulgaria was opened and the Germans rearmed the Ottomans with heavy artillery capable of devastating Allied trenches , especially on the confined front at Anzac , modern aircraft and experienced crews . In late November , an Ottoman crew in a German Albatros C.I shot down a French aircraft over Gaba Tepe and the Austro - Hungarian 36 . Haubitzbatterie and 9 . Motormörserbatterie artillery units arrived , providing a substantial reinforcement of the Ottoman artillery . Monro recommended evacuation to Kitchener , who in early November visited the eastern Mediterranean . After consulting with the commanders of VIII Corps at Helles , IX Corps at Suvla and Anzac , Kitchener agreed with Monro and passed his recommendation to the British Cabinet , who confirmed the decision to evacuate in early December . Due to the narrowness no man 's land and the harsh winter weather , many casualties were anticipated during the embarkation . The untenable nature of the Allied position was made apparent by a heavy rainstorm on 26 November 1915 . The downpour at Suvla lasted for three days and there was a blizzard in early December . Rain flooded trenches , drowned soldiers and washed unburied corpses into the lines ; the following snow killed still more men from exposure . Suvla and Anzac were to be evacuated in late December , the last troops leaving before dawn on 20 December . Troop numbers had been slowly reduced since 7 December and ruses , such as William Scurry 's self - firing rifle , which had been rigged to fire by water dripped into a pan attached to the trigger , were used to disguise the Allied departure . At Anzac Cove , troops maintained silence for an hour or more , until curious Ottoman troops ventured to inspect the trenches , whereupon the Anzacs opened fire . A mine was detonated at the Nek which killed 70 Ottoman soldiers . The Allied force was embarked , with the Australians suffering no casualties on the final night but large quantities of supplies and stores fell into Ottoman hands . W Beach , Helles , on 7 January 1916 just prior to the final evacuation Helles was retained for a period but a decision to evacuate the garrison was made on 28 December . Unlike the evacuation from Anzac Cove , Ottoman forces were looking for signs of withdrawal . Having used the interval to bring up reinforcements and supplies , Sanders mounted an attack on the British at Gully Spur on 7 January 1916 with infantry and artillery but the attack was a costly failure . Mines were laid with time fuzes and that night and on the night of 7 / 8 January , under the cover of a naval bombardment , the British troops began to fall back 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) from their lines to the beaches , where makeshift piers were used to board boats . The last British troops departed from Lancashire Landing around 04 : 00 on 8 January 1916 . The Newfoundland Regiment was part of the rearguard and withdrew on 9 January 1916 . Among the first to land , remnants of The Plymouth Battalion , Royal Marine Light Infantry were the last to leave the Peninsula . Despite predictions of up to 30,000 casualties , 35,268 troops , 3,689 horses and mules , 127 guns , 328 vehicles and 1,600 long tons ( 1,600 t ) of equipment were removed . 508 mules which could not be embarked were killed so as not to fall into Ottoman hands and 1,590 vehicles were left behind with smashed wheels . As at Anzac , large amounts of supplies ( including 15 British and six French unserviceable artillery pieces which were destroyed ) , gun carriages and ammunition were left behind ; hundreds of horses were slaughtered to deny them to the Ottomans . A sailor was killed by débris from a magazine that exploded prematurely and a lighter and a picket boat were lost . Shortly after dawn , the Ottomans retook Helles . In the final days of the campaign , Ottoman air defences had been increased by a German -- Ottoman fighter squadron , which began operations over the peninsula and inflicted the first British flying losses a couple of days after the evacuation of Helles , when three Fokker Eindeckers shot down two RNAS aircraft . Aftermath ( edit ) Military repercussions ( edit ) See also : Operation Hush Respect to Mehmetçik Monument ( Anzac soldier injured in the arms of Turkish troops ) Historians are divided about how they summarise the campaign 's result . Broadbent describes the campaign as `` a close - fought affair '' that was a defeat for the Allies , while Carlyon views the overall result as a stalemate . Peter Hart disagrees , arguing that the Ottoman forces `` held the Allies back from their real objectives with relative ease '' , while Haythornthwaite calls it a `` disaster for the Allies '' . The campaign did cause `` enormous damage to ... ( Ottoman ) national resources '' , and at that stage of the war the Allies were in a better position to replace their losses than the Ottomans , but ultimately the Allied attempt at securing a passage through the Dardanelles proved unsuccessful . While it diverted Ottoman forces away from other areas of conflict in the Middle East the campaign also consumed resources the Allies could have employed on the Western Front , and also resulted in heavy losses on the Allied side . The Allied campaign was plagued by ill - defined goals , poor planning , insufficient artillery , inexperienced troops , inaccurate maps , poor intelligence , overconfidence , inadequate equipment , and logistical and tactical deficiencies at all levels . Geography also proved a significant factor . While the Allied forces possessed inaccurate maps and intelligence and proved unable to exploit the terrain to their advantage , the Ottoman commanders were able to utilise the high ground around the Allied landing beaches to position well - sited defences that limited the Allied forces ' ability to penetrate inland , confining them to narrow beaches . The campaign 's necessity remains the subject of debate , and the recriminations that followed were significant , highlighting the schism that had developed between military strategists who felt the Allies should focus on fighting on the Western Front and those that favoured trying to end the war by attacking Germany 's `` soft underbelly '' , its allies in the east . British and French submarine operations in the Sea of Marmara were the one significant area of success of the Gallipoli Campaign , forcing the Ottomans to abandon the sea as a transport route . Between April and December 1915 , nine British and four French submarines carried out 15 patrols , sinking one battleship , one destroyer , five gunboats , 11 troop transports , 44 supply ships and 148 sailing vessels at a cost of eight Allied submarines sunk in the strait or in the Sea of Marmara . During the campaign there was always one British submarine in the Sea of Marmara , sometimes two ; in October 1915 , there were four Allied submarines in the region . E2 left the Sea of Marmara on 2 January 1916 , the last British submarine in the region . Four E-class and five B - class submarines remained in the Mediterranean Sea following the evacuation of Helles . By this time the Ottoman navy had been all but forced to cease operations in the area , while merchant shipping had also been significantly curtailed . The official German naval historian , Admiral Eberhard von Mantey , later concluded that had the sea - lanes of communication been completely severed the Ottoman 5th Army would likely have faced catastrophe . As it was these operations were a source of significant anxiety , posing a constant threat to shipping and causing heavy losses , effectively dislocating Ottoman attempts to reinforce their forces at Gallipoli and shelling troop concentrations and railways . Gallipoli marked the end for Hamilton and Stopford but Hunter - Weston went on to lead VIII Corps on the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The competence of Australian brigade commanders , John Monash ( 4th Infantry Brigade ) and Harry Chauvel ( 1st Light Horse Brigade , New Zealand and Australian Division ) , was recognised by promotion to divisional and corps command . The influence of Kitchener waned after the coalition government was formed in May 1915 , partly because of the growing sense of failure in the Dardanelles and culminated in Kitchener being over-ruled on support for the French at Salonika in early December 1915 , when his influence on the Cabinet was at its lowest . The campaign gave confidence to the Ottomans in their ability to defeat the Allies . In Mesopotamia , the Turks surrounded a British expedition at Kut Al Amara , forcing their surrender in April 1916 . Ottoman forces in southern Palestine were poised to launch an attack against the Suez Canal and Egypt . Defeat at the Battle of Romani and lack of materials to complete the military railway , necessary for such an operation , marked the end of that ambition . The optimism which came from the victory at Gallipoli was replaced by a gathering sense of despair and the British remained on the offensive in the Middle East for the rest of the war . The Sphinx , one of the battlefield 's most distinctive physical landmarks The lessons of the campaign were studied by military planners prior to amphibious operations such as the Normandy Landings in 1944 and during the Falklands War in 1982 . The lessons of the campaign influenced US Marine Corps amphibious operations during the Pacific War and continues to influence US amphibious doctrine . In 1996 , Theodore Gatchel wrote that between the wars , the campaign `` became a focal point for the study of amphibious warfare '' in Britain and United States . In 2008 , Glenn Wahlert wrote that Gallipoli involved `` all four types of amphibious operations : the raid , demonstration , assault and withdrawal '' . Russell Weigley wrote that analysis of the campaign before the Second World War led to `` a belief among most of the armed forces of the world '' that amphibious assaults could not succeed against modern defences and that despite landings in Italy , Tarawa and the Gilberts , arguably this perception continued until Normandy in June 1944 . Hart wrote that despite the pessimistic analyses after 1918 , the situation after 1940 meant that landings from the sea were unavoidable and it was only after Normandy that the belief that opposed landings were futile , was overcome. The memory of Gallipoli weighed heavily upon the Australians during the planning of the Huon Peninsula campaign in late 1943 . In September , the Australians made their first opposed amphibious landing since Gallipoli at the Battle of Finschhafen in New Guinea . The landing was hampered by navigational errors and troops came ashore on the wrong beaches but they had been trained according to the lessons of Gallipoli and quickly reorganised to push inland . Political effects ( edit ) Political repercussions in Britain had begun during the battle , Fisher resigned in May after bitter conflict with Churchill . The crisis that followed after the Conservatives learned that Churchill would be staying , forced the Prime Minister H.H. Asquith to end his Liberal Government and form a Coalition Government with the Conservative Party . The Asquith government responded to the disappointment and outrage over Gallipoli and Kut by establishing commissions of inquiry into both episodes , which had done much to `` destroy its faltering reputation for competence '' . The Dardanelles Commission was set up to investigate the failure of the expedition , the first report being issued in 1917 , with the final report published in 1919 . Following the failure of the Dardanelles expedition , Sir Ian Hamilton , commander of the MEF , was recalled to London in October 1915 , ending his military career . Churchill was demoted from First Lord of the Admiralty as a condition of Conservative entry to the coalition but remained in the Cabinet in the sinecure of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . Churchill resigned in November 1915 and left London for the Western Front , where he commanded an infantry battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers early in 1916 . Asquith was partly blamed for Gallipoli and other disasters and was overthrown in December 1916 , when David Lloyd George proposed a war council under his authority , with the Conservatives in the coalition threatening to resign unless the plan was implemented . After failure to reach agreement , Lloyd George and then Asquith resigned , followed by Lloyd George becoming Prime Minister . Lloyd George formed a new government , from which Churchill , active again in the House of Commons from June 1916 , was excluded because of Conservative opposition . In the summer of 1917 , Churchill was eventually appointed to the cabinet - level post of Minister of Munitions but not to the War Cabinet . The final report of the Commission was issued in 1919 , concluding that with the forces available , success was dependent on the government giving priority to the expedition and leaving the British Expeditionary Force in France to make do . The Commissioners found that Hamilton had been over-optimistic from the beginning and had added to Stopford 's difficulties on 8 August 1915 . Hamilton emerged from the investigation more favourably than perhaps was justified , partly because he made devious attempts to gain collusion from witnesses and obtain leaks from the deliberations of the Commission ; Hamilton was never given another army appointment . Casualties ( edit ) See also : List of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula Gallipoli casualties ( not including illness ) Dead Wounded Missing or POW Total Ottoman Empire 56,643 97,007 11,178 164,828 United Kingdom 34,072 78,520 7,654 120,246 France 9,798 17,371 -- 27,169 Australia 8,709 19,441 -- 28,150 New Zealand 2,721 4,752 -- 7,473 British India 1,358 3,421 -- 4,779 Newfoundland 49 93 -- 142 Total Allies 56,707 123,598 7,654 187,959 Casualty figures for the campaign vary between sources but in 2001 , Erickson wrote that that in the Gallipoli Campaign over 100,000 men were killed , including 56,000 -- 68,000 Ottoman and around 53,000 British and French soldiers . Using the Ottoman Archives , Erickson estimated that Ottoman casualties in the Gallipoli Campaign were 56,643 men died from all causes , 97,007 troops were wounded or injured and 11,178 men went missing or were captured . In 2000 , McGibbon wrote that 2,721 New Zealanders had been killed , about a quarter of those who had initially landed on the peninsula . In 2001 , Carlyon gave figures of 43,000 British killed or missing , including 8,709 Australians . There were nearly 500,000 casualties during the campaign , with the British Official History listing losses including sick as 205,000 British , 47,000 French and 251,000 Ottoman troops ( with some Turkish ( sic ) sources referring to 350,000 casualties . ) Ottoman casualties have been disputed and in 2001 , Travers gave casualty figures of 2,160 officers and 287,000 other ranks ( battle and non-battle ) ; included among this may be 87,000 killed . The New Zealand official history contained an estimate of 251,000 Ottoman battle casualties including 86,692 dead . Sanders estimated that the Ottomans had 218,000 casualties , including 66,000 dead and that 42,000 wounded returned to duty . Sickness ( edit ) Many soldiers became sick due to insanitary conditions , especially from typhoid , dysentery and diarrhoea . The British Official History estimated that 90,000 British Empire soldiers and 20,000 French were evacuated for sickness during the campaign . A total of 145,154 British troops fell sick during the campaign , not counting troops from the Dominions or India ; of these , 3,778 died , exclusive of those evacuated . The sick were transported from Gallipoli to hospitals in Egypt and Malta as quickly as possible as bases in the area of operations were insufficient . Approximately 2.84 percent of men removed as non-battle casualties died , against 0.91 percent in France and Flanders . The proportion of disease casualties to battle casualties was considerably higher in the Gallipoli Campaign than it was on the campaigns of the Western Front . The number of Ottoman troops evacuated sick is given in the British Official History as 64,440 . The largest cause of non-battle admissions to hospital for British troops was dysentery , with 29,728 men infected and another 10,383 men having diarrhoea . Other notable conditions were frostbite with 6,602 hospitalisations , gonorrhea 1,774 cases and rheumatic fever 6,556 cases . Allegations were made that Allied forces had attacked or bombarded Ottoman hospitals and hospital ships on several occasions between the start of the campaign and September 1915 . By July 1915 , 25 Ottoman hospitals had been built with 10,700 beds and three hospital ships were in the area . The French Government disputed these complaints through the Red Cross and the British response was that if it happened then it was accidental . Russia in turn claimed that the Ottomans had attacked two of their hospital ships , the Portugal and the Vperiod but the Ottoman Government responded that the vessels had been the victims of mines . No chemical weapons were used at Gallipoli , although the Allies debated their use throughout the campaign and transported quantities of gas to the theatre , which was used against Ottoman troops in the Middle Eastern theatre two years later , during the Second and Third battles of Gaza in 1917 . Graves and memorials ( edit ) Greek children standing by the bones of soldiers who died during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign they have collected on Hill 60 , Anzac Cove in 1919 . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) is responsible for permanent cemeteries for all Commonwealth of Nations forces . There are 31 CWGC cemeteries on the Gallipoli peninsula : six at Helles ( plus the only solitary grave , that of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty - Wylie VC , Royal Welch Fusiliers ) , four at Suvla and 21 at Anzac . For many of those killed or died on hospital ships and were buried at sea , there is no known grave ; their names are recorded on one of five `` memorials to the missing '' . The Lone Pine Memorial commemorates Australians killed in the Anzac sector , as well as New Zealanders with no known grave or who were buried at sea , while the Lone Pine , Hill 60 and Chunuk Bair memorials commemorate New Zealanders killed at Anzac . The Twelve Tree Copse Memorial commemorates the New Zealanders killed in the Helles sector , while British , Indian and Australian troops who died there are commemorated on the Helles Memorial at Cape Helles . British naval casualties who were lost or buried at sea are listed on memorials in the United Kingdom . There are three more CWGC cemeteries on the Greek island of Lemnos , the first one for the 352 Allied soldiers in Portianou , the second one for the 148 Australian and 76 New Zealander soldiers in the town of Moudros and the third one for the Ottoman soldiers ( 170 Egyptian and 56 Turkish soldiers ) . Lemnos was the hospital base for the Allied forces and most of the buried were among the men who died of their wounds . There is a French cemetery on the Gallipoli Peninsula , located at Seddülbahir . There are no large Ottoman / Turkish military cemeteries on the peninsula but there are numerous memorials , the main ones being the Çanakkale Martyrs ' Memorial at Morto Bay , Cape Helles ( near ' S ' Beach ) , the Turkish Soldier 's Memorial on Chunuk Bair and the memorial and open - air mosque for the 57th Regiment near Quinn 's Post ( Bomba Sirt ) . There are a number of memorials and cemeteries on the Asian shore of the Dardanelles , demonstrating the greater emphasis that Turkish historians place on the victory of 18 March over the subsequent fighting on the peninsula . Subsequent operations ( edit ) Gallipoli campaign epitaph at Lone Pine Cemetery Allied troops were withdrawn to Lemnos and then to Egypt . French forces ( renamed the `` Corps Expeditionnaire des Dardanelles '' in late October ) were subsumed into the Army of the Orient and later employed at Salonika . In Egypt , the British Imperial and Dominion troops from the Dardanelles along with fresh divisions from the United Kingdom and those at Salonika , became the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) , commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Murray . They joined the Force in Egypt to become the strategic reserve for the British Empire , consisting of 13 infantry and mounted divisions with 400,000 men . In March 1916 , Murray took command of both these forces , forming them into the new Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) and reorganising the units for service in Europe , Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East . While the ANZAC was disbanded , the AIF was expanded with three new Australian divisions being raised and a New Zealand Division was also formed . These units moved to the Western Front in mid-1916 . The British yeomanry units that had fought dismounted at Gallipoli were reinforced and reorganised , forming the 74th ( Yeomanry ) Division and a portion of the 75th Division . Along with the Australian Light Horsemen and New Zealand Mounted Rifles remounted and reorganised into the Anzac Mounted Division , infantry from the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division , 53rd ( Welsh ) Division and 54th ( East Anglian ) Division , later joined by additional remounted Australian Light Horsemen and British yeomanry from the Australian Mounted Division , participated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . The Egyptian Sinai was reoccupied in 1916 , while Palestine and the northern Levant were captured from the Ottoman Empire during 1917 and 1918 , before the Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre on 31 October . The Allies subsequently occupied Gallipoli and Constantinople and partitioned the Ottoman Empire . The occupation ended in 1923 . Legacy ( edit ) The memorial at Anzac Cove , commemorating the loss of Ottoman and Anzac soldiers on the Gallipoli Peninsula The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign is felt strongly in both New Zealand and Australia , despite their being a small minority of the Allied forces ; the campaign is regarded in both nations as a `` baptism of fire '' and had been linked to their emergence as independent states . Approximately 50,000 Australians served at Gallipoli and from 14,000 to 17,000 New Zealanders . It has been argued that the campaign proved significant in the emergence of a unique Australian identity following the war , which has been closely linked to popular conceptualisations of the qualities of the soldiers that fought during the campaign , which became embodied in the notion of an `` Anzac spirit '' . The landing on 25 April is commemorated every year in both countries as `` Anzac Day '' . The first iteration was celebrated unofficially in 1916 , at churches in Melbourne , Brisbane and London , before being officially recognised as a public holiday in all Australian states in 1923 . The day also became a national holiday in New Zealand in the 1920s . Organised marches by veterans began in 1925 , in the same year a service was held on the beach at Gallipoli ; two years later the first official dawn service took place at the Sydney Cenotaph . During the 1980s , it became popular for Australian and New Zealand tourists to visit Gallipoli to attend the dawn service there and since then thousands have attended . Over 10,000 people attended the 75th anniversary along with political leaders from Turkey , New Zealand , Britain and Australia . Dawn services are also held in Australia ; in New Zealand , dawn services are the most popular form of observance of this day . Anzac Day remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand , surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ) . The Çanakkale Martyrs ' Memorial Along with memorials and monuments established in towns and cities , many streets , public places and buildings were named after aspects of the campaign , especially in Australia and New Zealand . Some examples include Gallipoli Barracks at Enoggera in Queensland , and the Armed Forces Armoury in Corner Brook , Newfoundland which is named the Gallipoli Armouries . Gallipoli also had a significant impact on popular culture , including in film , television and song . In 1971 , Scottish - born Australian folk singer - songwriter Eric Bogle wrote a song called And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda which consisted of an account from a young Australian soldier who was maimed during the Gallipoli Campaign . The song has been praised for its imagery , evoking the devastation at the Gallipoli landings . It remains widely popular and is considered by some to be the iconic anti-war song . In Turkey , the battle is thought of as a significant event in the state 's emergence , although it is primarily remembered for the fighting that took place around the port of Çanakkale , where the Royal Navy was repulsed in March 1915 . For the Turks , 18 March has a similar significance as 25 April to Australians and New Zealanders , it is not a public holiday but is commemorated with special ceremonies . The campaign 's main significance to the Turkish people lies in the role it played in the emergence of Mustafa Kemal , who became the first president of the Republic of Turkey after the war . `` Çanakkale geçilmez '' ( Çanakkale is impassable ) became a common phrase to express the state 's pride at repulsing the attack and the song `` Çanakkale içinde '' ( A Ballad for Chanakkale ) commemorates the Turkish youth who fell during the battle . Turkish filmmaker Sinan Cetin , created a movie called `` Children of Canakkale '' . See also ( edit ) Çanakkale 1915 , a Turkish film based on some of the major political events of the Gallipoli Campaign . Timeline of the Gallipoli Campaign Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The operation would be complicated by having only five divisions , the rugged terrain of the peninsula , the small number of landing beaches and great difficulty in providing supplies . Later on , the MEF was supported by about 2,000 civilian labourers from the Egyptian and Maltese Labour Corps . Jump up ^ The 57th Regiment was not rebuilt and was not recreated in the Turkish Army . Jump up ^ The events of the day later gained significance , due to the loss of a company of the Norfolk Regiment . Having been recruited from men who worked on King George V 's Sandringham estate they were dubbed the Sandringham Company . After being isolated and destroyed during the 12 August attack it was rumoured that they had advanced into a mist and `` simply disappeared '' . This gave rise to legends that they had been executed or that they had been taken by some supernatural force but some members were later found to have been taken prisoner . Jump up ^ The enormous casualties at Gallipoli among Irish soldiers who had volunteered to fight in the British Army was a causal factor in the Irish War of Independence ; as balladeers sang , `` Twas better to die ' neath an Irish sky than in Suvla or Sedd el Bahr '' . Jump up ^ In November 1918 , the Canterbury Mounted Rifles and the 7th Light Horse from the Anzac Mounted Division , were sent to Gallipoli to `` monitor Turkish compliance with the terms of the Armistice '' . The 900 troopers camped at Camburnu near Kilid Bahr for three winter months and reconnoitred the Peninsula , identifying graves and inspecting Ottoman positions . The troopers returned to Egypt on 19 January 1919 , less 11 who had died and 110 who were sick in hospital . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Travers 2001 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Jung 2003 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Kurtuluş Savaşı Komutanları . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 395 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , pp. 94 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 32 , 38 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Balderstone & Bowan 2006 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : McGibbon 2000 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , pp. 37 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 9 , 18 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2001 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2001 , pp. 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2013 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Tauber 1993 , pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Corbett 2009 , pp. 158 , 166 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2001 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Fromkin 1989 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin 1962 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Stevens 2001 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ History.com 2017 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes 2001 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Reagan 1992 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001b , p. 983 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Butler 2011 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1995 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941a , p. 179 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 154 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : James 1995 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2013 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson 2007 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Life 1942 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 50 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 227 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens 2001 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Jose 1941 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Frame 2004 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens 2001 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 232 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. xv . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Thys - Şenocak & Aslan 2008 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Perrett 2004 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 126 , 129 , 134 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , pp. 918 -- 19 . Jump up ^ McCartney 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Usborne 1933 , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell 2010 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 131 , 136 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , pp. 137 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 2008 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941b , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burt 1988 , pp. 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Burt 1988 , pp. 131 , 276 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Brenchley & Brenchley 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , p. 918 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 169 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 46 , 53 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Snelling 1995 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2009 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Halpern 1995 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Hore 2006 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 271 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Ekins 2009 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : McGibbon 2000 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 248 , 286 , 312 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2007 , pp. 155 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 363 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Moorehead 1997 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Hall 2010 , pp. 48 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 244 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , p. 919 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , pp. 61 , 66 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 249 , 252 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Ben - Gavriel 1999 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 188 , 191 , 254 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 255 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 2008 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Hart 2007 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 526 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2007 , p. 480 . Jump up ^ Lockhart 1950 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Corbett 2009 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 268 , 269 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 518 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hart 2007 , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Hart 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Brenchley & Brenchley 2001 , pp. 113 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 233 , 270 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2004 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , pp. 100 , 107 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Cassar 2004 , pp. 202 -- 03 , 259 , 263 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Pick 1990 , pp. 181 , 209 . Jump up ^ Pick 1990 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Gatchel 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2005 , pp. 393 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , pp. 460 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Coates 1999 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Dexter 1961 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Cassar 2004 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2005 , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2004 , p. 384 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1965 , pp. 103 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 297 -- 98 . Jump up ^ West 2016 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : NZ History 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lepetit , Tournyol du Clos & Rinieri 1923 , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 531 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2010 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Mitchell & Smith 1931 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Taskiran 2005 . Jump up ^ Sheffy 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Falls & MacMunn 1996 , pp. 336 -- 37 , 341 , 349 . Jump up ^ Kinloch 2007 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ 2nd Light Horse Brigade 1918 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Powles & Wilkie 1922 , pp. 263 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cape Helles Memorial . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Kirbaki 2015 . Jump up ^ Mudros Moslem Cemetery . Jump up ^ Portianos Military Cemetery . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941b , p. 905 . Jump up ^ Dutton 1998 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2005 , pp. 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Keogh & Graham 1955 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Wavell 1968 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Gullett 1941 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Perry 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1998 , pp. 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Keogh & Graham 1955 , pp. 122 , 124 . Jump up ^ Becke 1937 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Falls & MacMunn 1996 , pp. 160 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , pp. 99 -- 100 , 117 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 405 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Falls 1930 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2001 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes & Hickey 2003 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Williams 1999 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Green 2013 . Jump up ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2016 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 37 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Anzac Day Today . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Wilson . Jump up ^ Jobson 2009 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ CBC News 2012 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 203 -- 07 , 424 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Keane 2015 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Eren 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hammer 2017 . References ( edit ) Books Aspinall - Oglander , Cecil Faber ( 1929 ) . Military Operations Gallipoli : Inception of the Campaign to May 1915 . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I. London : Heinemann . OCLC 464479053 . Aspinall - Oglander , Cecil Faber ( 1992 ) ( 1932 ) . Military Operations Gallipoli : May 1915 to the Evacuation . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II ( Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed . ) . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 175 - 6 . Baldwin , Hanson ( 1962 ) . World War I : An Outline History . London : Hutchinson . OCLC 793915761 . Bean , Charles ( 1941a ) ( 1921 ) . The Story of ANZAC from the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign , May 4 , 1915 . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . I ( 11th ed . ) . Sydney : Angus and Robertson . OCLC 220878987 . Bean , Charles ( 1941b ) ( 1921 ) . The Story of Anzac from 4 May 1915 , to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . II ( 11th ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 39157087 . Becke , Major Archibald Frank ( 1937 ) . Order of Battle of Divisions : The 2nd - Line Territorial Force Divisions ( 57th -- 69th ) with The Home - Service Divisions ( 71st -- 73rd ) and 74th and 75th Divisions . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . 2b . London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 871167 - 00 - 9 . Ben - Gavriel , Moshe Ya'aqov ( 1999 ) . Wallas , Armin A. , ed . Tagebücher : 1915 bis 1927 ( Diaries , 1915 -- 1927 ) ( in German ) . Wien : Böhlau . ISBN 978 - 3 - 205 - 99137 - 3 . Brenchley , Fred ; Brenchley , Elizabeth ( 2001 ) . Stoker 's Submarine : Australia 's Daring Raid on the Dardanellles on the Day of the Gallipoli Landing . Sydney : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 6703 - 2 . Broadbent , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Gallipoli : The Fatal Shore . Camberwell , VIC : Viking / Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 04085 - 8 . Butler , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Shadow of the Sultan 's Realm : The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . Washington , DC : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59797 - 496 - 7 . Burt , R.A. ( 1988 ) . British Battleships 1889 -- 1904 . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 061 - 7 . Cameron , David ( 2011 ) . Gallipoli : The Final Battles and Evacuation of Anzac . Newport , NSW : Big Sky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9808140 - 9 - 5 . Carlyon , Les ( 2001 ) . Gallipoli . Sydney : Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7329 - 1089 - 1 . Cassar , George H. ( 2004 ) . Kitchener 's War : British Strategy from 1914 to 1916 . Lincoln , NE : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 709 - 9 . Coates , John ( 1999 ) . Bravery Above Blunder : The 9th Australian Division at Finschhafen , Sattelberg and Sio . South Melbourne , VIC : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 550837 - 6 . Corbett , J.S. ( 2009 ) ( 1920 ) . Naval Operations ( PDF ) . 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Dennis , Peter ; Grey , Jeffrey ; Morris , Ewan ; Prior , Robin ; Bou , Jean ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History ( 2nd ed . ) . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 551784 - 2 . Dexter , David ( 1961 ) . The New Guinea Offensives . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 , Series 1 -- Army . VII ( 1st ed . ) . Canberra , ACT : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 2028994 . Dutton , David ( 1998 ) . The Politics of Diplomacy : Britain , France and the Balkans in the First World War . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 112 - 1 . Eren , Ramazan ( 2003 ) . Çanakkale Savaş Alanları Gezi Günlüğü ( Çanakkale War Zone Travel Diary ) ( in Turkish ) . Çanakkale : Eren Books . ISBN 978 - 975 - 288 - 149 - 5 . Erickson , Edward ( 2001a ) ( 2000 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . Westport , CT : Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2013 ) . Ottomans and Armenians : A Study in Counterinsurgency . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 36220 - 9 . Falls , Cyril ; MacMunn , George ( maps ) ( 1996 ) ( 1928 ) . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917 . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I ( repr . Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 241 - 8 . Falls , Cyril ; Becke , A.F. ( maps ) ( 1930 ) . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine : From June 1917 to the End of the War . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II . Part 1 . London : HMSO . OCLC 644354483 . Fewster , Kevin ; Basarin , Vecihi ; Basarin , Hatice Hurmuz ( 2003 ) ( 1985 ) . Gallipoli : The Turkish Story . Crow 's Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . 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Smoke on the Horizon : Mediterranean Fighting , 1914 -- 1918 . London : Hodder and Stoughton . OCLC 221672642 . Wahlert , Glenn ( 2008 ) . Exploring Gallipoli : An Australian Army Battlefield Guide . Australian Army Campaign Series . 4 . Canberra : Army History Unit . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9804753 - 5 - 7 . Wavell , Field Marshal Earl ( 1968 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The Palestine Campaigns '' . In Sheppard , Eric William . A Short History of the British Army ( 4th ed . ) . London : Constable . OCLC 35621223 . Weigley , Russell F. ( 2005 ) . `` Normandy to Falaise : A Critique of Allied Operational Planning in 1944 '' . In Krause , Michael D. ; Phillips , R. Cody . Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art . Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . pp. 393 -- 414 . OCLC 71603395 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . West , Brad ( 2016 ) . War Memory and Commemoration . Memory Studies : Global Constellations . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47245 - 511 - 6 . Williams , John ( 1999 ) . The ANZACS , the Media and the Great War . Sydney : UNSW Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86840 - 569 - 8 . Willmott , Hedley Paul ( 2009 ) . The Last Century of Sea Power : From Port Arthur to Chanak , 1894 -- 1922 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 00356 - 0 . Journals Doyle , Peter ; Bennett , Matthew ( 1999 ) . `` Military Geography : The Influence of Terrain in the Outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign , 1915 '' . The Geographical Journal . London : Royal Geographical Society . 165 ( 1 ( March ) ) : 12 -- 36 . doi : 10.2307 / 3060508 . ISSN 0016 - 7398 . Ekins , Ashley ( 2009 ) . `` Bloody Ridge : The Assault of Lone Pine '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 47 ) : 12 -- 14 , 16 -- 18 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Erickson , Edward ( 2001b ) . `` Strength Against Weakness : Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli , 1915 '' . 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Stevenson , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` The Forgotten First : The 1st Australian Division in the Great War and its Legacy '' ( PDF ) . Australian Army Journal . IV ( 1 ) : 185 -- 99 . OCLC 30798241 . Websites `` ANZAC Day 2010 -- The Gallipoli Campaign '' ( PDF ) . Australian Department of Veterans ' Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . `` Anzac Day Today '' . rsa.org.nz. 4 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 . `` AWM 4 - 10 - 2 - 47 2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary November 1918 Appendix 3 '' ( pdf ) . Headquarters 2nd Light Horse Brigade . Retrieved 27 April 2013 . `` Battle of Gallipoli -- World War I '' . History.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . `` Cape Helles Memorial to the Missing '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Archived from the original on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 December 2006 . `` Enumerating New Zealand Expeditionary Force Service on Gallipoli '' ( PDF ) . Manatū Taonga , the Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( MCH ) and the New Zealand Defence Force ( NZDF ) . 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . `` Gallipoli Casualties by Country '' . NZ History . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Green , David ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` How Many New Zealanders Served on Gallipoli ? '' . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Hammer , Joshua . `` A New View of the Battle of Gallipoli , One of the Bloodiest Conflicts of World War I '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Keane , Daniel ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Eric Bogle : Australia 's anti-war balladeer reflects on his Anzac anthem and his upcoming trip to Gallipoli '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Kirbaki , Yorgo ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` Ottoman military graveyard found on Greek island off Gallipoli '' . Hurriyet Daily News . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . `` Kurtuluş Savaşı Komutanları '' . canakkalesehitlik.net. 5 May 2015 . `` Lead Contamination Closes Corner Brook Armoury '' . CBC News . 12 January 2012 . `` Nazi Shell in Egypt Wounds One of British Empire 's Most Fabulous Soldiers '' . Life . 17 August 1942 . p. 28 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . `` Portianos Military Cemetery '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Taskiran , Cemalettin ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` Allied Attacks on Turkish Patients & Wounded '' . The Journal of the Turkish Weekly . Archived from the original on 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` West Mudros Moslem Cemetery '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Wilson , Ross . `` Street Names : The Local , National and International Memory of the First World War '' . World War I Centenary : Continuations and Beginnings . University of Oxford . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Basarin , Vecihi ; Basarin , Hatice Hurmuz ( 2008 ) . Beneath the Dardanelles : The Australian Submarine at Gallipoli . Crows Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 595 - 4 . Baly , Lindsay ( 2003 ) . Horseman , Pass By : The Australian Light Horse in World War I. East Roseville , NSW : Simon & Schuster . OCLC 223425266 . Carlyon , Les ( 11 November 2004 ) . `` Australian War Memorial Anniversary Oration : Gallipoli in a Nation 's Remembrance '' . soundtrack and text . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2007 ) . Gooch , John ; Reid , Brian Holden , eds . Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I : A Comparative Study . Military History and Policy . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 96456 - 9 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2004 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . New York : Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7617 - 2 . Hart , Peter ( 2011 ) . Gallipoli . London : Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 159 - 2 . Kraaijestein , Martin ; Schulten , Paul ( 2009 ) . Het Epos van Gallipoli . Feiten , verhalen en mythen over de geallieerde aanval op Turkije tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog ( The Epic of Gallipoli . Facts , Stories and Myths about the Allied Attack on Turkey during World War I ) ( in Dutch ) . Soesterberg : Uitgeverij Aspekt . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5911 - 758 - 7 . Kyle , Roy ( 2003 ) . An Anzac 's Story . Camberwell : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300187 - 4 . Laffin , John ( 1980 ) . Damn the Dardanelles ! : The Story of Gallipoli . London : Osprey . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 350 - X . OCLC 7770209 . Özdemir , H. ( 2008 ) ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Army : Disease and Death on the Battlefield 1914 -- 1918 . Salt Lake City , UT : University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60781 - 964 - 6 . Plowman , Peter ( 2013 ) . Voyage to Gallipoli . Kenthurst , NSW : Rosenberg . ISBN 978 - 1 - 922013 - 53 - 8 . Orr , Philip ( 2006 ) . Field of Bones : An Irish Division at Gallipoli . Dublin , Ireland : Lilliput Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84351 - 065 - 9 . Tyquin , Michael ( 1993 ) . Gallipoli : The Medical War . Sydney , NSW : University of New South Wales Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86840 - 189 - 8 . Uyar , Mesut ( 2015 ) . The Ottoman Defence Against The Anzac Landing . Australian Army Campaigns. 16 . Newport , NSW : Big Sky . ISBN 978 - 1 - 925275 - 01 - 8 . Waite , Fred ( 1919 ) . The New Zealanders at Gallipoli . Official History New Zealand 's Effort in the Great War . I. Auckland , NZ : Whitcombe and Tombs . OCLC 8003944 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about the Gallipoli Campaign Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallipoli Campaign . Media related to Allied evacuation of Gallipoli at Wikimedia Commons `` Learning resources from the Imperial War Museum '' . `` Original reports from The Times '' . `` Map of Europe during the Gallipoli Campaign '' . Omniatlas.com . `` Despatches '' . The campaign at the Dardanelles ( Gallipoli ) . The Long Long Trail . `` Gallipoli Centenary Research Project '' . Macquarie University . Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 . `` Winston Churchill 's World War Disaster '' . `` Gallipoli casualties by country '' . NZ History . Gallipoli Diary public domain audiobook at LibriVox Battle of Gallipoli Timeline History of Gallipoli Campaign Background Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign Fighting countries Central Powers Ottoman Empire German Empire Austria - Hungary Allies of World War I British Empire Australia India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Russian Empire Battlegrounds First Battle of Anafartalar The Second Battle of Anafartalar Battle of Chunuk Bair Bloody Struggle First Celecial Combat Second Celecial Combat Battle of the Nek Battle of Krithia Vineyard First Battle of Krithia Second Battle of Krithia Third Battle of Krithia Kocaçimen Peak Battle Battle of Kumkale Battle of Sari Bair Battle of Scimitar Hill Battle of Gully Ravine Extract to the Stamp Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60 World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal UNESCO Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey Aegean Region Aizanoi antique city Birgi Mausolem and Sacred area of Hecatomnus Archaeological site of Laodikeia Medieval City of Beçin Ancient City of Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe Ancient City of Stratonikeia Black Sea Region Mount Harşena and the Rock - tombs of the Pontic Kings Mahmut Bey Mosque Sümela Monastery ( The Monastery of Virgin Mary ) Central Anatolia Archaeological site of Kültepe - Kaneş Eflatun Pınar Eşrefoğlu Mosque Gordion Haji Bektash Veli Complex Ankara Hacı Bayram Mosque Ince Minaret Medrese Historical Monuments of Niğde Konya - A capital of Seljuk Civilization Lake Tuz SEPA Mountainous Phrygia Odunpazarı historical urban site Tomb of Ahi Evren East Anatolia Akdamar Island Archaeological Site of Arslantepe Eshab - ı Kehf Kulliye Ishak Pasha Palace The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel Marmara Çanakkale ( Dardanelles ) and Gelibolu ( Gallipoli ) Battles Zones in the First World War İznik Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu The Bridge of Uzunköprü Yıldız Palace Complex Mediterranean Region Alahan Monastery Alanya Ancient city of Anazarbus Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization Ancient City of Kaunos Ancient City of Korykos Archaeological Site of Perge Güllük Dagi - Termessos National Park Mamure Castle Karain Cave Kekova Archaeological Site of Sagalassos St. Paul Church , St. Paul 's Well and surrounding historic quarters ( in Tarsus , Mersin ) St. Pierre Church in Hatay St. Nicholas Church in Demre The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos Vespasianus Titus Tunnel Southeastern Anatolia Archeological Site of Zeugma Archaeological Site of Göbeklitepe Harran and Şanlıurfa İsmail Fakirullah Tomb Mardin Cultural Landscape Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex and Mor Yakup ( Saint Jacob ) Church All over Turkey Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes Coordinates : 40 ° 22 ′ 2 '' N 26 ° 27 ′ 18 '' E / 40.36722 ° N 26.45500 ° E / 40.36722 ; 26.45500 History portal World War I portal 1920s portal Ottoman Empire portal GND : 4344302 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli_Campaign&oldid=821632638 '' Categories : Gallipoli Campaign 1915 in the Ottoman Empire Adrianople Vilayet Australia -- Turkey relations Battles of World War I involving Australia Battles of World War I involving Austria - Hungary Battles of World War I involving British India Battles of World War I involving France Battles of World War I involving Germany Battles of World War I involving Newfoundland Battles of World War I involving New Zealand Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War I involving Russia Campaigns and theatres of World War I Conflicts in 1915 History of Australia ( 1901 -- 45 ) History of the Royal Marines Military history of New Zealand Middle Eastern theatre of World War I New Zealand -- Turkey relations Ottoman Empire in World War I Winston Churchill WPTR / current / Top / inprocess ANZAC World Heritage Site Tentative list Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Turkish - 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-5363129980477403995	Attack on Titan	Attack on Titan - Wikipedia Attack on Titan For related items , see Attack on Titan ( disambiguation ) . `` AoT '' redirects here . For other uses , see AOT ( disambiguation ) . Japanese manga series and anime Attack on Titan Cover of Attack on Titan volume 1 進撃の巨人 ( Shingeki no Kyojin ) Genre Adventure , dark fantasy , post-apocalyptic Manga Written by Hajime Isayama Published by Kodansha English publisher Kodansha USA Demographic Shōnen Magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine Original run September 9 , 2009 -- present Volumes 26 ( List of volumes ) Novels Before the Fall Harsh Mistress of the City Lost Girls Manga Junior High Before the Fall No Regrets Spoof on Titan Lost Girls Anime television series Directed by Tetsurō Araki Masashi Koizuka ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) Produced by Tetsuya Kinoshita Kensuke Tateishi George Wada Shin Furukawa Tomohito Nagase Toshihiro Maeda Written by Yasuko Kobayashi Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Studio Wit Studio Production I.G ( Production cooperation ) Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment ( Season 1 ) Sony Pictures UK ( Season 2 ) Original network MBS , Tokyo MX , BS11 , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA , GTV , GYT , TVS , tvk , CTC , RSK , BSN , RCC , SBC , TBC , SBS , IBC , RKK , ITC ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) NHK G ( Season 3 ) English network SBS 2 Aniplus Asia Adult Swim ( Toonami ) Original run April 7 , 2013 -- present Episodes 43 + 8 OVA ( List of episodes ) Anime film Attack on Titan -- Part 1 : Crimson Bow and Arrow Attack on Titan -- Part 2 : Wings of Freedom Directed by Tetsurō Araki Written by Yasuko Kobayashi Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Studio Wit Studio Production I.G ( Production cooperation ) Licensed by Funimation Released November 22 , 2014 ( Part 1 ) July 27 , 2015 ( Part 2 ) Runtime 120 minutes each Anime film Attack on Titan : The Roar of Awakening Directed by Tetsurō Araki Masashi Koizuka Written by Yasuko Kobayashi Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Studio Wit Studio Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Anime Limited Released January 13 , 2018 Runtime 120 minutes Live - action Attack on Titan ( 2015 film ) Attack on Titan : Counter Rockets ( 2015 miniseries ) Attack on Titan : End of the World ( 2015 film ) Video games Shingeki no Kyojin Shingeki no Kyojin - Hangeki no Tsubasa - Lost in the Cruel World Attack on Titan : Humanity in Chains No Regrets In the Forest of the Night , Burning Bright Wall Sina , Goodbye Shingeki no Kyojin - Hangeki no Tsubasa - Online Shingeki no Kyojin - Jiyū e no Hōkō - Shingeki no Kyojin Banda Attack on Typing Attack on Titan Attack on Titan 2 Anime and Manga portal Attack on Titan ( Japanese : 進撃の巨人 , Hepburn : Shingeki no Kyojin , lit . `` Advancing Giant '' ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama . The series began in Kodansha 's Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on September 9 , 2009 , and has been collected into 26 tankōbon volumes as of August 2018 . It is set in a world where humanity lives in cities surrounded by enormous walls protecting the humans from gigantic humanoids that are referred to as titans . The titans vary in height and endlessly eat humans seemingly without reason . The story initially centers on Eren Yeager and his childhood friends Mikasa Ackerman and Armin Arlert , who join the military to fight the titans after their hometown is invaded and a titan eats Eren 's mother , whom he swears to avenge . As the story progresses and the truths about the titans are slowly revealed to the reader , the narrative shifts to encompass Historia Reiss , squad leader Levi , Eren 's father Grisha , and other supporting characters . The spin - off light novel series Before the Fall began in December 2011 and has received a manga adaptation . Two additional light novel series and four additional spin - off manga series have also been created . An anime television adaptation was produced by Wit Studio and Production I.G and aired in Japan on MBS . The first season aired between April and September 2013 , the second season aired between April and June 2017 , and a third season commenced broadcast in July 2018 . Four video game adaptations developed by Nitroplus staffers in collaboration with Production I.G were announced to be released as bonus content for the third and sixth volumes of the Blu - ray Disc release of the anime , with another game developed by Spike Chunsoft for the Nintendo 3DS . A two - part live - action film adaptation , Attack on Titan and Attack on Titan : End of the World , and a live - action web - series were released in 2015 . An anime adaptation of the Junior High spin - off manga , produced by Production I.G , began airing in October 2015 . Attack on Titan and all five spin - off manga are published in North America by Kodansha USA , while the three novel series are published by Vertical . The anime has been licensed by Funimation for North America , by Manga Entertainment for the UK , and by Madman Entertainment for Australasia . Attack on Titan has become a commercial success . As of August 2018 , the manga has 76 million tankōbon copies in print , making it one of the best - selling manga series . The release of the manga 's anime adaptation , which received critical acclaim for its atmosphere , music and story , boosted the series ' popularity . Although it also gained fame in neighboring Asian countries , the series ' themes have been a subject of controversy . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Production 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Novels 3.3 Anime 3.4 Music 3.4. 1 First season 3.4. 1.1 Track listing 3.4. 2 Second season 3.4. 2.1 Track listing 3.4. 3 Anime films 3.5 Video games 3.6 Live - action 3.7 Other media 4 Reception 4.1 Manga 4.2 Anime 5 Political interpretations 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Over 100 years before the beginning of the story on an alternate world , giant humanoid creatures called Titans ( 巨人 , Kyojin ) suddenly appeared and nearly wiped out humanity , devouring them without remorse or reason and only targeting them ; they completely ignore other wildlife . What remains of humanity now resides within three enormous curtain walls : the outermost is Wall Maria ( ウォール・マリア , Wōru Maria ) ; the middle wall is Wall Rose ( ウォール・ローゼ , Wōru Rōze , sometimes pronounced like rosé ) and the innermost is Wall Sheena ( ウォール・シーナ , Wōru Shīna , alt . `` Wall Sina '' ) . Inside these walls , humanity has lived in uneasy peace for one hundred years , many people growing up without ever having seen a Titan . This all changes when one day , a giant 60 - meter ( 200 ft ) - tall Colossus Titan mysteriously appears after a strike of lightning and breaches the outer wall ( which is 50 meters tall ) of the Shiganshina district , a town at Wall Maria , allowing the smaller Titans to invade the district . An Armored Titan smashes clean through the gate in Wall Maria , forcing humankind to abandon the land between Wall Maria and Wall Rose , evacuating the remaining population into the inner districts . The sudden influx of population causes turmoil and famine . The Titans are giant humanoid figures ranging between 3 and 15 meters ( 10 and 50 ft ) tall and are usually masculine in body structure but lack reproductive organs . Although they do not appear to need food , they instinctively attack and eat humans on sight ; it is mentioned that they derive their energy from sunlight . Furthermore , the Titans also do not have a proper digestive tract ; once they have eaten their fill of human prey , Titans will vomit large , slimy balls , derisively referred to as `` hairballs '' , as shown in the episode where the squad retakes Trost . Finally , their skin is tough and difficult to penetrate , and they regenerate quickly from injuries , except for a weak spot at the nape of their neck . Combating the Titans is the military , which is divided into three branches . Foremost in the story is the Survey Corps ( 調査兵団 , Chōsa Heidan ) , which goes out into Titan territory to try to reclaim the land . The Survey Corps is heavily derided in society because of its apparently senseless high casualty rate and little sense of progress . The second and largest branch is the Garrison Regiment ( 駐屯兵団 , Chūton Heidan ) , which guards the walls and the civilian populace . The third branch is the Military Police Brigade ( 憲兵団 , Kenpeidan ) , which guards the royal family and lives relatively relaxed lives in the innermost wall , although this eventually results in fraud , corruption , and political subterfuge . The soldiers use a grappling , tethering system called Vertical Maneuvering Equipment ( 立体機動装置 , Rittai Kidō Sōchi ) that allows them to jump onto ( and swing from ) walls , trees , or nearby buildings to attack Titans with dual swords , and use gas canisters which to propel themselves . However , despite it being the soldiers ' primary line of both offense and defense against the Titans , it is useless in open and flat terrain like fields . It is later revealed that the Titans were created when Ymir Fritz found the `` source of all organic life '' and became the Founding Titan ; she had the ability to create and control the Titans . When Ymir Fritz died as a side effect of having the Titan ability for 13 years , her power was divided among nine who pass their abilities to another upon death to other Subjects of Ymir , also known the Eldian people . These Titans consist of the Founding Titan , the Attack Titan , the Colossus Titan , the Armored Titan , the Female Titan , the Beast Titan , the Jaw Titan , the Cart Titan , and the War Hammer Titan . The Founding Titan remained with the Fritz family as Eldia 's 145th King Karl Fritz arranged for his country 's fall by Marley and took a handful of his people to the island of Paradis where he used the countless Colossus Titans to make the walls and erased the memories of the Eldians he brought with him so that they did not know anything about the outside world , his descendants continuing his work while the Eldians in Marley suffer as second - class citizen with some being exiled to Paradis as the Titans that terrorize the island 's residents . Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Attack on Titan characters The story of Attack on Titan revolves around the adventures of Eren Yeager , Mikasa Ackerman , and their childhood friend Armin Arlert who once lived in the town of Shinganshina . But when Wall Maria is breached by the Colossal Titan with the Armored Titan further compromising the town , chaos ensued as the Titans enter Shinganshina with a mass evacuation . Having watched in horror as a smiling Titan eats his mother , his father having mysteriously disappeared after giving him a key to their basement , Eren vowed to kill all the Titans and enlisted in the military with his friends following suit . Five years later , the three cadet graduates are positioned in Trost District , one of the border towns jutting out of Wall Rose when the Colossal Titan appeared and history repeats itself . In the ensuing battle , Eren appeared to have been killed when he sacrificed himself while saving Armin from being eaten by a bearded Titan . Things appeared bleak until Mikasa and Armin encounter a Titan that uncharacteristically attacks the other Titans with raging fury , the creature ultimately revealed to be Eren . Though considered a threat by some despite helping take back Trost District , the following military trial ruled that Eren will be taken in by the Survey Corps ' Special Operations Squad under Captain Levi . In an expedition to Shinganshina to make use of Eren 's abilities , the Scouts are attacked by a Female Titan who attempts to capture Eren while wiping out Levi 's subordinates . Though Eren was saved , the expedition ended in failure while Armin determined that the Female Titan is fellow cadet from their class named Annie Leonheart . While Annie encased herself in crystal when her capture at Stohess is assured , the collateral damage reveals the walls are formed from Titans . Eventually , Eren learns that their fellow cadets Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover are the Titans who compromised Wall Maria as they and Annie are revealed to have been sent by an unknown party to capture Eren as he possesses `` The Coordinate '' which allows him to control Titans . The event also revealed another cadet named Krista Lenz to be actually Historia Reiss , the illegitimate daughter of the city 's true ruler Rod Reiss . Reiss has the Military Police track Eren and Historia and brought to him , revealing that the former 's Titan abilities were result of his father Grisha having stolen the power of the Reiss family during the chaos at Shinganshina and allowed himself to be devoured by his son . While Historia learns her father intends for her to become a Titan and kill Eren to claim her birthright and restore the old system , she refused and aids the Survey Corps in overthrowing the monarchy while personally ending Reiss 's life after he turned himself into a Titan . The ordeal allowed Eren to gain a new power that allows him to create massive and permanent structures , which the Survey Corps used in their next expedition to seal the breach in Wall Maria . But the group are ambushed by Zeke , the man who Reiner and Bertolt serve under . The Battle of Shinganshina which ensued resulted in the deaths of commander Erwin Smith and most of the expedition members , Armin only able to survive when he is turned into a Titan and devours Bertolt to become the new Colossus Titan . Before returning home , the survivors reach the basement of the Yeager residence where they find the truth Grisha wanted them to learn : That human civilization is thriving despite what they had believed and that they are descendants of some of the Eldian people who fled to Paradis to escape oppression by Marley , a world power that seeks to acquire Paradis 's natural resources by force . The Titans are revealed to be exiled Eldian prisoners . The Marleyans used to keep the Eldians within the walls from expanding their territory prior to sending Zeke , who Eren learns is his older half - brother who had their father exiled to Paradis . But events led Grisha to acquire the power of the Attack Titan which he later passed to Eren along with the Founding Titan , nicknamed the `` Coordinate '' by the Marleyans . The series then jumps to four years after the Battle of Shinganshina and the reclaim of Wall Maria , flashbacks revealing Zeke having made contact with Paradis during that period through his conscripted emissary Yelena , who helped the Paradisians receive training in modern weapons and technology while establishing contact with other nations opposing Marley like Hizuru , an ally nation of Eldian with Mikasa revealed to be a descendant of its shogun . During a military committee meeting , Yelena reveals Zeke 's long term plan , to hand over the Beast Titan power to Historia to help Eren unlock his Founding Titan powers . Because of the 13 - year lifespan of one who acquired a Titan 's power , Historia accepts the burden to produce as many heirs as possible to ensure a line of succession in the 50 years it would take for Paradis to be fully modernize . Only Eren disapproved of this arrangement , revealed to become more numb to violence to the point of fundamentally opposing any peace negotiations suggested by Armin . Eren leads the Survey Corps in an planned extraction of Zeke when Willy Tybur , patriarch of Marley 's most influential and highly respected political family , holds a rally in the city of Liberio in response to Marley 's declining military hegemony and failed attempts to scout Paradis . Tybur reveals his family having secretly controlled the Marley government since their alliance King Karl Fritz , a descendant of the first Progenitor Titan Ymir Fritz who orchestrated Eldia 's downfall , while rallying the countries for an alliance to invade Paradis as Eren 's possession of the Founding Titan makes him a threat to the entire world . The Survey Corps proceed with the attack in the middle of the ceremony , Eren killing Tybur and then devouring the man 's sister to obtain the power of the Warhammer Titan . After retreating with the Survey Corps on an airship piloted by a foreign dignitary , Eren is immediately arrested for his insubordination by Levi . The Survey Corps ' celebration is short - lived when Sasha Blouse is mortally wounded by Gabi Braun - Reiner 's cousin and expected successor to the Armor Titan - who stowed away on the airship with her friend , Falco . The children are placed in the holding area with Zeke as Sasha succumbs to her wounds , Eren stricken with grief over the consequence of his actions as he , Gabi , and Falco are later confined in prison cells once back on Paradis . Armin ruminates with the still encased Annie . Historia is pregnant with her first child . Meanwhile , Falco and Gabi manage to break free from prison after disabling one of their jailers , and escape into the forest . Yelena and her followers are taken captive by the military government , and Levi escorts Zeke to a campsite in the forest . After Sasha 's burial , the squad begins to question Eren 's sanity and loyalty to them over the government and Zeke , despite Mikasa 's insistence of him acting in their best interests . Armin suggests that he and Mikasa meet with Eren to prove his loyalty to Paradis island before the military finds someone trustworthy to consume him in the event that he is not . Production ( edit ) Hajime Isayama created a 65 - page one - shot version of Attack on Titan in 2006 . In a 2018 interview with NHK , Isayama revealed that his inspiration for the series came from his hometown of Hita , Ōita , while wondering if there were monsters beyond the walls bordering the town . Originally , he also offered his work to the Weekly Shōnen Jump department at Shueisha , where he was advised to modify his style and story to be more suitable for Jump . He declined and instead decided to take it to the Weekly Shōnen Magazine department at Kodansha . Before serialization began in 2009 , he had already thought of ideas for twists , although they are fleshed out as the series progresses . The author initially based the scenery in the manga on that of his hometown , which is surrounded by mountains . While working at an internet cafe , Isayama encountered a customer who grabbed him by the collar . It was this incident that showed him `` the fear of meeting a person I ca n't communicate with , '' which is the feeling that he conveys through the Titans . When designing the appearances of the Titans , he uses several models such as martial artist Yushin Okami for Eren Yeager 's Titan form as well as Brock Lesnar for the Armored Titan . George Wada , the anime 's producer , stated that the `` Wall of Fear '' was influenced by the isolated and enclosed nature of Japanese culture . He also said that the inner feelings of every individual is one of the series ' main influences . Isayama later would confirm that Attack on Titan was inspired in part by Muv - Luv Alternative , the second visual novel in the Muv - Luv visual novel series . Isayama estimated his basic monthly timeline as one week to storyboard and three weeks to actually draw the chapter . The story is planned out in advance , even marking down in which collected volumes a specific `` truth '' will be revealed . In September 2013 , he stated that he was aiming to end the series in 20 collected volumes . Originally , Isayama planned to give the series a tragic conclusion similar to that of the film adaptation of Stephen King 's The Mist , where every character dies . However , positive response to the manga and anime has caused the author to contemplate changing the ending due to the impact it could have on fans . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) Main article : List of Attack on Titan chapters Hajime Isayama 's original manga serial , Attack on Titan commenced publication in Kodansha 's monthly publication Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine starting with the September 2009 issue . The first tankōbon collected volume was released on March 17 , 2010 . The most recent , volume 22 , was released on April 7 , 2017 . In November 2014 , the manga had 45 million copies in print . By September 2016 , the number had increased to 60 million . The series ' twelfth collected volume was given a first printing of 2.2 million copies , making Attack on Titan one of only two manga series ever to get an initial print surpassing 2 million , the other being One Piece . Volume 13 has the highest initial first print of the series so far , with 2,750,000 copies . It is also the first print run record for its publisher , Kodansha . A comedic spin - off of the series , titled Attack on Titan : Junior High ( 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 , Shingeki ! Kyojin Chūgakkō ) and written by Saki Nakagawa , began serialization in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine 's May 2012 issue . It follows the main characters as they battle the Titans while in junior high school . Another manga series based on the prequel light novels Attack on Titan : Before the Fall started running in Kodansha 's Monthly Shōnen Sirius from August 2013 , drawn by Satoshi Shiki . An additional spin - off based on the No Regrets visual novel was serialized in the shōjo manga magazine Aria , titled Attack on Titan : No Regrets ( 進撃の巨人悔いなき選択 , Shingeki no Kyojin : Kuinaki Sentaku ) . It is written by Gun Snark and illustrated by Hikaru Suruga . It focuses on the origins of Captain Levi , one of the most prominent characters in the main series . A yonkoma spin - off , called Spoof on Titan ( 寸劇の巨人 , Sungeki no Kyojin , `` Titan Short Skits '' ) and drawn by hounori , was released on Kodansha 's Manga Box smartphone and tablet application from December 2013 to December 30 , 2014 in both Japanese and English . A manga adaptation of Hiroshi Seko 's Attack on Titan : Lost Girls novel , written and illustrated by Ryōsuke Fuji , began publication in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on August 9 , 2015 . In North America , the series is published in English by Kodansha USA . They published the first volume on June 19 , 2012 , . The fifteenth was released on April 7 , 2015 . By July 2015 , the manga had 2.5 million copies in circulation in North America . The first three spin - off manga have also been licensed by Kodansha USA , who published the first volume of each between March and June 2014 . It announced its license to Spoof on Titan at the New York Comic Con in October 2015 , and its acquisition of Lost Girls in March 2016 . Novels ( edit ) Main article : List of Attack on Titan chapters § Novels A light novel series titled Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ) , written by Ryō Suzukaze and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto , began on April 1 , 2011 . Its story is set before the events of the manga and it was published by Kodansha in three volumes . While the first tells the story of Angel , the blacksmith who develops the first prototypes of the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment , the following two follow a young man who was found as a baby in the stomach of a Titan . A second light novel series called Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 進撃の巨人隔絶都市の女王 , Shingeki no Kyojin Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joō ) , written by Ryō Kawakami and illustrated by Range Murata , was published between August 1 , 2014 and May 1 , 2015 . Vertical released the novels in North America in 2014 and 2015 . A novel titled Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 進撃の巨人 Lost Girls ) , written by Hiroshi Seko , was published on December 9 , 2014 . It comprises three short stories featuring Mikasa and Annie Leonhart , titled `` Lost in the cruel world '' , `` Wall Sina , Goodbye '' , and `` Lost Girls '' . It was also released in English by Vertical , in 2016 . Garrison Girl : An Attack on Titan Novel , a novel created by American writer Rachel Aaron was published by Quirk Books on August 7 , 2018 . It is centered on Rosalie Dumarque , who defies her family to join military garrison . Anime ( edit ) Main article : List of Attack on Titan episodes An anime television series adaptation produced by Wit Studio ( a subsidiary of IG Port ) aired on MBS between April 7 , 2013 and September 29 , 2013 , directed by Tetsurō Araki with Yūki Kaji starring as Eren , Yui Ishikawa voicing Mikasa and Marina Inoue as Armin . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll simulcast the series on their respective websites , and Funimation began releasing the series on North American home video in 2014 . The first season was acquired for distribution in the UK by Manga Entertainment , with subsequent seasons handled by Sony Pictures UK . Madman Entertainment acquired the show for distribution in Australia and New Zealand . The final episode was also aired in Japanese theaters . The anime had some production issues with needing more animators with Wit Studios ' character designer , Kyoji Asano tweeting and looking for active animators to work on the anime . An OVA version of the `` Ilse 's Notebook '' special chapter from tankōbon volume 5 was originally scheduled to be released on August 9 , 2013 , bundled with the volume 11 limited edition , but was postponed and included with a limited edition of volume 12 , released on December 9 , 2013 , instead . The OVA was bundled on subtitled DVD with the English limited edition release of the 17th manga volume , released on December 1 , 2015 . A second OVA was released on April 9 , 2014 , bundled with the 13th volume of the series , this one focused on the members of the 104th Training Corps . Two additional OVA episodes , based on the Attack on Titan : No Regrets prequel manga , were bundled with the 15th and 16th volumes of the main series , released on December 9 , 2014 and April 9 , 2015 , respectively . The anime previously aired on Adult Swim 's Toonami block . In Australia , the anime aired on SBS 2 on Tuesdays , in Japanese with English subtitles , with the first episode having aired on September 30 . The anime was compiled into two animated theatrical films with new voice acting from the same cast . The first film Attack on Titan -- Part 1 : Crimson Bow and Arrow ( 「進撃の巨人」前編 ~ 紅蓮の弓矢 ~ , Shingeki no Kyojin Zenpen ~ Guren no Yumiya ~ ) covers the first 13 episodes and was released on November 22 , 2014 , while the second film Attack on Titan -- Part 2 : Wings of Freedom ( 「進撃の巨人」後編 ~ 自由の翼 ~ , Shingeki no Kyojin Kōhen ~ Jiyū no Tsubasa ~ ) adapts the remaining episodes and adds new opening and ending footage . It was released on June 27 , 2015 . A rebroadcast of the first season was aired from January 9 , 2016 on NHK 's BS Premium channel . The compilation films were also broadcast in January 2017 on MBS . A second season of the anime series was announced on the opening day of the first theatrical film , which was originally set to be released in 2016 . It was then confirmed in the January 2017 issue of the Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine that the second season would premiere in April 2017 . Masashi Koizuka directed the second season , with Araki acting as chief director . It has also been licensed by Funimation . It ran for 12 episodes . An anime television adaptation of the Attack on Titan : Junior High manga spin - off began airing in October 2015 . The series was directed by Yoshihide Ibata at Production I.G , with series composition by Midori Gotou , character design by Yuuko Yahiro , and music by Asami Tachibana . Linked Horizon performed the opening theme `` Youth Like Fireworks '' . The ending theme , `` Ground 's Counterattack '' ( `` Hangeki no Daichi '' ) , is performed by the voice actors for Eren , Mikasa , and Jean . A rebroadcast of the series was aired during January 2016 . The second season of the anime series debuted on April 1 , 2017 . The season premiere was simulcast on Funimation , Crunchyroll , and the former 's VRV channel at 10 : 30 AM EST . That same day , it was also announced that the second season of Attack on Titan would premiere on Toonami on April 29 . It was subsequently announced on April 3 that the second season would premiere one week earlier , on April 22 instead . Following the broadcast of the second season 's last episode , a third season was announced . It was premiered on NHK General TV in July 2018 ; however , it will not be broadcast on MBS and other UHF channels . A three part OVA of Attack on Titan : Lost Girls was released in 2017 and 2018 with the limited editions of volumes 24 , 25 , and 26 . A third compilation film was announced alongside the release date of the anime series ' third season at the `` Shingeki no Kyojin '' Reading & Live Event Orchestra `` Attack Oto Taikan 2 '' event , titled Attack on Titan : The Roar of Awakening ( 「進撃の巨人」 ~ 覚醒の咆哮 ~ , Shingeki no Kyojin ~ Kakusei no Hōkō ~ ) . The film recapped the events of the anime series ' second season and was released on January 13 , 2018 . A trailer for the third season was released on April 27 , 2018 . Funimation announced that they would air the worldwide premiere of the first episode at Anime Expo on July 8 , 2018 . They also announced that the first episode would air in theaters in the US and Canada alongside Attack on Titan : Roar of Awakening on July 10 , 2018 . The series premiered in Japan on July 23 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) First season ( edit ) `` Attack on Titan '' Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Hiroyuki Sawano Released June 28 , 2013 ( Disc 1 ) October 16 , 2013 ( Disc 2 ) Studio Various ( show ) Studio Sound Valley ( Tokyo , Japan ) Bunkamura Studio ( Tokyo , Japan ) Studio Greenbird ( Tokyo , Japan ) Onkio Haus ( Tokyo , Japan ) Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 17 : 27 ( Disc 1 ) 47 : 51 ( Disc 2 ) Label Pony Canyon Producer Hiroyuki Sawano Yasushi Horiguchi ( co . ) In the first season , for the first thirteen episodes , the opening theme is `` Guren no Yumiya '' ( 紅蓮の弓矢 , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' , styled in German as `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ) by Linked Horizon , and the ending theme is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき残酷な世界 , lit . `` This Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . For episodes 14 -- 25 , the opening theme is `` Jiyū no Tsubasa '' ( 自由の翼 , lit . `` Wings of Freedom '' , styled in German as `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ) by Linked Horizon , and the ending theme is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . Both `` Guren no Yumiya '' and `` Jiyū no Tsubasa '' were released as part of the single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' on July 10 , 2013 . The series ' soundtrack was composed by Hiroyuki Sawano , and the first CD was released on June 28 , 2013 by Pony Canyon . The first CD contains 16 tracks , with 6 vocal tracks featuring performances by Mika Kobayashi , mpi , Cyua , Aimee Blackschleger and CASG . The second CD containing the other half of the soundtrack was released on October 16 , 2013 as a bonus offered with the fourth Blu - ray and DVD limited edition volumes of the anime . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Hiroyuki Sawano . show `` Attack on Titan '' Original Soundtrack No . Title Lyrics Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` ətˈæk 0N tάɪtn '' ( attack ON titan ) Rie Mika Kobayashi 4 : 17 2 . `` The Reluctant Heroes '' mpi mpi 4 : 27 3 . `` eye - water '' 3 : 01 4 . `` 立 body 機 motion '' ( Rittai Kidou ; `` Three - Dimensional Maneuver '' ) 5 : 43 5 . `` cóunter ・ attàck - mˈænkάɪnd '' ( counter. attack - mankind ) 6 : 07 6 . `` army ⇒ G ♂ '' ( army ATTACK ) 3 : 26 7 . `` Vogel im Käfig '' ( `` Bird in a Cage '' ) Rie Cyua 6 : 20 8 . `` DOA '' mpi Aimee Blackschleger 3 : 26 9 . `` 凸 ) ♀ ) ♂ ) ← 巨人 '' ( Kyojin Shinkou ; `` Titan Invasion '' ) 4 : 21 10 . `` E ・ M ・ A '' 5 : 43 11 . `` 巨 ♀ ~ 9 地区 '' ( Megata Kyojin Kuchiku ; `` Female Titan Extermination '' ) 5 : 15 12 . `` Bauklötze '' ( `` Building Blocks '' ) Rie Mika Kobayashi 3 : 56 13 . `` 2chi 城 '' ( Nichijou ; `` Daily Life '' ) 6 : 48 14 . `` XL - TT '' 6 : 37 15 . `` Call your name '' mpi mpi CASG 4 : 28 16 . `` omake - pfadlib '' 3 : 32 Total length : 1 : 17 : 27 show `` Attack on Titan '' Original Soundtrack II No . Title Length 1 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - egt20130629 巨人 '' 5 : 00 2 . `` 進撃 pf20130218 巨人 '' 4 : 41 3 . `` 進撃 gt20130218 巨人 '' 2 : 31 4 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - gt - pf20130629 巨人 '' 4 : 37 5 . `` 進撃 vc - pf20130218 巨人 '' 6 : 11 6 . `` 進撃 vn - pf20130524 巨人 '' 3 : 23 7 . `` 進撃 pf - adlib - b20130218 巨人 '' 2 : 51 8 . `` 進撃 st20130629 巨人 '' 5 : 25 9 . `` 進撃 pf - adlib - c20130218 巨人 '' 3 : 53 10 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - gt20130629 巨人 '' 4 : 13 11 . `` 進撃 pf - medley20130629 巨人 '' 5 : 06 Total length : 47 : 51 Second season ( edit ) `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Hiroyuki Sawano Released June 7 , 2017 Genre Soundtrack Label Pony Canyon Producer Hiroyuki Sawano Yasushi Horiguchi ( co-producer ) Hiroyuki Sawano soundtrack albums chronology Crisis Original Soundtrack ( 2017 ) `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Re : CREATORS Original Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Singles from `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack `` YAMANAIAME '' Released : November 19 , 2014 `` theDOGS '' Released : July 1 , 2015 The opening theme is `` Shinzou wo Sasageyo ! '' ( 心臓を捧げよう ! , lit . `` Dedicate your Heart ! '' , styled in German as `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ) by Linked Horizon , and the ending theme is `` Yuugure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れの鳥 , lit . `` Bird at Dusk '' ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . Sawano returned to compose the soundtrack for the second season , with the 2CD soundtrack scheduled for release on June 7 , 2017 by Pony Canyon . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Hiroyuki Sawano . show `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack - CD1 No . Title Lyrics Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Barricades '' Benjamin mpi yosh Gemie mpi 3 : 41 2 . `` APETITAN '' 5 : 31 3 . `` YouSeeBIGGIRL / T : T '' ( YmirBIGGIRL / Titan vs Titan ) Rie Gemie 5 : 58 4 . `` son2seaVer '' 5 : 22 5 . `` Call of Silence '' cAnON . Gemie 2 : 57 6 . `` ERENthe 標 '' ( EREN the Coordinate ) 6 : 23 7 . `` attack 音 D '' ( attack on D ) 4 : 44 8 . `` YAMANAIAME '' Benjamin mpi Mica Caldito mpi Mika Kobayashi 4 : 27 9 . `` 2Volt '' 6 : 46 10 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - egt20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Strings - Horns - ElectricGuitar 20130629 Kyojin ) 5 : 00 11 . `` So ist es immer '' Rie Benjamin mpi Benjamin 4 : 48 12 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - gt - pf20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Strings - Horns - Guitar - Piano 20130629 Kyojin ) 4 : 36 13 . `` ymniam - orch '' 3 : 09 14 . `` The Reluctant Heroes < MODv > '' mpi Mica Caldito 4 : 30 15 . `` 進撃 st - hrn - gt20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Strings - Horns - Guitar 20130629 Kyojin ) 4 : 12 16 . `` theDOGS '' mpi mpi 4 : 35 Total length : 1 : 16 : 45 show `` Attack on Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack - CD2 No . Title Lyrics Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` 進撃 pf - medley20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Piano Medley 20130629 Kyojin ) 5 : 06 2 . `` EMAymniam '' 5 : 31 3 . `` 進撃 pf20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Piano 20130218 Kyojin ) 4 : 40 4 . `` 進撃 gt20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Guitar 20130218 Kyojin ) 2 : 31 5 . `` TWO - lives '' 4 : 57 6 . `` 進撃 st20130629 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Strings 20130629 Kyojin ) 5 : 25 7 . `` 進撃 vn - pf20130524 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Violin - Piano 20130524 Kyojin ) 3 : 23 8 . `` ymniam - MKorch '' Mika Kobayashi 2 : 36 9 . `` 進撃 pf - adlib - c20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Piano Adlib on c 20130218 Kyojin ) 3 : 53 10 . `` 進撃 pf - adlib - b20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Piano Adlib on b 20130218 Kyojin ) 2 : 50 11 . `` 進撃 vc - pf20130218 巨人 '' ( Shingeki Cello - Piano 20130218 Kyojin ) 6 : 11 12 . `` TheWeightOfLives '' 7 : 20 13 . `` YAMANAIAME < FMv > '' Benjamin mpi Mica Caldito 4 : 28 14 . `` AOTs2M 他 1 '' 4 : 10 15 . `` AOTs2M 他 2 '' 2 : 08 16 . `` AOTs2M 他 3 '' 3 : 25 17 . `` AOTs2M 他 4 '' 4 : 03 Anime films ( edit ) For the first compilation film , Attack on Titan -- Part 1 : Crimson Bow and Arrow , the ending themes were `` YAMANAIAME '' ( lit . `` Unstoppable Rain '' ) by Hiroyuki Sawano feat . Mika Kobayashi , Mica Caldito & mpi and `` Guren no Zahyou '' ( 紅蓮の座標 , lit . `` Crimson Coordinate '' ) by Linked Horizon . For the second compilation film , Attack on Titan -- Part 2 : Wings of Freedom , the ending themes was `` theDOGS '' by Hiroyuki Sawano feat . mpi . The film 's theme song was `` Jiyuu no Daishou '' ( 自由の代償 ) by Linked Horizon . Video games ( edit ) There have been four video game adaptations of Attack on Titan developed by Nitroplus staffers in collaboration with Production I.G . Nitroplus clarified that the studio as a company is not involved in the Attack on Titan Blu - ray Disc games , while individual staffers are . The games are visual novels and were included in the first copies of the third and sixth Blu - ray Disc volumes of the anime . The games cover spin - off stories about the characters of Attack on Titan . Isayama supervised the development of the games . The third Blu - ray volume was released on September 18 with Seko 's Lost in the Cruel World visual novel about Mikasa , and a preview of Gun Snark 's No Regrets ( 悔いなき選択 , Kuinaki Sentaku , lit . `` A Choice with No Regrets '' ) . The sixth Blu - ray volume was released on December 18 with the full version of No Regrets about Levi and Erwin 's past , Jin Haganeya 's visual novel In the Forest of the Night , Burning Bright about Eren and Levi , and Seko 's Wall Sina , Goodbye visual novel about Annie . An action game , titled Attack on Titan : Humanity in Chains ( 進撃の巨人 ~ 反撃の翼 ~ , Shingeki no Kyojin ~ Hangeki no Tsubasa ~ , subtitle lit . `` Wings of Counterattack '' ) , was developed by Spike Chunsoft for the Nintendo 3DS and released in Japan on December 5 , 2013 , North America on May 12 , 2015 and Europe on July 2 , 2015 . A smartphone social game , titled Attack on Titan : Howl Toward Freedom ( Shingeki no Kyojin ~ Jiyū e no Hōkō ~ ) is in development by Mobage for iOS and Android platforms . In the game , players play as a character who has been exiled from Wall Rose . Players must build and fortify a town outside the wall and expand it by manufacturing items as well as using Titans and exploiting resources from other players . A set of Attack on Titan costumes was added to Dead or Alive 5 Last Round in July 2016 , alongside a playable arena based on Wall Rose during an attack by the Colossal Titan . Additionally , Attack on Titan gameplay and merchandise has been featured in a crossover event with Nexon MMORPG MapleStory in its Japanese and GMS versions . Another game , Attack on Titan , for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , and PlayStation Vita , published by Koei Tecmo and developed by Omega Force , was announced at Gamescom 2015 . It was released on February 18 , 2016 in Japan . Later was confirmed to be released worldwide along with PC and Xbox One versions . Capcom are developing an Attack on Titan arcade game named Shingeki no Kyojin : Team Battle . Attack on Titan : Escape from Certain Death was announced to be in development for the Nintendo 3DS in Famitsu magazine in October 2016 . The game was initially supposed to be launched on March 30 , 2017 but was later postponed to May 11 , 2017 . Attack on Titan 2 : Future Coordinates was released on November 30 , 2017 in Japan . A sequel game to Koei Tecmo 's Attack on Titan , Attack on Titan 2 , was announced in August 2017 and released in March 2018 Live - action ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan ( film ) A live - action film was announced to be in production in October 2011 . In December 2012 , it was reported that Tetsuya Nakashima left his position as director . According to film distributor Toho , Nakashima had considerable creative differences on the scriptwriting and other matters . In December 2013 , Shinji Higuchi was revealed to be directing , and would also be responsible with the special effects . Writer Yūsuke Watanabe and critic / subculture expert Tomohiro Machiyama was announced to be scripting the movie with series creator Isayama . In July 2014 , it was revealed that two films will be released in the summer of 2015 It was also revealed that some major characters would be cut from the Line up . Most noticeable ones being Levi Anckerman and Erwin Smith . A teaser trailer for the first livite - action film was released in March 2015 . The following month , Toho released the second trailer for the first film , and announced the second installment will be called Attack on Titan : End of the World . In June 2015 , a third trailer for the first film was released , revealing the Three - Dimensional Maneuvering Gear , as well as confirming the film will be released in IMAX theaters in Japan . A live - action miniseries , titled Shingeki no Kyojin : Hangeki no Noroshi ( 進撃の巨人反撃の狼煙 , `` Attack on Titan : Counter Rockets '' ) and utilizing the same actors as the films , started streaming on NTT DoCoMo 's online - video service dTV on August 15 , 2015 . The three episode series focuses on Zoë Hange and her research of the Titans , as well as how the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment was created . Deadline Hollywood reported that Warner Bros. is in negotiations to secure the film rights to the Attack on Titan franchise . Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them producer David Heyman would be on board to produce a proposed two - film project that would remake the 2015 Japanese live - action film adaptations . A day later , however , Kodansha representatives said there were no negotiations with Warner Bros . A Stage Play titled LIVE IMPACT was announced on the wraparound jacket band on Volume 21 . It was scheduled to run from July 28 to September 3 , 2017 . The Stage Play was cancelled after one of the staff members being involved in an accident . Other media ( edit ) Two guidebooks to the manga titled Inside and Outside were released on April 9 and September 9 , 2013 , featuring concept art , character profiles and interviews . They were combined into one and released in North America on September 16 , 2014 , by Kodansha USA . A 16 - minute drama CD was created with the anime 's staff and included in the January 2014 issue of Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine . On November 3 , 2014 , American writer C.B. Cebulski revealed that a crossover between Attack on Titan and Marvel Comics was in the works . Cebulski scripts the scenario written by the original author Hajime Isayama . The one - shot crossover featured Spider - Man , the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy facing off against several Titans , including the Colossal Titan , the Armored Titan , and the Female Titan on the streets of New York City . During Free Comic Book Day 2015 , Marvel 's Secret Wars preview included an 8 - page presentation `` Attack on Avengers '' by creator Hajime Isayama with art by Gerardo Sandoval . It was announced at the 2015 New York Comic - Con that an American comic book titled Attack on Titan Anthology will be published . From January 23 to May 10 , 2015 , Universal Studios Japan hosted attractions based on Attack on Titan . `` The Real '' Attack on Titan Experience features a life - size 15 meter tall Eren titan engaging a 14 meter tall female titan in combat . Other attractions include a ground level titan , which visitors can pose with . Reception ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) Attack on Titan won the Kodansha Manga Award in the shōnen category in 2011 , was nominated for the 4th Manga Taishō Award and both the 16th and 18th annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize . The 2012 edition of Kono Manga ga Sugoi ! , which surveys people in the manga and publishing industry , named Attack on Titan the eighth best manga series for male readers , while the 2014 edition named it the sixth best . Attack on Titan was the top favorite manga for Yomiuri Shimbun 's Sugoi Japan Awards in 2015 . Attack on Titan was the second highest selling manga series of 2013 , with 15,933,801 copies sold in a single year . In April 2014 , Oricon reported that 30 million volumes of the series have been sold . In the first half of 2014 it topped the chart , ending One Piece 's five - year reign as the highest selling series in that period , with Isayama surprised about it and thanking the readers . By the end of the year , it was the second best selling manga with 11,728,368 copies sold . In 2015 , the series sold 8,778,048 copies ranking third for the year , and 6,544,081 in 2016 for the fourth rank . Attack on Titan was the second best - selling manga of 2017 with sales of 6,622,781 copies , behind only One Piece . The manga 's publisher , Kodansha , credits Attack on Titan for the company 's first revenue increase in eighteen years . The anime is noted to have helped in boosting the series ' sales while Mainichi Shimbun called it a `` once - in - a-decade hit . '' Six of the seven English volumes published in North America at the time charted on The New York Times Manga Best Seller list for the week of October 13 , 2013 , and volume one was on the list for 81 weeks straight . In June 2015 , the first volume clocked in at its 100th week on the top 10 chart , having sold 2.5 million copies . It also currently holds the title of appearing on the list for a volume with 121 weeks . Volume one was also number one on Nielsen BookScan 's list of top 20 graphic novels in American bookstores for October 2013 , and for the month of September , the series had more volumes on the list than any other series . The Young Adult Library Services Association in the United States named the series one of its `` Great Graphic Novels for Teens '' in 2013 . Kodansha USA 's English release won the 2014 Harvey Award for Best American Edition of Foreign Material . Attack on Titan was the only manga to be nominated for the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Best Graphic Novel / Comic . Many have analyzed Attack on Titan as representing `` the hopelessness felt by young people in today 's society . '' while writer Mao Yamawaki called it a `` coming - of - age story of the boys and girls at its core , '' with a new mystery every episode . It is these mysteries that critic Tomofusa Kure says amplifies readers ' expectations . The artwork of the manga has been criticized as crude by some reviewers , with Isayama himself admitting his drawings are `` amateurish . '' However , those same critics stated that after years of serialization , the art has been improving , and Kure believes that had the illustrations been `` refined '' , it would not have conveyed the `` eeriness '' that is a key characteristic of the work . In a short review , Jason Thompson noted how the characters conveniently receive `` power - ups '' to create plot twists , but concluded that these said plot twists and the manga 's post-apocalyptic world are `` too good to miss . '' Anime ( edit ) The anime has been very successful in Japan , with average sales of 52,067 across 9 volumes , with a total of 468,603 as of August 2016 . It was the number one selling TV anime of 2013 in Japan and is currently the eighth best selling anime of 2010 's . It has also been very successful in the U.S. with sales of at least 200,000 . It was also the number one streaming anime from Funimation in 2014 and the number one fan favorite Funimation home video released of 2014 . The anime adaptation won multiple prizes during the 3rd Newtype Anime Awards , including Best Director , Best Script , Best Soundtrack , Best Theme Song , Top Female Character and Title of the Year . It received the award for Best TV Animation at the 2013 Animation Kobe Awards . It received the award for Animation of the Year at the 2014 Tokyo Anime Award , along with , Best Director , Best Screenplay and Best Music . It won the 2013 Digital Contents of the Year Award at Japan 's 19th annual Association of Media in Digital ( AMD ) Awards . Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network was sharply critical of the first two episodes of the anime adaptation . He did praise the show for `` ( bringing ) back the terror of the fee - fi - fo - fum set '' , but then said that it `` does not a good show make '' . Kimlinger criticized Araki 's direction , saying he `` clearly intends it to be powerful and unsettling , but it 's just crude and unpleasant . '' On the other hand , other critics from Anime News Network praised much of the series . Rebecca Silverman said it `` is both gorgeous and appalling in its visuals '' , and `` an excellent mix of what 18th century Gothic novelist Ann Radcliffe defined as horror versus terror : the one is physical , making you want to look away , and the other is intellectual , making you want to know what 's going to happen next . '' Though there are several apocalyptic action shows , Carlo Santos noted that `` few get as close to perfection as Attack on Titan does '' . Santos described it as `` a masterpiece of death and destruction '' even if he only watched the first episode . Theron Martin of Anime News Network praised the musical score and the `` intense , impactful first episode '' despite his feeling that it has `` limited animation '' . Martin also compared Attack on Titan 's vibe and visual aesthetic to Claymore . John Sinnott of DVD Talk called the series one of the best ones he has ever watched and one `` that anime fans should not miss . '' Political interpretations ( edit ) The series has gained a strong popularity in not only Japan but also throughout the world . For instance , coverage of the anime appeared on the front page of the Hong Kong free newspaper am730 on May 27 , 2013 , concerning its popularity within Hong Kong as well as in Mainland China and Taiwan . The series also attracted criticism : the South Korean Electronic Times magazine accused Attack on Titan of having a militaristic message that serves Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe 's political leanings ; while the series also resonated with Hong Kong youths who saw the invading Titans as a metaphor for mainland China . Hong Kong media commentator Wong Yeung - tat praised Isayama 's style and the versatility of Attack on Titan 's setting , which opens itself to readers ' various interpretations . In 2013 , after media linked to a 2010 blog post by Isayama indicating that the design of the character Dot Pixis was based on the Imperial Japanese General Akiyama Yoshifuru , an Internet flame war about the general 's war record ( e.g. allowing the Port Arthur massacre to occur ) ensued on his blog and included death threats to the author . Because many of the threats written in Japanese had grammatical errors , it is believed that they were written by people outside of Japan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Attack On Titan '' . Funimation . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ohara , Atsuhi ; Yamane , Yukiko ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Boosted by anime version , ' Attack on Titan ' manga sales top 22 million '' . Asahi Shimbun . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jason ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` House of 1000 Manga : Crunchyroll Manga '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kodansha USA Publishing ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Attack on Titan Now Monthly '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan Anime 's 2nd Season Premieres in Spring 2017 '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 Coming in 2018 '' . IGN . June 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Scott ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` '' Attack On Titan '' Anime Season 3 Listed For Spring `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/BETSUMAGAnews/status/1026783319050973184 Jump up ^ `` 1st Attack on Titan Blu - ray / DVD to Bundle Manga ' Prototype ' '' . Anime News Network . May 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-05-07/hajime-isayama-shares-his-inspiration-for-attack-on-titan/.131234 Jump up ^ Isayama , Hajime . `` Transformation ! ! ! ! '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Creator Named Tourism Ambassador of Hometown '' . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Attack on Titan ' author expresses fears through popular boys ' manga '' . Asahi Shimbun . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . An incident that occurred soon after his move to Tokyo served as inspiration for the manga . Isayama was working a night job at an Internet cafe , when a customer suddenly grabbed him by the collar . `` I felt the fear of meeting a person I ca n't communicate with . '' He projects that terror and discomfort through the titans . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Attack on Titan Creator Hajime Isayama '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isayama , Hajime ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` アクセス数がすごい ! '' ( The number of views is amazing ! ) ( in Japanese ) . Blog.livedoor.jp . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : George Wada , Producer of Attack on Titan '' . Anime News Network . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saitō , Tamaki ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` 諫山創落書きと過去作品 . '' . Brutus ( in Japanese ) . Magazine World . 790 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Creator Aims to End Manga in 20 Volumes '' . Anime News Network . September 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 「進撃の巨人」の漫画家、諫山創インタビュー ! トラウマという財産 ! ? 人生観と漫画創作が濃密に交わる諫山創の視点とは ? ( in Japanese ) . White Screen . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Creator Considers Changing Ending '' . Anime News Network . December 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 22 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hennum , Shea ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` What Our Failure to Cover Attack on Titan Says About the Comics Industry '' . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Has 60 Million Copies in Print '' . Anime News Network . September 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Prints 28 Million as Latest Book Gets 2.2 - Million Printing '' . Anime News Network . December 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Inspires Comedy Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daphne in the Brilliant Blue 's Shiki Penning Attack on Titan Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . August 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Spinoff Manga to Run in Aria Shōjo Magazine '' . Anime News Network . August 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Launches Free App With Attack on Titan , Knight in the Area Manga Spinoffs '' . Anime News Network . December 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 4 - Panel Manga Ends '' . Anime News Network . December 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel Gets Manga Adaptation '' . Anime News Network . July 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 1 '' . Random House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 15 '' . Random House . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Has 2.5 Million Copies in Print in English '' . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha USA Adds Attack on Titan : Junior High Manga , Guidebooks '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Comics Adds Attack on Titan : Before the Fall , No Regrets Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Comics Adds Spoof on Titan , I Am Space Dandy Manga '' . Anime News Network . October 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kodansha Comics Announces Seven Manga Licenses '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Comic Con 2013 : Vertical Panel '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Before the Fall Light Novel Series '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Licenses More Attack on Titan Light Novels '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 小説進撃の巨人 LOST GIRLS . Kodansha . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Gets ' Lost Girls ' Novel Spinoff '' . Anime News Network . November 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel , Nichijō , FukuFuku : Kitten Tales Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel , Nichijō , FukuFuku : Kitten Tales Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Garrison Girl '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 「進撃の巨人」製作委員会 . `` 放送情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日より毎週土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` コミックナタリー -- アニメ「進撃の巨人」に神谷浩史、小野大輔、朴ロ美出演 '' . Natalie.mu. April 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 放送情報 TV アニメ「進撃の巨人」公式サイト '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yuuki Kaji , Yui Ishikawa , Marina Inoue Lead Attack on Titan Cast '' . Anime News Network . December 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saki Fujita , Keiji Fujiwara Join Attack on Titan TV Anime 's Cast '' . Anime News Network . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manga Entertainment UK Acquires ' Attack On Titan ' Anime License '' . The Fandom Post . May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Acquires Attack On Titan '' . Anime News Network . April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` アニメ『進撃の巨人』最終話先行上映イベントを全国の映画館で '' . ORICON STYLE . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attack on Titan '' Anime Studio Needs More Animators `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Original Anime DVD Delayed 4 Months '' . Anime News Network . June 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha USA to Bundle Original Anime DVD Episode With Attack on Titan Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : No Regrets Spinoff Gets Anime DVDs '' . Anime News Network . August 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sam ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan Airing on SBS 2 ... . Right Now ! '' . The Otaku 's Study . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Attack on Titan Compilation Film Adds New Ending Footage Linked to 2nd TV Season '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Anime Gets 2 Compilation Films in 2014 -- 2015 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Attack on Titan Compilation Film Slated for November 22 '' . Anime News Network . June 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHK 's BS Premium to Air `` Attack on Titan '' TV Anime from January 2016 `` . Crunchyroll . December 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MBS にて劇場版「進撃の巨人」前後編の地上波放送が決定 ! . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan TV Anime Gets 2nd Season in 2016 '' . Anime News Network . November 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ yonkouproductions ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Attack On Titan Season 2 To Air April 2017 '' . yonkouproductions . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Attack on Titan Anime 's 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . December 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 2 Listed With 12 Episodes '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Junior High Spinoff Manga Gets TV Anime Adaptation '' . Anime News Network . July 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Junior High Anime 's Ending Artist , 3rd Promo Video Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 「進撃 ! 巨人中学校」製作委員会 . `` TV アニメ「進撃 ! 巨人中学校」 TOKYO MX にて、 2016 年 1 月より再放送決定 ! ! '' . 進撃の巨人中学校 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HOW TO WATCH ATTACK ON TITAN SEASON 2 THIS WEEKEND '' . IGN . March 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toonami News ( @ ToonamiNews ) ( 2 April 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : # AttackOnTitanS2 is coming to Toonami on April 29 . We are working to get the commercial now and will bring it to you soon '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Attack On Titan Season 2 is coming to Toonami April 22nd at 12 : 30am ! '' . Facebook . April 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Anime Season 3 to Air in 2018 '' . Anime News Network . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 Premieres in July After January Compilation Film '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 Premieres in July After January Compilation Film '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Season 3 - Official Subtitled Trailer IT 'S OFFICIALLY COMING TO FUNIMATION , JULY 2018 ! '' . Twitter . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ressler , Karen ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Anime Expo to Host World Premiere of Attack on Titan Season 3 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ressler , Karen ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Attack on Titan Season 3 Gets World Premiere in U.S. , Canadian Theaters '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hodgkins , Crystalyn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` = Attack on Titan 3rd Season 's Promo Video Reveals July 22 Premiere ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Giants Eat at Pizza Hut , Too '' . Anime News Network . June 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ドコデモタワレコ . `` cinema staff 、「進撃の巨人」 ED 曲 '' great escape `` 発売決定 ! 亀田誠治と初タッグ -- TOWER RECORDS ONLINE '' . Tower.jp . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ オリジナル・サウンドトラック . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray & DVD 第 4 巻 . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Attack on Titan ' Season 2 : Title of Opening Theme Confirmed '' . Manga. Tokyo . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 神聖かまってちゃん '' レンタル移籍 `` で「進撃の巨人」 2 期エンディング歌う '' ( Shinsei Kamattechan 's song to be the ending theme for Attack on Titan Season 2 ) . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attack On Titan '' Season 2 Original Soundtrack Animation Soundtrack ( Music by Hiroyuki Sawano ) CD Album `` . CDJapan . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelkin , Sarah ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Hiroyuki Sawano Performs Attack on Titan Film 's Ending Theme ' YAMANAIAME ' '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Hiroyuki Sawano Produces Theme Song for 2nd `` Attack on Titan '' Compilation Film `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` リンホラ、劇場版「進撃の巨人」後編主題歌を配信限定リリース '' ( `` Attack on Titan '' compilation film delivers limited release for the second part theme song ) . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attack On Titan Games Coming From Steins ; Gate Developer Nitroplus '' . Siliconera . May 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nitro+ : Not Involved in Blu - ray Visual Novels , But Our Staffers Are '' . Anime News Network . May 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan Blu - rays Add Visual Novels by Nitro+ Staff '' . Anime News Network . May 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magazine : Attack on Titan Has Video Game Planned -- Interest '' . Anime News Network . July 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Video Game Slated for 2014 -- News '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Gets 3DS Game from Spike Chunsoft in 2013 '' . Anime News Network . August 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Social Game 's Promo Streamed '' . Anime News Network . January 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dead or Alive 5 : Last Round Brings The Fight To Attack on Titan '' . Siliconera . July 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack On Titan Comes To ... MapleStory '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wesley Copeland ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Gamescom 2015 : Koei Tecmo Announces Attack on Titan Tie - in '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Koei to Publish New Attack on Titan Game '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Video Game 's 2nd Promo Video Reveals February Release '' . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan -- Announcement Trailer '' . YouTube . KOEI TECMO AMERICA . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capcom to debut ' Attack on Titan ' arcade game -- Robot 6 -- The Comics Culture Blog '' . Robot 6 -- The Comics Culture Blog . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ゲーム『進撃の巨人 2 』公式 ( @ kt_shingeki ) ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` ( お知らせ ) 3 月 30 日 ( 木 ) を予定していた 3DS 『進撃の巨人死地からの脱出』の発売日を 5 月 11 日 ( 木 ) 変更させていただくこととなりました . 発売を心待ちにしていただいていた皆様には、さらにお待たせすることになり申し訳ありません . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 2 ~ 未来の座標 ~ 公式 ( @ Shingeki_3DS_SC ) ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` 3DS 『進撃の巨人 2 ~ 未来の座標 ~ 』発売決定 ! ティザーサイトを公開しました. 明日からは TV アニメ放送枠内で CM が放送されますのでお楽しみに ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 2 ~ 未来の座標 ~ 公式 ( @ Shingeki_3DS_SC ) ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` 3DS 『進撃の巨人 2 ~ 未来の座標 ~ 』の発売日が 11 月 30 日に決定 ! 全国のゲーム販売店及び販売サイトで予約受付を順次開始します. 店舗オリジナル予約特典情報も詳細が決まりましたら公式サイトで紹介致しますのでお楽しみに ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ http://gematsu.com/2017/10/koei-tecmo-attack-titan-2-launches-march-2018-north-america-europe Jump up ^ `` Shingeki no Kyojin / Attack on Titan Manga to Get Film in Fall 2013 '' . Anime News Network . October 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Director Nakashima Leaves Live - Action Attack on Titan Film '' . Anime News Network . December 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 実写映画版『進撃の巨人』の中島哲也監督が降板 '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shingeki no Kyojin / Attack on Titan Manga to Get Film in Fall 2013 '' . Anime News Network . October 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Live - Action `` Attack on Titan '' Director Announced `` . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SFX Director Shinji Higuchi to Helm Live - Action Attack on Titan Film '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Attack on Titan Confirmed for 2 Films '' . Anime News Network . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer & Poster for Live - Action Attack on Titan Movie , Part Two Titled Attack on Titan : End of the World '' . Final Reel . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for Live - Action Attack on Titan Movie Teases First Look at Three Dimensional Manoeuvre Gear '' . Final Reel . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Attack on Titan ' mini-series to stream on dTV from August '' . Asahi Shimbun . July 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deadline : Warner Bros. In Negotiations for Western Attack on Titan Films '' . Anime News Network . January 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Rep : Report of Warner Bros . ' Attack on Titan Films Is ' Incorrect ' '' . Anime News Network . January 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Gets Stage Play Next Summer '' . Anime News Network . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Stage Play Reveals Eren , Mikasa , Armin Actors in Costume '' . Anime News Network . February 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Stage Play Acrobat Dies After Accident '' . Anime News Network . April 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 INSIDE 抗 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 OUTSIDE 攻 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Guidebook : INSIDE & OUTSIDE '' . Random House . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bessatsu Shōnen Mag to Bundle Attack on Titan Drama CD '' . Anime News Network . November 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Comics / '' Attack on Titan '' Crossover in the Works `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` More Information on Marvel Comics vs `` Attack on Titan '' Crossover Previewed `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Unleashes FCBD 2015 Titles : Secret Wars # 0 and All - New , All - Different Avengers FCBD '' . Free Comic Book Day . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYCC EXCLUSIVE : Kodansha Announces `` Attack on Titan '' Anthology `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott . `` VIDEO : Universal Studios Japan Opens `` Attack on Titan '' and `` Evangelion '' Attractions `` . Crunchyroll.com . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 講談社漫画賞 ( 過去の受賞者一覧 ) ( Kodansha Manga Award ( list of past winners ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March comes in like a lion , Space Bros. Win Kodansha Manga Awards '' . Anime News Network . May 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Titles Nominated for 4th Manga Taisho Awards '' . Anime News Network . January 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Nominees Announced '' . Anime News Network . February 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Nominees Announced '' . Anime News Network . March 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Manga Ranked by Kono Manga ga Sugoi 2012 Voters '' . Anime News Network . December 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Manga Ranked by Kono Manga ga Sugoi 2014 Voters '' . Anime News Network . December 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yomiuri Shimbun 's ' Sugoi Japan Awards ' Winners Announced '' . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Sells Over 30 Million '' . Anime News Network . April 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Tops One Piece in Half - Year Sales '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2015 '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2016 '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian . `` The Best - Selling Manga Of 2017 In Japan '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Has 31 Million in Circulation '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Prints 8.7 Million More After Anime '' . Anime News Network . June 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , October 13 -- 19 '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , December 21 -- 27 '' . Anime News Network . January 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attack on Titan '' Hits 100th Week on `` New York Times '' Manga Best Sellers List `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/07/27/english-version-of-attack-on-titan-tops-25-million-copies-in-print Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , August 14 -- 20 '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Tops Graphic Novels in U.S. Bookstores in October '' . Anime News Network . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Attack on Titan Graphic Novels Land in U.S. Bookstores ' Top 20 in September '' . Anime News Network . October 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Librarians Rank Stargazing Dog in Teens ' Top 10 '' . Anime News Network . February 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Wins 2014 Harvey Award '' . Anime News Network . September 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan nominated for a Goodreads Choice ... '' Kodansha Comics . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of 1000 Manga -- Crunchyroll Manga '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- Present , Average Sales of 10,000 or More '' . someanithing.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 年別 > 2013 年 '' . 38.atwiki.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 年代 TV アニメ累計平均ランキング '' . 38.atwiki.jp ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Attack on Titan TV Series Has Sold at Least 200,000 Copies in the U.S. '' Animetics . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top FUNimation Streaming Shows of 2014 '' . funimation.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Fan Favorite FUNimation Home Video Releases of 2014 '' . funimation.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Wins Top Prizes in Newtype Anime Awards -- News '' . Anime News Network . October 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Attack on Titan , ' ' Garden of Words ' take top honors at Kobe anime awards '' . Asahi Shimbun . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of The Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2014 Anime Of The Year Winning Programs And Winners . -- TOKYO ANIME AWARD FESTIVAL 2016 -- 東京アニメアワードフェスティバル 2016 '' . TOKYO ANIME AWARD FESTIVAL 2016 -- 東京アニメアワードフェスティバル 2016 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Wins Digital Contents of the Year Award '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Rebecca ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santos , Carlo ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Spring 2013 Anime Preview Guide '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sinnott , John ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan , Part 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Talk . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan explosive hit in China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan -- 4 million YouTube hits -- Netizens debate walls under siege ( 《進擊の巨人》爆紅中港台 Youtube 點擊 400 萬網民熱議圍牆抗敵 ) '' . am730 . Hong Kong . May 27 , 2013 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A revival of militarism ? Attack on Titan sparks Korean - Japanese spat ( 軍國主義復活 ? / 進擊的巨人引發韓日論戰 ) '' . The Liberty Times . Taipei . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wong Yeung Tat ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` Popular Manga : Because we have our own titans to defeat ( 流行漫畫 : 因為 , 我們也有想要打倒的巨人 ) '' . Ming Pao . Hong Kong . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Thousand Death Threats Against a Popular Anime Creator '' . Kotaku . July 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Attack on Titan . 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5252242205430610880	Medicine in ancient Rome	Medicine in Ancient Rome - wikipedia Medicine in Ancient Rome Jump to : navigation , search Medicine in ancient Rome combined various techniques using different tools , methodology , and ingredients . Roman medicine was highly influenced by Greek medicine . Greek physicians including Dioscorides and Galen practiced medicine and recorded their discoveries in the Roman Empire . These two physicians had knowledge of hundreds of herbal , among other , medicines . Ancient Roman medicine was divided into specializations such as ophthalmology and urology . A variety of surgical procedures were carried out using many different instruments including forceps , scalpels and catheters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Greek influences on Roman medicine 3 Opposition to Greek medicine in Rome / Pre Physicians 4 Physicians 4.1 Dioscorides 4.2 Soranus 4.3 Galen 4.4 Asclepiades 5 Hospitals 5.1 The hospital building 6 Surgical instruments 7 Medicines 7.1 Diet 7.2 Herbal and other medicines 8 Treatments 8.1 Healing sanctuaries 8.2 Colostrum 9 Diagnostic methods 9.1 Dreams 10 Textual transmission 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Introduction ( edit ) Roman soldier removing an arrow from a fellow soldier 's leg with a pair of pinchers The Roman Empire was a complex and vigorous combination of Greek and Roman cultural elements forged through centuries of contact . Later Latin authors , notably Cato and Pliny , believed in a specifically Roman type of healing based on herbs , chants , prayers and charms easily available to any head of household . Greek medicine was introduced into Italy with the establishment and development of military and political contacts between the two regions . But it was not until the introduction of the healing god Asclepius in 291 BC and the arrival of the Greek doctor Archagathus in 219 BC that foreign medicine was publicly accepted in Rome . Setting aside some of the broader implications of the Greek influence on Roman society , the effect of Greek medicine , ethnography , and meteorology was particularly pertinent to two fields : architecture and health care . This was particularly important from the perspective of the Roman army , in which there were many medical advances . A medical corpus was established , permanent physicians were appointed , the valetudinaria ( military hospitals ) were established , and in Caesar 's time , the first traces of systematic care for the wounded appeared . The variety and nature of the surgical instruments discovered in Roman remains indicate a good knowledge of surgery . Greek influences on Roman medicine ( edit ) Roman medicine was highly influenced by the Greek medical tradition . The incorporation of Greek medicine into Roman society allowed Rome to transform into a monumental city by 100 BCE . Like Greek physicians , Roman physicians relied on naturalistic observations rather than on spiritual rituals ; but that does not imply an absence of spiritual belief . Tragic famines and plagues were often attributed to divine punishment ; and appeasement of the gods through rituals was believed to alleviate such events . Miasma was perceived to be the root cause of many diseases , whether caused by famine , wars , or plague . The concept of contagion was formulated , resulting in practices of quarantine and improved sanitation . One of the first prominent doctors in Rome was Galen . He became an expert on the human anatomy by dissecting animals , including monkeys , in Greece . Due to his prominence and expertise in ancient Rome , Galen became Emperor Marcus Aurelius ' personal physician . The Romans also conquered the city of Alexandria , which was an important center for learning ; its Great Library held countless volumes of ancient Greek medical information . The Romans adopted into their medical practices many of the practices and procedures they found in the Great Library . The caduceus is a winged staff with two snakes wrapped around it Greek symbols and gods greatly influenced ancient Roman medicine . The caduceus , pictured right , was originally associated with Hermes , the Greek god of commerce . He carried a staff wrapped with two snakes , known as the caduceus . This symbol later became associated with the Roman God , Mercury . Later , in the 7th century , the caduceus became associated with health and medicine due to its association with the Azoth , the alchemical `` universal solvent '' . Opposition to Greek medicine in Rome / pre physicians ( edit ) Cato the Elder despised every aspect of Greek society the Romans decided to mimic including sculptures , literature and medicine . Cato regarded the welcome given in Rome to Greek medicine and physicians as a major threat . In Rome , before there were doctors , the paterfamilias ( head of the family ) was responsible for treating the sick . Cato the Elder himself examined those who lived near him , often prescribing cabbage as a treatment for many ailments ranging from constipation to deafness . He would issue precise instructions on how to prepare the cabbage for patients with specific ailments . He also used cabbage in liquid form . For example , a mixture of cabbage , water , and wine would be embedded in a deaf man 's ear to allow his hearing to be restored . Cato would treat fractured or broken appendages with two ends of a cut reed that were bandaged around the injury . Physicians ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many Greek doctors came to Rome . Many of them strongly believed in achieving the right balance of the four humors and restoring the natural heat of patients . Around 200 BCE many wealthy families in Rome had personal Greek physicians . By around 50 BCE , it was more common than not to have a Greek physician . Dioscorides ( edit ) Main article : Pedanius Dioscorides Pedanius Dioscorides ( c. 40 -- 90 CE ) , was a Greek botanist , pharmacologist and physician who practised in Rome during the reign of Nero . He became a famous army doctor . Dioscorides wrote a 5 - volume encyclopedia , De Materia Medica , which listed over 600 herbal cures , forming an influential and long - lasting pharmacopoeia . De Materia Medica was used extensively by doctors for the following 1500 years . Soranus ( edit ) Main article : Soranus of Ephesus Soranus was a Greek physician , born in Ephesus , who lived during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian ( 98 -- 138 CE ) . According to the Suda , he practised in Alexandria and subsequently in Rome . He was the chief representative of the Methodic school of physicians . His treatise Gynaecology is extant ( first published in 1838 , later by V. Rose , in 1882 , with a 6th - century Latin translation by Muscio , a physician of the same school ) . Galen ( edit ) Main article : Galen Galen ( 129 CE -- c. 200 or 216 CE ) of Pergamon was a prominent Greek physician , whose theories dominated Western medical science for well over a millennium . By the age of 20 , he had served for four years in the local temple as a therapeutes ( `` attendant '' or `` associate '' ) of the god Asclepius . Although Galen studied the human body , dissection of human corpses was against Roman law , so instead he used pigs , apes , and other animals . Galen moved to Rome in 162 . There he lectured , wrote extensively , and performed public demonstrations of his anatomical knowledge . He soon gained a reputation as an experienced physician , attracting to his practice a large number of patients . Among them was the consul Flavius Boethius , who introduced him to the imperial court , where he became a physician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius . Despite being a member of the court , Galen reputedly shunned Latin , preferring to speak and write in his native Greek , a tongue that was actually quite popular in Rome . He treated Roman luminaries such as Lucius Verus , Commodus , and Septimius Severus . In 166 Galen returned to Pergamon , but went back to Rome for good in 169 . Galen followed Hippocrates ' theory of the four humours , believing that one 's health depended on the balance between the four main fluids of the body ( blood , yellow bile , black bile and phlegm ) . Food was believed to be the initial object that allowed the stabilization of these humours . By contrast , drugs , venesection , cautery and surgery were drastic and were to be used only when diet could no longer help . The survival and amendment of Hippocratic medicine is attributed to Galen . He writes that a physician `` must be skilled at reasoning about the problems presented to him , must understand the nature and function of the body within the physician world and must `` practice temperance and despise all money '' . The ideal physician treats both the poor and elite fairly and is a student of all that affects health . Galen references Hippocrates throughout his writings , saying that Hippocratic literature is the basis for physicians ' conduct and treatments . The writings of Galen survived more than other medical writings in antiquity . Asclepiades ( edit ) Main article : Asclepiades of Bithynia Asclepiades studied to be a physician in Alexandria and practiced medicine in Asia Minor as well as Greece before he moved to Rome in the 1st century BCE . His knowledge of medicine allowed him to flourish as a physician . Asclepiades was a leading physician in Rome and was a close friend of Cicero . He developed his own version of the molecular structure of the human body . Asclepiades ' atomic model contained multi-shaped atoms that passed through bodily pores . The two were required to be in sync in order to avoid disease . Asclepiades strongly believed in hot and cold baths as a remedy for illness ; his techniques purposely did not inflict severe pain upon the patient . His other remedies included : listening to music to induce sedation , and consuming wine to cure headache and to cure a fever . Asclepiades is the first documented physician in Rome to use massage therapy . Hospitals ( edit ) Plan of Valetudinarium , near Düsseldorf , Germany . Late 1st century The Roman medical system saw the establishment of the first hospitals ; these were reserved for slaves and soldiers . Physicians were assigned to follow armies or ships , tending to the injured . Medical care for the poor was almost non-existent , so the poor had to resort to spiritual aid . The earliest known Roman hospitals of the Roman Empire were built in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD , in the reign of the emperor Trajan . The army 's expansion beyond the Italian Peninsula meant that the wounded could no longer be cared for in private homes . For this reason the valetudinarium was established . The valetudinaria ( plural of valetudinarium ) were field hospitals or flying military camps and began as a small cluster of tents and fortresses dedicated to wounded soldiers . Over time , the temporary forts developed into permanent facilities . The original hospitals were built along major roads , and soon became part of Roman fort architecture . They were usually placed near the outer wall in a quiet part of the fortification . The hospital building ( edit ) A standard valetudinarium was a rectangular building consisting of four wings , connected by an entrance hall that could be used as a triage center . Each legion 's hospital was constructed to accommodate 6 % to 10 % of the legion 's 5,000 men . The building also included a large hall , reception ward , dispensary , kitchen , staff quarters , and washing and latrine facilities . Surgical instruments ( edit ) Roman surgical instruments found at Pompeii . Roman surgical instruments ; from the `` Surgeon 's House '' in Ariminum ( Rimini , Italy ) . Ancient Roman bronze catheters ( 1st century CE ) A variety of surgical instruments are known from archaeology and Roman medical literature , including : Rectal speculum An instrument mentioned by Hippocrates , which allowed physicians to examine the rectal cavity of a patient . Bone levers A tool used to leverage bones back into their proper place in a limb . Cupping vessels Containers used for bloodletting . Vessels of different sizes were used depending on how much blood was expected . Tubes After surgery , a bronze or lead tube would be inserted into the patient to prevent adhesion or contractions . Tile cautery A physician 's `` bread and butter '' tool . This instrument was used for several purposes , such as stopping bleeding , cutting flesh or removing growths . Surgical scissors Hair cutting was actually considered a medical procedure . Spatula probes A double sided instrument used by almost every physician . One end was used for mixing medications , while the other end was flat and used to spread the medications onto the patient . Scalpels Could be made of either steel or bronze . Ancient scalpels had almost the same form and function as those of today . The most usual type of scalpels were the longer , steel scalpels . These could be used to make a variety of incisions , but they seem to be particularly suited for deep or long cuts . Smaller , bronze scalpels , referred to as bellied scalpels , were also used frequently since the shape allowed delicate and precise cuts to be made . Obstetrical hooks A common instrument used by Roman and Greek doctors . There were two basic types of hooks : sharp hooks and blunt hooks . Blunt hooks were used primarily as probes for dissection and for raising blood vessels . Sharp hooks , on the other hand , were used to hold and lift small pieces of tissue so that they could be extracted , and to retract the edges of wounds . Bone drills Driven in their rotary motion by means of a thong in various configurations . They were used to remove diseased bone tissue from the skull and to remove foreign objects ( such as a weapon ) from a bone . Bone forceps Used to extract small fragments of bone which could not be grasped by the fingers . Male catheters Used in order to open up a blocked urinary tract to let urine pass freely from the body . Early catheters were hollow tubes made of steel or bronze , and had two basic designs . There were catheters with a slight S curve for male patients and a straighter one for females . There were similar shaped devices called bladder sounds that were used to probe the bladder in search of calcifications . Uvula ( crushing ) forceps These finely toothed jawed forceps were designed for the amputation of the uvula . The physician crushed the uvula with forceps before cutting it off in order to reduce bleeding . Vaginal specula Among the most complex instruments used by Roman and Greek physicians . Most of the vaginal specula discovered consist of a screw device which , when turned , forces a cross-bar to push the blades outwards . Spatula Used to mix and apply various ointments . Surgical saw Used to cut through bones , e.g. in amputations . Medicines ( edit ) Diet ( edit ) Correct diet was seen as essential to healthy living . Food was perceived to have a healing effect or a causative effect on disease , determined by its impact on the humors ; as well as preventing disease . Moderation of foods was key to healthy living and gave rise to healthy eating philosophies . When diet no longer promoted health , drugs , phlebotomy , cautery , or surgery were used . Patients having control of their lives , managing their own preventative medical diets , and the freedom to seek physicians , indicates that patient autonomy was valued . Herbal and other medicines ( edit ) Roman physicians used a wide range of herbal and other medicines . Their ancient names , often derived from Greek , do not necessarily correspond to individual modern species , even if these have the same names . Known medicines include : Roman medicines , according to Dioscorides Probable substance Latin / Greek name Indication and Effects Reference Fennel Ippomarathron Cures painful urination ; expels menstrual flow ; stops bowel discharge ; brings out breast milk ; breaks kidney and urinary stones Rhubarb Ra For flatulence , convulsions , internal disorders ( stomach , spleen , liver , kidneys , womb , peritoneum ) , sciatica , asthma , rickets , dysentery , etc . Gentian Gentiane Warming , astringent ; for poisonous bites , liver disorders ; induces abortion ; treats deep ulcers , eye inflammation Birthwort Aristolochia Poisonous ; assists in childbirth Liquorice Glukoriza Calms stomach ; chest , liver , kidney and bladder disorders Aloe Aloe Heals wounds ( applied dry ) ; removes boils ; purgative ; treats alopecia Statues and healing shrines were sites of prayer and sacrifice for both the poor and the elite , and were common throughout the Roman Empire . Reverence for shrines and statues reflected a search for healing , guidance , and alternatives to ineffectual human physicians and drugs . Treatments ( edit ) Healing sanctuaries ( edit ) A physician 's overall goal was to help those afflicted by disease or injury as best as they could ; the physician 's credibility rested on their successful cures . Of course they could not reliably cure ailments ; sometimes the best they could hope for was that their treatments did not worsen their patients ' problems . Many physicians were criticised by their peers for their inability to cure an apparently simple illness . Gaps in physician - provided care were filled with several types of supernatural healthcare ; the Romans believed in the power of divine messages and healing . There have been descriptions of many gods from multiple religions that dealt with destruction or healing . Scattered across Greco - Roman and Egyptian history are descriptions of healing sanctuaries dedicated to the various healing gods . Sick or injured Romans would often flock to temples dedicated to Asclepius , the god of healing , as it was believed that the god actually inhabited the sanctuary and would provide divine healing to supplicants . The process itself was simple : the sick person would give a specified donation to the temple , and then undergo a process called `` incubation '' in which they would relocate to a special room where the god would be able to contact them , often through dreams in which the god would either prescribe care or provide it themselves . Often the type of cure prescribed would be rather similar to the actual medical practices of physicians of the time . This type of supernatural care did not conflict with mainstream healthcare . Physicians would often recommend that patients go to a healing sanctuary when they were afflicted by an illness that the physician could not cure . This allowed the reputation of the physician to remain unharmed , as it was seen more as a referral than as a failure . Colostrum ( edit ) Both Greek and Roman medical texts prescribe the use of a variety of substances , of varying medical and religious significance . Several substances , such as sulfur , asphalt and animal excrement , were associated with the practice of human purification . The practice of using a woman 's breast milk as a medicine has very early roots in Egyptian medical texts . In several such texts there are references to the use of the milk of a woman who has given birth to a male child . This practice is said to be based on depictions in several statues of the goddess Isis breastfeeding her son , the god Horus . Both Egyptian and Greek texts state that the milk used for medicinal purposes should be strictly from a woman who has borne a male child . The treatments using breast milk differed vastly between Greek and Roman culture . In Greek medicine , milk was very rarely actually consumed . Instead , it was used in recipes for ointments and washes that would treat burns and other skin - related maladies . These treatments were exclusively given to women , as women 's bodies were viewed as `` polluted '' in some sense . In stark contrast , the Roman use of colostrum was more widespread and varied . The milk was instead ingested by the patient , and the treatment was given to both men and women . In general , the Romans seemed less concerned about the so - called `` pollution '' of a woman 's body . The bodies of both men and women were viewed as analogous . It has been shown in modern times that having patients ingest mother 's milk ( or colostrum ) is actually a rather effective treatment . Colostrum has been shown to prevent the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria , which are a known cause of several types of infection . Colostrum is about half as effective as some antibiotics prescribed to patients today . Colostrum is also effective against the bacterium chlamydia ; this is the cause of a sexually transmitted disease and also can cause severe sight impairment , if not blindness . Thus , colostrum was a rather effective treatment in the ancient world -- perhaps that is why it was viewed as a divine treatment . Diagnostic methods ( edit ) Dreams ( edit ) The interpretation of dreams was another avenue for treatment of illnesses by physicians . Often the interpretations of a patient 's dreams would actually determine what treatment they received . A Hippocratic work called Regimen details much of the principles outlined by Galen : specifically the humors and examples of how they could be used to prescribe treatment . The theme of this method is knowing the patient . To know how to treat a person , the physician must become familiar with and interpret the important aspects of their lives : the climate , their food intake , how much they sleep , how much they drink , any injuries . They would then draw conclusions about the patient and what must be done to set them back to equilibrium . The fourth book of the Regimen is the earliest mention of the topic of dream medicine . Dreams were used by physicians in diagnosis . They added another layer of depth to the physician 's investigation of the patient . The soul was thought to serve the purpose that the brain has been discovered to serve . Sensation , pain , motion and other physiological concepts were thought to be the work of the soul . It was also thought that the soul continues the work of bodily upkeep even when a person is sleeping . Thus , dreams would show what ailed a person . There were two types of dreams associated with medicine : prophetic and diagnostic . Prophetic dreams were divine in origin and foretold good or bad tidings for the future . Diagnostic dreams were a result of the soul telling what afflicted the body . If the dreams were of normal everyday events , their body was healthy and in equilibrium . The farther from the norm , and the more chaotic the dreams were , the more ill the patient was . The treatments that were recommended addressed what the dreams showed , and attempted to set the body right through consumption of food that carried the correct humor characteristics . Textual transmission ( edit ) Galen , a prominent ancient Roman physician of Greek descent Galenic medical texts embody the written medical tradition of classical antiquity . Little written word has survived from before that era . The volume of Galen 's extant written works , however , is nearly 350 -- far surpassing any other writer of the period . Prior to Galen , much of medical knowledge survived through word of mouth . The tradition of transmission and translation originated with the De Materia Medica , an encyclopedia written by Pedanius Dioscorides between 50 AD and 70 AD . Dioscorides was a Roman physician of Greek descent . The manuscripts classified and illustrated over 1000 substances and their uses . De Materia Medica influenced medical knowledge for centuries , due to its dissemination and translation into Greek , Arabic , and Latin . Galen wrote in Greek , but Arabic and Syriac translations survived as well . He referenced and challenged written works by Hippocratic physicians and authors , which gave insight into other popular medical philosophies . Herophilus , known for his texts on anatomy through dissection , and Erasistratus , also known for anatomy and physiology , survive through Galenic reference . Galen also referenced the written works of Methodist physician Soranus , known for his four - book treatise on gynecology . His synthesis of earlier medical philosophies and broad range of subjects produced the textual legacy that Galen left for the medical community for the next 1500 years . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magner , Lois N. ( 1992 - 03 - 17 ) . A History of Medicine . CRC Press . pp. 80 -- 90 . ISBN 9780824786731 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence 1 ( 2009 ) . The Western medical tradition . ( 1 ) : 800 BC to AD 1800 . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . pp. 33 -- 58 . ISBN 9780521475648 . Jump up ^ Grmek , Mirko D. ; Fantini , Bernardino ; Shugaar , Antony ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) . Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages . Harvard University Press . pp. 111 -- 120 . ISBN 9780674007956 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence I. ; Medicine , Wellcome Institute for the History of ( 1995 - 08 - 17 ) . The Western Medical Tradition : 800 BC to AD 1800 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 39 -- 45 . ISBN 9780521475648 . ^ Jump up to : Israelowich , Ido ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . Patients and Healers in the High Roman Empire . JHU Press . pp. 90 -- 100 . ISBN 9781421416281 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Eugene Hugh ( Apr 1910 ) . `` Medicine in the Roman Army '' . The Classical Journal . The Classical Association of the Middle West and South . JSTOR 3286964 . ^ Jump up to : Nutton , Vivian ( 2009 ) . Ancient medicine . London : Routledge . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 36848 - 3 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence I. ( 1998 ) . The Western medical tradition , 800 BC to AD 1800 ( Reprinted . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 0521475643 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is Ancient Roman Medicine ? '' . www.medicalnewstoday.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hermes '' . www.greekmythology.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Household Medicine In Ancient Rome . '' The British Medical Journal , vol. 1 , no . 2140 , 1902 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Medicine '' . National Institutes of Health , USA . 16 September 2002 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Medicine '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Galen '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . IV . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1984 . p. 385 . Jump up ^ Galen of Pergamum Jump up ^ Galen ( 2000 ) . Galen : on food and diet . Translator : Grant , Mark . London and New York : Routledge . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0415232325 . Jump up ^ Jonsen , Albert R. ( 2000 ) . A short history of medical ethics . Oxford University Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence I . The Western medical tradition , 800 BC to AD 1800 . p. 60 . ISBN 0521475643 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Fashionable Physician Of Ancient Rome . '' The British Medical Journal , vol. 2 , no . 1763 , 1894 , pp. 820 -- 820 . ^ Jump up to : McCallum , Jack Edward ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Military Medicine : From Ancient Times to the 21st Century . ABC - CLIO . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 9781851096930 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Eugene Hugh ( 1910 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Medicine in the Roman Army '' . The Classical Journal . 5 ( 6 ) : 267 -- 272 . JSTOR 3286964 . ^ Jump up to : Gabriel , Richard A. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . Man and Wound in the Ancient World : A History of Military Medicine from Sumer to the Fall of Constantinople . Potomac Books , Inc . pp. 168 -- 173 . ISBN 9781597978484 . Jump up ^ Retief , F.P. ; Cilliers , L. ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The evolution of hospitals from antiquity to the Renaissance '' . Acta Theologica. 26 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 232 . ISSN 1015 - 8758 . doi : 10.4314 / actat. v26i2. 52575 . Jump up ^ Gabriel , Richard A. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . The Ancient World . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 9780313333484 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome '' . University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Services Library . 2007 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Mark ( 2000 ) . Galen on food and diet . London : Routledge . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23232 - 5 . Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.82 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.2 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.3 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.4 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.7 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.25 Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence I . The Western medical tradition , 800 BC to AD 1800 . pp. 47 -- 52 . ISBN 0521475643 . Jump up ^ Scarborough , John ( 1997 - 02 - 01 ) . On the Understanding of Medicine Among the Romans . The Historian . pp. 459 -- 464 . Jump up ^ Holowchak , Andrew ( 2001 - 10 - 01 ) . Interpreting Dreams for Corrective Regimen . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . pp. 382 -- 399 . Jump up ^ Laskaris , Julie ( 2008 ) . Nursing Mothers in Greek and Roman Medicine . American Journal of Archaeology . pp. 459 -- 464 . JSTOR 20627484 . Jump up ^ VM , Avery ( 1991 ) . Antibacterial Properties of Breast Milk . US Library of medicine . pp. 1034 -- 1039 . Jump up ^ Holowchak , Andrew ( 2001 - 10 - 01 ) . Interpreting Dreams for Corrective Regimen . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . pp. 382 -- 399 . JSTOR 24623949 . Jump up ^ Bliquez , Lawrence ( 1981 - 04 - 01 ) . Greek and Roman Medicine . Archaeology . pp. 10 -- 17 . JSTOR 41727119 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - GCSE Bitesize : Overview '' . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ King , Helen ( 2002 ) . Greek and Roman medicine . London : Bristol Classical . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85399 - 545 - 3 . Jump up ^ Saliba , George ; Komaroff , Linda ( 2005 ) . `` Illustrated Books May Be Hazardous to Your Health : A New Reading of the Arabic Reception and Rendition of the '' Materia Medica '' of Dioscorides `` . Ars Orientalis 35 : 8 Jump up ^ Nutton , Vivian ( 2009 ) . The Western medical tradition : 800 BC to AD 1800 . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47564 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nutton , Vivian ( 2009 ) . Ancient medicine . London : Routledge . p. 201. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 36848 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ralph ( 1988 ) . Doctors and diseases in the Roman Empire . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2167 - 3 . Sources ( edit ) Medical News Today : Ancient Roman Medicine Osbaldeston , Tess Anne ( translator ) ( 2000 ) . Dioscorides . Johannesburg : Ibidis Press . Dean - Jones , David E. ( 1993 ) . Galen On the Constitution of the Art of Medicine : Introduction , Translation , and Commentary . University of Texas , Austin . Dissertation . Brodersen , Kai ( 2015 ) . Plinius ' Kleine Reiseapotheke ( Medicina Plinii , Latin and German ) . Stuttgart : Franz - Steiner - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 11026 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) CN Trueman ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` Medicine In Ancient Rome '' . historylearningsite.co.uk . The History Learning Site . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Nordqvist , Christian ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` What Is Ancient Roman Medicine ? '' . Medical News Today . MediLexicon International Ltd . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Rymer , Eric . Medicine and Health in Ancient Rome . History Link 101 . History Source LLC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Scarborough , John ( 1996 ) . Drugs and Medicine in the Roman World ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) ( in French ) ( in English ) Antique medicine website Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome Claude Moore Health Sciences Library , University of Virginia Roman Medicine Roadshow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicine_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=803705410 '' Categories : Ancient Roman medicine History of ancient medicine Ancient Roman culture Roman science Ancient Roman society European traditional medicine Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Português Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what advances in medicine did the romans add to society	[ "Ancient Roman medicine was divided into specializations such as ophthalmology and urology. A variety of surgical procedures were carried out using many different instruments including forceps, scalpels and catheters." ]	[ "medicine was divided into specializations such as ophthalmology and urology. A variety of surgical procedures were carried out using many different instruments including forceps, scalpels and catheters." ]
1003106416118286606	Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady	Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady - Wikipedia Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Steve and Kayla Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans as Steve and Kayla Duration 1986 -- 90 , 2006 -- 09 , 2015 - Introduced by Betty Corday Ken Corday Al Rabin Profile Other names Stayla & Payla ( show ) Family Family Brady Johnson Spouse 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 2012 , 2017 -- Children Stephanie Johnson Joey Johnson Steve `` Patch '' Earl Johnson and Dr. Kayla Caroline Brady are a supercouple on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives . Steve is portrayed by Stephen Nichols and Kayla is portrayed by Mary Beth Evans . On the Internet message boards ( 5 ) the couple is often referred to by the portmanteau `` Stayla '' ( for Steve and Kayla ) . The couple was initially popular from 1986 through 1990 until the `` death '' of Steve . Both characters have recently returned : after Steve being presumed dead for 16 years , Steve returned to the show on June 9 , 2006 ; Kayla returned on June 12 , 2006 . Steve and Kayla were dropped off canvas in February 2009 . Kayla returned in December 2011 . In August 2015 , Steve returned to Salem . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 1.1 1986 - 1990 1.2 Sixteen years later 1.3 Impact 2 See also 3 External links Storyline ( edit ) 1986 - 1990 ( edit ) Steve Johnson was a former Merchant Marine who came to Salem working as a mercenary . He had a vendetta against his former best friend , Bo Brady ( Kayla 's brother ) who had gouged out his eye during a fight long ago . His bad boy image and criminal actions were no match for the beautiful good girl , Kayla Brady . One night , he rescued her from a street gang and left a note with his number on her car , and eventually , the two fell in love . Kayla pushed Steve away , but he was undeterred . He kept trying to convince her that they were meant to be together . Kayla 's family were opposed to the pairing , most especially Bo Brady , who believed Steve to be dangerous . Steve received an incredible shock when his sister came to town . Adrienne had been born after Steve 's mother had brought Steve and baby Billy to an orphanage . Steve had been 5 , Billy had been a young baby . Jo Johnson ( Steve 's mother ) was afraid her husband Duke would kill the children ( or vice versa ) due to Duke 's extremely violent nature . Steve wanted nothing to do with Adrienne or Jo , but deep down , he was yearning for the mother he had loved and hoped to see again . Duke ended up raping his virgin daughter , Adrienne , when she refused to tell him where to find her mother . She shot him in self - defense when he staggered over to her to do it again , and then she blocked out the memory of the rape and the killing . Steve tried to take the blame and developed a strong protectiveness towards his sister . Adrienne remembered what had happened just in time , during the trial , and Steve was exonerated . He started to push Kayla even further away , blaming her at first for not letting him kill Duke when he had had a chance ( before the rape ) and then fearing that he would be just like Duke , after his mother angrily told her children that Duke had n't always been so bad when they confronted her on her decision to ever hook up with a man like him . She told Steve that Steve reminded her of Duke in many ways , not realizing how painful those words would be . Their relationship would be challenged by the news that Steve had a wife . While taken aback and hurt by the news , Kayla continued the relationship . Then Kayla 's boyfriend , Jack , shows up . Jack is madly in lovely with Kayla but Kayla does not return the feelings . Jack hopefully pursued Kayla because he thought eventually he would win her over . The Deveraux Family hired Kayla to be Jack 's private nurse when he was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's Disease and quite ill . Steve learned the truth that Jack was his own brother , Billy . When he did , he shunned Kayla , hoping she would end up with Jack so his brother would have someone special with whom to spend his seemingly final days . Believing Steve was no longer interested in her , Kayla accepted a marriage proposal from Jack . Jack ( now played by Matthew Ashford ) recovered , but Kayla rebuffed every one of his attempts to consummate the marriage , unable to let her love for Steve go . Jack assumed Kayla was just nervous because they did n't know each other all that well . He knew she did n't love him , suspected that there were still feelings between Steve and Kayla , but he still remained hopeful that she would someday love him . Months later , Steve discovered Kayla was being poisoned . Suspecting it to be someone in the Deveraux house , and heartbroken that it could be his baby brother , he kidnapped her and the two * almost made love . They carried on their affair in secret . Kayla wanted to get out of her marriage , but Jo and Steve begged her to wait until Jack 's political election had passed . On New Year 's Eve / Day , Jack planned a romantic evening for them , and Kayla feigned illness so she and Steve could be together that night . A photographer snapped pictures of them kissing on New Year 's Eve , while at the same time , a disconsolate Jack was searching for his wife at a party to do the new years countdown together . Worried what they were doing was wrong , the two said a heartfelt goodbye , something they would do over and over again . A few weeks later , Jack won the political election and an unscrupulous reporter gave him the compromising pictures , intending to blackmail him . Enraged by her behavior and believing that Kayla and Steve had deliberately set out to hurt him , Jack confronted Kayla , and angrily raped her . Steve discovered this , fought his brother , and nearly killed him when Jack fell off the roof where they were fighting . In the aftermath , as Jack suffered from failing kidneys , Steve donated one of his own to save his brother 's life . Jack resented - and even harassed - Steve and Kayla , but the revelation that he was Steve 's brother and that his own father Harper had been a serial killer ( who had tried to poison Kayla ) would change his life , eventually for the better . Steve saved Kayla from Harper once more , but Kayla ended up losing her ability to speak following surgery to repair her hearing . When Jack discovered that Kayla was deaf and that part of the reason she was deaf was the stresses in her life , including his own violent behavior , he sadly granted her a divorce . Steve learned to use sign language to communicate with her . Kayla 's speech returned on her wedding day when she said `` I do '' to marrying Steve . A couple of years later , Steve 's supposedly dead wife Marina resurfaced , and she was pregnant with Steve 's baby . She wanted to get back together with Steve , but instead asked for his help in finding a special key . A pregnant Kayla thought it was the best thing to do in the hopes Marina would grant Steve a divorce so they could truly be married . Marina had every intent of rekindling things with Steve , but Jack , who was now well on his way to reforming did his level best to bring Steve and Kayla back together , despite Steve and Kayla 's insistence that he stay away from them . After going all the way to Italy and back , Marina ended up dead and Kayla was accused of the murder . Due to doctored videotape evidence , Kayla was sentenced to prison for ten years . She gave birth to a daughter , Stephanie , who Steve would raise while Kayla was in prison . However , a deranged nanny kidnapped Stephanie . Kayla escaped prison and she and Steve followed the kidnapper to Australia where , along with Bo and Hope , they were able to recover their baby . Now a newspaper man , Jack Deveraux worked with Jennifer Horton ( his employee and future wife ) to help push public opinion Kayla 's way and help find out who really killed Marina . The evidence against Kayla was soon discovered to be a fraud when Isabella , Marina 's sister remembered that she had killed her sister during a violent altercation and Kayla was allowed to return to Salem , a free woman . Steve and Kayla were married again in 1990 , this time with Jack Deveraux as best man . The incident with Marina had changed his relationship with Steve and Kayla and Steve was tentatively trying to welcome his brother into his life . Kayla , while always uncomfortable around Jack , tried to make peace with their past and allow the relationship to grow between the brothers . Tragedy would strike , however , when Steve was caught in an explosion aboard Bo Brady 's boat . It was no accident ; the explosion was meant to kill Bo and was planned by the evil oil baron Lawrence Alamain . Steve survived the blast , but because he thought Steve had evidence against him , Lawrence had Steve 's IV poisoned . With a grief - stricken Kayla at his side , Steve died . However , an empty coffin was buried in his grave . Sixteen years later ( edit ) Presumed dead after his car went into a river , Jack Deveraux was on his deathbed in a hospice . He was awaiting death , and refusing to let his wife Jennifer , daughter Abigail and mother Jo know he was still alive , hoping to spare them the agony of losing him ( yet again , as he has ' died ' more than once ) . A caring orderly tried to see if he wanted anything to eat or drink and a delirious Jack was shocked to see that it was his brother Steve Johnson ! Jack could not believe his eyes . Steve believed himself to be a man by the name of Nick Stockton , but a DNA test proved otherwise . Intrigued by the possibilities , and driven by his brother 's earnest pleadings that he return home , he convinced Jack to return home as well . On the day of Jennifer 's wedding to Frankie Brady , Steve and Jack arrived . Everyone was shocked when Jack interrupted the ceremony . Meanwhile , overwhelmed by the pain of returning to Salem where she had enjoyed such a short time of joy with Steve , Kayla was crying at Steve 's graveside at the cemetery at the church , unable to sit through the wedding without breaking down . Suddenly , Steve approached her from behind , asking her if she was okay . The shock of seeing her long lost love caused Kayla to faint , but when she awoke , her wildest dreams were confirmed : Steve has returned . Kayla was overjoyed and has tried not to pressure Steve , who is clearly suffering from amnesia . He has shared the memories he does have , but continually tells Kayla he has no memory of her . Kayla and Steve have spent a lot of time together trying to stir up memories , she explained to him why the sky was blue and the meaning of e = mc2 , but upon a visit to Cincinnati , Ohio - Nick Stockton 's old stomping grounds - it appeared as though Steve was giving up on those missing memories and on Kayla . She returned to Salem , and Steve would almost immediately follow her . Steve 's daughter Stephanie also proved to be a great draw for him , as the young woman joyfully welcomed her thought - dead father into her life . Steve began to push Kayla away again , trying instead to make a love connection with Billie Reed whom he thought to be more like himself than the classy Dr. Kayla Brady . At the same time , his brother Jack made a complete recovery and left with wife and son to head up the London Spectator news office . Jack begged his brother to give his love with Kayla a chance , telling him that Kayla and Steve were meant to be together , which was full circle from the times he tried to tear them apart . Having no memories of his darker past with his brother , Steve was moved and affected by the younger man 's words and outpouring of brotherly affection , but he still could not make the move towards a life with Kayla . His daughter roundly scolded him for bringing Billie with him to watch her race ( she races cars ) and Steve blamed himself when Stephanie was critically injured during the race . Tearfully at her bedside , he had a flashback to holding her as a baby . He still does n't remember Kayla , but now he remembers Stephanie and he 's terrified of how much it hurts to love her , especially as she lies near deaths door . Steve and Kayla were poisoned by a biotoxin a month later , in November 2006 . Steve recovered , but Kayla , hovering near death , fell into a coma . Steve pretended to get his memory back ( with the help of notes of his history with Kayla , provided by Bo and Hope ) to give her the will to carry on ; it worked , and Kayla woke up , weak but responsive . Before John and Marlena could get back from Canada with the antidote for Kayla , she flatlined , and Steve became hysterical ; he lifted her up and gave her a long kiss , and miraculously , her heart started to beat again . John and Marlena got to the hospital , the antidote was administered , and Kayla began to recover . After Kayla was released from the hospital , Steve remained by her side , but was distant ; because of her fragile , still - recovering state , he was hesitant to tell her that his memory had not really returned . However , Kayla suspected the truth , as he was distant . To find out for certain , she asked Steve to take a trip with her to the bungalow where they had hid from Victor Kiriakis nearly two decades earlier ; she wanted to ' test ' his memory there . Steve , not knowing that Kayla suspected the truth , reluctantly agreed . Once at the bungalow , Steve decided to tell Kayla the truth : his memory did not return -- and he remembered a life with a separate family , a different wife and daughter . However , he cared about Kayla and he was just determined to keep Kayla alive , and wanted to give her the will to live . Heartbroken but strong , Kayla surprised Steve by telling him that she had already knew that this was the case . She excused herself , going to another room to silently cry . Steve promptly fell asleep on the bed , and began to have flashes of memories and dreams of Kayla . Waking up in the middle of a dream , he thought that he and Kayla were on the run from Victor Kiriakis , something that had happened nearly 20 years prior . Entering the room Kayla was in , he frantically vowed to protect her , as Kayla , shocked , did n't understand what was going on . The flashes of memory became more intense , and Steve , with Kayla holding on to him in an attempt to snap him out of his erratic state , fell ; catching his breath , he realized Kayla could be the love of his life , his memory had returned , telling Kayla tearfully , `` I remember loving you ! '' Kayla was skeptical , but Steve , at first , was oblivious ; he was so overjoyed at having his memory back , trying to tell her every memory at once . He soon noticed that she was crying , and was shocked , asking her what was wrong . Kayla replied that she did n't know if she could believe that he had really gotten his memory back , especially not after how he had previously pretended to remember her . Horrified , Steve grabbed her and assured her that he , Steven Earl Johnson , her `` one - eyed tomcat '' was indeed back . Overcome , Kayla ran out of the bungalow , crying , with Steve chasing her . Coming back , she nearly fainted -- still recovering from the biotoxin poisoning -- and he caught her , holding her close and assuring her that everything would be fine . After more desperate pleas from Steve to believe in him , and after he signed ' courage ' to her as he did on their wedding day , Kayla relented ; they reunited passionately . Over the next year , 2007 , Steve and Kayla would overcome the consequences of Steve 's brainwashing by Stefano DiMera , who had used him as a pawn . Kayla deprogrammed him after several months of pain and terror . That summer , Steve would act as a go - between for the DiMera family and the Bradys , as he attempted to discover what the DiMeras were up to by infiltrating their mansion as an undercover agent . Also around this time , Kayla began thinking about adopting a child so she and Steve could experience raising one together . Kayla was working at the hospital when she discovered an abandoned baby boy there , and instantly fell in love with him . With some convincing , Steve agreed that they would become the foster parents of the baby boy , nicknamed `` Pocket '' by Kayla . After a couple of months , however , Pocket began getting sick , and had to be hospitalized . During this time , Philip Kiriakis discovered he had a son , an in - vitro baby with Mimi Lockhart . Steve , Kayla , and Philip all learned that Pocket was really Philip and Mimi 's son , whose real name was Tyler , and who had been abandoned by the surrogate who gave birth to him . In the end , a young couple who had been caring for the baby after he was taken away from Steve and Kayla expressed a desire to adopt him , and Steve and Kayla , though heartbroken to lose the little boy , agreed that the child would be well off with the adoptive parents , as did Philip . Steve and Kayla then had to deal with the rape of their daughter , Stephanie , by Ford Decker , who afterwards died in an accidental fall . In February 2008 , Kayla learned that she was pregnant with the couple 's second child . On May 16 , 2008 , in an emotionally charged episode , Kayla gave birth to her and Steve 's baby boy , who arrived three months prematurely , and was not breathing at birth ; he was immediately transported to the NICU of Salem University Hospital . Devastated yet hopeful , his parents are now dealing with the aftermath . The baby boy has been named Joseph , to be known as ' Joe ' Johnson . Impact ( edit ) Steve and Kayla were part of a growing `` supercouple '' phenomenon on Days of our Lives , largely starting after Luke Spencer and Laura Webber from General Hospital took the daytime world by storm and enthralled viewers with their adventurous and romantic storylines . Steve and Kayla were a classic good girl / bad boy story , with Steve battling his inner demons , stemming from the resentment he felt at being left to live in an orphanage , his abusive parents , and his general disdain for any type of romantic relationship . In contrast , Kayla had been raised in a happy , content family , and grew up with loving parents and siblings . At times , Steve felt it impossible for them to really have anything in common . However , the show stuck by the couple and their pairing was and remains one of the most successful partnerships in DAYS history . They were ranked number 19 on the We Love Soaps list of 50 greatest soap opera couples of all time . In addition to being popular with viewers , Steve and Kayla were also featured regularly in soap opera magazines , appearing on numerous Soap Opera Digest covers , and also appearing in the now - defunct magazines Daytime Television and Soap Opera Update . Their wedding in 1988 , occurring over the course of two episodes , caused Days of Our Lives to go to number one in the ratings , something that had not happened for 14 years . They were honored with many accolades , including an honor bestowed by Soap Opera Digest , Favorite Couple , in 1989 . Stephen Nichols has also received Best Actor honors from Soap Opera Digest . In the Best & Worst 1988 issue , they were singled out as having the best wedding . Nichols was also nominated for a Daytime Emmy in 1988 . Many fellow actors and co-stars have praised the magic of their partnership , with one writer from Soap Opera Update quoting that `` There was Bogie and Bacall , Tracy and Hepburn , and Scarlett and Rhett . Then there was Patch and Kayla . '' See also ( edit ) List of supercouples External links ( edit ) Stephen Nichols official website Marybeth Evans official website Steve / Patch at soapcentral.com Kayla at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Nicole Walker Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Holly Walker Nicole Walker Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Johnson_and_Kayla_Brady&oldid=785286415 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Soap opera supercouples Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2010 All articles lacking sources Articles with topics of unclear notability from January 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 June 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was patch married to on days of our lives	[ "Steve \"Patch\" Earl Johnson and Dr. Kayla Caroline Brady are a supercouple on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives. Steve is portrayed by Stephen Nichols and Kayla is portrayed by Mary Beth Evans. On the Internet message boards[5] the couple is often referred to by the portmanteau \"Stayla\" (for Steve and Kayla). The couple was initially popular from 1986 through 1990 until the \"death\" of Steve. Both characters have recently returned: after Steve being presumed dead for 16 years, Steve returned to the show on June 9, 2006; Kayla returned on June 12, 2006. Steve and Kayla were dropped off canvas in February 2009. Kayla returned in December 2011. In August 2015, Steve returned to Salem." ]	[ "Dr. Kayla Caroline Brady" ]
-5353976396184771415	Game of Thrones (season 6)	Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 24 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) -- June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show - runners . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $10 million . The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki . Olenna and the Dornish ally with Daenerys . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and Essie Davis . Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 3.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 3.2. 3 In the Riverlands 3.2. 4 On the Iron Islands 3.2. 5 In Dorne 3.2. 6 In King 's Landing 3.2. 7 In the Vale 3.2. 8 In Braavos 3.2. 9 In Meereen 3.2. 10 In Vaes Dothrak 3.2. 11 In the Reach 3.2. 12 In flashbacks 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Writing 4.3 Filming 4.4 Casting 4.4. 1 Fates of key characters 4.5 Promotion 4.6 Music 4.7 After the Thrones 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Home media 6.3 Copyright infringement 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Following their escape from Winterfell , Sansa Stark journeys to the Wall , while Theon Greyjoy returns to the Iron Islands . In Winterfell , Ramsay Bolton secures his claim on the North by killing Roose and Walda Bolton and his new - born half - brother . At the Wall , Melisandre resurrects Jon Snow , who is reunited with Sansa ; they gather loyalists and a battle ensues . Aided by the Knights of the Vale , the Starks defeat the Bolton forces . Sansa feeds Ramsay to his hounds and Jon is proclaimed the King in the North . Beyond the Wall , Bran Stark trains with the Three - Eyed Raven but alerts the Night King , who launches an attack of White Walkers . Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Benjen Stark . Bran subsequently has a vision to the Tower of Joy years prior , revealing that Jon is not Ned Stark 's bastard but rather the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen . At King 's Landing , Jaime Lannister and the Tyrell army attempt to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow and Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith . During Loras and Cersei 's trial , Cersei uses wildfire to burn the Great Sept , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan , and Lancel , while Tommen kills himself after witnessing the events . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna meets with Ellaria , at a summit brokered by Varys , to discuss allying with the Targaryens . In Braavos , Arya continues her training with the Faceless Men , and soon regains her eyesight . When she refuses to accomplish a mission , the Waif is ordered to kill Arya , who kills the Waif instead . Arya reasserts her identity as a Stark and returns to Westeros . In the Riverlands , the Hound , revealed to have survived his injuries , pursues the Brotherhood Without Banners for massacring the people who saved him . He finds Lord Beric Dondarrion executing traitorous bannermen , and is asked to join the Brotherhood traveling north . Jaime Lannister besieges Riverrun and takes the castle , killing the Blackfish after forcing Edmure Tully to order a surrender . Walder Frey celebrates the victory before being killed by Arya . Sam Tarly , Gilly and her son travel to the Citadel at Oldtown , stopping to visit Sam 's family . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro , who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive when they refuse to serve her and takes command of the Dothraki . Tyrion Lannister brings a short - lived peace to Meereen , which is reinforced when Daenerys returns and flies her dragons into battle against the slavers . Yara and Theon arrive and pledge allegiance to Daenerys after Euron Greyjoy kills their father and usurps leadership of the Iron Islands . Jorah Mormont departs to find a cure for greyscale and Daario is left in command of Meereen , while Daenerys sails for Westeros . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 Jon Snow 's corpse is found by Ser Davos , Edd and a few other loyalists ; Davos and the others take him inside and lock themselves behind a door with him , while Edd goes to get help . Thorne assumes command of the Watch . At Winterfell , Ramsay mourns for Myranda , while Sansa and Theon escape through the woods . Ramsay 's men catch up with them , and are about to take them captive , when Brienne and Pod arrive , kill the men , and the former is accepted into Sansa 's service . In King 's Landing , Cersei receives Jaime , who arrives with Myrcella 's body . Jaime promises Cersei they will take their revenge . Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane , on his way home from King 's Landing , while in Sunspear , Doran and Areo Hotah are killed by Ellaria and Tyene , after the former learns of Myrcella 's death . In Meereen , Tyrion and Varys find all the ships burning in the harbor . Jorah and Daario continue to track Daenerys , who is taken by the Dothraki to Khal Moro . In Braavos , Arya lives on the streets as a beggar , where she is beaten by the Waif . In her chamber , Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace as she reveals her true appearance as an old crone . 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past , and sees Eddard , Benjen , and their sister Lyanna , as well as a young Hodor . Edd arrives with Tormund and a group of Wildlings , imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers . Tommen asks Cersei to teach him to be strong . Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery , and releases Rhaegal and Viserion from their chains . In Braavos , Arya is attacked by the Waif before H'ghar appears and recruits her again . Walda , Roose 's wife , gives birth to a boy , prompting Ramsay to murder Roose , her , and the baby . Brienne reveals to Sansa that Arya is still alive . Sansa permits Theon 's return to the Iron Islands , where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon . Seaworth persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon . At first , her attempts seem to fail . However , once everyone leaves the room , he awakens . 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 On a boat on their way to Oldtown , Tarly reveals his intent to leave Gilly and her baby with the former 's family at Horn Hill while he trains to be a Maester . In a vision of the past , Brandon sees Eddard and Howland , Meera 's father , defeat a group of Kingsguard loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne . Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor , Yunkai , and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy . In King 's Landing , Tommen converses with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting , only to be shunned by Kevan and the Tyrells . Cersei 's bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor . Arya trains rigorously with the Waif and her sight is returned to her once she has accepted herself as `` no - one '' . In Winterfell , Lord Umber asks Ramsay for help in protecting the North from the Wildlings , bringing Rickon and Osha as a gift , along with the head of Shaggydog , Rickon 's direwolf . Jon executes Thorne , Olly and the other officers involved in his assassination . He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night 's Watch . 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 Sansa 's party arrives at Castle Black as she is reunited with Jon . In Meereen , Tyrion meets with the slave masters of Slaver 's Bay to offer peace if they will end slavery within a period of seven years , an action that angers the former slaves . Baelish returns to the Vale to mobilize their soldiers against Ramsay . Naharis learns about Mormont 's greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak . In King 's Landing , Margaery is permitted to visit Loras while Cersei , Jaime , Kevan and Olenna put aside their differences and plan a defeat of the Sparrows . Theon arrives at Pyke and explains to Yara that he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot . In Winterfell , Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but is killed by him . Ramsay sends a letter to Jon , threatening harm to Rickon if Sansa is not returned . She convinces Jon to march south in order to take back Winterfell . Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen ; after they refuse to serve her , she burns them and Moro to death . When she emerges unhurt , the Dothraki kneel to her . 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 Sansa meets Baelish , who offers the support of the Vale and tells her that Brynden Tully , her great uncle , is gathering an army in Riverrun ; she initially refuses his help . Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather support from the other Northern houses , with her sending Brienne to Brynden . In Braavos , Arya is given a second chance to prove her loyalty by killing an actress . Beyond the Wall , Brandon learns that the White Walkers were created by the Children of the Forest to protect themselves from the First Men . In the Iron Islands , Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon , causing Yara and Theon to flee . In Essos , Daenerys learns about Mormont 's greyscale , ordering him to find a cure and return . In Meereen , a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys . Brandon 's unaccompanied vision causes him to be touched by the Night King , making the cave vulnerable . The Night King , along with White Walkers and hordes of wights , attack the cave , killing the Three - Eyed Raven , several Children , Summer , and Hodor , whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon 's interference . 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 Bran and Meera are saved by Benjen , who reveals that he was turned by the White Walkers , but was later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass . Samwell and Gilly reach the Tarly family estate Horn Hill . After Sam 's father , Randyll , insults her for being a Wildling , Sam decides to take her with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . Arya warns the actress about her mission to assassinate her , recovering the Needle . H'ghar approves of the Waif 's request to kill Arya . Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant , only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith . He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey , who is holding Edmure Tully hostage , and to retake Riverrun from Brynden . Daenerys mounts Drogon , and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros . 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith . Jon , Sansa , and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause , but remain outnumbered by the Boltons . In desperation , Sansa writes a letter begging for aid . Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn , assuming control of the siege . The former goes to parley with Brynden , ultimately being unsuccessful . Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis , deciding to sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys . In Braavos , Arya prepares to return to Westeros , but is attacked by the Waif . Arya is badly wounded but escapes . Sandor is revealed to be alive , having been saved by a Septon and his followers . When men from the Brotherhood threaten and eventually slaughter the group , Sandor decides to get revenge . 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 Tommen abolishes trial by combat , much to the dismay of Cersei , who planned to win using Gregor . Brienne arrives in Riverrun and attempts to persuade Brynden to surrender , without success . After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure 's young son , he enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down , but Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters . Brienne and Podrick escape . Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission . Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities , but Daenerys returns . Sandor kills the outlaws who sacked his village and encounters Dondarrion and Thoros , who explain that the outlaws were renegades . They try to convince Sandor to join the Brotherhood . Arya is taken in by the actress , who heals her wounds . In the morning , the Waif arrives , kills the actress and chases Arya through the streets of Braavos . Arya leads the Waif into the catacombs and kills her . She returns the Waif 's face to the House and declares that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell and she is going home . 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 Daenerys meets with the slave masters to negotiate terms of surrender , but they refuse it . Riding Drogon , as Rhaegal and Viserion assist , Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers ' fleet . Grey Worm kills two of the masters , leaving one to tell of what he had witnessed . After the battle , Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and agree to an alliance . Near Winterfell , the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the field . Ramsay feigns setting Rickon free , but kills him with a long - distance arrow before Jon can save him . In the battle , the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers , but are rescued by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees inside Winterfell , but the Wildling giant Wun Wun , having taken numerous arrows to his body , manages to break down the gate before succumbing to his wounds . Jon brutally beats Ramsay and takes him prisoner . Sansa later visits Ramsay 's cell in the kennels and watches as his starving hounds devour him . 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Before her trial , Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Mace and Loras Tyrell , Lancel and Kevan Lannister , along with hundreds of King 's Landing nobles and the Faith Militant , while Qyburn has Pycelle killed . Tommen commits suicide . In Dorne , Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria , seeking to form an alliance between Daenerys and their houses against the Lannisters . Seaworth confronts Melisandre over the death of Shireen ; Jon banishes her from Winterfell . The Wildlings , the Knights of the Vale and the surviving Houses of the North pledge loyalty to Jon as the new King in the North . Sansa stops Baelish from getting intimate with her . Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons . Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown . Benjen tells Brandon and Meera to pass the Wall without him . Brandon uses his powers and learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna , being adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert 's rebellion . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to find Qyburn crowning Cersei the new monarch of the Seven Kingdoms . Daenerys leaves Naharis and the Second Sons to rule Meereen before she sets sail to Westeros with her other companions , armies and dragons . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Natalie Dormer ( Margaery Tyrell ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Iwan Rheon ( Ramsay Bolton ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Carice van Houten as Melisandre Natalie Dormer as Margaery Tyrell Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Conleth Hill as Varys Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Tom Wlaschiha as Jaqen H'ghar Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Hannah Murray as Gilly Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Dean - Charles Chapman as Tommen Baratheon Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jerome Flynn as Bronn Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 6 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Natalia Tena as Osha Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Brenock O'Connor as Olly Charlotte Hope as Myranda Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Dean Jagger as Smalljon Umber Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Michael Condron as Bowen Marsh Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Ian Whyte as Wun Wun Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Kristian Nairn as Hodor Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Kae Alexander as Leaf Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik as the Night King In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Ian McShane as Brother Ray On the Iron Islands ( edit ) Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy In Dorne ( edit ) Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah In King 's Landing ( edit ) Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Anton Lesser as Qyburn Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella Nell Tiger Free as Myrcella Baratheon Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Josephine Gillan as Marei Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce In Braavos ( edit ) Faye Marsay as the Waif Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Leigh Gill as Bobono Eline Powell as Bianca Rob Callender as Clarenzo Kevin Eldon as Camello In Meereen ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Meena Rayann as Vala In Vaes Dothrak ( edit ) Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Souad Faress as the High Priestess Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella In the Reach ( edit ) James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Freddie Stroma as Dickon Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly In flashbacks ( edit ) Robert Aramayo & Sebastian Croft as Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as Benjen Stark Aisling Franciosi & Cordelia Hill as Lyanna Stark Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark Fergus Leathem as Rodrik Cassel Annette Tierney as Old Nan Sam Coleman as Hodor Leo Woodruff as Howland Reed Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower David Rintoul as Aerys II Targaryen Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The writing staff for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill . Author George R.R. Martin , who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons , did not write an episode for the sixth season , as he was working to finish writing the sixth A Song of Ice and Fire novel , The Winds of Winter . The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 2 ) , Daniel Sackheim ( episodes 3 and 4 ) , Jack Bender ( episodes 5 and 6 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 7 and 8 ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( episodes 9 and 10 ) . Sackheim and Bender were first - time Game of Thrones directors , with the rest each having directed two episodes in the previous season . Writing ( edit ) With the end of the fifth season , the content of the show has reached the plot of the latest novel in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , A Dance with Dragons . Season 6 director Jeremy Podeswa said in August 2015 : `` Right now in season six , what we 're shooting currently is n't based on anything in the book . It 's fully based on discussions the writers have had with George Martin , because the series has now surpassed the books in terms of what 's available . '' Actress Natalie Dormer , who plays Margaery Tyrell , later added that the show 's writers `` know where it 's got to go and what ( George Martin ) 's intentions for the characters are . But they are just filling in the gaps . '' The season premiere starts off right where the fifth season ended . A plot from The Winds of Winter regarding a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series , is included in the sixth season . Filming ( edit ) The Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , Spain is among the filming locations . Filming for season six began in July 2015 , and ended on December 17 , 2015 . The budget for the sixth season increased compared to the previous seasons as each episode did cost over $10 million per episode , totaling over $100 million for the full season and setting a new high for the series . The season filmed in five different countries , Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Like the previous seasons , a large amount of production took place in Northern Ireland , mainly in Belfast and on the Causeway Coast , including film locations in the Binevenagh , Magilligan area which was used to film scenes for the Dothraki Grasslands , and Larrybane Quarry and Ballintoy Harbour , both used for scenes in the Iron Islands . The small village of Corbet was also used , for the siege of Riverrun . As in previous seasons , some of Castle Black was set at the abandoned Magheramorne quarry . From September 3 to October 23 , 2015 the show also filmed in Spain , specifically in Girona , Navarre , Peniscola , and Almería . Some filming locations in Spain included the Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarre , the Alcazaba in Almería , and the Castle of Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar . In August 2015 , HBO announced that for the first time since season 1 , the show would not be filming any scenes in Croatia . The Croatian city of Dubrovnik has stood in for King 's Landing since the beginning of season 2 ; nearby cities such as Klis , Split and Šibenik have been used to depict various other locations . Contradicting the statement by HBO , cast of the show were seen in costume in Dubrovnik in October 2015 . Only a very small portion of the season was filmed in Canada ( north of Calgary , Alberta ) : the scenes featuring Jon Snow 's wolf Ghost ( played by animal actor Quigly ) . However , some of the special effects were created at Montreal 's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series . Casting ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk plays Euron Greyjoy . The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark , Kristian Nairn as Hodor , Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed , Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy , and Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , who did not appear in the fifth season . Clive Russell , Tobias Menzies , Patrick Malahide , Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully , Edmure Tully , Balon Greyjoy , Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr after not appearing since the third season . Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow was added to the series main cast after appearing in a recurring role in the previous season . Across the Narrow Sea , Melanie Liburd plays a Red priestess from Asshai who is in R'hllor 's service . At the Reach , House Tarly is introduced , with Freddie Stroma joining the cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother Dickon Tarly , a character who was mentioned in the novels but has yet to appear in them . Other members of House Tarly that were introduced were Randyll Tarly , played by James Faulkner ; Melessa Tarly , played by Samantha Spiro and Talla Tarly , who was portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Veteran actor Max von Sydow was cast to play the Three - Eyed - Raven , who is training Bran . The character was previously played by Struan Rodger in the fourth - season finale `` The Children '' . David Bradley confirmed in August 2015 , that he would be returning to the show as Walder Frey after last appearing in the third - season finale `` Mhysa '' , but he did not confirm when he would be returning . After the second official trailer was released , it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the sixth season . Danish actor Pilou Asbæk joins the show as Theon Greyjoy 's uncle , pirate captain Euron Greyjoy . Members of the Icelandic band Of Monsters and Men made cameo appearances . Ricky Champ played Gatins , an outlaw who is a part of a band using religion to justify extorting the people of the countryside . A young Ned Stark was portrayed by Sebastian Croft in a flashback scene . The sixth season also included a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series . Essie Davis and Kevin Eldon joined the cast in this theater troupe , portraying actors playing Cersei Lannister and Ned Stark , respectively , while Richard E. Grant was cast as the troupe 's manager . Members of Icelandic indie band Of Monsters and Men appear as the musicians of the Braavos theatre group . Fates of key characters ( edit ) After the fifth - season finale `` Mother 's Mercy '' , the fates of several key characters , such as Sansa Stark , Theon Greyjoy , Stannis Baratheon , Myrcella Baratheon and Jon Snow were left unknown . It was later confirmed at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con that Sophie Turner and Alfie Allen would return for the sixth season , implying that their characters Sansa and Theon / Reek survived the jump from the castle walls of Winterfell . The director of `` Mother 's Mercy '' , David Nutter , said later in an interview that Stannis ' death was intended by the episode 's script . Showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss also confirmed that Myrcella died after being poisoned by Ellaria Sand . Although Weiss had stated that Jon Snow is indeed dead , photos of Kit Harington , the actor playing Jon Snow , arriving in Belfast surfaced in July 2015 . Since the season 6 script read - throughs were being held in Belfast , these photos fueled speculation that his character might not be dead after all . However , Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair pointed out that Charles Dance was seen at Belfast the previous year , and his character Tywin Lannister only appeared in the first episode of the subsequent season and only as a corpse , although Dance himself confirmed the nature of his role shortly after the announcement . Another photo , showing Harington on set in Belfast in a costume that varied from the Night 's Watch outfit , was published on September 25 , 2015 . There has been considerable fan speculation regarding how Jon might have survived , including spiritually possessing his direwolf 's body and being brought back to life by Melisandre . In February 2016 , actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau revealed that the opening scene of the sixth season will `` kind of reveal that Jon Snow is ... dead . '' In March 2016 , Harington confirmed in an interview that he did in fact film new scenes for the sixth season as a corpse , and that he knows for how long his character is to remain that way . Promotion ( edit ) On November 23 , 2015 , a teaser poster displaying Jon Snow was released on the official Game of Thrones Twitter account . A 41 - second teaser trailer was released on December 3 , featuring Jon Snow from the fifth season episode `` Hardhome '' , as well as many of the previous seasons ' highlights , and a voice - over from Max von Sydow as the Three - Eyed Raven and Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on December 6 , 2015 , showcasing scenes involving Daenerys Targaryen , Ramsay Bolton , Cersei Lannister , and Tommen Baratheon . On December 28 , 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released its `` Exclusive First Look '' issue , featuring an image of Bran Stark , who was noticeably older from his last appearance in season four , and with shorter hair . On January 22 , 2016 , three teaser trailers were released , with each teaser depicting the banners of the houses Targaryen , Lannister and Stark , and included voice - overs by Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton , Jonathan Pryce as The High Sparrow and an unknown character speaking in Dothraki . On February 11 , 2016 , HBO released 28 exclusive photos from the sixth season , picturing several of the main characters during the season and confirming the fates of Theon , Sansa and Myrcella , while Jon Snow was notably absent . HBO released a teaser trailer on February 14 , 2016 , that shows the faces of a number of living as well as deceased characters such as Ned Stark , Robb Stark , Catelyn Stark , Joffrey Baratheon , Tywin Lannister , Stannis Baratheon , Ygritte and , controversially , Jon Snow in the House of Black and White . On February 24 , 2016 , HBO released 16 character posters of both deceased and alive characters , and two official posters featuring various characters . A behind - the - scenes video of the sixth season was released on February 29 , 2016 , focusing on camera operators working on the show . The first official trailer for season 6 was released on March 8 , 2016 . Another behind - the - scenes video was released on March 22 , 2016 , focusing on the creative process of prosthetics , specifically the White Walkers . The video also contained new footage of White Walkers from the sixth season . On March 24 , Entertainment Weekly revealed a series of new issues titled `` Dame of Thrones '' , featuring six of the female lead characters from the series and focus on the sixth season . On March 26 , 2016 , new photos from season six , in addition to a new promo named `` March Madness '' with new footage , was released by HBO . After the screening of the season premiere `` The Red Woman '' , HBO released a second official trailer . As well , in July 2016 , HBO released a `` blooper reel '' online , a video of outtakes from season 6 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for the season was digitally released on June 24 , 2016 , and was released on CD on July 29 , 2016 . The album reached # 27 on the Billboard 200 , # 1 on Soundtrack chart , and # 79 on the Canadian Albums chart on its digital release , with the track from the season finale `` Light of the Seven '' reaching # 1 on Billboard 's Spotify Viral 50 chart . After the Thrones ( edit ) Main article : After the Thrones After the Thrones , a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series , airs on the stand - alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show 's sixth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The season received highly positive reviews , with special praise directed at the episodes `` The Door '' , `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' . On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the sixth season has a 96 percent approval rating from 29 critics with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . The season also received a 95 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes . Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO , up ten percent from the previous season 's finale , which was the most - watched episode prior to this episode . The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show , which include streaming , DVR recordings and repeat showings , reached over 25 million this season , and it was described as the last consensus show on television . The figure went up by 25 % compared to previous year , and viewing figures of the show this season on its on demand services HBO Now and HBO Go went up by over 90 % , which were new records for HBO . Almost 40 % of viewers of the show watched this season on HBO digital platforms . The show also broke records on pay television channels in 2016 in the United Kingdom with an average audience of more than five million across all platforms , and in Australia with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Red Woman '' April 24 , 2016 4.0 7.94 1.0 2.11 5.0 10.06 `` Home '' May 1 , 2016 3.7 7.29 0.9 1.92 4.6 9.20 `` Oathbreaker '' May 8 , 2016 3.7 7.28 1.0 1.96 4.7 9.24 `` Book of the Stranger '' May 15 , 2016 3.9 7.82 2.22 5.0 10.05 5 `` The Door '' May 22 , 2016 4.0 7.89 1.4 2.76 5.4 10.65 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' May 29 , 2016 3.2 6.71 2.0 3.61 5.2 10.32 7 `` The Broken Man '' June 5 , 2016 3.9 7.80 1.5 2.81 5.4 10.61 8 `` No One '' June 12 , 2016 3.9 7.60 1.5 3.0 5.4 10.60 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' June 19 , 2016 3.8 7.66 1.7 3.42 5.5 11.08 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' June 26 , 2016 4.3 8.89 1.6 3.19 5.9 12.08 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones For the 32nd TCA Awards , the series was nominated for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received 23 nominations , the most of any series . It won 12 awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' , and Miguel Sapochnik for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' . For the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , the series won for Best Drama Series . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated TV Choice Awards Best International Show Game of Thrones Won Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Game of Thrones Won Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Kit Harington Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actor Ian McShane Nominated Max von Sydow Nominated Best Drama Episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , Carla Stronge Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Sophie Turner Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nominated Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Nominated Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Nominated Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jack Bender for `` The Door '' Nominated Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Max von Sydow as Three - Eyed Raven Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Gregory Middleton for Home Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton , Chloe Aubry , Sheena Wichary for The Winds of Winter Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Laura Pollock , Gary Machin , Rosalia Culora for The Door Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron for Blood of My Blood , The Broken Man , and No One Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Sarah Gower , Emma Sheffield , Tristan Versluis , Barrie Gower for The Door Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama series Tim Porter for Battle of the Bastards Won Katie Weiland for Oathbreaker Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Paula Fairfield , Bradley C. Katona , Michael Wabro , David Klotz , Brett Voss , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit for The Door Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Derek Spears , Eric Carney , Sam Conway , Matthew Rouleau , Michelle Blok , Glenn Melenhorst for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Main Titles 360 Experience Nominated Hollywood Professional Alliance Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley Katona , Paul Bercovitch for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer , Eric Carney , Derek Spears , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Australian Production Design Guild Production Design for a Television Drama Game of Thrones Won 3D Award for Visual Effects Design Iloura for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award Sean Savage , David Morgan & John Ferguson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Anette Haellmigk for `` Book of the Stranger '' Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freak Out of the Year Game of Thrones - Resurrection of Jon Snow Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Film Music Composition Of The Year Ramin Djawadi for `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 43rd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nicholas Tripodi , Dean Elliott , James Hollingworth , Matt Weaver for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Drama Series Boian Anev , Kristina Baskett , Rachelle Beinart , Richard Bradshaw , Michael Byrch , Nick Chopping , Christopher Cox , Jake Cox , David Cronnelly , Matt Crook , Levan Doran , Bradley Farmer , Vladimir Furdik , Richard Hansen , Rob Hayns , Paul Howell , Rowley Irlam , Erol Ismail , Milen Kaleychev , Leigh Maddern , Jonathan McBride , Leona McCarron , Kim McGarrity , Richard Mead , Casey Michaels , Sian Milne , David Newton , Jason Otelle , Radoslav Parvanov , Ian Pead , Rashid Phoenix , Andy Pilgrim , Marc Redmond , Paul Shapcott , Jonny Stockwell , Ryan Stuart , Edward Upcott , Leo Woodruff Won Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen , Jacob Anderson , Dean Charles Chapman , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Liam Cunnungham , Peter Dinklage , Nathalie Emmanuel , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Conleth Hill , Kristofer Hivju , Michiel Huisman , Faye Marsay , Jonathan Pryce , Sophie Turner , Carcie Van Houten , Gemma Whelan , Maisie Williams , Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2017 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Art Directors Guild Awards 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley for `` Blood of My Blood '' , `` The Broken Man '' and `` No One '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2016 The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau , Sam Conway for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode or Real - Time Project James Kinnings , Michael Holzl , Matt Derksen , Joeseph Hoback for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Drogon Won Sebastian Lauer , Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Anthony Sieben for `` Home '' -- Emaciated Dragon Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , François Croteau , Alexandru Banuta for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Edmond Engelbrecht , Tomoka Matsumura , Edwin Holdsworth , Cheri Fojtik for `` The Winds of Winter '' -- Citadel Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Patrick Tiberius Gehlen , Michelle Blok , Christopher Baird , Drew Wood - Davies for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Kevin Blom , Sasmit Ranadive , Wanghua Huang , Ben Andersen for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , James Dong , Xavier Fourmond for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Thomas Montminy - Brodeur , Patrick David , Michael Crane , Joe Salazar for `` Battle of the Bastards '' - Meereen City Nominated Dominic Hellier , Morgan Jones , Thijs Noij , Caleb Thompson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Retaking Winterfell Won Eduardo Díaz , Aníbal Del Busto , Angel Rico , Sonsoles López - Aranguren for `` The Door '' -- Land of Always Winter Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Brett Voss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 69th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won USC Scripter Award Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Kay Bilk Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Won Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton , April Ferry Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 22nd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel , Brett Voss , John Matter , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Wilhoit , Paula Fairfield and Bradley Katona for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel and Tim Hands for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Music David Klotz for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Sean Savage Nominated Zulu Awards Best Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton for `` Home '' Won Location Managers Guild Awards LMGI Award for Outstanding Locations in Period Television Matt Jones and Naomi Liston Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated 22nd Empire Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Irish Film & Television Academy Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Game of Thrones Nominated Best VFX Game of Thrones Nominated Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Unscripted ( Branded ) `` Battle of the Bastards '' Featurette Won Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( director ) for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Pending David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Jack Bender ( director ) for `` The Door '' Pending 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor In A Show Emilia Clarke Nominated Tearjerker Hodor 's ( Kristian Nairn ) Death Nominated 2017 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . The set includes extra background , behind - the - scenes material and deleted scenes . Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Castilian , German Subtitles : English , French , Castilian , German , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Greek , Hebrew , Norwegian , Portuguese , Romanian , Swedish , Turkish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` 18 Hours At The Paint Hall '' : Follow all three shooting units as they converge in this behind - the - scenes snapshot of a day in the life of the largest show on television . `` The Battle Of The Bastards '' : An In - Depth Look -- Behind - the - scenes piece examining the production challenges of creating this epic event , including explorations of VFX , stunts , and interviews with key cast and crew . `` Recreating The Dothraki World '' : Behind - the - scenes piece looking at the creation of Vaes Dothrak and its importance to Dany 's evolution . 13 audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Dinklage , Headey , Harington , Coster - Waldau , Turner and more . Blu - ray exclusive : `` In - Episode Guide '' : In - feature resource that provides background information about on - screen characters , locations and relevant histories . `` Histories & Lore '' : Learn about the mythology of Westeros as told from the varying perspectives of the characters themselves , includes 18 history pieces . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 Copyright infringement ( edit ) The sixth season of Game of Thrones was the most - pirated TV series in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' David Benioff & D.B. Weiss On Shocking Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Sixth Season April 24 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lukowski , Andrzej ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kit Harington tells us Jon Snow will return in ' Game of Thrones ' season 6 ... '' Time Out London . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Remains in Season 6 Opening Credits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Talk Jon Snow Theories , Rape Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Premiere : ' The Red Woman ' Reveals An Ancient Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Everything We Know About the Season 6 Cast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Davos Defends Dead Jon Snow in New ' Game of Thrones ' Clip '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 , Home review : Earth - shattering stuff '' . Daily Express . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D , Léa ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Lord Karstark and Smalljon Umber to appear '' . Melty.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : who is Lyanna Mormont , the 10 year - old taking the show by storm ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow 's Corpse and Davos 's Sword Take Center Stage in New Game of Thrones Clip '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Rory ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Trying to keep that secret was like I really did murder somebody `` . Exclusive interview with Game Of Thrones actor Brian Fortune '' . Newstalk.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` We spoke to Game of Thrones giant Wun Wun about his death '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts Three - Eyed Raven with Exorcist star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Are Meera and Jon Snow related ? Ellie Kendrick is unsure but would ' love it to be true ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones producer on the sudden return of that character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 Anatomy of a Scene : The Cave Battle ( HBO ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 trailer is finally here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones new season 6 trailer released : Most epic yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brynden ' The Blackfish ' Tully returning for Siege of Riverrun storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : Edmure Tully returning in Riverrun storyline '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in ' No One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Character last seen in season 3 to make return '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts a villain from Season 3 '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Spoilers : Ricky Champ Joins Cast As New Character Amid Jon Snow Buzz '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Yara Greyjoy returns as actress Gemma Whelan spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Exclusive Pictures From Season 6 '' . Making Game of Thrones.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones adds Lucy actor to play Euron Greyjoy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Opener Brings Reunions , Rescues , ( Spoilers ) & Revenge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : DeObia Oparei thinks people should be concerned about Trystane '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Rosabell Laurenti Sellers on Transition From Rome to London '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones 's Julian Glover on Playing Pycelle , Auditioning for Dumbledore , and What He Wo n't Do on HBO '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finn Jones : Ser Loras being treated ' very badly ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Olenna to Confront Mace Tyrell '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 production update and Kristian Nairn on what ' Hodor ' could mean '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` What HBO 's New ' Game of Thrones ' Photos Reveal About Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Season 6 Is In for a Mountain of Trouble '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lino Facioli ( Lord Robin Arryn Of The Vale ) Returning For Season 6 , Winter Is Coming , Highlight Hollywood News '' . Highlighthollywood.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 5 & 6 Yohn Royce Interview - Rupert Vansittart '' . YouTube . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Richard E. Grant in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Casts Babadook Star Essie Davis to Play Queen Cersei ... Kinda ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brass Eye 's Kevin Eldon joins Richard E. Grant 's ' theatre troupe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , Itay ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ania Bukstein on Game of Thrones '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Episode # 1 -- A Widow 's Future ( HBO ) '' ( YouTube ) . HBO . April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Guide to Recognizing the Hunky Dothraki of Season 6 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Adds 3 Tarlys To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Aramayo Nabs Roles In ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nattrass , JJ ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Ned Stark returns as a young boy played by Sebastian Croft - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : the Jon Snow revelation and what it all means '' . Empire . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' the Morning After : The Fight Against Fate '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Wo n't Write for Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Time . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones directors revealed for mysterious season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Natalie Dormer Teases Her New Plot on Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy - Nominated ' Game of Thrones ' Director Discusses Sansa 's Sinister Wedding , Looks Ahead to Season 6 '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Babadook actress in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sapochnik , Miguel ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Five days left ... '' Twitter . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 costs A LOT per episode : The HBO fantasy epic 's massive budget is revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones premiere screening reveals season 6 surprises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Games of Thrones season 6 : Castle Black set hit by rockslide during filming '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Predicting Game of Thrones Season - 6 Story Lines Using Shoot Locations '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wraps Spain filming , winter is finally coming '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 6 filming location suggests return of Jon Snow '' . IndiaToday.in . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmadas nuevas localizaciones de rodaje de ' Juego de Tronos ' T6 en España '' ( Confirmed new filming locations of ' Game of Thrones ' S6 in Spain ) ( in Spanish ) . canalplus.es . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wo n't shoot in Croatia , HBO confirms , so do n't expect much from King 's Landing '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : First look at Cersei Lannister following her infamous walk of shame '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alberta wolf Quigly returns for Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season premiere of ' Game of Thrones ' was very Canadian '' . Pop Goes the News . John R Kennedy Media . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Bran Stark actor confirms he 's in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones author , producer on whether that character is really dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Photographic Evidence that Kit Harington Has Joined the Cast of Game of Thrones in Belfast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dance Reveals Game of Thrones Return '' . MTV UK . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emliy ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington spotted filming Game Of Thrones on set in Belfast ... suggesting Jon Snow MAY be very much alive ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Is This Really the Last We 'll See of Jon Snow ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Eric ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 10 Review : Mother 's Mercy '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` New Game of Thrones Information Adds Fuel to the `` Jon Snow Lives '' Conspiracy `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Tease Jon Snow and Sansa Stark 's Fates , Emilia Clarke Says Season 6 `` Almost Killed Us '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The First Official Look at Game of Thrones Season 6 Is All About Jon Snow '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trailer Hints at Jon Snow 's Return '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Reveals First Footage From ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : First look at Bran Stark in season 6 return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Pledge allegiance to Game of Thrones houses in season 6 teasers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Teaser : Is ( Spoiler ) a Goner ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones character posters tease dead Jon Snow in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Cameras of Game of Thrones '' . Making Game of Thrones . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubber , Latex and Gore : Go Inside GoT Prosthetics '' . Making Game of Thrones . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Game of Thrones women are set to rule season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : New Season 6 Photos Unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones teaser has new season 6 footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 7 trailer : the first teaser is here '' . Digital Arts . IDG . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kremkau , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora Radio Previewing Ramin Djawadi 's Game of Thrones Film Score '' . Readjunk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Viral 50 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Ratings Hit Series High With Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finale Ratings Record Proves It 's the Last Consensus Show on TV '' . Time . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Is Even More Insanely Popular than You Think '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 18 -- 24 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Better Call Saul ' outgain ' Game of Thrones ' premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 25 - May 1 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' on top again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 2 -- 8 : ' Game of Thrones ' rises week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 9 -- 15 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest 3 - day gain of season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 16 -- 22 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tie for top gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 23 -- 29 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest gain of the season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 30 - June 5 : ' Game of Thrones ' keeps its lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 6 -- 12 : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Teen Mom II ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 13 -- 19 : ' Game of Thrones ' leads , ' Penny Dreadful ' finale quadruples '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 -- 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costantino , George ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : This Is Us , Stranger Things , Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanusi , Hassan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones wins at 2016 TV Choice Awards as Big Bang Theory , The Walking Dead lose out '' . The Net . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners - The Dragon Award '' . Dragon Con . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Artios Awards Unveil 2017 Nominees ; Joel McHale to Host L.A. Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Jungle Book ' Claims VFX Trophy at HPA Awards '' . Yahoo !. November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 APDG Awards Winners '' . APDG . 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February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zootopia ' and ' Kubo ' Lead Annie Awards Nominations ; ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Civil War ' Land Nods '' . Collider.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` People v. O.J. , Stranger Things score Producers Guild Award nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Damien Chazelle Wins Directors Guild 's Top Film Award for ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Fences , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Earn USC Scripter Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dry , Jude ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Critics Association Honor ' Moonlight ' and ' Jackie ' with Dorian Award Noms '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards reveals its 2017 nominees -- check out the full rundown and vote now '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge , ' ' Rogue One , ' ' Arrival ' Lead Sound Editors ' Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Three Empire Awards -- Nominations '' . Wemakemoviesonweekends.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Webby Awards : Lady Gaga , Kimmel 's Mean Tweets , and ' Mr. Robot ' Among Winners '' . Variety . April 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Unscripted ( Branded ) '' . Webby Award . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the 2017 Hugo Award nominees '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , Line of Duty and Strictly Come Dancing are up for Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment at BAFTA TV Awards '' . Digital Spy. April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points '' . Glamour . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 release date : HBO confirms US start , Sky Atlantic to simulcast in UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Complete details on the Game of Thrones Season 6 DVD / Blu - ray boxset '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2016 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 6 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. 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2859565873030532470	Reign of Terror	Reign of Terror - Wikipedia Reign of Terror This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French . ( May 2018 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the French article . Machine translation like Deepl or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated fr Terreur_ ( Révolution_française ) ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . This article is about the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution . For other uses , see Reign of Terror ( disambiguation ) . `` The Terror '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Terror ( disambiguation ) . Nine emigrés are executed by guillotine , 1793 Heads of aristocrats , on pikes The Reign of Terror , or The Terror ( French : la Terreur ) , is the label given by most historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established . Several historians consider the `` reign of terror '' to have begun in 1793 , placing the starting date at either 5 September , June or March ( birth of the Revolutionary Tribunal ) , while some consider it to have begun in September 1792 ( September Massacres ) , or even July 1789 ( when the first lynchings took place ) , but there is a consensus that it ended with the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794 . Between June 1793 and the end of July 1794 , there were 16,594 official death sentences in France , of which 2,639 were in Paris . Contents 1 Barère and Robespierre glorify `` terror '' 2 Influences on the Terror 2.1 Enlightenment Thought 2.2 Threats of Foreign Invasion 2.3 Popular Pressure 2.4 Religious Upheaval 3 Major events during the Terror 4 Thermidorian Reaction 5 See also 6 Works Cited 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Primary sources 8.2 Secondary sources 8.3 Historiography 9 External links Barère and Robespierre glorify `` Terror '' ( edit ) See also : History of France § Counter-revolution subdued ( July 1793 -- April 1794 ) Bertrand Barère There was a sense of emergency among leading politicians in France in the summer of 1793 between the widespread civil war and counter-revolution . Bertrand Barère exclaimed on 5 September 1793 in the Convention : `` Let 's make terror the order of the day ! '' They were determined to avoid street violence such as the September Massacres of 1792 by taking violence into their own hands as an instrument of government . Robespierre in February 1794 in a speech explained the necessity of terror : If the basis of popular government in peacetime is virtue , the basis of popular government during a revolution is both virtue and terror ; virtue , without which terror is baneful ; terror , without which virtue is powerless . Terror is nothing more than speedy , severe and inflexible justice ; it is thus an emanation of virtue ; it is less a principle in itself , than a consequence of the general principle of democracy , applied to the most pressing needs of the patrie ( homeland , fatherland ) . Some historians argue that such terror was a necessary reaction to the circumstances . Others suggest there were additional causes , including ideological and emotional . Influences on the Terror ( edit ) Enlightenment thought ( edit ) Enlightenment thought emphasized the importance of rational thinking and began challenging legal and moral foundations of society , providing the leaders of the Terror with new ideas about the role and structure of government . Rousseau 's Social Contract argued that each person was born with rights , and they would come together to form a government that would then protect those rights . Under the social contract , the government was required to act for the general will , which represented the interests of everyone rather than a few factions . Drawing from the idea of a general will , Robespierre felt that the French Revolution could result in a Republic built for the general will but only once those who fought this ideal were expelled . Those who resisted the government were deemed `` tyrants '' fighting against the virtue and honor of the general will . The leaders felt their ideal version of government was threatened from the inside and outside of France , and terror was the only way to preserve the dignity of the Republic created from French Revolution . Robespierre 's ideology was not strictly derived from Rousseau . The writings of another Enlightenment thinker of the time , Baron de Montesquieu , greatly influenced Robespierre . One of Montesquieu 's writings , The Spirit of the Laws , defines a core principle of a democratic government : virtue . He describes it as `` the love of laws and of our country . '' In Robespierre 's speech to the National Convention on February 5 , 1794 , On Political Morality , he talks about virtue being the `` fundamental principle of popular or democratic government . '' This was , in fact , the same virtue defined by Montesquieu almost 50 years earlier . Robespierre believed that the virtue needed for any democratic government was extremely lacking in the French people . As a result , he decided to weed out those he believed could never possess this virtue . The result was a continual push towards Terror . The Convention used this as justification for the course of action to `` crush the enemies of the revolution , ... let the laws be executed , ... and let liberty be saved . '' These members of the Enlightenment movement greatly influenced revolutionary leaders ; however , cautions from other Enlightenment thinkers were blatantly ignored . Voltaire 's warnings were often overlooked , though some of his ideas were used for justification of the Revolution and the start of the Terror . He protested against Catholic Dogmas and the ways of Christianity stating , `` of all religions , the Christian should of course inspire the most toleration , but till now the Christian 's have been the most intolerant of all men . '' These criticisms were often used by Robespierre and other leaders as justification for their anti-religious reforms . Voltaire also laid down some warnings . In his Philosophical Dictionary , he states , `` we are all steeped in weakness and error ; let us forgive each other our follies ; that is the first law of nature '' and `` every individual who persecutes a man , his brother , because he is not of his opinion , is a monster . '' The importance of forgiveness and understanding the failings of the human conditions were obviously lost on Robespierre and other leaders as they pursued Terror . Threats of foreign invasion ( edit ) After the beginning of the French Revolution , the surrounding monarchies did not show great hostility towards the rebellion . Though mostly ignored , Louis XVI was later able to find support in Leopold II of Austria ( Marie Antionette 's brother ) and Frederick William II of Prussia . On August 27 , 1791 , these foreign leaders made the Pillnitz Declaration saying they would restore the French monarch if other European rulers joined . In response to what they viewed to be the meddling of foreign powers , France declared war on April 20 , 1792 . However , at this point , the war was only Prussia and Austria against France . France began this war with a large series of defeats which set a precedent of fear of invasion in the people that would last throughout the war . Massive reforms of military institutions , while very effective in the long run , presented the initial problems of inexperienced forces and leaders of questionable political loyalty . In the time it took for officers of merit to use their new freedoms to climb the chain of command , France suffered . Many of the early battles were definitive losses for the French . There was the constant threat of the Austro - Prussian forces which were advancing easily toward the capital , threatening to destroy Paris if the monarch was harmed . This series of defeats , coupled with militant uprisings and protests within the borders of France pushed the government to resort to drastic measures to ensure the loyalty of every citizen to not only France but more importantly to the Revolution . While this series of losses was eventually broken , the reality of what might have happened if they persisted hung over France . The tide would not turn from them until September of 1792 when the French won a critical victory at Valmy preventing the Austro - Prussian invasion . While the French military had stabilized and was producing victories by the time the Reign of Terror officially began , the pressure to succeed in this international struggle acted as justification for the government to pursue its tyrannical actions . It was not until after the execution of Louis XVI and the annexation of the Rhineland that the other monarchies began to feel threatened enough to form the First Coalition . The Coalition , consisting of Russia , Austria , Prussia , Spain , Holland , and Sardinia , began attacking France from all directions besieging and capturing ports and retaking ground lost to France . With so many similarities to the first days of the Revolutionary Wars , the French government with threats on all sides , unification of the country became a top priority . As the war continued and the Reign of Terror began , leaders saw a correlation between using terror and achieving victory . Well phrased by Albert Soboul , `` terror , at first an improvised response to defeat , once organized became an instrument of victory . '' The threat of defeat and foreign invasion may have helped spur the origins of the terror , but the timely success of the Terror with French victories added justification to its growth and continuation . Popular pressure ( edit ) During the Reign of Terror , the sans - culottes and the Hébertists put pressure on the National Convention delegates and contributed to the overall instability of France . The National Convention was bitterly split between the Montagnards and the Girondins . The Girondins were more conservative leaders of the National Convention , while the Montagnards supported radical violence and pressures of the lower classes . Once the Montagnards gained control of the National Convention , they began demanding radical measures . Moreover , the sans - culottes , the scrappy , urban workers of France , agitated leaders to inflict punishments on those who opposed the interests of the poor . The sans - culottes ' violent demonstrations pushing their demands , created constant pressure for the Montagnards to enact reform . The sans - culottes fed the frenzy of instability and chaos by utilizing popular pressure during the Revolution . For example , the sans - culottes sent letters and petitions to the Committee of Public Safety urging them to protect their interests and rights with measures such as taxation of foodstuffs that favored workers over the rich . They advocated for arrests of those deemed to oppose reforms against those with privilege , and the more militant members would advocate pillage in order to achieve the desired equality . The resulting instability caused problems that made forming the new Republic and achieving full political support even more critical . Religious upheaval ( edit ) The Reign of Terror was characterized by a dramatic rejection of long - held religious authority , its hierarchical structure , and the corrupt and intolerant influence of the aristocracy and clergy . Religious elements that long stood as symbols of stability for the French people , were replaced by reason and scientific thought . The radical revolutionaries and their supporters desired a cultural revolution that would rid the French state of all Christian influence . This process began with the fall of the monarchy , an event that effectively defrocked the State of its sanctification by the clergy via the doctrine of Divine Right and ushered in an era of reason . Many long - held rights and powers were stripped from the Church and given to the State . In 1789 , church lands were expropriated and priests killed and forced to leave France . A Festival of Reason was held in the Notre Dame Cathedral , which was renamed `` The Temple of Reason '' , and the old traditional calendar was replaced with a new revolutionary one . The leaders of the Terror tried to address the call for these radical , revolutionary aspirations , while at the same time trying to maintain tight control on the de-Christianization movement that was threatening to the clear majority of the still devoted Catholic population of France . The tension sparked by these conflicting objectives laid a foundation for the `` justified '' use of terror to achieve revolutionary ideals and rid France of the religiosity that revolutionaries believed was standing in the way . Major events during the Terror ( edit ) Main articles : History of France § Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) , and France § Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maximilien Robespierre , member of the Committee of Public Safety On 10 March 1793 the National Convention created the Revolutionary Tribunal . Among those charged by the tribunal , about a half were acquitted ( though the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the Law of 22 Prairial ) . In March rebellion broke out in the Vendée in response to mass conscription , which developed into a civil war that lasted until after the Terror . On 6 April the Committee of Public Safety was created , which gradually became the de facto war - time government . On 2 June , the Parisian sans - culottes surrounded the National Convention , calling for administrative and political purges , a low fixed price for bread , and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans - culottes alone . With the backing of the national guard , they persuaded the convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders . In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies , some thirteen departments started the Federalist revolts against the National Convention in Paris , which were ultimately crushed . On 24 June , the convention adopted the first republican constitution of France , the French Constitution of 1793 . It was ratified by public referendum , but never put into force . On 13 July the assassination of Jean - Paul Marat -- a Jacobin leader and journalist -- resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence . Georges Danton , the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king , was removed from the committee . On July 27 , 1793 , Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety . On 23 August , the National Convention decreed the levée en masse , `` The young men shall fight ; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions ; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals ; the children shall turn all lint into linen ; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic . '' The execution of the Girondins On 9 September , the convention established paramilitary forces , the `` revolutionary armies '' , to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government . On 17 September , the Law of Suspects was passed , which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined `` suspects '' . This created a mass overflow in the prison systems . On 29 September , the convention extended price fixing from grain and bread to other essential goods , and also fixed wages . On 10 October , the Convention decreed that `` the provisional government shall be revolutionary until peace . '' On 24 October , the French Republican Calendar was enacted . The trial of the Girondins started on the same day and they were executed on 31 October . Anti-clerical sentiments increased during 1793 and a campaign of dechristianization occurred . On 10 November ( 20 Brumaire Year II of the French Republican Calendar ) , the Hébertists organized a Festival of Reason . The execution of Olympe de Gouges , feminist writer close to the Girondins On 14 Frimaire ( 5 December 1793 ) was passed the Law of Frimaire , which gave the central government more control over the actions of the representatives on mission . On 16 Pluviôse ( 4 February 1794 ) , the National Convention decreed that slavery be abolished in all of France and French colonies . On 8 and 13 Ventôse ( 26 February and 3 March ) , Saint - Just proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution , known as the Ventôse Decrees . By the end of 1793 , two major factions had emerged , both threatening the Revolutionary Government : the Hébertists , who called for an intensification of the Terror and threatened insurrection , and the Dantonists , led by Georges Danton , who demanded moderation and clemency . The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both . The major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March . The Dantonists were arrested on 30 March , tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April . On 20 Prairial ( 8 June ) was celebrated across the country the Festival of the Supreme Being , which was part of the Cult of the Supreme Being , a deist national religion . On 22 Prairial ( 10 June ) , the National Convention passed a law proposed by Georges Couthon , known as the Law of 22 Prairial , which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal . With the enactment of the law , the number of executions greatly increased , and the period from this time to the Thermidorian Reaction became known as `` The Grand Terror '' . On 8 Messidor ( 26 June ) , the French army won the Battle of Fleurus , which marked a turning point in France 's military campaign and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government . Thermidorian reaction ( edit ) Main article : Thermidorian Reaction The execution of Maximilien Robespierre The fall of Robespierre was brought about by a combination of those who wanted more power for the Committee of Public Safety ( and a more radical policy than he was willing to allow ) and the moderates who completely opposed the revolutionary government . They had , between them , made the Law of 22 Prairial one of the charges against him , so that , after his fall , to advocate terror would be seen as adopting the policy of a convicted enemy of the republic , putting the advocate 's own head at risk . Between his arrest and his execution , Robespierre may have tried to commit suicide by shooting himself , although the bullet wound he sustained , whatever its origin , only shattered his jaw . Alternatively , he may have been shot by the gendarme Merda . The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris , where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge , makes it impossible to be sure of the wound 's origin . In any case , Robespierre was guillotined the next day . The reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended . New members were appointed the day after Robespierre 's execution , and limits on terms of office were fixed ( a quarter of the committee retired every three months ) . The Committee 's powers were gradually eroded . See also ( edit ) Bals des victimes Tricoteuse Drownings at Nantes State terrorism Works cited ( edit ) `` Battle of Valmy , ( 20 September 1792 ) . '' Weapons and Warfare. April 09 , 2018 . Accessed October 30 , 2018 . https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2018/04/10/battle-of-valmy-20-september-1792/ . Bloy , Marjorie . `` The First Coalition 1793 - 1797 . '' A Web of English History . Accessed October 21 , 2018 . http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/coalit1.htm . Leopold , II , and Frederick William . `` The Declaration of Pillnitz ( 1791 ) . '' French Revolution . February 27 , 2018 . Accessed October 26 , 2018 . https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/ . McLetchie , Scott . `` Maximilien Robespierre , Master of the Terror . '' Maximilien Robespierre , Master of the Terror . Accessed October 23 , 2018 . http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22 . Montesquieu . `` Modern History Sourcebook : Montesquieu : The Spirit of the Laws , 1748 . '' Internet History Sourcebooks . Accessed October 23 , 2018 . https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp . Ozouf , Mona . `` War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse ( 1792 - 1794 ) . '' The Journal of Modern History 56 , no . 4 ( 1984 ) : 580 - 97 . http://www.jstor.org.du.idm.oclc.org/stable/1880323 . Popkin , Jeremy D. A Short History of the French Revolution . 6th ed . London : Routledge , 2016 . `` Robespierre , `` On Political Morality '' , '' Liberty , Equality , Fraternity , accessed October 19 , 2018 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/413 . Rothenberg , Gunther E. `` The Origins , Causes , and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon . '' The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 , no . 4 ( 1988 ) : 771 - 93 . doi : 10.2307 / 204824 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/204824 . `` '' Terror Is the Order of the Day `` , '' Liberty , Equality , Fraternity , accessed October 26 , 2018 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/416 . Voltaire . `` Voltaire , Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary . '' Omeka RSS . Accessed October 23 , 2018 . http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/273/ . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Reign of Terror '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2015 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linton , Marisa . `` The Terror in the French Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Kingston University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The dates July 1789 , September 1792 , March 1793 as starting date for the Reign of Terror ( French : la Terreur ) are given in the French Wikipedia , referring to source : Jean - Clément Martin , La Terreur , part maudite de la Révolution ( ' The Terror , the cursed part of the Revolution ' ) , coll . Découvertes Gallimard ( n ° 566 ) , Paris : Gallimard , 2010 , p. 14 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Linton , Marisa ( August 2006 ) . `` Robespierre and the terror : Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history '' . History Today . 8 ( 56 ) : 23 . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 7 ( p. 175 -- 203 ) : The federalist revolt , the Vendée , and the start of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . Jump up ^ ( in French ) ' 30 août 1793 -- La terreur à l'ordre du jour ! ' Website Vendéens & Chouans . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Halsall , Paul ( 1997 ) . `` Maximilien Robespierre : On the Principles of Political Morality , February 1794 '' . Fordham University . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mathiez , Albert . La Révolution Française . Librairie Armand Colin . ISBN 978 - 7 - 100 - 07058 - 4 . Jump up ^ Furet , Francois . A Deep - rooted Ideology as Well as Circumstance , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Tackett , Timothy ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) . The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution . Belknap Press : An Imprint of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674736559 . Jump up ^ William F. Church , `` Introduction '' , in The Influence of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution , ed . William F. Church ( Boston : D.C. Heath and Company , 1964 ) , vii . Jump up ^ Jean - Jacques Rousseau , `` Ideal Empires and Republics . Rousseau 's Social Contract , More 's Utopia , Bacon 's New Atlantis , Campanella 's City of the Sun with an Introduction by Charles M. Andrews '' , ( Washington : M. Walter Dunne , 1901 ) , 92 -- 94 , Online Library of Liberty , http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-ideal-empires-and-republics . Jump up ^ Henri Peyre , `` The Influence of Eighteenth Century Ideas on the French Revolution '' , in The Influence of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution , ed . William F. Church ( Boston : D.C. Heath and Company , 1964 ) , 99 - 101 . Jump up ^ Maximilien Robespierre , `` Justification of the Use of Terror '' , July 28 , 1794 , Modern History Sourcebook , Fordham University , accessed May 1 , 2018 , https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/robespierre-terror.asp . Jump up ^ Maximilien Robespierre , `` Justification of the Use of Terror '' , July 28 , 1794 , Modern History Sourcebook , Fordham University , accessed May 1 , 2018 , https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/robespierre-terror.asp . Jump up ^ Montesquieu . `` Modern History Sourcebook : Montesquieu : The Spirit of the Laws , 1748 . '' Internet History Sourcebooks . https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp . Jump up ^ `` Robespierre , `` On Political Morality '' , '' Liberty , Equality , Fraternity . http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/413 . Jump up ^ `` '' Terror Is the Order of the Day `` , '' Liberty , Equality , Fraternity , accessed October 26 , 2018 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/416 . Jump up ^ Voltaire . `` Voltaire , Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary . '' Omeka RSS . http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/273/ . Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin . A Short History of the French Revolution . 6th ed . London : Routledge , 2016 . 54 . Jump up ^ Gunther E. Rothenberg `` The Origins , Causes , and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon . '' The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 , no . 4 ( 1988 ) : 771 - 93 . doi : 10.2307 / 204824 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/204824 . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin . A Short History of the French Revolution , 55 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Valmy , ( 20 September 1792 ) . '' Weapons and Warfare. April 09 , 2018 . Accessed October 30 , 2018 . https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2018/04/10/battle-of-valmy-20-september-1792/ . Jump up ^ Leopold II , and Frederick William . `` The Declaration of Pillnitz ( 1791 ) . '' French Revolution . February 27 , 2018 . Accessed October 26 , 2018 . https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/ . Jump up ^ Jermemy D. Popkin . A Short History of the French Revolution , 59 . Jump up ^ Marjorie Bloy . `` The First Coalition 1793 - 1797 . '' A Web of English History . https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/montesquieu/ . Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin . A Short History of the French Revolution , 64 . Jump up ^ Soboul cited in Mona Ozouf . `` War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse ( 1792 - 1794 ) . '' The Journal of Modern History 56 , no . 4 ( 1984 ) : 580 - 97 . http://www.jstor.org.du.idm.oclc.org/stable/1880323 . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin , A Short History of the French Revolution , ( London : Routledge , 2016 ) , 64 . Jump up ^ `` Terror , Vengeance , and Martyrdom in the French Revolution : THE CASE OF THE SHADES - Oxford Scholarship '' , 2014 , accessed May 1 , 2018 , http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199959853.001.0001/acprof-9780199959853-chapter-8. 2014 . Jump up ^ Albert Soboul , The Sans - culottes ; the Popular Movement and Revolutionary Government , 1793 -- 1794 , ( Garden City , N.Y. : Anchor Books , 1972 ) , 5 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Edmond Pressense , John Lacroix , Religion and the reign of terror , or , The church during the French revolution ( World constitutions illustrated ) , ( New York : Cincinnati : Carlton & Lanahan ; Hitchcock & Walden , 1869 ) . Jump up ^ Emmet Kennedy . A Cultural History of the French Revolution . ( Yale University Press , 1989 ) , 343 . ISBN 9780300044263 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt , Politics , Culture and Class in the French Revolution ; chp 3 , `` The Imagery of Radicalism '' , 1984 , 87 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin , A Short History of the French Revolution , ( London : Routledge , 2016 ) , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt , Politics , Culture and Class in the French Revolution ; chp 3 , `` The Imagery of Radicalism '' , 1984 , 87 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin , A Short History of the French Revolution , ( London : Routledge , 2016 ) , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Mantel , Hilary ( 6 August 2009 ) . `` He Roared '' . London Review of Books . 3 ( 15 ) : 3 -- 6 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter . The French Revolution 1787 -- 1804 . Pearson Education , 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Maximilien Robespierre Biography , Facts , & Execution '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Merriman , John ( 2004 ) . `` Thermidor '' ( 2nd ed . ) . A history of modern Europe : from the Renaissance to the present , p 507 . W.W. Norton & Company Ltd . ISBN 0 - 393 - 92495 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Cléry , Jean - Baptiste ; Henry Essex Edgeworth ( 1961 ) ( 1798 ) . Sidney Scott , ed . Journal of the Terror . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . OCLC 3153946 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Andress , David ( 2006 ) . The Terror : The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 27341 - 3 . Andress , David ; Popkin , Jeremy ( 2015 ) . Revolution and Changing Identities in France , 1789 - 99 . Oxford University Press . Baker , Keith M. François Furet , and Colin Lucas , eds. ( 1987 ) The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture , vol. 4 , The Terror ( London : Pergamon Press , 1987 ) Beik , William ( August 2005 ) . `` The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration : Review Article '' . Past and Present. 188 : 195 -- 224 . doi : 10.1093 / pastj / gti019 . Censer , Jack , and Lynn Hunt ( 2001 ) . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . Hunt , Lynn ( 1984 ) . Politics , Culture , and Class in the French Revolution . Berkeley : University of California Press . Gough , Hugh . The terror in the French revolution ( London : Macmillan , 1998 ) Hibbert , Christopher ( 1981 ) . The Days of the French Revolution . New York : Quill - William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 16978 - 7 . Kerr , Wilfred Brenton ( 1985 ) . Reign of Terror , 1793 -- 1794 . London : Porcupine Press . ISBN 0 - 87991 - 631 - 1 . Kennedy , Emmet . A Cultural History of the French Revolution . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1991 . Linton , Marisa ( August 2006 ) . `` Robespierre and the terror : Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history , ( Maximilien Robespierre ) ( Biography ) '' . History Today . 8 ( 56 ) : 23 . Linton , Marisa , Choosing Terror : Virtue , Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2013 ) . Loomis , Stanley ( 1964 ) . Paris in the Terror . New York : Dorset Press . ISBN 0 - 88029 - 401 - 9 . McLetchie , Scott . `` Maximilien Robespierre , Master of the Terror . '' Maximilien Robespierre , Master of the Terror . Accessed October 23 , 2018 . http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22 . Moore , Lucy ( 2006 ) . Liberty : The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 720601 - 1 . Palmer , R.R. ( 2005 ) . Twelve Who Ruled : The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12187 - 7 . Reinberg , M ; Chaouat , Bruno ; Brewer , Daniel ; Brewer , Maria ; Schlte - Sasse , Jochen ( 2010 ) . Modernity and Ethics : The Ghost of Terror in the French Thought . ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis . Schama , Simon ( 1989 ) . Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 678 -- 847 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55948 - 7 . Scott , Otto ( 1974 ) . Robespierre , The Fool as Revolutionary -- Inside the French Revolution . Windsor , New York : The Reformer Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887690 - 05 - 8 . Shadow ( February 9 , 1870 ) . `` The `` Reign of Terror '' `` . New York Times . Shulim , Joseph I. `` Robespierre and the French Revolution , '' American Historical Review ( 1977 ) 82 # 1 pp. 20 -- 38 in JSTOR Soboul , Albert . `` Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793 -- 4 '' , Past and Present , No. 5 . ( May 1954 ) , pp. 54 -- 70 . in JSTOR Steel , Mark ( 2003 ) . Vive La Revolution . London : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0806 - 4 . Reviewed by Adam Thorpe in The Guardian , 23 December 2006 . Sutherland , D.M.G. ( 2003 ) The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order pp 174 -- 253 Thoral , Marie - Cecile . From Valmy to Waterloo France at War , 1792 - 1815 . Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 . https://link-springer-com.du.idm.oclc.org/content/pdf/10.1057%2F9780230294981.pdf Wahnich , Sophie ( 2016 ) . In Defence of the Terror : Liberty or Death in the French Revolution ( Reprint ed . ) . Verso . ISBN 978 - 1784782023 . Reviewed by Ruth Scurr in The Guardian , 17 August 2012 Weber , Caroline. ( 2003 ) Terror and Its Discontents : Suspect Words in Revolutionary France online Historiography ( edit ) Kafker , Frank , James M. Lauz , and Darline Gay Levy ( 2002 ) . The French Revolution : Conflicting Interpretations . Malabar , FL : Krieger Publishing Company . Rudé , George ( 1976 ) . Robespierre : Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 60128 - 4 . A Marxist political portrait of Robespierre , examining his changing image among historians and the different aspects of Robespierre as an ' ideologue ' , as a political democrat , as a social democrat , as a practitioner of revolution , as a politician and as a popular leader / leader of revolution , it also touches on his legacy for the future revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Revolution . `` The Terror '' from In Our Time ( BBC Radio 4 ) French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Journals Museum Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) Fête de la Fédération ( 14 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution GND : 4361185 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&oldid=866518526 '' Categories : 1793 events of the French Revolution 1794 events of the French Revolution French First Republic Anti-Catholicism in France Persecution of Christians Police misconduct in France Political and cultural purges Political repression in France Terrorism People killed in the French Revolution Revolution terminology Politicides Terrorist incidents in France Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles with French - language external links Articles to be expanded from May 2018 All articles to be expanded History articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from February 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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-3548437338750594699	Kindle Fire	Kindle Fire - Wikipedia Kindle Fire `` Amazon Fire '' redirects here . For the smartphone , see Fire Phone . For the media player , see Amazon Fire TV . Amazon Fire Tablet Developer Amazon.com , Inc . Manufacturer Quanta Computer Type Tablet computer Generation 1st Release date November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) ( US ) September 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) ( Europe ) December 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) ( Japan ) Units sold 7 million ( as of October 2012 ) Operating system Based on Android OS 2.3. 3 Gingerbread ( customized : 6.3. 2_user_4110520 ) ( 1st gen . ) Based on Android 4.0. 3 ( customized : 10.5. 1_user_5172420 ) ( 2nd gen . ) System - on - chip used Texas Instruments OMAP 4 4430 CPU 1.2 GHz dual - core Cortex - A9 ( ARMv7 ) Memory 512 MB RAM ( 1st gen . ) 1 GB RAM ( 2nd gen . ) Storage 8 GB Display 7 inch multi-touch Gorilla Glass display , 1024 × 600 at 169 ppi , 16 million colors . Capacitive touch sensitive . Graphics PowerVR SGX 540 Sound 3.5 mm stereo audio jack , top - mounted stereo speakers Camera None Connectivity Micro-USB 2.0 ( type B ) 3.5 mm stereo socket 802.11 b / g / n Wi - Fi Online services Amazon Prime , Amazon Cloud Storage , Amazon Cloud Player , Amazon Video , Amazon Silk , Amazon App Store , Amazon Kindle Store Dimensions 190 mm ( 7.5 in ) H 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) W 11.4 mm ( 0.45 in ) D Weight 413 g ( 14.6 oz ) Successor Fire HD Website Amazon Kindle Fire Kindle Fire showing components , back cover removed The Fire Tablet , formerly called the Kindle Fire , is a tablet computer developed by Amazon.com . Built with Quanta Computer , the Kindle Fire was first released in November 2011 , featuring a color 7 - inch multi-touch display with IPS technology and running a custom version of Google 's Android operating system called Fire OS . The Kindle Fire HD followed in September 2012 , and the Kindle Fire HDX in September 2013 . In September 2014 , when the fourth generation was introduced , the name `` Kindle '' was dropped . In September 2015 , the fifth generation Fire 7 was released , followed by the sixth generation Fire HD 8 , in September 2016 . The seventh generation Fire 7 was released in June 2017 . On September 7 , 2012 , upgrades to the device were announced with consumer availability to those European countries with a localized version of Amazon 's website ( United Kingdom , France , Germany , Italy and Spain ) . The original Kindle Fire retailed for US $199 in 2011 . Estimates of the device 's initial bill of materials cost ranged from $150 to $202 . Amazon 's business strategy was stated in 2011 as making money through sales of digital content on the Fire , rather than through sales of the device itself . As of October 2012 , the Kindle Fire was the second best selling tablet after Apple 's iPad , with about 7 million units sold according to estimates by Forrester Research and as of 2013 Amazon 's tablets were the fourth best selling . On September 6 , 2012 , the Kindle Fire was upgraded to the second generation , and its price was reduced to US $159 , RAM upgraded to 1 GB and processor clock speed upgraded to 1.2 GHz . A more powerful and video - friendly version , the Kindle Fire HD ( 7 and 8.9 inch versions ) was also made available , initially priced at $199 and $299 . On September 25 , 2013 , the Kindle Fire HD was upgraded as the third generation Fire , priced at US $139 , and the Kindle Fire HDX was introduced . The Kindle Fire HDX had an improved graphics engine , double the memory , and triple the processor speed of the previous model . The 7 - inch and 8.99 - inch versions were introduced at US $229 and US $379 respectively . In September 2014 , the Fire HDX 8.9 and the Fire HD were upgraded to the fourth generation of Fire tablets , removing the `` Kindle '' adjective in the naming scheme . There was also the Fire HD 6 that has a six - inch screen with a quad - core processor priced at US $99 . In September 2015 , Amazon announced the release of the Fire 7 , priced at US $49.99 for the 8GB version that displays advertisements on the lock screen . As of March 2016 it was the lowest - priced Amazon tablet . In June 2016 , its price was dropped briefly to US $39.99 . This fifth generation tablet includes for the first time a micro SD card slot for extra storage . In September 2016 , Amazon announced the release of the Fire HD 8 which includes the virtual assistant Alexa , priced at US $89.99 . Fortune reported that , `` As with most of Amazon 's devices , the aim is n't to make money off of the hardware but instead to sell digital content such as books , movies , and TV shows to users '' . A slightly improved Fire 7 was released in June 2017 , keeping the US $49.99 price point . Contents 1 Design 1.1 Hardware 1.2 Software 2 Reception 3 Sales 4 Models 5 Gallery 6 Generations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Design ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Kindle Fire hardware was originally manufactured by Quanta Computer ( an Original Design Manufacturer ) , which had also helped design the BlackBerry PlayBook , using it as a hardware template for the Kindle Fire . First - generation Kindle Fire devices employed a 1 - GHz Texas Instruments OMAP 4430 dual - core processor . The device has a 2 - point multi-touch color LCD screen with a diagonal length of 7 inches ( 180 mm ) and a 600 × 1024 - pixel resolution ( 160 dpi density ) . Connectivity is through 802.11 n Wi - Fi and USB 2.0 ( Micro-B connector ) . The device includes 8 GB of internal storage -- said to be enough for 80 applications , plus either 10 movies or 800 songs or 6,000 books . According to Amazon the first - generation Kindle Fire 's 4400 mAh battery sustains up to 8 hours of consecutive reading and up to 7.5 hours of video playback with wireless off ; later generations all offered around 7 -- 8 hours Of the 8 GB internal storage available in the first - generation Kindle Fire , approximately 6.5 GB was available for content . The first - generation Kindle Fire has a sensor on the upper left - hand corner of the screen . This was widely considered to be an ambient - light sensor , disabled since an early software upgrade . Color display technologies consume much more power than monochrome electronic paper ( E-ink ) types ; Fire offer a typical battery life of 8 hours of mixed usage , while monochrome Kindles offer 15 to 30 hours ' use without WiFi -- `` battery lasts weeks on a single charge '' -- with a much lower - capacity battery . Software ( edit ) The first generation of Kindle Fire devices run a customized Android 2.3. 3 Gingerbread OS . The second - generation Kindle Fire HD runs a customized Android 4.0. 3 Ice Cream Sandwich OS . Along with access to Amazon Appstore , the Fire includes a cloud - accelerated `` split browser '' , Amazon Silk , using Amazon EC2 for off - device cloud computation ; including webpage layout and rendering , and Google 's SPDY protocol for faster webpage content transmission . The user 's Amazon digital content is given free storage in Amazon Cloud 's web - storage platform , 5 GB music storage in Amazon Cloud Drive , and a built - in email application allows webmail ( Gmail , Yahoo ! , Hotmail , AOL Mail , etc . ) to be merged into one inbox . The subscription - based Amazon Prime , which includes unlimited streaming of movies and TV shows , is available with a free 30 - day trial period . Content formats supported by the first - generation Kindle Fire were Kindle Format 8 ( KF8 ) , Kindle Mobi (. azw ) , TXT , PDF , unrestricted MOBI , PRC natively , Audible ( Audible Enhanced ( AA , AAX ) ) , DOC , DOCX , JPEG , GIF , PNG , BMP , non-DRM AAC , MP3 , MIDI , OGG , WAV , MP4 , VP8 . Because of Amazon 's USB driver implementation , the first - generation Kindle Fire suffered from slow USB transfer speeds . For example , transferring an 800MB video file may have taken more than three minutes in 2011 . It is possible to convert a Kindle Fire to a tablet running standard Android , with some loss of Amazon - related functionality , and lacking features such as Bluetooth , microphone , camera , and memory expansion . Reception ( edit ) Analysts had projected the device to be a strong competitor to Apple 's iPad , and that other Android device makers would suffer lost sales . In a 2012 review published by Project Gutenberg , the Kindle Fire was called a `` huge step back in freedom from the Kindle 3 '' ; the reviewer noted that Amazon introduced a `` deliberate limitation '' into the Fire that did n't exist in the previous version : it is no longer possible to download free e-books from websites such as Project Gutenberg , Internet Archive and Google Books and have them stored permanently in the same places where books from Amazon are kept . Sales ( edit ) Customers began receiving Kindle Fires on November 15 , 2011 , and in December 2012 , customers had purchased over a million Kindle devices per week . International Data Corporation ( IDC ) estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4.7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011 . The Amazon Kindle Fire helped the company beat their 2012 first quarter estimates and boosted the company 's stock in extended trading . As of May 2013 , about 7 million units had been sold according to estimates . Statistics for FY2014 or Q1&2 2015 are not yet available . Models ( edit ) Generation ( within Amazon tablets ) 1st generation ( 2011 ) 2nd generation ( 2012 ) 5th generation ( 2015 ) 7th generation ( 2017 ) Model Kindle Fire Fire Fire 7 Release date November 15 , 2011 September 14 , 2012 September 30 , 2015 June 7 , 2017 Status Discontinued Available Current OS Based on Android 2.3. 3 Based on Android 4.0. 3 Fire OS 5 System Version 6.3. 4 10.5. 1 5.6. 1.0 Screen Size ( diagonal ) 7 '' Resolution 1024 × 600 Density 169 ppi 171 ppi CPU Maker Texas Instruments MediaTek Kind Dual - core OMAP 4 Quad - core Model 4430 HS MT8127D MT8127B Cores 2 × ARM Cortex - A9 @ 1.0 GHz 2 × ARM Cortex - A9 @ 1.2 GHz 4 × ARM Cortex - A7 @ 1.3 GHz Width 32 - bit GPU Designer Imagination Technologies ARM Holdings Kind PowerVR Mali Model SGX540 450 450 MP4 Clock 304 MHz 384 MHz 600 MHz ? RAM 512 MiB 1 GiB Storage Internal 8 GB 8 GB , 16 GB , or 32 GB External N / A At least up to 128 GB microSDXC At least up to 256 GB microSDXC Camera Back 2 MP Front 0.3 MP VGA Microphone Yes Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 LE Bluetooth 4.1 LE Wireless Wi - Fi 802.11 b / g / n 802.11 a / b / g / n ( dual band ) + Cellular N / A Location N / A Wi - Fi based Proximity N / A Compass Light sensor Accelerometer Yes Gyroscope N / A Barometer Weight 413 g ( 14.6 oz ) 400 g ( 14 oz ) 313 g ( 11.0 oz ) 295 g ( 10.4 oz ) Dimensions 190 × 120 × 11.4 mm ( 7.48 × 4.72 × 0.45 in ) 189 × 120 × 11.5 mm ( 7.44 × 4.72 × 0.45 in ) 191 × 115 × 10.6 mm ( 7.52 × 4.53 × 0.42 in ) 192 × 115 × 9.6 mm ( 7.56 × 4.53 × 0.38 in ) Battery 4400 mAh 2980 mAh 8 hours Gallery ( edit ) The Kindle Fire in horizontal position displaying web page Kindle Fire 7 in ( 180 mm ) size relative to a hand The iPad ( left ) compared with the Kindle Fire ( right ) The Kindle Fire ( left ) compared with the iPod Touch ( right ) The Kindle Fire ( left ) compared with the iPad Mini ( center ) and the Nexus 7 ( 2012 version ) ( right ) Generations ( edit ) There have been seven generations of Kindle Fire tablets , spread across three different models : Fire , Fire HD and Fire HDX . There have also been different - sized tablets within the Fire HD and Fire HDX models . Items in bold are currently available . 1st Gen ( 2011 ) 2nd Gen ( 2012 ) Gen 2.5 ( 2012 ) 3rd Gen ( 2013 ) 4th Gen ( 2014 ) 5th Gen ( 2015 ) 6th Gen ( 2016 ) 7th Gen ( 2017 ) Fire Kindle Fire ( 7 `` ) Kindle Fire ( 7 `` ) Fire ( 7 `` ) Fire ( 7 `` ) Fire HD Kindle Fire HD ( 7 `` ) Kindle Fire HD ( 8.9 `` ) Kindle Fire HD ( 7 `` ) Fire HD ( 6 `` ) Fire HD ( 7 `` ) Fire HD ( 8 `` ) Fire HD ( 10 `` ) Fire HD ( 8 `` ) Fire HD ( 8 `` ) Fire HD ( 10 `` ) Fire HDX Kindle Fire HDX ( 7 `` ) Kindle Fire HDX ( 8.9 `` ) Fire HDX ( 8.9 `` ) See also ( edit ) Fire HD , the ' mid-market ' version of the Kindle Fire , with improved specifications , including higher resolution screens and improved processors . Fire HDX , the ' high - end ' version of the Kindle Fire , the mostly highly specified Fire , with improved resolution and faster processors . Comparison of : Tablet computers E-book readers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lai , Marcus ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon to burn new tablet this week , says report '' . Punch Jump . Punch Jump LL C. Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brian X . Chen ( 2012 - 10 - 19 ) . `` How Are 7 - Inch Tablets Doing ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Fire Device and Feature Specifications '' . Amazon Mobile app distribution . Amazon . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Tyler ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon Kindle Fire unveiled '' . Ubergizmo . Blogzilla LLC . Jump up ^ Shahbaaz ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Unveils Kindle Fire Android Tablet ( $199 ) & Kindle Touch ( $99 ) , Kindle 2011 Priced at $79 ! '' . tnerd.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kindle Fire - the Amazon Tablet with Full Color 7 '' Multi-Touch Display , Wi - Fi `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kindle Fire Amazon description Accessed : 11 / 23 / 2011 Jump up ^ Grabham , Dan ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Kindle Fire : what you need to know Updated : Kindle tablet release date , specs , features and more '' . TechRadar UK . Future Publishing Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Fire Comes to the UK -- Introducing the All - New Kindle Fire HD and Kindle Fire '' . Press releases . Amazon.co.uk. 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire to go on sale in Europe ( AFP ) '' . Phys.org. 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire tablet to sell at $199 , challenging iPad '' . Chicago Tribune . 28 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Merritt , Rick ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Kindle Fire profitable at estimated $150 BoM '' . eetimes.com . eetimes . Jump up ^ Olivarez - Giles , Nathan ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Amazons 199 Kindle Fire costs 201.70 to build , report says '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Myslewski , Rik ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire is sold at a loss '' . theregister.co.uk . The Register . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon to lose $50 on each Kindle Fire , says analyst '' . news.cnet.com . CNET . Jump up ^ Naughton , John ( 2 October 2011 ) . `` Kindle Fire : the tablet that knows your next move '' . The Guardian / The Observer . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Martin , James . `` Amazon Kindle Fire '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kindle Fire HD at Amazon.com store Jump up ^ Franklin , Eric . `` Amazon Kindle Fire HDX 7 - Tablets - CNET Reviews '' . Reviews.cnet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wilson Rothman ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire HDX tablets pose real threat to iPad dominance '' . NBC News.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` What 's new with Amazon 's Fire OS 4.0 `` Sangria '' ? `` . AndroidGuys . Jump up ^ Amazon Fire HD 6 review CNET Jump up ^ `` Amazon Fire tablets '' . Amazon . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . List of current Fire tablets on Amazon , sorted by price . Jump up ^ `` You can actually get a brand new Amazon Fire tablet right now for $40 '' . bgr.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Tablets MicroSD Card How To Guide -- Everything You Need to Know '' . ebook reader . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's new Fire HD 8 is its first tablet with Alexa '' . engadget.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Debuts Its First Fire Tablet With Virtual Assistant Alexa '' . fortune.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Fire 7 ( 2017 ) '' . PCMag UK . 2017 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazon tablet will look like a PlayBook - because it basically is '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon Kindle Fire tablet unveiled : Android - based , 7 - inch display , $199 price tag '' . Engadget . AOL Inc . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Chris ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon Kindle Fire vs. iPad 2 vs. Nook Color : by the numbers '' . This Is My Next . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Fire - Full Color 7 '' Multi-Touch Display with Wi - Fi `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fire HD 6 - Amazon site '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . See `` Compare Fire Tablets '' section : New HD6 , HD8 , and HD10 all claim `` Up to 8 hours of reading , surfing the web , watching video , and listening to music '' ; 7 '' Fire claims 7 hours . Google search < site : www.amazon.com `` compare fire tablets '' > for latest information . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christopher ( 17 November 2011 ) . `` Kindle Fire : Edu holy grail or one more DRM - ridden toy ? '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Bergman - Terrell 's Blog '' . Ericbt.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kindle e-reader -- Amazon 's Official Site -- Learn More '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire UI : it 's Android , but not quite '' . This Is My Next . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Started with Kindle Fire '' . Jump up ^ Tung , Liam ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Amazon opens global Appstore by stealth '' . Itnews.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Boulton , Clint ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon EC2 Underlies Kindle Tablet ' Silk ' Browser '' . www.eweekeurope.co.uk . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Amazon Silk '' . amazon.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ ' Amazon Silk team ' ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Introducing Amazon Silk '' . amazonsilk.wordpress.com . Archived from the original on 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ku , Andrew ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Storage Performance : Slightly Faster Than USB 1.0 ? ! : The Amazon Kindle Fire : Benchmarked , Tested , And Reviewed '' . Tom 's Hardware : Hardware News , Tests and Reviews . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rick Broida ( 21 June 2013 ) . `` Turn your Kindle Fire into an Android 4.2 tablet '' . Cnet.com . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Letzing , John ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon to Challenge iPad '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire Will ' Vaporize ' Android But Leave Apple Unscathed '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lee Brodie , ed. ( 28 September 2011 ) . Gene Munster : Samsung , Others Should Worry about Kindle Fire . cnbc.com . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Fire Review '' . Project Gutenberg. 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . You can get free ebooks to the Fire too , but the process is so cumbersome that it is n't worth the trouble given the alternative of buying a Nexus 7 , which handles free ebooks with ease . To be specific , there is no way to download free books from the web and have the Kindle Fire store them permanently or in the same places where your books from Amazon are kept . This was easy with the Kindle 3 . No more . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Appstore Presentation at CES '' . Amazon Appstore Developer Blog . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Claburn ( 2012 - 04 - 07 ) . `` iPad Mini : 6 Reasons Apple Must Do It '' . InformationWeek . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ryan . `` Kindle Fire helps Amazon beat 1Q estimates '' . Yahoo News - Tech . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kindle Fire ( 1st Generation ) Software Updates Jump up ^ Kindle Fire ( 2nd Generation ) Software Updates Jump up ^ Kindle Fire ( 5th Generation ) Software Updates ^ Jump up to : `` Device and Feature Specifications - Amazon Apps & Services Developer Portal '' . developer.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Amazon 's Kindle Fire HD : Better ; Can It Compete With The Nexus 7 ? Jump up ^ `` Macro photo of the Amazon Fire 2015 motherboard '' . forum.xda-developers.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazon Kindle Fire . Fire Tablets -- home page on Amazon site Amazon Fire - Device and Feature Specifications Kindle Fire Review at The Wall Street Journal Amazon People Current Jeff Bezos Doug Gurr Tony Hsieh Werner Vogels Former Rick Dalzell Paul Davis Brian McBride Nadia Shouraboura Ram Shriram Tom Szkutak Brian Valentine Christopher North Facilities Doppler Day 1 Spheres HQ2 Products and services Websites A9.com AbeBooks Amazon.com China Alexa Internet Book Depository BookFinder Digital Photography Review Fresh Goodreads IMDb Box Office Mojo Withoutabox Local Marketplace Payments Shopbop Twitch.tv Curse Wireless Woot.com Zappos Souq.com Amazon Web Services AMI Amazon Aurora CloudFront DynamoDB EBS EC2 EFS ElastiCache EMR AWS Lambda MTurk Neptune Product Advertising API RDS Redshift S3 SES SNS SimpleDB SQS VPC Silk Glacier Storywriter Digital Alexa Appstore Audible ComiXology Amazon Drive Video Prime Key Prime Music Prime Now Prime Pantry Prime Video Kindle Store Music Fire OS Amazon Digital Game Store Devices Blink Home Cloud Cam Dash buttons Dash wand Echo Show Kindle Kindle Fire Fire HD Fire HDX Fire TV Stick Fire Phone Ring Technology 1 - Click Amazon Game Studios Amazon Robotics Carbonado Dynamo Graphiq Lab126 Double Helix Games Obidos Liquavista Publishing Amazon Publishing Amazon Studios Breakthrough Novel Award Best Books of the Year Kindle Direct Publishing Retail Amazon Books Amazon Go Treasure Truck Whole Foods Market Logistics Amazon Air Amazon Prime Air Former 43 Things Askville Amapedia Amie Street ( Songza ) CDNow Diapers.com Endless.com Lexcycle LivingSocial LoveFilm Mobipocket PlanetAll Reflexive Entertainment Sellaband Shelfari Other Amazon Light ASIN Controversies ( tax ) Fishbowl Locker Perfect 10 , Inc. v. Amazon.com , Inc . Statistically improbable phrase Vine List of Amazon brands List of Amazon locations List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon List of Amazon products and services LibraryThing Android phablets and tablet computers Phablets Asus Fonepad Dell Streak HTC One Max Huawei Ascend Mate Ascend Mate2 4G Ascend Mate7 Nexus 6P LG G2 G3 G3 Stylus G4 G4 Stylus G5 G6 7 ThinQ Gx G Flex G Flex 2 Optimus G Pro G Pro Lite G Pro 2 Optimus Vu II Vu 3 V10 V20 V30 Motorola Nexus 6 Moto X Style Moto X Play Moto Z Moto Z Play Moto G4 Plus Moto M OnePlus One 3T Samsung Galaxy Grand Galaxy Mega Mega 2 Galaxy Note series Original II Neo Edge 5 7 FE 8 Galaxy Round Sony Xperia Z Ultra T2 Ultra C5 Ultra Z5 Premium ZUK ZUK Z1 Tablets Acer Acer Iconia Tab A500 Ainol NOVO7 Amazon Kindle Fire HD HDX Archos Archos 5 ( Archos Generation 6 ) Archos 5 ( Archos Generation 7 ) Archos 43 Archos 70 Archos 101 Asus Eee Pad Transformer ( TF101 ) Eee Pad Transformer Prime ( TF201 ) Transformer Pad ( TF300T ) Transformer Pad Infinity ( TF700T ) Transformer Pad TF701T Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Barnes & Noble Nook Color Nook Tablet Nook HD / HD+ Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook DataWind Aakash Google Pixel C HP Slate 7 HTC Flyer / EVO View 4G Jetstream Nexus 9 Kobo Arc LeapFrog Epic Lenovo IdeaPad series LePad ThinkPad Tablet LG Optimus Pad LTE G Pad 7.0 8.0 8.3 10.1 Motorola Xoom Xyboard Nokia N1 Notion Ink Adam tablet NVIDIA Shield Tablet Pakistan Aeronautical Complex PAC - PAD 1 PAC - PAD Takhti 7 PocketBook IQ 701 A 10 '' Samsung Galaxy Tab series 7.0 7.7 8.9 10.1 Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab 3 7.0 8.0 10.1 Lite 7.0 Galaxy Tab 4 7.0 8.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab Pro 8.4 10.1 12.2 Galaxy Tab S S 8.4 S 10.5 S2 8.0 S2 9.7 Galaxy Tab A A 8.0 A 9.7 A 10.1 Galaxy Tab E E 9.6 Galaxy Note series 8.0 10.1 10.1 2014 Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 Nexus 10 Sony Sony Tablet Xperia Tablet Z Z2 Z4 Toshiba Toshiba Thrive Toys `` R '' Us Tabeo ViewSonic G Tablet Android smartphones Other Android devices List of features in Android Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kindle_Fire&oldid=852539121 '' Categories : Amazon hardware Android ( operating system ) devices Tablet computers Tablet computers introduced in 2011 Touchscreen portable media players Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 17 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the amazon fire 7 come out	[ "In September 2015, Amazon announced the release of the Fire 7, priced at US$49.99 for the 8GB version that displays advertisements on the lock screen. As of March 2016[update] it was the lowest-priced Amazon tablet.[24] In June 2016, its price was dropped briefly to US$39.99.[25] This fifth generation tablet includes for the first time a micro SD card slot for extra storage.[26]\n" ]	[ "September 2015" ]
3328539291705009863	Demography of the United States	Demography of the United States - Wikipedia Demography of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Demographics of the United States Nationality American Population Population 308,745,538 ( 2010 ) ( 3rd ) Estimate 326,326,020 ( 2017 ) ( 3rd ) Density 85.10 / sq mi ( 32.86 / km ) Growth rate 0.81 % ( 2016 est . ) Birth rate 12.5 / 1,000 population Death rate 8.2 / 1,000 population Net migration rate 3.9 / 1,000 population Life expectancy 79.8 years Male 77.5 years Female 82.1 years Fertility rate 1.87 children born / woman Languages Official None at the federal level English in 32 of the 50 states Spoken English 79 % Spanish 13 % Other Indo - European 3.7 % Asian and Pacific island 3.4 % Other 1 % Source : CIA World Factbook The United States is estimated to have a population of 326,326,020 as of November 25 , 2017 , making it the third most populous country in the world . It is very urbanized , with 81 % residing in cities and suburbs as of 2014 ( the worldwide urban rate is 54 % ) . California and Texas are the most populous states , as the mean center of U.S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward . New York City is the most populous city in the United States . The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2016 is 1.82 children per woman , which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1 . The United States Census Bureau shows a population increase of 0.75 % for the twelve - month period ending in July 2012 . Though high by industrialized country standards , this is below the world average annual rate of 1.1 % . There were about 125.9 million adult women in the United States in 2014 . The number of men was 119.4 million . At age 85 and older , there were almost twice as many women as men ( 4 million vs. 2.1 million ) . People under 21 years of age made up over a quarter of the U.S. population ( 27.1 % ) , and people age 65 and over made up one - seventh ( 14.5 % ) . The national median age was 37.8 years in 2015 . The United States Census Bureau defines white people as those `` having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe , the Middle East , or North Africa . '' It includes people who reported `` White '' or wrote in entries such as Irish , German , Italian , Lebanese , Near Easterner , Arab , or Polish . '' Whites constitute the majority of the U.S. population , with a total of about 245,532,000 or 77.7 % of the population as of 2013 . Non-Hispanic whites make up 62.6 % of the country 's population . Despite major changes due to immigration since the 1960s , and the higher birth - rates of nonwhites , the overall current majority of American citizens are still white , and English - speaking , though regional differences exist . The American population almost quadrupled during the 20th century -- at a growth rate of about 1.3 % a year -- from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000 . It reached the 200 million mark in 1968 , and the 300 million mark on October 17 , 2006 . Population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole , and according to the Census Bureau 's estimation for 2012 , 50.4 % of American children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups . Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for 48 % of the national population growth of 2.9 million between July 1 , 2005 , and July 1 , 2006 . Immigrants and their U.S. - born descendants are expected to provide most of the U.S. population gains in the decades ahead . The Census Bureau projects a U.S. population of 417 million in 2060 , a 38 % increase from 2007 ( 301.3 million ) , and the United Nations estimates the U.S. population will be 402 million in 2050 , an increase of 32 % from 2007 . In an official census report , it was reported that 54.4 % ( 2,150,926 out of 3,953,593 ) of births in 2010 were non-Hispanic white . This represents an increase of 0.3 % compared to the previous year , which was 54.1 % . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,236,631 33.3 % 1810 7,239,881 38.3 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 49,371,340 28.0 % 1890 62,979,766 27.6 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,531 21.0 % 1920 106,021,568 15.0 % 1930 123,202,660 16.2 % 1940 132,165,129 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 1990 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2017 325,365,189 5.4 % Sources : United States Census Bureau Note that the census numbers do not include American Indian natives before 1860 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Vital statistics 2.1 Vital statistics 3 Population density 4 Cities 5 Race and ethnicity 5.1 Race 5.2 Hispanic or Latino origin 5.3 Other groups 5.4 Projections 6 Religion 6.1 Religious affiliations in 2004 6.2 Religions of American adults 7 Marriage 8 Income 9 Economic class 10 Health 11 Generational cohorts 11.1 U.S. demographic birth cohorts 12 Demographic statistics 12.1 Ages 12.2 Birth , growth , and death rates 12.2. 1 Birth data 12.3 Death rate 12.4 Immigration and emigration 12.5 Sex ratios 12.6 Infant mortality rate 12.7 Life expectancy at birth 12.8 Total fertility rate 12.9 Unemployment rate 12.10 Mobility 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Demographic history of the United States Manhattan 's Little Italy , Lower East Side , circa 1900 . In 1900 , when the U.S. population was 76 million , there were 66.8 million Whites in the United States , representing 88 % of the total population , 8.8 million Black Americans , with about 90 % of them still living in Southern states , and slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics . Under the law , the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , the number of first - generation immigrants living in the United States has increased , from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007 . Around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s , up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s . In 2009 , 37 % of immigrants originated in Asia , 42 % in North America , and 11 % in Africa . In 1900 , non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97 % of the population of the 10 largest American cities . The Census Bureau reported that minorities ( including Hispanic whites ) made up 50.4 % of the children born in the U.S. between July 2010 and July 2011 , compared to 37 % in 1990 . In 2010 the state with the lowest fertility rate was Rhode Island , with a rate of 1.63 , while Utah had the greatest rate with a rate of 2.45 . This correlates with the ages of the states ' populations : Rhode Island has the ninth - oldest median age in the US -- 39.2 -- while Utah has the youngest -- 29.0 . Vital Statistics ( edit ) See also : Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States § Vital statistics of racial and ethnic Groups ( since 1990 ) Map of population change in U.S. states from April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 . The U.S. total fertility rate as of 2010 census is 1.931 : 1.948 for White Americans ( including White Hispanics ) 1.791 for non-Hispanic Whites 1.972 for Black Americans ( including Black Hispanics ) 1.958 for non-Hispanic Blacks 1.404 for Native Americans ( including Hispanics ) 1.689 for Asian Americans ( including Hispanics ) Other : 2.350 for Hispanics ( of all racial groups ) 1.831 for non-Hispanics ( of all racial groups ) ( Note that ~ 95 % of Hispanics are included as `` white Hispanics '' by CDC , which does not recognize the Census ' `` Some other race '' category and counts people in that category as white . ) Source : National Vital statistics report based on 2010 US Census data Vital statistics ( edit ) Average population ( x 1,000 ) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate ( per 1,000 ) Crude death rate ( per 1,000 ) Natural change ( per 1,000 ) Total fertility rate 1935 127,362 2,377,000 1,392,752 984,248 18.7 10.9 7.7 2.19 1936 128,181 2,355,000 1,479,228 875,772 18.4 11.5 6.8 2.15 1937 128,961 2,413,000 1,450,427 962,573 18.7 11.2 7.5 2.17 1938 129,969 2,496,000 1,381,391 1,114,609 19.2 10.6 8.6 2.22 1939 131,028 2,466,000 1,387,897 1,078,103 18.8 10.6 8.2 2.17 1940 132,165 2,559,000 1,417,269 1,142,000 19.4 10.8 8.6 2.23 1941 133,002 2,703,000 1,397,642 1,305,358 20.3 10.5 9.8 2.33 1942 134,464 2,989,000 1,385,187 1,603,813 22.2 10.3 11.9 2.55 1943 136,003 3,104,000 1,459,544 1,644,306 22.8 10.7 12.1 2.64 1944 138,083 2,939,000 1,411,338 1,644,456 21.2 10.2 11.0 2.49 1945 139,994 2,858,000 1,401,719 1,456,281 20.4 10.0 10.4 2.42 1946 140,008 3,411,000 1,395,617 2,015,383 24.1 10.0 14.1 2.86 1947 145,023 3,817,000 1,445,370 2,371,630 26.6 10.0 16.6 3.18 1948 148,013 3,637,000 1,444,337 2,192,663 24.9 9.8 15.1 3.03 1949 149,336 3,649,000 1,443,607 2,205,393 24.5 9.7 14.8 3.04 1950 151,861 3,632,000 1,452,454 2,180,000 24.1 9.6 14.5 3.03 1951 154,056 3,823,000 1,482,099 2,340,901 24.8 9.6 15.2 3.20 1952 156,431 3,913,000 1,496,838 2,416,162 25.0 9.6 15.4 3.30 1953 159,047 3,965,000 1,447,459 2,517,541 25.2 9.1 16.1 3.36 1954 161,948 4,078,000 1,481,091 2,596,909 24.8 9.3 15.5 3.48 1955 163,476 4,097,000 1,528,717 2,568,283 25.0 9.3 14.3 3.52 1956 166,578 4,218,000 1,564,476 2,653,524 25.1 9.3 15.8 3.63 1957 169,637 4,308,000 1,633,128 2,666,872 25.3 9.5 15.8 3.71 1958 172,668 4,255,000 1,647,886 2,607,114 24.4 9.5 14.9 3.65 1959 175,642 4,244,796 1,656,814 2,587,982 24.0 9.4 14.7 3.66 1960 179,979 4,257,850 1,711,982 2,545,868 23.7 9.5 14.1 3.65 1961 182,992 4,268,326 1,701,522 2,566,804 23.3 9.3 14.0 3.62 1962 185,771 4,167,362 1,756,720 2,410,642 22.4 9.5 12.9 3.46 1963 188,483 4,098,020 1,813,549 2,284,471 21.7 9.6 12.1 3.32 1964 191,141 4,027,490 1,798,051 2,229,439 21.1 9.4 11.7 3.19 1965 193,526 3,760,358 1,828,136 1,932,222 19.4 9.5 9.9 2.91 1966 195,576 3,606,274 1,863,149 1,743,125 18.4 9.5 8.9 2.72 1967 197,457 3,520,959 1,851,323 1,669,636 17.8 9.4 8.4 2.56 1968 199,399 3,501,564 1,930,082 1,571,482 17.6 9.7 7.9 2.46 1969 201,385 3,600,206 1,921,990 1,678,216 17.9 9.5 8.4 2.46 1970 203,984 3,731,386 1,921,031 1,810,355 18.4 9.4 9.0 2.480 1971 206,827 3,555,970 1,927,542 1,628,428 17.2 9.3 7.9 2.266 1972 209,284 3,258,411 1,963,944 1,294,467 15.6 9.4 6.2 2.010 1973 211,357 3,136,965 1,973,003 1,163,962 14.8 9.5 5.3 1.879 213,342 3,159,958 1,934,388 1,225,570 14.8 9.1 5.7 1.835 215,465 3,144,198 1,892,879 1,251,319 14.6 8.8 5.8 1.774 1976 217,563 3,167,788 1,909,440 1,258,348 14.6 8.8 5.8 1.738 1977 219,760 3,326,632 1,899,597 1,427,035 15.1 8.6 6.5 1.789 1978 222,095 3,333,279 1,927,788 1,405,491 15.0 8.7 6.3 1.760 1979 224,567 3,494,398 1,913,841 1,580,557 15.6 8.5 7.1 1.808 1980 227,225 3,612,258 1,989,841 1,622,417 15.9 8.8 7.1 1.839 1981 229,466 3,629,238 1,977,981 1,651,257 15.8 8.6 7.2 1.812 1982 231,664 3,680,537 1,974,797 1,705,740 15.9 8.5 7.4 1.827 233,792 3,638,933 2,019,201 1,619,732 15.6 8.6 6.9 1.799 1984 235,825 3,669,141 2,039,369 1,629,772 15.6 8.6 6.9 1.806 1985 237,924 3,760,561 2,086,440 1,674,121 15.8 8.8 7.0 1.844 1986 240,133 3,756,547 2,105,361 1,651,186 15.6 8.8 6.9 1.837 242,289 3,809,394 2,123,323 1,686,071 15.7 8.8 7.0 1.872 244,499 3,909,510 2,167,999 1,741,511 16.0 8.9 7.1 1.934 246,819 4,040,958 2,150,466 1,890,492 16.4 8.7 7.7 2.014 1990 249,623 4,158,212 2,148,463 2,009,749 16.7 8.6 8.1 2.081 1991 252,981 4,110,907 2,169,518 1,941,389 16.2 8.6 7.7 2.062 1992 256,514 4,065,014 2,175,613 1,889,401 15.8 8.5 7.4 2.046 1993 259,919 4,000,240 2,268,553 1,731,687 15.4 8.7 6.7 2.019 1994 263,126 3,952,767 2,278,994 1,673,773 15.0 8.7 6.4 2.001 1995 266,278 3,899,589 2,312,132 1,587,457 14.6 8.7 6.0 1.978 269,394 3,891,494 2,314,690 1,576,804 14.4 8.6 5.9 1.976 1997 272,647 3,880,894 2,314,245 1,566,649 14.2 8.5 5.7 1.971 1998 275,854 3,941,553 2,337,256 1,604,297 14.3 8.5 5.8 1.999 1999 279,040 3,959,417 2,391,399 1,568,018 14.2 8.6 5.6 2.007 2000 282,172 4,058,814 2,403,351 1,655,463 14.4 8.5 5.9 2.056 2001 285,082 4,025,933 2,416,425 1,609,508 14.1 8.5 5.6 2.030 2002 287,804 4,021,726 2,443,387 1,578,339 14.0 8.5 5.5 2.020 2003 290,326 4,089,950 2,448,288 1,641,662 14.1 8.4 5.5 2.047 293,046 4,112,052 2,397,615 1,714,437 14.0 8.2 5.9 2.051 2005 295,753 4,138,349 2,448,017 1,690,332 14.0 8.3 5.7 2.057 2006 298,593 4,265,555 2,426,264 1,839,291 14.3 8.1 6.2 2.108 2007 301,580 4,316,234 2,423,712 1,892,522 14.3 8.0 6.3 2.120 2008 304,375 4,247,694 2,471,984 1,775,710 14.0 8.1 5.9 2.072 2009 307,007 4,130,665 2,437,163 1,693,502 13.5 7.9 5.6 2.002 309,330 3,999,386 2,468,435 1,530,951 13.0 8.0 5.0 1.931 2011 311,583 3,953,590 2,515,458 1,438,412 12.7 8.1 4.6 1.894 2012 313,874 3,952,841 2,543,279 1,409,562 12.6 8.1 4.5 1.880 2013 316,129 3,932,181 2,596,993 1,336,183 12.4 8.2 4.2 1.857 2014 319,113 3,988,076 2,626,418 1,361,658 12.5 8.2 4.3 1.862 2015 321,442 3,978,497 2,712,630 1,265,867 12.4 8.4 4.0 1.843 2016 323,100 3,941,109 2,733,000 1,209,000 12.2 8.4 3.8 1.818 Population density ( edit ) See also : List of U.S. states by population density and List of United States cities by population density United States population density map The most densely populated state is New Jersey ( 1,121 / mi or 433 / km ) . See List of U.S. states by population density for maps and complete statistics . The United States Census Bureau publishes a popular `` dot '' or `` nighttime '' map showing population distribution at resolutions of 1,000 and 7,500 people , as well as complete listings of population density by place name . Cities ( edit ) See also : List of United States cities by population and Cities and metropolitan areas of the United States The United States has dozens of major cities , including 31 `` global cities '' of all types , with 10 in the `` alpha '' group of global cities : New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , DC , Boston , San Francisco , Miami , Philadelphia , Dallas , and Atlanta . As of 2011 , the United States had 51 metropolitan areas with a population of over 1,000,000 people each . ( See Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas . ) As of 2011 , about 250 million Americans live in or around urban areas . That means more than three - quarters of the U.S. population shares just about three percent of the U.S. land area . The following table shows the populations of the top twenty metropolitan areas . Note Denver and Baltimore have over 2.5 million residents in their metro areas . Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York 20,153,634 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City , NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,310,447 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim , CA MSA West Chicago 9,512,999 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,233,323 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,772,470 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington , D.C. 6,131,977 Washington , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Philadelphia 6,070,500 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 8 Miami 6,066,387 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach , FL MSA South 9 Atlanta 5,789,700 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,794,447 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy , MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 San Francisco 4,679,166 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont , CA MSA West 12 Phoenix 4,661,537 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler , AZ MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,527,837 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario , CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,297,617 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn , MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,798,902 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue , WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,551,036 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,317,749 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos , CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 3,032,171 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,853,077 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood , CO MSA West 20 St. Louis 2,807,002 St. Louis MO -- IL MSA Midwest Based on 2016 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Race and ethnicity ( edit ) Main articles : Americans , Race and ethnicity in the United States , and Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States Race ( edit ) The United States Census Bureau collects racial data in accordance with guidelines provided by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) , and these data are based on self - identification . The racial classifications and definitions used by the U.S. Census Bureau are : White : a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe , the Middle East , or North Africa . Black or African American : a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa . American Indian or Alaska Native : a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America ( including Central America ) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment . Asian : a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East , Southeast Asia , or the Indian subcontinent including , for example , Cambodia , China , India , Japan , Korea , Malaysia , Pakistan , the Philippine Islands , Thailand , and Vietnam . Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander : a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii , Guam , Samoa , or other Pacific Islands . Other races : includes all other responses not included in the `` White '' , `` Black or African American '' , `` American Indian or Alaska Native '' , `` Asian '' , and `` Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander '' racial categories described above . Two or more races : people may choose to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes , providing multiple responses , or some combination of check boxes and other responses . According to the 2010 -- 2015 American Community Survey , the racial composition of the United States in 2015 was : Race Population ( 2015 est . ) Share of total population Total 316,515,021 100 % One race 307,067,138 97.0 % White 232,943,055 73.6 % Black or African American 39,908,095 12.6 % American Indian and Alaska Native 2,569,170 0.8 % Asian 16,235,305 5.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 546,255 0.2 % Some other race 14,865,258 4.7 % Two or more races 9,447,883 3.0 % White and Black or African American 2,407,385 0.8 % White and American Indian and Alaska Native 1,846,997 0.6 % White and Asian 1,871,046 0.6 % Black or African American and American Indian and Alaska Native 311,538 0.1 % Racial breakdown of population by state State or territory Population ( 2015 est . ) White Black or African American American Indian and Alaska Native Asian Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Some other race Two or more races Alabama 4,830,620 68.8 % 26.4 % 0.5 % 1.2 % 0.1 % 1.3 % 1.7 % Alaska 733,375 66.0 % 3.4 % 13.8 % 5.9 % 1.2 % 1.3 % 8.4 % Arizona 6,641,928 78.4 % 4.2 % 4.4 % 3.0 % 0.2 % 6.5 % 3.2 % Arkansas 2,958,208 78.0 % 15.5 % 0.6 % 1.4 % 0.2 % 2.1 % 2.1 % California 38,421,464 61.8 % 5.9 % 0.7 % 13.7 % 0.4 % 12.9 % 4.5 % Colorado 5,278,906 84.2 % 4.0 % 0.9 % 2.9 % 0.1 % 4.3 % 3.5 % Connecticut 3,593,222 77.3 % 10.3 % 0.2 % 4.2 % 0.0 % 5.1 % 2.8 % Delaware 926,454 69.4 % 21.6 % 0.3 % 3.6 % 0.0 % 2.3 % 2.7 % District of Columbia 647,484 40.2 % 48.9 % 0.3 % 3.7 % 0.0 % 4.2 % 2.7 % Florida 19,645,772 76.0 % 16.1 % 0.3 % 2.6 % 0.1 % 2.5 % 2.4 % Georgia 10,006,693 60.2 % 30.9 % 0.3 % 3.6 % 0.0 % 2.8 % 2.1 % Hawaii 1,406,299 25.4 % 2.0 % 0.2 % 37.7 % 9.9 % 1.1 % 23.7 % Idaho 1,616,547 91.7 % 0.6 % 1.3 % 1.3 % 0.1 % 2.4 % 2.6 % Illinois 12,873,761 72.3 % 14.3 % 0.2 % 5.0 % 0.0 % 5.8 % 2.2 % Indiana 6,568,645 84.2 % 9.2 % 0.2 % 1.9 % 0.0 % 2.3 % 2.2 % Iowa 3,093,526 91.2 % 3.2 % 0.3 % 2.0 % 0.1 % 1.3 % 2.0 % Kansas 2,892,987 85.2 % 5.8 % 0.8 % 2.6 % 0.1 % 2.2 % 3.3 % Kentucky 4,397,353 87.6 % 7.9 % 0.2 % 1.3 % 0.0 % 0.9 % 2.1 % Louisiana 4,625,253 62.8 % 32.1 % 0.6 % 1.7 % 0.0 % 1.0 % 1.8 % Maine 1,329,100 95.0 % 1.1 % 0.6 % 1.1 % 0.0 % 0.2 % 2.0 % Maryland 5,930,538 57.6 % 29.5 % 0.3 % 6.0 % 0.0 % 3.6 % 3.0 % Massachusetts 6,705,586 79.6 % 7.1 % 0.2 % 6.0 % 0.0 % 4.2 % 2.9 % Michigan 9,900,571 79.0 % 14.0 % 0.5 % 2.7 % 0.0 % 1.1 % 2.6 % Minnesota 5,419,171 84.8 % 5.5 % 1.0 % 4.4 % 0.0 % 1.5 % 2.7 % Mississippi 2,988,081 59.2 % 37.4 % 0.4 % 1.0 % 0.0 % 0.9 % 1.2 % Missouri 6,045,448 82.6 % 11.5 % 0.4 % 1.8 % 0.1 % 1.1 % 2.4 % Montana 1,014,699 89.2 % 0.5 % 6.5 % 0.7 % 0.1 % 0.5 % 2.5 % Nebraska 1,869,365 88.1 % 4.7 % 0.9 % 2.0 % 0.1 % 1.9 % 2.2 % Nevada 2,798,636 69.0 % 8.4 % 1.1 % 7.7 % 0.6 % 8.8 % 4.4 % New Hampshire 1,324,201 93.7 % 1.3 % 0.2 % 2.4 % 0.0 % 0.5 % 1.8 % New Jersey 8,904,413 68.3 % 13.5 % 0.2 % 9.0 % 0.0 % 6.4 % 2.5 % New Mexico 2,084,117 73.2 % 2.1 % 9.1 % 1.4 % 0.1 % 10.9 % 3.3 % New York 19,673,174 64.6 % 15.6 % 0.4 % 8.0 % 0.0 % 8.6 % 2.9 % North Carolina 9,845,333 69.5 % 21.5 % 1.2 % 2.5 % 0.1 % 3.0 % 2.4 % North Dakota 721,640 88.7 % 1.6 % 5.3 % 1.2 % 0.0 % 0.8 % 2.2 % Ohio 11,575,977 82.4 % 12.2 % 0.2 % 1.9 % 0.0 % 0.8 % 2.5 % Oklahoma 3,849,733 73.1 % 7.2 % 7.3 % 1.9 % 0.1 % 2.6 % 7.8 % Oregon 3,939,233 85.1 % 1.8 % 1.2 % 4.0 % 0.4 % 3.4 % 4.1 % Pennsylvania 12,779,559 81.6 % 11.0 % 0.2 % 3.1 % 0.0 % 2.0 % 2.1 % Rhode Island 1,053,661 81.1 % 6.5 % 0.5 % 3.2 % 0.0 % 5.8 % 2.8 % South Carolina 4,777,576 67.2 % 27.5 % 0.3 % 1.4 % 0.1 % 1.5 % 2.0 % South Dakota 843,190 85.0 % 1.6 % 8.6 % 1.2 % 0.0 % 0.9 % 2.6 % Tennessee 6,499,615 77.8 % 16.8 % 0.3 % 1.6 % 0.1 % 1.5 % 2.0 % Texas 26,538,614 74.9 % 11.9 % 0.5 % 4.2 % 0.1 % 6.0 % 2.5 % Utah 2,903,379 87.6 % 1.1 % 1.1 % 2.2 % 0.9 % 4.5 % 2.6 % Vermont 626,604 94.9 % 1.1 % 0.3 % 1.4 % 0.0 % 0.3 % 1.9 % Virginia 8,256,630 69.0 % 19.2 % 0.3 % 6.0 % 0.1 % 2.2 % 3.2 % Washington 6,985,464 77.8 % 3.6 % 1.3 % 7.7 % 0.6 % 3.8 % 5.2 % West Virginia 1,851,420 93.6 % 3.3 % 0.2 % 0.7 % 0.0 % 0.2 % 2.0 % Wisconsin 5,742,117 86.5 % 6.3 % 0.9 % 2.5 % 0.0 % 1.7 % 2.1 % Wyoming 579,679 91.0 % 1.1 % 2.2 % 0.9 % 0.1 % 2.1 % 2.7 % Puerto Rico 3,583,073 69.7 % 8.4 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.0 % 12.0 % 9.3 % Hispanic or Latino Origin ( edit ) CensusViewer US 2010 Census Latino Population as a heatmap by census tract . Main article : Hispanic and Latino Americans The U.S. Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defines `` Hispanic or Latino '' as a person of Cuban , Mexican , Puerto Rican , South or Central American , or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race . People who identify with the terms `` Hispanic '' or `` Latino '' are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the decennial census questionnaire and various Census Bureau survey questionnaires -- `` Mexican , Mexican Am. , Chicano '' or '' Puerto Rican '' or `` Cuban '' -- as well as those who indicate that they are `` another Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin . '' People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race . Hispanic or Latino and Race Population ( 2015 est . ) Percentage of total population Total 316,515,021 100 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 54,232,205 17.1 % White 35,684,777 11.3 % Black or African American 1,122,369 0.3 % American Indian and Alaska Native 490,557 0.1 % Asian 181,231 0.0 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 46,724 0.0 % Some other race 14,226,829 4.5 % Two or more races 2,479,718 0.8 % Not Hispanic or Latino 262,282,816 82.9 % Other groups ( edit ) There were 22.1 million veterans in 2009 , meaning that less than 10 % of Americans served in the Armed Forces . In 2010 , The Washington Post estimated that there were 11 million illegal immigrants in the country . There were about 2 million people in prison in 2010 . The 2000 U.S. Census counted same - sex couples in an oblique way ; asking the sex and the relationship to the `` main householder '' , whose sex was also asked . One organization specializing in analyzing gay demographic data reported , based on this count in the 2000 census and in the 2000 supplementary survey , that same - sex couples comprised between 0.99 % and 1.13 % of U.S. couples in 2000 . A 2006 report issued by The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation concluded that the number of same - sex couples in the U.S. grew from 2000 to 2005 , from nearly 600,000 couples in 2000 to almost 777,000 in 2005 . A 2006 UCLA study reported that 4.1 % of Americans aged 18 -- 45 identify as gay , lesbian , or bisexual . A 2011 report by the Institute estimated that 4 million adults identify as gay or lesbian , representing 1.7 % of the population over 18 . A spokesperson said that , until recently , few studies have tried to eliminate people who had occasionally undertaken homosexual behavior or entertained homosexual thoughts , from people who identified as lesbian or gay . ( Older estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing ; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies . ) The American Community Survey from the 2000 U.S. Census estimated 776,943 same - sex couple households in the country as a whole , representing about 0.5 % of the population . Projections ( edit ) U.S. Census Population projections ( 2012 ) 2015 2050 White Americans 77.4 % 70.8 % > Non-Hispanic Whites 61.8 % 46.6 % Black Americans 13.2 % 14.4 % Asian Americans 5.3 % 7.7 % Multiracial Americans 2.6 % 5.4 % Hispanics / Latinos ( of any race ) 17.8 % 28.0 % Including Hispanics A report by the U.S. Census Bureau projects a decrease in the ratio of Whites between 2010 and 2050 , from 79.5 % to 74.0 % . At the same time , Non-Hispanic Whites are projected to no longer make up a majority of the population by 2042 , but will remain the largest single ethnic group . In 2050 they will compose 46.3 % of the population . Non-Hispanic whites made up 85 % of the population in 1960 . The report foresees the Hispanic or Latino population rising from 16 % today to 30 % by 2050 , the Black percentage barely rising from 12.9 % to 13.1 % , and Asian Americans upping their 4.6 % share to 7.8 % . The United States had a population of 310 million people in October 2010 , and is projected to reach 400 million by 2039 and 439 million in 2050 . It is further projected that 82 % of the increase in population from 2005 to 2050 will be due to immigrants and their children . Of the nation 's children in 2050 , 62 % are expected to be of a minority ethnicity , up from 44 % today . Approximately 39 % are projected to be Hispanic or Latino ( up from 22 % in 2008 ) , and 38 % are projected to be single - race , non-Hispanic Whites ( down from 56 % in 2008 ) . Racial and ethnic minorities surpassed non-Hispanic whites as the largest group of American children under 5 years old in 2015 . In 2008 , the U.S. Census Bureau projected the future censuses as follows : Year Projection Actual result 310,232,863 308,745,538 2020 325,896,000 2030 350,471,000 2040 380,015,000 2050 389,803,000 Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in the United States This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2014 ) Religious affiliations in 2004 ( edit ) Major religions by overall percentage ( 2007 ) . The table below is based mainly on selected data as reported to the United States Census Bureau . It only includes the voluntary self - reported membership of religious bodies with 750,000 or more . The definition of a member is determined by each religious body . In 2004 , the US census bureau reported that about 13 % of the population did not identify themselves as a member of any religion . In a Pew Research Survey performed in 2012 , Americans without a religion ( atheists , agnostics , nothing in particular , etc . ) surpassed Evangelical Protestant Americans with almost 20 % of Americans being nonreligious . If this current growth rate continues , by 2050 , around 51 % of Americans will not have a religion . A survey conducted in 2014 by the same organization indicated that the percentage of Americans unaffiliated with a religion rose to nearly 23 % of the population , up from 16 % in 2007 . Religious body Year reported Places of worship Membership ( thousands ) Clergy ! a 0000 - 9999 - 9999 - 9999 African Methodist Episcopal Church 1999 no data 2,500 7,741 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 2002 3,226 1,431 3,252 American Baptist Association 1998 1,760 275 1,740 Amish , Old Order 1993 898 227 3,592 American Baptist Churches USA 1998 3,800 1,507 4,145 Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America 1998 220 65 263 Armenian Apostolic Church 153 1,000 200 Armenian Catholic Church 36 Assemblies of God 2009 12,371 2,914 34,504 Baptist Bible Fellowship International 1997 4,500 1,200 no data Baptist General Conference 1998 876 141 no data Baptist Missionary Association of America 1999 1,334 235 1,525 Buddhism 2001 no data 1,082 no data Christian and Missionary Alliance , The 1998 1,964 346 1,629 Christian Brethren ( Plymouth Brethren ) 1997 1,150 100 no data Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) 1997 3,818 879 3,419 Christian churches and churches of Christ 1998 5,579 1,072 5,525 Christian Congregation , Inc. , The 1998 1,438 117 1,436 Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 2,340 719 no data Christian Reformed Church in North America 1998 733 199 655 Church of God in Christ 1991 15,300 5,500 28,988 Church of God of Prophecy 1997 1,908 77 2,000 Church of God ( Anderson , IN ) 1998 2,353 234 3,034 Church of God ( Cleveland , Tennessee ) 1995 6,060 753 3,121 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 2014 14,018 6,466 38,259 Church of the Brethren 1997 1,095 141 827 Church of the Nazarene 1998 5,101 627 4,598 Churches of Christ 1999 15,000 1,500 14,500 Conservative Baptist Association of America 1998 1,200 200 no data Community of Christ 1998 1,236 140 19,319 Coptic Orthodox Church 2003 200 1,000 200 Cumberland Presbyterian Church 1998 774 87 630 Episcopal Church 2013 6,736 1,866 8,131 Evangelical Covenant Church , The 1998 628 97 607 Evangelical Free Church of America , The 1995 1,224 243 1,936 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 2011 9,638 4,050 9,646 Evangelical Presbyterian Church 1998 187 61 262 Free Methodist Church of North America 1998 990 73 no data Full Gospel Fellowship 1999 896 275 2,070 General Association of General Baptists 1997 790 72 1,085 General Association of Regular Baptist Churches 1998 1,415 102 no data U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 368 82 590 Grace Gospel Fellowship 1992 128 60 160 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 1998 523 1,955 596 Hinduism 2001 no data 766 no data Independent Fundamental Churches of America 1999 659 62 no data International Church of the Foursquare Gospel 1998 1,851 238 4,900 International Council of Community Churches 1998 150 250 182 International Pentecostal Holiness Church 1998 1,716 177 1507 Islam 2011 no data 2,600 no data Jainism no data no data 50 no data Jehovah 's Witnesses 2014 13,871 1,243 no data Judaism 2006 3,727 6,588 no data Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod , The 1998 6,218 2,594 5,227 Macedonian Orthodox Church -- Ohrid Archbishopric 19 50 no data Mennonite Church USA 2005 943 114 no data National Association of Congregational Christian Churches 1998 416 67 534 National Association of Free Will Baptists 1998 2,297 210 2,800 National Baptist Convention of America , Inc . 2,500 3,500 8,000 National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc . 1992 33,000 8,200 32,832 National Missionary Baptist Convention of America 1992 no data 2,500 no data Orthodox Church in America 1998 625 1,000 700 Pentecostal Assemblies of the World , Inc . 1998 1,750 1,500 4,500 Pentecostal Church of God 1998 1,237 104 no data Pentecostal Church International , United 2008 28,351 4,037 22,881 Presbyterian Church in America 1997 1,340 280 1,642 Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) 2013 10,038 1,760 9,390 Progressive National Baptist Convention , Inc . 1995 2,000 2,500 no data Reformed Church in America 1998 902 296 915 Religious Society of Friends 1994 1,200 104 no data Roman Catholic Church 2002 19,484 66,404 50,017 ( 1997 ) Romanian Orthodox Episcopate 37 65 37 Salvation Army , The 1998 1,388 471 2,920 Scientology 2005 1,300 55 Serbian Orthodox Church 1986 68 67 60 Seventh - day Adventist Church 1998 4,405 840 2,454 Sikhism 1999 244 80 no data Southern Baptist Convention 2012 46,034 15,900 71,520 Unitarian Universalism 2001 no data 629 no data United Church of Christ 1998 6,017 1,421 4,317 United House of Prayer For All People no data 100 25 no data United Methodist Church , The 1998 36,170 8,400 no data Wesleyan Church , The 1998 1,590 120 1,806 Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 1997 1,240 411 1,222 ~ z 9999 99999999 99999999 99999999 Religious affiliation within each state that has the largest deviation compared to the national average , 2001 . Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than `` no religion '' , 2001 . Plurality religion by state , 2001 . Data is unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii . Religions of American adults ( edit ) Main article : Religion in the United States The United States government does not collect religious data in its census . The survey below , the American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS ) 2008 , was a random digit - dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States . The 1990 sample size was 113,723 ; 2001 sample size was 50,281 . Adult respondents were asked the open - ended question , `` What is your religion , if any ? '' . Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers . The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked . If the initial answer was `` Protestant '' or `` Christian '' further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination . About one - third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions . Religious Self - Identification of the U.S. Adult Population : 1990 , 2001 , 2008 Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply ; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of `` no religion '' than any other group . Source : ARIS 2008 Group 1990 adults × 1,000 2001 adults × 1,000 2008 adults × 1,000 Numerical Change 1990 -- 2008 as % of 1990 1990 % of adults 2001 % of adults 2008 % of adults change in % of total adults 1990 -- 2008 Adult population , total 175,440 207,983 228,182 30.1 % Adult population , Responded 171,409 196,683 216,367 26.2 % 97.7 % 94.6 % 94.8 % -- 2.9 % Total Christian 151,225 159,514 173,402 14.7 % 86.2 % 76.7 % 76.0 % -- 10.2 % Catholic 46,004 50,873 57,199 24.3 % 26.2 % 24.5 % 25.1 % -- 1.2 % Non-Catholic Christian 105,221 108,641 116,203 10.4 % 60.0 % 52.2 % 50.9 % -- 9.0 % Baptist 33,964 33,820 36,148 6.4 % 19.4 % 16.3 % 15.8 % -- 3.5 % Mainline Protestant 32,784 35,788 29,375 -- 10.4 % 18.7 % 17.2 % 12.9 % -- 5.8 % Methodist 14,174 14,039 11,366 -- 19.8 % 8.1 % 6.8 % 5.0 % -- 3.1 % Lutheran 9,110 9,580 8,674 -- 4.8 % 5.2 % 4.6 % 3.8 % -- 1.4 % Presbyterian 4,985 5,596 4,723 -- 5.3 % 2.8 % 2.7 % 2.1 % -- 0.8 % Episcopalian / Anglican 3,043 3,451 2,405 -- 21.0 % 1.7 % 1.7 % 1.1 % -- 0.7 % United Church of Christ 438 1,378 736 68.0 % 0.2 % 0.7 % 0.3 % 0.1 % Christian Generic 25,980 22,546 32,441 24.9 % 14.8 % 10.8 % 14.2 % -- 0.6 % Jehovah 's Witness 1,381 1,331 1,914 38.6 % 0.8 % 0.6 % 0.8 % 0.1 % Christian Unspecified 8,073 14,190 16,384 102.9 % 4.6 % 6.8 % 7.2 % 2.6 % Non-denominational Christian 194 2,489 8,032 4040.2 % 0.1 % 1.2 % 3.5 % 3.4 % Protestant - Unspecified 17,214 4,647 5,187 -- 69.9 % 9.8 % 2.2 % 2.3 % -- 7.5 % Evangelical / Born Again 546 1,088 2,154 294.5 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.9 % 0.6 % Pentecostal / Charismatic 5,647 7,831 7,948 40.7 % 3.2 % 3.8 % 3.5 % 0.3 % Pentecostal - Unspecified 3,116 4,407 5,416 73.8 % 1.8 % 2.1 % 2.4 % 0.6 % Assemblies of God 617 1,105 810 31.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.0 % Church of God 590 943 663 12.4 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.3 % 0.0 % Other Protestant Denomination 4,630 5,949 7,131 54.0 % 2.6 % 2.9 % 3.1 % 0.5 % Seventh - Day Adventist 668 724 938 40.4 % 0.4 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.0 % Churches of Christ 1,769 2,593 1,921 8.6 % 1.0 % 1.2 % 0.8 % -- 0.2 % Mormon / Latter - Day Saints 2,487 2,697 3,158 27.0 % 1.4 % 1.3 % 1.4 % 0.0 % Total non-Christian religions 5,853 7,740 8,796 50.3 % 3.3 % 3.7 % 3.9 % 0.5 % Jewish 3,137 2,837 2,680 -- 14.6 % 1.8 % 1.4 % 1.2 % -- 0.6 % Eastern Religions 687 2,020 1,961 185.4 % 0.4 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 0.5 % Buddhist 404 1,082 1,189 194.3 % 0.2 % 0.5 % 0.5 % 0.3 % Muslim 527 1,104 1,349 156.0 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.6 % 0.3 % New Religious Movements & Others 1,296 1,770 2,804 116.4 % 0.7 % 0.9 % 1.2 % 0.5 % None / No religion , total 14,331 29,481 34,169 138.4 % 8.2 % 14.2 % 15.0 % 6.8 % Agnostic + Atheist 1,186 1,893 3,606 204.0 % 0.7 % 0.9 % 1.6 % 0.9 % Did Not Know / Refused to reply 4,031 11,300 11,815 193.1 % 2.3 % 5.4 % 5.2 % 2.9 % Marriage ( edit ) In 2010 , the median age for marriage for men was 27 ; for women , 26 . Income ( edit ) Main articles : Household income in the United States , Personal income in the United States , Affluence in the United States , and Income inequality in the United States In 2006 , the median household income in the United States was around $46,326 . Household and personal income depends on variables such as race , number of income earners , educational attainment and marital status . Median income levels Households Persons , age 25 or older with earnings Household income by race or ethnicity All households Dual earner households Per household member Males Females Both sexes Asian Non-Hispanic White Hispanic ( of any race ) Black $46,326 $67,348 $23,535 $39,403 $26,507 $32,140 $57,518 $48,977 $34,241 $30,134 Median personal income by educational attainment Measure Some High School High school graduate Some college Associate 's degree Bachelor 's degree or higher Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree Persons , age 25 + w / earnings $20,321 $26,505 $31,054 $35,009 $49,303 $43,143 $52,390 $82,473 $70,853 Male , age 25 + w / earnings $24,192 $32,085 $39,150 $42,382 $60,493 $52,265 $67,123 $100,000 $78,324 Female , age 25 + w / earnings $15,073 $21,117 $25,185 $29,510 $40,483 $36,532 $45,730 $66,055 $54,666 Persons , age 25 + , employed full - time $25,039 $31,539 $37,135 $40,588 $56,078 $50,944 $61,273 $100,000 $79,401 Household $22,718 $36,835 $45,854 $51,970 $73,446 $68,728 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830 Household income distribution Bottom 10 % Bottom 20 % Bottom 25 % Middle 33 % Middle 20 % Top 25 % Top 20 % Top 5 % Top 1.5 % Top 1 % $0 to $10,500 $0 to $18,500 $0 to $22,500 $30,000 to $62,500 $35,000 to $55,000 $77,500 and up $92,000 and up $167,000 and up $250,000 and up $350,000 and up Source : US Census Bureau , 2006 ; income statistics for the year 2005 Economic class ( edit ) Main article : Social class in the United States See also : United States counties by per capita income Social classes in the United States lack distinct boundaries and may overlap . Even their existence ( when distinguished from economic strata ) is controversial . The following table provides a summary of some prominent academic theories on the stratification of American society : Academic class models Dennis Gilbert , 2002 William Thompson & Joseph Hickey , 2005 Leonard Beeghley , 2004 Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Capitalist class ( 1 % ) Top - level executives , high - rung politicians , heirs . Ivy League education common . Upper class ( 1 % ) Top - level executives , celebrities , heirs ; income of $500,000 + common . Ivy league education common . The super-rich ( 0.9 % ) Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000 ; includes celebrities and powerful executives / politicians . Ivy League education common . Upper middle class ( 15 % ) Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) , most commonly salaried , professionals and middle management with large work autonomy . Upper middle class ( 15 % ) Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5 - figure range to commonly above $100,000 . The rich ( 5 % ) Households with net worth of $1 million or more ; largely in the form of home equity . Generally have college degrees . Middle class ( plurality / majority ? ; ca . 46 % ) College - educated workers with considerably higher - than - average incomes and compensation ; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical . Lower middle class ( 30 % ) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living . Most have some college education and are white - collar . Lower middle class ( 32 % ) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy ; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000 . Typically , some college education . Working class ( 30 % ) Clerical and most blue - collar workers whose work is highly routinized . Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners , but is commonly just adequate . High school education . Working class ( 32 % ) Clerical , pink - and blue - collar workers with often low job security ; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 . High school education . Working class ( ca . 40 -- 45 % ) Blue - collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security ; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical . High school education . Working poor ( 13 % ) Service , low - rung clerical and some blue - collar workers . High economic insecurity and risk of poverty . Some high school education . Lower class ( ca . 14 -- 20 % ) Those who occupy poorly - paid positions or rely on government transfers . Some high school education . Underclass ( 12 % ) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force . Reliant on government transfers . Some high school education . The poor ( ca . 12 % ) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force ; a household income of $18,000 may be typical . Some high school education . References : Gilbert , D. ( 2002 ) The American Class Structure : In An Age of Growing Inequality . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0534541100 . ( see also Gilbert Model ) ; Thompson , W. & Hickey , J. ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon ; Beeghley , L. ( 2004 ) . The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon . The upper middle class may also be referred to as `` Professional class '' Ehrenreich , B. ( 1989 ) . The Inner Life of the Middle Class . NY , NY : Harper - Collins . Health ( edit ) In 2010 , the average man weighed 194.7 pounds ( 88.3 kg ) ; the average woman 164.7 pounds ( 74.7 kg ) . The height of an American man was 5 feet 9 inches ( 1.75 m ) and woman 5 feet 3.8 inches ( 1.621 m ) The average BMI is 27.3 for males ( overweight ) and 28.5 for females ( overweight ) . According to a Gallup poll in 2012 , an estimated 26 % of the population were obese , 21 % smoked , and 11 % had diabetes . A nationwide study reported by The New York Times in 2010 indicated that 19.5 % of teens , aged 12 -- 19 , had developed `` slight '' hearing loss . `` Slight '' was defined as an inability to hear at 16 to 24 decibels . According to the Centers for Disease Control in 2011 , an estimated 1.2 million people were living with HIV / AIDS in the United States . Generational cohorts ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A study by William Strauss and Neil Howe , in their books Generations and Fourth Turning , looked at generational similarities and differences going back to the 15th century and concluded that over 80 - year spans , generations proceed through four stages of about 20 years each . A definitive recent study of US generational cohorts was done by Schuman and Scott ( 2012 ) in which a broad sample of adults of all ages was asked , `` What world events are especially important to you ? '' They found that 33 events were mentioned with great frequency . When the ages of the respondents were correlated with the expressed importance rankings , seven ( some put 8 or 9 ) distinct cohorts became evident . Today the following descriptors are frequently used for these cohorts : Lost Generation -- born from approximately 1883 to 1900 . G.I. Generation -- born from approximately 1901 to 1924 ( in the U.S. the depression cohort who fought and won World War II ) . Silent Generation -- born from approximately 1925 to 1942 during the Great Depression and World War II . The label was originally applied to people in North America but has also been applied to those in Western Europe , Australasia and South America . It includes most of those who fought during the Korean War . Baby Boomers -- There are no precise dates for when this cohort starts or ends ; demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years ranging from the early - to - mid 1940s and ending birth years ranging from 1960 to 1964 . Generation X -- demographers and researchers typically use birth years ranging from the early - to - mid 1960s to the early 1980s . In the U.S. , some called Generation Xers the `` baby bust '' generation because of the drop in the birth rate following the baby boom . The drop in fertility rates in America began in the late 1950s . But according to authors and demographers William Strauss and Neil Howe ( who use 1961 to 1981 for Gen X birth years ) , there are approximately 88.5 million Gen Xers in the U.S. today . Millennials ( also known as Generation Y ) -- demographers and researchers typically use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years . Generation Z ( also known as Homelanders or Digital Natives ) -- demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years that range from the mid-1990s to early 2000s , and as of yet there is little consensus about ending birth years . U.S. demographic birth cohorts ( edit ) Birth rate has dropped since 1957 . Subdivided groups are present when peak boom years or inverted peak bust years are present , and may be represented by a normal or inverted bell - shaped curve ( rather than a straight curve ) . The boom subdivided cohorts may be considered as `` pre-peak '' ( including peak year ) and `` post-peak '' . The year 1957 was the baby boom peak with 4.3 million births and 122.7 fertility rate . Although post-peak births ( such as trailing edge boomers ) are in decline , and sometimes referred to as a `` bust '' , there are still a relatively large number of births . The dearth - in - birth bust cohorts include those up to the valley birth year , and those including and beyond , leading up to the subsequent normal birth rate . The baby boom began around 1943 to 1946 . From the decline in U.S. birth rates starting in 1958 and the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960 , the Baby Boomer normal distribution curve is negatively skewed . The trend in birth rates from 1958 to 1961 show a tendency to end late in the decade at approximately 1969 , thus returning to pre-WWII levels , with 12 years of rising and 12 years of declining birth rates . Pre-war birth rates were defined as anywhere between 1939 and 1941 by demographers such as the Taeuber 's , Philip M. Hauser and William Fielding Ogburn . Demographic Statistics ( edit ) The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook , unless otherwise indicated . A population pyramid that shows the age of the population by sex in 2010 . Population of the US by age and sex ( demographic pyramid ) as on July 1 , 2015 . Ages ( edit ) Median ages are 37.3 years ; males are 36.1 years ; females are 38.5 years estimated as of 2012 . Further information : Children and adolescents in the United States As of 2012 , people are distributed by age as follows : 0 -- 14 years : 19.8 % ( male 31,639,127 / female 30,305,704 ) 15 -- 64 years : 66.8 % ( male 101,612,000 / female 104,577,000 ) 65 years and over : 13.4 % ( male 18,332,000 / female 23,174,000 ) ( 2012 est . ) Birth , growth , and Death rates ( edit ) The growth rate is 0.76 % as estimated from 2014 -- 2010 by the US Census See also : Birth rate § United States Live Births in the United States , 1934 -- 2004 . The birth rate is 12.5 births / 1,000 population , estimated as of 2013 . This was the lowest since records began . There were 3,957,577 births in 2013 . 13.9 births / 1,000 population / year ( Provisional Data for 2008 ) 14.3 births / 1,000 population / year ( Provisional Data for 2007 ) In 2009 , Time magazine reported that 40 % of births were to unmarried women . The following is a breakdown by race for unwed births : 17 % Asian , 29 % White , 53 % Hispanics , 66 % Native Americans , and 72 % Black American . The drop in the birth rate from 2007 to 2009 is believed to be associated with the Late - 2000s recession . A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that more than half ( 51 percent ) of live hospital births in 2008 and 2011 were male . Per U.S. federal government data released in March 2011 , births fell 4 % from 2007 to 2009 , the largest drop in the U.S. for any two - year period since the 1970s . Births have declined for three consecutive years , and are now 7 % below the peak in 2007 . This drop has continued through 2010 , according to data released by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics in June 2011 . Numerous experts have suggested that this decline is largely a reflection of unfavorable economic conditions . This connection between birth rates and economic downturns partly stems from the fact that American birth rates have now fallen to levels that are comparable to the Great Depression of the 1930s . Teen birth rates in the U.S. are at the lowest level in U.S. history . In fact , teen birth rates in the U.S. have consistently decreased since 1991 through 2011 , except for a brief increase between 2005 and 2007 . The other aberration from this otherwise steady decline in teen birth rates is the 6 % decrease in birth rates for 15 - to 19 - year - olds between 2008 and 2009 . Despite these years of decrease , U.S. teen birth rates are still higher than in other developed nations . Racial differences prevail with teen birth and pregnancy rates as well . The American Indian / Alaska Native , Hispanic , and non-Hispanic black teen pregnancy rates are more than double the non-Hispanic white teen birth rate . Birth data ( edit ) Note : Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Also note that growth arrows indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births , not in the fertility rate . Race of mother Number of births in 2014 % of all born TFR ( 2014 ) Number of births in 2015 % of all born TFR ( 2015 ) White 3,019,863 75.72 % 1.876 3,012,855 75.73 % 1.864 0.23 % > Non-Hispanic 2,149,302 53.89 1.763 2,130,279 53.54 % 1.746 0.89 % Black 640,562 16.06 % 1.872 640,079 16.09 % 1.853 0.075 % > Non-Hispanic 588,891 14.77 % 1.874 589,047 14.80 % 1.857 0.03 % Asian and Pacific islander 282,723 7.09 % 1.715 281,264 7.07 % 1.646 0.52 % Native ( incl . Alaska native ) 44,928 1.13 % 1.289 44,299 1.11 % 1.263 1.40 % Total 3,988,076 100 % 1.862 3,978,497 100 % 1.843 0.24 % NOTE : TFR = Total fertility rate . Growth arrows indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births , not in the fertility rate . Ethnicity of mother Number of births in 2014 TFR ( 2014 ) Number of births in 2015 TFR ( 2015 ) Non-Hispanic ( of any race ) 3,043,519 1.793 3,021,999 1.770 0.71 % Hispanic ( of any race ) 914,065 2.131 924,048 2.124 1.09 % Foreign - born fertility rate ( ‰ ) by race and those of Hispanic origin Race 2008 2011 2013 White 2.29 2.01 1.94 Black 2.51 2.57 2.35 Asian 2.25 2.02 1.93 Other 1.80 2.04 2.06 Hispanic ( of any race ) 3.15 2.77 2.46 Total 2.75 2.45 2.22 Age group Total ( of population ) White alone ( of race / age group ) Black alone ( of race / age group ) Mixed and / or Some Other Race ( of race / age group ) Asian alone ( of race / age group ) Either American Indian or Alaska Native ( of race / age group ) Either Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ( of race / age group ) Total 7008308745538000000 ♠ 308 745 538 ( 100 % ) 7008223553265000000 ♠ 223 553 265 ( 72.41 % ) 7007389293190000000 ♠ 38 929 319 ( 12.61 % ) 7007281164410000000 ♠ 28 116 441 ( 9.11 % ) 7007146742520000000 ♠ 14 674 252 ( 4.75 % ) 7006293224800000000 ♠ 2932248 ( 0.95 % ) 7005540013000000000 ♠ 540 013 ( 0.17 % ) 0 -- 4 7007202013620000000 ♠ 20 201 362 ( 6.5 % ) 7007127956750000000 ♠ 12 795 675 ( 5.7 % / 63.34 % ) 7006290259000000000 ♠ 2902590 ( 7.5 % / 14.37 % ) 7006331548000000000 ♠ 3315480 ( 11.8 % / 16.41 % ) 7005898011000000000 ♠ 898 011 ( 6.1 % / 4.45 % ) 7005244615000000000 ♠ 244 615 ( 8.3 % / 1.21 % ) 7004449910000000000 ♠ 44 991 ( 8.3 % / 0.22 % ) 5 -- 9 7007203486570000000 ♠ 20 348 657 ( 6.6 % ) 7007132937990000000 ♠ 13 293 799 ( 5.9 % / 65.33 % ) 7006288259700000000 ♠ 2882597 ( 7.4 % / 14.17 % ) 7006295748700000000 ♠ 2957487 ( 10.5 % / 14.53 % ) 7005928248000000000 ♠ 928 248 ( 6.3 % / 4.56 % ) 7005243259000000000 ♠ 243 259 ( 8.3 % / 1.20 % ) 7004432670000000000 ♠ 43 267 ( 8.0 % / 0.21 % ) 10 -- 14 7007206771940000000 ♠ 20 677 194 ( 6.7 % ) 7007137373320000000 ♠ 13 737 332 ( 6.1 % / 66.44 % ) 7006303426600000000 ♠ 3034266 ( 7.8 % / 14.67 % ) 7006273657000000000 ♠ 2736570 ( 9.7 % / 13.23 % ) 7005881590000000000 ♠ 881 590 ( 6.0 % / 4.26 % ) 7005245049000000000 ♠ 245 049 ( 8.4 % / 1.19 % ) 7004423870000000000 ♠ 42 387 ( 7.8 % / 0.20 % ) 15 -- 19 7007220403430000000 ♠ 22 040 343 ( 7.1 % ) 7007146206380000000 ♠ 14 620 638 ( 6.5 % / 66.35 % ) 7006344805100000000 ♠ 3448051 ( 8.9 % / 15.64 % ) 7006270457100000000 ♠ 2704571 ( 9.6 % / 12.27 % ) 7005956028000000000 ♠ 956 028 ( 6.5 % / 4.34 % ) 7005263805000000000 ♠ 263 805 ( 9.0 % / 1.20 % ) 7004472500000000000 ♠ 47 250 ( 8.7 % / 0.21 % ) 20 -- 24 7007215859990000000 ♠ 21 585 999 ( 7.0 % ) 7007145359470000000 ♠ 14 535 947 ( 6.5 % / 67.34 % ) 7006311139700000000 ♠ 3111397 ( 8.0 % / 14.41 % ) 7006253896700000000 ♠ 2538967 ( 9.0 % / 11.76 % ) 7006110622200000000 ♠ 1106222 ( 7.5 % / 5.12 % ) 7005240716000000000 ♠ 240 716 ( 8.2 % / 1.12 % ) 7004527500000000000 ♠ 52 750 ( 9.8 % / 0.24 % ) 25 -- 29 7007211018490000000 ♠ 21 101 849 ( 6.8 % ) 7007143453640000000 ♠ 14 345 364 ( 6.4 % / 67.98 % ) 7006278625400000000 ♠ 2786254 ( 7.2 % / 13.20 % ) 7006246434300000000 ♠ 2464343 ( 8.8 % / 11.68 % ) 7006123432200000000 ♠ 1234322 ( 8.4 % / 5.85 % ) 7005221654000000000 ♠ 221 654 ( 7.6 % / 1.05 % ) 7004499120000000000 ♠ 49 912 ( 9.2 % / 0.24 % ) 30 -- 34 7007199620990000000 ♠ 19 962 099 ( 6.5 % ) 7007135732700000000 ♠ 13 573 270 ( 6.1 % / 68.00 % ) 7006262792500000000 ♠ 2627925 ( 6.8 % / 13.16 % ) 7006227332200000000 ♠ 2273322 ( 8.1 % / 11.39 % ) 7006124090600000000 ♠ 1240906 ( 8.5 % / 6.22 % ) 7005202928000000000 ♠ 202 928 ( 6.9 % / 1.02 % ) 7004437480000000000 ♠ 43 748 ( 8.1 % / 0.22 % ) 35 -- 39 7007201796420000000 ♠ 20 179 642 ( 6.5 % ) 7007139967970000000 ♠ 13 996 797 ( 6.3 % / 69.36 % ) 7006261338900000000 ♠ 2613389 ( 6.7 % / 12.95 % ) 7006203840800000000 ♠ 2038408 ( 7.2 % / 10.10 % ) 7006129630100000000 ♠ 1296301 ( 8.8 % / 6.42 % ) 7005196017000000000 ♠ 196 017 ( 6.7 % / 0.97 % ) 7004387300000000000 ♠ 38 730 ( 7.2 % / 0.19 % ) 40 -- 44 7007208909640000000 ♠ 20 890 964 ( 6.8 % ) 7007150527980000000 ♠ 15 052 798 ( 6.7 % / 72.05 % ) 7006266903400000000 ♠ 2669034 ( 6.9 % / 12.78 % ) 7006178246300000000 ♠ 1782463 ( 6.3 % / 8.53 % ) 7006115556500000000 ♠ 1155565 ( 7.9 % / 5.53 % ) 7005194713000000000 ♠ 194 713 ( 6.6 % / 0.93 % ) 7004363910000000000 ♠ 36 391 ( 6.7 % / 0.17 % ) 45 -- 49 7007227085910000000 ♠ 22 708 591 ( 7.4 % ) 7007170282550000000 ♠ 17 028 255 ( 7.6 % / 74.99 % ) 7006282865700000000 ♠ 2828657 ( 7.3 % / 12 , 46 % ) 7006153211700000000 ♠ 1532117 ( 5.4 % / 6.75 % ) 7006107606000000000 ♠ 1076060 ( 7.3 % / 4.74 % ) 7005207857000000000 ♠ 207 857 ( 7.1 % / 0.92 % ) 7004356450000000000 ♠ 35 645 ( 6.6 % / 0.16 % ) 50 -- 54 7007222981250000000 ♠ 22 298 125 ( 7.2 % ) 7007171786320000000 ♠ 17 178 632 ( 7.7 % / 77.04 % ) 7006269424700000000 ♠ 2694247 ( 6.9 % / 12.08 % ) 7006122217500000000 ♠ 1222175 ( 4.3 % / 5.48 % ) 7005980282000000000 ♠ 980 282 ( 6.7 % / 4.40 % ) 7005191893000000000 ♠ 191 893 ( 6.5 % / 0.86 % ) 7004308960000000000 ♠ 30 896 ( 5.7 % / 0.14 % ) 55 -- 59 7007196648050000000 ♠ 19 664 805 ( 6.4 % ) 7007155621870000000 ♠ 15 562 187 ( 7.0 % / 79.14 % ) 7006220582000000000 ♠ 2205820 ( 5.7 % / 11.22 % ) 7005873943000000000 ♠ 873 943 ( 3.1 % / 4.44 % ) 7005844490000000000 ♠ 844 490 ( 5.8 % / 4.29 % ) 7005154320000000000 ♠ 154 320 ( 5.3 % / 0.78 % ) 7004240450000000000 ♠ 24 045 ( 4.5 % / 0.12 % ) 60 -- 64 7007168179240000000 ♠ 16 817 924 ( 5.4 % ) 7007136933340000000 ♠ 13 693 334 ( 6.1 % / 81.42 % ) 7006168669500000000 ♠ 1686695 ( 4.3 % / 10.03 % ) 7005611144000000000 ♠ 611 144 ( 2.2 % / 3.63 % ) 7005689601000000000 ♠ 689 601 ( 4.7 % / 4.10 % ) 7005118362000000000 ♠ 118 362 ( 4.0 % / 0.70 % ) 7004187880000000000 ♠ 18 788 ( 3.5 % / 0.11 % ) 65 -- 69 7007124352630000000 ♠ 12 435 263 ( 4.0 % ) 7007103130020000000 ♠ 10 313 002 ( 4.6 % / 82.93 % ) 7006116257700000000 ♠ 1162577 ( 3.0 % / 9.35 % ) 7005394208000000000 ♠ 394 208 ( 1.4 % / 3.17 % ) 7005474327000000000 ♠ 474 327 ( 3.2 % / 3.81 % ) 7004790790000000000 ♠ 79 079 ( 2.7 % / 0.64 % ) 7004120700000000000 ♠ 12 070 ( 2.2 % / 0.10 % ) 70 -- 74 7006927816600000000 ♠ 9278166 ( 3.0 % ) 7006774093200000000 ♠ 7740932 ( 3.5 % / 83.43 % ) 7005852317000000000 ♠ 852 317 ( 2.2 % / 9.19 % ) 7005268574000000000 ♠ 268 574 ( 1.0 % / 2.89 % ) 7005354268000000000 ♠ 354 268 ( 2.4 % / 3.82 % ) 7004539260000000000 ♠ 53 926 ( 1.8 % / 0.58 % ) 7003814900000000000 ♠ 8149 ( 1.5 % / 0.09 % ) 75 -- 79 7006731779500000000 ♠ 7317795 ( 2.4 % ) 7006622456900000000 ♠ 6224569 ( 2.8 % / 85.06 % ) 7005616789000000000 ♠ 616 789 ( 1.6 % / 8.43 % ) 7005184596000000000 ♠ 184 596 ( 0.7 % / 2.52 % ) 7005251210000000000 ♠ 251 210 ( 1.7 % / 3.43 % ) 7004352680000000000 ♠ 35 268 ( 1.2 % / 0.48 % ) 7003536300000000000 ♠ 5363 ( 1.0 % / 0.07 % ) 80 -- 84 7006574332700000000 ♠ 5743327 ( 1.9 % ) 7006500242700000000 ♠ 5002427 ( 2.2 % / 87.10 % ) 7005424592000000000 ♠ 424 592 ( 1.1 % / 7.39 % ) 7005122249000000000 ♠ 122 249 ( 0.4 % / 2.13 % ) 7005168879000000000 ♠ 168 879 ( 1.2 % / 2.94 % ) 7004219630000000000 ♠ 21 963 ( 0.7 % / 0.38 % ) 7003321700000000000 ♠ 3217 ( 0.6 % / 0.06 % ) 85 + 7006549343300000000 ♠ 5493433 ( 1.8 % ) 7006485830700000000 ♠ 4858307 ( 2.2 % / 88.44 % ) 7005382122000000000 ♠ 382 122 ( 1.0 % / 6.96 % ) 7004958240000000000 ♠ 95 824 ( 0.3 % / 1.74 % ) 7005137942000000000 ♠ 137 942 ( 0.9 % / 2.51 % ) 7004168240000000000 ♠ 16 824 ( 0.6 % / 0.31 % ) 7003241400000000000 ♠ 2414 ( 0.4 % / 0.04 % ) Death rate ( edit ) As of July 2010 , it was estimated that there were 8.18 deaths / 1,000 population per year . Immigration and emigration ( edit ) Main article : Immigration to United States 13 % of the population was foreign - born in 2009 -- a rise of 350 % since 1970 when foreign - born people accounted for 3.7 % of the population , including 11.2 million illegal aliens , 80 % of whom come from Latin America . Latin America is the largest region - of - birth group , accounting for over half ( 53 % ) of all foreign born population in US , and thus is also the largest source of both legal and illegal immigration to US . In 2011 , there are 18.1 million naturalized citizens in the United States , accounting for 45 % of the foreign - born population ( 40.4 million ) and 6 % of the total US population at the time , and around 680,000 legal immigrants are naturalized annually . 4.32 people migrate per 1,000 population , estimated in 2010 . Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents , Top Five Sending Countries , 2011 Country 2011 Mexico 143,446 China 87,016 India 69,013 Philippines 57,011 Dominican Rep . 46,019 Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by Region , 2011 Region 2011 Asia 451,593 Americas 419,996 Africa 100,336 Europe 83,635 All immigrants 1,062,040 Sex ratios ( edit ) at birth : 1.048 male ( s ) / female under 15 years : 1.04 male ( s ) / female 15 -- 64 years : 1 male ( s ) / female 65 years and over : 0.75 male ( s ) / female total population : 0.97 male ( s ) / female ( 2010 est . ) Infant mortality rate ( edit ) total : 6.22 deaths / 1,000 live births male : 6.9 deaths / 1,000 live births female : 5.53 deaths / 1,000 live births ( 2010 est . ) Life expectancy at birth ( edit ) total population : 78.11 years male : 75.65 years female : 80.69 years ( 2010 est . ) US unemployment by state in December 2015 ( official , or U3 rate ) . < 3.0 % < 3.5 % < 4.0 % < 4.5 % < 5.0 % < 5.5 % < 6.0 % < 6.5 % ≥ 6.5 % Total fertility rate ( edit ) 1.82 children born / woman ( 2016 ) . Source : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Vital Statistics System . Unemployment rate ( edit ) As of July 2016 , the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.9 percent ( U3 Rate ) . As of July 2015 , the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.3 percent ( U3 Rate ) . As of July 2014 , the U.S. unemployment rate was 6.2 percent ( U3 Rate ) . As of April 2017 , the U6 unemployment rate is 8.6 percent . The U6 unemployment rate counts not only people without work seeking full - time employment ( the more familiar U-3 rate ) , but also counts `` marginally attached workers and those working part - time for economic reasons . '' Note that some of these part - time workers counted as employed by U-3 could be working as little as an hour a week . And the `` marginally attached workers '' include those who have gotten discouraged and stopped looking , but still want to work . The age considered for this calculation is 16 years and over . Mobility ( edit ) In 2013 , about 15 % of Americans moved . Most of these , 67 % , moved within the same county . Of the 33 % who moved beyond local county boundaries , 13 % of those moved more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Outline of the United States Index of United States articles Book : United States Maps of American ancestries Languages of the United States Immigration to the United States Emigration from the United States Places in the United States with notable demographic characteristics Demographic history of the United States Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States Race and ethnicity in the United States Urbanization in the United States Historical Statistics of the United States Hispanic and Latino Americans Lists : Lists of U.S. cities with non-white majority populations List of metropolitan areas in the Americas List of U.S. states and territories by population Income : Household income in the United States Personal income in the United States Affluence in the United States Highest - income places in the United States Lowest - income counties in the United States Population : United States Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U.S. states and territories by population List of metropolitan areas of the United States List of United States cities by population List of United States counties and county - equivalents United States Office of Management and Budget The OMB has defined 1098 statistical areas comprising 388 MSAs , 541 μSAs , and 169 CSAs Primary statistical area -- List of the 574 PSAs Combined Statistical Area -- List of the 169 CSAs Core Based Statistical Area -- List of the 929 CBSAs Metropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 388 MSAs Micropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 541 μSAs United States urban area -- List of United States urban areas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook '' . 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External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of the United States . Wikinews has related news : US population reaches 300 million United States Census Bureau New York Times : `` Mapping the 2010 U.S. Census '' 2000 Census of Population and Housing United States , U.S. Census Bureau Asian - Nation : Demographics of Asian American / 2006 - 07 - 04 - us - population_x. htm ? csp = 34 Countdown to 300 million Census Ancestry Map USA Today 2004 Election County by County Map BeliefNet State by State Religious Affiliation at the Wayback Machine ( archived April 21 , 2008 ) ( archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 21 ) Health by State Google - public data `` Population in the U.S.A. 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-2242904355992336880	Six-Day War	Six - Day War - wikipedia Six - Day War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Arab -- Israeli war in 1967 . For the Rwandan -- Ugandan conflict around Kisangani , see Six - Day War ( 2000 ) . For the insurgency in the New Territories , Hong Kong , see Six - Day War ( 1899 ) . Six - Day War Part of the Arab -- Israeli conflict Territory held by Israel before and after the Six Day War . The Straits of Tiran are circled , between the Gulf of Aqaba to the north and the Red Sea to the south . Date 5 -- 10 June 1967 ( 6 days ) Location Middle East Result Decisive Israeli victory Territorial changes Israel captures the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt , the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) from Jordan , and the Golan Heights from Syria Belligerents Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Lebanon Supported by : Algeria Kuwait Libya Morocco Pakistan PLO Sudan Tunisia Commanders and leaders Levi Eshkol Moshe Dayan Yitzhak Rabin Uzi Narkiss Motta Gur Israel Tal Mordechai Hod Yeshayahu Gavish Ariel Sharon Ezer Weizman Shlomo Erell David Elazar Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer Abdul Munim Riad Hussein Zaid ibn Shaker Asad Ghanma Salah Jadid Nureddin al - Atassi Abdul Rahman Arif Strength 50,000 troops 214,000 reserves 300 combat aircraft 800 tanks Total troops : 264,000 100,000 deployed Egypt : 240,000 Syria , Jordan , and Iraq : 307,000 957 combat aircraft 2,504 tanks Lebanon : 2 combat aircraft Total troops : 547,000 240,000 deployed Casualties and losses 776 -- 983 killed 4,517 wounded 15 captured 400 tanks destroyed 46 aircraft destroyed Egypt : 10,000 -- 15,000 killed or missing 4,338 captured Jordan : 696 killed or missing 533 captured Syria : 2,500 killed 591 captured Iraq : 10 killed 30 wounded Lebanon : One aircraft lost Hundreds of tanks destroyed 452 + aircraft destroyed 20 Israeli civilians killed 34 US Navy , US Marine , and NSA personnel killed 17 Soviet Marines killed ( allegedly ) Six - Day War Waiting period Sinai Campaign Focus Abu - Ageila Um Katef El Arish Jordanian Campaign Ammunition Hill Old City Augusta - Victoria Bethlehem Mediterranean Campaign USS Liberty incident Syrian Campaign Focus Tel Faher The Six - Day War ( Hebrew : מלחמת ששת הימים , Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim ; Arabic : النكسة , an - Naksah , `` The Setback '' or حرب ۱۹٦۷ , Ḥarb 1967 , `` War of 1967 '' ) , also known as the June War , 1967 Arab -- Israeli War , or Third Arab -- Israeli War , was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt ( known at the time as the United Arab Republic ) , Jordan , and Syria . Relations between Israel and its neighbours had never fully normalised following the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . In 1956 Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai , with one of its objectives being the reopening of the Straits of Tiran which Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950 . Israel was subsequently forced to withdraw , but won a guarantee that the Straits of Tiran would remain open . While the United Nations Emergency Force was deployed along the border , there was no demilitarisation agreement . In the period leading up to June 1967 , tensions became dangerously heightened . Israel reiterated its post-1956 position that the closure of the straits of Tiran to its shipping would be a casus belli . In May Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced that the straits would be closed to Israeli vessels and then mobilised its Egyptian forces along its border with Israel . On 5 June Israel launched what it claimed were a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields . Claims and counterclaims relating to this series of events are one of a number of controversies relating to the conflict . The Egyptians were caught by surprise , and nearly the entire Egyptian air force was destroyed with few Israeli losses , giving the Israelis air supremacy . Simultaneously , the Israelis launched a ground offensive into the Gaza Strip and the Sinai , which again caught the Egyptians by surprise . After some initial resistance , Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the evacuation of the Sinai . Israeli forces rushed westward in pursuit of the Egyptians , inflicted heavy losses , and conquered the Sinai . Nasser induced Syria and Jordan to begin attacks on Israel by using the initially confused situation to claim that Egypt had repelled the Israeli air strike . Israeli counterattacks resulted in the seizure of East Jerusalem as well as the West Bank from the Jordanians , while Israel 's retaliation against Syria resulted in its occupation of the Golan Heights . On 11 June , a ceasefire was signed . In the aftermath of the war , Israel had crippled the Egyptian , Syrian and Jordanian militaries , having killed over 20,000 troops while only losing fewer than 1,000 of their own . The Israeli success was the result of a well - played and prepared strategy , the poor leadership of the Arab states and their poor military leadership and strategy . Israel seized the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt , the West Bank from Jordan and the Golan Heights from Syria . Israel 's international standing greatly improved in the years after and their victory humiliated Egypt , Jordan and Syria , leading Nasser to resign in shame ; he was later reinstated after protests in Egypt against his resignation occurred . The speed and ease of Israel 's victory would later lead to a dangerous overconfidence within the ranks of the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) , contributing to initial Arab successes in the subsequent 1973 Yom Kippur War , although ultimately Israeli forces were successful and won over the Arab militaries . The displacement of civilian populations resulting from the war would have long - term consequences , as 300,000 Palestinians fled the West Bank and about 100,000 Syrians left the Golan Heights to become refugees . Across the Arab world , Jewish minority communities fled or were expelled , with refugees going mainly to Israel or Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military preparation 2 Armies and weapons 2.1 Armies 2.2 Weapons 3 Fighting fronts 3.1 Preemptive air attack 3.2 Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula 3.2. 1 Northern ( El Arish ) Israeli division 3.2. 2 Advance on Arish 3.2. 3 Mid-front ( Abu - Ageila ) Israeli division 3.2. 4 Other Israeli forces 3.2. 5 The Egyptian Army 3.2. 6 Next fighting days 3.3 West Bank 3.3. 1 Israeli cabinet meets 3.3. 2 Initial response 3.3. 3 Jordanian battalion at Government House 3.3. 4 Israeli invasion 3.3. 5 The West Bank ( 7 June ) 3.4 Golan Heights 3.4. 1 Syria 's attack 3.4. 2 Israeli Air Force attacks the Syrian airfields 3.4. 3 Israelis debate whether the Golan Heights should be attacked 3.4. 4 Israeli attack : first day 3.4. 5 Israeli attack : the next day 4 Conclusion 4.1 Casualties 5 Controversies 5.1 Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack 5.2 Allegations of atrocities committed against Egyptian soldiers 5.3 Allegations of military support from the US , UK and Soviet Union 5.4 USS Liberty incident 6 Aftermath 6.1 Israel and Zionism 6.2 Jews in Arab countries 6.3 Antisemitism against Jews in Communist countries 6.4 Peace and diplomacy 6.5 Captured territories and Arab displaced populations 6.6 Long term 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background Main article : Origins of the Six - Day War On 22 May 1967 , President Nasser addressed his pilots at Bir Gifgafa Airfield in Sinai : `` The Jews are threatening war -- we say to them ahlan wa - sahlan ( welcome ) ! '' After the 1956 Suez Crisis , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements . In the following years there were numerous minor border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors , particularly Syria . In early November 1966 , Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt . Soon after this , in response to Palestine Liberation Organisation ( PLO ) guerilla activity , including a mine attack that left three dead , the Israeli Defence Force ( IDF ) attacked the village of as - Samu in the Jordanian - occupied West Bank . Jordanian units that engaged the Israelis were quickly beaten back . King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for failing to come to Jordan 's aid , and `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' . In May 1967 , Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border . Nasser began massing his troops in two defensive lines in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel 's border ( 16 May ) , expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai ( 19 May ) and took over UNEF positions at Sharm el - Sheikh , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . Israel repeated declarations it made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war , or justification for war , but Nasser closed the Straits to Israeli shipping on 22 -- 23 May . After the war , U.S. President Lyndon Johnson commented : If a single act of folly was more responsible for this explosion than any other , it was the arbitrary and dangerous announced decision that the Straits of Tiran would be closed . The right of innocent , maritime passage must be preserved for all nations . On 30 May , Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact . The following day , at Jordan 's invitation , the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armoured units in Jordan . They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent . On 1 June , Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet , and on 4 June the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that was the opening of the Six - Day War . Military preparation Before the war , Israeli pilots and ground crews had trained extensively in rapid refitting of aircraft returning from sorties , enabling a single aircraft to sortie up to four times a day ( as opposed to the norm in Arab air forces of one or two sorties per day ) . This enabled the Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) to send several attack waves against Egyptian airfields on the first day of the war , overwhelming the Egyptian Air Force , and allowed it to knock out other Arab air forces on the same day . This has contributed to the Arab belief that the IAF was helped by foreign air forces ( see Controversies relating to the Six - Day War ) . Pilots were extensively schooled about their targets , and were forced to memorize every single detail , and rehearsed the operation multiple times on dummy runways in total secrecy . The Egyptians had constructed fortified defenses in the Sinai . These designs were based on the assumption that an attack would come along the few roads leading through the desert , rather than through the difficult desert terrain . The Israelis chose not to risk attacking the Egyptian defenses head - on , and instead surprised them from an unexpected direction . James Reston , writing in The New York Times on 23 May 1967 , noted , `` In discipline , training , morale , equipment and general competence his ( Nasser 's ) army and the other Arab forces , without the direct assistance of the Soviet Union , are no match for the Israelis ... Even with 50,000 troops and the best of his generals and air force in Yemen , he has not been able to work his way in that small and primitive country , and even his effort to help the Congo rebels was a flop . '' On the eve of the war , Israel believed it could win a war in 3 -- 4 days . The United States estimated Israel would need 7 -- 10 days to win , with British estimates supporting the U.S. view . Armies and weapons Armies The Israeli army had a total strength , including reservists , of 264,000 , though this number could not be sustained , as the reservists were vital to civilian life . Against Jordan 's forces on the West Bank , Israel deployed about 40,000 troops and 200 tanks ( eight brigades ) . Israeli Central Command forces consisted of five brigades . The first two were permanently stationed near Jerusalem and were the Jerusalem Brigade and the mechanized Harel Brigade . Mordechai Gur 's 55th Paratroopers Brigade was summoned from the Sinai front . The 10th Armored Brigade was stationed north of the West Bank . The Israeli Northern Command comprised a division of three brigades led by Major General Elad Peled which was stationed in the Jezreel Valley to the north of the West Bank . On the eve of the war , Egypt massed approximately 100,000 of its 160,000 troops in the Sinai , including all seven of its divisions ( four infantry , two armoured and one mechanized ) , four independent infantry brigades and four independent armoured brigades . Over a third of these soldiers were veterans of Egypt 's continuing intervention into the North Yemen Civil War and another third were reservists . These forces had 950 tanks , 1,100 APCs , and more than 1,000 artillery pieces . Syria 's army had a total strength of 75,000 and was deployed along the border with Israel . The Jordanian Armed Forces included 11 brigades , totalling 55,000 troops . Nine brigades ( 45,000 troops , 270 tanks , 200 artillery pieces ) were deployed in the West Bank , including the elite armoured 40th , and two in the Jordan Valley . They possessed sizable numbers of M113 APCs and were equipped with some 300 modern Western tanks , 250 of which were U.S. M48 Pattons . They also had 12 battalions of artillery , six batteries of 81 mm and 120 mm mortars , a paratrooper battalion trained in the new U.S. - built school and a new battalion of mechanized infantry . The Jordanian Army , then known as the Arab Legion , was a long - term - service , professional army , relatively well - equipped and well - trained . Israeli post-war briefings said that the Jordanian staff acted professionally , but was always left `` half a step '' behind by the Israeli moves . The small Royal Jordanian Air Force consisted of only 24 British - made Hawker Hunter fighters , six transports , and two helicopters . According to the Israelis , the Hawker Hunter was essentially on par with the French - built Dassault Mirage III -- the IAF 's best plane . 100 Iraqi tanks and an infantry division were readied near the Jordanian border . Two squadrons of Iraqi fighter - aircraft , Hawker Hunters and MiG 21s , were rebased adjacent to the Jordanian border . The Arab air forces were reinforced by some aircraft from Libya , Algeria , Morocco , Kuwait , and Saudi Arabia to make up for the massive losses suffered on the first day of the war . They were also aided by volunteer pilots from the Pakistan Air Force acting in an independent capacity . PAF pilots shot down several Israeli planes . Weapons With the exception of Jordan , the Arabs relied principally on Soviet weaponry . Jordan 's army was equipped with American weaponry , and its air force was composed of British aircraft . Egypt had by far the largest and the most modern of all the Arab air forces , consisting of about 420 combat aircraft , all of them Soviet - built and with a heavy quota of top - of - the - line MiG - 21s . Of particular concern to the Israelis were the 30 Tu - 16 `` Badger '' medium bombers , capable of inflicting heavy damage on Israeli military and civilian centers . Israeli weapons were mainly of Western origin . Its air force was composed principally of French aircraft , while its armoured units were mostly of British and American design and manufacture . Some infantry weapons , including the ubiquitous Uzi , were of Israeli origin . Type Arab armies IDF AFVs Egypt , Syria and Iraq used T - 34 / 85 , T - 54 , T - 55 , PT - 76 , and SU - 100 / 152 World War II - vintage self - propelled guns . Jordan used M - 47 , M - 48 , and M - 48A1 Patton tanks . Panzer IV ( used by Syria ) M50 and M51 Shermans , M48A3 Patton , Centurion , AMX - 13 . The Centurion was upgraded with the British 105 mm L7 gun prior to the war . The Sherman also underwent extensive modifications including a larger 105 mm medium velocity , French gun , redesigned turret , wider tracks , more armour , and upgraded engine and suspension . APCs / IFVs BTR - 40 , BTR - 152 , BTR - 50 , BTR - 60 APCs M2 , / M3 Half - track , Panhard AML Artillery M1937 Howitzer , BM - 21 , D - 30 ( 2A18 ) Howitzer , M1954 field gun , M - 52 105 mm self - propelled howitzer ( used by Jordan ) M50 self - propelled howitzer and Makmat 160 mm self - propelled mortar , Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50 , AMX 105 mm Self - Propelled Howitzer Aircraft MiG - 21 , MiG - 19 , MiG - 17 , Su - 7 B , Tu - 16 , Il - 28 , Il - 18 , Il - 14 , An - 12 , Hawker Hunter used by Jordan and Iraq Dassault Mirage III , Dassault Super Mystère , Sud Aviation Vautour , Mystere IV , Dassault Ouragan , Fouga Magister trainer outfitted for attack missions , Nord 2501IS military cargo plane Helicopters Mi - 6 , Mi - 4 Super Frelon , Sikorsky S - 58 AAW SA - 2 Guideline , ZSU - 57 - 2 mobile anti-aircraft cannon MIM - 23 Hawk , Bofors 40 mm Infantry weapons Port Said submachine gun , AK - 47 , RPK , RPD , DShK HMG , B - 10 and B - 11 recoilless rifles Uzi , FN FAL , FN MAG , AK - 47 , M2 Browning , Cobra , Nord SS. 10 , RL - 83 Blindicide anti-tank infantry weapon , Jeep - mounted 106 mm recoilless rifle Fighting fronts Preemptive air attack Main article : Operation Focus See also : Order of battle for the Six - Day War Israeli troops examine destroyed Egyptian aircraft . Dassault Mirage at the Israeli Air Force Museum . Operation Focus was mainly conducted using French built aircraft . Israel 's first and most critical move was a surprise attack on the Egyptian Air Force . Initially , both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . On 5 June at 7 : 45 Israeli time , as civil defense sirens sounded all over Israel , the IAF launched Operation Focus ( Moked ) . All but 12 of its nearly 200 operational jets launched a mass attack against Egypt 's airfields . The Egyptian defensive infrastructure was extremely poor , and no airfields were yet equipped with hardened aircraft shelters capable of protecting Egypt 's warplanes . Most of the Israeli warplanes headed out over the Mediterranean Sea , flying low to avoid radar detection , before turning toward Egypt . Others flew over the Red Sea . Meanwhile , the Egyptians hindered their own defense by effectively shutting down their entire air defense system : they were worried that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer and Lt - Gen. Sidqi Mahmoud , who were en route from al Maza to Bir Tamada in the Sinai to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there . In any event , it did not make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which its SA - 2 surface - to - air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft . Although the powerful Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun detected waves of aircraft approaching Egypt and reported the code word for `` war '' up the Egyptian command chain , Egyptian command and communications problems prevented the warning from reaching the targeted airfields . The Israelis employed a mixed - attack strategy : bombing and strafing runs against planes parked on the ground , and bombing to disable runways with special tarmac - shredding penetration bombs developed jointly with France , leaving surviving aircraft unable to take off . The runway at the Arish airfield was spared , as the Israelis expected to turn it into a military airport for their transports after the war . Surviving aircraft were taken out by later attack waves . The operation was more successful than expected , catching the Egyptians by surprise and destroying virtually all of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground , with few Israeli losses . Only four unarmed Egyptian training flights were in the air when the strike began . A total of 338 Egyptian aircraft were destroyed and 100 pilots were killed , although the number of aircraft lost by the Egyptians is disputed . Among the Egyptian planes lost were all 30 Tu - 16 bombers , 27 out of 40 Il - 28 bombers , 12 Su - 7 fighter - bombers , over 90 MiG - 21s , 20 MiG - 19s , 25 MiG - 17 fighters , and around 32 assorted transport planes and helicopters . In addition , Egyptian radars and SAM missiles were also attacked and destroyed . The Israelis lost 19 planes , including two destroyed in air - to - air combat and 13 downed by anti-aircraft artillery . One Israeli plane , which was damaged and unable to break radio silence , was shot down by Israeli Hawk missiles after it strayed over the Negev Nuclear Research Center . Another was destroyed by an exploding Egyptian bomber . The attack guaranteed Israeli air supremacy for the rest of the war . Attacks on other Arab air forces by Israel took place later in the day as hostilities broke out on other fronts . The large numbers of Arab aircraft claimed destroyed by Israel on that day were at first regarded as `` greatly exaggerated '' by the Western press . However , the fact that the Egyptian Air Force , along with other Arab air forces attacked by Israel , made practically no appearance for the remaining days of the conflict proved that the numbers were most likely authentic . Throughout the war , Israeli aircraft continued strafing Arab airfield runways to prevent their return to usability . Meanwhile , Egyptian state - run radio had reported an Egyptian victory , falsely claiming that 70 Israeli planes had been downed on the first day of fighting . Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula Conquest of Sinai. 5 -- 6 June 1967 People in a bomb shelter at Kfar Maimon The Egyptian forces consisted of seven divisions : four armoured , two infantry , and one mechanized infantry . Overall , Egypt had around 100,000 troops and 900 -- 950 tanks in the Sinai , backed by 1,100 APCs and 1,000 artillery pieces . This arrangement was thought to be based on the Soviet doctrine , where mobile armour units at strategic depth provide a dynamic defense while infantry units engage in defensive battles . Israeli forces concentrated on the border with Egypt included six armoured brigades , one infantry brigade , one mechanized infantry brigade , three paratrooper brigades , giving a total of around 70,000 men and 700 tanks , who were organized in three armoured divisions . They had massed on the border the night before the war , camouflaging themselves and observing radio silence before being ordered to advance . The Israeli plan was to surprise the Egyptian forces in both timing ( the attack exactly coinciding with the IAF strike on Egyptian airfields ) , location ( attacking via northern and central Sinai routes , as opposed to the Egyptian expectations of a repeat of the 1956 war , when the IDF attacked via the central and southern routes ) and method ( using a combined - force flanking approach , rather than direct tank assaults ) . Northern ( el Arish ) Israeli division On 5 June , at 7 : 50 a.m. , the northernmost Israeli division , consisting of three brigades and commanded by Major General Israel Tal , one of Israel 's most prominent armour commanders , crossed the border at two points , opposite Nahal Oz and south of Khan Yunis . They advanced swiftly , holding fire to prolong the element of surprise . Tal 's forces assaulted the `` Rafah Gap '' , a seven - mile stretch containing the shortest of three main routes through the Sinai towards El - Qantarah el - Sharqiyya and the Suez Canal . The Egyptians had four divisions in the area , backed by minefields , pillboxes , underground bunkers , hidden gun emplacements and trenches . The terrain on either side of the route was impassable . The Israeli plan was to hit the Egyptians at selected key points with concentrated armour . Tal 's advance was led by the 7th Armored Brigade under Colonel Shmuel Gonen . The Israeli plan called for the 7th Brigade to outflank Khan Yunis from the north and the 60th Armored Brigade under Colonel Menachem Aviram would advance from the south . The two brigades would link up and surround Khan Yunis , while the paratroopers would take Rafah . Gonen entrusted the breakthrough to a single battalion of his brigade . Initially , the advance was met with light resistance , as Egyptian intelligence had concluded that it was a diversion for the main attack . However , as Gonen 's lead battalion advanced , it suddenly came under intense fire and took heavy losses . A second battalion was brought up , but was also pinned down . Meanwhile , the 60th Brigade became bogged down in the sand , while the paratroopers had trouble navigating through the dunes . The Israelis continued to press their attack , and despite heavy losses , cleared the Egyptian positions and reached the Khan Yunis railway junction in little over four hours . Gonen 's brigade then advanced nine miles to Rafah in twin columns . Rafah itself was circumvented , and the Israelis attacked Sheikh Zuweid , eight miles to the southwest , which was defended by two brigades . Though inferior in numbers and equipment , the Egyptians were deeply entrenched and camouflaged . The Israelis were pinned down by fierce Egyptian resistance , and called in air and artillery support to enable their lead elements to advance . Many Egyptians abandoned their positions after their commander and several of his staff were killed . The Israelis broke through with tank - led assaults . However , Aviram 's forces misjudged the Egyptians ' flank , and were pinned between strongholds before they were extracted after several hours . By nightfall , the Israelis had finished mopping up resistance . Israeli forces had taken significant losses , with Colonel Gonen later telling reporters that `` we left many of our dead soldiers in Rafah , and many burnt - out tanks . '' The Egyptians suffered some 2,000 casualties and lost 40 tanks . Advance on Arish Israeli reconnaissance forces from the `` Shaked '' unit in Sinai during the war . On 5 June , with the road open , Israeli forces continued advancing towards Arish . Already by late afternoon , elements of the 79th Armored Battalion had charged through the seven - mile long Jiradi defile , a narrow pass defended by well - emplaced troops of the Egyptian 112th Infantry Brigade . In fierce fighting , which saw the pass change hands several times , the Israelis charged through the position . The Egyptians suffered heavy casualties and tank losses , while Israeli losses stood at 66 dead , 93 wounded and 28 tanks . Emerging at the western end , Israeli forces advanced to the outskirts of Arish . As it reached the outskirts of Arish , Tal 's division also consolidated its hold on Rafah and Khan Yunis . The following day , 6 June , the Israeli forces on the outskirts of Arish were reinforced by the 7th Brigade , which fought its way through the Jiradi pass . After receiving supplies via an airdrop , the Israelis entered the city and captured the airport at 7 : 50 am . The Israelis entered the city at 8 : 00 am . Company commander Yossi Peled recounted that `` Al - Arish was totally quiet , desolate . Suddenly , the city turned into a madhouse . Shots came at us from every alley , every corner , every window and house . '' An IDF record stated that `` clearing the city was hard fighting . The Egyptians fired from the rooftops , from balconies and windows . They dropped grenades into our half - tracks and blocked the streets with trucks . Our men threw the grenades back and crushed the trucks with their tanks . '' Gonen sent additional units to Arish , and the city was eventually taken . Brigadier - General Avraham Yoffe 's assignment was to penetrate Sinai south of Tal 's forces and north or Sharon 's . Yoffe 's attack allowed Tal to complete the capture of the Jiradi defile , Khan Yunis . All of them were taken after fierce fighting . Gonen subsequently dispatched a force of tanks , infantry and engineers under Colonel Yisrael Granit to continue down the Mediterranean coast towards the Suez Canal , while a second force led by Gonen himself turned south and captured Bir Lahfan and Jabal Libni . Mid-front ( Abu - Ageila ) Israeli division Major - General Ariel Sharon during the Battle of Abu - Ageila Further south , on 6 June , the Israeli 38th Armored Division under Major - General Ariel Sharon assaulted Um - Katef , a heavily fortified area defended by the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division under Major - General Sa'adi Nagib , and consisting of some 16,000 troops . The Egyptians also had a battalion of tank destroyers and a tank regiment , formed of Soviet World War II armour , which included 90 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 22 SU - 100 tank destroyers , and about 16,000 men . The Israelis had about 14,000 men and 150 post-World War II tanks including the AMX - 13 , Centurions , and M50 Super Shermans ( modified M - 4 Sherman tanks ) . Two armoured brigades in the meantime , under Avraham Yoffe , slipped across the border through sandy wastes that Egypt had left undefended because they were considered impassable . Simultaneously , Sharon 's tanks from the west were to engage Egyptian forces on Um - Katef ridge and block any reinforcements . Israeli infantry would clear the three trenches , while heliborne paratroopers would land behind Egyptian lines and silence their artillery . An armoured thrust would be made at al - Qusmaya to unnerve and isolate its garrison . Israeli Armor of the Six Day War : pictured here the AMX 13 As Sharon 's division advanced into the Sinai , Egyptian forces staged successful delaying actions at Tarat Umm , Umm Tarfa , and Hill 181 . An Israeli jet was downed by anti-aircraft fire , and Sharon 's forces came under heavy shelling as they advanced from the north and west . The Israeli advance , which had to cope with extensive minefields , took a large number of casualties . A column of Israeli tanks managed to penetrate the northern flank of Abu Ageila , and by dusk , all units were in position . The Israelis then brought up ninety 105 mm and 155 mm artillery guns for a preparatory barrage , while civilian buses brought reserve infantrymen under Colonel Yekutiel Adam and helicopters arrived to ferry the paratroopers . These movements were unobserved by the Egyptians , who were preoccupied with Israeli probes against their perimeter . As night fell , the Israeli assault troops lit flashlights , each battalion a different color , to prevent friendly fire incidents . At 10 : 00 pm , Israeli artillery began a barrage on Um - Katef , firing some 6,000 shells in less than twenty minutes , the most concentrated artillery barrage in Israel 's history . Israeli tanks assaulted the northernmost Egyptian defenses and were largely successful , though an entire armoured brigade was stalled by mines , and had only one mine - clearance tank . Israeli infantrymen assaulted the triple line of trenches in the east . To the west , paratroopers commanded by Colonel Danny Matt landed behind Egyptian lines , though half the helicopters got lost and never found the battlefield , while others were unable to land due to mortar fire . Those that successfully landed on target destroyed Egyptian artillery and ammunition dumps and separated gun crews from their batteries , sowing enough confusion to significantly reduce Egyptian artillery fire . Egyptian reinforcements from Jabal Libni advanced towards Um - Katef to counterattack , but failed to reach their objective , being subjected to heavy air attacks and encountering Israeli lodgements on the roads . Egyptian commanders then called in artillery attacks on their own positions . The Israelis accomplished and sometimes exceeded their overall plan , and had largely succeeded by the following day . The Egyptians took heavy casualties , while the Israelis lost 40 dead and 140 wounded . Yoffe 's attack allowed Sharon to complete the capture of the Um - Katef , after fierce fighting . The main thrust at Um - Katef was stalled due to mines and craters . After IDF engineers had cleared a path by 4 : 00 pm , Israeli and Egyptian tanks engaged in fierce combat , often at ranges as close as ten yards . The battle ended in an Israeli victory , with 40 Egyptian and 19 Israeli tanks destroyed . Meanwhile , Israeli infantry finished clearing out the Egyptian trenches , with Israeli casualties standing at 14 dead and 41 wounded and Egyptian casualties at 300 dead and 100 taken prisoner . Other Israeli forces Further south , on 5 June , the 8th Armored Brigade under Colonel Albert Mandler , initially positioned as a ruse to draw off Egyptian forces from the real invasion routes , attacked the fortified bunkers at Kuntilla , a strategically valuable position whose capture would enable Mandler to block reinforcements from reaching Um - Katef and to join Sharon 's upcoming attack on Nakhl . The defending Egyptian battalion , outnumbered and outgunned , fiercely resisted the attack , hitting a number of Israeli tanks . However , most of the defenders were killed , and only three Egyptian tanks , one of them damaged , survived . By nightfall , Mendler 's forces had taken Kuntilla . With the exceptions of Rafah and Khan Yunis , Israeli forces had initially avoided entering the Gaza Strip . Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan had expressly forbidden entry into the area . After Palestinian positions in Gaza opened fire on the Negev settlements of Nirim and Kissufim , IDF Chief of Staff Yitzhak Rabin overrode Dayan 's instructions and ordered the 11th Mechanized Brigade under Colonel Yehuda Reshef to enter the Strip . The force was immediately met with heavy artillery fire and fierce resistance from Palestinian forces and remnants of the Egyptian forces from Rafah . By sunset , the Israelis had taken the strategically vital Ali Muntar ridge , overlooking Gaza City , but were beaten back from the city itself . Some 70 Israelis were killed , along with Israeli journalist Ben Oyserman and American journalist Paul Schutzer . Twelve members of UNEF were also killed . On the war 's second day , 6 June , the Israelis were bolstered by the 35th Paratroopers Brigade under Colonel Rafael Eitan , and took Gaza City along with the entire Strip . The fighting was fierce , and accounted for nearly half of all Israeli casualties on the southern front . However , Gaza rapidly fell to the Israelis . Meanwhile , on 6 June , two Israeli reserve brigades under Yoffe , each equipped with 100 tanks , penetrated the Sinai south of Tal 's division and north of Sharon 's , capturing the road junctions of Abu Ageila , Bir Lahfan , and Arish , taking all of them before midnight . Two Egyptian armoured brigades counterattacked , and a fierce battle took place until the following morning . The Egyptians were beaten back by fierce resistance coupled with airstrikes , sustaining heavy tank losses . They fled west towards Jabal Libni . The Egyptian army During the ground fighting , remnants of the Egyptian Air Force attacked Israeli ground forces , but took losses from the Israeli Air Force and from Israeli anti-aircraft units . Throughout the last four days , Egyptian aircraft flew 150 sorties against Israeli units in the Sinai . Many of the Egyptian units remained intact and could have tried to prevent the Israelis from reaching the Suez Canal or engaged in combat in the attempt to reach the canal . However , when the Egyptian Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer heard about the fall of Abu - Ageila , he panicked and ordered all units in the Sinai to retreat . This order effectively meant the defeat of Egypt . Meanwhile , President Nasser , having learned of the results of the Israeli air strikes , decided together with Field Marshal Amer to order a general retreat from the Sinai within 24 hours . No detailed instructions were given concerning the manner and sequence of withdrawal . Next fighting days This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Conquest of Sinai. 7 -- 8 June 1967 Play media Newsreel from 6 June about the first Israeli - Egyptian fighting . An Israeli gunboat passes through the Straits of Tiran near Sharm El Sheikh . As Egyptian columns retreated , Israeli aircraft and artillery attacked them . Israeli jets used napalm bombs during their sorties . The attacks destroyed hundreds of vehicles and caused heavy casualties . At Jabal Libni , retreating Egyptian soldiers were fired upon by their own artillery . At Bir Gafgafa , the Egyptians fiercely resisted advancing Israeli forces , knocking out three tanks and eight half - tracks , and killing 20 soldiers . Due to the Egyptians ' retreat , the Israeli High Command decided not to pursue the Egyptian units but rather to bypass and destroy them in the mountainous passes of West Sinai . Therefore , in the following two days ( 6 and 7 June ) , all three Israeli divisions ( Sharon and Tal were reinforced by an armoured brigade each ) rushed westwards and reached the passes . Sharon 's division first went southward then westward , via An - Nakhl , to Mitla Pass with air support . It was joined there by parts of Yoffe 's division , while its other units blocked the Gidi Pass . These passes became killing grounds for the Egyptians , who ran right into waiting Israeli positions and suffered heavy losses . According to Egyptian diplomat Mahmoud Riad , 10,000 men were killed in one day alone , and many others died from hunger and thirst . Tal 's units stopped at various points to the length of the Suez Canal . Israel 's blocking action was partially successful . Only the Gidi pass was captured before the Egyptians approached it , but at other places , Egyptian units managed to pass through and cross the canal to safety . Due to the haste of the Egyptian retreat , soldiers often abandoned weapons , military equipment , and hundreds of vehicles . Many Egyptian soldiers were cut off from their units had to walk about 200 kilometers on foot before reaching the Suez Canal with limited supplies of food and water and were exposed to intense heat . Thousands of soldiers died as a result . Many Egyptian soldiers chose instead to surrender to the Israelis . However , the Israelis eventually exceeded their capabilities to provide for prisoners . As a result , they began directing soldiers towards the Suez Canal and only taking prisoner high - ranking officers , who were expected to be exchanged for captured Israeli pilots . According to some accounts , during the Egyptian retreat from the Sinai , a unit of Soviet Marines based on a Soviet warship in Port Said at the time came ashore and attempted to cross the Suez Canal eastward . The Soviet force was reportedly decimated by an Israeli air attack and lost 17 dead and 34 wounded . Among the wounded was the commander , Lt. Col. Victor Shevchenko . During the offensive , the Israeli Navy landed six combat divers from the Shayetet 13 naval commando unit to infiltrate Alexandria harbour . The divers sank an Egyptian minesweeper before being taken prisoner . Shayetet 13 commandos also infiltrated into Port Said harbour , but found no ships there . A planned commando raid against the Syrian Navy never materialized . Both Egyptian and Israeli warships made movements at sea to intimidate the other side throughout the war , but did not engage each other . However , Israeli warships and aircraft did hunt for Egyptian submarines throughout the war . On 7 June , Israel began the conquest of Sharm el - Sheikh . The Israeli Navy started the operation with a probe of Egyptian naval defenses . An aerial reconnaissance flight found that the area was less defended than originally thought . At about 4 : 30 am , three Israeli missile boats opened fire on Egyptian shore batteries , while paratroopers and commandos boarded helicopters and Nord Noratlas transport planes for an assault on Al - Tur , as Chief of Staff Rabin was convinced it was too risky to land them directly in Sharm el - Sheikh . However , the city had been largely abandoned the day before , and reports from air and naval forces finally convinced Rabin to divert the aircraft to Sharm el - Sheikh . There , the Israelis engaged in a pitched battle with the Egyptians and took the city , killing 20 Egyptian soldiers and taking 8 prisoner . At 12 : 15 pm , Defense Minister Dayan announced that the Straits of Tiran constituted an international waterway open to all ships without restriction . On 8 June , Israel completed the capture of the Sinai by sending infantry units to Ras Sudar on the western coast of the peninsula . Several tactical elements made the swift Israeli advance possible : first , the surprise attack that quickly gave the Israeli Air Force complete air superiority over the Egyptian Air Force ; second , the determined implementation of an innovative battle plan ; third , the lack of coordination among Egyptian troops . These factors would prove to be decisive elements on Israel 's other fronts as well . West Bank See also : Jordanian campaign ( 1967 ) The Jordan salient , 5 -- 7 June . Jordan was reluctant to enter the war . Nasser used the confusion of the first hours of the conflict to convince King Hussein that he was victorious ; he claimed as evidence a radar sighting of a squadron of Israeli aircraft returning from bombing raids in Egypt , which he said was an Egyptian aircraft en route to attack Israel . One of the Jordanian brigades stationed in the West Bank was sent to the Hebron area in order to link with the Egyptians . Hussein decided to attack . The IDF 's strategic plan was to remain on the defensive along the Jordanian front , to enable focus in the expected campaign against Egypt . Intermittent machine - gun exchanges began taking place in Jerusalem at 9 : 30 am , and the fighting gradually escalated as the Jordanians introduced mortar and recoilless rifle fire . Under the orders from General Narkis , the Israelis responded only with small - arms fire , firing in a flat trajectory to avoid hitting civilians , holy sites or the Old City . At 10 : 00 am on 5 June , the Jordanian Army began shelling Israel . Two batteries of 155 mm Long Tom cannons opened fire on the suburbs of Tel Aviv and Ramat David Airbase . The commanders of these batteries were instructed to lay a two - hour barrage against military and civilian settlements in central Israel . Some shells hit the outskirts of Tel Aviv . By 10 : 30 am , Eshkol had sent a message via Odd Bull to King Hussein promising not to initiate any action against Jordan if it stayed out of the war . King Hussein replied that it was too late , `` the die was cast '' . At 11 : 15 am , Jordanian howitzers began a 6,000 - shell barrage at Israeli Jerusalem . The Jordanians initially targeted kibbutz Ramat Rachel in the south and Mount Scopus in the north , then ranged into the city center and outlying neighborhoods . Military installations , the Prime Minister 's Residence , and the Knesset compound were also targeted . Israeli civilian casualties totalled 20 dead and about 1,000 wounded . Some 900 buildings were damaged , including Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital . At 11 : 50 am , sixteen Jordanian Hawker Hunters attacked Netanya , Kfar Sirkin and Kfar Saba , killing one civilian , wounding seven and destroying a transport plane . Three Iraqi Hawker Hunters strafed civilian settlements in the Jezreel Valley , and an Iraqi Tupolev Tu - 16 attacked Afula , and was shot down near the Megiddo airfield . The attack caused minimal material damage , hitting only a senior citizens ' home and several chicken coops , but sixteen Israeli soldiers were killed , most of them when the Tupolev crashed . Israeli cabinet meets When the Israeli cabinet convened to decide what to do , Yigal Allon and Menahem Begin argued that this was an opportunity to take the Old City of Jerusalem , but Eshkol decided to defer any decision until Moshe Dayan and Yitzhak Rabin could be consulted . Uzi Narkiss made a number of proposals for military action , including the capture of Latrun , but the cabinet turned him down . Dayan rejected multiple requests from Narkiss for permission to mount an infantry assault towards Mount Scopus . However , Dayan sanctioned a number of more limited retaliatory actions . Initial response Shortly before 12 : 30 pm , the Israeli Air Force attacked Jordan 's two airbases . The Hawker Hunters were refueling at the time of the attack . The Israeli aircraft attacked in two waves , the first of which cratered the runways and knocked out the control towers , and the second wave destroyed all 21 of Jordan 's Hawker Hunter fighters , along with six transport aircraft and two helicopters . One Israeli jet was shot down by ground fire . Israeli aircraft also attacked H - 3 , an Iraqi Air Force base in western Iraq . During the attack , 12 MiG - 21s , 2 MiG - 17s , 5 Hunter F6s , and 3 Il - 28 bombers were destroyed or shot down . A Pakistani pilot stationed at the base shot down an Israeli fighter and a bomber during the raid . The Jordanian radar facility at Ajloun was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike . Israeli Fouga Magister jets attacked the Jordanian 40th Brigade with rockets as it moved south from the Damiya Bridge . Dozens of tanks were knocked out , and a convoy of 26 trucks carrying ammunition was destroyed . In Jerusalem , Israel responded to Jordanian shelling with a missile strike that devastated Jordanian positions . The Israelis used the L missile , a surface - to - surface missile developed jointly with France in secret . Jordanian battalion at government House Further information : Battle of Ammunition Hill A Jordanian battalion advanced up Government House ridge and dug in at the perimeter of Government House , the headquarters of the United Nations observers , and opened fire on Ramat Rachel , the Allenby Barracks and the Jewish section of Abu Tor with mortars and recoilless rifles . UN observers fiercely protested the incursion into the neutral zone , and several manhandled a Jordanian machine gun out of Government House after the crew had set it up in a second - floor window . After the Jordanians occupied Jabel Mukaber , an advance patrol was sent out and approached Ramat Rachel , where they came under fire from four civilians , including the wife of the director , who were armed with old Czech - made weapons . Israeli paratroopers flush out Jordanian soldiers from trenches during the Battle of Ammunition Hill . Silhouette of Israeli paratroops advancing on Ammunition Hill . The immediate Israeli response was an offensive to retake Government House and its ridge . The Jerusalem Brigade 's Reserve Battalion 161 , under Lieutenant - Colonel Asher Dreizin , was given the task . Dreizin had two infantry companies and eight tanks under his command , several of which broke down or became stuck in the mud at Ramat Rachel , leaving three for the assault . The Jordanians mounted fierce resistance , knocking out two tanks . The Israelis broke through the compound 's western gate and began clearing the building with grenades , before General Odd Bull , commander of the UN observers , compelled the Israelis to hold their fire , telling them that the Jordanians had already fled . The Israelis proceeded to take the Antenna Hill , directly behind Government House , and clear out a series of bunkers to the west and south . The fighting , often conducted hand - to - hand , continued for nearly four hours before the surviving Jordanians fell back to trenches held by the Hittin Brigade , which were steadily overwhelmed . By 6 : 30 pm , the Jordanians had retreated to Bethlehem , having suffered about 100 casualties . All but ten of Dreizin 's soldiers were casualties , and Dreizin himself was wounded three times . Israeli invasion During the late afternoon of 5 June , the Israelis launched an offensive to encircle Jerusalem , which lasted into the following day . During the night , they were supported by intense tank , artillery and mortar fire to soften up Jordanian positions . Searchlights placed atop the Labor Federation building , then the tallest in Israeli Jerusalem , exposed and blinded the Jordanians . The Jerusalem Brigade moved south of Jerusalem , while the mechanized Harel Brigade and 55th Paratroopers Brigade under Mordechai Gur encircled it from the north . A combined force of tanks and paratroopers crossed no - man 's land near the Mandelbaum Gate . One of Gur 's paratroop battalions approached the fortified Police Academy . The Israelis used bangalore torpedoes to blast their way through barbed wire leading up to the position while exposed and under heavy fire . With the aid of two tanks borrowed from the Jerusalem Brigade , they captured the Police Academy . After receiving reinforcements , they moved up to attack Ammunition Hill . The Jordanian defenders , who were heavily dug - in , fiercely resisted the attack . All of the Israeli officers except for two company commanders were killed , and the fighting was mostly led by individual soldiers . The fighting was conducted at close quarters in trenches and bunkers , and was often hand - to - hand . The Israelis captured the position after four hours of heavy fighting . During the battle , 36 Israeli and 71 Jordanian soldiers were killed . The battalion subsequently drove east , and linked up with the Israeli enclave on Mount Scopus and its Hebrew University campus . Gur 's other battalions captured the other Jordanian positions around the American Colony , despite being short on men and equipment and having come under a Jordanian mortar bombardment while waiting for the signal to advance . At the same time , the mechanized Harel Brigade attacked the fortress at Latrun , which the Jordanians had abandoned due to heavy Israeli tank fire . The brigade attacked Har Adar , but seven tanks were knocked out by mines , forcing the infantry to mount an assault without armoured cover . The Israeli soldiers advanced under heavy fire , jumping between stones to avoid mines . The fighting was conducted at close - quarters , often with knives and bayonets . The Jordanians fell back after a battle that left two Israeli and eight Jordanian soldiers dead , and Israeli forces advanced through Beit Horon towards Ramallah , taking four fortified villages along the way . By the evening , the brigade arrived in Ramallah . Meanwhile , the 163rd Infantry Battalion secured Abu Tor following a fierce battle , severing the Old City from Bethlehem and Hebron . Meanwhile , 600 Egyptian commandos stationed in the West Bank moved to attack Israeli airfields . Led by Jordanian intelligence scouts , they crossed the border and began infiltrating through Israeli settlements towards Ramla and Hatzor . They were soon detected and sought shelter in nearby fields , which the Israelis set on fire . Some 450 commandos were killed , and the remainder escaped to Jordan . From the American Colony , the paratroopers moved towards the Old City . Their plan was to approach it via the lightly defended Salah al - Din Street . However , they made a wrong turn onto the heavily defended Nablus Road . The Israelis ran into fierce resistance . Their tanks fired at point - blank range down the street , while the paratroopers mounted repeated charges . Despite repelling repeated Israeli charges , the Jordanians gradually gave way to Israeli firepower and momentum . The Israelis suffered some 30 casualties -- half the original force -- while the Jordanians lost 45 dead and 142 wounded . Meanwhile , the Israeli 71st Battalion breached barbed wire and minefields and emerged near Wadi Joz , near the base of Mount Scopus , from where the Old City could be cut off from Jericho and East Jerusalem from Ramallah . Israeli artillery targeted the one remaining route from Jerusalem to the West Bank , and shellfire deterred the Jordanians from counterattacking from their positions at Augusta - Victoria . An Israeli detachment then captured the Rockefeller Museum after a brief skirmish . Afterwards , the Israelis broke through to the Jerusalem - Ramallah road . At Tel al - Ful , the Israelis fought a running battle with up to thirty Jordanian tanks . The Jordanians stalled the advance and destroyed a number of half - tracks , but the Israelis launched air attacks and exploited the vulnerability of the external fuel tanks mounted on the Jordanian tanks . The Jordanians lost half their tanks , and retreated towards Jericho . Joining up with the 4th Brigade , the Israelis then descended through Shuafat and the site of what is now French Hill , through Jordanian defenses at Mivtar , emerging at Ammunition Hill . An Israeli airstrike near the Augusta - Victoria Hospital With Jordanian defenses in Jerusalem crumbling , elements of the Jordanian 60th Brigade and an infantry battalion were sent from Jericho to reinforce Jerusalem . Its original orders were to repel the Israelis from the Latrun corridor , but due to the worsening situation in Jerusalem , the brigade was ordered to proceed to Jerusalem 's Arab suburbs and attack Mount Scopus . Parallel to the brigade were infantrymen from the Imam Ali Brigade , who were approaching Issawiya . The brigades were spotted by Israeli aircraft and decimated by rocket and cannon fire . Other Jordanian attempts to reinforce Jerusalem were beaten back , either by armoured ambushes or airstrikes . Fearing damage to holy sites and the prospect of having to fight in built - up areas , Dayan ordered his troops not to enter the Old City . He also feared that Israel would be subjected to a fierce international backlash and the outrage of Christians worldwide if it forced its way into the Old City . Privately , he told David Ben - Gurion that he was also concerned over the prospect of Israel capturing Jerusalem 's holy sites , only to be forced to give them up under the threat of international sanctions . The West Bank ( 7 June ) On 7 June , heavy fighting ensued . Dayan had ordered his troops not to enter the Old City ; however , upon hearing that the UN was about to declare a ceasefire , he changed his mind , and without cabinet clearance , decided to capture it . Two paratroop battalions attacked Augusta - Victoria Hill , high ground overlooking the Old City from the east . One battalion attacked from Mount Scopus , and another attacked from the valley between it and the Old City . Another paratroop battalion , personally led by Gur , broke into the Old City , and was joined by the other two battalions after their missions were complete . The paratroopers met little resistance . The fighting was conducted solely by the paratroopers ; the Israelis did not use armour during the battle out of fear of severe damage to the Old City . In the north , one battalion from Peled 's division was sent to check Jordanian defenses in the Jordan Valley . A brigade belonging to Peled 's division captured the western part of the West Bank . One brigade attacked Jordanian artillery positions around Jenin , which were shelling Ramat David Airbase . The Jordanian 12th Armored Battalion , which outnumbered the Israelis , held off repeated attempts to capture Jenin . However , Israeli air attacks took their toll , and the Jordanian M48 Pattons , with their external fuel tanks , proved vulnerable at short distances , even to the Israeli - modified Shermans . Twelve Jordanian tanks were destroyed , and only six remained operational . David Rubinger 's famed photograph of IDF paratroopers at Jerusalem 's Western Wall shortly after its capture . From left to right : Zion Karasenti , Yitzhak Yifat , and Haim Oshri . Just after dusk , Israeli reinforcements arrived . The Jordanians continued to fiercely resist , and the Israelis were unable to advance without artillery and air support . One Israeli jet attacked the Jordanian commander 's tank , wounding him and killing his radio operator and intelligence officer . The surviving Jordanian forces then withdrew to Jenin , where they were reinforced by the 25th Infantry Brigade . The Jordanians were effectively surrounded in Jenin . Jordanian infantry and their three remaining tanks managed to hold off the Israelis until 4 : 00 am , when three battalions arrived to reinforce them in the afternoon . The Jordanian tanks charged , and knocked out multiple Israeli vehicles , and the tide began to shift . After sunrise , Israeli jets and artillery conducted a two - hour bombardment against the Jordanians . The Jordanians lost 10 dead and 250 wounded , and had only seven tanks left , including two without gas , and sixteen APCs . The Israelis then fought their way into Jenin , and captured the city after fierce fighting . After the Old City fell , the Jerusalem Brigade reinforced the paratroopers , and continued to the south , capturing Judea and Gush Etzion . Hebron was taken without any resistance . Fearful that Israeli soldiers would exact retribution for the 1929 massacre of the city 's Jewish community , Hebron 's residents flew white sheets from their windows and rooftops , and voluntarily gave up their weapons . The Harel Brigade proceeded eastward , descending to the Jordan River . On 7 June , Israeli forces seized Bethlehem , taking the city after a brief battle that left some 40 Jordanian soldiers dead , with the remainder fleeing . On the same day , one of Peled 's brigades seized Nablus ; then it joined one of Central Command 's armoured brigades to fight the Jordanian forces ; as the Jordanians held the advantage of superior equipment and were equal in numbers to the Israelis . Again , the air superiority of the IAF proved paramount as it immobilized the Jordanians , leading to their defeat . One of Peled 's brigades joined with its Central Command counterparts coming from Ramallah , and the remaining two blocked the Jordan river crossings together with the Central Command 's 10th . Engineering Corps sappers blew up the Abdullah and Hussein bridges with captured Jordanian mortar shells , while elements of the Harel Brigade crossed the river and occupied positions along the east bank to cover them , but quickly pulled back due to American pressure . The Jordanians , anticipating an Israeli offensive deep into Jordan , assembled the remnants of their army and Iraqi units in Jordan to protect the western approaches to Amman and the southern slopes of the Golan Heights . No specific decision had been made to capture any other territories controlled by Jordan . After the Old City was captured , Dayan told his troops to dig in to hold it . When an armoured brigade commander entered the West Bank on his own initiative , and stated that he could see Jericho , Dayan ordered him back . It was only after intelligence reports indicated that Hussein had withdrawn his forces across the Jordan River that Dayan ordered his troops to capture the West Bank . According to Narkis : First , the Israeli government had no intention of capturing the West Bank . On the contrary , it was opposed to it . Second , there was not any provocation on the part of the IDF . Third , the rein was only loosened when a real threat to Jerusalem 's security emerged . This is truly how things happened on June 5 , although it is difficult to believe . The end result was something that no one had planned . Golan Heights The Battle of Golan Heights , 9 -- 10 June . In May -- June 1967 , the Israeli government did everything in its power to confine the confrontation to the Egyptian front . Eshkol and his colleagues took into account the possibility of some fighting on the Syrian front . Syria 's attack False Egyptian reports of a crushing victory against the Israeli army and forecasts that Egyptian forces would soon be attacking Tel Aviv influenced Syria 's decision to enter the war . Syrian artillery began shelling northern Israel , and twelve Syrian jets attacked Israeli settlements in the Galilee . Israeli fighter jets intercepted the Syrian aircraft , shooting down three and driving off the rest . In addition , two Lebanese Hawker Hunter jets , two of the twelve Lebanon had , crossed into Israeli airspace and began strafing Israeli positions in the Galilee . They were intercepted by Israeli fighter jets , and one was shot down . People in a bomb shelter at Kibbutz Dan A minor Syrian force tried to capture the water plants at Tel Dan ( the subject of a fierce escalation two years earlier ) , Dan , and She'ar Yashuv . These attacks were repulsed with the loss of twenty soldiers and seven tanks . An Israeli officer was also killed . But a broader Syrian offensive quickly failed . Syrian reserve units were broken up by Israeli air attacks , and several tanks were reported to have sunk in the Jordan River . Other problems included tanks being too wide for bridges , lack of radio communications between tanks and infantry , and units ignoring orders to advance . A post-war Syrian army report concluded : Our forces did not go on the offensive either because they did not arrive or were not wholly prepared or because they could not find shelter from the enemy 's planes . The reserves could not withstand the air attacks ; they dispersed after their morale plummeted . The Syrians abandoned hopes of a ground attack and began a massive bombardment of Israeli communities in the Hula Valley instead . Israeli air Force attacks the Syrian airfields On the evening of 5 June , the Israeli Air Force attacked Syrian airfields . The Syrian Air Force lost some 32 MiG 21s , 23 MiG - 15 and MiG - 17 fighters , and two Ilyushin Il - 28 bombers , two - thirds of its fighting strength . The Syrian aircraft that survived the attack retreated to distant bases and played no further role in the war . Following the attack , Syria realised that the news it had received from Egypt of the near - total destruction of the Israeli military could not have been true . Israelis debate whether the Golan Heights should be attacked On 7 and 8 June , the Israeli leadership debated about whether to attack the Golan Heights as well . Syria had supported pre-war raids that had helped raise tensions and had routinely shelled Israel from the Heights , so some Israeli leaders wanted to see Syria punished . Military opinion was that the attack would be extremely costly , since it would entail an uphill battle against a strongly fortified enemy . The western side of the Golan Heights consists of a rock escarpment that rises 500 meters ( 1,700 ft ) from the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan River , and then flattens to a gently sloping plateau . Dayan opposed the operation bitterly at first , believing such an undertaking would result in losses of 30,000 and might trigger Soviet intervention . Prime Minister Eshkol , on the other hand , was more open to the possibility , as was the head of the Northern Command , David Elazar , whose unbridled enthusiasm for and confidence in the operation may have eroded Dayan 's reluctance . Eventually , the situation on the Southern and Central fronts cleared up , intelligence estimated that the likelihood of Soviet intervention had been reduced , reconnaissance showed some Syrian defenses in the Golan region collapsing , and an intercepted cable revealed that Nasser was urging the President of Syria to immediately accept a cease - fire . At 3 am on 9 June , Syria announced its acceptance of the cease - fire . Despite this announcement , Dayan became more enthusiastic about the idea and four hours later at 7 am , `` gave the order to go into action against Syria '' without consultation or government authorisation . The Syrian army consisted of about 75,000 men grouped in nine brigades , supported by an adequate amount of artillery and armour . Israeli forces used in combat consisted of two brigades ( the 8th Armored Brigade and the Golani Brigade ) in the northern part of the front at Givat HaEm , and another two ( infantry and one of Peled 's brigades summoned from Jenin ) in the center . The Golan Heights ' unique terrain ( mountainous slopes crossed by parallel streams every several kilometers running east to west ) , and the general lack of roads in the area channeled both forces along east - west axes of movement and restricted the ability of units to support those on either flank . Thus the Syrians could move north - south on the plateau itself , and the Israelis could move north - south at the base of the Golan escarpment . An advantage Israel possessed was the excellent intelligence collected by Mossad operative Eli Cohen ( who was captured and executed in Syria in 1965 ) regarding the Syrian battle positions . Syria had built extensive defensive fortifications in depths up to 15 kilometers , comparable to the Maginot Line . As opposed to all the other campaigns , IAF was only partially effective in the Golan because the fixed fortifications were so effective . However , the Syrian forces proved unable to put up effective defense largely because the officers were poor leaders and treated their soldiers badly ; often officers would retreat from danger , leaving their men confused and ineffective . The Israelis also had the upper hand during close combat that took place in the numerous Syrian bunkers along the Golan Heights , as they were armed with the Uzi , a submachine gun designed for close combat , while Syrian soldiers were armed with the heavier AK - 47 assault rifle , designed for combat in more open areas . Israeli attack : first Day Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights . June 1967 On the morning of 9 June , Israeli jets began carrying out dozens of sorties against Syrian positions from Mount Hermon to Tawfiq , using rockets salvaged from captured Egyptian stocks . The airstrikes knocked out artillery batteries and storehouses and forced transport columns off the roads . The Syrians suffered heavy casualties and a drop in morale , with a number of senior officers and troops deserting . The attacks also provided time as Israeli forces cleared paths through Syrian minefields . However , the airstrikes did not seriously damage the Syrians ' bunkers and trench systems , and the bulk of Syrian forces on the Golan remained in their positions . About two hours after the airstrikes began , the 8th Armored Brigade , led by Colonel Albert Mandler , advanced into the Golan Heights from Givat HaEm . Its advance was spearheaded by Engineering Corps sappers and eight bulldozers , which cleared away barbed wire and mines . As they advanced , the force came under fire , and five bulldozers were immediately hit . The Israeli tanks , with their maneuverability sharply reduced by the terrain , advanced slowly under fire toward the fortified village of Sir al - Dib , with their ultimate objective being the fortress at Qala . Israeli casualties steadily mounted . Part of the attacking force lost its way and emerged opposite Za'ura , a redoubt manned by Syrian reservists . With the situation critical , Colonel Mandler ordered simultaneous assaults on Za'ura and Qala . Heavy and confused fighting followed , with Israeli and Syrian tanks struggling around obstacles and firing at extremely short ranges . Mandler recalled that `` the Syrians fought well and bloodied us . We beat them only by crushing them under our treads and by blasting them with our cannons at very short range , from 100 to 500 meters . '' The first three Israeli tanks to enter Qala were stopped by a Syrian bazooka team , and a relief column of seven Syrian tanks arrived to repel the attackers . The Israelis took heavy fire from the houses , but could not turn back , as other forces were advancing behind them , and they were on a narrow path with mines on either side . The Israelis continued pressing forward , and called for air support . A pair of Israeli jets destroyed two of the Syrian tanks , and the remainder withdrew . The surviving defenders of Qala retreated after their commander was killed . Meanwhile , Za'ura fell in an Israeli assault , and the Israelis also captured the ' Ein Fit fortress . In the central sector , the Israeli 181st Battalion captured the strongholds of Dardara and Tel Hillal after fierce fighting . Desperate fighting also broke out along the operation 's northern axis , where Golani Brigade attacked thirteen Syrian positions , including the formidable Tel Fakhr position . Navigational errors placed the Israelis directly under the Syrians ' guns . In the fighting that followed , both sides took heavy casualties , with the Israelis losing all nineteen of their tanks and half - tracks . The Israeli battalion commander then ordered his twenty - five remaining men to dismount , divide into two groups , and charge the northern and southern flanks of Tel Fakhr . The first Israelis to reach the perimeter of the southern approach laid bodily down on the barbed wire , allowing their comrades to vault over them . From there , they assaulted the fortified Syrian positions . The fighting was waged at extremely close quarters , often hand - to - hand . On the northern flank , the Israelis broke through within minutes and cleared out the trenches and bunkers . During the seven - hour battle , the Israelis lost 31 dead and 82 wounded , while the Syrians lost 62 dead and 20 captured . Among the dead was the Israeli battalion commander . The Golani Brigade 's 51st Battalion took Tel ' Azzaziat , and Darbashiya also fell to Israeli forces . Play media Universal Newsreel from 9 June about the war and UN reactions . By the evening of 9 June , the four Israeli brigades had all broken through to the plateau , where they could be reinforced and replaced . Thousands of reinforcements began reaching the front , those tanks and half - tracks that had survived the previous day 's fighting were refueled and replenished with ammunition , and the wounded were evacuated . By dawn , the Israelis had eight brigades in the sector . Syria 's first line of defense had been shattered , but the defenses beyond that remained largely intact . Mount Hermon and the Banias in the north , and the entire sector between Tawfiq and Customs House Road in the south remained in Syrian hands . In a meeting early on the night of 9 June , Syrian leaders decided to reinforce those positions as quickly as possible , and to maintain a steady barrage on Israeli civilian settlements . Israeli attack : the next Day Throughout the night , the Israelis continued their advance . Though it was slowed by fierce resistance , an anticipated Syrian counterattack never materialized . At the fortified village of Jalabina , a garrison of Syrian reservists , leveling their anti-aircraft guns , held off the Israeli 65th Paratroop Battalion for four hours before a small detachment managed to penetrate the village and knock out the heavy guns . Meanwhile , the 8th Brigade 's tanks moved south from Qala , advancing six miles to Wasit under heavy artillery and tank bombardment . At the Banias in the north , Syrian mortar batteries opened fire on advancing Israeli forces only after Golani Brigade sappers cleared a path through a minefield , killing sixteen Israeli soldiers and wounding four . On the next day , 10 June , the central and northern groups joined in a pincer movement on the plateau , but that fell mainly on empty territory as the Syrian forces retreated . At 8 : 30 am , the Syrians began blowing up their own bunkers , burning documents and retreating . Several units joined by Elad Peled 's troops climbed to the Golan from the south , only to find the positions mostly empty . When the 8th Brigade reached Mansura , five miles from Wasit , the Israelis met no opposition and found abandoned equipment , including tanks , in perfect working condition . In the fortified Banias village , Golani Brigade troops found only several Syrian soldiers chained to their positions . During the day , the Israeli units stopped after obtaining manoeuvre room between their positions and a line of volcanic hills to the west . In some locations , Israeli troops advanced after an agreed - upon cease - fire to occupy strategically strong positions . To the east , the ground terrain is an open gently sloping plain . This position later became the cease - fire line known as the `` Purple Line '' . Time magazine reported : `` In an effort to pressure the United Nations into enforcing a ceasefire , Damascus Radio undercut its own army by broadcasting the fall of the city of Quneitra three hours before it actually capitulated . That premature report of the surrender of their headquarters destroyed the morale of the Syrian troops left in the Golan area . '' Conclusion Main article : Israeli Military Governorate Play media Universal Newsreel from 13 June about the war By 10 June , Israel had completed its final offensive in the Golan Heights , and a ceasefire was signed the day after . Israel had seized the Gaza Strip , the Sinai Peninsula , the West Bank of the Jordan River ( including East Jerusalem ) , and the Golan Heights . About one million Arabs were placed under Israel 's direct control in the newly captured territories . Israel 's strategic depth grew to at least 300 kilometers in the south , 60 kilometers in the east , and 20 kilometers of extremely rugged terrain in the north , a security asset that would prove useful in the Yom Kippur War six years later . Speaking three weeks after the war ended , as he accepted an honorary degree from Hebrew University , Yitzhak Rabin gave his reasoning behind the success of Israel : Our airmen , who struck the enemies ' planes so accurately that no one in the world understands how it was done and people seek technological explanations or secret weapons ; our armoured troops who beat the enemy even when their equipment was inferior to his ; our soldiers in all other branches ... who overcame our enemies everywhere , despite the latter 's superior numbers and fortifications -- all these revealed not only coolness and courage in the battle but ... an understanding that only their personal stand against the greatest dangers would achieve victory for their country and for their families , and that if victory was not theirs the alternative was annihilation . In recognition of contributions , Rabin was given the honour of naming the war for the Israelis . From the suggestions proposed , including the `` War of Daring '' , `` War of Salvation '' , and `` War of the Sons of Light '' , he `` chose the least ostentatious , the Six - Day War , evoking the days of creation '' . Dayan 's final report on the war to the Israeli general staff listed several shortcomings in Israel 's actions , including misinterpretation of Nasser 's intentions , overdependence on the United States , and reluctance to act when Egypt closed the Straits . He also credited several factors for Israel 's success : Egypt did not appreciate the advantage of striking first and their adversaries did not accurately gauge Israel 's strength and its willingness to use it . In Egypt , according to Heikal , Nasser had admitted his responsibility for the military defeat in June 1967 . According to historian Abd al - Azim Ramadan , Nasser 's mistaken decisions to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 led to a state of war with Israel , despite Egypt 's lack of military preparedness . After the 1973 Yom Kippur War , Egypt reviewed the causes of its loss of the 1967 war . Issues that were identified included `` the individualistic bureaucratic leadership '' ; `` promotions on the basis of loyalty , not expertise , and the army 's fear of telling Nasser the truth '' ; lack of intelligence ; and better Israeli weapons , command , organization , and will to fight . Casualties See also : Israeli casualties of war Between 776 and 983 Israelis were killed and 4,517 were wounded . Fifteen Israeli soldiers were captured . Arab casualties were far greater . Between 9,800 and 15,000 Egyptian soldiers were listed as killed or missing in action . An additional 4,338 Egyptian soldiers were captured . Jordanian losses are estimated to be 700 killed in action with another 2,500 wounded . The Syrians were estimated to have sustained between 1,000 and 2,500 killed in action . Between 367 and 591 Syrians were captured . Controversies Main article : Controversies relating to the Six - Day War Preemptive strike v. unjustified attack Further information : Preemptive war At the commencement of hostilities , both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . The Israeli government later abandoned its initial position , acknowledging Israel had struck first , claiming that it was a preemptive strike in the face of a planned invasion by Egypt . On the other hand , the Arab view was that it was unjustified to attack Egypt . Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . Allegations of atrocities committed against Egyptian soldiers It has been alleged that Nasser did not want Egypt to learn of the true extent of his defeat and so ordered the killing of Egyptian army stragglers making their way back to the Suez canal zone . There have also been allegations from both Israeli and Egyptian sources that Israeli troops killed unarmed Egyptian prisoners . Allegations of military support from the U.S. , UK and Soviet Union There have been a number of allegations of direct military support of Israel during the war by the US and the UK , including the supply of equipment ( despite an embargo ) and the participation of US forces in the conflict . Many of these allegations and conspiracy theories have been disputed and it has been claimed that some were given currency in the Arab world to explain the Arab defeat . It has also been claimed that the Soviet Union , in support of its Arab allies , used its naval strength in the Mediterranean to act as a major restraint on the US Navy . America features prominently in Arab conspiracy theories purporting to explain the June 1967 defeat . Mohamed Hassanein Heikal , a confidant of Nasser , claims that President Lyndon B. Johnson was obsessed with Nasser and that Johnson conspired with Israel to bring him down . The reported Israeli troop movements seemed all the more threatening because they were perceived in the context of a US conspiracy against Egypt . Salah Bassiouny of the Foreign ministry , claims that Foreign Ministry saw the reported Israeli troop movements as credible because Israel had reached the level at which it could find strategic alliance with the United States . During the war , Cairo announced that American and British planes were participating in the Israeli attack . Nasser broke off diplomatic relations following this allegation . Nasser 's image of the United States was such that he might well have believed the worst . However Anwar Sadat implied that Nasser used this deliberate conspiracy in order to accuse the United States as a political cover - up for domestic consumption . Lutfi Abd al - Qadir , the director of Radio Cairo during the late 1960s , who accompanied Nasser to his visits in Moscow , had his conspiracy theory that both the Soviets and the Western powers wanted to topple Nasser or to reduce his influence . USS Liberty incident Main article : USS Liberty incident On 8 June 1967 , USS Liberty , a United States Navy electronic intelligence vessel sailing 13 nautical miles ( 24 km ) off Arish ( just outside Egypt 's territorial waters ) , was attacked by Israeli jets and torpedo boats , nearly sinking the ship , killing 34 sailors and wounding 171 . Israel said the attack was a case of mistaken identity , and that the ship had been misidentified as the Egyptian vessel El Quseir . Israel apologized for the mistake , and paid compensation to the victims or their families , and to the United States for damage to the ship . After an investigation , the U.S. accepted the explanation that the incident was friendly fire and the issue was closed by the exchange of diplomatic notes in 1987 . Others however , including the then United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk , Chief of Naval Operations at the time , Admiral Thomas Moorer , some survivors of the attack and intelligence officials familiar with transcripts of intercepted signals on the day , have rejected these conclusions as unsatisfactory and maintain that the attack was made in the knowledge that the ship was American . Aftermath The political importance of the 1967 War was immense ; Israel demonstrated that it was able and willing to initiate strategic strikes that could change the regional balance . Egypt and Syria learned tactical lessons and would launch an attack in 1973 in an attempt to reclaim their lost territory . After following other Arab nations in declaring war , Mauritania remained in a declared state of war with Israel until about 1999 . The United States imposed an embargo on new arms agreements to all Middle East countries , including Israel . The embargo remained in force until the end of the year , despite urgent Israeli requests to lift it . Israel and Zionism Following the war , Israel experienced a wave of national euphoria , and the press praised the military 's performance for weeks afterward . New `` victory coins '' were minted to celebrate . In addition , the world 's interest in Israel grew , and the country 's economy , which had been in crisis before the war , flourished due to an influx of tourists and donations , as well as the extraction of oil from the Sinai 's wells . The aftermath of the war also saw a baby boom , which lasted for four years . The aftermath of the war is also of religious significance . Under Jordanian rule , Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and were effectively barred from visiting the Western Wall , despite Article VIII of the 1949 Armistice Agreement demanded Israeli Jewish access to the Western Wall . Jewish holy sites were not maintained , and Jewish cemeteries had been desecrated . After the annexation to Israel , each religious group was granted administration over its holy sites . For the first time since 1948 , Jews could visit the Old City of Jerusalem and pray at the Western Wall , the holiest site where Jews are permitted to pray , an event celebrated every year during Yom Yerushalayim . Despite the Temple Mount being the most important holy site in Jewish tradition , the al - Aqsa Mosque has been under sole administration of the Jordanian Muslim Waqf , and Jews are barred from praying on the Temple Mount , although they are allowed to visit it . In Hebron , Jews gained access to the Cave of the Patriarchs -- the second most holy site in Judaism , after the Temple Mount -- for the first time since the 14th century ( previously Jews were allowed to pray only at the entrance ) . Other Jewish holy sites , such as Rachel 's Tomb in Bethlehem and Joseph 's Tomb in Nablus , also became accessible . The war inspired the Jewish diaspora , which was swept up in overwhelming support for Israel . According to Michael Oren , the war enabled American Jews to `` walk with their backs straight and flex their political muscle as never before . American Jewish organizations which had previously kept Israel at arms length suddenly proclaimed their Zionism . '' Thousands of Jewish immigrants arrived from Western countries such as the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , France , and South Africa after the war . Many of them returned to their countries of origin after a few years ; one survey found that 58 % of American Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 returned to the US . Nevertheless , this immigration to Israel of Jews from Western countries , which was previously only a trickle , was a significant force for the first time . Most notably , the war stirred Zionist passions among Jews in the Soviet Union , who had by that time been forcibly assimilated . Many Soviet Jews subsequently applied for exit visas and began protesting for their right to immigrate to Israel . Following diplomatic pressure from the West , the Soviet government began granting exit visas to Jews in growing numbers . From 1970 to 1988 , some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas , of whom 165,000 immigrated to Israel and 126,000 immigrated to the United States . The great rise in Jewish pride in the wake of Israel 's victory also fueled the beginnings of the baal teshuva movement . The war gave impetus to a Chabad campaign in which the Lubavitcher Rebbe directed his followers to put tefillin on Jewish men around world . Jews in Arab countries Main article : Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries In the Arab nations , populations of minority Jews faced persecution and expulsion following the Israeli victory . According to historian and ambassador Michael B. Oren : Mobs attacked Jewish neighborhoods in Egypt , Yemen , Lebanon , Tunisia , and Morocco , burning synagogues and assaulting residents . A pogrom in Tripoli , Libya , left 18 Jews dead and 25 injured ; the survivors were herded into detention centers . Of Egypt 's 4,000 Jews , 800 were arrested , including the chief rabbis of both Cairo and Alexandria , and their property sequestered by the government . The ancient communities of Damascus and Baghdad were placed under house arrest , their leaders imprisoned and fined . A total of 7,000 Jews were expelled , many with merely a satchel . Antisemitism against Jews in communist countries Following the war , a series of antisemitic purges began in Communist countries . Some 11,200 Jews from Poland immigrated to Israel during the 1968 Polish political crisis and the following year . Peace and Diplomacy Following the war , Israel made an offer for peace that included the return of most of the recently captured territories . According to Chaim Herzog : On June 19 , 1967 , the National Unity Government ( of Israel ) voted unanimously to return the Sinai to Egypt and the Golan Heights to Syria in return for peace agreements . The Golans would have to be demilitarized and special arrangement would be negotiated for the Straits of Tiran . The government also resolved to open negotiations with King Hussein of Jordan regarding the Eastern border . The 19 June Israeli cabinet decision did not include the Gaza Strip , and left open the possibility of Israel permanently acquiring parts of the West Bank . On 25 -- 27 June , Israel incorporated East Jerusalem together with areas of the West Bank to the north and south into Jerusalem 's new municipal boundaries . The Israeli decision was to be conveyed to the Arab nations by the United States . The U.S. was informed of the decision , but not that it was to transmit it . There is no evidence of receipt from Egypt or Syria , and some historians claim that they may never have received the offer . In September , the Khartoum Arab Summit resolved that there would be `` no peace , no recognition and no negotiation with Israel '' . However , as Avraham Sela notes , the Khartoum conference effectively marked a shift in the perception of the conflict by the Arab states away from one centered on the question of Israel 's legitimacy , toward one focusing on territories and boundaries . This was shown on 22 November when Egypt and Jordan accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 . Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel . In dozens of speeches and statements , Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender . After the war , the entire Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe ( with the exception of Romania ) broke off diplomatic relations with Israel . The 1967 War laid the foundation for future discord in the region , as the Arab states resented Israel 's victory and did not want to give up territory . On 22 November 1967 , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 242 , the `` land for peace '' formula , which called for Israeli withdrawal `` from territories occupied '' in 1967 and `` the termination of all claims or states of belligerency '' . Resolution 242 recognized the right of `` every state in the area to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force . '' Israel returned the Sinai to Egypt in 1978 , after the Camp David Accords , and disengaged from the Gaza Strip in the summer of 2005 . Its army frequently re-enters Gaza for military operations and still retains control of the seaports , airports and most of the border crossings . Captured territories and Arab displaced populations Main article : 1967 Palestinian exodus There was extensive displacement of populations in the captured territories : of about one million Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza , 300,000 ( according to the United States Department of State ) either fled , or were displaced from their homes , to Jordan , where they contributed to the growing unrest . The other 700,000 remained . In the Golan Heights , an estimated 80,000 Syrians fled . Israel allowed only the inhabitants of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights to receive full Israeli citizenship , applying its law , administration and jurisdiction to these territories in 1967 and 1981 , respectively . The vast majority of the populations in both territories declined to take citizenship . See also Israeli -- Palestinian conflict and Golan Heights . In his book Righteous Victims ( 1999 ) , Israeli `` New Historian '' Benny Morris writes : In three villages southwest of Jerusalem and at Qalqilya , houses were destroyed `` not in battle , but as punishment ... and in order to chase away the inhabitants ... contrary to government ... policy , '' Dayan wrote in his memoirs . In Qalqilya , about a third of the homes were razed and about 12,000 inhabitants were evicted , though many then camped out in the environs . The evictees in both areas were allowed to stay and later were given cement and tools by the Israeli authorities to rebuild at least some of their dwellings . But many thousands of other Palestinians now took to the roads . Perhaps as many as seventy thousand , mostly from the Jericho area , fled during the fighting ; tens of thousands more left over the following months . Altogether , about one - quarter of the population of the West Bank , about 200 -- 250,000 people , went into exile ... They simply walked to the Jordan River crossings and made their way on foot to the East Bank . It is unclear how many were intimidated or forced out by the Israeli troops and how many left voluntarily , in panic and fear . There is some evidence of IDF soldiers going around with loudspeakers ordering West Bankers to leave their homes and cross the Jordan . Some left because they had relatives or sources of livelihood on the East Bank and feared being permanently cut off . Thousands of Arabs were taken by bus from East Jerusalem to the Allenby Bridge , though there is no evidence of coercion . The free Israeli - organized transportation , which began on June 11 , 1967 , went on for about a month . At the bridge they had to sign a document stating that they were leaving of their own free will . Perhaps as many as 70,000 people emigrated from the Gaza Strip to Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world . On July 2 , the Israeli government announced that it would allow the return of those 1967 refugees who desired to do so , but no later than August 10 , later extended to September 13 . The Jordanian authorities probably pressured many of the refugees , who constituted an enormous burden , to sign up to return . In practice only 14,000 of the 120,000 who applied were allowed by Israel back into the West Bank by the beginning of September . After that , only a trickle of `` special cases '' were allowed back , perhaps 3,000 in all . ( 328 -- 29 ) In addition , between 80,000 and 110,000 Syrians fled the Golan Heights , of which about 20,000 were from the city of Quneitra . According to more recent research by the Israeli daily Haaretz , a total of 130,000 Syrian inhabitants fled or were expelled from the territory , most of them pushed out by the Israeli army . Long term Israel made peace with Egypt following the Camp David Accords of 1978 and completed a staged withdrawal from the Sinai in 1982 . However , the position of the other occupied territories has been a long - standing and bitter cause of conflict for decades between Israel and the Palestinians , and the Arab world in general . Jordan and Egypt eventually withdrew their claims to sovereignty over the West Bank and Gaza , respectively . Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty in 1994 . After the Israeli conquest of these newly acquired territories , the Gush Emunim movement launched a large settlement effort in these areas to secure a permanent foothold . There are now hundreds of thousands of Israeli settlers in the West Bank . They are a matter of controversy within Israel , both among the general population and within different political administrations , supporting them to varying degrees . Palestinians consider them a provocation . The Israeli settlements in Gaza were evacuated in August 2005 as a part of Israel 's disengagement from Gaza . See also Abba Eban , Israeli Foreign Minister Hafez al - Assad , Syrian Defense Minister Catch 67 , a 2017 Israeli philosophy book on the West Bank occupation that launched a public dialogue on the war 's 50th anniversary Israeli MIAs Leonid Brezhnev , Soviet leader List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Robert McNamara , U.S. Defense Secretary Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab -- Israeli conflict U Thant , Secretary General of the United Nations Notes 1 . Photograph : It was twenty minutes after the capture of the Western Wall that David Rubinger shot his `` signature '' photograph of three Israeli paratroopers gazing in wonder up at the wall ( Kaniuk , Yoram . `` June 10 , 1967 -- Israeli paratroopers reach the Western Wall '' . The Digital Journalist . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . ) . As part of the terms for his access to the front lines , Rubinger handed the negatives to the Israeli government , who then distributed this image widely . Although he was displeased with the violation of his copyright , the widespread use of his photo made it famous ( Silver , Eric ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` David Rubinger in the picture '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ) , and it is now considered a defining image of the conflict and one of the best - known in the history of Israel ( Urquhart , Conal ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Six days in June '' . The Observer . Retrieved 2 December 2008. ) 3 . Both Egypt and Israel announced that they had been attacked by the other country . Gideon Rafael ( Israeli Ambassador to the UN ) received a message from the Israeli foreign office : `` Inform immediately the President of the Sec. Co. that Israel is now engaged in repelling Egyptian land and air forces . '' At 3 : 10 am , Rafael woke ambassador Hans Tabor , the Danish President of the Security Council for June , with the news that Egyptian forces had `` moved against Israel '' . Bailey 1990 , p. 225 . ( At Security Council meeting of 5 June ) , both Israel and Egypt claimed to be repelling an invasion by the other . Bailey 1990 , p. 225 . `` Egyptian sources claimed that Israel had initiated hostilities ( ... ) but Israeli officials -- Eban and Evron -- swore that Egypt had fired first '' Oren 2002 , p. 196 . `` Gideon Rafael phoned Danish ambassador Hans Tabor , Security Council president for the month of June , and informed him that Israel was responding to a ' cowardly and treacherous ' attack from Egypt ... '' Oren , p. 198 . 4 . Lenczowski 1990 , pp. 105 -- 15 , Citing Moshe Dayan , Story of My Life , and Nadav Safran , From War to War : The Arab -- Israeli Confrontation , 1948 -- 1967 , p. 375 Israel clearly did not want the US government to know too much about its dispositions for attacking Syria , initially planned for June 8 , but postponed for 24 hours . It should be pointed out that the attack on the Liberty occurred on June 8 , whereas on June 9 at 3 am , Syria announced its acceptance of the cease - fire . Despite this , at 7 am , that is , four hours later , Israel 's minister of defense , Moshe Dayan , `` gave the order to go into action against Syria . '' Footnotes Jump up ^ Krauthammer 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` Pakistani Pilots in Arab Israel War '' . Opinion Maker . August 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 2004 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin 2006 , p. 336 . ^ Jump up to : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gawrych 2000 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven ( 1981 ) . Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948 -- 78 ( Vanguard ) . Osprey Publishing . ^ Jump up to : El Gamasy 1993 p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog 1982 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 2004 ^ Jump up to : The Six Day War 1967 : Jordan and Syria . Simon Dunstan . Bloomsbury Publishing . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Warfare since the Second World War , By Klaus Jürgen Gantzel , Torsten Schwinghammer , p. 253 Jump up ^ Wars in the Third World since 1945 , ( NY 1991 ) Guy Arnold ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars . The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts . ABC - CLIO . p. 1198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 947 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woolf , Alex ( 2012 ) . Arab -- Israeli War Since 1948 . Heinemann - Raintree . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4329 - 6004 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar , Howard M. ( 2013 ) . A History of Israel : From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 5049 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 185 -- 87 Jump up ^ Gerhard , William D. ; Millington , Henry W. ( 1981 ) . `` Attack on a SIGINT Collector , the USS Liberty '' ( PDF ) . NSA History Report , U.S. Cryptologic History series . National Security Agency . partially declassified 1999 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Both USA and Israel officially attributed the USS Liberty incident as being due to mistaken identification . ^ Jump up to : Ginor , Isabella and Remez , Gideon : The Soviet - Israeli War , 1967 - 1973 : The USSR 's Military Intervention in the Egyptian - Israeli Conflict , p. 23 Jump up ^ Major General Indar Jit Rikhye ( 28 October 2013 ) . The Sinai Blunder : Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading ... Taylor & Francis . pp. 8 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 27985 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ami Gluska ( 12 February 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963 -- 67 . Routledge . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16377 - 9 . On the evening of 22 May , President Gamal Abdul Nasser , accompanied by ... Egyptian air force base at Bir Gafgafa in Sinai and addressed the pilots and officers ... ' The Jews are threatening war -- we say to them ahlan wa - sahlan ( welcome ) ! Jump up ^ `` First United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF I ) -- Background ( Full text ) '' . Rauschning , Wiesbrock & Lailach 1997 , p. 30 ; Sachar 2007 , pp. 504 , 507 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Some sources date the agreement to 4 November , others to 7 November . Most sources simply say `` November '' . Gawrych ( 2000 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ Schiff , Zeev , History of the Israeli Army , Straight Arrow Books ( 1974 ) p. 145 Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill , The Six Day War , Houghton Mifflin Company ( 1967 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth , Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness 1948 -- 1991 , University of Nebraska Press ( 2002 ) , p. 290 Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , pp. 149 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Hart , 1989 p. 226 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 / 2003 , p. 312 ; Burrowes & Douglas 1972 , pp. 224 -- 25 Jump up ^ Shemesh , Moshe ( 2007 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War : The Crystallization of Arab Strategy and Nasir 's Descent to War , 1957 -- 1967 . Sussex Academic Press . p. 118 . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . The Jordanian leadership 's appraisal of the repercussions of the Samu ' raid was a major factor in King Husayn 's decision to join Nasir 's war chariot by signing a joint defense pact with Egypt on May 30 , 1967 . This was the determining factor for Jordan 's participation in the war that would soon break out ... Convinced after the Samu ' raid that Israel 's strategic goal was the West Bank , Husayn allied himself to Nasir out of a genuine fear that , in a comprehensive war , Israel would invade the West Bank whether or not Jordan was an active participant . Jump up ^ Tessler , Mark ( 1994 ) . A History of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict . John Wiley & Sons . p. 378 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20873 - 4 . Towards the War of June 1967 : Growing tensions in the region were clearly visible long before Israel 's November attack on Samu and two other West Bank towns . An escalating spiral of raid and retaliation had already been set in motion ... Jump up ^ Herzog 1982 , p. 148 Jump up ^ John Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War , Cambridge University Press , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ( 2007 ) p. 238 Jump up ^ Samir A. Mutawi ( 18 July 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52858 - 0 . Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians , his response to this development was a model of moderation . His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping . The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were , indeed , closed to all Israeli ships Jump up ^ Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits . '' `` Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , 1 March 1957 '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- The State of Israel . Jump up ^ Morris , Benny ( 1999 ) . Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist -- Arab Conflict , 1881 -- 1998 . Random House . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42120 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 . Jump up ^ Colonomos , Ariel ( 2013 ) . The Gamble of War : Is it Possible to Justify Preventive War ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 01894 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` LBJ Pledges U.S. to Peace Effort '' , Eugene Register - Guard ( 19 June 1967 ) . See also Johnson , Lyndon . `` Address at the State Department 's Foreign Policy Conference for Educators '' ( 19 June 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Churchill po. 52 and 77 Jump up ^ Reston , James ( 24 May 1967 ) . `` Washington : Nasser 's Reckless Maneuvers ; Cairo and Moscow The U.S. Commitment The Staggering Economy Moscow 's Role '' . The New York Times . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defence , p. 60 . ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Stone 2004 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 294 Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Ehteshami and Hinnebusch 1997 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mutawi 2002 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Segev 1967 , pp. 82 , 175 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , pp. 293 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` Air Warriors '' . Pakistan Air Force . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle Biography -- Saiful Azam '' . Air University . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Oren , 176 ; Benny Morris , Righteous Victims , 318 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ de Mazarrasa , Javier ( 1994 ) ( in Spanish ) . Blindados en España 2a Parte : La Dificil Postguerra 1939 -- 1960 . Valladolid , Spain : Quiron Ediciones . p. 50 . ISBN 84 - 87314 - 10 - 4 Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan ( 1999 ) . Panzerkampfwagen IV medium tank : 1936 -- 1945 . Oxford , United Kingdom : Osprey . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 843 - 3 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 99 ( author interview with Moredechai Hod , 7 May 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` The War : Day One , June 5 '' . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 114 -- 15 ( author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court martial of the heads of the air force and the air defense system after the war ) . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 p. 171 Jump up ^ Pollack 2005 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Oren , 176 , says 282 out of 420 . Morris , 318 , says 304 out of 419 . Mark Tessler , A History of the Israeli -- Palestinian Conflict ( Indiana , 1994 ) , p. 396 , says over 350 planes were destroyed . Jump up ^ Long 1984 , p. 19 , Table 1 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 178 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : `` Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pollack 2004 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 180 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 202 Jump up ^ `` Six Day War '' . Israeli - weapons . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 182 Jump up ^ Simon Dunstan , The Six Day War 1967 : Sinai , Osprey Publishing , 2012 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Leslie Stein , The Making of Modern Israel : 1948 -- 1967 , Polity Press , 2013 p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 201 ^ Jump up to : Hammel 1992 , p. 239 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 212 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 211 Jump up ^ Mubasher , Abdou ( 7 -- 13 June 2007 ) . `` The road to Naksa '' . Al - Ahram . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 248 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ `` On June 5 , Israel sent a message to Hussein urging him not to open fire . Despite shelling into West Jerusalem , Netanya , and the outskirts of Tel Aviv , Israel did nothing . '' The Six Day War and Its Enduring Legacy . Summary of remarks by Michael Oren at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy , 29 May 2002 . Jump up ^ Donald Neff ( 1984 ) . Warriors for Jerusalem : the six days that changed the Middle East . Linden Press / Simon & Schuster . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 45485 - 2 . Odd Bull : `` ( the message ) was a threat , pure and simple and it is not the normal practice of the U.N. to pass on threats from one government to another . '' However , as `` ... this message seemed so important ... we quickly sent it ... and King Hussein received the message before 10 : 30 the same morning . '' ^ Jump up to : Shlaim ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . pp. 243 -- 244 . In May -- June 1967 Eshkol 's government did everything in its power to confine the confrontation to the Egyptian front . Eshkol and his colleagues took into account the possibility of some fighting on the Syrian front . But they wanted to avoid having a clash with Jordan and the inevitable complications of having to deal with the predominantly Palestinian population of the West Bank . The fighting on the eastern front was initiated by Jordan , not by Israel . King Hussein got carried along by a powerful current of Arab nationalism . On 30 May he flew to Cairo and signed a defense pact with Nasser . On 5 June , Jordan started shelling the Israeli side in Jerusalem . This could have been interpreted either as a salvo to uphold Jordanian honour or as a declaration of war . Eshkol decided to give King Hussein the benefit of the doubt . Through General Odd Bull , the Norwegian commander of UNTSO , he sent the following message the morning of 5 June : `` We shall not initiate any action whatsoever against Jordan . However , should Jordan open hostilities , we shall react with all our might , and the king will have to bear the full responsibility of the consequences . '' King Hussein told General Bull that it was too late ; the die was cast . ^ Jump up to : Shlaim , 2001 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 187 -- 88 Jump up ^ `` United Nations June 5 , 1967 '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 26 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : Shlaim 2001 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 188 -- 89 Jump up ^ `` Pacifica Military History -- Free Samples '' . Pacificamilitary.com. 5 June 1967 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 191 -- 92 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 222 ^ Jump up to : http://www.sixdaywar.org/contest/easternfront.asp ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Oren , pp. 222 -- 23 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 224 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 219 Jump up ^ Shlaim 2001 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar 1976 . p. 642 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Damascus and Jerusalem '' . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` The War : Day Five , June 9 '' . Jump up ^ Morris , 2001 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Hammel 1992 , p. 387 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 280 Jump up ^ Oren , pp. 281 -- 82 ^ Jump up to : Oren , p. 283 Jump up ^ Oren , p. 295 Jump up ^ Video : Cease - Fire . Uneasy Truce In Mid-East , 1967 / 06 / 13 ( 1967 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1960 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Playing for the Brink '' . Jump up ^ `` A Campaign for the Books '' . Time . 1 September 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Six - Day War -- Middle East ( 1967 ) '' . Jump up ^ Sachar 1976 . p. 660 . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2002 , electronic edition , Section `` Aftershocks '' . Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 110 , 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . The most outstanding exponent of the Nasserist narrative was Muhammad Hasanayn Haykal , who also embodied the revolutionary heritage personally as Nasser 's closest aid and the editor in chief of the state - sponsored dailies Al - Akhbar and Al - Ahram ... Haykal acknowledged that Nasser had erred in various fields , noting that he had admitted , for example , his responsibility for the military defeat in the June 1967 War Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult , ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil . Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill 1967 , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Quigley , John ( 2005 ) . The Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . London : Duke University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Panorama '' . BBC News . 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt State Information Service '' . Sis.gov.eg . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ UN Security Council meeting 1347 Archived 19 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( 5 June 1967 ) Jump up ^ Kinga Tibori Szabó ( 22 August 2011 ) . Anticipatory Action in Self - Defence : Essence and Limits under International Law . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 147 , 148 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 796 - 8 . ( p. 147 ) The sequence of events that led to the Israeli pre-emptive strike did indeed create a situation where an armed attack seemed unavoidable . ( p. 148 ) Many commentators treat it ( the six day war ) as the locus classicus of anticipatory action in self defence Jump up ^ John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Terence Taylor ... wrote in 2004 ... that `` many scholars '' considered Israel to have `` conducted the ( 1967 ) action in anticipatory of self - defense Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill 1967 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Bron , Gabby ' Egyptian POWs Ordered to Dig Graves , Then Shot By Israeli Army ' Archived 19 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Yedioth Ahronoth , 17 August 1995 . Jump up ^ Bar - Zohar , Michael ' The Reactions of Journalists to the Army 's Murders of POWs ' , Maariv , 17 August 1995 . Jump up ^ Prior 1999 , pp. 209 -- 10 ; Bar - On , Morris and Golani 2002 ; Fisher , Ronal ' Mass Murder in the 1956 War ' , Ma'ariv , 8 August 1995 . Jump up ^ Laub , Karin `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 December 2003 . Retrieved 11 December 2003 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) , Associated Press , 16 August 1995 . Retrieved from the Wayback Machine . 14 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Reportedly Killed POWs '' , 17 August 1995 Jump up ^ Segev , T. , 2007 , p. 374 Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef ( 21 September 1995 ) . `` Egypt Says Israelis Killed P.O.W. 's in ' 67 War '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mansour 1994 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Green 1984 Jump up ^ Smith , 15 September 1967 Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Phythian 2001 , pp. 193 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) pp. 8 , 53 , 60 , 75 , 193 , 199 , 297 Jump up ^ Podeh , Middle East Quarterly , Winter 2004 , pp. 51 - 62 Jump up ^ Hattendorf 2000 Jump up ^ `` McNamara : US Near War in ' 67 '' . The Boston Globe . 16 September 1983 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 60 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 75 Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 199 Jump up ^ John Crewdson ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` New revelations in attack on American spy ship '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Tim Fischer , ' Six days of war , 40 years of secrecy , ' The Age 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ John Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War , Cambridge University Press 2013 p. 93 . Cf Dean Rusk , As I Saw it : A Secretary of State 's Memoirs , W.W. Norton , 1990 pp. 386 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Brams & Togman 1998 , p. 243 ; Youngs 2001 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Amos Oz interview with Phillip Adams , 10 September 1991 , re-broadcast on ABC Radio National 23 December 2011 Jump up ^ William B. Quandt ( 2001 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . University of California Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22374 - 5 . once hostilities were under way , the United states imposed an embargo on new arms agreements to all countries of the Middle East , including Israel . The embargo remained in force through the end of the year , despite urgent Israeli requests to lift it . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 309 Jump up ^ Reuters ( 6 March 2007 ) . `` HMO Data Show Lebanon War Triggered Baby Boom in Israel '' -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet No. 52 , Remembering the Six Day War '' . 7 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Tessler , Mark A. ( 1994 ) . A History of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 326 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35848 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aikman , David ( 1998 ) . Great Souls : Six Who Changed a Century . Lexington Books . p. 349 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0438 - 1 . Jump up ^ The `` Status Quo '' on the Temple Mount November -- December 2014 Jump up ^ Jerusalem in the unholy grip of religious fervor , Times of Israel . 6 November 2014 Jump up ^ Cave of the Patriarchs Archived 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Chabad.org Jump up ^ Tom Selwyn . Contested Mediterranean Spaces : The Case of Rachel 's Tomb , Bethlehem , Palestine . Berghahn Books . pp. 276 -- 278 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeology in Israel : Joseph 's Tomb '' . Jump up ^ Oren , p. 332 Jump up ^ The Rise -- and Rise -- of French Jewry 's Immigration to Israel Judy Maltz , 13 January 2015 . haaretz.com Jump up ^ `` The 40th anniversary of the Six - Day War / Rate of return '' . Haaretz. 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tolts , Mark . Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation Jump up ^ `` The Miracle of ' 67 : Forty Years Since the Six - Day War ( Rabbi Moshe Goldstein ) 2007 '' . www.wherewhatwhen.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Jews rediscover orthodoxy '' . The New York Times . 30 September 1984 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Aiken , Lisa ( 2009 ) . The Baal Teshuva Survival Guide . Rossi Publications . ISBN 0 - 9779629 - 3 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hundert , Gershon David ( 1991 ) . Essential Papers on Hasidism . New York University Press . p. 526 . ISBN 9780814734704 . Jump up ^ Heilman , Samuel ; Friedman , Menachem ( 2012 ) . The Rebbe : The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson . Princeton University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780691138886 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 306 -- 07 Jump up ^ Ringer , Ronald ( 2006 ) . Excel HSC Modern History . Pascal Press . p. 390 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Włodzimierz Rozenbaum , CIAO : Intermarium , National Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies , Atlanta , Ga. , 8 -- 11 October 1975 . Jump up ^ Communiqué : Investigation regarding communist state officers who publicly incited hatred towards people of different nationality . Institute of National Remembrance , Warsaw . Publication on Polish site of IPN : 25 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Herzog 1989 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Shlaim 2001 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Sela 1997 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Itamar Rabinovich ; Haim Shaked . From June to October : The Middle East Between 1967 And 1973 . Transaction Publishers . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 2418 - 7 . In dozens of speeches and statements , Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender . His efforts to forestall any movement toward direct negotiations ... Jump up ^ Webman , Esther ( 2011 ) . The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion : A Century - Old Myth . Routledge . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 59892 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` US State Department '' . Jump up ^ `` Right of return : Palestinian dream '' . UK : BBC News . 15 April 2004 ... Jump up ^ `` Distribution of the Palestinian Population And Jewish Settlers In the West Bank and Gaza Since 1967 '' . Archived from the original on 14 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golan Heights '' . Retrieved 8 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 2001 ) p. 327 Jump up ^ `` Al - Qunayṭirah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Shay Fogelman , `` The disinherited '' , Haaretz , 30 July 2010 References al - Qusi , Abdallah Ahmad Hamid. ( 1999 ) . Al - Wisam fi at - Ta'rikh . Cairo : Al - Mu'asasa al - ' Arabiya al - Haditha . No ISBN available . Aloni , Shlomo ( 2001 ) . Arab -- Israeli Air Wars 1947 -- 1982 . Osprey Aviation . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 294 - 6 Alteras , Isaac . 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States , Nations , and the Great Powers : The Sources of Regional War and Peace . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 69161 - 3 Murakami , Masahiro. ( 1995 ) . Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East : Alternative Strategies . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0858 - 3 . Mutawi , Samir A. ( 18 July 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52858 - 0 . Nordeen , Lon & Nicole , David . ( 1996 ) . Phoenix over the Nile : A history of Egyptian Air Power 1932 -- 1994 . Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 626 - 3 . `` Mediterranean Eskadra '' . ( 2000 ) . Federation of American Scientists . Oren , Michael ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515174 - 7 Oren , Michael . ( 2005 ) . The Revelations of 1967 : New Research on the Six Day War and Its Lessons for the Contemporary Middle East , Israel Studies , volume 10 , number 2 . ( Subscription required ) . Oren , Michael . ( 2006 ) . `` The Six - Day War '' , in Bar - On , Mordechai ( ed . ) , Never - Ending Conflict : Israeli Military History . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98158 - 4 . Parker , Richard B. ( 1996 ) . The Six - day War : A Retrospective . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1383 - 6 . Parker , Richard B. ( August 1997 ) . `` USAF in the Sinai in the 1967 War : Fact or Fiction '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . XXVII ( 1 ) : 67 -- 75 . doi : 10.1525 / jps. 1997.27. 1.00 p0164l . Phythian , Mark ( 2001 ) . The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5907 - 0 Podeh , Elie ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Lie That Wo n't Die : Collusion , 1967 '' . Middle East Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) . Pimlott , John . ( 1983 ) . Middle East Conflicts : From 1945 to the Present . Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 547 - X . Pollack , Kenneth ( 2004 ) . Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness , 1948 -- 1991 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8783 - 6 Pollack , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Air Power in the Six - Day War . The Journal of Strategic Studies . 28 ( 3 ) , 471 -- 503 . Prior , Michael ( 1999 ) . Zionism and the State of Israel : A Moral Inquiry . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20462 - 3 Quandt , William B. ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . Brookings Institution Press and the University of California Press ; 3 edition . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24631 - 4 Quigley , John B. ( 2005 ) . Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 Quigley , John B. ( 1990 ) . Palestine and Israel : A Challenge to Justice . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1023 - 6 Rabil , Robert G. ( 2003 ) . Embattled Neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 149 - 2 Rabin , Yitzhak ( 1996 ) . The Rabin Memoirs . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20766 - 1 . Rauschning , Dietrich ; Wiesbrock , Katja & Lailach , Martin ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) . Key Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946 -- 1996 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59704 - 8 . Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 Robarge , David S. ( 2007 ) . Getting It Right : CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War , Center for the Study of Intelligence , Vol. 49 No. 1 Rubenberg , Cheryl A. ( 1989 ) . Israel and the American National Interest . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06074 - 1 Sachar , Howard M. ( 1976 , 2007 ) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 48564 - 5 ; ISBN 0 - 375 - 71132 - 5 . Sadeh , Eligar ( 1997 ) . Militarization and State Power in the Arab -- Israeli Conflict : Case Study of Israel , 1948 -- 1982 . Universal Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9658564 - 6 - 1 Sandler , Deborah ; Aldy , Emad & Al - Khoshman Mahmoud A. ( 1993 ) . Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba . -- A regional environmental challenge . Environmental Law Institute . 0911937463 . Seale , Patrick ( 1988 ) . Asad : The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06976 - 5 Segev , Samuel ( 1967 ) . A Red Sheet : the Six Day War . Segev , Tom ( 2005 ) . Israel in 1967 . Keter . ISBN 965 - 07 - 1370 - 0 . Segev , Tom ( 2007 ) . 1967 : Israel , the War , and the Year that Transformed the Middle East Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7057 - 6 Sela , Avraham ( 1997 ) . The Decline of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3537 - 7 Shafqat , Saeed ( 2004 ) . Islamic world and South Asia : Rise of Islamism and Terror , Causes and Consequences ? . In Kaniz F. Yusuf ( Ed . ) Unipolar World & The Muslim States . Islamabad : Pakistan Forum , pp 217 -- 246 . Shemesh , Moshe ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04816 - 0 Shlaim , Avi ( 2007 ) Lion of Jordan : The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7828 - 8 Shlaim , Avi ; Louis , William Roger ( 13 February 2012 ) , The 1967 Arab -- Israeli War : Origins and Consequences , Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 Smith , Hedrick ( 15 June 1967 ) . `` As the Shock Wears Off ; Arab World , Appraising Its Defeat , Is Split as It Gropes for Strategy '' . The New York Times . p. 16 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Smith , Hedrick ( 15 September 1967 ) . `` Envoys Say Nasser Now Concedes U.S. Did n't Help Israel '' . The New York Times . pp. Page 1 , Col. 5 , Page 3 , Col. 1 . Stein , Janice Gross . ( 1991 ) . The Arab - Israeli War of 1967 : Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation , in Avoiding War : Problems of Crisis Management , Alexander L. George , ed . Boulder : Westview Press . Stephens , Robert H. ( 1971 ) . Nasser : A Political Biography . London : Allen Lane / The Penguin Press . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0181 - 0 Stone , David ( 2004 ) . Wars of the Cold War . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 85753 - 342 - 9 Tolan , Sandy ( 4 June 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Tanks : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 995 - 3 United Nations ( 967 , 5 June ) . 1347 Security Council MEETING : June 5 , 1967 . Provisional agenda ( S / PV. 1347 / Rev. 1 ) . On a subpage of the website of The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine ( UNISPAL ) . van Creveld , Martin ( 2004 ) . Defending Israel : A Controversial Plan Toward Peace . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32866 - 4 Youngs , Tim . ( 2001 ) . Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 1991 -- 2000 London : International Affairs and Defence Section , House of Commons Library . ISSN 1368 - 8456 . Finkelstein , Norman ( 2003 ) . Image and Reality of the Israel -- Palestine Conflict . Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 442 - 1 . Further reading Barzilai , Gad ( 1996 ) . Wars , Internal Conflicts , and Political Order : A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2944 - 0 Cristol , A Jay ( 2002 ) . Liberty Incident : The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 536 - 7 Finkelstein , Norman ( June 2017 ) . Analysis of the war and its aftermath , on the 50th anniversary of the June 1967 war ( 3 parts , each about 30 min ) Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Praeger / Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 Hammel , Eric ( October 2002 ) . `` Sinai air strike : June 5 , 1967 '' . Military Heritage . 4 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 73 . Hopwood , Derek ( 1991 ) . Egypt : Politics and Society . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09432 - 1 Hussein of Jordan ( 1969 ) . My `` War '' with Israel . London : Peter Owen . ISBN 0 - 7206 - 0310 - 2 Katz , Samuel M. ( 1991 ) Israel 's Air Force ; The Power Series . Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers , Osceola , WI . Makiya , Kanan ( 1998 ) . Republic of Fear : The Politics of Modern Iraq . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21439 - 0 Morris , Benny ( 1997 ) . Israel 's Border Wars , 1949 -- 1956 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829262 - 7 Pressfield , Steven ( 2014 ) . The Lion 's Gate : On the Front Lines of the Six Day War . Sentinel HC , 2014 . ISBN 1 - 59523 - 091 - 2 Rezun , Miron ( 1990 ) . `` Iran and Afghanistan . '' In A. Kapur ( Ed . ) . Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States ( pp. 9 -- 25 ) . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09289 - 7 Smith , Grant ( 2006 ) . Deadly Dogma . Institute for Research : Middle Eastern Policy . ISBN 0 - 9764437 - 4 - 0 Oren , Michael ( April 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The Photograph : A Search for June 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The three soldiers -- background to that photograph Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline Video Clip : Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War . on YouTube Video Clip : Analysis of Israel 's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian . on YouTube Video Clip : Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence . on YouTube Six - Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient All State Department documents related to the crisis Letters from David Ben - Gurion on the Six - Day War Shapell Manuscript Foundation UN Resolution 242 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The status of Jerusalem , United Nations , New York , 1997 ( Prepared for , and under the guidance of , the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People ) Status of Jerusalem : Legal Aspects . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Legal Aspects The Six Day War -- June 1967 and Its Aftermath -- Professor Gerald Adler General Uzi Narkiss -- A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on 7 June -- one day after the Six - Day War , describing the battle for Jerusalem Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces -- Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio , 7 June 1967 How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor . Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs ( MERIA ) Journal Volume 7 , Number 3 ( September 2003 ) Position of Arab forces May 1967 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Israeli wars and conflicts Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 -- 49 ) Reprisal operations ( 1951 -- 56 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Six - Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egyptian Kingdom and Republic Hamas Gaza Iraqi Kingdom and Baathist Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries France Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Soviet Union United Arab Republic Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 1979 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 2005 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 2008 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests 2017 Israel -- Syria incident 2018 Israel -- Syria clashes 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison - Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946 -- 47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin -- Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - 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-5246472113188447921	Sara Tancredi	Sara Tancredi - wikipedia Sara Tancredi Jump to : navigation , search Sara Tancredi Prison Break character First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies Information Aliases Kelli Foster ( S2E10 ) Stephanie Reed ( S4E03 ) Occupation Former prison doctor Family Frank Tancredi ( father , deceased ) Michael Scofield ( husband ) Michael ( Mike ) Scofield , ( son ) Lincoln Burrows ( brother - in - law ) L.J. Burrows ( nephew ) Jacob Anton - Ness ( ex-husband ) Spouse ( s ) Michael Scofield Dr. Sara Scofield ( nee Tancredi ) is a fictional character from the American television series , Prison Break . She is played by Sarah Wayne Callies . Her role in the first season of the series is a prison physician . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Appearances 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 3 Characteristics 4 Concept and creation 4.1 Character development 4.2 Portrayal 5 Production details 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Raised in Chicago , Sara Tancredi 's ambitions to be a doctor began when she was very young . While at Northwestern University , where she was a Phi Beta Kappa , she was introduced to the works of Mahatma Gandhi and decided to become a humanitarian , which later influenced her decision to work at Fox River State Penitentiary . Another factor which contributed to her occupational choice was her past morphine addiction , culminating in being unable to help a boy after he was run over , because she was high , which was revealed in a flashback episode of the first season , `` Brother 's Keeper '' . At 29 years old , Dr. Sara Tancredi was one of the few doctors working at Fox River . Her chosen occupation became a constant source of stress for her father . Sara is the only child of the Governor of Illinois , Frank Tancredi ( portrayed by John Heard ) . Due to her father 's hectic political career and vastly differing beliefs , she did not have a close relationship with him . In episode `` Buried '' , it was revealed that her mother has already died . Appearances ( edit ) In the first season , Sara is mostly featured in scenes with Michael Scofield , while in the second season , Sara has mainly appeared in scenes with Frank Tancredi , Paul Kellerman or by herself . She has appeared in every episode of seasons 1 , 2 and 4 except for second season episodes , `` Otis '' and `` John Doe ''. Her death was faked early in the third season , apparently beheaded by Gretchen Morgan , and her `` head '' was delivered in a box to Lincoln Burrows . In season 4 it is discovered that the head was a ploy and that Sara is alive . Season 1 ( edit ) Sara is introduced to the series when Michael Scofield first visits the infirmary in the pilot episode . In the first and second episode , their interactions are cordial but formal . However , Sara 's curiosity is awakened when he attempts to charm her , and after she checks his academic record , she is surprised that he had graduated with a master 's degree . In `` Allen '' , she notices his nervousness as she tests for his glucose count to confirm his diabetes . However , she dismisses it after his test apparently passed ( but only because Michael had taken insulin blockers to raise his blood sugar ) . Michael 's regular visits to the infirmary becomes an important plot point , as it represents a major step in his plan . Sara treats Michael after two of his toes are cut off in the episode `` Cell Test '' , and the subsequent bonding between them turns their relationship into a more personal one . Most episodes feature Sara interacting with Michael during these visits , initially careful to deflect all his attempts to charm her . However , after Michael rescues Sara from inmates ' intent to rape and kill her in `` Riots , Drills , and the Devil '' , she begins to grow more comfortable around him . This is not without duality , though , as another plot point includes Sara discovering that Michael lied about a PI assignment . However , she is strengthened in her belief that Michael is different from the other prisoners , and several episodes has her trying to obtain information about him , such as when she is required to conduct a medical check - up on Michael 's brother Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) , and questions him on Michael 's background . She also visits Michael 's former psychiatrist in `` Tweener '' . As Sara 's character searches for clues about Michael , and though she knows that something is very suspicious , she ca n't stop herself from being attracted to him . In later episodes , though , Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael . After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode `` And Then There Were 7 '' , she announces that they will now be doctor - patient only . In the following episodes , her tone with Michael is more distant , though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship . After meeting with Lincoln Burrows ' lawyers on his execution day in episode `` The Rat '' , Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln 's case after Michael pleads with her . Her father denies the appeal , but additional information emerges to postpone the execution . Sara 's character plays a critical role in the episode `` The Key '' , where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door . He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys , but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it . Instead , he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys . His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael 's wife has stolen the keys from her , and becomes very cold towards him . At the end of the episode , she has the locks to the infirmary door changed , thwarting his efforts . Michael is then forced to come clean in `` Tonight '' and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison . Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not . Eventually , Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door . Horribly distressed at what she has done , Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary . Suspected for being an accessory to the escape , police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose . The character 's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season . Season 2 ( edit ) After recovering from her drug overdose in `` Manhunt '' , Sara loses her medical license and becomes a target of The Company - the mysterious organization behind Lincoln 's murder setup . Posing as Lance , a homosexual addict at a Narcotics Anonymous meeting , Agent Kellerman ( Paul Adelstein ) attempts to befriend Sara to find out the whereabouts of Michael Scofield . Learning that six other convicts joined Michael 's escape , Sara feels betrayed by him , and the two characters initially have a strained relationship . After her father alerts her of Kellerman 's suspicious identity and her father 's subsequent death in episode `` Buried '' , Sara becomes part of the show 's conspiracy plot as she holds the key ( left by her father ) to information that may exonerate Lincoln . Following this , several attempts on Sara 's life are made by The Company , which force her to find Michael via his coded messages . She meets with Michael in the episode `` Rendezvous '' at Gila , New Mexico but their reunion is short - lived when Kellerman and Agent Mahone ( William Fichtner ) find out about their rendezvous point . At first , Sara is reluctant to leave with Michael to Panama but is captured by Kellerman shortly after . Kellerman proceeds to torture Sara in episode `` Bolshoi Booze '' , in an effort to obtain information about a USB drive he thinks her father gave her . Sara escapes from Kellerman and decides to change her appearance and throws her wallet and ID away . Two episodes later , Sara returns in `` The Message '' . She reunites with Michael in Evansville , Indiana in `` Chicago '' . Together with the brothers , Sara travels to Chicago where her father has hidden the audio file that can help prove Lincoln 's innocence . On the train to Chicago , Sara admits to Michael that she has fallen in love with him , and they kiss . Later in the episode , Michael admits he has fallen in love with her . Michael , Sara and Lincoln eventually retrieve the audio file but discover that it 's not legally valid as evidence . They decide to use it to blackmail President Reynolds for a presidential pardon instead . When this fails , Michael and Lincoln are forced to leave the country . When Sara realizes she is being tailed by the FBI , she surrenders herself in order to let the brothers escape . Sara is then faced with a 12 - year prison sentence but as she is about to plead guilty , Kellerman comes forward to testify on her behalf . His testimony exonerates Sara and Lincoln in `` Sona '' , and Sara reunites with the brothers in Panama and tells them of the news . However , when Agent Kim suddenly appears and tries to kill Lincoln and capture Michael , Sara shoots Kim in the chest . With nowhere to run , Michael and Sara surrender themselves to the Panamanian police but to Sara 's surprise , Michael confesses to Kim 's killing instead of her . She is last seen in a crowd by Lincoln . Season 3 ( edit ) In this season , standbys are used to portray the character , including Katie A. Keane in the photographs for the episode `` Call Waiting '' . She is revealed to have been kidnapped by The Company , and is said in `` Good Fences '' to have been murdered in response to a failed rescue attempt . She was decapitated and her head was sent to Lincoln Burrows in a box . Michael swears to avenge her death . Season 4 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Sara 's death is retconned and she returns as a main cast member for all 24 episodes . After Gretchen reveals to Michael in the season premiere that Sara 's death was faked , Michael contacts Bruce Bennett , the former aide of Governor Tancredi ( Sara 's father ) and asks him for help tracking down Sara . The two are reunited later in the episode . Much of Sara 's plotline in the fourth season focuses on the character processing what happened to her in Panama and making a new life with Michael . After they are tracked down by the Company hitman Wyatt , Sara escapes with Michael and Lincoln and accompanies them as they strike a deal with , they must get their hands on Scylla , The Company 's little black book . Sara joins the rest of team as they work to copy the cards , such as in `` Breaking and Entering '' where she slips , most notably in `` Eagles and Angels '' where Sara is informed that Bruce Bennett was found dead and goes out to a bar . She manages not to drink , and instead tells the bartender stories from her childhood and the importance Bruce had for her . In the next episode , she realizes that Wyatt is following her back from the bar and manages to lose him . In `` Five the Hard Way '' Sara 's character takes part in holding the general 's daughter , Lisa , hostage . The team is then betrayed by Self , who takes Scylla for himself to sell it to a buyer . Other homeland security agents chase after them to arrest them for the murder of Trishanne and Self ( Self murdered Trishanne , faked his own death and framed the Scylla team for all of it ) . Michael offers Sara and Sucre to take a bus back to Chicago , although they decided to stay and help . In the next episode , Sara finds it increasingly difficult to watch as Michael neglects his health to continue chasing after Scylla . Sara urges him to get medical attention , but he resists despite her insistence , and refuses to have the necessary operation until Scylla has been acquired . She is forced to provide temporary relief from his condition through a series of injections . However she warns him that he is developing a tolerance , and that they are no substitute for proper medical attention . Nevertheless , Sara helps the team to track down Gretchen and Self . Despite their best efforts , they are unsuccessful and lose both the missing piece of Scylla , and Michael , who is captured by The Company at the end of `` Just Business '' . In the last third of the season , Sara becomes Michael 's only remaining ally , as Lincoln makes a deal with The Company to get Scylla back in exchange for Michael 's surgery . Michael refuses to accept this deal , and escapes from The Company 's clutches after the surgery with Sara 's help . The plot of the next few episodes see Michael and Lincoln 's teams working against each other to acquire Scylla . Sara 's character gives critical help to Michael , such as distracting a guard at the airport where they capture Vincent Sandinsky , a scientist that appears to have ties to The Company . Sara also attempts to comfort Michael after he learns that his mother , Christina Rose Scofield , is still alive and a Company operative and the buyer of Scylla . In the same episode it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Michael 's child . In `` Cowboys and Indians '' , Michael and Lincoln put their differences aside and work together to steal Scylla from Christina . Meanwhile , Sara is kidnapped by The Company to hold Michael at ransom . In this and the next episode `` Rate of Exchange '' , Sara shares screen - time with T - Bag for the first time . She is almost raped by him , but is rescued by Michael at the last minute . In the series finale , they hand Scylla over to the UN and are all exonerated . Their happiness is short - lived when it is revealed that Michael 's tumor is back . In the epilogue of the series set four years later , Sara is shown living in Panama with her son , Michael Scofield Jr. ( presumably she is forced to relocate there after her escape from prison as documented in the Final Break ) . She then appears at Michael 's grave with her son at the reunion of many of the series ' principal characters - Lincoln , Mahone and Sucre . She lays flowers on Michael 's grave and the series ends with all the characters walking towards the seaside in the sun . Characteristics ( edit ) Sara is shown in the series as a compassionate yet introverted doctor who treated each one of them with the same cordiality and respect . Given this fact , she has little sense of humour and is incorruptible . In the episode `` The Rat '' , Sara 's father questions her motive for helping Lincoln Burrows , to which she replies , `` It 's my job to advocate for ( my patients ) . '' Sarah Wayne Callies , who portrays Sara Tancredi , remarks that the character `` feels a certain level of responsibility to these guys . Partly because who her father is ... she 's the kind of person who would rather take a stand and sleep well at night than have a peaceful family . '' In the second season , Sara becomes part of the conspiracy plot of the show after her involvement in Michael and Lincoln 's escape , and her father 's later pursuit of information concerning Lincoln 's case . She is continuously chased by covert agents after the death of her father in `` Buried '' . Sara later confides in Michael in episode `` Chicago '' that the two things keeping her going are her feelings for him and that she wants to seek justice for her father 's death . The character is described by Jay Bobbin from Zap2it.com as `` gutsy '' , while TV Guide 's Maya Schechter remarks that Sara is `` one tough cookie '' . Regarding her character 's change in the second season , Callies says , `` She 's just someone who has really rushed at life and absorbed experience with real enthusiasm . She 's getting a lot more than she bargained for right now , and I certainly do n't think she 'll be the same person after this . '' Concept and creation ( edit ) Character development ( edit ) Sara Tancredi was introduced to the series as the daughter of the Illinois governor and the prison doctor who the protagonist frequently visits to obtain his insulin shot . The background story of the character , revealed in the sixteenth episode of the first season , was not actually conceived along with the original conception of the series . Callies commented in an interview that it was the `` very first inkling '' that she had about the character 's past . Also in the same interview , the actress mentioned that during the production of the series pilot , she had suggested to Prison Break creator Paul Scheuring that `` it would be interesting to play her as a recovering alcoholic '' . The character 's continuation as a major role in the second season was a `` surprise '' to Callies since the second season revolves around the lives of the eight fugitives outside the prison . The actress states that it is `` some of the most creative storytelling for women on TV right now '' and that she was given `` lot of latitude in establishing a sense of who ( the character ) is '' . As the characterization of Sara continues to develop , Scheuring describes the character as `` one of ( the series ' ) strongest components '' . Towards the end of the production of the second season of Prison Break , Callies ' pregnancy was announced . With the pregnancy not incorporated into the show , the story was written in such a way to account for Sara 's disappearance during Callies ' maternity leave . At the time Paul Scheuring commented , `` It actually fits into what we were already planning . '' He also claimed that the original treatment would have included `` explanations for why she was n't in the first ( batch ) of episodes '' of the third season , later revealing that it would set up a planned 13 - episode story arc that would ultimately culminate with her character 's death . However , due to Callies and the show 's producers being unable to agree on a new contract , the character was suddenly `` killed off '' in the fourth episode , much earlier than planned . Her sparse appearances during the season ( including the use of stand - ins with their faces obscured ) and her gruesome , off screen death was the result of working around the inability to film additional scenes with the actress , as well as for dramatic and emotional impact . However , Sara 's fate was retconned due to `` fan backlash '' and she returned to the series with an active role in Season 4 . Portrayal ( edit ) The character Sara Tancredi was portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies who was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role . Incidentally , Callies was also the first to become a principal cast member . In season 3 , other actresses were used to portray the role , though their faces were never shown on screen . Production details ( edit ) A newspaper article about Sara Tancredi is visible and readable in the Pilot episode of the series ( as one of the many that Michael tears off the walls of his apartment ) . The article gives Sara 's middle name as `` Wayne '' ( the same as that of the actress portraying her ) . It also says that she is the `` second - eldest daughter of Frank Tancredi '' ( later retconned in the episode `` Buried '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fox Broadcasting Company , Dr. Sara Tancredi 's biography , Official site of Prison Break . Jump up ^ Dialogue spoken by Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi in `` The Rat '' , Prison Break season 1 episode 14 . Jump up ^ Ryan , M , `` In the Big House with the ' Prison Break ' cast . Chicago Tribune . August 24 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bobbin , J , `` ' Prison Break ' Breaks More Rules '' . Zap2it.com . January 22 , 2007 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schechter , M , `` November 20 , 2006 : Disconnect '' . TV Guide . November 21 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , M.W. , `` Prison Break : Is the Doctor ( Gulp ) Out ? '' , TV Guide . May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved on February 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , M. , `` Exclusive ! Prison Break Leading Lady Pregnant ! '' , TV Guide . January 23 , 2007 . Retrieved on February 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , M. , `` Prison Break Exclusive : The Real Story Behind Sara 's Death '' , TV Guide . Retrieved on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Prison Break DVD News , Season 2 Preview ! . TV Guide . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Riots , Drills and the Devil ( Part 1 ) , Prison Break Season 1 DVD commentary , Paul Scheuring and cast . External links ( edit ) Mitovich , M.W. , `` Sarah Wayne Callies : Prison Break 's Sara Is in Deep Water '' , TV Guide . November 20 , 2006 . ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' `` Ogygia '' `` Kaniel Outis '' `` The Liar '' `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sara_Tancredi&oldid=802650589 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional criminals Fictional physicians Fictional murderers Prison Break characters Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional prison escapees Fictional drug addicts Revived fictional characters Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional female doctors Prison medicine Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 15 : 31 . About Wikipedia	what episode do sara and michael make love	[]	[]
-5442597567342390886	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone caldera - wikipedia Yellowstone caldera Yellowstone Caldera The northeastern part of Yellowstone Caldera , with the Yellowstone River flowing through Hayden Valley and the caldera rim in the distance Highest point Elevation 9,203 ft ( 2,805 m ) Coordinates 44 ° 24 ′ N 110 ° 42 ′ W / 44.400 ° N 110.700 ° W / 44.400 ; - 110.700 ( Yellowstone Caldera ) Coordinates : 44 ° 24 ′ N 110 ° 42 ′ W / 44.400 ° N 110.700 ° W / 44.400 ; - 110.700 ( Yellowstone Caldera ) Geography Location Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming , United States Parent range Rocky Mountains Topo map USGS Yellowstone National Park Geology Age of rock 2,100,000 -- 70,000 years Mountain type Caldera and supervolcano Climbing Easiest route Hike / auto / bus The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States , sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano . The caldera and most of the park are located in the northwest corner of Wyoming . The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles ( 55 by 72 km ) . The caldera formed during the last of three supereruptions over the past 2.1 million years : the Huckleberry Ridge eruption 2.1 million years ago ( which created the Island Park Caldera and the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff ) ; the Mesa Falls eruption 1.3 million years ago ( which created the Henry 's Fork Caldera and the Mesa Falls Tuff ) ; and the Lava Creek eruption approximately 630,000 years ago ( which created the Yellowstone Caldera and the Lava Creek Tuff ) . Contents 1 Volcanism at Yellowstone 2 Yellowstone hotspot origin 3 Hazards 3.1 Earthquakes 3.2 Volcanoes 3.3 Hydrothermal explosions 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Volcanism at Yellowstone Yellowstone sits on top of four overlapping calderas . ( US NPS ) Volcanism at Yellowstone is relatively recent , with calderas that were created during large eruptions that took place 2.1 million , 1.3 million , and 630,000 years ago . The calderas lie over a hotspot where light and hot magma ( molten rock ) from the mantle rises toward the surface . While the Yellowstone hotspot is now under the Yellowstone Plateau , it did help to create the eastern Snake River Plain ( to the west of Yellowstone ) through a series of huge volcanic eruptions . The hotspot appears to move across terrain in the east - northeast direction , but in fact the hotspot is much deeper than terrain and remains stationary while the North American Plate moves west - southwest over it . Over the past 18 million years or so , this hotspot has generated a succession of violent eruptions and less violent floods of basaltic lava . Together these eruptions have helped create the eastern part of the Snake River Plain from a once - mountainous region . At least a dozen of these eruptions were so massive that they are classified as supereruptions . Volcanic eruptions sometimes empty their stores of magma so swiftly that the overlying land collapses into the emptied magma chamber , forming a geographic depression called a caldera . The oldest identified caldera remnant straddles the border near McDermitt , Nevada -- Oregon , although there are volcaniclastic piles and arcuate faults that define caldera complexes more than 60 km ( 37 mi ) in diameter in the Carmacks Group of southwest - central Yukon , Canada , which are interpreted to have been formed 70 million years ago by the Yellowstone hotspot . Progressively younger caldera remnants , most grouped in several overlapping volcanic fields , extend from the Nevada -- Oregon border through the eastern Snake River Plain and terminate in the Yellowstone Plateau . One such caldera , the Bruneau - Jarbidge caldera in southern Idaho , was formed between 10 and 12 million years ago , and the event dropped ash to a depth of one foot ( 30 cm ) 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away in northeastern Nebraska and killed large herds of rhinoceros , camel , and other animals at Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park . The United States Geological Survey ( `` USGS '' ) estimates there are one or two major caldera - forming eruptions and 100 or so lava extruding eruptions per million years , and `` several to many '' steam eruptions per century . The loosely defined term `` supervolcano '' has been used to describe volcanic fields that produce exceptionally large volcanic eruptions . Thus defined , the Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot ; it also produced one additional smaller eruption , thereby creating the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake 174,000 years ago . The three supereruptions occurred 2.1 million , 1.3 million , and approximately 630,000 years ago , forming the Island Park Caldera , the Henry 's Fork Caldera , and Yellowstone calderas , respectively . The Island Park Caldera supereruption ( 2.1 million years ago ) , which produced the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff , was the largest , and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption . The next biggest supereruption formed the Yellowstone Caldera ( ~ 630,000 years ago ) and produced the Lava Creek Tuff . The Henry 's Fork Caldera ( 1.2 million years ago ) produced the smaller Mesa Falls Tuff , but is the only caldera from the Snake River Plain - Yellowstone hotspot that is plainly visible today . Non-explosive eruptions of lava and less - violent explosive eruptions have occurred in and near the Yellowstone caldera since the last supereruption . The most recent lava flow occurred about 70,000 years ago , while a violent eruption excavated the West Thumb of Lake Yellowstone around 150,000 years ago . Smaller steam explosions occur as well : an explosion 13,800 years ago left a 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) diameter crater at Mary Bay on the edge of Yellowstone Lake ( located in the center of the caldera ) . Currently , volcanic activity is exhibited via numerous geothermal vents scattered throughout the region , including the famous Old Faithful Geyser , plus recorded ground - swelling indicating ongoing inflation of the underlying magma chamber . The volcanic eruptions , as well as the continuing geothermal activity , are a result of a great cove of magma located below the caldera 's surface . The magma in this cove contains gases that are kept dissolved by the immense pressure under which the magma is contained . If the pressure is released to a sufficient degree by some geological shift , then some of the gases bubble out and cause the magma to expand . This can cause a chain reaction . If the expansion results in further relief of pressure , for example , by blowing crust material off the top of the chamber , the result is a very large gas explosion . According to analysis of earthquake data in 2013 , the magma chamber is 80 km ( 50 mi ) long and 20 km ( 12 mi ) wide . It also has 4,000 km ( 960 cu mi ) underground volume , of which 6 -- 8 % is filled with molten rock . This is about 2.5 times bigger than scientists had previously imagined it to be ; however , scientists believe that the proportion of molten rock in the chamber is much too low to allow another supereruption . Yellowstone hotspot origin Main article : Yellowstone hotspot The source of the Yellowstone hotspot is controversial . Some geoscientists hypothesize that the Yellowstone hotspot is the effect of an interaction between local conditions in the lithosphere and upper mantle convection . Others suggest an origin in the deep mantle ( mantle plume ) . Part of the controversy is the relatively sudden appearance of the hotspot in the geologic record . Additionally , the Columbia Basalt flows appeared at the same approximate time in the same place , causing speculation about their common origin . As the Yellowstone hotspot traveled to the east and north , the Columbia disturbance moved northward and eventually subsided . An alternate theory to the mantle plume model was proposed in 2018 . It is suggested that the volcanism may be caused by upwellings from the lower mantle resulting from water - rich fragments of the Farallon plate descending from the Cascadia subduction region , sheared off at a subducted spreading rift . Hazards Earthquakes Number of earthquakes in Yellowstone National Park region ( 1973 -- 2014 ) Volcanic and tectonic actions in the region cause between 1,000 and 2,000 measurable earthquakes annually . Most are relatively minor , measuring a magnitude of 3 or weaker . Occasionally , numerous earthquakes are detected in a relatively short period of time , an event known as an earthquake swarm . In 1985 , more than 3,000 earthquakes were measured over a period of several months . More than 70 smaller swarms were detected between 1983 and 2008 . The USGS states these swarms are likely caused by slips on pre-existing faults rather than by movements of magma or hydrothermal fluids . In December 2008 , continuing into January 2009 , more than 500 quakes were detected under the northwest end of Yellowstone Lake over a seven - day span , with the largest registering a magnitude of 3.9 . Another swarm started in January 2010 , after the Haiti earthquake and before the Chile earthquake . With 1,620 small earthquakes between January 17 , 2010 , and February 1 , 2010 , this swarm was the second - largest ever recorded in the Yellowstone Caldera . The largest of these shocks was a magnitude 3.8 that occurred on January 21 , 2010 . This swarm reached the background levels by February 21 . On March 30 , 2014 , at 6 : 34 AM MST , a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck Yellowstone , the largest recorded there since February 1980 . In February 2018 , more than 300 earthquakes occurred , with the largest being a magnitude 2.9 . Volcanoes Diagram of the Yellowstone Caldera The last full - scale eruption of the Yellowstone Supervolcano , the Lava Creek eruption which happened approximately 640,000 years ago , ejected approximately 240 cubic miles ( 1,000 km ) of rock , dust and volcanic ash into the sky . Geologists are closely monitoring the rise and fall of the Yellowstone Plateau , which has been rising as fast as 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) per year , as an indication of changes in magma chamber pressure . The upward movement of the Yellowstone caldera floor between 2004 and 2008 -- almost 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) each year -- was more than three times greater than ever observed since such measurements began in 1923 . From 2004 to 2008 , the land surface within the caldera moved upward as much as 8 inches ( 20 cm ) at the White Lake GPS station . By the end of 2009 , the uplift had slowed significantly and appeared to have stopped . In January 2010 , the USGS stated that `` uplift of the Yellowstone Caldera has slowed significantly '' and that uplift continues but at a slower pace . The U.S. Geological Survey , University of Utah and National Park Service scientists with the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory maintain that they `` see no evidence that another such cataclysmic eruption will occur at Yellowstone in the foreseeable future . Recurrence intervals of these events are neither regular nor predictable . '' This conclusion was reiterated in December 2013 in the aftermath of the publication of a study by University of Utah scientists finding that the `` size of the magma body beneath Yellowstone is significantly larger than had been thought '' . The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory issued a statement on its website stating , Although fascinating , the new findings do not imply increased geologic hazards at Yellowstone , and certainly do not increase the chances of a ' supereruption ' in the near future . Contrary to some media reports , Yellowstone is not ' overdue ' for a supereruption . Other media reports were more hyperbolic in their coverage . A study published in GSA Today , the monthly news and science magazine of the Geological Society of America , identified three fault zones on which future eruptions are most likely to be centered . Two of those areas are associated with lava flows aged 174,000 -- 70,000 years , and the third is a focus of present - day seismicity . In 2017 , NASA conducted a study to determine the feasibility of preventing the volcano from erupting . The results suggested that cooling the magma chamber by 35 percent would be enough to forestall such an incident . NASA proposed introducing water at high pressure 10 kilometers underground . The circulating water would release heat at the surface , possibly in a way that could be used as a power source . If enacted , the plan would cost about $3.46 billion . Nevertheless , according to Brian Wilson of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , a completed project might trigger , instead of prevent , an eruption . Hydrothermal explosions Path of the Yellowstone hot spot over the past 16 million years Further information : Hydrothermal explosion Studies and analysis may indicate that the greater hazard comes from hydrothermal activity which occurs independently of volcanic activity . Over 20 large craters have been produced in the past 14,000 years , resulting in such features as Mary Bay , Turbid Lake , and Indian Pond which was created in an eruption about 1300 BC . In a 2003 report , USGS researchers proposed that an earthquake may have displaced more than 77 million cubic feet ( 2,200,000 m ) ( 576,000,000 US gallons ) of water in Yellowstone Lake , creating colossal waves that unsealed a capped geothermal system and led to the hydrothermal explosion that formed Mary Bay . Further research shows that very distant earthquakes reach and have effects upon the activities at Yellowstone , such as the 1992 7.3 magnitude Landers earthquake in California 's Mojave Desert that triggered a swarm of quakes from more than 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) away , and the 2002 7.9 magnitude Denali fault earthquake 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) away in Alaska that altered the activity of many geysers and hot springs for several months afterward . In 2016 , the United States Geological Survey announced plans to map the subterranean systems responsible for feeding the area 's hydrothermal activity . According to the researchers , these maps could help predict when another supereruption occurs . See also Iceland hotspot and Iceland plume describes aspects of volcanic processes Long Valley Caldera , Valles Caldera , La Garita Caldera : examples of other calderas close to but not related to Yellowstone . References Jump up ^ USGS . `` Yellowstone Volcano Observatory '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lowenstern , Jacob B. ; Christiansen , Robert L. ; Smith , Robert B. ; Morgan , Lisa A. ; Heasler , Henry ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` Steam Explosions , Earthquakes , and Volcanic Eruptions -- What 's in Yellowstone 's Future ? -- U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005 -- 3024 '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ as determined by geological field work conducted by Bob Christiansen of the United States Geological Survey in the 1960s and 1970s . Jump up ^ Naomi E Matthews et al. , 2015 , `` Age of the Lava Creek supereruption and magma chamber assembly at Yellowstone based on 40Ar / 39Ar and U-Pb dating of sanidine and zircon crystals '' DOI : 10.1002 / 2015GC005881 Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Caldera , Wyoming -- USGS '' . Cascade Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . January 22 , 2003 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Stephen T. ; Wynne , P. Jane ; Francis , Don ; Hart , Craig J.R. ; Enkin , Randolph J. ; Engebretson , David C. ( 1996 ) . `` Yellowstone in Yukon : The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group '' . Geology. 24 ( 11 ) : 997 , 998 . Bibcode : 1996Geo ... 24 ... 997J . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1996 ) 024 < 0997 : YIYTLC > 2.3.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone hotspot track '' . Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yellowstone Volcanic Hazards , USGS . Volcanoes.usgs.gov ( March 1 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West Thumb Lake is not to be confused with West Thumb Geyser Basin . The caldera created West Thumb Lake , and the underlying Yellowstone hotspot keeps West Thumb Geyser Basin active . See Fig. 22 Archived June 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also File : Yellowstone Caldera map2. JPG . Jump up ^ Newhall , Christopher G. ; Dzurisin , Daniel ( 1988 ) Historical Unrest at Large Calderas of the World : U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1855 Jump up ^ This qualitative statement is easily verified by reviewing the Yellowstone area in Google Earth Jump up ^ `` Origin and evolution of silicic magmatism at Yellowstone '' ( PDF ) . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ `` Secrets of supervolcanoes '' ( PDF ) . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to hydrothermal ( steam ) explosions in Yellowstone '' . Yellowstone National Park . Yellowstone Net . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Witze , Alexandra ( 2013 ) . `` Large magma reservoir gets bigger '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2013.14036 . Jump up ^ `` USGS : Volcano Hazards Program -- Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Featured Articles Archive '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foulger , Gillian ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Yellowstone '' . MantlePlumes.org . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , Robert L. ; Foulger , G.R. ; Evans , John R. ( 2002 ) . `` Upper - mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 114 ( 10 ) : 1245 -- 1256 . Bibcode : 2002GSAB ... 114.1245 C . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 1245 : UMOOTY > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ See list of off - line references in mantleplumes.org/CRB.html Jump up ^ Ivanov , Alexei V. ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Columbia River Flood Basalts : Consequence of subduction - related processes '' . MantlePlumes.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zhou , Ying ( 2018 ) , `` Anomalous mantle transition zone beneath the Yellowstone hotspot track '' , Nature , 11 : 449 -- 453 , doi : 10.1038 / s41561 - 018 - 0126 - 4 , retrieved July 31 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park Earthquake listings '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Earthquake Swarms '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` January 2010 Yellowstone Seismicity Summary '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Yellowstone Updates for 2009 '' . Jump up ^ `` UUSS Webicorder ( Seismogram ) at Lake for December 31 , 2008 '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kirk ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Hundreds of Quakes Are Rattling Yellowstone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Laura . `` Yellowstone National Park rattled by largest earthquake in 34 years '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Gedeon , Jacqueline ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` 4.8 magnitude earthquake hits Yellowstone National Park '' . KECI . Montana . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Zachos , Elaina ( 21 February 2018 ) . `` Earthquake Swarms Are Shaking Yellowstone 's Supervolcano . Here 's What That Means '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Bartels , Meghan ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Yellowstone Supervolcano Earthquake Swarm Hits 200 Shakes In Less Than Two Weeks '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Undine Falls , Lava Creek , Yellowstone National Park '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Timmer ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone recharges '' . arstechnica.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Chang , Wu - Lung ; Siegel , Lee ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone rising : Volcano inflating with molten rock at record rate '' . University of Utah Public Relations ( Press release ) . EurekAlert ! ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) . Jump up ^ Molten Rock Fills Yellowstone Volcano at Record Rate Newswise , Retrieved on September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Recent ups and downs of the Yellowstone Caldera '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Jordan , Michael ; Steinberger , Bernhard ; Puskas , Christine M. ; Farrell , Jamie ; Waite , Gregory P. ; Husen , Stephan ; Chang , Wu - Lung ; O'Connell , Richard ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume : Seismic and GPS imaging , kinematics and mantle flow '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 188 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 26 -- 56 . Bibcode : 2009JVGR ... 188 ... 26S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2009.08. 020 . Jump up ^ Alert Archive Search . volcanoes.usgs.gov Jump up ^ Current Alerts for U.S. Volcanoes . volcano.wr.usgs.gov Jump up ^ GPS Station : WLWY -- Data Products -- Time Series Plots . unavco.org Jump up ^ `` Monitoring Upgrades Result in New Insight Into Yellowstone 's Magma System '' ( Press release ) . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory ( USGS ) . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Jim ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Reactions To Yellowstone Supervolcano Study Ranged From Hysteria To Ho - Hum '' . National Parks Traveller . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Richard A. Lovett ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Yellowstone Supervolcano Discovery -- Where Will It Erupt ? '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ Nasa 's ambitious plan to save earth from a supervolcano Jump up ^ No , NASA Is n't Going to Drill to Stop Yellowstone from Erupting Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami linked to Yellowstone crater '' . USA Today . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quake in Alaska Changed Yellowstone Geysers '' . University of Utah . May 27 , 2004 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` We 're About to Find Out What 's Rumbling Below The Yellowstone Supervolcano '' . Science Alert . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Further reading Breining , Greg ( 2007 ) . Super Volcano : The Ticking Time Bomb beneath Yellowstone National Park . St. Paul , MN : Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2925 - 2 . A popularized scientific look at the Yellowstone area 's geological past and potential future Vazquez , J.A. ; Reid , M.R. ( 2002 ) . `` Time scales of magma storage and differentiation of voluminous rhyolites at Yellowstone caldera '' . Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology . Wyoming . 144 ( 3 ) : 274 -- 285 . Bibcode : 2002CoMP ... 144 ... 274V . doi : 10.1007 / s00410 - 002 - 0400 - 7 . Sutherland , Wayne ; Sutherland , Judy ( 2003 ) . Yellowstone Farewell . Spur Ridge . A novel looking at an eruption in the Yellowstone Caldera written by a practicing Wyoming geologist . Contains a wealth of technical details on the geology of western Wyoming External links The Snake River Plain and the Yellowstone Hot Spot Yellowstone Volcano Observatory FAQ relating to the supervolcano Supervolcano documentary from BBC Interactive : When Yellowstone Explodes from National Geographic Canales , Manuel ; Chung , Daisy ; Santamarina , Daniela ; Paniagua , Ronald ; Preppernau , Charles ; Canellas , Hernan ; Umentum , Andrew ; Conant , Eve ; Sickley , Theodore A. ( May 2016 ) . `` Inside Yellowstone 's Supervolcano '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust ( 46,000 km3 magma reservoir below chamber ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_Caldera&oldid=855439573 '' Categories : Yellowstone Caldera Landforms of Park County , Wyoming Landforms of Teton County , Wyoming Landforms of Yellowstone National Park Active volcanoes Supervolcanoes Extinction events Complex volcanoes Hotspot volcanoes VEI - 8 volcanoes Volcanism of Wyoming Volcanism of Idaho Volcanoes of Wyoming Volcanoes of Idaho Calderas of the United States Snake River Potentially active volcanoes Yellowstone hotspot Climate forcing agents Geological hazards Hidden categories : Articles using GVP links in vnum format Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 09 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the volcano in yellowstone national park called	[ "The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. The caldera and most of the park are located in the northwest corner of Wyoming. The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles (55 by 72 km).[4] \n" ]	[ "The Yellowstone Caldera" ]
1134785560963712081	Twelve Days of Christmas	Twelve Days of Christmas - wikipedia Twelve Days of Christmas Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the religious period . For the Christmas song , see The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) . For the album of Ross O'Carroll - Kelly , see The Twelve Days of Christmas ( album ) . Twelve days of Christmas The Adoration of the Magi . Fresco in the Lower Church of the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in Assisi , Italy Observed by Christians Type Christian Observances Varies by denomination , culture , and nation Date 25 December -- 5 January , inclusive Frequency annual Related to Christmas Day , Christmastide , Twelfth Night , Epiphany , and Epiphanytide The Twelve Days of Christmas , also known as Twelvetide , is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ . In most Western ecclesiastical traditions , `` Christmas Day '' is considered the `` First Day of Christmas '' and the Twelve Days are 25 December -- 5 January , inclusive . For many Christian denominations ; for example , the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church , the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide , but for others , e.g. , the Roman Catholic Church , `` Christmastide '' lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eastern Christianity 1.1 Eastern Orthodoxy 2 Western Christianity 2.1 Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages 2.2 England 2.3 Colonial North America 3 Modern Western customs 3.1 United Kingdom and Commonwealth 3.2 United States of America 4 References Eastern christianity ( edit ) Because the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church celebrate the Birth and Baptism of Christ on the same day , they do not have a series of twelve days between a feast of Christmas and a feast of Epiphany . The Oriental Orthodox , other than the Armenians , the Eastern Orthodox , and the Eastern Catholics who follow the same traditions do have the interval of twelve days between the two feasts . If they use the Julian Calendar , they celebrate Christmas on what is for them 25 December , but is 7 January of the Gregorian Calendar , and they celebrate Epiphany on what is for them 6 January , but is 19 January of the Gregorian Calendar . Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) For the Eastern Orthodox , both Christmas and Epiphany are among the Twelve Great Feasts that are only second to Easter in importance . The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast - free . During this period one celebration leads into another . The Nativity of Christ is a three - day celebration : the formal title of the first day ( i . e . Christmas Eve ) is `` The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord , God and Saviour Jesus Christ '' , and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus , but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi ; the second day is referred to as the `` Synaxis of the Theotokos '' , and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation ; the third day is known as the `` Third Day of the Nativity '' , and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen . 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents . The Afterfeast of the Nativity ( similar to the Western octave ) continues until 31 December ( that day is known as the Apodosis or `` leave - taking '' of the Nativity ) . Russian icon of the Theophany . The Saturday following the Nativity is commemorated by special readings from the Epistle ( 1 Tim 6 : 11 - 16 ) and Gospel ( Matt 12 : 15 - 21 ) during the Divine Liturgy . The Sunday after the Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of `` The Righteous Ones : Joseph the Betrothed , David the King and James the Brother of the Lord '' . Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January . On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great , and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil . On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany . The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting , on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night . This day is known as Paramony ( Greek Παραμονή `` Eve '' ) , and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve . That morning is the celebration of the Royal Hours and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with Vespers , at the conclusion of which is celebrated the Great Blessing of Waters , in commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River . There are certain parallels between the hymns chanted on Paramony and those of Good Friday , to show that , according to Orthodox theology , the steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross . That night the All - Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany . Western christianity ( edit ) Within the Twelve Days of Christmas , there are celebrations both secular and religious . Christmas Day , if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days , is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord . It is a public holiday in many nations , including some where the majority of the population is not Christian . On this see the articles on Christmas and Christmas traditions . 26 December is `` St. Stephen 's Day '' , a feast day in the Western Church . In Great Britain and its former colonies , it is also the secular holiday of Boxing Day . In some parts of Ireland it is denominated `` Wren Day '' . New Year 's Eve on 31 December is the feast of Pope St. Sylvester I and is known also as `` Silvester '' . The transition that evening to the new year is an occasion for secular festivities in many nations , and in several languages is known as `` St. Sylvester Night '' ( `` Notte di San Silvestro '' in Italian , `` Silvesternacht '' in German , `` Réveillon de la Saint - Sylvestre '' in French , and `` סילבסטר '' in Hebrew ) . New Year 's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before . In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church , it is the Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God , liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas . It has also been celebrated , and still is in some denominations , as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ , because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His Birth , inclusively counting the first day and last day . This day , or some day proximate to it , is also celebrated by the Pope and Roman Catholics as World Day of Peace . In many nations , e.g. , the United States , the Solemnity of Epiphany is transferred to the first Sunday after 1 January , which can occur as early as 2 January . That solemnity , then , together with customary observances associated with it , usually occur within the Twelve Days of Christmas , even if these are considered to end on 5 January rather than 6 January . Other Roman Catholic liturgical feasts on the General Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen , Proto - Martyr on 26 December ; Feast of St. John , Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December ; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December ; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket , Bishop and Martyr on 29 December ; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus , Mary , and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or , if there is no such Sunday , on 30 December . Outside the Octave , but within the Twelve Days of Christmas , there are the feast of Sts . Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus on 2 January and the Memorial of the Holy Name of Jesus on 3 January . Other saints are celebrated at a local level . Late antiquity and the Middle Ages ( edit ) The Second Council of Tours of 567 noted that , in the area for which its bishops were responsible , the days between Christmas and Epiphany were , like the month of August , taken up entirely with saints ' days . Monks were therefore in principle not bound to fast on those days . However , the first three days of the year were to be days of prayer and penance so that faithful Christians would refrain from participating in the idolatrous practices and debauchery associated with the new year celebrations . The Fourth Council of Toledo ( 633 ) ordered a strict fast on those days , on the model of the Lenten fast . England ( edit ) Twelfth Night ( The King Drinks ) by David Teniers c. 1634 - 1640 In England in the Middle Ages , this period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking , which climaxed on Twelfth Night , the traditional end of the Christmas season . In Tudor England , Twelfth Night itself was forever solidified in popular culture when William Shakespeare used it as the setting for one of his most famous stage plays , titled Twelfth Night . Often a Lord of Misrule was chosen to lead the Christmas revels . Some of these traditions were adapted from the older pagan customs , including the Roman Saturnalia and the Germanic Yuletide . Some also have an echo in modern - day pantomime where traditionally authority is mocked and the principal male lead is played by a woman , while the leading older female character , or ' Dame ' , is played by a man . Colonial North America ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The early North American colonists brought their version of the Twelve Days over from England , and adapted them to their new country , adding their own variations over the years . For example , the modern - day Christmas wreath may have originated with these colonials . A homemade wreath would be fashioned from local greenery and fruits , if available , were added . Making the wreaths was one of the traditions of Christmas Eve ; they would remain hung on each home 's front door beginning on Christmas Night ( 1st night of Christmas ) through Twelfth Night or Epiphany morning . As was already the tradition in their native England , all decorations would be taken down by Epiphany morning and the remainder of the edibles would be consumed . A special cake , the king cake , was also baked then for Epiphany . Modern Western customs ( edit ) United Kingdom and Commonwealth ( edit ) Many in the UK and other Commonwealth nations still celebrate some aspects of the Twelve Days of Christmas . Boxing Day , 26 December , is a national holiday in many Commonwealth nations . Victorian era stories by Charles Dickens , and others , particularly A Christmas Carol , hold key elements of the celebrations such as the consumption of plum pudding , roasted goose and wassail . These foods are consumed more at the beginning of the Twelve Days in the UK . Twelfth Night is the last day for decorations to be taken down , and it is held to be bad luck to leave decorations up after this . This is in contrast to the custom in Elizabethan England , when decorations were left up until Candlemas ; this is still done in some other Western European countries such as Germany . United States of America ( edit ) Twelfth Night costumers in New Orleans In the United States , Christmas Day is a holiday for Christians and for some non-Christians . The traditions of the Twelve Days of Christmas have been nearly forgotten in the United States . Contributing factors include the popularity of the stories of Charles Dickens in nineteenth - century America , with their emphasis on generous giving ; introduction of secular traditions in the 19th and 20th centuries , e.g. , the American Santa Claus ; and increase in the popularity of secular New Year 's Eve parties . Presently , the commercial practice treats the Solemnity of Christmas , 25 December , the first day of Christmas , as the last day of the `` Christmas '' marketing season , as the numerous `` after - Christmas sales '' that commence on 26 December demonstrate . The commercial calendar encourages the error that the Twelve Days of Christmas terminate on Christmas Day and therefore begin on 14 December . Many American Christians still celebrate the traditional liturgical seasons of Advent and Christmas , especially Amish , Anglo - Catholics , Episcopalians , Lutherans , Mennonites , Methodists , Moravians , Orthodox Christians , Presbyterians , and Roman Catholics . In Anglicanism , the designation of the `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' is used liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US , having its own invitatory antiphon in the Book of Common Prayer for Matins . Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them , with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year . They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany . Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day , singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous The Twelve Days of Christmas , and lighting a yule log on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights . For some , the Twelfth Night remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts . Some households exchange gifts on the first ( 25 December ) and last ( 5 January ) days of the Twelve Days . As in former times , the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which Christmas trees and decorations are deposed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . ISBN 9780824205935 . January 5th : Twelfth Night or Epiphany Eve . Twelfth Night , the last evening of the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas , has been observed with festive celebration ever since the Middle Ages . ^ Jump up to : Bratcher , Dennis ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` The Christmas Season '' . Christian Resource Institute . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . The Twelve Days of Christmas ... in most of the Western Church are the twelve days from Christmas until the beginning of Epiphany ( January 6th ; the 12 days count from December 25th until January 5th ) . In some traditions , the first day of Christmas begins on the evening of December 25th with the following day considered the First Day of Christmas ( December 26th ) . In these traditions , the twelve days begin December 26 ( th ) and include Epiphany on January 6 ( th ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book of Common Prayer '' ( PDF ) . New York : Church Publishing Incorporated . January 2007 . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . On the Twelve Days of Christmas Alleluia . Unto us a child is born : O come , let us adore Him . Alleluia . Jump up ^ Truscott , Jeffrey A. Worship . Armour Publishing . p. 103 . ISBN 9789814305419 . As with the Easter cycle , churches today celebrate the Christmas cycle in different ways . Practically all Protestants observe Christmas itself , with services on 25 December or the evening before . Anglicans , Lutherans and other churches that use the ecumenical Revised Common Lectionary will likely observe the four Sundays of Advent , maintaining the ancient emphasis on the eschatological ( First Sunday ) , ascetic ( Second and Third Sundays ) , and scriptural / historical ( Fourth Sunday ) . Besides Christmas Eve / Day , they will observe a 12 - day season of Christmas from 25 December to 5 January . Jump up ^ Bl . Pope Paul VI , Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year , # 33 ( 14 February 1969 ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F ( 2010 ) . Joseph F. Kelly , The Feast of Christmas ( Liturgical Press 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 81463932 - 0 ) . ISBN 9780814639320 . ^ Jump up to : Kallistos Ware , The Orthodox Church Jump up ^ United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , `` World Day of Peace '' Jump up ^ Jean Hardouin ; Philippe Labbé ; Gabriel Cossart ( 1714 ) . `` Christmas '' . Acta Conciliorum et Epistolae Decretales ( in Latin ) . Typographia Regia , Paris . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . De Decembri usque ad natale Domini , omni die ieiunent . Et quia inter natale Domini et epiphania omni die festivitates sunt , itemque prandebunt . Excipitur triduum illud , quo ad calcandam gentilium consuetudinem , patres nostri statuerunt privatas in Kalendariis Ianuarii fieri litanias , ut in ecclesiis psallatur , et hora octava in ipsis Kalendis Circumcisionis missa Deo propitio celebretur . ( Translation : `` In December until Christmas , they are to fast each day . Since between Christmas and Epiphany there are feasts on each day , they shall have a full meal , except during the three - day period on which , in order to tread Gentile customs down , our fathers established that private litanies for the Calends of January be chanted in the churches , and that on the Calends itself Mass of the Circumcision be celebrated at the eighth hour for God 's favour . '' ) Jump up ^ Christopher Labadie , `` The Octave Day of Christmas : Historical Development and Modern Liturgical Practice '' in Obsculta , vol. 7 , issue 1 , art . 8 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Adolf Adam , The Liturgical Year ( Liturgical Press 1990 ISBN 978 - 0 - 81466047 - 8 ) , p. 139 Jump up ^ Frazer , James ( 1922 ) . The Golden Bough . New York : McMillan . ISBN 1 - 58734 - 083 - 6 . Bartleby.com Jump up ^ Count , Earl ( 1997 ) . 4,000 Years of Christmas . Ulysses Press . ISBN 1 - 56975 - 087 - 4 . Jump up ^ New York Times , 27 December 1852 : a report of holiday events mentions ' a splendid wreath ' as being among the prizes won . Jump up ^ In 1953 a correspondence in the letter pages of The Times discussed whether Christmas wreaths were an alien importation or a version of the native evergreen ' bunch ' / ' bough ' / ' garland ' / ' wassail bush ' traditionally displayed in England at Christmas . One correspondent described those she had seen placed on doors in country districts as either a plain bunch , a shape like a torque or open circle , and occasionally a more elaborate shape like a bell or interlaced circles . She felt the use of the words ' Christmas wreath ' had ' funereal associations ' for English people who would prefer to describe it as a ' garland ' . An advertisement in The Times of Friday , 26 December 1862 ; pg. 1 ; Issue 24439 ; col A , however , refers to an entertainment at Crystal Palace featuring ' Extraordinary decorations , wreaths of evergreens ... ' , and in 1896 the special Christmas edition of The Girl 's Own Paper was titled ' Our Christmas Wreath ' : The Times Saturday , 19 December 1896 ; pg. 4 ; Issue 35078 ; col C. There is a custom of decorating graves at Christmas with somber wreaths of evergreen , which is still observed in parts of England , and this may have militated against the circle being the accepted shape for door decorations until the re-establishment of the tradition from America in the mid-to - late 20th century . Jump up ^ `` Epiphany in United Kingdom '' . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sirvaitis , Karen ( 1 August 2010 ) . The European American Experience . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 52 . ISBN 9780761340881 . Christmas is a major holiday for Christians , although some non-Christians in the United States also mark the day as a holiday . Jump up ^ HumorMatters.com Twelve Days of Christmas ( reprint of a magazine article ) . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . `` Christmas '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 22 December 2005 . Primarily subhead Popular Merrymaking under Liturgy and Custom . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . Catholic Culture . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Primarily subhead 12 Days of Christmas under Catholic and Culture . Bowler , Gerald ( 2000 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Christmas . Toronto : M&S . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1531 - 1 . OCLC 44154451 . Caulkins , Mary ; Jennie Miller Helderman ( 2002 ) . Christmas Trivia : 200 Fun & Fascinating Facts About Christmas . New York : Gramercy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 22070 - 2 . OCLC 49627774 . Collins , Ace ; Clint Hansen ( 2003 ) . Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 24880 - 4 . OCLC 52311813 . Evans , Martin Marix ( 2002 ) . The Twelve Days of Christmas . White Plains , New York : Peter Pauper Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88088 - 776 - 2 . OCLC 57044650 . Wells , Robin Headlam ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Humanism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82438 - 5 . OCLC 62132881 . Hoh , John L. , Jr. ( 2001 ) . The Twelve Days of Christmas : A Carol Catechism . Vancouver : Suite 101 eBooks . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmastide . Look up Twelve Days of Christmas in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&oldid=819365901 '' Categories : Christmastide December observances Eastern Orthodox liturgical days January observances Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Use dmy dates from December 2016 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Italiano 日本語 Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the 12th day of christmas start	[ "The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ. In most Western ecclesiastical traditions, \"Christmas Day\" is considered the \"First Day of Christmas\" and the Twelve Days are 25 December – 5 January, inclusive.[1] For many Christian denominations; for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church, the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide,[2][3][4] but for others, e.g., the Roman Catholic Church, \"Christmastide\" lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas.[5]" ]	[ "5 January" ]
1476929185296052954	Ziggurat	Ziggurat - wikipedia Ziggurat For other uses , see Ziggurat ( disambiguation ) . Elamite Ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil in Khuzestan , Iran . A ziggurat ( / ˈzɪɡəræt / ZIG - ə - rat ; Akkadian : ziqqurat , D - stem of zaqāru `` to build on a raised area '' ) is a type of massive stone structure built in ancient Mesopotamia . It has the form of a terraced compound of successively receding stories or levels . Notable ziggurats include the Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah , the Ziggurat of Aqar Quf near Baghdad , the now destroyed Etemenanki in Babylon , Chogha Zanbil in Khūzestān and Sialk . Contents 1 Description 2 Interpretation and significance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) Ziggurats were built by the ancient Sumerians , Akkadians , Assyrians , Elamites , Eblaites and Babylonians for local religions , predominantly Mesopotamian religion and Elamite religion . Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex which included other buildings . The precursors of the ziggurat were raised platforms that date from the Ubaid period during the sixth millennium . The ziggurats began as a platform ( usually oval , rectangular or square ) , the ziggurat was a mastaba - like structure with a flat top . The sun - baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside . Each step was slightly smaller than the step below it . The facings were often glazed in different colors and may have had astrological significance . Kings sometimes had their names engraved on these glazed bricks . The number of floors ranged from two to seven . Reconstruction of the Ziggurat at Ur . According to archaeologist Harriet Crawford , `` It is usually assumed that the ziggurats supported a shrine , though the only evidence for this comes from Herodotus , and physical evidence is nonexistent . It has also been suggested by a number of scholars that this shrine was the scene of the sacred marriage , the central rite of the great new year festival . Herodotus describes the furnishing of the shrine on top of the ziggurat at Babylon and says it contained a great golden couch on which a woman spent the night alone . The god Marduk was also said to come and sleep in his shrine . The likelihood of such a shrine ever being found is sadly remote . Erosion has usually reduced the surviving ziggurats to a fraction of their original height , but textual evidence may yet provide more facts about the purpose of these shrines . In the present state of our knowledge it seems reasonable to adopt as a working hypothesis the suggestion that the ziggurats developed out of the earlier temples on platforms and that small shrines stood on the highest stages ... '' Access to the shrine would have been by a series of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from base to summit . The Mesopotamian ziggurats were not places for public worship or ceremonies . They were believed to be dwelling places for the gods and each city had its own patron god . Only priests were permitted on the ziggurat or in the rooms at its base , and it was their responsibility to care for the gods and attend to their needs . The priests were very powerful members of Sumerian and Assyro - Babylonian society . One of the best - preserved ziggurats is Chogha Zanbil in western Iran . The Sialk ziggurat , in Kashan , Iran , is the oldest known ziggurat , dating to the early 3rd millennium BCE . Ziggurat designs ranged from simple bases upon which a temple sat , to marvels of mathematics and construction which spanned several terraced stories and were topped with a temple . An example of a simple ziggurat is the White Temple of Uruk , in ancient Sumer . The ziggurat itself is the base on which the White Temple is set . Its purpose is to get the temple closer to the heavens , and provide access from the ground to it via steps . The Mesopotamians believed that these pyramid temples connected heaven and earth . In fact , the ziggurat at Babylon was known as Etemenankia or `` House of the Platform between Heaven and Earth '' . An example of an extensive and massive ziggurat is the Marduk ziggurat , of Etemenanki , of ancient Babylon . Unfortunately , not much of even the base is left of this massive 91 meter tall structure , yet archeological findings and historical accounts put this tower at seven multicolored tiers , topped with a temple of exquisite proportions . The temple is thought to have been painted and maintained an indigo color , matching the tops of the tiers . It is known that there were three staircases leading to the temple , two of which ( side flanked ) were thought to have only ascended half the ziggurat 's height . Etemenanki , the name for the structure , is Sumerian and means `` temple of the foundation of heaven and earth '' . The date of its original construction is unknown , with suggested dates ranging from the fourteenth to the ninth century BCE , with textual evidence suggesting it existed in the second millennium . Interpretation and significance ( edit ) According to Herodotus , at the top of each ziggurat was a shrine , although none of these shrines have survived . One practical function of the ziggurats was a high place on which the priests could escape rising water that annually inundated lowlands and occasionally flooded for hundreds of kilometers , for example , the 1967 flood . Another practical function of the ziggurat was for security . Since the shrine was accessible only by way of three stairways , a small number of guards could prevent non-priests from spying on the rituals at the shrine on top of the ziggurat , such as initiation rituals such as the Eleusinian mysteries , cooking of sacrificial food and burning of carcasses of sacrificial animals . Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex that included a courtyard , storage rooms , bathrooms , and living quarters , around which a city was built . See also ( edit ) Ancient Near East portal Pyramid Sumer References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Crawford , page 73 Jump up ^ Crawford , page 85 Jump up ^ Matthews , R. and Nashli , H.F. , eds. 2013 The Neolithisation of Iran : the formation of new societies . British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology and Oxbow Books , Oxford , pp272 . Jump up ^ Fazeli , H. , Beshkani A. , Markosian A. , Ilkani H. , Young R.L. 2010 The Neolithic to Chalcolithic Transition in the Qazvin Plain , Iran : Chronology and Subsistence Strategies : in Archäologische Mitteilungen Aus Iran and Turan 41 , pp. 1 - 17 Jump up ^ George , Andrew ( 2007 ) `` The Tower of Babel : Archaeology , history and cuneiform texts '' Archiv für Orientforschung , 51 ( 2005 / 2006 ) . pp. 75 - 95 . ( 1 ) , Jump up ^ Aramco World Magazine , March -- April 1968 , pages 32 - 33 Jump up ^ Crawford , page 75 Jump up ^ Oppenheim , pages 112 , 326 - 328 Bibliography T. Busink , `` L _́ origine et évolution de la ziggurat babylonienne '' . Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch - Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux 21 ( 1970 ) , 91 - 141 . R. Chadwick , `` Calendars , Ziggurats , and the Stars '' . The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Bulletin ( Toronto ) 24 ( Nov. 1992 ) , 7 - 24 . R.G. Killick , `` Ziggurat '' . The Dictionary of Art ( ed . J. Turner , New York & London : Macmillan ) , vol. 33 , 675 - 676 . H.J. Lenzen , Die Entwicklung der Zikurrat von ihren Anfängen bis zur Zeit der III . Dynastie von Ur ( Leipzig 1942 ) . M. Roaf , Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East ( New York 1990 ) , 104 - 107 . E.C. Stone , `` Ziggurat '' . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East ( ed . E.M. Meyers , New York & Oxford 1997 ) , vol. 5 , 390 - 391 . J.A. Black & A. Green , `` Ziggurat '' . Dictionary of the Ancient Near East ( eds . P. Bienkowski & A. Millard , London : British Museum ) , 327 - 328 . Harriet Crawford , Sumer and the Sumerians , Cambridge University Press , ( New York 1993 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 38850 - 3 . A. Leo Oppenheim , Ancient Mesopotamia , University of Chicago Press , ( Chicago 1977 ) , ISBN 0 - 226 - 63187 - 7 . Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black , Larry S. Krieger , Phillip C. Naylor , Dahia Ibo Shabaka , ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Leick , Gwendolyn ( 2002 ) . Mesopotamia : The Invention of the City . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026574 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ziggurats . UNESCO Heritage site for Choqa Zanbil ziggurat , Iran . Article on status of Sialk ziggurat , Iran . BNF : cb119808043 ( data ) GND : 4190824 - 7 LCCN : sh85149790 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ziggurat&oldid=865625033 '' Categories : Ziggurats Sumerian art and architecture Babylonia Pyramids in Asia Ancient Near East temples Archaeology of Iraq Hidden categories : Articles containing Akkadian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Zazaki 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 03 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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202981411176488020	Rachel Dratch	Rachel Dratch - Wikipedia Rachel Dratch Rachel Dratch Dratch at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival premiere of Teacher of the Year Rachel Susan Dratch ( 1966 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1966 ( age 52 ) Lexington , Massachusetts , U.S. Alma mater Dartmouth College Occupation Actress , comedian Years active 1994 -- present Partner ( s ) John Wahl Children Rachel Susan Dratch ( born February 22 , 1966 ) is an American actress , comedian , producer , and writer . Born and raised in Lexington , Massachusetts , she graduated from Dartmouth College in 1988 and moved to Chicago , Illinois , to study improvisational theatre at The Second City and ImprovOlympic . Her breakthrough came on the NBC television show Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , where she was a cast member from 1999 to 2006 . In addition to her work on SNL , she has appeared as a guest star in television shows such as The King of Queens and 30 Rock , as well as films such as Click and I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry . In 2012 , she published her autobiographical book Girl Walks Into a Bar : Comedy Calamities , Dating Disasters and a Midlife Miracle . She also portrayed the museum guard in Sesame Street 's The Cookie Thief . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Saturday Night Live 4 Personal life 5 Audiobooks 6 Filmography 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Theater 6.4 Web 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Dratch was born in Lexington , Massachusetts , the daughter of Elaine Ruth ( née Soloway ) , a transportation director , and Paul Dratch , a radiologist . Her younger brother , Daniel , is a television producer and writer , with credits including the TV series Anger Management . Dratch grew up the `` class clown type '' , attending William Diamond Middle School and Lexington High School in Massachusetts . She has said that even in her high school 's plays she gravitated towards participating in comedies over dramas . Dratch attended the National Theater Institute at The Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in the fall of 1986 , and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1988 , where she majored in drama and psychology and was a member of the improvisational comedy group `` Said and Done '' . Career ( edit ) Dratch was a member of the mainstage cast of the Second City comedy troupe for four years . She received the Joseph Jefferson award for Best Actress in a Revue for the two revues in which she performed : Paradigm Lost and Promisekeepers , Losers Weepers . At Second City , she performed alongside future SNL head writers Adam McKay and Tina Fey , as well as future 30 Rock performer Scott Adsit . The first incarnation of her SNL `` Wicked '' sketch was performed in Second City 's Paradigm Lost . In addition to acting , Dratch also played the cello onstage . The theater also hosted the first incarnation of Dratch & Fey ( her critically praised two - woman show with Tina Fey ) , which was later performed at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York , where it was dubbed `` the funniest thing to be found on any New York comedy stage '' by Time Out New York . Dratch has appeared in several movies , including Martin & Orloff , The Hebrew Hammer , Down with Love , Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star , Click , I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry , Spring Breakdown , and My Life in Ruins . She also has joined fellow SNL cast members on A.S.S.S.S.C.A.T. : Improv , which aired September 7 , 2005 , on the Bravo channel . Dratch also made television appearances on NBC 's Third Watch and in a recurring role on The King of Queens ( playing Denise , the on - off girlfriend of Spence , who worked in a bowling alley ) . Other television appearances include Monk , Frasier , Wizards of Waverly Place , 30 Rock , Aqua Teen Hunger Force , Inside Amy Schumer , Ugly Betty , and , more recently , in season five of The Middle . She also appeared online with comedian Billy Eichner in a spoof of Jay - Z 's and Alicia Keys 's `` Empire State of Mind '' , titled `` Forest Hills State of Mind . '' Dratch was originally cast in the role of Jenna on 30 Rock , and the original pilot episode features her in the role . It did not test well , and the role was recast . She went on to play a variety of small guest roles in several episodes of the first season , including Barbara Walters , Elizabeth Taylor , a cat trainer , a custodian , a blue monster , and a doctor . On March 19 , 2012 , Dratch 's memoir , Girl Walks Into A Bar : Comedy Calamities , Dating Disasters , and a Midlife Miracle was published . In it , Dratch recounts her experiences after being recast in the 30 Rock pilot , including the birth of her first child . Saturday Night Live ( edit ) Her tenure at SNL spanned 1999 to 2006 . Dratch 's recurring characters included Denise , a Boston teen ; Sheldon , the junior - high - school boy from Wake up , Wakefield ; one of the Luvahs ( with Will Ferrell , as two pretentious professors ) ; Abe Scheinwald , a Hollywood producer with a terrible acquisition record ; and , perhaps most memorably , Debbie Downer , a depressed woman who creeped others out with disturbing non sequiturs . In December 2011 , she made a guest appearance on Saturday Night Live 's Christmas show , hosted by former cast member Jimmy Fallon . On April 15 , 2017 , she made another guest appearance with host Jimmy Fallon . On February 3 , 2018 she made a guest appearance as a `` Patriot of New England '' in a Revolutionary War - themed sketch parodying the fans of the New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles in advance of Super Bowl LII . Personal Life ( edit ) Both of Dratch 's parents were Reform Jews . Dratch attended Hebrew school and had a Bat Mitzvah . She is non-observant as an adult , and instead characterizes the faith she was born into as part of her cultural heritage . As she discusses in her book , Girl Walks Into a Bar ... , Dratch met John Wahl , a Californian consultant in the natural foods industry , in a bar in 2009 . Six months later , Dratch learned she was pregnant , and on August 24 , 2010 , gave birth to a boy , Eli Benjamin . In an October 2010 interview , Dratch told People that her pregnancy at age 44 shocked her , because she `` had bought into all this stuff about , ' Once you 're over 40 ... ' '' and had `` gone through the whole process of letting go of ( the idea of having kids . ) '' Wahl has since moved to New York City to be closer to Dratch and their son . Audiobooks ( edit ) 2012 ( Audible ) : Girl Walks into a Bar ... : Comedy Calamities , Dating Disasters , and a Midlife Miracle ( read by the author ) Filmography ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2018 ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 -- 2006 , 2010 -- 2011 , 2017 -- present Saturday Night Live Herself / Various ( including Debbie Downer ) 1999 -- 2001 : Featured Player 2001 -- 2006 : Repertory Player Cameos in 2010 , 2011 , 2017 and 2018 2000 Third Watch Darla Season 2 , Episode 10 : `` History '' 2002 Kim Possible Adrena Lynn Voice Role , Episode : `` All the News '' 2002 -- 2004 The King of Queens Denise Ruth Battaglia Six Episodes : Season 5 , Episode 5 : `` Mammary Lane '' Season 5 , Episode 19 : `` Cowardly Lyin ' '' Season 5 , Episode 21 : `` Clothes Encounter '' Season 5 , Episode 23 : `` Dog Shelter '' Season 6 , Episode 3 : `` King Pong '' Season 6 , Episode 22 : `` Alter Ego '' Soundtracks Live Dorothy Baker TV Movie Monk Julie Parlo Season 2 , Episode 13 : `` Mr. Monk and the Missing Granny '' Game Over Alice Smashburn Regular Cast Voice Role Frasier Horny Date Season 11 , Episode 18 : `` Match Game '' 2005 -- 2006 O'Grady Brooke Voice Role , Two Episodes : Season One , Episode 13 : `` Remotes '' Season Two , Episode : `` The Fly '' 2006 -- 2012 30 Rock Various Roles Originally cast as Jenna DeCarlo , later recast . Appearances : Season 1 , Episode 1 : `` Pilot '' ( as Gretta Johanssen ) Season 1 , Episode 2 : `` The Aftermath '' as Maria Season 1 , Episode 6 : `` Jack Meets Dennis '' as Elizabeth Taylor Season 1 , Episode 7 : `` Tracy Does Conan '' as the Blue Man Season 1 , Episode 8 : `` The Break - Up '' as Pamela Smew Season 1 , Episode 9 : `` The Baby Show '' as Greta Johanssen Season 1 , Episode 10 : `` The Rural Juror '' as Barbara Walters Season 1 , Episode 13 : `` Up All Night '' as Vlem Season 1 , Episode 14 : `` The C Word '' as Greta Johanssen Season 1 , Episode 15 : `` Hard Ball '' as Martha Blanch Season 1 , Episode 21 : `` Hiatus '' as Dr. Beauvoir Season 5 , Episode 4 : `` Live Show '' as Jadwiga Season 5 , Episodes 20 / 21 : `` 100 '' as the Blue Man and Greta Johanssen Season 6 , Episode 4 : `` The Ballad of Kenneth Parcell '' as Not Kenneth ( voice , uncredited ) 2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Robot Wife Voice Role Season 5 , Episode 2 : `` Robots Are Everywhere '' 2008 Squidbillies Hippie Woman Voice Role Season 3 , Episode 6 : `` Earth Worst '' 2008 Assy McGee Various Roles Voice Role Season 2 , Episode 5 : `` Pegfinger '' ( as Brenda Sanchez ) Season 2 , Episode 7 : `` Vowel Play '' ( as Ling ) Season 2 , Episode 8 : `` Hands Up '' ( as Mrs. Sanchez ) Season 2 , Episode 10 : `` Showdown in Magic City '' ( as Brenda Sanchez ) Season 2 , Episode 5 : `` The Ballad of Blind Anthony '' ( as Peabo ) Season 2 , Episode 14 : `` Squirrels '' 2008 Avatar : The Last Airbender Actress Aang Season 3 , Episode 17 : `` The Ember Island Players '' 2008 The Consultants Allie TV Movie 2008 Superjail ! Various Roles Voice Role ( uncredited ) Season 1 , Episode 3 : `` Ladies Night '' 2008 -- 2009 Wizards of Waverly Place Future Harper Season 2 , Episode 37 : `` Future Harper '' 2009 Ugly Betty Penny Meadows / Mindy Meadows Season 3 , Episode 24 : `` The Fall Issue '' 2009 Sherri Teacher Season 1 , Episode 13 : `` Indecision ' 09 '' Delocated Cellist Season 2 , Episode 4 : `` Mixer '' 2010 -- 2013 Fish Hooks Koi / Esmargot / Koi 's Mom Voice Role , 28 Episodes . 2011 Funny or Die Presents Dirkson 4 Episodes in Season 2 ( 2.6 , 2.7 , 2.8 , 2.9 ) 2011 Lady Friends Lisa TV Movie 2012 Up All Night Linda Season 2 , Episode 3 : `` Swingers '' 2012 Suburgatory Paula Weingelb Season 2 , Episode 3 : `` The Witch of East Chatswin '' 2012 The Cleveland Show Maggie Season 4 , Episode 6 : `` ' Tis the Cleveland to Be Sorry '' 2013 -- 2014 The Middle Principal Barker 2 Episodes : Season 5 , Episode 3 : `` The Potato '' Season 5 , Episode 12 : `` The Carpool '' 2013 -- 2014 The Awesomes Joyce Mandrake / Tom Boy Voice Role 12 Episodes ; Recurring Role . 2014 -- 2016 Broad City Linda Lodi 2 Episodes : Season 1 , Episode 3 : `` Working Girls '' Season 3 , Episode 5 : `` 2016 '' 2014 The Neighbors Pearl Season 2 , Episode 18 : `` A Night in ( Lou Ferrigno 's Hibachi ) Heaven '' 2014 Inside Amy Schumer Lisa Season 2 , Episode 4 : `` Boner Doctor '' 2014 Bob 's Burgers Jodi / Abby Voice Role , 3 Episodes : Season 4 , Episode 9 : `` Slumber Party Season 5 , Episode 7 : `` Tina Tailor Soldier Spy '' Season 5 , Episode 12 : `` The Millie - Churian Candidate '' 2014 Dead Boss Christine TV Movie 2015 Parks and Recreation Roz Season 7 , Episode 7 : Donna & Joe 2015 Salem Rogers : Model of the Year 1998 Agatha Todd Lead role 2015 / 2018 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Guest Star Season 2 , Episode 25 : Wanda Jo Oliver Season 2 , Episode 26 : Wanda Jo Oliver Season 2 , Episode 35 : Wanda Jo Oliver Season 5 , Episode 7 : Wanda Jo Oliver 2015 Unforgettable Rosie Webb Season 4 , Episode 1 Season 4 , Episode 2 2015 -- 2016 Difficult People Chemo Woman Casting Director Season 1 , Episode 1 Season 2 , Episode 5 2016 The $100,000 Pyramid Herself ( celebrity guest ) Season 1 , Episode : Rachel Dratch vs. Ana Gasteyer 2016 The Simpsons Bostonian Doctor Episode `` The Town '' 2017 Imaginary Mary Mary Voice role ; Lead role 2017 Angie Tribeca Masha Chekhov 1 Episode 2017 Great News Mary - Kelly Episode : `` Snowmageddon of the Century '' 2017 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Dianne / Leonora Episode : `` Kimmy Googles the Internet ! '' 2017 At Home with Amy Sedaris Florence Chervil Episode : `` Entertaining for Peanuts '' 2017 Portlandia Fred 's Wife Season 7 , Episode 5 : `` Amore '' Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Serious Business Jude Rusell 2002 Martin & Orloff Southern Woman 2003 The Hebrew Hammer Tikva 2003 Down With Love Gladys 2003 National Lampoon 's Barely Legal Mrs. Greitzer 2003 Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star Reiner 's Secretary Freshman Orientation Very Drunk Chick Looking for Kitty Julie 2005 Her Minor Thing Caroline 2005 Winter Passing Female MC 2006 Click Alan / Alice 2006 The Pleasure Drivers Counter Monkey 2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry Benefits Supervisor Sara Powers 2008 Bill Doctor Robardo Short Film 2008 Harold Ms. Vicky Norris 2009 Spring Breakdown Judi Joskow Also a Writer and Producer 2009 Love N ' Dancing Kalle 2009 I Hate Valentine 's Day Kathy Jeemy 2009 My Life in Ruins Kim Sawchuck 2011 Just Go with It Kirsten Brant 2012 Teacher of The Year Assistant Principal Short Film 2012 That 's My Boy Phil 's Wife 2013 Syrup Clerk 2014 A Little Game Aunt Diane 2015 The Grief of Others Madeleine Berkowitz 2015 Sisters Kelly 2016 Hurricane Bianca Deborah Ward 2016 Tracktown Gail 2018 The Week Of Debbie 2018 Hurricane Bianca 2 : From Russia with Hate Debbie Ward TBA Wine Country TBA Theater ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Sylvia Sylvia George Street Playhouse , New Jersey 2013 Love 's Labour 's Lost Holofernes The Public Theater 2014 - 15 Tail ! Spin ! Various Roles Off - Broadway at the Lynn Redgrave Theater at the Culture Project 2016 Privacy Various Roles Off - Broadway at The Public Theater Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Submissions Only Fiona Evans Webseries Season 1 , Episode 6 : `` Somethin ' Else '' 2015 The Dratchelor Herself Funny Or Die web series Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1997 Joseph Jefferson Award for Best Actress in a Revue for Paradigm Lost ( won ) Joseph Jefferson Award for Best Actress in a Revue for Promisekeepers , Losers Weepers ( won ) 2006 Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedian ( nominated ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gerri Miller ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` Rachel Dratch '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2005 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Raised in a Reform Jewish family , Dratch did have a Bat Mitzvah but does not consider herself to be observant . `` It 's more a heritage thing , I guess , '' she says of her relationship to her roots . Jump up ^ Aucoin , Don ( February 18 , 2000 ) . `` Live ! From Lexington , It 's Rachel Dratch '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Announcement 1 -- No Title '' . Boston Globe . January 26 , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` RACHEL DRATCH on EMPLOYEE of the MONTH '' . SoundCloud . Jump up ^ Kristina , Dorsey ( December 2010 ) . `` Live ! From New Haven ! It 's Rachel Dratch in `` Celebrity Autobiography '' ! `` . The Day . Jump up ^ Townsend , Tim ( July 7 , 2000 ) . `` Comic Duo Splits Sides '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel , Greg ( July 2000 ) . `` SNL 's Tina Fey and Rachel Dratch have found a hilarious way to spend their summer vacations '' . Time Out New York : 77 . Jump up ^ Billy Eichner ( 17 January 2010 ) . `` Billy Eichner - Empire State Of Mind - Forest Hills State of Mind with Rachel Dratch '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Rosenblum , Emma ( October 15 , 2006 ) . `` Rachel Rolls With It '' . New York Mag . Jump up ^ Gostin , Nicki ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Girl Walks Into A Bar ' : Rachel Dratch Talks Baby , Life After ' SNL ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SNL Archives Cast Archived 2008 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Tina Fey , Rachel Dratch , Andy Samberg Return to ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . Variety . New York , NY : Variety Media , LLC . Jump up ^ Burstein , Nathan ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` From ' SNL ' to performing for the ' Tribe ' '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Former ' Saturday Night Live ' star Rachel Dratch welcomes first son Eli Benjamin , a September 8 , 2010 , article from the New York Daily News Jump up ^ `` Rachel Dratch Reveals Her Son 's Father '' . People.com . October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Dratchelor '' . External links ( edit ) Rachel Dratch on IMDb GND : 1028285361 ISNI : 0000 0000 7111 6327 LCCN : no2009152231 VIAF : 100826956 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Dratch&oldid=845165313 '' Categories : 1966 births Actresses from Massachusetts American women comedians American film actresses American memoirists American stage actresses American television actresses Dartmouth College alumni Jewish American comedians Living people People from Lexington , Massachusetts American Reform Jews 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Writers from Massachusetts 21st - century American women writers 21st - century American writers Women memoirists American sketch comedians Comedians from Massachusetts American voice actresses Lexington High School alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 21 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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2606283166167902634	United States presidential election, 2008	United states presidential election , 2008 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 2008 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States presidential election held in 2008 . For information about other elections held within the United States in 2008 , see United States elections , 2008 . United States presidential election , 2008 ← 2004 November 4 , 2008 2012 → All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 58.2 % 1.5 pp Nominee Barack Obama John McCain Party Democratic Republican Home state Illinois Arizona Running mate Joe Biden Sarah Palin Electoral vote 365 173 States carried 28 + DC + NE - 02 22 Popular vote 69,498,516 59,948,323 Percentage 52.9 % 45.7 % Presidential election results map . Blue denotes those won by Obama / Biden , red denotes states won by McCain / Palin . Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state . President before election George W. Bush Republican Elected President Barack Obama Democratic 2008 U.S. Presidential Election Timeline General election debates National polling Statewide polling Parties Democratic Party Candidates Debates and forums Primaries National polling Statewide polling Results Nominee Convention Superdelegates Republican Party Candidates Debates and forums Primaries National polling Statewide polling Results Nominee Convention Minor parties Libertarian Party Convention Green Party Primaries Convention Constitution Party All candidates Related races House Senate Governors 2004 ← 2008 → 2012 The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 4 , 2008 . Democratic Party nominees Barack Obama , a U.S. Senator from Illinois , and his running mate Joe Biden , a long - time U.S. Senator from Delaware , defeated Republican Party nominees John McCain , a long - time and current U.S. Senator from Arizona , and his running mate Sarah Palin , a Governor of Alaska . Obama became the first African American ever to be elected president of the United States , and Joe Biden became the first Roman Catholic ever elected vice president . The incumbent president , George W. Bush , of the Republican Party , was ineligible to be elected to a third term due to term limits in the Twenty - second Amendment to the United States Constitution . McCain secured the Republican nomination by March 2008 , but the Democratic nomination was marked by a sharp contest between Obama and initial front - runner Senator Hillary Clinton , with Obama not securing the nomination until early June . Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Bush , but all candidates focused on domestic concerns as well , which grew more prominent as the economy experienced the onset of the Great Recession and a major financial crisis that peaked in September 2008 . Obama would go on to win a decisive victory over McCain , winning both the popular vote and the electoral college , with 365 electoral votes to McCain 's 173 ; he received the largest percentage of the popular vote for a Democrat since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . Obama 's total vote amount of 69.5 million votes is the highest number ever won by a presidential candidate . Obama 's successes in obtaining a major party 's nomination and winning the general election were both firsts for the African American community . Although Hillary Clinton did not win the Democratic nomination , she was the first woman to win a major American party 's presidential primary for the purposes of delegate selection when she won the primary in New Hampshire on January 8 . She later went on to win the Democratic nomination but lose the general election to Donald Trump in 2016 . She also was the first woman to be an American presidential candidate in every primary and caucus in every state . Similarly , Sarah Palin became the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket , and the second woman overall to appear on a major party 's presidential ticket ( after Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 ) . This was also the first election in which neither candidate was born in the contiguous United States . Obama was born in Hawaii and McCain was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone . This election also made McCain currently the only Senator who previously served as a presidential nominee and still remains incumbent , after John Kerry 's resignation from the U.S. Senate in 2013 . As of 2017 , this is the last time Nebraska ( 2nd congressional district only ) , Indiana , and North Carolina voted for the Democratic candidate . This election also became the first time that Missouri backed the losing candidate since 1956 , with both Kentucky & Tennessee failing to do the same since 1960 . Likewise , this would also be the first time both Arkansas & Louisiana did not vote for the winning candidate since 1968 , while being among the most recent states which voted third party that same year as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Nominations 2.1 Democratic Party nomination 2.1. 1 Candidate 2.1. 2 Withdrawn candidates 2.1. 3 Before the primaries 2.1. 4 Early primaries and caucuses 2.1. 5 Super Tuesday 2.1. 6 Ohio , Texas , and Pennsylvania 2.1. 7 Indiana and North Carolina 2.1. 8 Florida and Michigan 2.1. 9 Clinching the nomination 2.2 Republican Party nomination 2.2. 1 Candidate 2.2. 2 Withdrawn candidates 2.2. 3 Before the primaries 2.2. 4 Early primaries / caucuses 2.2. 5 Super Tuesday 2.3 Other nominations 2.3. 1 Candidates gallery 2.4 Party conventions 3 General election campaign 3.1 Issues 3.1. 1 Iraq 3.1. 2 Bush 's unpopularity 3.1. 3 Change vs. experience 3.1. 4 Economy 3.1. 5 Health care 3.1. 6 Race 3.2 Debates 3.3 Campaign costs 3.3. 1 Expense summary 3.4 Notable expressions and phrases 4 Internet campaigns 4.1 Fundraising 4.2 Promotion 4.3 News 5 Controversies 5.1 Voter suppression 5.2 Media bias 6 Conduct 6.1 Turnout 6.2 Ballot access 7 Results 7.1 Results by state 7.2 Close states / districts 7.3 International reaction 8 Voter demographics 9 Analysis 10 See also 10.1 Opinion polling 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Voters 14 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : United States presidential election § Procedure George W. Bush , the incumbent president in 2008 , whose term expired on January 20 , 2009 . In 2004 , President George W. Bush won reelection , defeating the Democratic nominee , Senator John Kerry . After Republican pickups in the House and Senate in the 2004 elections , Republicans maintained control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government . Bush 's approval ratings had been slowly declining from their high point of almost 90 % after the September 11 attacks , and they barely reached 50 % by his reelection . Although Bush was reelected with a larger Electoral College margin than in 2000 , during his second term , Bush 's approval rating dropped more quickly , with the Iraq War and the federal response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 being most detrimental to the public 's perception of his job performance . By September 2006 , Bush 's approval rating was below 40 % , and in the November United States Congressional elections 2006 , Democrats gained the majority in both houses . Bush 's approval ratings dropped for the last two years in office to the 25 -- 37 % range . President George W. Bush , a Republican and former Governor of Texas , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty - Second Amendment . In accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at 12 : 00 noon EST on January 20 , 2009 . Nominations ( edit ) In the United States , there are two major political parties , the Democratic Party and the Republican Party . There are also several minor parties , usually called third parties , though most media and public focus is on the two major parties . Each major party hosts candidates who go through a nomination process to determine the presidential nominee for that party . The nomination process consists of primaries and caucuses , held by the 50 states , as well as Guam , Puerto Rico , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and the Northern Mariana Islands . The winner of each of these primary elections usually receives delegates proportional to the percentage of the popular vote that candidate received in each state . In the Democratic Party , high - ranking party members known as superdelegates each receive one vote in the convention . Whichever candidate has the majority of the delegates at the end of the primary elections is designated the presumptive nominee until he or she is formally nominated and endorsed for the presidency by his or her political party . This is done by the aforementioned delegates for each party . Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) Main articles : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2008 and 2008 Democratic National Convention Candidate ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Party presidential candidates , 2008 Democratic Party Ticket , 2008 Barack Obama Joe Biden for President for Vice President U.S. Senator from Illinois ( 2005 -- 2008 ) U.S. Senator from Delaware ( 1973 -- 2009 ) Campaign Withdrawn candidates ( edit ) Hillary Clinton , U.S. Senator from New York ( withdrew on June 7 , 2008 and endorsed Barack Obama ) John Edwards , former U.S. Senator from North Carolina ( withdrew on January 30 , 2008 and endorsed Barack Obama ) Bill Richardson , Governor of New Mexico ( withdrew on January 10 , 2008 and endorsed Barack Obama ) Dennis Kucinich , U.S. Representative from Ohio ( withdrew on January 24 , 2008 and endorsed Barack Obama ) Joe Biden , U.S. Senator from Delaware ( withdrew on January 3 , 2008 and endorsed Barack Obama ) Mike Gravel , former U.S. Senator from Alaska ( withdrew on March 25 , 2008 to run for the Libertarian Party nomination . After losing the nomination , he endorsed Jesse Johnson ) Christopher Dodd , U.S. Senator from Connecticut ( withdrew on January 3 , 2008 and endorsed Barack Obama ) Evan Bayh , U.S. Senator from Indiana ( withdrew on December 15 , 2007 and endorsed Hillary Clinton . He later endorsed Barack Obama ) Tom Vilsack , former Governor of Iowa ( withdrew on February 23 , 2007 and endorsed Hillary Clinton . He later endorsed Barack Obama ) Senator Hillary Clinton from New York ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on June 7 , 2008 ) Former Senator John Edwards from North Carolina ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on January 30 , 2008 ) Governor Bill Richardson of New Mexico ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on January 10 , 2008 ) Representative Dennis Kucinich from Ohio ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on January 24 , 2008 ) Senator Joe Biden from Delaware ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on January 3 , 2008 , became Vice Presidential nominee ) Former Senator Mike Gravel from Alaska ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on March 25 , 2008 ) Senator Christopher Dodd from Connecticut ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on January 3 , 2008 ) Senator Evan Bayh from Indiana ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on December 15 , 2007 ) Former Governor Tom Vilsack of Iowa ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on February 23 , 2007 ) Before the primaries ( edit ) Media speculation had begun almost immediately after the results of the 2004 presidential election were released . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats regained majorities in both houses of the U.S. Congress . Early polls taken before anyone had announced a candidacy had shown Senators Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama as the most popular potential Democratic candidates . Nevertheless , the media speculated on several other candidates , including Al Gore , the runner - up in the 2000 election ; John Kerry , the runner - up in the 2004 election ; John Edwards , Kerry 's running mate in 2004 ; Senator from Delaware Joe Biden ; New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson ; Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack ; and Indiana Senator Evan Bayh . Edwards was one of the first to formally announce his candidacy for the presidency , on December 28 , 2006 . This run would be his second attempt at the presidency . Clinton announced intentions to run in the Democratic primaries on January 20 , 2007 . Obama announced his candidacy on February 10 in his home state of Illinois . None of the candidates received a significant bounce in their poll numbers after their official announcements . Through most of 2007 , even after it was evident that Al Gore would not run , he and Edwards each hovered between the third and fourth place spots in the polls behind Clinton and Obama . `` Front - runner '' status is dependent on the news agency reporting , and by October 2007 , the consensus listed the three aforementioned candidates as leading the pack after several debate performances . The Washington Post listed Clinton , Edwards , and Obama as the front runners , `` leading in polls and fundraising and well ahead of the other major candidates . '' Clinton led in nearly all nationwide opinion polling until January 2008 . Actor , comedian , and future Late Show host Stephen Colbert mounted his own campaign for the nomination in his home state of South Carolina . He announced his run for president on his former talk show , The Colbert Report , on October 16 , 2007 . Public Opinion Strategies conducted a poll and found Colbert nationally in fifth place at 2.3 % behind Biden 's 2.7 % . Early primaries and caucuses ( edit ) The early primaries and caucuses were considered the most critical of nomination processes . Most candidates who lacked support dropped out after doing so poorly in the Iowa caucuses and in the New Hampshire primary , and the results from those states often shifted national preferences , according to historical polling data . The states that hold early primaries and caucuses were , chronologically , Iowa , New Hampshire , Nevada , and South Carolina . In 2008 , Florida and Michigan moved their primaries into January against the Democratic Party 's rules , and their results were discounted and disputed until after the rest of the contests took place . Early in the year , the support for Barack Obama started to increase in the polls , and he passed Clinton for the top spot in Iowa ; he ended up winning the caucus in that state , with John Edwards coming in second and Clinton in third . Obama 's win was fueled mostly by first time caucus - goers and Independents and showed voters viewed him as the `` candidate of change . '' Iowa has since been viewed as the state that jump - started Obama 's campaign and set him on track to win both the nomination and the presidency . After the Iowa caucus , Joe Biden and Christopher Dodd withdrew from the nomination contest . Obama became the new front runner in New Hampshire , when his poll numbers skyrocketed after his Iowa victory The Clinton campaign was struggling after a huge loss in Iowa and no strategy beyond the early primaries and caucuses . According to The Vancouver Sun , Campaign strategists had `` mapped a victory scenario that envisioned the former first lady wrapping up the Democratic presidential nomination by Super Tuesday on Feb. 5 . '' In what is considered a turning point for her campaign , Clinton had a strong performance at the Saint Anselm College , ABC , and Facebook debates several days before the New Hampshire primary as well as an emotional interview in a public broadcast live on TV . Clinton won that primary by 2 % of the vote , contrary to the predictions of pollsters who consistently had her trailing Obama for a few days up to the primary date . Clinton 's win was the first time a woman had ever won a major American party 's presidential primary for the purposes of delegate selection . On January 30 , 2008 , after placing in third in the New Hampshire and South Carolina primaries , Edwards announced that he was suspending his campaign for the presidency , but he did not initially endorse any remaining candidates . Super Tuesday ( edit ) Super Tuesday occurred on February 5 , 2008 , during which the largest - ever number of simultaneous state primary elections was held . Super Tuesday ended up leaving the Democrats in a virtual tie , with Obama amassing 847 delegates to Clinton 's 834 from the 23 states that held Democratic primaries . Earlier , on February 3 at the University of California , Los Angeles , celebrities Oprah Winfrey , Caroline Kennedy , and Stevie Wonder , among others , made appearances to show support for Obama in a rally led by his wife , Michelle Obama . In addition , then - Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger 's wife at the time , Maria Shriver , endorsed Obama . California was one of the Super Tuesday states that could provide a large number of delegates to the candidates . Obama trailed in the California polling by an average of 6.0 % before the primary ; he ended up losing that state by 8.3 % of the vote . Some analysts cited a large `` Latino '' turnout that voted for Clinton as the deciding factor . Barack Obama campaigns in Akron , Ohio on February 23 , 2008 The Louisiana , Nebraska , Hawaii , Wisconsin , U.S. Virgin Islands , the District of Columbia , Maryland , and Virginia primaries and the Washington and Maine caucuses all took place after Super Tuesday in February . Obama won all of them , giving him 10 consecutive victories after Super Tuesday . Ohio , Texas , and Pennsylvania ( edit ) On March 4 , Hillary Clinton carried Ohio and Rhode Island in the Democratic primaries ; some considered these wins , especially Ohio , a `` surprise upset '' by 10 % , although she did lead in the polling averages in both states . She also carried the primary in Texas , but Obama won the Texas caucuses held the same day and netted more delegates from the state than Clinton . Only one state held a primary in April . This was Pennsylvania , on April 22 . Although Obama made a strong effort to win Pennsylvania , Hillary Clinton won that primary by nearly 10 % , with approximately 55 % of the vote . Obama had outspent Clinton three to one in Pennsylvania , but his comment at a San Francisco fundraiser that small - town Americans `` cling '' to guns and religion drew sharp criticism from the Clinton campaign and may have hurt his chances in the Keystone State . In addition , Clinton had several advantages in Pennsylvania . Throughout the primary process , she relied on the support of older , white , working class voters . Pennsylvania held a closed primary , which means that only registered Democrats could vote , and , according to Ron Elving of NPR , the established Democratic electorate `` was older , whiter , more Catholic and more working - class than in most of the primaries to date . '' After Pennsylvania , Obama had a higher number of delegates and popular votes than Clinton did and was still in a stronger position to win the nomination . Clinton , however , had received the endorsement of more superdelegates than Obama . Indiana and North Carolina ( edit ) On May 6 , North Carolina and Indiana held their Democratic presidential primaries . Clinton and Obama campaigned aggressively there before the voting took place . The candidates acknowledged the importance of these primaries and said they were turning point states that could make or break either of their campaigns . Polling had shown Obama a few points ahead in North Carolina and Clinton similarly leading in Indiana . In the actual results , Obama outperformed the polls by several points in both states , winning by a significant margin in North Carolina and losing by only 1.1 % in Indiana ( 50.56 % to 49.44 % ) . After these primaries , most pundits declared that it had become `` increasingly improbable , '' if not impossible , for Clinton to win the nomination . The small win in Indiana barely kept her campaign alive for the next month . Although she did manage to win the majority of the remaining primaries and delegates , it was not enough to overcome Obama 's substantial delegate lead . Scandal surrounded the primary in Indiana because a Democratic State Committee member and county chair led a `` forgery ring '' to get all of the Democratic candidates on the ballot . This Democratic State Committee member , Owen `` Butch '' Morgan was convicted of felonies regarding the forgeries and sentenced to a year in prison , community corrections , and probation . Florida and Michigan ( edit ) During late 2007 , the two parties adopted rules against states ' moving their primaries to an earlier date in the year . For the Republicans , the penalty for this violation was supposed to be the loss of half the state party 's delegates to the convention . The Democratic penalty was the complete exclusion from the national convention of delegates from states that broke these rules . The Democratic Party allowed only four states to hold elections before February 5 , 2008 . Initially , the Democratic leadership said it would strip all delegates from Florida and Michigan , which had moved their primaries into January . In addition , all major Democratic candidates agreed officially not to campaign in Florida or Michigan , and Edwards and Obama removed their names from the Michigan ballot . Clinton won a majority of delegates and popular votes from both states ( though 40 % voted uncommitted in Michigan ) and subsequently led a fight to seat all the Florida and Michigan delegates . Political columnist Christopher Weber noted that while her action was self - serving , it was also `` pragmatic to forestall '' Florida or Michigan voters becoming so disaffected they did not vote for Democrats in the general election . There was some speculation that the fight over the delegates could last until the convention in August . On May 31 , 2008 , the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the Democratic Party reached a compromise on the Florida and Michigan delegate situation . The committee decided to seat delegate from Michigan and Florida at the convention in August , but to only award each a half - vote . Clinching the nomination ( edit ) Clinton withdrew in June 2008 , and endorsed Barack Obama . She campaigned fiercely on Obama 's behalf , stating to her fans , `` I ask all of you to join me in working as hard for ( Senator ) Barack Obama as you have for me . '' The major political party nomination process ( technically ) continues through June of an election year . In previous cycles , the candidates were effectively chosen by the end of the primaries held in March , but , in this cycle , however , Barack Obama did not win enough delegates to secure the nomination until June 3 , after a 17 - month campaign against Hillary Clinton . He had a wide lead in states won , while Clinton had won majorities in several of the larger states . Now , because a form of proportional representation and popular vote decided Democratic state delegate contests , numbers were close between Clinton and Obama . By May , Clinton claimed to hold a lead in the popular vote , but the Associated Press found that her numbers were `` accurate only '' in one close scenario . In June , after the last of the primaries had taken place , Obama secured the Democratic nomination for President , with the help of multiple super delegate endorsements ( most of the super delegates had refused to declare their support for either candidate until the primaries were completed ) . He was the first African American to win the nomination of a major political party in the United States . For several days , Clinton refused to concede the race , although she signaled her presidential campaign was ending in a post-primary speech on June 3 in her home state of New York . She finally conceded the nomination to Obama on June 7 . She pledged her full support to the presumptive nominee and vowed to do everything she could to help him get elected . Republican Party nomination ( edit ) Main articles : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2008 and 2008 Republican National Convention Not only was the 2008 election the first time since 1952 that neither the incumbent president nor the incumbent vice president was a candidate in the general election , but it was also the first time since the 1928 election that neither sought his party 's nomination for president ; as Bush was term - limited from seeking another nomination , the unique aspect was Vice President Cheney 's decision not to seek the Republican nomination . This left the Republican field just as open to a wide field of new candidates as the Democratic field . Candidate ( edit ) Main article : Republican Party presidential candidates , 2008 Republican Party Ticket , 2008 John McCain Sarah Palin for President for Vice President U.S. Senator from Arizona ( 1987 -- incumbent ) 9th Governor of Alaska ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Campaign Withdrawn candidates ( edit ) Mitt Romney , former Governor of Massachusetts ( withdrew on February 7 , 2008 and endorsed John McCain ) Mike Huckabee , former Governor of Arkansas ( withdrew on March 4 , 2008 and endorsed John McCain ) Ron Paul , U.S. Representative from Texas ( withdrew on June 12 , 2008 and endorsed Chuck Baldwin ) Rudy Giuliani , former Mayor of New York City ( withdrew on January 30 , 2008 and endorsed John McCain ) Fred Thompson , former U.S. Senator from Tennessee ( withdrew on January 22 , 2008 and endorsed John McCain ) Alan Keyes , former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland ( withdrew on April 15 , 2008 to run for the Constitution Party nomination . After losing that nomination , he ran as the America 's Independent Party nominee . ) Duncan Hunter , U.S. Representative from California ( withdrew on January 19 , 2008 and endorsed Mike Huckabee . He later endorsed John McCain ) Tom Tancredo , U.S. Representative from Colorado ( withdrew on December 20 , 2007 and endorsed Mitt Romney . He later endorsed John McCain ) Sam Brownback , U.S. Senator from Kansas ( withdrew on October 18 , 2007 and endorsed John McCain ) Tommy Thompson , former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services ( withdrew on August 12 , 2007 and endorsed Rudy Giuliani . He later endorsed John McCain ) Jim Gilmore , former Governor of Virginia ( withdrew on July 14 , 2007 and endorsed John McCain ) Former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on February 7 , 2008 ) Former Governor Mike Huckabee of Arkansas ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on March 4 , 2008 ) Representative Ron Paul from Texas ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on June 12 , 2008 ) Former NYC Mayor Rudy Giuliani , from New York ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on January 30 , 2008 ) Former Senator Fred Thompson from Tennessee ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on January 22 , 2008 ) Former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador Alan Keyes , from Maryland ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on April 15 , 2008 ) Representative Duncan Hunter from California ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on January 19 , 2008 ) Representative Tom Tancredo from Colorado ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on December 20 , 2007 ) Senator Sam Brownback from Kansas ( Withdrew on October 18 , 2007 ) Former Governor Jim Gilmore of Virginia ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on July 14 , 2007 ) Former HHS Secretary Tommy Thompson , from Wisconsin ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on August 12 , 2007 ) Before the primaries ( edit ) Immediately after the 2006 midterm elections , media pundits began speculating , as they did about the Democrats , about potential Republican candidates for President in 2008 . In November 2006 , Former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani led in the polls , followed closely by Arizona Senator John McCain . The media speculated that Giuliani 's pro-choice stance on abortion and McCain 's age and support of the unpopular Iraq War would be detriments to their candidacies . Giuliani remained the frontrunner in the polls throughout most of 2007 , with McCain and former Tennessee Senator Fred Thompson fighting for second place . Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee , Giuliani , Former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , and Texas Representative Ron Paul announced their candidacies on January 28 , February 5 , February 13 , and March 12 , respectively . McCain officially announced his candidacy on March 1 , 2007 , after several informal announcements . In the third quarter of 2007 , the top four GOP ( Republican ) fundraisers were Romney , Giuliani , Thompson , and Ron Paul . MSNBC 's Chuck Todd christened Giuliani and John McCain the front runners after the second Republican presidential debate in early 2007 . Early primaries / caucuses ( edit ) Huckabee , winner of Iowa , had little to no money and hoped for at least a third - place finish in New Hampshire . McCain eventually displaced Rudy Giuliani and Romney as the front runner in New Hampshire . McCain staged a turnaround victory , having been written off by the pundits and polling in single digits less than a month before the race . With the Republicans stripping Michigan and Florida of half their delegates for moving their primaries into January 2008 against party rules , the race for the nomination was based there . McCain meanwhile managed a small victory over Huckabee in South Carolina , setting him up for a larger and more important victory over Romney in Florida , which held a closed primary on January 29 . By this time , after several scandals , no success in the early primaries , and a third - place finish in Florida , Giuliani conceded from the nomination race and endorsed John McCain the next day . Super Tuesday ( edit ) McCain was also endorsed in February by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger before the California primary took place on Super Tuesday . This gave him a significant boost in the polls for the state 's primary , which awarded the greatest number of delegates of all the states . On Super Tuesday , McCain won his home state of Arizona , taking all 53 delegates . He also won nearly all of California 's 173 delegates , the largest of the Super Tuesday prizes . McCain also scored wins in seven other states , picking up 574 delegates . Huckabee was the `` surprise performer '' , winning 5 states and 218 delegates . Romney won 7 states and 231 delegates . Two days later , Romney suspended his presidential campaign , saying that if he stayed in the race , he would `` forestall the launch of a national campaign and be making it easier for Senator Clinton or Obama to win '' . His departure left Huckabee and Paul as McCain 's only major challengers in the remaining primaries and caucuses . Romney endorsed McCain on February 14 . Louisiana , the District of Columbia , Kansas , Wisconsin , and Washington held primaries in February after Super Tuesday . Despite McCain picking up big victories , Huckabee won Louisiana and Kansas . McCain narrowly carried the Washington caucuses over Huckabee and Paul , who amassed a large showing . The Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico closed February for the Republicans . After Super Tuesday , John McCain had become the clear front runner , but by the end of February , he still had not acquired enough delegates to secure the nomination . In March , John McCain clinched the Republican nomination after sweeping all four primaries , Texas , Ohio , Vermont , and Rhode Island , putting him over the top of the 1,191 delegates required to win the GOP nomination . Mike Huckabee then conceded the race to McCain , leaving Ron Paul , who had just 16 delegates , as his only remaining opponent . Romney would eventually become the Republican presidential nominee 4 years later , which he then lost to Barack Obama . Other nominations ( edit ) Main article : United States third party and independent presidential candidates , 2008 Along with the Democratic and Republican parties , three other parties nominated candidates with ballot access in enough states to win the minimum 270 electoral votes needed to win the election . These were the Constitution Party , the Green Party , and the Libertarian Party . In addition , independent candidate Ralph Nader ran his own campaign . The Constitution Party nominated writer , pastor , and conservative talk show host Chuck Baldwin for President , and attorney Darrell Castle from Tennessee for Vice President . While campaigning , Baldwin voiced his opposition to the Iraq war , the Sixteenth Amendment , Roe v. Wade , the IRS , and the Federal Reserve . The Green Party nominated former Democratic Representative Cynthia McKinney from Georgia for President , and political activist Rosa Clemente from New York for Vice President . McKinney campaigned on a platform that supported single - payer universal health care , the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq and Afghanistan , reparations for African Americans , and the creation of a Department of Peace . The Libertarian Party nominated former Republican Representative Bob Barr from Georgia for President , and his former rival for the Libertarian nomination Wayne Allyn Root from Nevada , for Vice President . During the 2008 presidential campaign , Barr advocated a reworking or abolition of the income tax and opposed the war in Iraq and the Patriot Act . Candidates gallery ( edit ) Independent : Attorney Ralph Nader from Connecticut ( campaign ) Libertarian Party : Former Representative Bob Barr from Georgia ( campaign ) Constitution Party : Former Pastor Chuck Baldwin from Florida ( campaign ) Green Party : Former Representative Cynthia McKinney from Georgia ( campaign ) Party conventions ( edit ) Denver Saint Paul Kansas City Chicago Sites of the 2008 National Party Conventions April 23 -- 26 , 2008 : 2008 Constitution Party National Convention held in Kansas City , Missouri . May 23 -- 26 , 2008 : 2008 Libertarian National Convention , held in Denver , Colorado . July 10 -- 13 , 2008 : 2008 Green Party National Convention , held in Chicago , Illinois . August 25 -- 28 , 2008 : 2008 Democratic National Convention , held in Denver , Colorado . September 1 -- 4 , 2008 : 2008 Republican National Convention , held in Saint Paul , Minnesota . General election campaign ( edit ) An issue in the election was Obama 's possible , and then actual , nomination by the Democratic Party . On August 28 , 2008 , when Obama formally accepted the Democratic nomination for President , he became the first African American to be nominated for President by a major political party . The television audiences for both McCain 's and Obama 's acceptance speeches broke records , according to Nielsen ratings . Issues ( edit ) Iraq ( edit ) The unpopular war in Iraq was a key issue during the campaign before the economic crisis . John McCain supported the war while Barack Obama opposed it ( Obama 's early and strong opposition to the war helped him stand out against the other Democratic candidates during the primaries , as well as stand out to a war - weary electorate during the general campaign ) . Though McCain meant it as a peacetime presence like the United States maintained in Germany and Japan after World War II , his statement that the United States could be in Iraq for as much as the next 50 to 100 years would prove costly . Obama used it against him as part of his strategy to tie him to the unpopular President Bush . John McCain 's support for the troop ' surge ' employed by General David Petraeus , which was one of several factors credited with improving the security situation in Iraq , may have boosted McCain 's stance on the issue in voters ' minds . McCain ( who supported the invasion ) argued that his support for the successful surge showed his superior judgment . However , Obama was quick to remind voters that there would have been no need for a `` surge '' had there been no war at all , thus questioning McCain 's judgment . Bush 's unpopularity ( edit ) George W. Bush had become increasingly unpopular by 2006 . Polls consistently showed that his approval ratings among American voters had averaged around 30 percent . In March 2008 , Bush endorsed McCain at the White House , but Bush did not make a single appearance for McCain during the campaign . Bush appeared at the 2008 GOP convention only through a live video broadcast . He chose not to appear in person due to disaster events in the Gulf of Mexico in the aftermath of Hurricane Gustav . Although he supported the war in Iraq , McCain made an effort to show that he had disagreed with Bush on many other key issues such as climate change . During the entire general election campaign , Obama countered by pointing out in ads and at numerous campaign rallies that McCain had claimed in an interview that he voted with Bush 90 % of the time , and congressional voting records supported this for the years Bush was in office . Change vs. experience ( edit ) John McCain and Sarah Palin onstage with Todd Palin , Cindy McCain and Robert Duvall in Albuquerque , New Mexico , September 6 , 2008 Before the Democratic primaries began , the dichotomy of change versus experience had already become a common theme in the presidential campaign , with Senator Hillary Clinton positioning herself as the candidate with experience and Obama embracing the characterization as the candidate most able to bring change to Washington . Before the official launch of her campaign , aides for Clinton were already planning to position her as the ' change ' candidate , as strategist Mark Penn made clear in an October 2006 memo titled `` The Plan . '' In his presidential run announcement , Obama framed his candidacy by emphasizing that `` Washington must change . '' In response to this , Clinton adopted her experience as a major campaign theme . By early and mid-2007 , polls regularly found voters identifying Clinton as the more experienced candidate and Obama as the `` fresh '' or `` new '' candidate . Exit polls on Super Tuesday found that Obama won voters who thought that the ability to bring change was the most important quality in a candidate , who made up a majority of the Democratic electorate . By a margin of about 2 - 1 , Clinton was able to make up for this deficiency by an almost total domination among voters who thought experience was the most important quality . These margins generally remained the same until Obama clinched the Democratic nomination on June 3 . Similar to Senator Bob Dole 's 1996 presidential campaign , one of the more widely leveled charges against McCain was the issue of his age -- he turned 72 in August and there was widespread concern about the idea of electing a man who would be 80 years old if he completed two full terms in office ( the oldest president , Ronald Reagan , had been a month shy of 78 when he left office in January 1989 ) . In addition , McCain suffered from the ill effects of his captivity in North Vietnam and reportedly had difficulty lifting his arms above his head . His age in particular was considered a liability against the youthful Senator Obama , who was the first Generation Xer to run for president on a major party ticket . McCain for comparison was born before World War II and belonged to the generation preceding the baby boomers . Much like Bob Dole , McCain attempted to counter these charges by releasing all of his medical records , something Obama did not do . McCain 's wife Cindy dismissed concerns about his health by arguing that `` We went hiking the Grand Canyon last summer and ( John ) did great and had no trouble keeping up with us . '' McCain also appeared at several campaign stops with his still - active 95 - year - old mother . In a speech on the House floor , Pennsylvania Congressman John Murtha criticized McCain 's age by saying `` Seven presidents have come and gone since I 've been in Congress , and I saw the toll the job took on each one of them . '' If elected , McCain would have been the first , and only , President born in the decade of the 1930s . Like the Clinton campaign in 1996 , Obama avoided discussing McCain 's age directly , instead preferring to simply call his ideas and message `` old '' and `` old hat '' . He also made a strong appeal to youth voters and back during his primary contest with Hillary Clinton , had stated `` When I watched the feud between the Clintons and ( Newt Gingrich ) unfold during the 1990s , I was reminded of old quarrels started on college campuses long ago . It 's time for a new generation to take over . '' Obama 's active use of a Blackberry and other modern technology also stood in contrast to the Arizona Senator 's admission that he did not use a computer or a cell phone . McCain 's service in Vietnam , while marketable to baby boomers , was referred to as `` unimportant '' to younger voters . Obama campaigning as a symbol of change in Cleveland , Ohio with a `` Change We Need '' sign Obama promised `` universal health care , full employment , a green America , and an America respected instead of feared by its enemies '' . He used new media to `` form a bond with his supporters '' which helped him `` appeal to the youth audience 's need to feel special , in - the - know , empowered and special '' . This was best displayed in his text message announcement of Joe Biden as the vice-presidential candidate . He has also declared , in his book The Audacity of Hope , that he did not experience a religious upbringing . Rather he developed his faith due to the church 's ability to motivate social change . Bowdern wrote , `` This is best exemplified in his `` 50 state strategy '' , meaning that he campaigned in states that historically would never vote for a Democrat . The 2008 presidential election saw a large youth turn out , up to 51 % . '' John McCain quickly adopted similar campaign themes against Obama at the start of the general election campaign . Polls regularly found the general electorate as a whole divided more evenly between ' change ' and ' experience ' as candidate qualities than the Democratic primary electorate , which split in favor of ' change ' by a nearly 2 - 1 margin . Advantages for McCain and Obama on experience and the ability to bring change , respectively , remained steady through the November 4 election . However , final pre-election polling found that voters considered Obama 's inexperience less of an impediment than McCain 's association with sitting President George W. Bush , an association which was rhetorically framed by the Obama campaign throughout the election season as `` more of the same '' . McCain appeared to undercut his line of attack by picking first - term Alaska governor Sarah Palin to be his running mate . Palin had been governor only since 2006 , and before that had been a council member and mayor of Wasilla . The choice of Palin was controversial , however it appeared to solve two pressing concerns -- McCain 's age and health since a youthful vice president would succeed him to office if he died or became incapacitated , and appealing to right - wing conservatives , a group that had been comparatively unmoved by McCain . Palin also came off as more down - to - earth and relatable to average Americans than McCain , widely tarbrushed as a `` Beltway insider '' . However , media interviews suggested that Palin lacked knowledge on certain key issues , and they cast doubt among many voters about her qualifications to be Vice President or President . In this regard , her inexperience was also a liability when McCain 's age and health were factored in -- there was a higher - than - normal probability of Palin succeeding to the presidency and many moderates and independents chafed at this idea . `` One 72 year old heartbeat away from the presidency '' became a popular anti-GOP slogan . Late night TV host David Letterman jokingly referred to Palin as resembling `` a slutty flight attendant '' and even Obama himself on a September 9 speech referred to the Alaska governor as `` the equivalent of putting lipstick on a pig '' . She also came under attack on everything from her 17 - year - old daughter giving birth to a child out of wedlock to actively participating in hunting moose and other animals . Because of Palin 's conservative views , there was also concern that she would alienate independents and moderates , two groups that pundits observed McCain would need to win the election . Economy ( edit ) Polls taken in the last few months of the presidential campaign and exit polls conducted on Election Day showed the economy as the top concern for voters . In the fall of 2008 , many news sources were reporting that the economy was suffering its most serious downturn since the Great Depression . During this period , John McCain 's election prospects fell with several politically costly comments about the economy . On August 20 , John McCain said in an interview with Politico that he was uncertain how many houses he and his wife , Cindy , owned ; `` I think -- I 'll have my staff get to you , '' he told the media outlet . Both on the stump and in Obama 's political ad , `` Seven '' , the gaffe was used to portray McCain as somebody unable to relate to the concerns of ordinary Americans . This out - of - touch image was further cultivated when , on September 15 , the day of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy , at a morning rally in Jacksonville , Florida , McCain declared that `` the fundamentals of our economy are strong , '' despite what he described as `` tremendous turmoil in our financial markets and Wall Street . '' With the perception among voters to the contrary , the comment appeared to cost McCain politically . On September 24 , 2008 , after the onset of the 2008 global financial crisis , McCain announced that he was suspending his campaign to return to Washington so he could help craft a $700 billion bailout package for the troubled financial industry , and he stated that he would not debate Obama until Congress passed the bailout bill . Despite this decision , McCain was portrayed as somebody not playing a significant role in the negotiations for the first version of the bill , which fell short of passage in the House . He eventually decided to attend the first presidential debate on September 26 , despite Congress ' lack of immediate action on the bill . His ineffectiveness in the negotiations and his reversal in decision to attend the debates were seized upon to portray McCain as erratic in his response to the economy . Days later , a second version of the original bailout bill was passed by both the House and Senate , with Obama , his vice presidential running mate Joe Biden , and McCain all voting for the measure ( Hillary Clinton would as well ) . All the aforementioned remarks and campaign issues hurt McCain 's standing with voters . All these also occurred after the economic crisis and after McCain 's poll numbers had started to fall . Although sound bites of all of these `` missteps '' were played repeatedly on national television , many pundits and analysts say that the actual financial crisis and economic conditions caused McCain 's large drop in support in mid-September and severely damaged his campaign . Health care ( edit ) John McCain 's proposals focused on open - market competition rather than government funding or control . At the heart of his plan were tax credits -- $2,500 for individuals and $5,000 for families who do not subscribe to or do not have access to health care through their employer . To help people who are denied coverage by insurance companies due to pre-existing conditions , McCain proposed working with states to create what he calls a `` Guaranteed Access Plan '' . Barack Obama called for universal health care . His health care plan proposed creating a National Health Insurance Exchange that would include both private insurance plans and a Medicare - like government run option . Coverage would be guaranteed regardless of health status , and premiums would not vary based on health status either . It would have required parents to cover their children , but did not require adults to buy insurance . The Philadelphia Inquirer reported that the two plans had different philosophical focuses . They described the purpose of the McCain plan as to `` make insurance more affordable , '' while the purpose of the Obama plan was for `` more people to have health insurance . '' The Des Moines Register characterized the plans similarly . The Commonwealth Fund concluded that , compared with McCain 's approach , Obama 's plan could provide more people with affordable health insurance that covers essential services , achieve greater equity in access to care , realize efficiencies and cost savings in the provision of coverage and delivery of care , and redirect incentives to improve quality . Critics of McCain 's plan argued that it would not significantly reduce the number of uninsured Americans , would increase costs , reduce consumer protections and lead to less generous benefit packages . Critics of Obama 's plan argued that it would increase federal regulation of private health insurance without addressing the underlying incentives behind rising health care spending . Mark Pauly suggested that a combination of the two approaches would work better than either one alone . Various analyses of the two candidates ' plans came to widely varying predictions of their costs and effects . A comparison by The Tax Policy Center , a project of the Brookings Institution and the Urban Institute estimated that Obama 's proposals could cost $1.6 trillion over 10 years , while the tax - related provisions of McCain 's proposals could cost $1.3 trillion over the same period . A comparison by The Lewin Group , a subsidiary of UnitedHealth Group , published in October 2008 , found that the McCain plan would reduce the number of uninsured by 21.1 million and cost $2.05 trillion over 10 years , while the Obama plan would reduce the uninsured by 26.6 million and increase federal spending by $1.17 trillion over the same period . Estimates prepared by HSI Networks found that the McCain plan would reduce the uninsured by 27.5 million at an annual cost of $287 billion , and the Obama plan would reduce the uninsured by 25.5 million at an annual cost of $452 billion . A poll released in early November 2008 found that voters supporting Obama listed health care as their second priority ; voters supporting McCain listed it as fourth , tied with the war in Iraq . Affordability was the primary health care priority among both sets of voters . Obama voters were more likely than McCain voters to believe government can do much about health care costs . Race ( edit ) In an October 17 -- 20 , 2008 NBC News / Wall Street Journal poll of registered voters , 2 % said race made them more likely to vote for Barack Obama , 4 % said it made them less likely to do so , and 2 % were not sure . The other 92 % of respondents said race was not a major factor in their vote ( margin of error was ± 2.9 % ) . A July 18 -- 21 , 2008 NBC News / Wall Street Journal poll showed that 20 % of African American registered voters and 8 % of white registered voters considered race the single most important factor when voting ( margin of error was ± 3.1 % ) . This percentage increased in both groups from previous polls . A June 6 -- 9 , 2008 NBC News / Wall Street Journal poll showed that 17 % were enthusiastic about Obama being the first African American president , 70 % were comfortable or indifferent , and 13 % had reservations or were uncomfortable ( margin of error was ± 3.1 % ) . Obama generally avoided racial issues in his campaign . He would often place white people behind him when in a hall speaking to a large black group in order to avoid racial imagery . On June 11 , 2008 , Fox News Channel used the phrase `` Outraged liberals : Stop picking on Obama 's baby mama '' in an on screen graphic in a discussion as to whether U.S. presidential candidate Barack Obama 's wife , Michelle , was being unfairly criticized . A senior vice president of programming at Fox said in a statement that a producer `` exercised poor judgment '' during the segment . There were also attempts to interpret a fist tap as either a racial move , or a `` terrorist fist jab '' . Debates ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election debates , 2008 The Commission on Presidential Debates announced four debates : September 26 : The first presidential debate took place at the University of Mississippi . The central issues debated were supposed to be foreign policy and national security . However , due to the economic climate , some questions on financial topics appeared as well . The debate was formatted into nine nine - minute segments , and the moderator , Jim Lehrer of PBS , introduced the topics . October 2 : The vice-presidential debate was hosted at Washington University in St. Louis , and was moderated by Gwen Ifill of PBS . October 7 : The second presidential debate took place at Belmont University . It was a town meeting format debate moderated by NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw and addressed issues raised by members of the audience , particularly the economy . October 15 : The third and final presidential debate was hosted at Hofstra University . It focused on domestic and economic policy . Like the first presidential debate , it was formatted into segments , with moderator Bob Schieffer introducing the topics . Another debate was sponsored by the Columbia University political union and took place there on October 19 . All candidates who could theoretically win the 270 electoral votes needed to win the election were invited , and Ralph Nader , Cynthia McKinney , and Chuck Baldwin agreed to attend . Amy Goodman , principal host of Democracy Now ! , moderated . It was broadcast on cable by C - SPAN and on the Internet by Break - the - Matrix . Campaign costs ( edit ) Main article : Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election The reported cost of campaigning for president has increased significantly in recent years . One source reported that if the costs for both Democratic and Republican campaigns were added together ( for the presidential primary election , general election , and the political conventions ) , the costs have more than doubled in only eight years ( $448.9 million in 1996 , $649.5 million in 2000 , and $1.01 billion in 2004 ) . In January 2007 , Federal Election Commission Chairman Michael E. Toner estimated that the 2008 race would be a $1 billion election , and that to be taken seriously , a candidate would have needed to raise at least $100 million by the end of 2007 . Although he had said he would not be running for president , published reports in 2007 indicated that billionaire and New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg had been considering a presidential bid as an independent with up to $1 billion of his own fortune to finance it . Bloomberg ultimately ended this speculation by unequivocally stating that he would not run . With the increase in money expenditures , many candidates did not use the public financing system funded by the presidential election campaign fund checkoff . John McCain , Tom Tancredo , John Edwards , Chris Dodd , and Joe Biden qualified for and elected to take public funds throughout the primary process . Major Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama chose not to participate in the public financing system . Expense summary ( edit ) According to required campaign filings as reported by the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) , 148 candidates for all parties collectively raised $1,644,712,232 and spent $1,601,104,696 for the primary and general campaigns combined through November 24 , 2008 . The amounts raised and spent by the major candidates , according to the same source , were as follows : Candidate ( Party ) Amount raised Amount spent Votes Average spent per vote Barack Obama ( D ) $778,642,962 $760,370,195 69,498,516 $10.94 John McCain ( R ) $379,006,485 $346,666,422 59,948,323 $5.78 Ralph Nader ( I ) $4,496,180 $4,187,628 739,034 $5.67 Bob Barr ( L ) $1,383,681 $1,345,202 523,715 $2.57 Chuck Baldwin ( C ) $261,673 $234,309 199,750 $1.17 Cynthia McKinney ( G ) $240,130 $238,968 161,797 $1.48 Excludes spending by independent expenditure concerns . Source : Federal Election Commission Notable expressions and phrases ( edit ) Drill , baby , drill : Republican self - described energy policy Yes We Can : Obama 's campaign slogan That one : McCain 's reference to Obama during the 2nd debate . Lipstick on a pig : Obama used this phrase to insinuate that any changes that McCain was advocating from the policies of George W. Bush would only be slight modifications of Bush 's policies but the underlying policies would be the same , and in Obama 's opinion , bad . Some called it sexist , claiming it was a reference to Sarah Palin , who cracked a joke during the Republican convention that the only difference between a hockey mom and a pit bull is lipstick . Internet campaigns ( edit ) Fundraising ( edit ) See also : Grassroots fundraising Howard Dean collected large contributions through the Internet in his 2004 primary run . In 2008 , candidates went even further to reach out to Internet users through their own sites and such sites as YouTube , MySpace , and Facebook . On December 16 , 2007 , Ron Paul collected $6 million , more money on a single day through Internet donations than any presidential candidate in US history . Promotion ( edit ) Not only did the Internet allow candidates to raise money , but also it gave them a tool to appeal to newer and younger demographics . Political pundits were now evaluating candidates based on their social media following . Senator Barack Obama 's victory is credited to his competitive edge in social media and Internet following . Obama had over 2 million American supporters on Facebook and 100,000 followers on Twitter , while McCain attracted only 600,000 Facebook supporters ( likes ) and 4,600 followers on Twitter . Obama 's YouTube channel held 115,000 subscribers and more than 97 million video views . Obama had maintained a similar advantage over Senator Hillary Clinton in the Democratic Primary . Obama 's edge in social media was crucial to the election outcome . According to a study by the Pew Internet and American Life project , 35 percent of Americans relied on online video for election news . Ten percent of Americans used social networking sites to learn about the election . The 2008 election showed huge increases in Internet use . Another study done after the election gave a lot of insight on young voters . Thirty - seven percent of Americans ages 18 -- 24 got election news from social networking sites . Almost a quarter of Americans saw something about the election in an online video . YouTube and other online video outlets allowed candidates to advertise in ways like never before . The Republican Party in particular was criticized for not adequately using social media and other means to reach young voters . Social media allowed voters to share their voting experience . On November 4 , 2008 at 10 : 30 p.m. , 4.9 million Facebook users had already posted an announcement that they had voted , simply by checking a box on the site . Various websites allowed voters to share concerns over voting malfunctions , ballot shortages and other problems . Social media and the Internet provided a new and interactive voting experience . Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama created a broad popular movement and a new method of campaigning by courting and mobilizing activists , donations , and voters through the Internet . It was part of a campaign that mobilized grassroots workers in every state . Obama also set fundraising records in more than one month by gaining support from a record - breaking number of individual small donors . Anonymous and semi-anonymous smear campaigns , traditionally done with fliers and push calling , also spread to the Internet . Organizations specializing in the production and distribution of viral material , such as Brave New Films , emerged ; such organizations have been said to be having a growing influence on American politics . News ( edit ) YouTube was considered to be a valuable asset for free advertising . Joe Trippi , the manager of Howard Dean 's presidential campaign , claimed that Obama 's YouTube campaign material was watched for 14.5 million hours , a viewing that would have cost $47 million for broadcast television . YouTube and other online video outlets allowed candidates to advertise in ways like never before . The percentage of Americans who regularly rely on the Internet for campaign news almost doubled ( 13 to 24 percent ) from 2004 to 2008 , according to a 2008 study from the Pew Research Center . Americans who relied on traditional news sources rate was either stagnant or declining . A 2011 study by Ad Age magazine shows that 39 percent of voting - age social media users repost and share political messages . The study also recorded 1 / 3 of Facebook friends opening video or article links . The 2008 election was a catalyst for Internet use in American politics . Jay Samit , a writer at Ad Age magazine , predicted the 2012 election to be `` the most participatory election in our nation 's history '' because of social media . Controversies ( edit ) Voter suppression ( edit ) Some pre-election controversies in the election revolved around challenges to voter registration lists , involving techniques such as caging lists alleged to constitute voter suppression . Allegations of voter list purges using unlawful criteria caused controversy in at least six swing states : Colorado , Indiana , Ohio , Michigan , Nevada and North Carolina . On October 5 , 2008 the Republican Lt. Governor of Montana , John Bohlinger , accused the Montana Republican Party of vote caging to purge 6,000 voters from three counties which trend Democratic . Allegations arose in Michigan that the Republican Party planned to challenge the eligibility of voters based on lists of foreclosed homes . The campaign of Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama filed a lawsuit challenging this . The House Judiciary Committee wrote to the Department of Justice requesting an investigation . Virginia election authorities were ordered by a federal judge to preserve late - arriving absentee ballots sent by active - duty military personnel following a suit by the McCain campaign . It alleged that the state sent absentee ballots late to service members . According to federal law , absentee ballots must be mailed to troops in foreign countries at least 45 days before an election . The charge against Virginia was that the ballots were not printed until after the deadline and therefore were mailed late to soldiers abroad . Guam 's 173,000 residents are U.S. citizens , and must obey U.S. laws passed in Washington , yet they have neither a voting member of Congress , nor votes in the Electoral College . Since 1980 , they have held a straw poll for president at the same time as the U.S. national elections . In 2007 , Guam 's legislature voted to move the straw poll up to September to draw attention to the choices of Guam 's population and their continued disfranchisement , but the governor vetoed the bill . Obama won the 2008 Guam straw poll with 20,120 votes to McCain 's 11,940 . Libertarian candidate Bob Barr filed a lawsuit in Texas to have Obama and McCain removed from the ballot in that state . His campaign alleged that both the candidates had missed the August 26 deadline to file , and were present on the ballot contrary to Texas election law . Neither Obama , or McCain at the time of the deadline had been confirmed as the candidate for their respective parties . The Texas Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuit without explanation . In Ohio , identified by both parties as a key state , allegations surfaced from both Republicans and Democrats that individuals from out of state were moving to the state temporarily and attempting to vote despite not meeting the state 's requirement of permanent residency for more than 29 days . The Franklin County Board of Elections referred 55 cases of possible voting irregularities to the local prosecutor . Three groups attracted particular notice : ' Vote from Home , ' ' Vote Today Ohio , ' and ' Drop Everything and Come to Ohio . ' Vote from Home attracted the most attention when thirteen of the group 's members moved to the same location in eastern Columbus . Members of the group organized by Marc Gustafson , including several Marshall and Rhodes scholars studying at Oxford University , settled with Franklin County Prosecutor Ron O'Brien to have their challenged ballots withdrawn . The Obama campaign and others alleged that members of the McCain campaign had also voted without properly establishing residency . Since 1953 , only six people in Ohio have gone to prison for illegal voting . Media bias ( edit ) Republicans and independents leveled significant criticism at media outlets ' coverage of the presidential election season . An October 22 , 2008 Pew Research Center poll estimated 70 % of registered voters believed journalists wanted Barack Obama to win the election , as opposed to 9 % for John McCain . Another Pew survey , conducted after the election , found that 67 % of voters thought that the press fairly covered Obama , versus 30 % who viewed the coverage as unfair . Regarding McCain , 53 % of voters viewed his press coverage as fair versus 44 % who characterized it as unfair . Among affiliated Democrats , 83 % believed the press fairly covered Obama ; just 22 % of Republicans thought the press was fair to McCain . At the February debate , Tim Russert of NBC News was criticized for what some perceived as disproportionately tough questioning of Democratic presidential contender Hillary Clinton . Among the questions , Russert had asked Clinton , but not Obama , to provide the name of the new Russian President ( Dmitry Medvedev ) . This was later parodied on Saturday Night Live . In October 2007 , liberal commentators accused Russert of harassing Clinton over the issue of supporting drivers ' licenses for illegal immigrants . On April 16 , ABC News hosted a debate in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Moderators Charles Gibson and George Stephanopoulos were criticized by viewers , bloggers and media critics for the poor quality of their questions . Many viewers said they considered some of the questions irrelevant when measured against the importance of the faltering economy or the Iraq war . Included in that category were continued questions about Obama 's former pastor , Senator Hillary Clinton 's assertion that she had to duck sniper fire in Bosnia more than a decade ago , and Senator Obama 's not wearing an American flag pin . The moderators focused on campaign gaffes and some believed they focused too much on Obama . Stephanopoulos defended their performance , saying `` Senator Obama was the front - runner '' and the questions were `` not inappropriate or irrelevant at all . '' In an op - ed published on April 27 , 2008 in The New York Times , Elizabeth Edwards wrote that the media covered much more of `` the rancor of the campaign '' and `` amount of money spent '' than `` the candidates ' priorities , policies and principles . '' Author Erica Jong commented that `` our press has become a sea of triviality , meanness and irrelevant chatter . '' A Gallup poll released on May 29 , 2008 also estimated that more Americans felt the media was being harder on Hillary Clinton than they were towards Barack Obama . Time Magazine columnist Mark Halperin stated that the media during the 2008 election had a `` blind , almost slavish '' worship of Obama . The Project for Excellence in Journalism and Harvard University 's Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press , Politics and Public Policy conducted a study of 5,374 media narratives and assertions about the presidential candidates from January 1 through March 9 , 2008 . The study found that Obama received 69 % favorable coverage and Clinton received 67 % , compared to only 43 % favorable media coverage of McCain . Another study by the Center for Media and Public Affairs at George Mason University found the media coverage of Obama to be 72 % negative from June 8 to July 21 compared to 57 % negative for McCain . An October 29 study found 29 % of stories about Obama to be negative , compared to 57 % of stories about McCain being negative . Conduct ( edit ) Final poll closing times on Election Day . 7PM EST ( 00 : 00 UTC ) ( 6 ) 7 : 30PM EST ( 00 : 30 UTC ) ( 3 ) 8PM EST ( 01 : 00 UTC ) ( 15 + DC ) 8 : 30PM EST ( 01 : 30 UTC ) ( 1 ) 9PM EST ( 02 : 00 UTC ) ( 15 ) 10PM EST ( 03 : 00 UTC ) ( 4 ) 11PM EST ( 04 : 00 UTC ) ( 5 ) 1AM EST ( 06 : 00 UTC ) ( 1 ) Election Day was on November 4 , 2008 . The majority of states allowed early voting , with all states allowing some form of absentee voting . Voters cast votes for listed presidential candidates but were actually selecting representatives for their state 's Electoral College slate . A McCain victory quickly became improbable as Obama amassed early wins in his home state of Illinois , the Northeast , and the critical battleground states of Ohio ( which no Republican has ever been elected President without winning ) and Pennsylvania by 9 : 30 PM Eastern Standard Time . Obama won the entire Northeast by comfortable margins and the Great Lakes states of Michigan , Wisconsin , and Minnesota by double digits . McCain held on to traditionally Republican states like North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , Oklahoma , Montana , Utah , Idaho , Wyoming , and his home state of Arizona . McCain , unlike Bush in 2000 and 2004 , failed to win all the southern states : Obama won Florida , North Carolina , and Virginia . Obama also won the hotly contested states of Iowa and New Mexico , which Al Gore had won in 2000 and George W. Bush in 2004 . Also , for only the second time since 1940 ( 1964 being the other ) , Indiana went Democratic , giving Obama all eight Great Lakes states , the first time a presidential candidate had won all of them since Richard Nixon in 1972 . CNN and Fox News called Virginia for Obama shortly before 11 : 00 PM , leaving him only 50 electoral votes shy of victory with only six West Coast states ( California , Oregon , Washington , Idaho , Alaska , and Hawaii ) still voting . All American networks called the election in favor of Obama at 11 : 00 PM as the polls closed on the West Coast . Obama was immediately declared the winner in California , Oregon , Washington , and Hawaii , McCain won Idaho , and the Electoral College totals were updated to 297 for Obama and 146 for McCain ( 270 are needed to win ) . McCain gave a concession speech half an hour later in his hometown of Phoenix , Arizona . Obama appeared just before midnight Eastern Time in Grant Park , Chicago , in front of a crowd of 250,000 people to deliver his victory speech . Cartogram of the Electoral Votes for 2008 United States presidential election , each square representing one electoral vote . The map shows the impact of winning swing states . Nebraska , being one of two states that are not winner - take - all , for the first time had its votes split , with its second congressional district voting for Obama . Following Obama 's speech , spontaneous street parties broke out in cities across the United States including Philadelphia , Houston , Las Vegas , Miami , Chicago , Columbus , Detroit , Boston , Los Angeles , Portland , Washington , D.C. , San Francisco , Denver , Atlanta , Madison , and New York City and around the world in London ; Bonn ; Berlin ; Obama , Japan ; Toronto ; Rio de Janeiro ; Sydney ; and Nairobi . Later on election night , after Obama was named the winner , he picked up several more wins in swing states in which the polls had shown a close race . These included Florida , Indiana , Virginia , and the western states of Colorado and Nevada . All of these states had been carried by Bush in 2004 . North Carolina and the bellwether state of Missouri remained undecided for several days . Eventually Obama was declared the winner in North Carolina and McCain in Missouri , with Obama pulling out a rare win in Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . This put the projected electoral vote count at 365 for Obama and 173 for McCain . Obama 's victories in the populous swing states of Florida , Ohio , Pennsylvania , North Carolina , and Virginia contributed to his decisive win . The presidential electors cast their ballots for President and Vice President , and Congress tallied these votes on January 8 , 2009 . Turnout ( edit ) An Obama sign displayed at a home in Arlington , VA , on November 1 , 2008 . The voter turnout for this election was broadly predicted to be high by American standards , and a record number of votes were cast . The final tally of total votes counted was 131.3 million , compared to 122.3 million in 2004 ( which also boasted the highest record since 1968 , the last presidential election before the voting age was lowered to 18 ) . Expressed as a percentage of eligible voters , 131.2 million votes could reflect a turnout as high as 63.0 % of eligible voters , which would be the highest since 1960 . This 63.0 % turnout rate is based on an estimated eligible voter population of 208,323,000 . Another estimate puts the eligible voter population at 213,313,508 , resulting in a turnout rate of 61.6 % , which would be the highest turnout rate since 1968 . Broken down by age group , voters under 35 voted for Obama by a large majority with McCain most popular among voters over 60 . Voters between 35 and 59 were nearly split 50 / 50 between the two candidates . American University 's Center for the Study of the American Electorate released a report on November 6 , 2008 , two days after the election , which concluded that the anticipated increase in turnout had failed to materialize . That report was the basis for some news articles that indicated voter turnout failed to meet expectations . When the remaining votes were counted after the release of the report , the total number of votes cast in the presidential election was raised to 131.2 million , which surpassed the American University report 's preliminary estimate of 126.5 to 128.5 million voters by a factor of between 2 % and 4 % . The election saw increased participation from African Americans , who made up 11.1 % of the electorate in 2004 , versus 13.0 % in 2008 . According to exit polls , over 95 % of African Americans voted for Obama . This played a critical role in Southern states such as North Carolina . 74 % of North Carolina 's registered African American voters turned out , as opposed to 69 % of North Carolinians in general , with Obama carrying 100 % ( with rounding ) of African - American females and African Americans age 18 to 29 , according to exit polling . This was also the case in Virginia , where much higher turnout among African Americans propelled Obama to victory in the former Republican stronghold . Even in southern states in which Obama was unsuccessful , such as Georgia and Mississippi , due to large African American turnout he was much more competitive than John Kerry in 2004 . Ballot access ( edit ) Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes Obama / Biden Democratic 50 + DC 69,498,516 McCain / Palin Republican 50 + DC 59,948,323 Nader / Gonzalez Independent 45 + DC 739,034 Barr / Root Libertarian 45 523,715 Baldwin / Castle Constitution 37 199,750 McKinney / Clemente Green 32 + DC 161,797 Others -- total ( see below ) 242,685 No other candidate had ballot access in enough states to win 270 electoral votes . All six candidates appeared on the ballot for a majority of the voters , while the 17 other listed candidates were available to no more than 30 % of the voters . The following candidates ( and / or parties ) had ballot listing and / or write - in status in more than one state : Alan Keyes ( America 's Independent Party ) received 47,746 votes ; listed in three states : Colorado and Florida , plus California ( listed as American Independent ) , and also had write - in status in Kentucky , Ohio , Texas , and Utah . Ron Paul received 42,426 votes ; listed in Louisiana ( Louisiana Taxpayers ) and in Montana ( Constitution ) , with write - in status in California . Gloria La Riva ( Party for Socialism and Liberation ) received 6,808 votes nationally ; listed in 12 states : Arkansas , Colorado , Florida , Iowa , Louisiana , New Jersey , New York , Rhode Island , Utah , Vermont , Washington , and Wisconsin . Brian Moore ( Socialist Party , see Brian Moore presidential campaign , 2008 ) received 6,538 votes ; listed in eight states : Colorado , Florida , Iowa , New Jersey , Ohio , and Wisconsin , and Tennessee ( independent ) and Vermont ( Liberty Union ) . He also filed for write - in status in 17 other states : Alaska , Connecticut , Illinois , Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Michigan , Minnesota , Montana , New York , North Carolina , Oregon , Texas , Utah , Virginia , Washington , and Wyoming . Róger Calero ( Socialist Workers Party ) received 5,151 votes ; listed in ten states . He was listed by name in Delaware , Minnesota , New Jersey , New York , and Vermont . James Harris was listed as his stand - in in Colorado , Florida , Iowa , Louisiana , and Washington , and also had write - in status in California . Charles Jay ( Boston Tea Party ) received 2,422 votes ; listed in Colorado and Florida , and in Tennessee ( as independent ) , with write - in status in Arizona , Montana , and Utah . Tom Stevens ( Objectivist ) received 755 votes ; listed in Colorado and Florida . Gene Amondson ( Prohibition ) received 653 votes ; listed in Colorado , Florida , and Louisiana . Jonathan Allen ( HeartQuake ) received 483 votes ; listed only in Colorado , with write - in status in Arizona , Georgia , Montana , Texas , and other states . The following candidates ( parties ) were listed on the ballot in only one state : Richard Duncan ( Independent ) -- Ohio ; 3,905 votes . John Joseph Polachek ( New Party ) Illinois ; 1,149 votes . Frank McEnulty ( New American Independent ) -- Colorado ( listed as unaffiliated ) ; 829 votes . Jeffrey Wamboldt ( We the People ) -- Wisconsin ; 764 votes . Jeffrey Boss ( Vote Here Party ) -- New Jersey ; 639 votes . George Phillies -- New Hampshire ( also listed with the label Libertarian ) ; 531 votes . Ted Weill ( Reform ) -- Mississippi ; 481 votes . Bradford Lyttle ( U.S. Pacifist ) -- Colorado ; 110 votes . In Nevada , 6,267 votes were cast for `` None Of These Candidates '' . In the three states that officially keep track of `` blank '' votes for President , 103,193 votes were recorded as `` blank '' . More than 100,000 write - in votes were cast and recorded for a scattering of other candidates , including 62 votes for `` Santa Claus '' ( in ten states ) and 11 votes for `` Mickey Mouse '' ( in five states ) . According to the Federal Election Commission , an unusually high number of `` miscellaneous '' write - ins were cast for president in 2008 , including 112,597 tallied in the 17 states that record votes for non-listed candidates . There were more presidential candidates on the ballot than at any other time in U.S. history , except for the 1992 election , which also had 23 candidates listed in at least one state . Results ( edit ) Popular vote totals are from the official Federal Election Commission report . The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 8 , 2009 . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Barack Hussein Obama Democratic Illinois 69,498,516 52.93 % 365 Joseph Biden Delaware 365 John Sidney McCain Republican Arizona 59,948,323 45.65 % 173 Sarah Louise Palin Alaska 173 Ralph Nader Independent Connecticut 739,034 0.56 % 0 Matt Gonzalez California 0 Bob Barr Libertarian Georgia 523,715 0.40 % 0 Wayne Allyn Root Nevada 0 Chuck Baldwin Constitution Florida 199,750 0.15 % 0 Darrell Castle Tennessee 0 Cynthia McKinney Green Georgia 161,797 0.12 % 0 Rosa Clemente North Carolina 0 Alan Keyes America 's Independent Party New York 47,941 0.04 % 0 Wiley S. Drake , Sr . Colorado 0 Other 242,685 0.18 % -- Other -- Total 131,313,820 100 % 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 Popular vote Obama 52.93 % McCain 45.65 % Nader 0.56 % Barr 0.40 % Baldwin 0.15 % McKinney 0.12 % Keyes 0.04 % Others 0.18 % Electoral vote Obama 67.84 % McCain 32.16 % Results by state ( edit ) Further information : United States presidential election § The popular vote on Election Day The following table records the official vote tallies for each state for those presidential candidates who were listed on ballots in enough states to have a theoretical chance for a majority in the Electoral College . State popular vote results are from the official Federal Election Commission report . The column labeled `` Margin '' shows Obama 's margin of victory over McCain ( the margin is negative for states and districts won by McCain ) . States / districts won by Obama / Biden States / districts won by McCain / Palin Barack Obama Democratic John McCain Republican Ralph Nader Independent Bob Barr Libertarian Chuck Baldwin Constitution Cynthia McKinney Green Others Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 9 813,479 38.74 % - 1,266,546 60.32 % 9 6,788 0.32 % - 4,991 0.24 % - 4,310 0.21 % - 0 0.00 % - 3,705 0.18 % - - 453,067 - 21.58 % 2,099,819 AL Alaska 123,594 37.89 % - 193,841 59.42 % 3,783 1.16 % - 1,589 0.49 % - 1,660 0.51 % - 0 0.00 % - 1,730 0.53 % - - 70,247 - 21.54 % 326,197 AK Arizona 10 1,034,707 45.12 % - 1,230,111 53.64 % 10 11,301 0.49 % - 12,555 0.55 % - 1,371 0.06 % - 3,406 0.15 % - 24 0.00 % - - 195,404 - 8.52 % 2,293,475 AZ Arkansas 6 422,310 38.86 % - 638,017 58.72 % 6 12,882 1.19 % - 4,776 0.44 % - 4,023 0.37 % - 3,470 0.32 % - 1,139 0.10 % - - 215,707 - 19.85 % 1,086,617 AR California 55 8,274,473 61.01 % 55 5,011,781 36.95 % - 108,381 0.80 % - 67,582 0.50 % - 3,145 0.02 % - 38,774 0.29 % - 57,764 0.43 % - 3,262,692 24.06 % 13,561,900 CA Colorado 9 1,288,633 53.66 % 9 1,073,629 44.71 % - 13,352 0.56 % - 10,898 0.45 % - 6,233 0.26 % - 2,822 0.12 % - 5,895 0.25 % - 215,004 8.95 % 2,401,462 CO Connecticut 7 997,772 60.59 % 7 629,428 38.22 % - 19,162 1.16 % - 0 0.00 % - 311 0.02 % - 90 0.01 % - 34 0.00 % - 368,344 22.37 % 1,646,797 CT Delaware 255,459 61.94 % 152,374 36.95 % - 2,401 0.58 % - 1,109 0.27 % - 626 0.15 % - 385 0.09 % - 58 0.01 % - 103,085 25.00 % 412,412 DE District of Columbia 245,800 92.46 % 17,367 6.53 % - 958 0.36 % - 0 0.00 % - 0 0.00 % - 590 0.22 % - 1,138 0.43 % - 228,433 85.92 % 265,853 DC Florida 27 4,282,074 51.03 % 27 4,045,624 48.22 % - 28,124 0.34 % - 17,218 0.21 % - 7,915 0.09 % - 2,887 0.03 % - 6,902 0.08 % - 236,450 2.82 % 8,390,744 FL Georgia 15 1,844,123 46.99 % - 2,048,759 52.20 % 15 1,158 0.03 % - 28,731 0.73 % - 1,402 0.04 % - 250 0.01 % - 63 0.00 % - - 204,636 - 5.21 % 3,924,486 GA Hawaii 325,871 71.85 % 120,566 26.58 % - 3,825 0.84 % - 1,314 0.29 % - 1,013 0.22 % - 979 0.22 % - 0 0.00 % - 205,305 45.26 % 453,568 HI Idaho 236,440 36.09 % - 403,012 61.52 % 7,175 1.10 % - 3,658 0.56 % - 4,747 0.72 % - 39 0.01 % - 51 0.01 % - - 166,572 - 25.43 % 655,122 ID Illinois 21 3,419,348 61.92 % 21 2,031,179 36.78 % - 30,948 0.56 % - 19,642 0.36 % - 8,256 0.15 % - 11,838 0.21 % - 1,160 0.02 % - 1,388,169 25.14 % 5,522,371 IL Indiana 11 1,374,039 49.95 % 11 1,345,648 48.91 % - 909 0.03 % - 29,257 1.06 % - 1,024 0.04 % - 87 0.00 % - 90 0.00 % - 28,391 1.03 % 2,751,054 IN Iowa 7 828,940 53.93 % 7 682,379 44.39 % - 8,014 0.52 % - 4,590 0.30 % - 4,445 0.29 % - 1,423 0.09 % - 7,332 0.48 % - 146,561 9.53 % 1,537,123 IA Kansas 6 514,765 41.65 % - 699,655 56.61 % 6 10,527 0.85 % - 6,706 0.54 % - 4,148 0.34 % - 35 0.00 % - 36 0.00 % - - 184,890 - 14.96 % 1,235,872 KS Kentucky 8 751,985 41.17 % - 1,048,462 57.40 % 8 15,378 0.84 % - 5,989 0.33 % - 4,694 0.26 % - 0 0.00 % - 112 0.01 % - - 296,477 - 16.23 % 1,826,620 KY Louisiana 9 782,989 39.93 % - 1,148,275 58.56 % 9 6,997 0.36 % - 0 0.00 % - 2,581 0.13 % - 9,187 0.47 % - 10,732 0.55 % - - 365,286 - 18.63 % 1,960,761 LA Maine 421,923 57.71 % 295,273 40.38 % - 10,636 1.45 % - 251 0.03 % - 177 0.02 % - 2,900 0.40 % - 0.00 % - 126,650 17.32 % 731,163 ME Maryland 10 1,629,467 61.92 % 10 959,862 36.47 % - 14,713 0.56 % - 9,842 0.37 % - 3,760 0.14 % - 4,747 0.18 % - 9,205 0.35 % - 669,605 25.44 % 2,631,596 MD Massachusetts 12 1,904,097 61.80 % 12 1,108,854 35.99 % - 28,841 0.94 % - 13,189 0.43 % - 4,971 0.16 % - 6,550 0.21 % - 14,483 0.47 % - 795,243 25.81 % 3,080,985 MA Michigan 17 2,872,579 57.43 % 17 2,048,639 40.96 % - 33,085 0.66 % - 23,716 0.47 % - 14,685 0.29 % - 8,892 0.18 % - 170 0.00 % - 823,940 16.47 % 5,001,766 MI Minnesota 10 1,573,354 54.06 % 10 1,275,409 43.82 % - 30,152 1.04 % - 9,174 0.32 % - 6,787 0.23 % - 5,174 0.18 % - 10,319 0.35 % - 297,945 10.24 % 2,910,369 MN Mississippi 6 554,662 43.00 % - 724,597 56.18 % 6 4,011 0.31 % - 2,529 0.20 % - 2,551 0.20 % - 1,034 0.08 % - 481 0.04 % - - 169,935 - 13.17 % 1,289,865 MS Missouri 11 1,441,911 49.29 % - 1,445,814 49.43 % 11 17,813 0.61 % - 11,386 0.39 % - 8,201 0.28 % - 80 0.00 % - 0 0.00 % - - 3,903 - 0.13 % 2,925,205 MO Montana 231,667 47.25 % - 242,763 49.51 % 3,686 0.75 % - 1,355 0.28 % - 143 0.03 % - 23 0.00 % - 10,665 2.18 % - - 11,096 - 2.26 % 490,302 MT Nebraska 5 333,319 41.60 % 452,979 56.53 % 5,406 0.67 % - 2,740 0.34 % - 2,972 0.37 % - 1,028 0.13 % - 2,837 0.35 % - - 119,660 - 14.93 % 801,281 NE Nevada 5 533,736 55.15 % 5 412,827 42.65 % - 6,150 0.64 % - 4,263 0.44 % - 3,194 0.33 % - 1,411 0.15 % - 6,267 0.65 % - 120,909 12.49 % 967,848 NV New Hampshire 384,826 54.13 % 316,534 44.52 % - 3,503 0.49 % - 2,217 0.31 % - 226 0.03 % - 40 0.01 % - 3,624 0.51 % - 68,292 9.61 % 710,970 NH New Jersey 15 2,215,422 57.27 % 15 1,613,207 41.70 % - 21,298 0.55 % - 8,441 0.22 % - 3,956 0.10 % - 3,636 0.09 % - 2,277 0.06 % - 602,215 15.57 % 3,868,237 NJ New Mexico 5 472,422 56.91 % 5 346,832 41.78 % - 5,327 0.64 % - 2,428 0.29 % - 1,597 0.19 % - 1,552 0.19 % - 0 0.00 % - 125,590 15.13 % 830,158 NM New York 31 4,804,945 62.88 % 31 2,752,771 36.03 % - 41,249 0.54 % - 19,596 0.26 % - 634 0.01 % - 12,801 0.17 % - 8,935 0.12 % - 2,052,174 26.86 % 7,640,931 NY North Carolina 15 2,142,651 49.70 % 15 2,128,474 49.38 % - 1,448 0.03 % - 25,722 0.60 % - 0 0.00 % - 158 0.00 % - 12,336 0.29 % - 14,177 0.33 % 4,310,789 NC North Dakota 141,278 44.62 % - 168,601 53.25 % 4,189 1.32 % - 1,354 0.43 % - 1,199 0.38 % - 0 0.00 % - 0 0.00 % - - 27,323 - 8.63 % 316,621 ND Ohio 20 2,940,044 51.50 % 20 2,677,820 46.91 % - 42,337 0.74 % - 19,917 0.35 % - 12,565 0.22 % - 8,518 0.15 % - 7,149 0.13 % - 262,224 4.59 % 5,708,350 OH Oklahoma 7 502,496 34.35 % - 960,165 65.65 % 7 0 0.00 % - 0 0.00 % - 0 0.00 % - 0 0.00 % - 0 0.00 % - - 457,669 - 31.29 % 1,462,661 OK Oregon 7 1,037,291 56.75 % 7 738,475 40.40 % - 18,614 1.02 % - 7,635 0.42 % - 7,693 0.42 % - 4,543 0.25 % - 13,613 0.74 % - 298,816 16.35 % 1,827,864 OR Pennsylvania 21 3,276,363 54.49 % 21 2,655,885 44.17 % - 42,977 0.71 % - 19,912 0.33 % - 1,092 0.02 % - 0 0.00 % - 17,043 0.28 % - 620,478 10.32 % 6,013,272 PA Rhode Island 296,571 62.86 % 165,391 35.06 % - 4,829 1.02 % - 1,382 0.29 % - 675 0.14 % - 797 0.17 % - 2,121 0.45 % - 131,180 27.81 % 471,766 RI South Carolina 8 862,449 44.90 % - 1,034,896 53.87 % 8 5,053 0.26 % - 7,283 0.38 % - 6,827 0.36 % - 4,461 0.23 % - 0 0.00 % - - 172,447 - 8.98 % 1,920,969 SC South Dakota 170,924 44.75 % - 203,054 53.16 % 4,267 1.12 % - 1,835 0.48 % - 1,895 0.50 % - 0 0.00 % - 0 0.00 % - - 32,130 - 8.41 % 381,975 SD Tennessee 11 1,087,437 41.83 % - 1,479,178 56.90 % 11 11,560 0.44 % - 8,547 0.33 % - 8,191 0.32 % - 2,499 0.10 % - 2,337 0.09 % - - 391,741 - 15.07 % 2,599,749 TN Texas 34 3,528,633 43.68 % - 4,479,328 55.45 % 34 5,751 0.07 % - 56,116 0.69 % - 5,708 0.07 % - 909 0.01 % - 1,350 0.02 % - - 950,695 - 11.77 % 8,077,795 TX Utah 5 327,670 34.41 % - 596,030 62.58 % 5 8,416 0.88 % - 6,966 0.73 % - 12,012 1.26 % - 982 0.10 % - 294 0.03 % - - 268,360 - 28.18 % 952,370 UT Vermont 219,262 67.46 % 98,974 30.45 % - 3,339 1.03 % - 1,067 0.33 % - 500 0.15 % - 66 0.02 % - 1,838 0.57 % - 120,288 37.01 % 325,046 VT Virginia 13 1,959,532 52.63 % 13 1,725,005 46.33 % - 11,483 0.31 % - 11,067 0.30 % - 7,474 0.20 % - 2,344 0.06 % - 6,355 0.17 % - 234,527 6.30 % 3,723,260 VA Washington 11 1,750,848 57.65 % 11 1,229,216 40.48 % - 29,489 0.97 % - 12,728 0.42 % - 9,432 0.31 % - 3,819 0.13 % - 1,346 0.04 % - 521,632 17.18 % 3,036,878 WA West Virginia 5 303,857 42.59 % - 397,466 55.71 % 5 7,219 1.01 % - 0 0.00 % - 2,465 0.35 % - 2,355 0.33 % - 89 0.01 % - - 93,609 - 13.12 % 713,451 WV Wisconsin 10 1,677,211 56.22 % 10 1,262,393 42.31 % - 17,605 0.59 % - 8,858 0.30 % - 5,072 0.17 % - 4,216 0.14 % - 8,062 0.27 % - 414,818 13.90 % 2,983,417 WI Wyoming 82,868 32.54 % - 164,958 64.78 % 2,525 0.99 % - 1,594 0.63 % - 1,192 0.47 % - 0 0.00 % - 1,521 0.60 % - - 82,090 - 32.24 % 254,658 WY U.S. Total 538 69,498,516 52.93 % 365 59,948,323 45.65 % 173 739,034 0.56 % - 523,715 0.40 % - 199,750 0.15 % - 161,797 0.12 % - 242,685 0.18 % - 9,550,193 7.27 % 131,313,820 US Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . In both states , two electoral votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote is awarded to the winner of each congressional district . The following table records the official presidential vote tallies for Maine and Nebraska 's congressional districts . District Electors Obama % McCain % Nader % Barr % Baldwin % McKinney % Other % Margin % Total Maine 's 1st congressional district 232,145 60.51 % 144,604 37.69 % 5,263 1.37 % 1,362 0.36 % 252 0.07 % 87,541 22.82 % 383,626 Maine 's 2nd congressional district 189,778 54.61 % 150,669 43.35 % 5,373 1.55 % 1,538 0.44 % 179 0.05 % 39,109 11.25 % 347,537 Nebraska 's 1st congressional district 121,411 44.33 % 148,179 54.10 % 1,963 0.72 % 922 0.34 % 1,024 0.37 % 394 0.14 % - 26,768 - 9.77 % 273,893 Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district 138,809 49.97 % 135,439 48.75 % 1,628 0.59 % 1,014 0.36 % 599 0.22 % 320 0.12 % 3,370 1.21 % 277,809 Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district 73,099 29.63 % 169,361 68.64 % 1,815 0.74 % 804 0.33 % 1,349 0.55 % 314 0.13 % - 96,262 - 39.01 % 246,742 Popular vote by county . Red represents counties that went for McCain , Blue represents counties that went for Obama . Connecticut , Hawaii , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont had all counties go to Obama . Oklahoma had all counties go to McCain . Alaska does not display its boroughs on this map . Presidential popular votes by county as a scale from red / Republican to blue / Democratic . Cartogram of popular vote with each county rescaled in proportion to its population . Deeper blue represents a Democratic majority , brighter red represents a Republican majority . Voting shifts per county from the 2004 to the 2008 election . Darker blue indicates the county voted more Democratic . Darker red indicates the county voted more Republican . Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Change in vote margins at the county level from the 2004 election to the 2008 election . Obama made dramatic gains in every region of the country except for Arizona , Appalachia , and the inner South , where McCain improved over Bush 2008 United States Presidential Election , Results by Congressional District Close states / districts ( edit ) States / districts in the 2008 United States Presidential election in which the margin of victory was less than 5 % . Blue states / districts went for Obama , red for McCain . Yellow states were won by either candidate by 5 % or more . Nevada , Colorado , New Mexico , Virginia and Iowa were won by Bush in 2004 but were won by Obama by a margin of more than 5 % in 2008 . Red font color denotes states won by Republican John McCain ; blue denotes those won by Democrat Barack Obama . States / districts in which the margin of victory was under 1 % ( 26 electoral votes ) : Missouri 0.13 % North Carolina 0.33 % States / districts in which the margin of victory was under 5 % ( 62 electoral votes ) : Indiana 1.03 % Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district 1.21 % Montana 2.26 % Florida 2.82 % Ohio 4.59 % States / districts in which margin of victory was more than 5 % but less than 10 % ( 73 electoral votes ) : Georgia 5.21 % Virginia 6.30 % South Dakota 8.41 % Arizona 8.52 % North Dakota 8.63 % Colorado 8.95 % ( Tipping point state : Democrat victory to tie ) South Carolina 8.98 % Iowa 9.53 % ( Tipping point state : tie to Republican victory ) New Hampshire 9.61 % Nebraska 's 1st congressional district 9.77 % International reaction ( edit ) Main article : International reaction to the United States presidential election , 2008 See also : International media reaction to Barack Obama 's 2008 election The American presidential election was followed closely internationally . When it was clear that Obama was victorious , many world leaders sent congratulations and well wishes to the President - elect . Voter demographics ( edit ) The 2008 presidential vote by demographic subgroup Demographic subgroup Obama McCain Other % of total vote Total vote 53 46 100 Ideology Liberals 89 10 22 Moderates 60 39 44 Conservatives 20 78 34 Party Democrats 89 10 39 Republicans 9 90 32 Independents 52 44 29 Gender Men 49 48 47 Women 56 43 53 Marital status Married 47 52 66 Non-married 65 33 34 Race White 43 55 74 Black 95 13 Asian 62 35 Other 66 31 Hispanic 67 31 9 Religion Protestant 45 54 54 Catholic 54 45 27 Jewish 78 21 Other 73 22 5 6 None 75 23 12 Religious service attendance More than weekly 43 55 12 Weekly 43 55 27 Monthly 53 46 15 A few times a year 59 39 28 Never 67 30 16 White evangelical or born - again Christian ? White evangelical or born - again Christian 24 74 26 Everyone else 62 36 74 Age 18 -- 24 years old 66 32 10 25 -- 29 years old 66 31 8 30 -- 39 years old 54 44 18 40 -- 49 years old 49 49 21 50 -- 64 years old 50 49 27 65 and older 45 53 16 First time voter ? First time voter 69 30 11 Everyone else 50 48 89 Sexual orientation Gay , lesbian , or bisexual 70 27 Heterosexual 53 45 96 Education Not a high school graduate 63 35 High school graduate 52 46 20 Some college education 51 47 31 College graduate 50 48 28 Postgraduate education 58 40 17 Family income Under $15,000 73 25 6 $15,000 -- 30,000 60 37 12 $30,000 -- 50,000 55 43 19 $50,000 -- 75,000 48 49 21 $75,000 -- 100,000 51 48 15 $100,000 -- 150,000 48 51 14 $150,000 -- 200,000 48 50 6 Over $200,000 52 46 6 Region Northeast 59 40 21 Midwest 54 44 24 South 45 54 32 West 57 40 23 Community size Urban 63 35 30 Suburban 50 48 49 Rural 45 53 21 Source : Exit polls conducted by Edison Research of Somerville , New Jersey , for the National Election Pool , a consortium of ABC News , Associated Press , CBS News , CNN , Fox News , and NBC News . Analysis ( edit ) Obama , having a Caucasian mother and Kenyan father of the Luo ethnic group , became the first African American as well as the first bi-racial president . Although he may have been the first black president to win an election , Obama was not the first African American to run for president . Shirley Chisolm , Jesse Jackson , Lenora Fulani , Carol Moseley Braun , Alan Keyes , and Al Sharpton all at some point were in the process for presidential nomination . The Obama - Biden ticket was also the first winning ticket in American history on which neither candidate was a White Anglo - Saxon Protestant ; Biden is Roman Catholic and is the first Roman Catholic to be elected Vice President ; all other tickets with Catholic vice presidential candidates had been defeated ( 1964 , 1972 , 1984 ) . Obama and Biden were the first President and Vice President elected from the Senate since 1960 ( John F. Kennedy / Lyndon B. Johnson ) ( in the previous election cycle ( 2004 ) Democrats also nominated two sitting Senators , John Kerry of Massachusetts and John Edwards of North Carolina , but they lost to incumbents Bush and Cheney ) , Obama became the first Northern Democratic president since Kennedy , and the Obama - Biden ticket was the first winning Democratic ticket to feature two Northerners since 1940 ( Franklin D. Roosevelt / Henry A. Wallace ) . Also , Obama became the first Democratic candidate to win a majority of the popular vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976 , the first to win a majority of both votes and states since Lyndon Johnson in 1964 , and the first Northern Democrat to win a majority of both votes and states since Franklin Roosevelt in 1944 . This was the first presidential election since 1952 in which neither of the major party candidates was either the incumbent President or Vice-President . Swing by state . States are listed by ( increasing ) percentage of Democratic votes , showing how the share of the vote changed between 2004 and 2008 . Excluding the candidates ' home states , only five states trended more Republican : Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , Tennessee and West Virginia . Prior to the election , commentators discussed whether Senator Obama would be able to redraw the electoral map by winning states that had been voting for Republican candidates in recent decades . In many ways , he was successful . He won every region of the country by double digits except the South , which John McCain won by nine percent . Obama won Delaware , the District of Columbia , Maryland , North Carolina , Florida , and Virginia in the South ( region as defined by the US Census Bureau ) . McCain won most of the Deep South , where white voters have supported Republican candidates by large margins in the last few decades . Obama also defied political bellwethers , becoming the first person to win the presidency while losing Missouri since 1956 ( as well as the first Democrat ever to do so ) and while losing Kentucky and Tennessee since 1960 . He was the first Democrat to win without Arkansas since that state joined the Union in 1836 and the first Democrat to win the presidency without winning West Virginia since 1916 . Because one West Virginia elector voted for the Democrat in 1916 , Obama was the first Democrat to win without any electors from the state since its founding in 1863 . Indiana and Virginia voted for the Democratic nominee for the first time since 1964 . Although Obama did not win other normally Republican states such as Georgia and Montana ( which were won by Bill Clinton in 1992 ) , he nonetheless was competitive in both . He lost Montana by just under 3 % and Georgia by slightly more than 5 % . Also notably , Barack Obama won all of the 2004 swing states ( states that either Kerry or Bush won by less than 5 % ) by a margin of 8.5 percent or more except for Ohio , which the Democrat carried by 4.5 percent . Obama was the first presidential candidate to split the electoral votes from Nebraska . Together with Maine , which would not split its votes until 2016 , Nebraska is one of two states that split their electoral votes , two going to the statewide popular vote winner and the rest going to the winner of each respective congressional district ( Nebraska has three , and Maine has two ) . Obama won the electoral vote from Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district , which contains the city of Omaha . Nebraska 's other four electoral votes went to John McCain . As of 2016 , this election is the last time that Indiana and North Carolina voted Democratic . This election exhibited the continuation of some of the polarization trends evident in the 2000 and 2004 elections . McCain won whites 55 -- 43 percent , while Obama won blacks 95 -- 4 percent , Hispanics 67 -- 31 percent , and Asians 62 -- 35 percent . Voters aged 18 -- 29 voted for Obama by 66 -- 32 percent while elderly voters backed McCain 53 -- 45 percent . The 25 - year age gap between McCain and Obama was the widest in U.S. presidential election history among the top two candidates . See also ( edit ) Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) First inauguration of Barack Obama Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential election , 2008 Presidential transition of Barack Obama United States gubernatorial elections , 2008 United States House elections , 2008 United States Senate elections , 2008 United States third party and independent presidential candidates , 2008 Opinion polling ( edit ) Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2008 Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2008 International opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2008 Scientific forecasts : FiveThirtyEight.com Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shirley Chisholm 's prior `` win '' in New Jersey in 1972 was in a no - delegate - awarding , presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn from ; the actual delegate selection vote went to George McGovern . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official 2008 Presidential General Election Results '' ( PDF ) . fec.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Ronald ( June 7 , 1972 ) . `` Dakotan Beats Humphrey By a Big Margin in Jersey '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Sanford Is Withdrawing From N.J. '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Associated Press . May 13 , 1972 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Benedetto , Richard ; Page , Susan ( January 13 , 2003 ) . `` Bush 's job approval lowest since 9 / 11 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Katrina Response Hurts Bush Most '' . Political Wire . February 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gonyea , Don ( September 23 , 2005 ) . `` Katrina Aftermath , Iraq Lower Support Ratings for Bush '' . NPR . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Bush Approval Ratings '' . Hist.umn.edu . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Job Approval Center Gallup.com Jump up ^ Newport , Frank ( April 11 , 2008 ) . `` Bush Job Approval at 28 % , Lowest of His Administration '' . Gallup . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Job Approval : President George W. Bush '' . Pollster.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kuhnhenn , Jim ( November 9 , 2006 ) . `` Democrats win control of Congress '' . Washington Post . AP . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Borger , Julian ( November 11 , 2006 ) . `` Now the real race begins ... '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , John ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` With midterms over , all eyes turn to the 2008 presidential race '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Balz , Dan ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Edwards Formally Joins 2008 Presidential Race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Taggert , Carlee ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Tough choice for 2008 Democratic nominee '' . The Stentor . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Langer , Gary ; Craighill , Peyton ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` Clinton Leads ' 08 Dems ; No Bounce for Obama '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 National Democratic Presidential Primary '' . Pollster.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Balz , Dan ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` Candidates Unite in Criticizing Bush '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Jaques ( October 17 , 2007 ) . `` Candidate Colbert '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chris Cillizza ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Poll Tries to Measure Colbert Effect '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jeffrey ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Iowa , New Hampshire Results Often Shift National Preferences '' . Gallup . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Florida , Michigan Primary Do - Overs ? '' . CBS News . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Crowley , Candy ; Malveaux , Suzanne ; Yellin , Jessica ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins Iowa as candidate for change '' . CNN . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steinhauser , Paul ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Back to where it began : Obama visits Iowa '' . CNN . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 New Hampshire Democratic Presidential Primary '' . Pollster.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Sheldon ( June 7 , 2008 ) . `` Overconfidence , bad strategy doomed Clinton campaign '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hannah Strange & Philippe Naughton ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` Hillary Clinton : my teary moment won me New Hampshire '' . The Times . London . Retrieved March 14 , 2008 . See also : `` Hillary tears up in New Hampshire Primary 2008 '' ( Video ) . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Edwards exits presidential race '' . CBS News . January 30 , 2008 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holland , Steve ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` Giuliani , Edwards quit White House Race '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Greene , Richard Allen ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` States jostle for primary power '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential primary and caucus dates '' ( PDF ) . Stateline.org . Pew Research Center . August 30 , 2007 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LA rally -- Full Video '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Maria Shriver endorses Obama '' . 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Moffit and Nina Owcharenko , `` The McCain Health Care Plan : More Power to Families , '' The Heritage Foundation , October 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Stacey Burling , `` Rivals ' prescriptions for an ailing system , '' The Philadelphia Inquirer , September 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Tony Leys , `` Health plans pit low - cost vs. public coverage , '' The Des Moines Register , September 29 , 2008 Jump up ^ The 2008 Presidential Candidates ' Health Reform Proposals : Choices For America The Commonwealth Fund Jump up ^ Thomas Buchmueller , Sherry A. Glied , Anne Royalty , and Katherine Swartz , `` Cost And Coverage Implications Of The McCain Plan To Restructure Health Insurance , '' Health Affairs , September 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ Joseph Antos , Gail Wilensky , and Hanns Kuttner , `` The Obama Plan : More Regulation , Unsustainable Spending , '' Health Affairs , September 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ Robert E. Moffit and Nina Owcharenko , `` The Obama Health Care Plan : More Power to Washington , '' The Heritage Foundation , October 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mark V. Pauly , `` Blending Better Ingredients For Health Reform , '' Health Affairs , September 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ John Sheils and Randall Haught , `` McCain and Obama Health Care Policies : Cost and Coverage Compared '' Archived October 18 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Lewin Group , October 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Roger Feldman , Lisa Tomai and Sally Duran , `` Impact of John McCain 2008 Health Reform Proposal , '' Archived February 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . HSI Network , LLC , October 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Roger Feldman , Lisa Tomai and Sally Duran , `` Impact of Barack Obama 2008 Health Reform Proposal , '' Archived February 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . HSI Network , LLC , October 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Robert J. Blendon , Drew E. Altman , John M. Benson , Mollyann Brodie , Tami Buhr , Claudia Deane , and Sasha Buscho , `` Voters and Health Reform in the 2008 Presidential Election , '' New England Journal of Medicine 359 ; 19 , November 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` HART / NEWHOUSE Study # 6083 '' ( PDF ) . Msnbcmedia.msn.com . June 2008 . p. 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` HART / NEWHOUSE Study '' ( PDF ) . Msnbcmedia.msn.com . p. 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` HART / NEWHOUSE Study # 6083 '' ( PDF ) . Msnbcmedia.msn.com . June 2008 . p. 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Staples , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` The Post Racial Presidency : The Myths of a Nation and its People '' . Journal of African American Studies . 14 ( 1 ) : 130 . doi : 10.1007 / s12111 - 009 - 9102 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David . ( June 13 , 2008 ) . Fox News refers to Michelle Obama as ' baby mama ' , AP ; Red Lasso Archived July 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Walsh , Eileen T. ( 2009 ) . `` Representations of Race and Gender in Mainstream Media Coverage of the 2008 Democratic Primary '' ( PDF ) . Journal of African American Studies . 13 ( 2 ) : 134 . doi : 10.1007 / s12111 - 008 - 9081 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` CPD : Commission on Presidential Debates Announces 2004 Sites and Dates '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garofoli , Joe ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` If held , tonight 's debate could be key '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vice presidential debate , Oct. 2 , 2008 '' . MSNBC . October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Obama , McCain Prep for Presidential Debates '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Free and Equal '' . Freeandequal.org . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . 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US News & World Report . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Metzgar , Emily & Albert Maruggi . `` Social Media and the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election '' . Journal of New Communications Research . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cain Miller , Claire ( 7 Nov 2008 ) . `` How Obama 's Internet Campaign Changed Politics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hesseldahl , Arik ; MacMillan , Douglas ; Kharif , Olga ( 2008 - 11 - 05 ) . `` The Vote : A Victory for Social Media , Too '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . New York , NY , US : Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . In the virtual world Second Life , avatars crowded into election - related islands and parties and awaited election results . Jump up ^ `` Top Presidential Candidate 2008 Websites '' . Hitwise . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . 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Jump up ^ `` Conyers Calls on McCain to Immediately Halt Republican Vote Suppression Efforts '' . House of Representatives . September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ FOXNews.com ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Judge Orders Virginia Officials to Keep Late Ballots -- FOXNews.com Elections '' . Elections.foxnews.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bob ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` McCain sues to force Va. to count military ballots '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Bill to Move Presidential Election from November to September is Vetoed '' . Ballot-Access.org . July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . 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New York Post , October 20 , 2008 ; Resume of group leader with statement about Marshall scholars membership posted here `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Riepenhoff , Jill ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` Jill Riepenhoff , `` Illegal Voters , or Just Getting Out the Vote ? '' Columbus Dispatch , October 19 , 2008 `` . Dispatchpolitics.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Most Voters Say Media Wants Obama to Win '' . The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press . October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ High Marks for the Campaign , a High Bar for Obama Pew Research Center . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Jacques ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Who Lost the Debate ? Moderators , Many Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Howard ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` The Backlash Against ABC '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . 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Center for the Study of the American Electorate , American University . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 General Election Turnout Vote '' . Elections.gmu.edu . March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report : ' 08 turnout same as or only slightly higher than ' 04 '' . CNN . November 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` That huge voter turnout ? Did n't happen '' . Politico . November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America Goes to the Polls '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Black Democrats won North Carolina and the Election : Massive Turnout , Week of November 13 -- 19 , 2008 '' . The Wilmington Journal . November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` 2008 Presidential Race : Virginia -- Election Guide -- The New York Times '' . Election Guide 2008 -- The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` 2008 Official Statewide General Election Results for Nevada '' . Nvsos.gov . November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential Election by State '' . Thegreenpapers.com . January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential Election by State '' . Thegreenpapers.com . January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ballot Access News -- February 1 , 2009 '' . Ballot-access.org . February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Corporations , Elections & Commissions , Elections Division '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results of Nebraska General Election -- November 4 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/ Jump up ^ Coleman , Joseph ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` World hopes U.S. election heralds new era '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World leaders hail Obama triumph '' . BBC News . November 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Exit Poll '' . CNN . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilner , Derek ( June 4 , 2008 ) . `` Kenyans Welcome Obama 's Democratic Party Nomination '' . VOA News . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wallsten , Peter ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` White Americans play major role in electing the first black president '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` African - Americans Who Ran for President '' . socialstudiesforkids.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` America.gov '' . America.gov . November 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Over the Top : How New Voters Could Redraw The Electoral Map '' . Progress Illinois . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Exit Polls , The New York Times , November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cost , Jay ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` HorseRaceBlog -- Electoral Polarization Continues Under Obama '' . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , David Paul ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Exit polls : How Obama won '' . Politico . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exit poll '' . CNN . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Albert R. ( February 3 , 2008 ) . `` Obama vs. McCain would be dream match '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Plouffe , David . The Audacity to Win. 2009 Balz , Dan , and Haynes Johnson . The Battle for America 2008 : The Story of an Extraordinary Election ( 2009 ) , by leading reporters with inside information Crotty , William . `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity , July 2009 , Vol. 41 Issue 3 , pp 282 -- 311 online Curtis , Mark . Age of Obama : A Reporter 's Journey With Clinton , McCain and Obama in the Making of the President in 2008 ( 2009 ) Gidlow , Liette . Obama , Clinton , Palin : Making History in Election 2000 ( 2012 ) Nelson , Michael . The Elections of 2008 ( 2009 ) , factual summary except and text search Sussman , Glen . `` Choosing a New Direction : The Presidential Election of 2008 , '' White House Studies , 2009 , Vol. 9 Issue 1 , pp 1 -- 20 Wolffe , Richard . Renegade : The Making of a President ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search , narrative Voters ( edit ) Abramson , Paul R. , John H. Aldrich , and David W. Rohde . Change and Continuity in the 2008 Elections ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Corwin E. Smidt and others . The Disappearing God Gap ? Religion in the 2008 Presidential Election ( Oxford University Press ; 2010 ) 278 pages . Finds that the gap between church - attending traditionalists and other voters is not closing , as has been claimed , but is changing in significant ways ; draws on survey data from voters who were interviewed in the spring of 2008 and then again after the election . Crespino , Joseph . `` The U.S. South and the 2008 Election , '' Southern Spaces ( 2008 ) online Jessee , Stephen A. `` Voter Ideology and Candidate Positioning in the 2008 Presidential Election , '' American Politics Research , March 2010 , Vol. 38 Issue 2 , pp 195 -- 210 Kenski , Kate , Bruce W. Hardy , and Kathleen Hall Jamieson . The Obama Victory : How Media , Money , and Message Shaped the 2008 Election ( Oxford University Press ; 2010 ) 378 pages . Draws on interviews with key campaign advisors as well as the National Annenberg Election Survey . excerpt and text search Sabato , Larry . The Year of Obama : How Barack Obama Won the White House ( 2009 ) Stempel III , Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove , eds . The 21st - Century Voter : Who Votes , How They Vote , and Why They Vote ( 2 vol. 2015 ) . Todd , Chuck , and Sheldon Gawiser . How Barack Obama Won : A State - by - State Guide to the Historic 2008 Presidential Election ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 2008 . United States presidential election , 2008 at DMOZ Beyond Red and Blue : 7 Ways to View the Presidential Election Map -- from Scientific American Campaign commercials from the 2008 election How close was the 2008 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology US Election 2008 Web Monitor 2008 Electoral Map `` Behind the Results '' , USA Today election coverage Joseph Crespino , `` The U.S. South and the 2008 Election '' , Southern Spaces , December 11 , 2008 . 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-8681664094576551820	1973 Chilean coup d'état	1973 Chilean coup d'état - wikipedia 1973 Chilean coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Part of the history of Chile , Operation Condor , and the Cold War The bombing of La Moneda on 11 September 1973 by the Chilean Armed Forces Date 11 September 1973 Location Chile Action Armed forces put the country under military control . Little and unorganised civil resistance . Result Popular Unity government overthrown Death of Salvador Allende ( suicide ) Military Junta Government led by General Augusto Pinochet assumed power Belligerents Chilean Government Revolutionary Left Movement `` Group of Personal Friends '' Other working - class militants Chilean Armed Forces Chilean Army Chilean Navy Chilean Air Force Carabineros de Chile Supported by : Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : United States Australia Commanders and leaders Salvador Allende † Max Marambio Miguel Enríquez Augusto Pinochet José Toribio Merino Gustavo Leigh César Mendoza Casualties and losses 46 GAP 60 in total during the coup Operation Condor Background histories Argentina Bolivia Brazil ( 1960s ) Chile ( 1973 coup d'état ) Paraguay Peru Uruguay Events Dirty War National Reorganization Process Operation Colombo Operation Charly Operation Gladio Night of the Pencils Operation Independence Ezeiza massacre Margarita Belén massacre Death flights Desaparecidos ( the `` disappeared '' ) 1973 Chilean coup d'état Government leaders Jorge Anaya Hugo Banzer Basilio Lami Dozo João Figueiredo Leopoldo Galtieri Augusto Pinochet Alfredo Stroessner Jorge Rafael Videla Targeted militias Montoneros Tupamaros People 's Revolutionary Army ( ERP ) Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR ) Principal operatives Alfredo Astiz Orlando Bosch Hugo Campos Hermida Manuel Contreras Stefano Delle Chiaie José López Rega Virgilio Paz Romero Luis Posada Carriles Paul Schäfer Michael Townley Organizations responsible Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) Caravan of Death Batallón de Inteligencia 601 Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations ( CORU ) National Intelligence Service of Brazil ( SNI ) School of the Americas ( SOA ) Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( SISMI ) Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( `` Triple A '' ) Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) Places Esmeralda Estadio Nacional de Chile Villa Grimaldi Colonia Dignidad Navy Petty - Officers School of Mechanics ( ESMA ) Laws Full stop Due Obedience Archives and reports Archives of Terror Rettig Report Valech Report National Security Archive Reactions National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons ( CONADEP ) Trial of the Juntas Augusto Pinochet 's arrest and trial Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2000 Yugoslavia 2004 Haiti 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore view talk The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War . Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition - controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende , as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon , Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police . The military deposed Allende 's Popular Unity government and later established a junta that suspended all political activity in Chile and repressed left - wing movements , especially the Communist and socialist parties and the Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR ) . Allende 's appointed army chief , Augusto Pinochet , rose to supreme power within a year of the coup , formally assuming power in late - 1974 . The United States government , which had worked to create the conditions for the coup , promptly recognized the junta government and supported it in consolidating power . During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup , Allende gave his final speech , in which he vowed to stay in the presidential palace , refusing offers of safe passage should he choose exile over confrontation . Direct witness accounts of Allende 's death agree that he killed himself in the palace . Before the coup , Chile had been hailed as a beacon of democracy and political stability for decades ; whilst the rest of South America had been plagued by military juntas and Caudillismo . The collapse of Chilean democracy ended a streak of democratic governments in Chile , which had held democratic elections since 1932 . Historian Peter Winn characterised the 1973 coup as one of the most violent events in the history of Chile . A weak insurgent movement against the Pinochet regime was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government . An internationally supported plebiscite in 1988 held under the auspices of the military government was followed by a peaceful transition to an elected civilian government . Contents 1 Political background 1.1 The military prior to the coup 2 Crisis 2.1 Chamber of Deputies ' resolution 2.2 President Allende 's response 3 U.S. involvement 4 Australian involvement 5 Military action 6 Casualties 7 Allende 's death 8 Aftermath 8.1 Installing a new regime 8.2 Continued violence 8.3 International reaction 9 Commemoration 9.1 40th anniversary 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Political background ( edit ) History of Chile Early history ( show ) Monte Verde Early Mapuches Incas in Chile Colonial times ( show ) Conquest Colonial Chile Captaincy General Arauco War Nation - building ( show ) Patria Vieja War of Independence Reconquest Patria Nueva Civil war ( 1829 -- 30 ) War of the Confederation Republican period ( show ) Conservative Republic Liberal Republic War of the Pacific Parliamentary period ( show ) 1891 Chilean Civil War Parliamentary Republic 1924 coup d'état Presidential period ( show ) 1925 coup d'état Presidential Republic Radical governments Allende and UP era Pinochet regime ( show ) 1973 coup d'état Military dictatorship Contemporary ( show ) Transition to democracy Chilean protests Politics of Chile Related topics ( show ) Economic history Maritime history Mining history Chilean coups d'état Political scandals Main article : Presidency of Salvador Allende Allende contested the 1970 Chilean presidential election with Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez of the National Party and Radomiro Tomic of the Christian Democratic Party . Allende received 36.6 % of the vote . Alessandri was a very close second with 35.3 % , and Tomic third with 28.1 % . Although Allende received the highest number of votes , according to the Chilean constitution and since none of the candidates won by an absolute majority , the National Congress had to decide among the candidates . The Chilean constitution did not allow a person to sit as president for two consecutive terms . Therefore , the incumbent president , Eduardo Frei Montalva , was ineligible as a candidate . The CIA 's `` Track I '' operation was a plan to influence the Congress to choose Alessandri , who would resign after a short time in office , forcing a second election . Frei would then be eligible to run . Alessandri announced on 9 September that if Congress chose him , he would resign . Congress then decided on Allende . Soon after hearing news of his win , Allende signed a Statute of Constitutional Guarantees , which stated that he would follow the constitution during his presidency . The U.S. feared the example of a `` well - functioning socialist experiment '' on the region and exerted diplomatic , economic , and covert pressure upon Chile 's elected socialist government . At the end of 1971 , the Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro made a four - week state visit to Chile , alarming Western observers worried about the `` Chilean Way to Socialism '' . In 1972 , economics minister Pedro Vuskovic adopted monetary policies that increased the amount of circulating currency and devalued the escudo , which increased inflation to 140 percent in 1972 and engendered a black market economy . In October 1972 , Chile suffered the first of many strikes . Among the participants were small - scale businessmen , some professional unions , and student groups . Its leaders -- Vilarín , Jaime Guzmán , Rafael Cumsille , Guillermo Elton , Eduardo Arriagada -- expected to depose the elected government . Other than damaging the national economy , the principal effect of the 24 - day strike was drawing Army head , Gen. Carlos Prats , into the government as Interior Minister , an appeasement to the right wing . ( Gen. Prats had succeeded Army head Gen. René Schneider after his assassination on 24 October 1970 by a group led by Gen. Roberto Viaux , whom the Central Intelligence Agency had not attempted to discourage . ) Gen. Prats supported the legalist Schneider Doctrine and refused military involvement in a coup d'état against President Allende . Despite the declining economy , President Allende 's Popular Unity coalition increased its vote to 43.2 % in the March 1973 parliamentary elections ; but , by then , the informal alliance between Popular Unity and the Christian Democrats ended . The Christian Democrats allied with the right - wing National Party , who were opposed to Allende 's government ; the two right - wing parties formed the Confederation of Democracy ( CODE ) . The internecine parliamentary conflict , between the legislature and the executive branch , paralyzed the activities of government . The CIA paid some U.S. $6.8 -- $8 million to right - wing opposition groups to `` create pressures , exploit weaknesses , magnify obstacles '' and hasten Allende 's ouster . Allende began to fear his opponents , convinced they were plotting his assassination . Using his daughter as a messenger , he explained the situation to Fidel Castro . Castro gave four pieces of advice : convince technicians to stay in Chile , only sell copper for US dollars , avoid extreme revolutionary acts which would give opponents an excuse to wreck or control the economy , and maintain a proper relationship with the Chilean military until local militias could be established and consolidated . Allende attempted to follow Castro 's advice , but the latter two recommendations proved difficult . The military prior to the coup ( edit ) Prior to the coup , the Chilean military had undergone a process of de-politicization since the 1920s , when military personnel participated in government positions . Subsequently , most military officers remained under - funded , having only subsistence salaries . Because of the low salaries the military spent much time in military leisure - time facilities ( e.g. country clubs ) where they met other officers and their families . The military remained apart from society , being to some degree an endogamous group as officers frequently married the sisters of their comrades or the daughters of high - ranked older officers . Many officers had also relatives in the military . In 1969 elements of the military made their first act of rebellion in 40 years when they participated in the Tacnazo . The Tacnazo was not a proper coup , but a protest against under - funding . In retrospect General Carlos Prats considered that Christian Democrats who were in power in 1969 committed the error of not taking the military 's grievances seriously . Governments of Argentina ( 1966 ) , Bolivia ( 1969 ) , Brazil ( 1964 ) and Peru ( 1968 ) were all overthrown in coups and replaced by military governments . In June 1973 Uruguay joined the coup d'état wave that swept through the region . The poor conditions of the Chilean military contrasted with the change of fortune the military of neighboring countries experienced as they came to power in coups . During the decades previous to the coup , the military became influenced by the United States ' anti-communist ideology in the context of various cooperation programs including the US Army School of the Americas . Crisis ( edit ) See also : Tanquetazo On 29 June 1973 , Colonel Roberto Souper surrounded the La Moneda presidential palace with his tank regiment and failed to depose the Allende Government . That failed coup d'état -- known as the Tanquetazo tank putsch -- had been organized by the nationalist `` Fatherland and Liberty '' paramilitary group . In August 1973 , a constitutional crisis occurred ; the Supreme Court publicly complained about the government 's inability to enforce the law of the land . On 22 August , the Chamber of Deputies ( with the Christian Democrats united with the National Party ) accused the government of unconstitutional acts and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order . For months , the government had feared calling upon the Carabineros national police , suspecting them of disloyalty . On 9 August , Allende appointed General Carlos Prats as Minister of Defence . He was forced to resign both as defence minister and as the Army commander - in - chief on 24 August 1973 , embarrassed by the Alejandrina Cox incident and a public protest of the wives of his generals at his house . General Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander - in - chief the same day . In late August 1973 , 100,000 Chilean women congregated at Plaza de la Constitución to protest against the government for the rising cost and increasing shortages of food and fuels , but they were dispersed with tear gas . Chamber of Deputies ' resolution ( edit ) On 22 August 1973 , with the support of the Christian Democrats and National Party members , the Chamber of Deputies passed 81 -- 47 a resolution that asked `` the President of the Republic , Ministers of State , and members of the Armed and Police Forces '' to `` put an immediate end '' to `` breach ( es of ) the Constitution ... with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation , and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans . '' The resolution declared that the Allende Government sought `` ... to conquer absolute power with the obvious purpose of subjecting all citizens to the strictest political and economic control by the State ... ( with ) the goal of establishing a totalitarian system '' , claiming it had made `` violations of the Constitution ... a permanent system of conduct . '' Essentially , most of the accusations were about the government disregarding the separation of powers , and arrogating legislative and judicial prerogatives to the executive branch of government . Finally , the resolution condemned the creation and development of government - protected armed groups , which ... are headed towards a confrontation with the armed forces . President Allende 's efforts to re-organize the military and the police forces were characterised as notorious attempts to use the armed and police forces for partisan ends , destroy their institutional hierarchy , and politically infiltrate their ranks . It can be argued that the resolution called upon the armed forces to overthrow the government if it did not comply , as follows `` ... To present the President of the Republic , Ministers of State , and members of the Armed and Police Forces with the grave breakdown of the legal and constitutional order ... it is their duty to put an immediate end to all situations herein referred to that breach the Constitution and the laws of the land with the aim of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law . '' President Allende 's response ( edit ) Two days later , on 24 August 1973 , President Allende responded , characterising the Congress ' declaration as `` destined to damage the country 's prestige abroad and create internal confusion '' , predicting `` It will facilitate the seditious intention of certain sectors '' . He noted that the declaration had not obtained the two - thirds Senate majority `` constitutionally required '' to convict the president of abuse of power : essentially , the Congress was `` invoking the intervention of the armed forces and of Order against a democratically elected government '' and `` subordinat ( ing ) political representation of national sovereignty to the armed institutions , which neither can nor ought to assume either political functions or the representation of the popular will '' . Allende argued he had obeyed constitutional means for including military men to the cabinet `` at the service of civic peace and national security , defending republican institutions against insurrection and terrorism '' . In contrast , he said that Congress was promoting a coup d'état or a civil war with a declaration `` full of affirmations that had already been refuted before - hand '' and which , in substance and process ( directly handing it to the ministers rather than directly handing it to the President ) violated a dozen articles of the Constitution . He further argued that the legislature was usurping the government 's executive function . President Allende wrote : `` Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people . It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes , and it will be defended by those who , with sacrifices accumulated over generations , have imposed it ... With a tranquil conscience ... I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside ... I solemnly reiterate my decision to develop democracy and a state of law to their ultimate consequences ... Parliament has made itself a bastion against the transformations ... and has done everything it can to perturb the functioning of the finances and of the institutions , sterilizing all creative initiatives '' . Adding that economic and political means would be needed to relieve the country 's current crisis , and that the Congress was obstructing said means -- having already `` paralyzed '' the State -- they sought to `` destroy '' it . He concluded by calling upon `` the workers , all democrats and patriots '' to join him in defending the Chilean Constitution and the `` revolutionary process '' . U.S. involvement ( edit ) See also : U.S. intervention in Chile § The 1973 coup Like Caesar peering into the colonies from distant Rome , Nixon said the choice of government by the Chileans was unacceptable to the president of the United States . The attitude in the White House seemed to be , `` If in the wake of Vietnam I can no longer send in the Marines , then I will send in the CIA . '' -- Senator Frank Church , 1976 Many people in different parts of the world immediately suspected U.S. of foul play . In early newspaper reports , the U.S. denied any involvement or previous knowledge of the coup . Prompted by an incriminating New York Times article , the U.S. Senate opened an investigation into possible U.S. interference in Chile . A report prepared by the United States Intelligence Community in 2000 , at the direction of the National Intelligence Council , that echoed the Church committee , states that Although CIA did not instigate the coup that ended Allende 's government on 11 September 1973 , it was aware of coup - plotting by the military , had ongoing intelligence collection relationships with some plotters , and -- because CIA did not discourage the takeover and had sought to instigate a coup in 1970 -- probably appeared to condone it . The report stated that the CIA `` actively supported the military Junta after the overthrow of Allende but did not assist Pinochet to assume the Presidency . '' After a review of recordings of telephone conversations between Nixon and Henry Kissinger , Robert Dallek concluded that both of them used the CIA to actively destabilize the Allende government . In one particular conversation about the news of Allende 's overthrow , Kissinger complains about the lack of recognition of the American role in the overthrow of a `` communist '' government , upon which Nixon remarked , `` Well , we did n't -- as you know -- our hand does n't show on this one . '' . A later CIA report contended that US agents maintained close ties with the Chilean military to collect intelligence but no effort was made to assist them and `` under no circumstances attempted to influence them . '' Historian Peter Winn found `` extensive evidence '' of United States complicity in the coup . He states that its covert support was crucial to engineering the coup , as well as for the consolidation of power by the Pinochet regime following the takeover . Winn documents an extensive CIA operation to fabricate reports of a coup against Allende , as justification for the imposition of military rule . Peter Kornbluh asserts that the CIA destabilized Chile and helped create the conditions for the coup , citing documents declassified by the Clinton administration . Other authors point to the involvement of the Defense Intelligence Agency , agents of which allegedly secured the missiles used to bombard the La Moneda Palace . The U.S. Government 's hostility to the election of Allende in Chile was substantiated in documents declassified during the Clinton administration , which show that CIA covert operatives were inserted in Chile in order to prevent a Marxist government from arising and for the purpose of spreading anti-Allende propaganda . As described in the Church Committee report , the CIA was involved in multiple plots designed to remove Allende and then let the Chileans vote in a new election where he would not be a candidate . The first , non-military , approach involved attempting a constitutional coup . This was known as the Track I approach , in which the CIA , with the approval of the 40 Committee , attempted to bribe the Chilean legislature , tried to influence public opinion against Allende , and provided funding to strikes designed to coerce him into resigning . It also attempted to get congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the presidential election . Alessandri , who was an accessory to the conspiracy , was ready to then resign and call for fresh elections . The other approach of the CIA , also known as the Track II approach , was an attempt to encourage a military coup by creating a climate of crisis across the country . False flag operatives contacted senior Chilean military officers and informed them that the U.S. would actively support a coup , but would revoke all military aid if such a coup did not happen . In addition , the CIA gave extensive support for black propaganda against Allende , channeled mostly through El Mercurio . Financial assistance was also given to Allende 's political opponents , and for organizing strikes and unrest to destabilize the government . By 1970 , the U.S. manufacturing company ITT Corporation owned 70 % of Chitelco ( the Chilean Telephone Company ) , and also funded El Mercurio . The CIA used ITT as a means of disguising the source of the illegitimate funding Allende 's opponents received . On 28 September 1973 , ITT 's headquarters in New York City was bombed , allegedly for its involvement in Allende 's overthrow . Australian involvement ( edit ) An Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) station was established in Chile out of the Australian embassy in July 1971 at the request of the CIA and authorised by then Liberal Party Foreign Minister William McMahon . Newly - elected Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was informed of the operation in February 1973 and signed a document ordering the closure of the operation several weeks later . It appears , however , the last ASIS agent did not leave Chile until October 1973 , one month after the CIA - backed coup d'état had brought down the Allende Government . There were also two officers of Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ( ASIO ) , Australia 's internal security service , who were based in Santiago working as migration officers during this period . The failure of timely closure of Australia 's covert operations was one of the reasons for the sacking of the Director of ASIS on 21 October 1975 . This took effect on 7 November , just four days before Prime Minister 's Whitlam 's own dismissal in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis with allegations of CIA political interference . Military action ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) By 7 : 00 am on the 11th of September 1973 , a date chosen to match the historical coup of September 11th , 1924 , the Navy captured Valparaíso , strategically stationing ships and marine infantry in the central coast and closed radio and television networks . The Province Prefect informed President Allende of the Navy 's actions ; immediately , the president went to the presidential palace with his bodyguards , the `` Group of Personal Friends '' ( GAP ) . By 8 : 00 am , the Army had closed most radio and television stations in Santiago city ; the Air Force bombed the remaining active stations ; the President received incomplete information , and was convinced that only a sector of the Navy conspired against him and his government . President Allende and Defence minister Orlando Letelier were unable to communicate with military leaders . Admiral Montero , the Navy 's commander and an Allende loyalist , was rendered incommunicado ; his telephone service was cut and his cars were sabotaged before the coup d'état , to ensure he could not thwart the opposition . Leadership of the Navy was transferred to José Toribio Merino , planner of the coup d'état and executive officer to Adm. Montero . Augusto Pinochet , General of the Army , and Gustavo Leigh , General of the Air Force , did not answer Allende 's telephone calls to them . The General Director of the Carabineros ( uniformed police ) , José María Sepúlveda , and the head of the Investigations Police ( plain clothes detectives ) , Alfredo Joignant answered Allende 's calls and immediately went to the La Moneda presidential palace . When Defence minister Letelier arrived at the Ministry of Defense , controlled by Adm. Patricio Carvajal , he was arrested as the first prisoner of the coup d'état . Despite evidence that all branches of the Chilean armed forces were involved in the coup , Allende hoped that some units remained loyal to the government . Allende was convinced of Pinochet 's loyalty , telling a reporter that the coup d'état leaders must have imprisoned the general . Only at 8 : 30 am , when the armed forces declared their control of Chile and that Allende was deposed , did the president grasp the magnitude of the military 's rebellion . Despite the lack of any military support , Allende refused to resign his office . At approx. 9 : 00 the carabineros of the La Moneda left the building . By 9 : 00 am , the armed forces controlled Chile , except for the city centre of the capital , Santiago . Allende refused to surrender , despite the military 's declaring they would bomb the La Moneda presidential palace if he resisted being deposed . The Socialist Party along with his Cuban advisors proposed to Allende that he escape to the San Joaquín industrial zone in southern Santiago , to later re-group and lead a counter-coup d'état ; the president rejected the proposition . According to Tanya Harmer , Allende 's refusal to lead an insurgency against the coup is evidence of his unrelenting desire to bring about change through non-violent methods . The military attempted negotiations with Allende , but the President refused to resign , citing his constitutional duty to remain in office . Finally , Allende gave a farewell speech , telling the nation of the coup d'état and his refusal to resign his elected office under threat . Leigh ordered the presidential palace bombed , but was told the Air Force 's Hawker Hunter jet aircraft would take forty minutes to arrive . Pinochet ordered an armoured and infantry force under General Sergio Arellano to advance upon the La Moneda presidential palace . When the troops moved forward , they were forced to retreat after coming under fire from GAP snipers perched on rooftops . General Arellano called for helicopter gunship support from the commander of the Chilean Army Puma helicopter squadron and the troops were able to advance again . Chilean Air Force aircraft soon arrived to provide close air support for the assault ( by bombing the Palace ) , but the defenders did not surrender until nearly 2 : 30 pm . First reports said the 65 - year - old president had died fighting troops , but later police sources reported he had committed suicide . Estadio Nacional de Chile after the coup . Casualties ( edit ) Main article : Forced disappearance § Chile In the first months after the coup d'état , the military killed thousands of Chilean leftists , both real and suspected , or forced their `` disappearance '' . The military imprisoned 40,000 political enemies in the National Stadium of Chile ; among the tortured and killed desaparecidos ( disappeared ) were the U.S. citizens Charles Horman , and Frank Teruggi . In October 1973 , the Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara , and 70 other political killings were perpetrated by the death squad , Caravan of Death ( Caravana de la Muerte ) . The government arrested some 130,000 people in a three - year period ; the dead and disappeared numbered thousands in the first months of the military government . Those include the British physician Sheila Cassidy , who survived to publicize to the UK the human rights violations in Chile . Among those detained was Alberto Bachelet ( father of future Chilean President Michelle Bachelet ) , an Air Force official ; he was tortured and died on 12 March 1974 , the right - wing newspaper , El Mercurio ( The Mercury ) , reported that Mr Bachelet died after a basketball game , citing his poor cardiac health . Michelle Bachelet and her mother were imprisoned and tortured in the Villa Grimaldi detention and torture centre on 10 January 1975 . After Gen. Pinochet lost the election in the 1988 plebiscite , the Rettig Commission , a multi-partisan truth commission , in 1991 reported the location of torture and detention centers , among others , Colonia Dignidad , the tall ship Esmeralda and Víctor Jara Stadium . Later , in November 2004 , the Valech Report confirmed the number as less than 3,000 killed , and reduced the number of cases of forced disappearance ; but some 28,000 people were arrested , imprisoned , and tortured . Sixty individuals died as a direct result of fighting on 11 September , although the MIR and GAP continued to fight the following day . In all , 46 of Allende 's guard ( the GAP , Grupo de Amigos Personales ) were killed , some of them in combat with the soldiers that took the Moneda . Allende 's Cuban - trained guard would have had about 300 elite commando - trained GAP fighters at the time of the coup , but the use of brute military force , especially the use of Hawker Hunters , may have handicapped many GAP fighters from further action . According to official reports prepared after the return of democracy , at La Moneda only two people died : President Allende and the journalist Augusto Olivares ( both by suicide ) . Two more were injured , Antonio Aguirre and Osvaldo Ramos , both members of President Allende 's entourage ; they would later be allegedly kidnapped from the hospital and disappeared . In November 2006 , the Associated Press noted that more than 15 bodyguards and aides were taken from the palace during the coup and are still unaccounted for ; in 2006 Augusto Pinochet was indicted for two of their deaths . On the military side , there were 34 deaths : two army sergeants , three army corporals , four army privates , 2 navy lieutenants , 1 navy corporal , 4 naval cadets , 3 navy conscripts and 15 carabineros . In mid-September , the Chilean military junta claimed its troops suffered another 16 dead and 100 injured by gunfire in mopping - up operations against Allende supporters , and Pinochet said : `` sadly there are still some armed groups who insist on attacking , which means that the military rules of wartime apply to them . '' A press photographer also died in the crossfire while attempting to cover the event . On 23 October 1973 , 23 - year - old army corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz , who was serving with the Cazadores , became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in Valdivia after being shot by a sniper . The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973 . While fatalities in the battle during the coup might have been relatively small , the Chilean security forces sustained 162 dead in the three following months as a result of continued resistance , and tens of thousands of people were arrested during the coup and held in the National Stadium . This was because the plans for the coup called for the arrest of every man , woman and child on the streets the morning of 11 September . Of these approximately 40,000 to 50,000 perfunctory arrests , several hundred individuals would later be detained , questioned , tortured , and in some cases murdered . While these deaths did not occur before the surrender of Allende 's forces , they occurred as a direct result of arrests and round - ups during the coup 's military action . Allende 's death ( edit ) Main article : Death of Salvador Allende President Allende died in La Moneda during the coup . The junta officially declared that he committed suicide with a rifle given to him by Fidel Castro , two doctors from the infirmary of La Moneda stated that they witnessed the suicide , and an autopsy labelled Allende 's death a suicide . Vice Admiral Patricio Carvajal , one of the primary instigators of the coup , claimed that `` Allende committed suicide and is dead now . '' Patricio Guijon , one of the president 's doctors , had testified to witnessing Allende shoot himself under the chin with the rifle while seated on a sofa . At the time , few of Allende 's supporters believed the explanation that Allende had killed himself . Allende 's body was exhumed in May 2011 . The exhumation was requested by members of the Allende family , including his daughter Isabel who viewed the question of her father 's death as `` an insult to scientific intelligence . '' A scientific autopsy was performed and the autopsy team delivered a unanimous finding on 19 July 2011 that Allende committed suicide using an AK - 47 rifle . The team was composed of international forensic experts to assure an independent evaluation . However , on 31 May 2011 , Chile 's state television station reported that a top - secret military account of Allende 's death had been discovered in the home of a former military justice official . The 300 - page document was only found when the house was destroyed in the 2010 Chilean earthquake . After reviewing the report , two forensic experts told TVN `` that they are inclined to conclude that Allende was assassinated . '' Two forensics experts said they believed he was shot with a small - calibre weapon prior to the AK - 47 . One expert , Luis Ravanal , noted the lack of blood on his collar , sweater and throat suggested someone else fired the AK - 47 when he was already dead . Allende 's widow and family escaped the military government and were accepted for exile in Mexico , where they remained for 17 years . Aftermath ( edit ) Installing a New regime ( edit ) Main article : Government Junta of Chile ( 1973 ) Original members of the Government Junta of Chile ( 1973 ) On 13 September , the Junta dissolved Congress . At the same time , it outlawed the parties that had been part of the Popular Unity coalition , and all political activity was declared `` in recess '' . The military government took control of all media including the radio broadcasting that Allende attempted to use to give his final speech to the nation . It is not known how many Chileans actually heard the last words of Allende as he spoke them , but a transcript and audio of the speech survived the military government . Chilean scholar Lidia M. Baltra details how the military took control of the media platforms and turned them into their own `` propaganda machine . '' The only two newspapers that were allowed to continue publishing after the military takeover were El Mercurio and La Tercera de la Hora , both of which were anti-Allende under his leadership . The dictatorship 's silencing of the leftist point of view extended past the media and into `` every discourse that expressed any resistance to the regime . '' An example of this is the torturing and death of folk singer Victor Jara . The military government detained Jara in the days following the coup . He , along with many other leftists , was held in Estadio Nacional , or the National Stadium of Chile in the capital of Santiago . Initially , the Junta tried to silence him by crushing his hands but ultimately he was murdered . Immediately after the coup the military sought after television host Don Francisco to have him report on the events . Don Francisco declined the offer encouraging the captain that had approached him to take the role of reporter himself . Initially , there were four leaders of the junta : In addition to General Augusto Pinochet , from the Army , there were General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán , of the Air Force ; Admiral José Toribio Merino Castro , of the Navy ( who replaced Constitutionalist Admiral Raúl Montero ) ; and General Director César Mendoza Durán , of the National Police ( Carabineros de Chile ) ( who replaced Constitutionalist General Director José María Sepúlveda ) . Coup leaders soon decided against a rotating presidency and named General Pinochet permanent head of the junta . In the months that followed the coup , the junta , with authoring work by historian Gonzalo Vial and admiral Patricio Carvajal , published a book titled El Libro Blanco del cambio de gobierno en Chile ( commonly known as El Libro Blanco , `` The White Book of the Change of Government in Chile '' ) , where they attempted to justify the coup by claiming that they were in fact anticipating a self - coup ( the alleged Plan Zeta , or Plan Z ) that Allende 's government or its associates were purportedly preparing . Historian Peter Winn states that the Central Intelligence Agency had an extensive part to play in fabricating the conspiracy and in selling it to the press , both in Chile and internationally . Although later discredited and officially recognized as the product of political propaganda , some Chilean historians pointed to the similarities between the alleged Plan Z and other existing paramilitary plans of the Popular Unity parties in support of its legitimacy . Continued Violence ( edit ) See also : Armed resistance in Chile ( 1973 -- 90 ) Pictures of persons missing after the 1973 Chilean coup The newspaper La Tercera published on its front page a photograph showing prisoners at the Quiriquina Island Camp who had been captured during the fighting in Concepción . The photograph 's caption stated that some of the detained were local leaders of the `` Unidad Popular '' while others were `` extremists who had attacked the armed forces with firearms '' . The photo is reproduced in Docuscanner . This is consistent with reports in newspapers and broadcasts in Concepción about the activities of the Armed Forces , which mentioned clashes with `` extremists '' on several occasions from 11 to 14 September . Nocturnal skirmishes took place around the Hotel Alonso De Ercilla in Colo Colo and San Martino Street , one block away from the Army and military police administrative headquarters . A recently published testimony about the clashes in Concepcion offers several plausible explanations for the reticence of witnesses to these actions . Besides political leaders and participants , the coup also affected many everyday Chilean citizens . Thousands were killed , went missing , and were injured . Because of the political instability in their country , many relocated elsewhere . Canada , among other countries , became a main point of refuge for many Chilean citizens . Through an operation known as `` Special Movement Chile '' , more than 7,000 Chileans were relocated to Canada in the months following September 11 , 1973 . These refugees are now known as Chilean Canadian people and have a population of over 38,000 . The U.S. view of the coup continues to spark controversy . Beginning in late 2014 in response to a request by then Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin , United States Southern Command ( USSOUTHCOM ) William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies ( CHDS ) , located at the National Defense University in Washington , D.C. , has been under investigation by the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General . Insider national security whistleblower complaints included that the Center knowingly protected a CHDS professor from Chile who was a former top advisor to Pinochet after belonging to the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional / DINA state terrorist organization ( whose attack against a former Chilean foreign minister in 1976 in Washington , D.C. resulted in two deaths , including that of an American ) . `` Reports that NDU hired foreign military officers with histories of involvement in human rights abuses , including torture and extra-judicial killings of civilians , are stunning , and they are repulsive , '' said Sen. Patrick Leahy , D - Vermont , the author of the `` Leahy Law '' prohibiting U.S. assistance to military units and members of foreign security forces that violate human rights . Roberto Theime , the military leader of Fatherland and Liberty , who was imprisoned on September 11 was shocked to hear about the degree of violence the coup was carried out with . Despite being an arduous opponent of Unidad Popular he had expected a cleaner coup . International reaction ( edit ) President of Argentina Juan Domingo Perón condemned the coup calling it a `` fatality for the continent '' . Before the coup Perón had warned the more radical of his followers to stay calm and `` not do as Allende '' . Argentine students protested the coup at the Chilean embassy in Buenos Aires , where part of them chanted that they were `` available to cross the Andes '' ( dispuestos a cruzar la cordillera ) . Commemoration ( edit ) The commemoration of the coup is associated to competing narratives on its cause and effects . The coup has been commemorated by detractors and supporters in various ways . On September 11 of 1975 Pinochet lit the Llama de la Libertad ( lit . Flame of Liberty ) to commemorate the coup . This flame was extinguished in 2004 . Avenida Nueva Providencia in Providencia , Santiago , was renamed Avenida 11 de Septiembre in 1980 . In the 30th anniversary of the coup President Ricardo Lagos inaugurated the Morandé 80 entrance to La Moneda . This entrance to the presidential palace had been erased during the repairs the dictatorship did to the building after the bombing . 40th anniversary ( edit ) The 40th anniversary of the coup in 2013 was particularly intense . That year the name of Avenida 11 de Septiembre was reversed to the original Avenida Nueva Providencia . The Association of Chilean Magistrates issued a public statement in early September 2013 recognizing the past unwillingness of judges to protect those persecuted by dictatorship . On September 11 , 2013 hundreds of Chileans posed as dead in the streets of Santiago in remembrance of the ones `` disappeared '' by the dictatorship . The centre - left opposition refused to attend the commemoration event organized by Sebastián Piñera 's right - wing government organizing instead a separate event . Osvaldo Andrade of the Socialist Party explained that attendance was not viable as Piñera 's government was `` packed with passive accomplices '' of the dictatorship . Some right - wing politicians also declined the invitation . President candidate Michelle Bachelet planned to spend the day visiting Museum of Memory and Human Rights and commented that `` it is not fair to talk about the coup as something unavoidable '' . President Piñera held an unusual speech in which he denounced `` passive accomplices '' like news reporters who deliberately changed or omitted the truth and judges who rejected recursos de amparos that could have saved lives . People who knew things or could have known things but decided to stay quiet were also criticized as passive accomplices in Piñera 's speech . A number of new films , theatre plays , and photography expositions were held to cast light on the abuses and censorship of the dictatorship . The number of new books published on the subject in 2013 was such that it constituted an editorial boom . The Museum of Memory and Human Rights also displayed a collection of declassified CIA , FBI , Defense Department , and White House records illustrating the U.S. role in the dictatorship and the coup . Conferences and seminaries on the subject of coup were also held . Various series and interviews with politicians on the subject of the coup and the dictatorship were aired on Chilean TV in 2013 . See also ( edit ) Chilean presidential election , 1970 Cuban packages -- arms smuggling from Cuba Government Junta of Chile ( 1924 ) Government Junta of Chile ( 1973 ) Machuca Marjorie Agosín Missing ( 1982 film ) Operation Condor Operation TOUCAN ( KGB ) -- secret KGB operations in Chile Patio 29 Project FUBELT -- secret CIA operations to unseat Allende . René Schneider Rettig Report The Battle of Chile The Black Pimpernel The House of the Spirits United States intervention in Chile Valech Report Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , George ( 2005 ) . Negotiated Revolutions . p. 182 . The only armed resistance came in a handful of factories , the La Legua poblacion in Santiago and in isolated gunfights with MIR activists . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh . `` Chile and the United States : Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup , September 11 , 1973 '' . Jump up ^ `` Controversial legacy of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet ... Gen. Augusto Pinochet , who overthrew Chile 's democratically elected Communist government in a 1973 coup ... '' Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Christian Science Monitor , 11 December 2006 Jump up ^ `` CHILE : The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream '' , Time Magazine , Quote : `` ... Allende 's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile . His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America ... '' Jump up ^ Genaro Arriagada Herrera ( 1988 ) . Pinochet : The Politics of Power . Allen & Unwin . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 497061 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Winn , Peter ( 2010 ) . Grandin & Joseph , Greg & Gilbert , ed . A Century of Revolution . Duke University Press . pp. 239 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh ( 11 September 2013 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . The New Press . ISBN 1595589120 Jump up ^ Lubna Z . Qureshi . Nixon , Kissinger , and Allende : U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile . Lexington Books , 2009 . ISBN 0739126563 Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh ( 19 September 2000 ) . `` CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet 's Repression : Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile '' . Chile Documentation Project . National Security Archive . Archived from the original on 28 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Allende 's Last Speech -- Wikisource '' . Wikisource . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Davison , Phil ( 20 June 2009 ) . `` Hortensia Bussi De Allende : Widow of Salvador Allende who helped lead opposition to Chile 's military dictatorship '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gott , Richard ( 12 September 2009 ) . `` From the archive : Allende ' dead ' as generals seize power '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Weimer , Tim ( 2007 ) . Legacy of Ashes : The History of the CIA . New York : Doubleday . Jump up ^ Winn , Peter ( 2010 ) . `` Furies of the Andes '' . In Grandin & Joseph , Greg & Gilbert . A Century of Revolution : Insurgent and Counterinsurgent Violence during Latin America 's Long Cold War . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 9285 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` El Partido Socialista de Chile Tomo II '' . Julio César Jobet ( in Spanish ) . p. 120 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Nohlen , D ( 2005 ) Elections in the Americas : A data handbook , Volume II , p259 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928358 - 3 Jump up ^ `` CIA Activities in Chile '' . Central Intelligence Agency . The political action program under consideration called for the Embassy and Station to influence the Chilean Congress as it took up the matter . This involved encouraging Congress to vote for Alessandri for President in spite of the fact Allende received a slightly higher popular vote . ( Allende won 36.3 percent of the vote on 4 September -- a plurality , not the majority required by the Constitution to avoid Congressional reaffirmation of the victory . ) The Station and the Embassy , working through intermediaries , urged Frei to use his influence with Congress to convince non-leftist forces to vote for Alessandri . The scenario was to have Congress elect Alessandri as President ; he would then resign , thereby allowing Frei to run as a candidate against Allende in a new election . Jump up ^ Régis Debray ( 1972 ) . The Chilean Revolution : Conversations with Allende . New York : Vintage Books . Jump up ^ Porpora , Douglas V. ; Nikolaev , Alexander G. ; May , Julia Hagemann ; Jenkins , Alexander ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` Post-Ethical Society : The Iraq War , Abu Ghraib , and the Moral Failure of the Secular '' . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 06252 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Kristian C. Gustafson . `` CIA Machinations in Chile in 1970 : Reexamining the Record '' , CIA , Center for the Study of Intelligence . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Castro speech database '' , University of Texas : English translations of Castro speeches based upon the records of the ( United States ) Foreign Broadcast Information Service ( FBIS ) . See locations of speeches for November -- December 1971 . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Spanish ) `` Comienzan los problemas '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 02 . , part of series `` Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia '' on LaTercera.cl . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` mun6 '' . Jornada.unam.mx . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Development and Breakdown of Democracy , 1830 -- 1973 , United States Library of Congress Country Studies : Chile . Undated ; according to Preface , `` The body of the text reflects information available as of 31 March 1994 . '' Accessed 22 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Spanish ) `` Se desata la crisis '' . Archived from the original on 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . , part of series `` Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia '' on LaTercera.cl . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . 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Liberators , patriots , and leaders of Latin America 32 biographies ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 9780786455522 . ^ Jump up to : Sagredo , Rafael ; Gazmuri , Cristián , eds. ( 2005 ) , Historia de la vida privada en Chile ( in Spanish ) , 3 : El Chile contemporáneo . De 1925 a nuestros días ( 4th ed . ) , Santiago de Chile : Aguilar Chilena de Ediciones , ISBN 956 - 239 - 337 - 2 Jump up ^ González 2013 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ González 2013 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : González 2013 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Lessa , Alfonso ( 1996 ) . Estado de guerra - de la gestación del golpe del 73 a la caída de Bordaberry . Editorial Fin de Siglo . Jump up ^ `` Second coup attempt : El Tanquetazo ( the tank attack ) '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2004 . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , originally on RebelYouth.ca . Unsigned , but with citations . Archived on Internet Archive 13 October 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream '' ( PDF ) . Time . 24 September 1973 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` el Presidente de la República ya los señores Ministros de Estado y miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas y del Cuerpo de Carabineros '' Acuerdo de la Cámara de Diputados ) . Jump up ^ English translation on Wikisource ^ Jump up to : ( in Spanish ) La respuesta del Presidente Allende on Wikisource. ( in English ) English translation on Wikisource . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Bill D. Moyers ; Henry Steele Commager ( December 1990 ) . The secret government : the Constitution in crisis : with excerpts from `` An essay on Water-gate '' . Seven Locks Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 932020 - 85 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Secret Government -- The Constitution In Crisis - Bill Moyers ( PBS 1987 ) ( video ) . Jump up ^ `` Estados Unidos niega en forma rotunda participación en golpe '' . La Nación. 13 September 1973 -- via Google Newspapers . ^ Jump up to : Gustafson , Kristian ( 2007 ) . Hostile Intent : U.S. Covert Operations in Chile , 1964 -- 1974 . Washington , D.C. : Potomac Books . pp. 12 , 203 . Jump up ^ CIA Activities in Chile , 2000 - 09 - 18 , archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 12 , To respond to Section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 ( referred to hereafter as the Hinchey Amendment ) , the Intelligence Community ( IC ) , led by the National Intelligence Council , reviewed ( ... ) Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( 2007 - 04 - 18 ) , `` Robert Dallek on Nixon and Kissinger '' , New York Times , archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 14 , ( ... ) phone call reacting to news of the 1973 coup in Chile ( ... ) Kissinger grumbled ( ... ) that American newspapers , ' instead of celebrating , ' were ' bleeding because a pro-Communist government has been overthrown . ' ' Is n't that something ? ' Nixon remarked . ' In the Eisenhower period , we would be heroes , ' Kissinger said . ' Well , we did n't -- as you know -- our hand does n't show on this one , ' the president said . ^ Jump up to : Kornbluh , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . New York : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 936 - 1 . Jump up ^ Axelsson , Sun Chili , le Dossier Noir . ( Chile : The Black File ) Paris , France : Gallimard , 1974 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Ad Hoc Interagency Working Group on Chile ( 4 December 1970 ) . `` Memorandum for Mr. Henry Kissinger '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Dept. of State FOIA Electronic Reading Room -- Hinchey Report ( CIA Activities in Chile ) '' . Foia.state.gov . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( 30 January 2003 ) . `` Edward Korry , 81 , Is Dead ; Falsely Tied to Chile Coup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ The Pinochet File : How U.S. Politicians , Banks and Corporations Aided Chilean Coup , Dictatorship . Democracy Now ! 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Paul L. ( 29 September 1973 ) . `` I.T.T. OFFICE HERE DAMAGED BY BOMB ; Caller Linked Explosion at Latin - American Section to ' Crimes in Chile ' I.T.T. Latin - American Office on Madison Ave . Damaged by Bomb Fire in Rome Office Bombing on the Coast Rally the Opponents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Forty years after the military coup which brought down Chilean President Salvador Allende , refugees in Australia are still raising questions about the country 's involvement in the affair '' . SBS. 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Florencia Melgar and Pablo Leighton . `` ASIS and ASIO in Chile '' . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . pp78 - 92 , 2015 in 40 Years are Nothing : History and memory of the 1973 coups d'état in Uruguay and Chile Edited by Pablo Leighton and Fernando López , ISBN 1443876429 Jump up ^ Suich , Max ( 20 March 2010 ) . `` Spymaster stirs spectre of covert foreign activities '' . The Australian . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El balcón del adiós Reportajes '' . La Tercera Edición Impresa . Jump up ^ Harmer , Tanya ( 2011 ) . Odd Arne Westad , ed . Allende 's Chile and the Inter-American Cold War . Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3495 - 4 . Jump up ^ La misión era matar : el juicio a la caravana Pinochet - Arellano , By Jorge Escalante Hidalgo , Page 43 , LOM Ediciones , 2000 Jump up ^ `` ROME NEWS TRIBUNE Sep 11 , 1973 '' . Google . 11 September 1973 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Evans . `` National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 33 '' . Gwu.edu . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Collins , Stephen ( 16 December 2000 ) . `` Now open -- Pinochet 's torture chambers '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chile Issues Report on Pinochet Torture Article from AP Online HighBeam Research '' . Archived from the original on 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( 3 March 2000 ) . `` Right rejoices as general 's foes vow to keep up fight '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chile 's President - Elect '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chile 's Bachelet visits site of her own torture '' . Alertnet.org. 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chile : The Good Democracy ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pérez de Arce , Hermógenes . `` Michelle Bachelet , ¿ quién es realmente usted ? '' , El Mercurio , 15 January 2006 Jump up ^ `` Chile head revisits torture site '' . BBC News . 15 October 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chile 's Pinochet Charged for Torture , Probed over Gold '' . Globalpolicy.org. 27 October 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chile Leader Visits Site of Her Torture '' . The Washington Post . 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pinochet stripped of immunity in torture , kidnapping cases '' . USA Today . 20 January 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pinochet Stripped of Legal Immunity '' . Globalpolicy.org . Associated Press . 11 January 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Haslam ( 2005 ) . The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende 's Chile : A Case of Assisted Suicide . Verso . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 030 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ferrada , Marcello ( 13 September 2008 ) . `` Marcello Ferrada - Noli . That morning of September 11 , 1973 . A personal testimony '' . Stockholm ( 2008 ) `` . Ferrada-noli.blogspot.com . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , Pinochet indicted for deaths of Allende bodyguards , put under house arrest , 27 November 2006 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Arce , Juan Alvaro . `` Martires y Victimas de la Unidad Popular '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chile wars armed civilians '' . The Montreal Gazette. 17 September 1973 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación `` , Volume I , Page 441 , Santiago , Chile , 1991 . ( SM , V , Chro ) Jump up ^ `` Mártires De Las Ff. Aa. , De Orden Y Seguridad '' . Web.archive.org. 11 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Scheina ( 2003 ) . Latin America 's Wars Volume II : The Age of the Professional Soldier , 1900 -- 2001 . Potomac Books , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 452 - 4 . Jump up ^ Alex Wilde , In Chile , a New Generation Revisits Haunted Space , Ford Foundation Report , Winter 2003 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Ronald Hilton , Chile : The Continuing Historical Conflict , World Association of International Studies , 22 December 1997 . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Rory ( 5 June 2011 ) . `` Exhumation fails to end mystery over death of Salvador Allende '' . The Observer . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Róbinson Rojas , The murder of Allende and the end of the Chilean way to socialism , originally published by Harper and Row , New York , 1975 , 1976 - Fitzhenry&Whiteside Ltd. , Toronto , Canada , 1975 . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide , autopsy confirms The Guardian , 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Vegara , Eva ; Warren , Michael ( 31 May 2011 ) . `` Chile TV : Secret report suggests Allende murdered '' . boston.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Rory ( 5 June 2011 ) . `` Exhumation fails to end mystery over death of Salvador Allende '' . The Observer . Retrieved 26 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico dio asilo a la viuda de Allende '' . La Nacion. 14 September 1973 -- via Google Newspapers . Jump up ^ Gott , Richard ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Hortensia Bussi de Allende '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Junta general names himself as new President of Chile . The Guardian , Friday , 14 September 1973 Jump up ^ `` Economist.com -- Country Briefings : Chile '' . 2 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Salvador Allende : Last speech '' . www.marxists.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : M. Baltra , Lidia ( 2012 ) . La Prensa Chilena En La Encrucijada : Entre La Voz Monocorde Y La Revolución Digital . LOM Ediciones . 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A personal testimony '' . Stockholm ( 2008 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Foster , John ; Carty , Bob . `` Chile 's 1972 Coup , 40 Years Later : Observances , Part 2 '' . Opencanada.org . Canadian International Council . Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Statistics . `` unknown '' . www12.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martin Edwin Andersen Unpunished U.S. Southern Command role in ' 09 Honduran military coup May 24 , 2016 , Academia.edu Jump up ^ Marisa Taylor and Kevin G. Hall , For years , Pentagon paid professor despite revoked visa and accusations of torture in Chile March 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ Julia Hart and R. Jeffrey Smith Flagship military university hired foreign officers linked to human rights abuses in Latin America Jump up ^ McClatchyDC , Chilean 70 's torture survivor seeks justice March 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ González 2013 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Ortega , José ( 2014 ) . `` Perón y Chile '' ( PDF ) . Encucijada Americana . Jump up ^ DiFilm ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` DiFilm -- Protesta de estudiantes en la Embajada de Chile 1973 '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Gilda ( 2014 ) . `` A cuarenta años del golpe militar en Chile . Reflexiones en torno a conmemoraciones y memorias '' . Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales ( in Spanish ) . 59 ( 221 ) : 243 -- 265 . doi : 10.1016 / S0185 - 1918 ( 14 ) 70823 - 2 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ministerio de Defensa pagará el gas de la llama de la libertad '' . Emol ( in Spanish ) . El Mercurio . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apagan la `` Llama Eterna de la Libertad '' encendida por Pinochet `` . ABC Color ( in Spanish ) . 19 October 2004 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Municipio cambia de señalética de avenida por `` Nueva Providencia '' `` . 24 Horas ( in Spanish ) . 14 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . 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Marxism and democracy in Chile : From 1932 to the fall of Allende , New Haven : Yale University Press . Ignacio González Camus , ed. ( 1988 ) . El día en que murió Allende ( The day that Allende Died ) , Chilean Institute of Humanistic Studies ( ICHEH ) / CESOC . González , Mónica ( 2013 ) . La Conjura : Los mil y un días del golpe ( in Spanish ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Santiago de Chile : Catalonia . ISBN 978 - 956 - 324 - 134 - 1 . Anke Hoogvelt ( 1997 ) . Globalisation and the postcolonial world , London : Macmillan . Thomas Karamessines ( 1970 ) . Operating guidance cable on coup plotting in Chile , Washington : National Security Council . Jeane Kirkpatrick ( 1979 ) . `` Dictatorships and Double Standards '' , Commentary , November , pp 34 -- 45 . Henry Kissinger ( 1970 ) . National Security Decision 93 : Policy Towards Chile , Washington : National Security Council . Richard Norton - Taylor ( 1999 ) . `` Truth will out : Unearthing the declassified documents in America which give the lie to Lady Thatcher 's outburst '' , The Guardian , 8 July 1999 , London . Alec Nove ( 1986 ) . Socialism , Economics and Development , London : Allen & Unwin . James F. Petras & Morris H. Morley ( 1974 ) . How Allende fell : A study in U.S. -- Chilean relations , Nottingham : Spokesman Books . Sigmund , P.E. ( 1986 ) . `` Development Strategies in Chile , 1964 -- 1983 : The Lessons of Failure '' , Chapter 6 in I.J. Kim ( Ed . ) , Development and Cultural Change : Cross-Cultural Perspectives , New York : Paragon House Publishers , pp. 159 -- 178 . Valenzuela , J.S. , & Valenzuela , A. ( 1993 ) . `` Modernisation and Dependency : Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Latin - American Underdervelopment '' , in M.A. Seligson & J.T. Pass - Smith ( Eds . ) , Development and Underdevelopment : The Political Economy of Inequality , Boulder : Lynnes Rienner , pp. 203 -- 216 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Intelligence Memorandum : Allende 's Chile : The Widening Supply - Demand Gap Wikiquote has quotations related to : 1973 Chilean coup d'état CIA acknowledges involvement in Allende 's overthrow Pinochet 's rise , CNN . Cronología , Salvador-Allende.cl , originally published in Archivo Salvador Allende , number 14 . An extensive Spanish - language site providing a day - by - day chronology of the Allende era . This is clearly a partisan , pro-Allende source , but the research and detail are enormous . ( in Spanish ) National Security Archive 's Chile Documentation Project which provides documents obtained from FOIA requests regarding U.S. involvement in Chile , beginning with attempts to promote a coup in 1970 and continuing through U.S. support for Pinochet US Dept. of State FOIA Church Report ( Covert Action in Chile ) 11 September 1973 , When US - Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile -- video report by Democracy Now ! The Coup in Chile . Jacobin. 11 September 2015 . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` 1973 Chilean coup d'état '' dated 2017 - 11 - 27 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1973 Chilean coup d'état Background United States intervention in Chile Schneider Doctrine 1970 election Project FUBELT Presidency of Salvador Allende Carlos Prats Alejandrina Cox incident Carlos Altamirano Tanquetazo Participants Salvador Allende Augusto Pinochet José Toribio Merino Gustavo Leigh César Mendoza Aftermath Government Junta of Chile Miguel Enriquez Operation Condor Assassination of Carlos Prats Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton Assassination of Orlando Letelier Chile under Pinochet Chicago Boys Indictment and arrest of Pinochet Controversies Death of Salvador Allende Criticisms of Salvador Allende Human rights violations under Pinochet Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Yemeni -- Adenese clan violence Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order ( Indonesia ) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Western Sahara War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution Sino - Vietnamese War New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Chile articles History Timeline Early Mapuches Inca rule Spanish invasion Colonial Chile Captaincy General Arauco War Independence Expansionism War of the Confederation Chincha Islands War War of the Pacific Occupation of Araucanía Parliamentary Era ( 1891 -- 1925 ) Arms race with Argentina Dreadnought race with Argentina , Brazil Presidential Republic ( 1925 -- 73 ) Presidency of Salvador Allende 1973 coup Pinochet regime Transition to democracy Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Fjords , channels , sounds and straits Geology Islands National parks Natural regions Provinces Regions Rivers Lakes Volcanoes Lighthouses Politics National Congress Elections Foreign relations Government Political parties President Ministries Law Civil Code Constitution Copyright law Human rights LGBT Intersex LGBT history Law enforcement Nationality law Passport Supreme Court Constitutional Court Comptroller General of Chile Investigations Police of Chile Military Air Force Army Navy Carabineros Ministry of Defence Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history Peso ( currency ) Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Immigration Languages People Religion Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Arts Beauty pageants Cinema Cuisine Literature Music Mythology Newspapers Public holidays Sports Television Outline Index Category Portal Augusto Pinochet Life and politics 1973 Chilean coup d'état Government Junta of Chile Rule over Chile Indictment and arrest Policies Miracle of Chile Economic policy 1980 Constitution DINA Operation Condor Operation Colombo Perceptions Chicago Boys Rettig Report Valech Report Caravan of Death Family Lucía Hiriart ( spouse ) Lucía Pinochet ( daughter ) Opposition Families of the Detained - 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coup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973_Chilean_coup_d % 27état&oldid = 866353763 '' Categories : 1970s coups d'état and coup attempts 1973 in Chile Central Intelligence Agency operations Presidency of Salvador Allende Military dictatorship of Chile ( 1973 -- 90 ) Chile -- United States relations Imperialism Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1973 Dirty wars Military coups in Chile Revolutions in Chile Cold War in Latin America False flag operations Henry Kissinger September 1973 events 1970s in Santiago , Chile Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced quotes Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the president of chile before the military coup was staged	[ "The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon,[4] Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police.[5][6]\n" ]	[ "Salvador Allende" ]
-6425330578901053017	Hans Christian Ørsted	Hans Christian Ørsted - wikipedia Hans Christian Ørsted Jump to : navigation , search `` Ørsted '' redirects here . For other uses , see Ørsted ( disambiguation ) . Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1777 - 08 - 14 ) 14 August 1777 Rudkøbing , Denmark 9 March 1851 ( 1851 - 03 - 09 ) ( aged 73 ) Copenhagen , Denmark Nationality Danish Alma mater University of Copenhagen ( PhD , 1799 ) Known for Discovery of electromagnetism Awards Copley Medal ( 1820 ) Scientific career Fields Physics , chemistry Institutions University of Copenhagen Influences Immanuel Kant Signature Hans Christian Ørsted ( / ˈɜːrstɛd / ; Danish : ( hans kʁæsdjan ˈɶɐ̯sdɛð ) ; often rendered Oersted in English ; 14 August 1777 -- 9 March 1851 ) was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields , which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism . He is still known today for Oersted 's Law . He shaped post-Kantian philosophy and advances in science throughout the late 19th century . In 1824 , Ørsted founded Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse ( SNU ) , a society to disseminate knowledge of the natural sciences . He was also the founder of predecessor organizations which eventually became the Danish Meteorological Institute and the Danish Patent and Trademark Office . Ørsted was the first modern thinker to explicitly describe and name the thought experiment . A leader of the so - called Danish Golden Age , Ørsted was a close friend of Hans Christian Andersen and the brother of politician and jurist Anders Sandøe Ørsted , who eventually served as Danish prime minister ( 1853 -- 54 ) . The oersted ( Oe ) , the cgs unit of magnetic H - field strength , is named after him . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and studies 2 Electromagnetism 3 Later years 4 Legacy 4.1 Toponomy 4.2 Monuments and memorials 4.3 Awards and lectures 5 Writings 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life and Studies ( edit ) The young H.C. Ørsted Ørsted was born in Rudkøbing . As a young boy Ørsted developed his interest in science while working for his father , who owned a pharmacy . He and his brother Anders received most of their early education through self - study at home , going to Copenhagen in 1793 to take entrance exams for the University of Copenhagen , where both brothers excelled academically . By 1796 Ørsted had been awarded honors for his papers in both aesthetics and physics . He earned his doctorate in 1799 for a dissertation based on the works of Kant entitled `` The Architectonics of Natural Metaphysics '' . In 1801 Ørsted received a travel scholarship and public grant which enabled him to spend three years travelling across Europe . In Germany he met Johann Wilhelm Ritter , a physicist who believed there was a connection between electricity and magnetism . This made sense to Ørsted since he believed in Kantian ideas about the unity of nature and that deep relationships existed between natural phenomena . Their conversations drew Ørsted into the study of physics . He became a professor at the University of Copenhagen in 1806 and continued his research with electric currents and acoustics . Under his guidance the University developed a comprehensive physics and chemistry program and established new laboratories . In 1800 , Alessandro Volta invented a galvanic battery inspiring Ørsted to think about the nature of electricity and to conduct his first electrical experiments . Between 1800 and 1803 , he visited Germany , France and Holland for lectures . Ørsted welcomed William Christopher Zeise to his family home in autumn 1806 ; taking the then young chemist ( and fellow son of a pharmacist ) under his care and giving him encouragement while offering him a position as his lecturing assistant . In 1812 he again visited Germany and France after publishing a manual called Videnskaben om Naturens Almindelige Love and Første Indledning til den Almindelige Naturlære ( 1811 ) . In Berlin he wrote his famous essay on the identity of chemical and electrical forces in which he first stated the connection existing between magnetism and electricity . Then , in Paris he translated that essay into Latin with Marcel de Serres . The Royal Society of London gave him the Copley Medal and the French Academy awarded him with 3,000 gold francs . Ørsted was just 43 when he made this great discovery . He established the Royal Polytechnic Institute in 1829 of which he was the first director . Electromagnetism ( edit ) Hans Christian Ørsted , Der Geist in der Natur , 1854 Play media A compass needle with a wire , showing the effect Ørsted discovered . Demonstrated by Prof. Oliver Zajkov , Physics Institute at the Ss . Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje , Macedonia . Der Geist in der Natur , v. 1 ( 1854 ) On 21 April 1820 , during a lecture , Ørsted noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when an electric current from a battery was switched on and off , confirming a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism . His initial interpretation was that magnetic effects radiate from all sides of a wire carrying an electric current , as do light and heat . Three months later he began more intensive investigations and soon thereafter published his findings , showing that an electric current produces a circular magnetic field as it flows through a wire . This discovery was not due to mere chance , since Ørsted had been looking for a relation between electricity and magnetism for several years . The special symmetry of the phenomenon was possibly one of the difficulties that retarded the discovery . It is sometimes claimed that Italian Gian Domenico Romagnosi was the first person who found a relationship between electricity and magnetism , about two decades before Ørsted 's 1820 discovery of electromagnetism . Romagnosi 's experiments showed that an electric current from a voltaic pile could deflect a magnetic needle . His researches were published in two Italian newspapers and were largely overlooked by the scientific community . Ørsted 's findings stirred much research into electrodynamics throughout the scientific community , influencing French physicist André - Marie Ampère 's developments of a single mathematical formula to represent the magnetic forces between current - carrying conductors . Ørsted 's work also represented a major step toward a unified concept of energy . In 1822 , he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1849 a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. . Later years ( edit ) In 1825 , Ørsted made a significant contribution to chemistry by producing aluminium for the first time . While an aluminium - iron alloy had previously been developed by British scientist and inventor Humphry Davy , Ørsted was the first to isolate the element via a reduction of aluminium chloride . In 1829 , Ørsted founded Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt ( ' College of Advanced Technology ' ) which was later renamed the Technical University of Denmark ( DTU ) . Ørsted died at Copenhagen in 1851 , aged 73 , and was buried in the Assistens Cemetery in the same city . Legacy ( edit ) The centimetre - gram - second system ( CGS ) unit of magnetic induction ( oersted ) is named for his contributions to the field of electromagnetism . Toponomy ( edit ) The Ørsted Park in Copenhagen was named after Ørsted in 1879 . The streets H.C. Ørsteds Vej in Frederiksberg and H.C. Ørsteds Allé is located in Galten are also named after him . The buildings that are home to the Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Mathematical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen 's North Campus are named the H.C. Ørsted Institute , after him . A dormitory named H.C. Ørsted Kollegiet is located in Odense . The first Danish satellite , launched 1999 , was named after Ørsted . Monuments and memorials ( edit ) Statue of Ørsted in Ørstedsparken , in Copenhagen . A statue of Hans Christian Ørsted was installed in the Ørsted Park in 1880 . A commemorative plaque is located above the gate on the building in Studiestræde where he lived and worked . The 100 danske kroner note issued from 1950 to 1970 carried an engraving of Ørsted . Awards and lectures ( edit ) Two medals are awarded in Ørsted 's name : the Oersted Medal for notable contributions in the teaching of physics in America , awarded by American Association of Physics Teachers , along with the H.C. Ørsted Medal for Danish scientists , awarded by the Danish Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse ( Society for the Dissemination of Natural Science ) , which Ørsted founded . The H.C. Ørsted Lectureship is awarded to two prominent researchers annually , and has been bestowed upon the following scientists : Upcoming H.C. Ørsted Lecture : Dr. Jack Connerney , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , USA : `` Mars Crustal Magnetism : Through The Lens Sharply '' . Previous H.C. Ørsted Lecturers : Professor Michaël Grätzel , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL Professor Pierre - Gilles de Gennes , Collège de France , Nobel Laureate in Physics Professor Ivar Giaever , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Nobel Laureate in Physics Professor Paul F. Hoffman , Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology , Harvard University Professor Leroy Hood , William Gates III Professor , Institute for Systems Biology Professor Sir Harold Kroto , University of Sussex , Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Professor Hugo de Man , Catholic University of Leuven Professor Sir Roger Penrose , University of Oxford Professor Julius Rebek , Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at The Scripps Research Institute Professor Cees Dekker , Nanophysics , TU Delft Professor Subra Suresh , Materials Science and Biological Engineering , MIT Professor Everett Peter Greenberg , Microbiology , University of Washington Honorary Professor Sir John Meurig Thomas , University of Cambridge Professor Ahmed Zewail , California Institute of Technology , Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Professor Nathan S. Lewis , Chemistry , California Institute of Technology Professor Sajeev John , University of Toronto Professor Howard A. Stone , Fluid Mechanics , Princeton University Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics Lene Vestergaard Hau , Harvard University Professor Stanley N. Cohen , School of Medicine , Stanford University Professor Juan de Pablo , Chemical Engineering , University of Wisconsin - Madison Professor Mario Molina , University of California , San Diego , Nobel Prize Winner . Writings ( edit ) Ørsted was a published writer and poet . His poetry series Luftskibet ( `` The Airship '' ) was inspired by the balloon flights of fellow physicist and stage magician Étienne - Gaspard Robert . Shortly before his death , he submitted a collection of articles for publication under the title `` The Soul in Nature '' . The book presents Ørsted 's life philosophy and views on a wide variety of issues . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Oersted 's law James Clerk Maxwell Michael Faraday Thought experiment References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : rare-earth-magnets.com Jump up ^ `` Oersted '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ Brian , R.M. & Cohen , R.S. ( 2007 ) . Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science , Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science , Vol. 241 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hans Christian Ørsted '' . Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1997 ) . Karen Jelved , Andrew D. Jackson , and Ole Knudsen , translators from Danish to English . Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 , pp. 421 - 445 Jump up ^ Martins , Roberto de Andrade , `` Resistance to the discovery of electromagnetism : Ørsted and the symmetry of the magnetic field '' , in : Fabio Bevilacqua & Enrico Giannetto ( eds . ) , Volta and the History of Electricity , Pavia / Milano , Università degli Studi di Pavia / Editore Ulrico Hoepli , 2003 , pp. 245 - 265 . ( Collana di Storia della Scienza ) ISBN 88 - 203 - 3284 - 1 Jump up ^ Martins , Roberto de Andrade , `` Romagnosi and Volta 's pile : early difficulties in the interpretation of Voltaic electricity '' , in Fabio Bevilacqua & Lucio Fregonese ( eds . ) , Nuova Voltiana : Studies on Volta and his Times , Pavia / Milano , Università degli Studi di Pavia / Ulrico Hoepli , 2001 , vol. 3 , pp. 81 - 102 . Jump up ^ Stringari , Sandro ; Robert R. Wilson . Romagnosi and the discovery of electromagnetism . Accademia dei Lincei . Jump up ^ `` Book of Members , 1780 -- 2010 : Chapter O '' ( PDF ) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of DTU '' . Technical University of Denmark . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hugo de Man Jump up ^ Juan de Pablo Jump up ^ The H.C. Ørsted Lectures Jump up ^ National Museum of Denmark . `` The Soul in Nature : 1802 '' . Accessed 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Hans Christian , Ørsted ( 1852 ) . The soul in nature : with supplementary contributions . H.G. Bohn . Further reading ( edit ) Brain , R.M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science . Ideas , Disciplines , Practices . Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science , 241 . Dordrecht . pp. 273 -- 338 . Christensen , D.C. ( 2013 ) . Hans Christian Ørsted . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966926 - 4 . Bern Dibner ( 1962 ) Oersted and the discovery of electromagnetism , New York , Blaisdell . Ole Immanuel Franksen ( 1981 ) H.C. Ørsted -- a man of the two cultures , Strandbergs Forlag , Birkerød , Denmark . ( Note : Both the original Latin version and the English translation of his 1820 paper `` Experiments on the effect of a current of electricity on the magnetic needle '' can be found in this book . ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Hans Christian Ørsted at Wikimedia Commons Physics Tree : Hans Christian Ørsted Details Interactive Java Tutorial on Oersted 's Compass Experiment National High Magnetic Field Laboratory The soul in nature : with supplementary contributions , London : H.G. Bohn , 1852 . Hans Christian Ørsted at Find a Grave `` Oersted , Hans Christian '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . 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Reitzel 's Bookshop Nysø Manor Sophienholm ( Friederike Brun ) Sølyst ( Charlotte Schimmelmann ) `` Age of Enlightenment Modern Breakthrough '' Scientists whose names are used as non SI units Anders Jonas Ångström Alexander Graham Bell Marie Curie Pierre Curie John Dalton Peter Debye Loránd Eötvös Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Galileo Galilei Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss William Gilbert Heinrich Kayser Johann Heinrich Lambert Samuel Pierpont Langley Heinrich Mache James Clerk Maxwell John Napier Hans Christian Ørsted Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille William John Macquorn Rankine René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur Wilhelm Röntgen Sir George Stokes , 1st Baronet John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh Joseph John Thomson Evangelista Torricelli Scientists whose names are used as SI units Scientists whose names are used in chemical element names Scientists whose names are used in physical constants VIAF : 39490755 LCCN : n82158403 ISNI : 0000 0001 0890 0052 GND : 118786784 SELIBR : 291440 SUDOC : 060747013 BNF : cb125467444 ( data ) NLA : 35914159 BNE : XX1648638 IATH : w6515v6n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hans_Christian_Ørsted&oldid = 797774019 '' Categories : 1777 births 1851 deaths 19th - century Danish scientists People from Langeland Municipality Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Danish chemists Danish physicists Discoverers of chemical elements Independent scientists Recipients of the Copley Medal University of Copenhagen alumni Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences People associated with electricity 18th - century Danish people 19th - century Danish people Foreign Members of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Magneticians 19th - century chemists Aluminium Rectors of the University of Copenhagen Pantheists Hidden categories : Biography with signature Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 03 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who discovered the magnetic effect of electric current	[ "Hans Christian Ørsted (/ˈɜːrstɛd/;[2] Danish: [hans kʁæsdjan ˈɶɐ̯sdɛð]; often rendered Oersted in English; 14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. He is still known today for Oersted's Law. He shaped post-Kantian philosophy and advances in science throughout the late 19th century.[3]" ]	[ "Hans Christian Ørsted" ]
-1816331053894578872	National Hispanic Recognition Program	National Hispanic recognition program - wikipedia National Hispanic recognition program Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Hispanic Recognition Program ( NHRP ) was initiated in 1983 , by the College Board , to identify outstanding Hispanic high school students and to share information about these academically well - prepared students with subscribing colleges and universities . In order to be eligible , students must be at least one - quarter Hispanic . Each year the NHRP identifies approximately 5,000 of the highest scoring students from a nationwide total of 250,000 high school juniors who took the PSAT / NMSQT and designated themselves as Hispanic as well as approximately 200 of the top scoring PAA students from Puerto Rico . The nationwide selection also includes students from Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and U.S. citizens attending international and APO schools . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benefits 2 Eligibility Requirements 3 References 4 External links Benefits ( edit ) Although the College Board is not able to provide a monetary award to these students , an important component of the program is the CD - ROM distributed to subscribing four - year postsecondary institutions . This CD - ROM lists the names of all students selected in the program and is mailed in September to these subscribing colleges and universities . Being listed as a National Hispanic Scholar may give students an opportunity to hear from colleges that are particularly interested in communicating with prospective students of Hispanic heritage . Eligibility requirements ( edit ) Qualification for recognition is based on the student 's combined verbal , math , and writing skill scores on the PSAT / NMSQT taken in the student 's junior year of high school . PSAT score cut - offs vary each year by state , but typically range in the high 180s / low 190s . Students must also self - identify as Hispanic on the PSAT / NMSQT . A minimum grade point average is established for the program and this academic information is requested directly from the high schools . To qualify for this program , you must be at least one - quarter Hispanic / Latino . Hispanic / Latino is an ethnic category , not a racial category , and you may be of any race . For purposes of the NHRP , you must be from a family whose ancestors came from at least one of these countries : Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Puerto Rico , Spain , Uruguay , or Venezuela . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Hispanic Recognition Program website Jump up ^ National Hispanic Recognition Program website Jump up ^ National Hispanic Recognition Program website External links ( edit ) National Hispanic Recognition Program website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Hispanic_Recognition_Program&oldid=766956594 '' Categories : Educational organizations based in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with too few wikilinks from February 2017 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 February 2017 , at 03 : 36 . About Wikipedia	minimum psat score for national hispanic recognition program	[]	[]
-1338664365620406700	Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives	Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search This article is about political party leaders of the House . For the Speaker , see Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Current leaders Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Party Leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives , also known as floor leaders , are elected by their respective parties in a closed - door caucus by secret ballot . With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority , the current leaders are : Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , Majority Whip Steve Scalise , Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , and Minority Whip Steny Hoyer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Job description 2 Selection 3 Duties 4 History 5 Minority Leader 5.1 Responsibilities 5.2 Origin of the post 5.2. 1 Minority Party Nominees for Speaker , 1865 -- 1897 5.2. 2 Trends 5.3 Institutional functions 5.4 Party functions 6 Party whips and assistant party leaders 6.1 Whips 6.2 Assistant party leaders 7 List of party leaders and whips 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Job description ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader , the House Majority Leader 's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House . Typically , the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor . In some cases , Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker ; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert . In addition , Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor . The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party , and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader . Unlike the Majority Leader , the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress . If the Minority Leader 's party takes control of the House , and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats , the Minority Leader is usually the party 's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress , while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader . The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues . The Speaker , Majority Leader , Minority Leader , Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol . Selection ( edit ) The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed - door caucus by secret ballot . The Speaker - elect is also chosen in a closed - door session although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes . Like the Speaker of the House , the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position . When Nancy Pelosi , D - CA , became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress , she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress . When her predecessor , Richard Gephardt , D - MO , became minority leader in the 104th House , he had been in the House for almost 20 years , had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years , had been a 1988 presidential candidate , and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections . Gephardt 's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel , R - IL , who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House . Michel 's predecessor , Republican John Rhodes of Arizona , was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service . By contrast , party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber , such as Lyndon B. Johnson , William F. Knowland , and Bill Frist . Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor also had a comparatively quick rise to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history . Duties ( edit ) The House Majority Leader 's duties vary , depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus . In several recent sessions of Congress with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership , the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor 's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees . One statutory duty , per 19 U.S.C. § 2191 ( c ) ( 1 ) , stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the United States for a fast - track negotiating authority ( trade promotion authority ) trade agreement must be introduced ( by request ) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House . History ( edit ) Before 1899 , the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee , the most powerful committee in the House , as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution as the House 's unique power . The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne . Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker , as the role of Speaker had become more prominent , and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356 . Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 , and continued through the Democrats ' control of the House from 1931 to 1995 , save for Republican majorities in 1947 -- 49 and 1953 -- 55 , all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent . The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965 , Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash , and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats ' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections . Since 1995 , the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner , though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections . He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011 . In 1998 , with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation , both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert . Traditionally , the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House , with the Majority Leader as second - in - command . For instance , when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections , Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader . Despite this , Cantor and his successor , Kevin McCarthy , have been reckoned as the second - ranking Republicans in the House , since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans . However , there have been some exceptions . The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006 . In contrast , the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party . When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . When the Majority Leader 's party loses control of the House , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership , as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress . In 2014 , Eric Cantor became the first House Majority Leader to lose a primary election . Following his primary defeat , Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader , effective July 31 , 2014 , and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress . Minority leader ( edit ) This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Responsibilities ( edit ) From an institutional perspective , the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader . For example , Rule XII , clause 6 , grant the minority leader ( or their designee ) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions ; Rule II , clause 6 , states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker , majority leader , and minority leader ; and Rule XV , clause 6 , provides that the Speaker , after consultation with the minority leader , may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar . The minority leader also has other institutional duties , such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities . From a party perspective , the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments , all geared toward retaking majority control of the House . Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader . The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers . The minority leader devises strategies , in consultation with other partisan colleagues , that advance party objectives . For example , by stalling action on the majority party 's agenda , the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a `` do - nothing Congress . '' The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party 's agenda . The minority leader , if their party controls the White House , confers regularly with the President and the President 's aides about issues before Congress , the Administration 's agenda , and political events generally . The minority leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success . The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well - defined . To a large extent , the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom . A minority leader from 1931 to 1939 , Representative Bertrand Snell , R-N. Y. , provided this `` job description '' : `` He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies . He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority 's rights . It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority , and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation . '' Since Snell 's description , other responsibilities have been added to the job . These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions . Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader , it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position . Origin of the post ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas To a large extent , the minority leader 's position is a 20th - century innovation . Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized , so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader . Decades went by before anything like the modern two - party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders . However , from the beginning days of Congress , various House members intermittently assumed the role of `` opposition leader . '' Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first `` minority leader '' because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton 's fiscal policies . During this early period , it was more usual that neither major party grouping ( Federalists and Democratic - Republicans ) had an official leader . In 1813 , for instance , a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 `` to represent a party comprising a distinct minority '' and `` to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause . '' In 1828 , a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill : I found there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called , in England , Leaders , on either side of the House ... It is true , that certain members do take charge of administration questions , and certain others of opposition questions ; but all this so obviously without concert among themselves , actual or tacit , that nothing can be conceived less systematic or more completely desultory , disjointed . Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader . For instance , `` seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field . Thirty - six competed in 1839 , ninety - seven in 1849 , ninety - one in 1859 , and 138 in 1855 . '' With so many candidates competing for the speakership , it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of `` minority leader . '' The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not `` nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five . The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership . '' In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley , since 1883 `` the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader . '' However , this assertion is subject to dispute . On December 3 , 1883 , the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker . Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio , who was Speaker the previous Congress . Clearly , Keifer was not the Republicans ' minority leader . He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out `` choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries . '' Keifer received `` the empty honor of the minority nomination . But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership , he was deserted by his ( partisan ) associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously . '' Representative Thomas Reed , R - ME , who later became Speaker , assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer 's stead . `` ( A ) lthough Keifer was the minority 's candidate for Speaker , Reed became its acknowledged leader , and ever after , so long as he served in the House , remained the most conspicuous member of his party . Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883 . On the Democratic side , `` there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873 , '' indicating that the `` nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership . '' Further , when Republicans were in the minority , the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers , including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875 , former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio , in 1876 , 1877 , and 1879 , and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883 . `` It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority , and nominate him for this office when in the minority , and not look to him for legislative guidance . '' This was not the case , according to some observers , with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer . In brief , there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position . Nonetheless , it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century , a period of strong party organization and professional politicians . This era was `` marked by strong partisan attachments , resilient patronage - based party organizations , and ... high levels of party voting in Congress . '' Plainly , these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure . Minority party nominees for Speaker , 1865 -- 1897 ( edit ) While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899 , the minority 's nominees for Speaker ( at the beginning of each Congress ) may be considered their party 's leaders before that time . 1865 : James Brooks ( D - NY ) 1867 : Samuel S. Marshall ( D - IL ) 1869 : Michael C. Kerr ( D - IN ) 1871 : George W. Morgan ( D - OH ) 1873 : Fernando Wood ( D - NY ) 1875 : James Gillespie Blaine ( R - ME ) 1877 , 1879 : James Abram Garfield ( R - OH ) 1881 : Samuel Jackson Randall ( D - PA ) 1883 : Joseph Warren Keifer ( R - OH ) 1885 , 1887 : Thomas Brackett Reed ( R - ME ) 1889 : John Griffin Carlisle ( D - KY ) 1891 , 1893 : Thomas Brackett Reed ( R - ME ) 1895 : Charles F. Crisp ( D - GA ) 1897 : Joseph W. Bailey ( D - TX ) Sources : Fighting for the Speakership : The House and the Rise of Party Government , by Jeffery A. Jenkins and Charles Haines Stewart and Archive of OurCampaigns.com Trends ( edit ) Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention . First , until the 61st Congress ( 1909 -- 1910 ) , `` it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees , Rules and Ways and Means . '' Today , the minority leader no longer serves on these committees ; however , he or she appoints the minority members of the Rules Committee and influences the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee . Second , Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status . Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , for instance , Republicans bypassed James R. Mann , R - IL , who had been minority leader for eight years , and elected Frederick Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann `` had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor ; '' also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon , R - IL ( 1903 -- 1911 ) , and many Members `` suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford , Richard Gephardt , Nancy Pelosi , and John Boehner . Institutional functions ( edit ) The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements , including personality and contextual factors , such as the size and cohesion of the minority party , whether their party controls the White House , the general political climate in the House , and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda . Despite the variability of these factors , there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position . Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book . Others have devolved upon the position in other ways . To be sure , the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources -- beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative -- to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions . Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader , because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda , partisan ratios on committees , staff resources , administrative operations , and the day - to - day schedule and management of floor activities . Under the rules of the House , the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities . They include the following : Drug Testing . Under Rule I , clause 9 , the `` Speaker , in consultation with the Minority Leader , shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House . '' Inspector General . Rule II , clause 6 , states that the `` Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker , the Majority Leader , and the Minority Leader , acting jointly . '' This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general . Questions of Privilege . Under Rule IX , clause 2 , a resolution `` offered as a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn . '' This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions . Oversight Plans . Under Rule X , clause 2 , not later `` than March 31 in the first session of a Congress , after consultation with the Speaker , the Majority Leader , and the Minority Leader , the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans '' of the standing committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees ' oversight plans . Committee on Standards of Official Conduct : Investigative Subcommittees . Rule X , clause 5 , stipulates : `` At the beginning of a Congress , the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members , Delegates , or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress . '' Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . `` The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum . '' In addition , each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties . ( Rule X , clause 11 ) . Motion to Recommit with Instructions . Under Rule XIII , clause 6 , the Rules Committee may not ( except in certain specified circumstances ) issue a `` rule '' that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions . In addition , the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions . For instance , the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities ; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors ; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions ; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission ; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission ; and he or she may , after consultation with the Speaker , convene an early organizational party caucus or conference . Informally , the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible . Party functions ( edit ) The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities . Formally , the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader . For example , under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress , the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus . He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council ; chairs the Policy Committee ; and heads the Steering Committee . Examples of other assignments are making `` recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees '' and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration . Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader . Informally , the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments . Lewis Deschler , the late House Parliamentarian ( 1928 -- 1974 ) , summarized the diverse duties of a party 's floor leader : A party 's floor leader , in conjunction with other party leaders , plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs . They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House , or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party . They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party 's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation . They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration . Such information is derived in part from the floor leader 's contacts with his party 's members serving on House committees , and with the members of the party 's whip organization . These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader 's overarching objective : retake majority control of the House . `` I want to get ( my ) members elected and win more seats , '' said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt , D - MO . `` That 's what ( my partisan colleagues ) want to do , and that 's what they want me to do . '' Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal . Provide Campaign Assistance . Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers . There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention . For example , they assist in recruiting qualified candidates ; they establish `` leadership PACs '' to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party ; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend ; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees ; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates ; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates ; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party 's campaign committee . `` The amount of time that ( Minority Leader ) Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) is unheard of , '' noted a Democratic lobbyist. `` No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support . '' Devise Minority Party Strategies . The minority leader , in consultation with other party colleagues , has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives . The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances , such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party . For instance , a majority party riven by internal dissension , as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and `` regular '' Republicans were at loggerheads , may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion . Among the variable strategies available to the minority party , which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process , are the following : Cooperation . The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor . Inconsequential Opposition . The minority party offers opposition , but it is of marginal significance , typically because the minority is so small . Withdrawal . The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue , perhaps because of intraparty divisions . Innovation . The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf . Partisan Opposition . The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own . Constructive Opposition . The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes . Participation . The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority - building role with respect to his priorities . A look at one minority leadership strategy -- partisan opposition -- may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances . The purposes of obstruction are several , such as frustrating the majority party 's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party . `` We know how to delay , '' remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn , appeals of the presiding officer 's ruling , or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time - consuming parliamentary tactics . By stalling action on the majority party 's agenda , the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a `` do - nothing Congress '' and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House . To be sure , the minority leader recognizes that `` going negative '' carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public . Promote and Publicize the Party 's Agenda . An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters . Despite the minority leader 's restricted ability to set the House 's agenda , there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities . For example , the minority leader may employ , or threaten to use , discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor . If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters , he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership . As a GOP minority leader once said , the challenges he confronted are to `` keep our people together , and to look for votes on the other side . '' Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party 's priorities and to criticize the opposition 's . For instance , to keep their party colleagues `` on message , '' they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or `` talking points '' for constituent meetings in their districts ; they help to organize `` town meetings '' in Members ' districts around the country to publicize the party 's agenda or a specific priority , such as health care or education ; they sponsor party `` retreats '' to discuss issues and assess the party 's public image ; they create `` theme teams '' to craft party messages that might be raised during the one - minute , morning hour , or special order period in the House ; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences ; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users ; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public . House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate -- and with the president if their party controls the White House . The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy , to share ideas and information , and to present a united front on issues . Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House ; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country , and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements . They must also be prepared `` to debate on the floor , ad lib , no notes , on a moment 's notice , '' remarked Minority Leader Michel . In brief , minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party 's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition 's arguments and proposals . Confer With the White House . If their party controls the White House , the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress , the Administration 's agenda , and political events generally . Strategically , the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party . In general , minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party 's President in Congress . When Robert Michel , R - IL , was minority leader ( 1981 -- 1995 ) , he typically functioned as the `` point man '' for Republican presidents . President Ronald Reagan 's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic - controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel 's effectiveness in wooing so - called `` Reagan Democrats '' to support , for instance , the Administration 's landmark budget reconciliation bill . There are occasions , of course , when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President . On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district , Michel stated that he might `` abdicate my leadership role ( on this issue ) since I ca n't harmonize my own views with the administration 's . '' Minority Leader Gephardt , as another example , has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton 's legislative initiatives from `` fast track '' trade authority to various budget issues . When the White House is controlled by the House majority party , then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party . `` As Minority Leader during ( President Lyndon Johnson 's ) Democratic administration , my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives , '' said Minority Leader Gerald Ford , R - MI . Greatly outnumbered in the House , Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection . As Ford explained : `` We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate , '' he said . When we got to the amendment phase , we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal . If we lost in the Committee of the Whole , then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that . And if we lost on the motion to recommit , our Republican members had a choice : They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative . Or they could vote for it and make the same argument . Usually we lost ; but when you 're only 140 out of 435 , you do n't expect to win many . Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen , R - IL , to act as national spokesmen for their party . They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting . Ford 's predecessor as minority leader , Charles Halleck , R - IN , probably received more visibility in this role , because the press and media dubbed it the `` Ev and Charlie Show . '' In fact , the `` Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference . '' Foster Party Harmony . Minority status , by itself , is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together , to accommodate different interests , and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements . To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank - and - file Members and with different factional groupings . As Minority Leader Gephardt said : We have weekly caucus meetings . We have daily leadership meetings . We have weekly ranking Member meetings . We have party effectiveness meetings . There 's a lot more communication . I believe leadership is bottom up , not top down . I think you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up , and involve people in figuring out what that is . Gephardt added that `` inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance '' from the minority party . Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues ; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure ; and daily meetings in the Leader 's office ( or at breakfast , lunch , or dinner ) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party . Party whips and Assistant party leaders ( edit ) Whips ( edit ) A whip manages their party 's legislative program on the House floor . The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon . The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on , and garner support for , proposed legislation . The Minority Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters . However , the U.S. House of Representatives does not use the term `` minority whip , '' instead calling the position `` Republican Whip '' or `` Democratic Whip '' depending on the minority party . The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip , who is the chief vote counter for their party . The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry . Within the House Republican Conference , the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership . The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips , led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip , which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus . The current senior chief deputy minority whip , John Lewis , has held his post since 1991 . List of Republican chief deputy whips : David F. Emery , 1981 -- 1983 ( Minority ) Tom Loeffler , 1983 -- 1987 ( Minority ) Edward Rell Madigan , 1987 -- 1989 ( Minority ) Robert Smith Walker , 1989 -- 1995 ( Minority ) Dennis Hastert , 1995 -- 1999 ( Majority ) Roy Blunt , 1999 -- 2003 ( Majority ) Eric Cantor , 2003 -- 2009 ( Majority , 2003 -- 2007 ) ( Minority , 2007 -- 2009 ) Kevin McCarthy , 2009 -- 2011 ( Minority ) Peter Roskam , 2011 -- 2014 ( Majority ) Patrick McHenry , 2014 -- present ( Majority ) List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Dan Rostenkowski ( 1981 -- 1987 ) Bill Alexander ( 1987 -- 1991 ) David Bonior ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Barbara Kennelly , Butler Derrick , & John Lewis ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Barbara Kennelly , Butler Derrick , John Lewis , & Bill Richardson ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Rosa DeLauro , John Lewis , & Bill Richardson ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Rosa DeLauro , Chet Edwards , John Lewis , & Robert Menendez ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Chet Edwards , John Lewis , Ed Pastor & Maxine Waters ( 2002 -- 2003 ) John Lewis , Ed Pastor , Max Sandlin & Maxine Waters ( 2003 -- 2005 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Joe Crowley , Baron Hill , Ron Kind , Ed Pastor , Max Sandlin , Jan Schakowsky , & Maxine Waters ( 2005 -- 2007 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Joe Crowley , Diana DeGette , Ron Kind , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , John Tanner & Maxine Waters ( 2007 -- 2011 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , G.K. Butterfield , Joe Crowley , Diana DeGette , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , John Tanner , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , & Maxine Waters ( 2011 -- 2013 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Maxine Waters , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , Joseph Crowley , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Jim Matheson , & Peter Welch ( 2013 -- 2015 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) Ben Ray Lujan , Terri Sewell , Jan Schakowsky , Keith Ellison , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Jim Matheson , & Peter Welch ( 2015 -- present ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) Jan Schakowsky , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Keith Ellison , Terri Sewell , Kyrsten Sinema , Joaquin Castro & Peter Welch Assistant party leaders ( edit ) The position of Assistant Democratic Leader was established on January 3 , 2011 and filled by Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between then - Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then - Majority Whip Jim Clyburn . It is said to replace the Assistant to the Leader post previously held by Chris Van Hollen , who had attended all leadership meetings but was not in the leadership hierarchy . List of party leaders and whips ( edit ) ( ≥ and names in Bold indicate the Majority Leader and Majority whip ) Congress Years Democratic whip Democratic leader Speaker Republican leader Republican whip 56 1899 -- 1901 Oscar Underwood ( Alabama ) James D. Richardson ( Tennessee ) David B. Henderson ( R , Iowa ) ≥ Sereno E. Payne ( New York ) ≥ James Albertus Tawney ( Minnesota ) 57 1901 -- 1903 James Tilghman Lloyd ( Missouri ) 58 1903 -- 1905 John Sharp Williams ( Mississippi ) Joe Cannon ( R , Illinois ) 59 1905 -- 1907 ≥ James E. Watson ( Indiana ) 60 1907 -- 1908 1908 -- 1909 61 1909 -- 1911 None Champ Clark ( Missouri ) ≥ John W. Dwight ( New York ) 62 1911 -- 1913 None ≥ Oscar Underwood ( Alabama ) Champ Clark ( D , Missouri ) James Mann ( Illinois ) John W. Dwight ( New York ) 63 1913 -- 1915 ≥ Thomas M. Bell ( Georgia ) Charles H. Burke ( South Dakota ) 64 1915 -- 1917 None ≥ Claude Kitchin ( North Carolina ) Charles M. Hamilton ( New York ) 65 1917 -- 1919 66 1919 -- 1921 None Champ Clark ( Missouri ) Frederick H. Gillett ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Frank W. Mondell ( Wyoming ) ≥ Harold Knutson ( Minnesota ) 67 1921 -- 1923 William A. Oldfield ( Arkansas ) Claude Kitchin ( North Carolina ) 68 1923 -- 1925 Finis J. Garrett ( Tennessee ) ≥ Nicholas Longworth ( Ohio ) ≥ Albert H. Vestal ( Indiana ) 69 1925 -- 1927 Nicholas Longworth ( R , Ohio ) ≥ John Q. Tilson ( Connecticut ) 70 1927 -- 1929 71 1929 -- 1931 John McDuffie ( Alabama ) John Nance Garner ( Texas ) 72 1931 -- 1933 ≥ John McDuffie ( Alabama ) ≥ Henry T. Rainey ( Illinois ) John Nance Garner ( D , Texas ) Bertrand Snell ( New York ) Carl G. Bachmann ( West Virginia ) 73 1933 -- 1935 ≥ Arthur H. Greenwood ( Indiana ) ≥ Jo Byrns ( Tennessee ) Henry T. Rainey ( D , Illinois ) Harry L. Englebright ( California ) 74 1935 -- 1936 ≥ Patrick J. Boland ( Pennsylvania ) ≥ William Bankhead ( Alabama ) Jo Byrns ( D , Tennessee ) 1936 -- 1937 ≥ Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) William B. Bankhead ( D , Alabama ) 75 1937 -- 1939 76 1939 -- 1940 Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) 1940 -- 1941 ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) 77 1941 -- 1942 1942 -- 1943 ≥ Robert Ramspeck ( Georgia ) 78 1943 -- 1943 1943 -- 1945 Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 79 1945 -- 1945 1946 -- 1947 ≥ John Sparkman ( Alabama ) 80 1947 -- 1949 John McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) Joe Martin ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) ≥ Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 81 1949 -- 1951 ≥ Percy Priest ( Tennessee ) ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 82 1951 -- 1953 83 1953 -- 1955 John McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) Joe Martin ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) ≥ Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 84 1955 -- 1957 ≥ Carl Albert ( Oklahoma ) ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 85 1957 -- 1959 86 1959 -- 1961 Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) 87 1961 -- 1962 1962 -- 1963 ≥ Hale Boggs ( Louisiana ) ≥ Carl Albert ( Oklahoma ) John W. McCormack ( D , Massachusetts ) 88 1963 -- 1965 89 1965 -- 1967 Gerald Ford ( Michigan ) 90 1967 -- 1969 91 1969 -- 1971 92 1971 -- 1973 ≥ Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) ≥ Hale Boggs ( Louisiana ) Carl Albert ( D , Oklahoma ) 93 1973 -- 1973 ≥ John J. McFall ( California ) ≥ Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) 1973 -- 1975 John Rhodes ( Arizona ) 94 1975 -- 1977 Bob Michel ( Illinois ) 95 1977 -- 1979 ≥ John Brademas ( Indiana ) ≥ Jim Wright ( Texas ) Tip O'Neill ( D , Massachusetts ) 96 1979 -- 1981 97 1981 -- 1983 ≥ Tom Foley ( Washington ) Bob Michel ( Illinois ) Trent Lott ( Mississippi ) 98 1983 -- 1985 99 1985 -- 1987 100 1987 -- 1989 ≥ Tony Coelho ( California ) ≥ Tom Foley ( Washington ) Jim Wright ( D , Texas ) 101 1989 -- 1989 Dick Cheney ( Wyoming ) 1989 -- 1991 ≥ William H. Gray III ( Pennsylvania ) ≥ Dick Gephardt ( Missouri ) Tom Foley ( D , Washington ) Newt Gingrich ( Georgia ) 102 1991 -- 1991 1991 -- 1993 ≥ David Bonior ( Michigan ) 103 1993 -- 1995 104 1995 -- 1997 David Bonior ( Michigan ) Dick Gephardt ( Missouri ) Newt Gingrich ( R , Georgia ) ≥ Dick Armey ( Texas ) ≥ Tom DeLay ( Texas ) 105 1997 -- 1999 106 1999 -- 2001 Dennis Hastert ( R , Illinois ) 107 2001 -- 2002 2002 -- 2003 Nancy Pelosi ( California ) 108 2003 -- 2005 Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( California ) ≥ Tom DeLay ( Texas ) ≥ Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) 109 2005 -- 2005 2005 -- 2006 ≥ Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) ( acting ) 2006 -- 2007 ≥ John Boehner ( Ohio ) 110 2007 -- 2009 ≥ Jim Clyburn ( South Carolina ) ≥ Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( D , California ) John Boehner ( Ohio ) Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) 111 2009 -- 2011 Eric Cantor ( Virginia ) 112 2011 -- 2013 Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( California ) John Boehner ( R , Ohio ) ≥ Eric Cantor ( Virginia ) ≥ Kevin McCarthy ( California ) 113 2013 -- 2014 2014 -- 2015 ≥ Kevin McCarthy ( California ) ≥ Steve Scalise ( Louisiana ) 114 2015 -- 2015 2015 -- 2017 Paul Ryan ( R , Wisconsin ) 115 2017 -- 2019 Congress Years Democratic whip Democratic leader Speaker Republican leader Republican whip See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Party leaders of the United States Senate Presidents of the United States and control of Congress References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document `` The Role of the House Minority Leader : An Overview '' by Walter J. Oleszek . ^ Jump up to : `` N.Y. Dem might vote for Boehner '' . Politico . November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Majority leader , vus ist ? '' . JTA . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( April 24 , 2017 ) . Party Leaders in the House : Election , Duties , and Responsibilities ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 2 -- 3 . RS20881 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( June 7 , 2001 ) . `` A Brief History of Congressional Leadership '' . The Green Papers ( self - published website & blog ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Majority Leaders of the House ( 1899 to present ) '' . U.S. House History , Art & Archives . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best & Worst of Congress - News & Features '' . washingtonian.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi wants to remain leader '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Memoli , Michael A. ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi is House minority leader '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Eric Cantor will leave House leadership post after stunning loss '' . CNN . June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ; Parkinson , John ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor Stepping Down as House Majority Leader '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Kim , Clare ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor loses GOP primary to tea party challenger Dave Brat '' . MSNBC . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cantor 's Loss : A Stunning Upset '' . The Atlantic . Politico.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ostermeier , Eric ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor 1st House Majority Leader to Lose Renomination Bid in History '' . Smart Politics . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor Succumbs to Tea Party Challenger Tuesday '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Eric Cantor Tells Virginia Newspaper He 'll Resign in August '' . NBCNews.com . August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Riddick , Floyd M. ( 1941 ) . Congressional Procedure . Boston : Chapman and Grimes . p. 346 . Jump up ^ See Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ Young , James Sterling ( 1966 ) . The Washington Community , 1800 - 1828 . New York : Harcourt Brace . pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Young , James Sterling ( 1966 ) . The Washington Community , 1800 - 1828 . New York : Harcourt Brace . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 18 ... Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . pp. 28n . Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . p. 28 . Jump up ^ 1883 Congressional Record , Vol. 29 , Page 4 - 5 ( December 3 , 1883 ) Jump up ^ McNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : David McKay Co. p. 70 . Jump up ^ Herbert Bruce Fuller , The Speakers of the House ( Boston : Little , Brown , and Co. , 1909 ) , p. 208 . Jump up ^ DeAlva Stanwood Alexander , History and Procedure of the House of Representatives ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1916 ) , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 19 . Jump up ^ Randall Strahan , `` Thomas Brackett Reed and the Rise of Party Government , '' in Roger Davidson , et al. , eds. , Masters of the House ( Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press , 1998 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ See Polsby , Nelson ( September 1968 ) . `` The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . American Political Science Review . pp. 144 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Office of the Historian : Minority Leaders of the House ( 1899 to present ) Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , The Minority Party in Congress ( Boston : Little , Brown and Co. , 1970 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . pp. 98 -- 99 ... Jump up ^ Lewis Deschler , Deschler 's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives , Vol. 1 ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1977 ) , pp. 211 - 212 . Jump up ^ Guy Gugliotta , `` For Minority Leader , A Matter of Consensus ; Inquiry Vote Tests Gephardt 's Skills , '' The Washington Post , October 8 , 1998 , pp. A18 . Jump up ^ Barnes , James A. ; Stone , Peter H. ( February 26 , 2000 ) . `` A Rich Harvest on the Hill '' . National Journal . p. 640 . Jump up ^ These strategic options have been modified to a degree and come from Jones , The Minority Party in Congress , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Babson , Jennifer ( July 15 , 1995 ) . `` Democrats Refine the Tactics of Minority Party Power '' . Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report . Congressional Quarterly . p. 2037 . Jump up ^ Wallison , Ethan ( May 17 , 1999 ) . `` Gephardt Plans Petition Strategy '' . Roll Call . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Arieff , Irwin ( February 28 , 1981 ) . `` Inside Congress '' . Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report . Congressional Quarterly . p. 379 . Jump up ^ 1989 Congressional Record , Vol. 135 , Page E3000 ( September 12 , 1989 ) Jump up ^ William F. Connelly , Jr. and John J. Pitney , Jr. , Congress ' Permanent Minority ? Republicans in the U.S. House ( Lanham , Maryland : Littlefield Adams , 1994 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Collin , `` Michel Plays to Peoria -- and U.S. , '' Chicago Tribune , August 16 , 1982 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ See Jim Vande Hei , `` White House Sidesteps Gephardt 's Leadership , '' Roll Call , July 7 , 1997 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ James M. Cannon , `` Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives , 1965 - 1973 , '' in Masters of the House , p. 275 . Jump up ^ James M. Cannon , `` Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives , 1965 - 1973 , '' in Masters of the House , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Burdette Loomis , `` The Consummate Minority Leader : Everette M. Dirksen , '' in Richard Baker and Roger Davidson , eds. , First Among Equals ( Washington , D.C. : CQ Press , 1991 ) , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Eliza Newlin Carney , `` Do n't Count Us Out , '' National Journal , April 29 , 1995 , p. 1024 . Jump up ^ Davidson , et al. , Masters of the House , pp. 323 . Jump up ^ Sources differ on the dates that Underwood served as Whip : One indicates that he served from 1899 to 1901 . See `` Democratic Whips '' . Office of the Clerk , U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Another indicates that he served only during 1901 . See Heitshusen , Valerie ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Party Leaders in Congress , 1789 - 2007 : Vital Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service : CRS -- 11 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 According to a contemporary newspaper article , `` Representative Underwood has been voluntarily filling that position ( Democratic whip ) since Congress convened '' ( December 4 , 1899 ) . See `` Call for a Democratic Caucus '' . The New York Times . January 9 , 1900 . p. 8 . 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About Wikipedia	top 5 leadership positions in the house of representatives	[ "The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.", "The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.", "The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.", "The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.", "The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol." ]	[ "Speaker", "Majority Leader", "Minority Leader", "Majority Whip", "Minority Whip" ]
-5967579079900979533	Super Bowl ring	Super Bowl ring - wikipedia Super Bowl ring Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring Joe Theismann 's Super Bowl ring ( right ) The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league 's annual championship game , the Super Bowl . Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team ( ownership ) itself , the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Value and resale 3 Most Super Bowl rings 4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds . They usually include the team name , team logo , and Super Bowl number ( usually indicated in Roman numerals ) . The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team ; any additional costs are borne by the team . Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens . In 2015 , the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each , making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced . The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose , including usually , but not limited to : players ( active roster or injured ) , coaches , trainers , executives , personnel , and general staff . Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season , despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself . Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle . Teams can distribute any number of rings . A recent trend over the last 15 -- 20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff . These are commonly called `` B '' and `` C '' level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds . The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones ( which resemble diamonds ) . When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII , the players and coaches received rings with a diamond - centered Lombardi trophy . Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the `` C '' level ring did not contain any diamonds . Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football . Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo . Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won . Also , the rings are customized with the player 's name and uniform number . The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring contained more than 100 diamonds . The Packer logo , in the center of the ring , made up 13 diamonds , one for each title the team has won , dating back to 1929 . In a break from tradition , this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum , not gold . The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds , to commemorate their comeback from being down 28 - 3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter . Value and resale ( edit ) Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles , along with genuine rings . Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay . Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008 . Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia . Tight end Shannon Sharpe , meanwhile , gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling , who had his career cut short by injury . In 2011 , a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright , a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s , sold for over $73,000 at auction . Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders ' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction . In 2012 , Lawrence Taylor 's son sold his father 's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000 . Most Super Bowl rings ( edit ) Seven : two people . Bill Belichick : two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots Neal Dahlen : five with San Francisco 49ers ( staff and player personnel ) and two with Denver Broncos ( general manager ) Six : six people . Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II : each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll : four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers Bill Nunn : each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers `` Mean Joe '' Greene : four as a defensive tackle , two as a special assistant for player personnel , all with the Pittsburgh Steelers Conditioning coach Mike Woicik : three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots Five : twenty people . Charles Haley , five ( two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys ) Tom Brady , five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots ; he has the most rings of any active player ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) , he is the only player to win five playing for one team , and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history . Robert Kraft , five as owner of New England Patriots Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. , five as owner of San Francisco 49ers Keith Simon : five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers Bobb McKittrick : five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Ray Rhodes : five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers Bill McPherson : five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Dick Hoak : each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers Romeo Crennel : two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots George Seifert : three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers Dwight Clark : two as a player and three as a member of the front office , all with San Francisco 49ers Pepper Johnson : two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots Monsignor Peter Armstrong : five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers Markus Paul : three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots , and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants Tim Rooney : Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants ( as Pro Personnel Director / Scout ) Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant , second as defensive coaching assistant , third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator . Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach . Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots , one as a defensive coaching assistant , two as wide receivers coach , and two as tight ends coach Four : at least 39 players , many coaches and staff . The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight - end Marv Fleming , who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967 , and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973 . Twenty - two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s : Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , Mel Blount , Jack Lambert , Jack Ham , Mike Webster , Donnie Shell , L.C. Greenwood , Rocky Bleier , Gerry Mullins , Larry Brown , Mike Wagner , J.T. Thomas , Loren Toews , Jon Kolb , Sam Davis , Steve Furness , Dwight White , Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene ( who later added two more rings ) . At least five coaches were with the team all four years : George Perles , Louis Riecke , Woody Widenhofer and ( as noted above ) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak . The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley . Tom Flores : First person to have rings as a player ( Kansas City Chiefs ) , assistant coach and head coach ( Oakland Raiders ) Joe Montana , Keena Turner , Jesse Sapolu , Eric Wright , Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers . Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams , one with Oakland Raiders , one with Los Angeles Raiders , one with San Francisco 49ers , and one with Washington Redskins ( only player to earn a ring with four different cities ) Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers Willie Davis Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers : two as a player , one as a member of the team 's board of directors , and one as an emeritus director . He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay 's Super Bowl rings . Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams , bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven , as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants Ken Norton , Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl - winning teams in a row as a player , and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots , and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach , two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator , and one as the head coach of the Broncos Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach , along with being assistant head coach for three of them Brian Pariani has won four rings . One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos Three : many players , coaches and staff Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh , John Elway , Mike Ditka , Mike Shanahan , Art Shell , Jerry Rice , Steve Young , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Jay Novacek , Michael Irvin , Larry Brown , Eric Mangini , Joe Gibbs , Dave Dalby , Cliff Branch , Roger Craig , Shannon Sharpe , Ed McCaffrey , Mark Schlereth , Forrest Gregg , Herb Adderley , Tom Coughlin , LeGarrette Blount , and Matt Cavanaugh . Twenty - two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s : Troy Brown , Willie McGinest , Richard Seymour , Ty Law , Mike Vrabel , Tedy Bruschi , Kevin Faulk , Matt Light , Patrick Pass , Ted Johnson , Lonie Paxton , Stephen Neal , Joe Andruzzi , David Patten , Roman Phifer , Tom Ashworth , Adrian Klemm , Je'Rod Cherry , Matt Chatham , the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri ( who later added a fourth ring with the Colts ) , the aforementioned Tom Brady ( who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots ) , and the aforementioned Larry Izzo ( who won a fourth with the Giants ) . Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings ( edit ) As of 2017 , ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada 's equivalent Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O.J. Brigance ( linebacker ) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL 's Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens . He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city . Brandon Browner ( cornerback ) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks , although he did not play in that game due to a suspension . He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year 's Super Bowl , when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots . Terry Greer ( wide receiver ) was the first person to win both championships ; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983 , and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989 . Harald Hasselbach ( defensive end ) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos . Bobby Singh ( guard ) is the only player to win a Super Bowl ( 1999 with the St. Louis Rams ) , and a Grey Cup ( 2006 with the BC Lions ) , and the XFL Championship ( 2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme ) . Alvin Walton ( safety ) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL 's Washington Redskins ( 1987 and 1991 seasons , but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory ) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 . Barry Wilburn ( cornerback ) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions . Tyrone Williams ( wide receiver ) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993 , although he did not participate in either game . He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996 . Andre Rison ( wide receiver ) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 , and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004 . Josh Miller ( punter ) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 , and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004 . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Championship ring World Series ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much does a Super Bowl ring cost ? It depends '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2015 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How much does each Patriots Super Bowl ring cost ? '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Week 15 : Winter Leaves its Mark : Playoff Picture Remains Muddled '' . Last Call . ESPN . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Jump up ^ d'Estries , Michael ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities '' . Mother Nature Network . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring 's Might '' . In My Opinion . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring : Pats ' SB bling has 283 diamonds '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction '' . Pittsburgh : WTAE - TV . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle '' . Celebrities for Charities . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa , Canada Jump up ^ Garber , Greg . `` Super Bowl Ring ' a Symbol of Excellence ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lord of the Rings '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Delozier , Dave ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` 7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan '' . Denvery : KUSA - TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Long - Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Greene one of few with six rings '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spofford , Mike ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` One man has all four rings '' ( Press release ) . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Images of the first 45 Super Bowl Rings at ESPN.com Images of all of the Super Bowl Rings , photos of presentation boxes & conference rings at sports-rings.com ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_ring&oldid=832728083 '' Categories : Super Bowl trophies and awards Rings Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most super bowl wins as a player	[]	[]
-1039193323633487888	Tuner (radio)	Tuner ( radio ) - wikipedia Tuner ( radio ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( January 2012 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Opened VHF / UHF tuner of a television set . The antenna connector is on the right . A tuner is a subsystem that receives radio frequency ( RF ) transmissions like radio broadcasts and converts the selected carrier frequency and its associated bandwidth into a fixed frequency that is suitable for further processing , usually because a lower frequency is used on the output . Broadcast FM / AM transmissions usually feed this intermediate frequency ( IF ) directly into a demodulator that convert the radio signal into audio - frequency signals that can be fed into an amplifier to drive a loudspeaker . More complex transmissions like PAL / NTSC ( TV ) , DAB ( digital radio ) , DVB - T / DVB - S / DVB - C ( digital TV ) etc. use a wider frequency bandwidth , often with several subcarriers . These are transmitted inside the receiver as an intermediate frequency ( IF ) . The next step is usually either to process subcarriers like real radio transmissions or to sample the whole bandwidth with A / D at a rate faster than the Nyquist rate that is at least 2 times the IF frequency . The tuner can also refer to a radio receiver or standalone audio component that are part of an audio system , to be connected to a separate amplifier . The verb tuning in radio contexts means adjusting the radio receiver to receive the desired radio signal carrier frequency that a particular radio station uses . Contents 1 Design 2 Restoration 3 AM / FM 4 Television 5 Electronic tuner 6 See also 7 References Design ( edit ) Inductively coupled crystal radio receiver The simplest tuner consists of an inductor and capacitor connected in parallel , where the capacitor or inductor is made to be variable . This creates a resonant circuit which responds to an alternating current at one frequency . Combined with a detector , also known as a demodulator ( diode D1 in the circuit ) , it becomes the simplest radio receiver , often called a crystal set . Older models would realize manual tuning by means of mechanically operated ganged variable capacitors . Often several sections would be provided on a tuning capacitor , to tune several stages of the receiver in tandem , or to allow switching between different frequency bands . A later method used a potentiometer supplying a variable voltage to varactor diodes in the local oscillator and tank circuits of front end tuner , for electronic tuning . Modern radio tuners use a superheterodyne receiver with tuning selected by adjustment of the frequency of a local oscillator . This system shifts the radio frequency of interest to a fixed frequency so that it can be tuned with fixed - frequency band - pass filter . Still later , phase locked loop methods were used , with microprocessor control . In a self - contained radio receiver for audio , the signal from the detector after the tuner is run through a volume control and to an amplifier stage . The amplifier feeds either an internal speaker or headphones . In a tuner component of an audio system ( for example , a home high - fidelity system or a public address system in a building ) , the output of the detector is connected to a separate external system of amplifiers and speakers . The broadcast audio FM band ( 88 - 108 MHz in most countries ) is around 100 times higher in frequency than the AM band and provides enough space for a bandwidth of 50 kHz . This bandwidth is sufficient to transmit both stereo channels with almost the full hearing range . Sometimes , additional subcarriers are used for unrelated audio or data transmissions . The left and right audio signals must be combined into a single signal which is applied to the modulation input of the transmitter ; this is done by the addition of an inaudible subcarrier signal to the FM broadcast signal . FM stereo allows left and right channels to be transmitted . The availability of FM stereo , a quieter VHF broadcast band , and better fidelity led to the specialization of FM broadcasting in music , tending to leave AM broadcasting with spoken - word material . Restoration ( edit ) Standalone audio stereo FM tuners are sought after for audiophile and TV / FM DX applications , especially those produced in the 1970s and early 1980s , when performance and manufacturing standards were among the highest . In many instances the tuner may be modified to improve performance . A growing hobby trend is the electronics specialists that buy , collect and restore these vintage FM or AM / FM audio tuners . The restoration usually begins with replacing the electrolytic capacitors that may age over time . The tuner is outfitted with improved tolerance and better sounding upgraded parts . Prices have increased relative to the increasing demand for the older audio tuners . Those with the most value are the best sounding , most rare ( collectible ) , the best DX capable ( distance reception ) and the known build quality of the component , as it left the factory . AM / FM ( edit ) Most of the early tuner models were designed and manufactured to receive only the AM broadcast band . As FM became more popular , the limitations of AM became more apparent , and FM became the primary listening focus , especially for stereo and music broadcasting . Few companies even manufacture dedicated FM or AM / FM tuners now , as these bands are most often included in a low cost chip for A / V systems , more as an afterthought , rather than designed for the critical FM listener . In Europe , where a second AM broadcast band is used for longwave broadcasting , tuners may be fitted with both the standard medium wave and the additional longwave band . However , radios with only medium wave are also common , especially in countries where there are no longwave broadcasters . Rarely , radios are sold with only FM and longwave , but no medium wave band . Some tuners may also be equipped with one or more short wave bands . Television ( edit ) A TV Tuner plugged into Sega Game Gear . A television tuner converts a radio frequency analog television or digital television transmission into audio and video signals which can be further processed to produce sound and a picture . Different tuners are used for different television standards such as PAL , NTSC , ATSC , SECAM , DVB - C , DVB - T , DVB - T2 , ISDB , T - DMB , open cable . An example frequency range is 48.25 MHz - 855.25 MHz ( E2 - E69 ) , with a tuning frequency step size of 31.25 , 50 or 62.5 kHz . Modern solid - state internal TV - tuner modules typically weigh around 45 g . Before the use of solid - state frequency synthesizers , covering the broad range of TV signal frequencies with a single tuned circuit and sufficient precision was uneconomic . Television channel frequencies were non-contiguous , with many non-broadcast services interleaved between VHF channels 6 and 7 in North America , for example . Instead , TV tuners of the era incorporated multiple sets of tuned circuits for the main signal path and local oscillator circuit . These `` turret '' tuners mechanically switched the receiving circuits by rotating a knob to select the desired channel . Channels were presented in fixed sequence , with no means to skip channels unused in a particular area . When UHF TV broadcasting was made available , often two complete separate tuner stages were used , with separate tuning knobs for selection of VHF band and UHF band channels . To allow for a small amount of drift or misalignment of the tuner with the actual transmitted frequency , tuners of that era included a `` fine tuning '' knob to allow minor adjustment for best reception . The combination of high frequencies , multiple electrical contacts , and frequent changing of channels in the tuner made it a high maintenance part of the television receiver , as relatively small electrical or mechanical problems with the tuner would make the set unusable . Analog tuners can tune only analog signals . An ATSC tuner is a digital tuner that tunes digital signals only . Some digital tuners provide an analog bypass . VHF / UHF TV tuners are rarely found as a separate component , but are incorporated into television sets . Cable boxes and other set top boxes contain tuners for digital TV services , and send their output via SCART or other connector , or using an RF modulator ( typically on channel 36 in Europe and channel 3 / 4 in North America ) to TV receivers that do not natively support the services . They provide outputs via composite , S - video , or component video . Many can be used with video monitors that do not have a TV tuner or direct video input . They are often part of a VCR or digital video recorder ( DVR , PVR ) . Many home computers in the 1970s and 1980s used an RF modulator to connect to a TV set . Personal computers may be fitted with expansion cards ( typically with PCI or USB interface ) providing a TV tuner and digital signal processor ( DSP ) . They may be dedicated TV tuner cards , or incorporated into a video card . These cards allow a computer to display and capture television programs . Many earlier models were stand - alone tuners , designed only to deliver TV pictures through a VGA connector ; this allowed viewing television on a computer display , but did not support recording television programs . Smartphone and tablets can use a Micro USB DVB - T receiver to watch DVB - T TV . Electronic tuner ( edit ) An electronic tuner is a device which tunes across a part of the radio frequency spectrum by the application of a voltage or appropriate digital code words . This type of tuner supersedes mechanical tuners , which were tuned by manual adjustment of capacitance or inductance in the tuned circuits . In a more practical and everyday sense , a radio or television set which is tuned by manually turning a knob or dial contains a manual tuner into which the shaft of that knob or dial extends . Early model televisions and radios were tuned by a rack of buttons ; some of the earlier types were purely mechanical and adjusted the capacitance or inductance of the tuned circuit to a preset number of positions corresponding to the frequencies of popular local stations . Later electronic types used the varactor diode as a voltage controlled capacitance in the tuned circuit , to receive a number of preset voltages from the rack of buttons tuning the device instantly to local stations . The mechanical button rack was popular in car radios of the 1960s and 1970s . The electronic button rack controlling the new electronic varactor tuner was popular in television sets of the 1970s and 1980s . Modern electronic tuners also use varactor diodes as the actual tuning elements , but the voltages which change their capacitance are obtained from a digital to analog converter ( DAC ) driven by a microprocessor or phase locked loop ( PLL ) arrangement . This modern form allows for very precise tuning and locking - in on weak signals , as well as a numerical display of the tuned frequency . See also ( edit ) Analog passthrough ATSC tuner Bandspread Cable converter box Digital television adapter ( DTA ) Minimum detectable signal Mini PC QAM tuner Radio antenna Receiver ( radio ) Set - top box Television antenna Television set TV tuner card Network TV Tuner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ amfmdx.net - FM Tuner Mods Archived 2008 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : ivtvdriver.org - FM1216ME ( MK3 family ) . Multi-Standard Desktop Video & FM , Radio Module , 2001 - 10 - 18 hide Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web List Portal Commons WikiProject GND : 4195851 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuner_(radio)&oldid=855147577 '' Categories : Receiver ( radio ) Set - top box Wireless tuning and filtering Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Slovenčina Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 07 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of circuit is used to tune a radio	[ "The simplest tuner consists of an inductor and capacitor connected in parallel, where the capacitor or inductor is made to be variable. This creates a resonant circuit which responds to an alternating current at one frequency. Combined with a detector, also known as a demodulator (diode D1 in the circuit), it becomes the simplest radio receiver, often called a crystal set.\n" ]	[ "a resonant circuit" ]
-445984701862945902	Minister of Finance (India)	Minister of Finance ( India ) - Wikipedia Minister of Finance ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Minister of Finance Emblem of India Incumbent Arun Jaitley since 26 May 2014 Ministry of Finance Style The Honourable Member of Cabinet Cabinet Committee on Security Appointer President on the advice of the Prime Minister Inaugural holder Liaquat Ali Khan Formation 29 October 1946 The Minister of Finance ( or simply , finance minister ) is the head of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India . One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet , the finance minister is responsible for the fiscal policy of the government . As part of this , a key duty of the Finance Minister is to present the annual Union Budget in Parliament , which details the government 's plan for taxation and spending in the coming financial year . Through the Budget , the finance minister also outlines the allocations to different ministries and departments . Occasionally , he is assisted by the Minister of State for Finance and the lower - ranked Deputy Minister of Finance . The first finance minister of independent India was R.K. Shanmukham Chetty , who also presented its first Budget . The incumbent Arun Jaitley , of the Bharatiya Janata Party , has held office since 26 May 2014 . As of September 2017 , Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest followed by P Chidambaram 's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee 's 8 . Yashwant Sinha , Yashwantrao Chavan and C.D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T.T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets . As of February 2018 , four Finance Ministers have gone on to become the Prime Minister who are : Morarji Desai , Charan Singh , V.P. Singh and Manmohan Singh . Lists of finance ministers ( edit ) Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan ( Interim government ) 29 October 1946 14 August 1947 All - India Muslim League Jawaharlal Nehru ( Vice President of the interim govt ) R.K. Shanmukham Chetty 15 August 1947 1949 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru John Mathai 1949 1950 C.D. Deshmukh 29 May 1950 1957 T.T. Krishnamachari 1957 13 February 1958 Jawaharlal Nehru 13 February 1958 13 March 1958 Morarji Desai 13 March 1958 29 August 1963 T.T. Krishnamachari 29 August 1963 1965 Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Sachindra Chaudhuri 1965 13 March 1967 Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai 13 March 1967 16 July 1969 Indira Gandhi Indira Gandhi 1970 1971 Yashwantrao Chavan 1971 Chidambaram Subramaniam 1977 Haribhai M. Patel 24 March 1977 24 January 1979 Janata Party Morarji Desai Charan Singh 24 January 1979 28 July 1979 Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Janata Party ( Secular ) Charan Singh R. Venkataraman 14 January 1980 15 January 1982 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi Pranab Mukherjee 15 January 1982 31 December 1984 V.P. Singh 31 December 1984 24 January 1987 Rajiv Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 24 January 1987 25 July 1987 N.D. Tiwari 25 July 1987 25 June 1988 Shankarrao Chavan 25 June 1988 2 December 1989 Madhu Dandavate 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 Janata Dal ( National Front ) V.P. Singh Yashwant Sinha 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party ( National Front ) Chandra Shekhar Manmohan Singh 21 June 1991 16 May 1996 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao Jaswant Singh 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee P. Chidambaram 1 June 1996 21 April 1997 Tamil Maanila Congress ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 21 April 1997 1 May 1997 Janata Dal ( United Front ) I.K. Gujral P. Chidambaram 1 May 1997 19 March 1998 Tamil Maanila Congress ( United Front ) Yashwant Sinha 19 March 1998 1 July 2002 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee Jaswant Singh 1 July 2002 22 May 2004 P. Chidambaram 22 May 2004 30 November 2008 Indian National Congress ( United Progressive Alliance ) Manmohan Singh Manmohan Singh 30 November 2008 24 January 2009 Pranab Mukherjee 24 January 2009 26 June 2012 Manmohan Singh 26 June 2012 31 July 2012 P. Chidambaram 31 July 2012 26 May 2014 Arun Jaitley 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Narendra Modi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chidambaram is second only to Morarji Desai in presenting Budget '' . www.businesstoday.in . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Finance Ministry , Official website Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Finance_(India)&oldid=824352457 '' Categories : Finance Ministers of India Union ministers of India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 21 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first finance minister of independent india	[ "\n\nMinister of Finance\n\n\n\nEmblem of India\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nArun Jaitley\nsince 26 May 2014\n\n\n\nMinistry of Finance\n\n\nStyle\nThe Honourable\n\n\nMember of\nCabinet\nCabinet Committee on Security\n\n\nAppointer\nPresident on the advice of the Prime Minister\n\n\nInaugural holder\nLiaquat Ali Khan\n\n\nFormation\n29 October 1946\n\n" ]	[ "Liaquat Ali Khan" ]
-8789651048329010699	Hamilton (musical)	Hamilton ( musical ) - Wikipedia Hamilton ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Broadway musical . For the 2015 Broadway cast recording , see Hamilton ( album ) . For the 2016 album inspired by the show , see The Hamilton Mixtape . Hamilton An American Musical Broadway promotional poster Music Lin - Manuel Miranda Lyrics Lin - Manuel Miranda Book Lin - Manuel Miranda Basis Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow Premiere January 20 , 2015 : The Public Theater , New York City Productions 2013 Workshop 2015 Off - Broadway 2015 Broadway 2016 Chicago 2017 First US Tour Awards List of awards ( show ) Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Off - Broadway Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Score Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Musical Obie Award for Best New American Theatre Work Pulitzer Prize for Drama Drama League Award for Distinguished Production of a Musical Broadway.com Audience Award for Favorite Musical Hamilton : An American Musical is a sung - and rapped - through musical about the life of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton , with music , lyrics and book by Lin - Manuel Miranda , inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow . Notably incorporating hip - hop , rhythm and blues , pop music , traditional - style show tunes and color - conscious casting of non-white actors as the Founding Fathers and other historical figures , the musical achieved both critical acclaim and box office success . The musical made its Off - Broadway debut at The Public Theater in February 2015 , where its engagement was sold out . The show transferred to Broadway in August 2015 at the Richard Rodgers Theatre . On Broadway , it received enthusiastic critical reception and unprecedented advance box office sales . In 2016 , Hamilton received a record - setting 16 Tony nominations , winning 11 , including Best Musical , and was also the recipient of the 2016 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . The prior off - Broadway production of Hamilton won the 2015 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical as well as seven other Drama Desk Awards out of 14 total nominated categories . The Chicago production of Hamilton began preview performances at the PrivateBank Theatre in September 2016 and officially opened the following month . The first U.S. national tour of the show began performances in March 2017 . A production of Hamilton will open in the West End in December 2017 at the Victoria Palace Theatre . A second U.S. tour is also set to begin performances in early 2018 . On February 14 , 2017 , Miranda confirmed that a film adaptation based on the musical is in the works . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act One 1.2 Act Two 2 Roles and principal casts 2.1 Original production casts 2.2 Broadway cast replacements 2.3 Other notable production cast replacements 3 Musical numbers 3.1 Recordings 3.1. 1 Original Broadway cast album ( 2015 ) 3.1. 2 The Hamilton Mixtape ( 2016 ) 4 Background 5 Productions 5.1 Off - Broadway ( 2015 ) 5.2 Broadway ( 2015 -- present ) 5.3 Chicago ( 2016 -- present ) 5.4 U.S. touring productions ( 2017 ) 5.5 West End ( 2017 ) 6 Box office and business 7 Critical response 8 Honors and awards 8.1 Original Off - Broadway production 8.2 Original Broadway production 8.3 Accolades 9 Concept 9.1 Casting diversity 9.2 Historical accuracy 9.2. 1 Chronology and events 9.2. 2 Critical analysis and scholarship 9.3 Use in education 10 Legacy and impact 10.1 $10 bill 10.2 Hamilton : The Revolution 10.3 Hamilton 's America 10.4 2016 Vice President -- elect Pence controversy 10.5 Parodies 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) The musical begins with the company summarizing Alexander Hamilton 's early life as an orphan in the Caribbean ( `` Alexander Hamilton '' ) . Hamilton was born out of wedlock in the West Indies -- his father abandoned him at an early age and his mother died when Hamilton was twelve . By nineteen , Hamilton has made his way to the American colonies , a dedicated supporter of American independence . In the summer of 1776 in New York City , Hamilton seeks out Aaron Burr . Burr advises the overenthusiastic Hamilton to `` talk less ; smile more '' . Hamilton is unable to understand why Burr would rather exercise caution than fight for his beliefs ( `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' ) . Hamilton bonds with three fellow revolutionaries : abolitionist John Laurens , the flamboyant Frenchman Marquis de Lafayette , and the tailor 's apprentice Hercules Mulligan. Hamilton dazzles them with his rhetorical skills ( `` My Shot '' ) and they dream of laying down their lives for their cause ( `` The Story of Tonight '' ) . Meanwhile , the wealthy Schuyler sisters -- Angelica , Eliza , and Peggy -- wander the streets of New York , excited by the spirit of revolution in the air ( `` The Schuyler Sisters '' ) . Samuel Seabury , a vocal Loyalist , preaches against the American Revolution , and Hamilton refutes and ridicules his statements ( `` Farmer Refuted '' ) . A message arrives from King George III , reminding the colonists that he is able and willing to fight for their submission ( `` You 'll Be Back '' ) . The revolution is underway , and Hamilton , Burr , and their friends join the Continental Army . As the army retreats from New York City , General George Washington realizes he needs help to win the war . Though Hamilton desires a command and to fight on the front lines , he recognizes the opportunity Washington offers him , and accepts a position as his aide - de-camp ( `` Right Hand Man '' ) . In the winter of 1780 , the men attend a ball given by Philip Schuyler , and Hamilton sets his sights on the man 's daughters ( `` A Winter 's Ball '' ) . Eliza falls instantly in love , and after being introduced by Angelica , Eliza and Hamilton soon wed ( `` Helpless '' ) . Angelica is also smitten with Hamilton , but swallows her feelings for the sake of her sister 's happiness ( `` Satisfied '' ) . Hamilton , Laurens , Lafayette and Mulligan drunkenly celebrate the marriage when Burr arrives to offer congratulations . After Laurens teases him , Burr admits that he is having an affair with Theodosia Bartow Prevost , the wife of a British officer ( `` The Story of Tonight ( Reprise ) '' ) . Hamilton urges Burr to make the relationship public . Burr , however , prefers to wait and see what life has in store for him rather than take any drastic measures ( `` Wait For It '' ) . As the revolution continues , Hamilton repeatedly petitions Washington to give him command , but Washington refuses , instead promoting Charles Lee . This decision proves disastrous at the Battle of Monmouth , where Lee orders a retreat against Washington 's orders , which prompts the commander to remove him from command in favor of Lafayette . Disgruntled , Lee spreads slanderous and vindictive rumors about Washington ( `` Stay Alive '' ) . Hamilton is offended , but Washington orders Hamilton to ignore the comments . Hamilton does not wish to do so , but can not disobey a direct order ; instead , Laurens duels Lee , with Hamilton as his second , and Burr as Lee 's second . Laurens is satisfied after he injures Lee and Lee yields ( `` Ten Duel Commandments '' ) . Washington is angered by the duel , and orders Hamilton to return home to his wife ( `` Meet Me Inside '' ) . When Hamilton returns home , Eliza tells him she is pregnant . She reassures a hesitant Hamilton that he does n't need fame or fortune to live a happy life by her side ( `` That Would Be Enough '' ) . Lafayette takes a larger leadership role in the revolution , persuading France to join the American cause , and the balance shifts in favor of the Continental Army . Washington and Lafayette realize they can win the war by cutting off the British navy at Yorktown , but they will need Hamilton to do so , and the general offers him his long - desired command ( `` Guns and Ships '' ) . On the eve of battle , Washington recalls his disastrous first command , and advises Hamilton that no man can control how he is remembered ( `` History Has Its Eyes on You '' ) . After several days of fighting , the Continental Army is victorious . The British surrender in the last major battle of the war ( `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' ) . His forces defeated , King George asks the rebels how they expect to successfully govern on their own ( `` What Comes Next ? '' ) . Soon after the victory at Yorktown , Hamilton 's son Philip is born , while Burr has a daughter , Theodosia ( `` Dear Theodosia '' ) . Hamilton receives word that Laurens has been killed in a seemingly pointless battle ( the Battle of the Combahee River ) and throws himself into his work . ( `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' ) . Hamilton and Burr both return to New York to finish their studies and pursue careers as lawyers . Burr is in awe of Hamilton 's unyielding work ethic and becomes increasingly irritated by his success . Hamilton is chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787 . Hamilton enlists James Madison and John Jay to write The Federalist Papers after Burr refuses . Angelica announces that she has found a husband and will be moving to London . The newly elected President Washington enlists Hamilton for the job of Treasury Secretary , despite Eliza 's protests ( `` Non-Stop '' ) . Act two ( edit ) In 1789 , Thomas Jefferson returns to the U.S. from France , where he spent most of the Articles of Confederation era as an ambassador . Immediately upon returning , he briefly addresses Sally Hemings , asking her to open a letter from Washington , requesting that he become the first secretary of State under the new Constitution . Upon Jefferson 's arrival in New York , James Madison asks for Jefferson 's help to stop Hamilton 's financial plan , which Madison believes gives the government too much control ( `` What 'd I Miss ? '' ) . Jefferson and Hamilton debate the merits of Hamilton 's financial plan during a Cabinet meeting . Washington pulls Hamilton aside , and tells him to figure out a compromise to win over Congress ( `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' ) . While Hamilton is working at home , Eliza reminds him that Philip , their son , is turning nine years old . Philip presents Hamilton with a short rap he composed , amazing his father . Angelica advises Hamilton to convince Jefferson of his plan so Congress will accept it . She also mentions a letter recently received from Hamilton , in which he referred to her as his `` dearest , '' and wondering if it was intentional . Later , Eliza and Angelica try to persuade Hamilton to accompany them on vacation for the summer , but Hamilton refuses , saying that he has to work on his plan for Congress , staying in New York while the family goes upstate ( `` Take a Break '' ) . While alone , Hamilton is visited by Maria Reynolds , who claims she has been deserted by her husband . When Hamilton offers to help her , they begin an affair . Maria 's husband James Reynolds blackmails Hamilton , who is furious with Maria but pays Reynolds and continues the affair ( `` Say No To This '' ) . Hamilton discusses his plan with Jefferson and Madison over a private dinner , which results in the Compromise of 1790 , giving support to Hamilton 's financial plan in exchange for moving the United States capital from New York to Washington , D.C. , a site much closer to Jefferson 's home in Virginia . Burr is envious of Hamilton 's sway in the government and wishes he had similar power ( `` The Room Where It Happens '' ) . Burr switches political parties and defeats Eliza 's father , Philip Schuyler , in a race for Schuyler 's seat in the Senate . This drives a wedge between Burr and Hamilton -- the latter believes that Burr holds no loyalties and will stop at nothing to gain influence ( `` Schuyler Defeated '' ) . In another Cabinet meeting , Jefferson and Hamilton argue over whether the United States should assist France in its conflict with Britain . Washington ultimately agrees with Hamilton 's argument for remaining neutral ( `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' ) . After the meeting , Burr , Jefferson , and Madison share their envy of Washington 's perennial support of Hamilton 's policies . They begin to seek a way to damage Hamilton 's public image ( `` Washington on Your Side '' ) . Washington tells Hamilton that Jefferson has resigned from his position in order to run for president , and that Washington himself is stepping down . Hamilton is shocked , but Washington convinces him that it is the right thing to do , and they write a farewell address ( `` One Last Time '' ) . In England , King George III receives word that Washington is stepping down and will be replaced with John Adams . The king exits merrily , ready to enjoy the United States ' suffering through the political turmoil caused by transitions in leadership , and Adams ' inexperience ( `` I Know Him '' ) . Hamilton is fired by Adams and publishes an inflammatory critique of the new president as a response ( `` The Adams Administration '' ) . Jefferson , Madison and Burr believe they have found proof that Hamilton embezzled government money , effectively committing treason . When confronted , Hamilton admits to his affair with Maria Reynolds and his furtive payments to James Reynolds ( `` We Know '' ) . Though the men swear to keep his secret , Burr reminds Hamilton that rumors grow , and Hamilton worries that the truth will get out . He reflects on how writing openly and honestly has saved him in the past ( `` Hurricane '' ) , and publishes a public admission about the affair , hoping to snuff out rumors of embezzlement and save his political legacy . His personal reputation , however , is ruined following the publication of his Observations ( `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' ) . Heartbroken by his infidelity , Eliza tearfully burns the letters Hamilton has written her over the years , destroying Hamilton 's chance at being redeemed by `` future historians '' and keeping the world from knowing how she reacted by `` erasing herself from the narrative '' ( `` Burn '' ) . Years pass , and Philip , now grown , challenges George Eacker to a duel for insulting his father . Following Alexander 's advice , Philip aims for the sky at the beginning of the duel , hoping the gesture would cause Eacker to stand down , but at the count of seven , Eacker shoots him ( `` Blow Us All Away '' ) . Philip is taken to a doctor , who is unable to save him . Hamilton and Eliza separately arrive not long before Philip dies ( `` Stay Alive ( Reprise ) '' ) . In the aftermath of Philip 's death , the family moves uptown. Hamilton asks for Eliza 's forgiveness for his mistakes , which he eventually receives ( `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' ) . The presidential election of 1800 results in President John Adams ' defeat , with Jefferson and Burr tied to win . Hamilton is upset that Burr holds no apparent principles , and so endorses Jefferson , who wins the presidency ( `` The Election of 1800 '' ) . Burr , angered , challenges Hamilton to a duel via an exchange of letters ( `` Your Obedient Servant '' ) . Before sunrise on the morning of the duel , Eliza , unaware of the duel , asks Hamilton to come back to bed . Hamilton tells her he has an appointment , and tells her that he loves her ( `` Best of Wives and Best of Women '' ) . Burr and Hamilton travel to Weehawken , New Jersey for the duel. Hamilton aims his pistol at the sky and is struck in the chest by Burr 's bullet . Hamilton soliloquizes on death , his relationships , and his legacy . He dies soon after , with his wife and Angelica at his side . Burr laments that even though he survived , he is cursed to be the villain in history , remembered as the man who killed Alexander Hamilton ( `` The World Was Wide Enough '' ) . The company congregates to close the story . Washington enters and reminds the audience that they have no control over how they will be remembered . Jefferson and Madison collectively admit the genius of their rival 's financial plans . Eliza explains her role in preserving her husband 's legacy over the next 50 years and frets that she has still not done enough . Addressing Hamilton directly , she tells him that she has established a private orphanage in his honor and she `` ca n't wait to see ( him ) again '' ( `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' ) . Roles and principal casts ( edit ) Original production casts ( edit ) Character Vassar Workshop Off - Broadway Broadway Chicago First U.S. Tour West End Alexander Hamilton Lin - Manuel Miranda Miguel Cervantes Michael Luwoye Jamael Westman Aaron Burr Utkarsh Ambudkar Leslie Odom , Jr . Joshua Henry Giles Terera Eliza Schuyler Hamilton Ana Nogueira Phillipa Soo Ari Afsar Solea Pfeiffer Rachelle Ann Go Angelica Schuyler Anika Noni Rose Renée Elise Goldsberry Karen Olivo Emmy Raver - Lampman Rachel John Marquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson Daveed Diggs Chris De'Sean Lee Jordan Donica Jason Pennycooke George Washington Christopher Jackson Jonathan Kirkland Isaiah Johnson Obioma Ugoala King George III Joshua Henry Brian d'Arcy James Jonathan Groff Alexander Gemignani Rory O'Malley Michael Jibson John Laurens / Philip Hamilton Javier Muñoz Anthony Ramos José Ramos Rubén J. Carbajal Cleve September Peggy Schuyler / Maria Reynolds Presilah Nunez Jasmine Cephas Jones Samantha Marie Ware Amber Iman Christine Allado Hercules Mulligan / James Madison Joshua Henry Okieriete Onaodowan Wallace Smith Mathenee Treco Tarinn Callender Alexander Hamilton ( alternate ) N / A Javier Muñoz Joseph Morales Ryan Alvarado Ash Hunter Broadway cast replacements ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton : Javier Muñoz ; Jevon McFerrin Alexander Hamilton ( Alternate ) : Michael Luwoye ; Jon Rua ; Jevon McFerrin Aaron Burr : Brandon Victor Dixon ; Daniel Breaker Eliza Schuyler Hamilton : Lexi Lawson Angelica Schuyler : Mandy Gonzalez Marquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson : Seth Stewart ; James Monroe Iglehart George Washington : Nicholas Christopher ; Bryan Terrell Clark King George III : Andrew Rannells ; Rory O'Malley ; Taran Killam ; Brian d'Arcy James ; Euan Morton John Laurens / Philip Hamilton : Jordan Fisher ; Anthony Lee Medina Peggy Schuyler / Maria Reynolds : Alysha Deslorieux Hercules Mulligan / James Madison : J. Quinton Johnson Other notable production cast replacements ( edit ) Aaron Burr -- Chicago : Wayne Brady ; Daniel Breaker ; Gregory Treco Angelica Schuyler -- Chicago : Montego Glover Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Alexander Hamilton '' -- Full company ( except King George III ) `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , Lafayette , and Mulligan `` My Shot '' -- Hamilton , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Burr , Company `` The Story of Tonight '' -- Hamilton , Laurens , Lafayette , and Mulligan `` The Schuyler Sisters '' -- Angelica , Eliza , Peggy , Burr , and Company `` Farmer Refuted '' -- Samuel Seabury and Hamilton `` You 'll Be Back '' -- King George III `` Right Hand Man '' -- Washington , Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , and Company `` A Winter 's Ball '' -- Burr , Hamilton , and Company men `` Helpless '' -- Eliza , Hamilton , Angelica , and Company women `` Satisfied '' -- Angelica , Eliza , Hamilton , and Company `` The Story of Tonight '' ( reprise ) -- Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Hamilton , and Burr `` Wait for It '' -- Burr and Company `` Stay Alive '' -- Hamilton , Washington , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Eliza , Angelica , Lee , and Company `` Ten Duel Commandments '' -- Laurens , Hamilton , Lee , Burr , and Company `` Meet Me Inside '' -- Washington , Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , and Company `` That Would Be Enough '' -- Eliza and Hamilton `` Guns and Ships '' -- Lafayette , Burr , Washington , and Company `` History Has Its Eyes on You '' -- Washington and Company `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' -- Hamilton , Lafayette , Laurens , Mulligan , Washington , and Company `` What Comes Next ? '' -- King George III `` Dear Theodosia '' -- Burr and Hamilton `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' -- Laurens , ( Eliza , Hamilton ) † `` Non-Stop '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Eliza , Angelica , Washington , and Company † `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' , a second reprise to `` The Story of Tonight '' , is not included on the original Broadway cast recording . Miranda considers it `` more of a scene rather than a song '' . It is the only scene not featured in the cast album . ‡ Previously titled `` One Last Ride '' in the Off - Broadway production . Act II `` What 'd I Miss '' -- Jefferson , Burr , Madison , Washington , Hamilton , and Company `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' -- Jefferson , Hamilton , Washington , and Madison `` Take a Break '' -- Eliza , Philip , Hamilton , and Angelica `` Say No to This '' -- Hamilton , Maria Reynolds , James Reynolds , and Company `` The Room Where It Happens '' -- Burr , Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , and Company `` Schuyler Defeated '' -- Philip , Eliza , Hamilton , and Burr `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' -- Washington , Jefferson , Hamilton , and Madison `` Washington on Your Side '' -- Burr , Jefferson , and Madison `` One Last Time '' -- Washington , Hamilton , and Company ‡ `` I Know Him '' -- King George III `` The Adams Administration '' -- Burr , Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , and Company `` We Know '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Jefferson , and Madison `` Hurricane '' -- Hamilton and Company `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' -- Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , Burr , Angelica , and Company `` Burn '' -- Eliza `` Blow Us All Away '' -- Philip , Hamilton , Eacker , Dolly , Martha and Company `` Stay Alive '' ( reprise ) -- Philip , Hamilton , Eliza , Doctor , and Company `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' -- Angelica , Hamilton , Eliza , and Company `` The Election of 1800 '' -- Jefferson , Madison , Burr , Hamilton , and Company `` Your Obedient Servant '' -- Burr and Hamilton `` Best of Wives and Best of Women '' -- Eliza and Hamilton `` The World Was Wide Enough '' -- Burr , Hamilton , and Company `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' -- Eliza , Washington , Burr , Jefferson , Madison , Angelica , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , and Company Recordings ( edit ) Original Broadway cast Album ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The original Broadway cast recording for Hamilton was made available to listeners by NPR on September 21 , 2015 . It was released by Atlantic Records digitally on September 25 , 2015 , and physical copies were released on October 16 , 2015 . The cast album has also been released on vinyl . The album debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , the highest entrance for a cast recording since 1963 . It went on to reach number 3 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Billboard Rap albums chart . The original cast recording has won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . The Hamilton Mixtape ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The Hamilton Mixtape , a collection of remixes , covers , and samples of the musical 's songs , was released on December 2 , 2016 . The Mixtape debuted in the number 1 spot on the Billboard 200 . Background ( edit ) Play media Lin - Manuel Miranda performs at the White House Poetry Jam in 2009 . External audio Lin - Manuel Miranda Talks ' Hamilton ' : Once A ' Ridiculous ' Pitch , Now A Revolution , interview with Scott Simon , NPR , April 9 , 2016 While on vacation from performing in his hit Broadway show In the Heights , Lin - Manuel Miranda bought a copy of Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow , a biography of Alexander Hamilton , at an airport . After finishing the first few chapters , Miranda began to envision the life of Hamilton as a musical , and researched whether a stage musical of Hamilton 's life had been created . All he found was that a play of Hamilton 's story had been done on Broadway in 1917 , starring George Arliss as Alexander Hamilton . Miranda therefore began a project entitled The Hamilton Mixtape . On May 12 , 2009 , Miranda was invited to perform music from In the Heights at the White House Evening of Poetry , Music and the Spoken Word . Instead , he performed the first song from The Hamilton Mixtape , a rough version of what would later become `` Alexander Hamilton , '' Hamilton 's opening number . He spent a year after that working on `` My Shot '' , another early number from the show . Miranda performed in a workshop production of the show , then titled The Hamilton Mixtape , at the Vassar Reading Festival on July 27 , 2013 . The workshop production was directed by Thomas Kail and musically directed by Alex Lacamoire . The workshop consisted of the entirety of the first act of the show and three songs from the second act . The workshop was accompanied by Lacamoire on the piano . Of the original workshop cast , only three principal cast members played in the Off - Broadway production : Miranda , Daveed Diggs , and Christopher Jackson . Most of the original Off - Broadway cast moved to Broadway , except Brian d'Arcy James , who was replaced by Jonathan Groff as King George III . Productions ( edit ) Off - Broadway promotional poster . Off - Broadway ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Directed by Thomas Kail and choreographed by Andy Blankenbuehler , the musical received its world premiere Off - Broadway at The Public Theater , under the supervision of the Public 's Artistic Director Oskar Eustis , with previews starting on January 20 , 2015 and officially opening on February 17 . The production was extended twice , first to April 5 and then to May 3 . Chernow served as historical consultant to the production . The show opened to universal acclaim according to review aggregator Did He Like It . Broadway ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Hamilton premiered on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre ( also home to Miranda 's 2008 Broadway debut In the Heights ) on July 13 , 2015 in previews , and opened on August 6 , 2015 . The production is produced by Jeffrey Seller and features scenic design by David Korins , costumes by Paul Tazewell , lighting by Howell Binkley and sound by Nevin Steinberg , who all reprised their roles from the off - Broadway production . The production was critically acclaimed by many theater analysts . Chicago ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Hamilton opened at the PrivateBank Theatre in Chicago on October 19 , 2016 , following previews from September 27 , 2016 . It is currently booking through April 29 , 2018 . According to lead producer Jeffrey Seller , the show may be in residence for two years or more . On its opening , attended by author Miranda , the Chicago production received strongly positive reviews . Miranda praised the Chicago casts ' performance during a later television interview . U.S. touring productions ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Plans for a national tour of Hamilton emerged near the end of January 2016 . The tour was initially announced with over 20 stops , scheduled from 2017 through at least 2020 . Tickets to the tour 's run in San Francisco -- its debut city -- sold out within 24 hours of release ; the number of people who entered the online waiting room to purchase tickets surpassed 110,000 . The first national touring production began preview performances at San Francisco 's SHN Orpheum Theatre on March 10 , 2017 and officially opened on March 23 . The production ran in San Francisco until August 5 , when it transferred to Los Angeles ' Hollywood Pantages Theatre for a run from August 11 to December 30 , 2017 . Just days after the first U.S. tour began performances in San Francisco , news emerged that a second U.S. tour of Hamilton would begin in Seattle for a six - week limited engagement before touring North America concurrently with the first tour . To distinguish the first and second touring productions , the production team has labeled them , respectively , the `` Angelica tour '' and the `` Philip tour . '' The Angelica tour alone requires 14 truckloads of cargo and a core group of over 60 traveling cast , crew , and musicians . The production team insisted that each tour must be able to duplicate the original Broadway show 's choreography , which literally revolves around two concentric turntables on the stage . This led to the construction of four portable sets , two for each tour , so that one set can be assembled well in advance at the next stop while the tour is still playing at the last stop . West End ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Cameron Mackintosh will produce a London production which will re-open the Victoria Palace Theatre ( currently undergoing a refurbishment following the closure of Billy Elliot the Musical ) on December 21 , 2017 , following previews from December 6 . Initial principal casting was announced on January 26 , 2017 . Box office and business ( edit ) The musical 's engagement at the Off - Broadway Public Theater was sold out . When the musical opened on Broadway , it had a multimillion - dollar advance in ticket sales , reportedly taking in $30 million before its official opening . Hamilton was the second - highest - grossing show on Broadway for the Labor Day week ending September 6 , 2015 ( behind only The Lion King ) . As of September 2015 , the show has been sold out for most of its Broadway engagement . Hamilton , like other Broadway musicals , offers a lottery before every show . Twenty - one front row seats and occasional standing room are given out in the lottery . Chosen winners are able to purchase two tickets at $10 each . Unlike other Broadway shows , Hamilton 's lottery process drew in large crowds of people that created a significant congestion problems for West 46th Street . Even though many people were not able to win the lottery , Hamilton creator Lin - Manuel Miranda prepared mini-performances , right before the lotteries were drawn . They were dubbed the ' # Ham4Ham ' shows , due to the fact that if you won , you gave a Hamilton ( a $10 bill ) in exchange for seeing the show . People were then able to experience a part of the show even when they did not win the lottery . The lottery was eventually placed online to avoid increasing crowds and dangerous traffic conditions . On its first day , more than 50,000 people entered , which resulted in the website crashing . Trevor Boffone in his essay on HowlRound wrote : `` Ham4Ham follows a long tradition of Latina / o ( or the ancestors of present - day Latina / os ) theatremaking that dates back to when the events in Hamilton were happening . ( ... ) The philosophy behind this is simple . If the people wo n't come to the theatre , then take the theatre to the people . While El Teatro Campesino 's ' taking it to the streets ' originated from a place of social protest , Ham4Ham does so to create accessibility , tap into social media , and ultimately generate a free , self - functioning marketing campaign . In this way , Ham4Ham falls into a lineage of accessibility as a Latina / o theatremaking aesthetic . '' Following Miranda 's departure from the show on July 9 , 2016 , Rory O'Malley , then playing King George III , took over as the host of Ham4Ham . The Ham4Ham show officially ended on August 31 , 2016 , after over a year of performances , though the lottery still continues daily . Hamilton set a Broadway box office record for the most money grossed in a single week in New York City . In late November 2016 , it grossed $3.3 million for an eight performance week , the first show to break $3 million in eight performances . Critical response ( edit ) Marilyn Stasio , in her review of the Off - Broadway production for Variety , wrote , `` The music is exhilarating , but the lyrics are the big surprise . The sense as well as the sound of the sung dialogue has been purposely suited to each character . George Washington , a stately figure in Jackson 's dignified performance , sings in polished prose ... But in the end , Miranda 's impassioned narrative of one man 's story becomes the collective narrative of a nation , a nation built by immigrants who occasionally need to be reminded where they came from . '' The Hamilton cast and crew greets President Barack Obama on July 18 , 2015 . In his review of the Off - Broadway production , Jesse Green in New York wrote , `` The conflict between independence and interdependence is not just the show 's subject but also its method : It brings the complexity of forming a union from disparate constituencies right to your ears ... Few are the theatergoers who will be familiar with all of Miranda 's touchstones . I caught the verbal references to Rodgers and Hammerstein , Gilbert and Sullivan , Sondheim , West Side Story , and 1776 , but other people had to point out to me the frequent hat - tips to hip - hop ... Whether it 's a watershed , a breakthrough , and a game changer , as some have been saying , is another matter . Miranda is too savvy ( and loves his antecedents too much ) to try to reinvent all the rules at once ... Those duels , by the way -- there are three of them -- are superbly handled , the highlights of a riveting if at times overbusy staging by the director Thomas Kail and the choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler . '' Although giving a positive review , Elisabeth Vincentelli , of The New York Post ( which was founded by Hamilton himself ) , wrote that Hamilton and Burr 's love / hate relationship `` fails to drive the show -- partly because Miranda lacks the charisma and intensity of the man he portrays , '' and that `` too many of the numbers are exposition - heavy lessons , as if this were ' Schoolhouse Rap ! ' The show is burdened with eye - glazingly dull stretches , especially those involving George Washington . '' Ben Brantley in reviewing the Broadway production in The New York Times , wrote , `` I am loath to tell people to mortgage their houses and lease their children to acquire tickets to a hit Broadway show . But Hamilton , directed by Thomas Kail and starring Mr. Miranda , might just about be worth it ... Washington , Jefferson , Madison -- they 're all here , making war and writing constitutions and debating points of economic structure . So are Aaron Burr and the Marquis de Lafayette . They wear the clothes ( by Paul Tazewell ) you might expect them to wear in a traditional costume drama , and the big stage they inhabit has been done up ( by David Korins ) to suggest a period - appropriate tavern , where incendiary youth might gather to drink , brawl and plot revolution . '' David Cote in his review of the Broadway production for Time Out New York wrote , `` I love Hamilton . I love it like I love New York , or Broadway when it gets it right . And this is so right ... A sublime conjunction of radio - ready hip - hop ( as well as R&B , Britpop and trad showstoppers ) , under - dramatized American history and Miranda 's uniquely personal focus as a first - generation Puerto Rican and inexhaustible wordsmith , Hamilton hits multilevel culture buttons , hard ... The work 's human drama and novelistic density remain astonishing . '' He chose Hamilton as a Critics ' Pick , and gave the production five out of five stars . A review in The Economist notes that the production enjoys `` near - universal critical acclaim '' . Barack Obama joked that admiration for the musical is `` the only thing Dick Cheney and I agree on . '' Honors and Awards ( edit ) Original Off - Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2015 Lucille Lortel Awards Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Director Thomas Kail Won Outstanding Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Leslie Odom , Jr . Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Won Brian d'Arcy James Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Outstanding Costume Design Paul Tazewell Won Outstanding Lighting Design Howell Binkley Won Outstanding Sound Design Nevin Steinberg Won Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Off - Broadway Musical Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Outstanding New Score Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Thomas Kail Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Nominated Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated Distinguished Performance Daveed Diggs Nominated Lin - Manuel Miranda Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Leslie Odom , Jr . Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Thomas Kail Won Outstanding Music Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Outstanding Lyrics Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Won Outstanding Orchestrations Alex Lacamoire Nominated Outstanding Set Design David Korins Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Paul Tazewell Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated Outstanding Sound Design in a Musical Nevin Steinberg Won Special Award ‡ Andy Blankenbuehler Won New York Drama Critics ' Circle Awards Best Musical Won Off Broadway Alliance Awards Best New Musical Won Theatre World Awards Outstanding Debut Performance Daveed Diggs Won Clarence Derwent Awards Most Promising Female Performer Phillipa Soo Won Obie Awards Best New American Theatre Work Lin - Manuel Miranda , Thomas Kail , Andy Blankenbuehler , Alex Lacamoire Won Edgerton Foundation New American Play Awards Won ‡ Blankenbuehler received a Special Drama Desk Award for `` his inspired and heart - stopping choreography in Hamilton , which is indispensible ( sic ) to the musical 's storytelling . His body of work is versatile , yet a dynamic and fluid style is consistently evident . When it 's time to ' take his shot , ' Blankenbuehler hits the bull 's - eye . '' Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2016 Tony Awards Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Best Original Score Won Best Actor in a Musical Nominated Leslie Odom , Jr . Won Best Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Won Jonathan Groff Nominated Christopher Jackson Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Best Scenic Design of a Musical David Korins Nominated Best Costume Design of a Musical Paul Tazewell Won Best Lighting Design of a Musical Howell Binkley Won Best Direction of a Musical Thomas Kail Won Best Choreography Andy Blankenbuehler Won Best Orchestrations Alex Lacamoire Won Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Won Distinguished Performance Daveed Diggs Nominated Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Pulitzer Prize Drama Won Grammy Awards Best Musical Theater Album Daveed Diggs , Renée Elise Goldsberry , Jonathan Groff , Christopher Jackson , Jasmine Cephas Jones , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Leslie Odom , Jr. , Okieriete Onaodowan , Anthony Ramos & Phillipa Soo ( principal soloists ) ; Alex Lacamoire , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Bill Sherman , Ahmir Thompson & Tariq Trotter ( producers ) ; Lin - Manuel Miranda ( composer & lyricist ) Won Fred and Adele Astaire Awards Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show Nominated Best Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Won Best Male Dancer Daveed Diggs Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Duo , Group or Collaboration Original Broadway Cast Nominated Dramatists Guild of America Awards Frederick Loewe Award for Dramatic Composition Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Edward M. Kennedy Prize Drama Inspired by American History Won Broadway.com Audience Awards Favorite New Musical Won Favorite Leading Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Leslie Odom Jr . Nominated Favorite Leading Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Won Favorite Breakthrough Performance ( female ) Won Jasmine Cephas Jones Nominated Favorite Featured Actress in a Musical Nominated Renee Elise Goldsberry Won Favorite Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Nominated Christopher Jackson Nominated Anthony Ramos Nominated Jonathan Groff Won Favorite Diva Performance Won Favorite Funny Performance Won Daveed Diggs Nominated Favorite Breakthrough Performance Won Anthony Ramos Nominated Okieriete Onaodowan Nominated Favorite Onstage Pair Lin - Manuel Miranda & Leslie Odom Jr . Won Lin - Manuel Miranda & Phillipa Soo Nominated Favorite Replacement ( Male ) Andrew Rannells Nominated Rory O'Malley Nominated Favorite New Song `` Alexander Hamilton '' Nominated `` My Shot '' Nominated `` The Schuyler Sisters '' Nominated `` Satisfied '' Won `` The Room Where It Happens '' Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Soundtrack Nominated Accolades ( edit ) Publication Accolade Rank Billboard 25 Best Albums of 2015 Rolling Stone 50 Best Albums of 2015 8 Concept ( edit ) The names of many main characters , including that of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , are given a unique melodic motif that is repeated throughout the musical Hamilton in various keys , tempos , and timbres depending on the context . This is one example of how Hamilton weaves melodic and lyrical reprises into later songs in the score in order to cue an emotional response . According to an article in The New Yorker , the show is `` an achievement of historical and cultural reimagining . '' The costumes and set reflect the period , with `` velvet frock coats and knee britches . The set ... is a wooden scaffold against exposed brick ; the warm lighting suggests candlelight '' . The musical is mostly sung and rapped all the way through , with little dialogue isolated outside of the musical score . Casting Diversity ( edit ) Miranda said that the portrayal of Hamilton , Thomas Jefferson , George Washington , and other white historical figures by black and Hispanic actors should not require any substantial suspension of disbelief by audience members . `` Our cast looks like America looks now , and that 's certainly intentional '' , he said . `` It 's a way of pulling you into the story and allowing you to leave whatever cultural baggage you have about the founding fathers at the door . '' He noted `` We 're telling the story of old , dead white men but we 're using actors of color , and that makes the story more immediate and more accessible to a contemporary audience . '' The pro-immigration message of Hamilton is at the forefront , as the show revolves around the life of one of the Founding Fathers of America , Alexander Hamilton , and how he made his mark in American politics as an immigrant . Instead of being characterized as a white person , Alexander Hamilton 's immigrant status would be referenced throughout the whole show , alongside with the virtue and prowess of Hamilton ( `` by working a lot harder , by being a lot smarter , by being a self - starter , '' described in the show 's opening ) , in order to foster a positive image of immigrants . Alongside this , the casting of Black , Latino , and Asian American leads allowed audiences to literally view America as a nation of immigrants , with the intention of showing how irrelevant the Founding Fathers ' whiteness is to their claim on the country . `` Hamilton is a story about America , and the most beautiful thing about it is ... it 's told by such a diverse cast with a such diverse styles of music , '' according to Renee Elise Goldberry , who played Angelica Schuyler . `` We have the opportunity to reclaim a history that some of us do n't necessarily think is our own . '' Miranda has stated that he is `` totally open '' to women playing the Founding Fathers . Casting for the British production is expected to feature predominantly black British artists . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Chronology and events ( edit ) Although Hamilton was based on true events , Miranda did use some dramatic license in retelling the story . For example , while Angelica did have a strong relationship with Hamilton , it was exaggerated in the show . During `` Satisfied '' , Angelica explains why Hamilton is not suitable for her despite wanting him . In particular , she states , `` I 'm a girl in a world in which my only job is to marry rich . My father has no sons so I 'm the one who has to social climb for one . '' In actuality , Angelica had less pressure on her to do this . Philip Schuyler actually had fifteen children , including two sons who survived into adulthood ( one of whom was New York State Assemblyman Philip Jeremiah Schuyler ) , and Angelica had eloped with John Barker Church three years before she met Hamilton at her sister 's wedding , when she was already mother of two of her eight children with Church . Miranda stated that he chose to do this because it is stronger dramatically if Angelica is available but can not marry him . In addition , in Act I , Burr 's role in Hamilton 's life is overstated , and much of the early interactions between the two men in the show are fictionalized . For example , while Burr was present at the Battle on Monmouth , Burr did not serve as Charles Lee 's second in his duel with John Laurens as seen in `` Ten Duel Commandments '' , Lee 's second was Evan Edwards Hamilton also never approached Burr to help write the Federalist Papers as portrayed in `` Non-Stop '' . During Act I , the character of Aaron Burr says that `` ... Martha Washington named her feral tomcat after him ! ( Hamilton ) '' , to which Alexander Hamilton replies : `` That 's true ! '' In fact it is false . The idea of Hamilton as a serial adulterer has been one of the biggest mischaracterizations of the real Alexander Hamilton for centuries , with celebrated authors repeating the story over and over again , notwithstanding that the sexual connotation of tomcat as a womanizer did not appear in dictionaries until the first half of the 20th century . The `` tomcat '' story has been previously discredited by author Stephen Knott , and refuted by historian and author Michael E. Newton at the `` Alexander Hamilton Discoveries and Findings '' talk held by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society at Liberty Hall ( Kean University ) as part of the 2016 CelebrateHAMILTON events . In Act II , there are multiple inaccuracies throughout Hamilton 's decline , probably due to time constraints and narrative arc . While it is true that John Adams and Hamilton did not particularly get along , John Adams did not fire Hamilton as told in the show . Hamilton tendered his resignation from his position as Secretary of the Treasury on December 1 , 1794 , two years before Adams became president . However , Hamilton remained close friends with Washington and highly influential in the political sphere . In addition , Jefferson , Madison and Burr did not approach Hamilton about his affair , it was actually James Monroe , Frederick Muhlenberg and Abraham Venable in December 1792 . Monroe was a close friend of Jefferson 's and shared the information of Hamilton 's affair with him . In the Summer of 1797 , journalist James Callender broke the story of Hamilton 's infidelity . Hamilton blamed Monroe , and the altercation nearly ended in a duel . With nothing left to do , Hamilton then published the Reynolds pamphlet . In `` Blow Us All Away '' , George Eacker and Philip Hamilton engage in a duel , before the events of the 1800 presidential election . The duel actually occurred in 1801 , with Philip Hamilton dying on November 24 . In the show , Eacker fires on Philip at the count of seven , while what happened in real - life is almost the opposite ; both men refused to fire for over a minute before Eacker shot Philip in the hips . Lastly , it was not the presidential election of 1800 that led to Burr and Hamilton 's duel . Burr did become Jefferson 's vice-president , but when Jefferson decided to not run with Burr for reelection in 1804 , Burr opted to run for Governor of New York instead . Burr lost to Morgan Lewis in a landslide . Afterwards , a letter was published from Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler , claiming that Hamilton called Burr , `` a dangerous man , and one who ought not be trusted with the reins of government '' , and that he knew of `` a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr . '' This led to the letters between Burr and Hamilton as seen in the show in `` Your Obedient Servant . '' Critical analysis and scholarship ( edit ) The show has been critiqued for a simplistic depiction of Hamilton and vilification of Jefferson . Joanne B. Freeman , a history professor at Yale , contrasted the show 's Hamilton to the `` real Hamilton ( who ) was a mass of contradictions : an immigrant who sometimes distrusted immigrants , a revolutionary who placed a supreme value on law and order , a man who distrusted the rumblings of the masses yet preached his politics to them more frequently and passionately than many of his more democracy - friendly fellows . '' Australian historian Shane White found the framing of the show 's story `` troubling , '' stating that he and many historian colleagues `` would like to imagine that Hamilton is a last convulsion of the founding father mythology . '' According to White , Miranda 's depiction of the founding of the United States `` infuses new life into an older view of American history '' that centered on the Founding Fathers , instead of joining the many historians who were `` attempting to get away from the Great Men story '' by incorporating `` ordinary people , African - Americans , Native Americans and women '' into a `` more inclusive and nuanced '' historical narrative in which Hamilton has a `` cameo rather than leading role . '' Rutgers University professor Lyra Monteiro criticized the show 's multi-ethnic casting as obscuring a complete lack of identifiable enslaved or free persons of color as characters in the show . Monteiro identified other commentators , such as Ishmael Reed , who criticized the show for making Hamilton and other historical personages appear more progressive on racial injustice than they really were . According to Reed , `` ( Hamilton 's ) reputation has been shored up as an abolitionist and someone who was opposed to slavery , '' which Reed stated was untrue . In The Baffler , policy analyst Matt Stoller criticized the musical 's portrayal of Hamilton as an idealist committed to democratic principles , in contrast to what he characterized as the historical record of Hamilton 's reactionary , anti-democratic politics and legacy . For example , Stoller cited Hamilton as a leader involved in the Newburgh conspiracy ( a military coup plot against the Continental Congress in 1783 ) ; his development of a national financial system which , in Stoller 's view , empowered the plutocratic elite ; and his use of military force , indefinite detention , and mass arrests against dissenters during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1791 . In 2007 , history writer William Hogeland criticized Chernow 's biography of Hamilton on similar grounds in the Boston Review . Use in Education ( edit ) KQED News wrote of a `` growing number of intrepid U.S. history teachers ... who are harnessing the Hamilton phenomenon to inspire their students . '' The Cabinet rap battles provide a way to engage students with topics that have traditionally been considered uninteresting . An elective course for 11th and 12th graders on the musical Hamilton was held at the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in New York . KQED News added that `` Hamilton is especially galvanizing for the student who believes that stories about 18th century America are distant and irrelevant '' as it shows the Founding Fathers were real humans with real feeling and real flaws , rather than `` bloodless , two - dimensional cutouts who devoted their lives to abstract principles . '' A high school teacher from the Bronx noted his students were `` singing these songs the way they might sing the latest release from Drake or Adele . '' One teacher focused on Hamilton 's ability to write his way out of trouble and toward a higher plane of existence : `` skilled writing is the clearest sign of scholarship -- and the best way to rise up and alter your circumstance . '' Hamilton 's producers have made a pledge to allow 20,000 New York City public high school students from low - income families to get subsidized tickets to see Hamilton on Broadway by reducing their tickets to $70 for students , and the Rockefeller Foundation provided $1.5 million to further lower ticket prices to $10 per student . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History created a study guide to accompany the student - ticket program . The website EducationWorld writes that Hamilton is `` being praised for its revitalization of interest in civic education . '' Northwestern University announced plans to offer course work in 2017 inspired by Hamilton , in history , Latino studies , and interdisciplinary studies . In 2016 , Moraine Valley Community College started a Hamilton appreciation movement , Straight Outta Hamilton , hosting panels and events that talk about the musical itself and relate them to current events . Legacy and impact ( edit ) $10 bill ( edit ) In 2015 , the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced a redesign to the $10 bill , with plans to replace Hamilton with a then - undecided woman from American history . Because of Hamilton 's surging popularity , almost exclusively due to the musical , United States Treasury Secretary Jack Lew reversed the plans to replace Hamilton 's portrait , instead deciding to replace Andrew Jackson with Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill . Hamilton : the revolution ( edit ) On April 12 , 2016 , Miranda and Jeremy McCarter 's book , Hamilton : The Revolution , was released , detailing Hamilton 's journey from an idea to a successful Broadway musical . It includes an inside look at not only Alexander Hamilton 's revolution , but the cultural revolution that permeates the show . It also has footnotes from Miranda and stories from behind the scenes of the show . Hamilton 's America ( edit ) After premiering on the New York Film Festival on October 1 , 2016 , PBS ' Great Performances exhibited on October 21 , 2016 the documentary Hamilton 's America . Directed by Alex Horwitz , it `` delves even deeper into the creation of the show , revealing Miranda 's process of absorbing and then adapting Hamilton 's epic story into groundbreaking musical theater . Further fleshing out the story is newly shot footage of the New York production with its original cast , trips to historic locations such as Mt . Vernon and Valley Forge with Miranda and other cast members , and a surprising range of interviews with prominent personalities , experts , politicians , and musicians . '' The film featured interviews with American historians and Hamilton authorities Ron Chernow and Joanne B. Freeman 2016 Vice President -- elect Pence controversy ( edit ) Following a performance on November 18 , 2016 , with Vice President - elect Mike Pence in the audience , Brandon Victor Dixon addressed Pence from the stage with a statement jointly written by the cast , show creator Lin - Manuel Miranda and producer Jeffrey Seller . Dixon began by quieting the audience , and stated : Vice President - elect Pence , we welcome you and we truly thank you for joining us here at Hamilton : An American Musical , we really do . We , sir , -- we -- are the diverse America who are alarmed and anxious that your new administration will not protect us , our planet , our children , our parents , or defend us and uphold our inalienable rights , sir . But we truly hope that this show has inspired you to uphold our American values and to work on behalf of all of us . All of us . Again , we truly thank you truly for seeing this show , this wonderful American story told by a diverse group of men and women of different colors , creeds and orientations . '' Pence listened to the expression of concern about President - elect Donald Trump 's upcoming administration and later expressed that he was not offended . However , Trump demanded an apology for what he described , on Twitter , as the cast having `` harassed '' Pence . This led to an online campaign called `` # BoycottHamilton , '' which became widely mocked as the show is already sold - out months in advance . Trump was criticized by The Washington Post , who noted the division between white and non-white America in the 2016 Presidential election and suggested Trump could have offered `` assurances that he would be a president for all Americans -- that he would respect everybody regardless of race or gender or creed '' ; instead , as Presidential historian Robert Dallek expressed , Trump 's Twitter response was a `` striking act of divisiveness by an incoming president struggling to heal the nation after a bitter election '' , with the Hamilton cast a proxy for those fearful of Trump 's policies and rhetoric . Jeffrey Seller , the show 's lead producer , said that while Trump has not seen Hamilton or inquired about tickets , he is `` welcome to attend '' . Parodies ( edit ) In April 2016 , Jeb ! The Musical , subtitled An American Disappointment appeared on the Internet with Jeb Bush in the place of Alexander Hamilton , with political figures like Donald Trump and Chris Christie holding supporting roles . A staged reading , given `` just as much preparation as Jeb 's campaign , '' was staged at Northwestern University in June of that year . The parody was crowdsourced , with contributions coming from a range of writers . A number of writers were drawn from Yale University , Boston University , McGill University and the University of Michigan . These writers met in a Facebook group named `` Post Aesthetics '' . In 2016 , Gerard Alessandrini , the creator of Forbidden Broadway , wrote the revue Spamilton which premiered at the Triad Theater in New York and also played at the Royal George Theatre in Chicago . It parodies Hamilton and other Broadway shows and caricatures various Broadway stars . On October 12 , 2016 , the American sitcom Modern Family released the episode `` Weathering Heights '' . The episode features a scene where Manny applies for college . To do so he records a parody of `` Alexander Hamilton '' as part of his application , complete with rewritten lyrics to accompany to his own life . It is revealed that most of the other applications are also Hamilton parodies . See also ( edit ) Musical theatre portal Book : Hamilton ( musical ) 1776 , a 1969 musical about the signing of the Declaration of Independence Assassins , a 1990 musical about several plots to assassinate U.S. presidents Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson , a 2010 historical rock musical about America 's seventh President , Andrew Jackson , and the founding of the Democratic Party References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brantley , Ben ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Hamilton , ' Young Rebels Changing History and Theater '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . 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How Lin - Manuel Miranda Turned a History Book into ' Hamilton ' '' Playbill , August 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ Scholet , Nicole . `` ' Hamilton Mixtape ' Unveiled at Vassar Reading Festival '' Archived July 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . the-aha-society.com , August 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Review : In ' Hamilton , ' Lin - Manuel Miranda Forges Democracy Through Rap '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Revolutionaries , Turn Up ! Lin - Manuel Miranda 's ' Hamilton ' Will Head To Broadway This Summer '' Archived February 25 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , February 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Despite Buzz of a Broadway Transfer , ' Hamilton ' Announces Another Off - Broadway Extension '' Playbill , February 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Public Theater '' Archived September 27 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . publictheater.org , accessed September 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Off - Broadway Reviews '' . Did He Like It . Did He Like It . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . Download the Revolution ! Hamilton Broadway Cast Album Released Today '' Playbill , September 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Backstage on Broadway ' Hamilton ' Opens to Rave Reviews '' Archived August 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . pix11.com Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Broadway Reviews '' Archived August 18 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Did He Like It Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Chicago Will Get Its Own Hamilton Production in Fall 2016 '' Archived January 19 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , December 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` More ' Hamilton ' tickets go on sale Aug 29 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` ' Hamilton ' tickets go on sale in Chicago today with eye - popping prices '' Archived June 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Chicago Tribune , June 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Broadway Smash ' Hamilton ' Opens in Chicago '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Hamilton ' makes the most of its Chicago shot '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Hedy ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Hype and hoopla justified for ' Hamilton ' in Chicago '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Tracy . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda gives shout out to Chicago ' Hamilton ' cast on ' The View ' '' Archived November 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Chicago Tribune , November 16 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Vankin , Deborah ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' hits Hollywood : Here 's what it took to get the landmark musical to L.A. '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : tronc , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 100,000 people in digital line for ' Hamilton ' tickets '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew and Gioia , Michael . `` ' Hamilton ' Opens with Multi-Million Dollar Advance '' Playbill , August 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael . `` In the Heights : ' Hamilton ' Reaches Top Tier at Broadway Box Office '' Archived September 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times , September 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Hamilton 's # Ham4Ham Ticket Lottery Will Go Digital '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Show Is Nonstop '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Gordon ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton 's # Ham4Ham Ticket Lottery Will Go Digital '' . TheaterMania.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Sarah ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` 50K vied for $10 ' Hamilton ' tickets , crashed site '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ham4Ham : Taking Hamilton to the Streets '' . HowlRound . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In a True Georgian - Era Power Move , Rory O'Malley Succeeds Lin - Manuel Miranda As Ham4Ham Host '' . June 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Hosts Final Live # Ham4Ham Concert Today Playbill '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Hits a New High : The Most Money Grossed in a Week on Broadway '' . The New York Times . November 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stasio , Marilyn . `` Off Broadway Review : ' Hamilton ' by Lin - Manuel Miranda '' Archived September 23 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Variety , February 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Green , Jesse . `` Theater Review : Lin - Manuel Miranda 's ' Hamilton ' Is Worth Way More Than $10 '' Archived September 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . vulture.com ( nymag.com ) , February 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ Vincentelli , Elisabeth ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda creates an ambitious musical portrait with ' Hamilton ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriotism on Broadway '' . The Economist . December 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Near - universal critical acclaim ... Jump up ^ Fabian , Jordan ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Obama : ' Hamilton ' is the only thing Dick Cheney and I agree on '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Playbill Staff ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Hamilton , The Nether , Into the Woods Earn Lortel Award Nominations '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ; Viagas , Robert ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Outer Critics Circle Nominees Announced ; Something Rotten ! Leads the Pack '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Drama League Awards Nominations Announced ; More Than 45 Will Vie for Distinguished Performance Honor '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Drama Desk Nominations Announced ; Hamilton Tops the List '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Hamilton and Between Riverside and Crazy Win 2015 New York Drama Critics ' Circle Awards '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Off Broadway Alliance Awards Nominations Announced -- HAMILTON , INTO THE WOODS , CLINTON , BETWEEN RIVERSIDE & CRAZY & More ... '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Broadway Siblings Megan and Robert Fairchild Among 71st Annual Theatre World Award Winners '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Phillipa Soo and Josh Grisetti Named Most Promising Performers by Actors ' Equity '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` HAMILTON , Darko Tresnjak , Ayad Akhtar & More Win 2015 Obie Awards -- Full List ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` THE OLDEST BOY , BRIGHT STAR , POCATELLO , HAMILTON and More Among 2015 Edgerton Foundation New Play Award Winners '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Hamilton Tops Tony Awards With 11 Wins '' Archived January 30 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , June 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Drama League Awards Nominations Announced '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Savion Glover and Jane Krakowski Among 2016 Astaire Award Winners '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Creed , Empire Top NAACP Image Award Nominations ; Full List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda & More Receive Dramatists Guild of America Awards Today '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton Wins Kennedy Prize for Historical Drama '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard. com 's 25 Best Albums of 2015 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Albums of 2015 '' . Rolling Stone . December 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank . `` Review . ' Hamilton ' '' Archived September 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Hollywood Reporter , February 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Paulsen , M. ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Heads to Broadway in a Hip - Hop Retelling '' Archived October 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times , retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Frank . `` ' Hamilton 's ' Lin - Manuel Miranda on Finding Originality , Racial Politics ( and Why Trump Should See His Show ) '' Archived October 29 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The Hollywood Reporter , August 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Mandell , Jonathan . `` Why Hamilton is Not the Revolution You Think it is '' . HowlRound . Emerson College . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blay , Zeba ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` No , The ' Hamilton ' Casting Call For ' Non-White ' Actors Is Not Reverse Racism '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why History Has Its Eyes on Hamilton 's Diversity '' . TIME.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' casting call wants women to play Washington and Burr '' . March 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ staff , Guardian ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton : first cast members revealed for West End production '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` The Lovesick Colonel '' Jump up ^ Genius ( November 2 , 2015 ) . Hamilton : Lin - Manuel Miranda On The Play 's Historical Inaccuracies . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Satsified Lyrics and Commentary '' . Genius . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carra , Mallory ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` How Historically Accurate Is ' Hamilton ' ? A Breakdown of the Musical 's Events & What Really Happened So Long Ago '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` A Frenzy of Valor '' Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` Publius '' Jump up ^ `` A Winter 's Ball '' . www.genius.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knott , Stephen F. `` ' Hamilton : An American Musical ' echoes John and Abigail Adams 's accusations that Alexander Hamilton was a serial adulterer . He was n't . '' . thefederalist.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hamilton Tale Too Tall ? Group Disputes Tomcat Story '' . www.nytimes.com . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Rubino , Jennifer . `` Hamilton myths disproved at Kean presentation '' . www.unionnewsdaily.com . Union News Daily . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . `` Letter from Alexander Hamilton to George Washington , 1 December 1794 '' . Founders Online . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton ( 1789 -- 1795 ) '' . www.treasury.gov . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . `` Printed Version of the `` Reynolds Pamphlet '' , 1797 `` . Founders Online . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` Too Near The Sun '' Jump up ^ Serratore , Angela . `` Alexander Hamilton 's Adultery and Apology '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` A World Full of Folly '' Jump up ^ Flemming , Thomas ( 1999 ) . Duel : Alexander Hamilton , Aaron Burr , and the Future of America . New York : Basic Books . pp. 233 -- 284 . ISBN 0465017371 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumna 's Research Guided Fiery Lyrics and Duels of Broadway Hit ' Hamilton ' '' . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Joanne B. ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` How Hamilton Uses History '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , Shane . `` The Other New York Hamilton '' . Observer . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Monteiro , Lyra D. ( February 2016 ) . `` Race - Conscious Casting and the Erasure of the Black Past in Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Hamilton '' ( PDF ) . The Public Historian ( Review Essays ) . 38 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 98 . doi : 10.1525 / tph. 2016.38. 1.89 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ishmael ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hamilton : the Musical ' : Black Actors Dress Up like Slave Traders ... and It 's Not Halloween '' . CounterPunch . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stoller , Matt ( 2017 ) . `` ' The Hamilton Hustle ' : Why liberals have embraced our most dangerously reactionary founder '' . The Baffler . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , William ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` ' Inventing Alexander Hamilton ' -- The Troubling Embrace of the Founder of American Finance '' . Boston Review . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Teachers Are Using ' Hamilton ' the Musical in the Classroom '' . MindShift . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton , ' The Biggest Thing on Broadway , Is Being Taught in Classrooms All Over '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Teachers Captivate Students by Using ' Hamilton ' the Musical in the Classroom '' . Education World . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marcius , Chelsia Rose ; Chapman , Ben . `` NYC high school students to see ' Hamilton ' on Broadway '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schussler , Jennifer ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' and History : Are They in Sync ? '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Education World : Broadway Musical ' Hamilton ' Revitalizes Civic Education '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Inspires New Courses at Northwestern University '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Co-Author Jeremy McCarter To Speak at Moraine Valley '' . Palos , IL Patch . March 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harms , Eric . `` One Book , One College -- Moraine Valley Community College '' . onebook.morainevalley.edu . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Change for a $20 : Tubman Ousts Jackson '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton : The Revolution ' Races Out of Bookstores , Echoing the Musical 's Success '' . The New York Times . May 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Became ' The Place Where it Happened ' as 3.6 Million Watched HAMILTON 'S AMERICA on PBS Stations Last Weekend '' . PBS . October 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katherine Brooks . `` Inside The History Documentary Every ' Hamilton ' Fan Will Want To See '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Eliot ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Pence 's ' Hamilton ' Recollection Conflicts with Donald Trump 's Take '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Pence : ' I was n't offended ' by message of ' Hamilton ' cast '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , Sam ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Really Upset Mike Pence Got Booed At ' Hamilton ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Cast 's Appeal to Pence Ignites Showdown With Trump '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wang , Amy B. ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Pence says he ' was n't offended ' by ' Hamilton ' as Trump continues to demand an apology '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rucker , Philip ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Trump and Pence vs. ' Hamilton ' cast : A collision of two Americas '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mele , Christopher ; Healy , Patrick ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Had Some Unscripted Lines for Pence . Trump Was n't Happy . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Internet wrote a full - length , Jeb Bush - inspired version of Hamilton '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schramm , Michael ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Crowdsourced Jeb ! musical is ingenious parody of Broadway hit Hamilton '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' parody ' Jeb ! An American Disappointment ' spoofs presidential campaign '' . AM New York . April 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Facebook event for the staged reading '' . June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silberling , Amanda . `` UPDATE : HOW FACEBOOK 'S LARGEST MEME GROUP WAS OVERTHROWN IN ONE CLICK '' . Paper . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vine , Hannah . `` Photos ! Spamilton the Hamilton Parody Celebrates Opening Night '' Archived March 5 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Spamilton Extends Again , Will Continue Friendly Roast Off - Broadway Through December '' Archived March 5 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , BroadwayWorld.com , September 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Family ' Recap : Nathan Fillion Makes a Guest Appearance as Vain Weatherman Rainer Shine '' . ew.com . October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Miranda , Lin - Manuel ; McCarter , Jeremy ( 2016 ) . Hamilton : The Revolution . Hachette . ISBN 9781455539741 . Thelwell , Chinua ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 9 : Who tells your story ? Hamilton , Future aesthetics and Haiti '' . In Thelwell , Chinua . Theater and Cultural Politics for a New World : An Anthology . Routledge . ISBN 9781317398790 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHamilton ( musical ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Hamilton at the Internet Broadway Database Hamilton at the Internet off - Broadway Database Book Discussion on Hamilton with Jeremy McCarter , C - SPAN Television ( hide ) Hamilton : An American Musical Songs Act 1 `` Alexander Hamilton '' `` My Shot '' `` The Story of Tonight '' `` The Schuyler Sisters '' `` You 'll Be Back '' `` Helpless '' `` Satisfied '' `` Wait for It '' `` Ten Duel Commandments '' `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' `` Dear Theodosia '' Act 2 `` Cabinet Battle # 1 & # 2 '' `` Say No to This '' `` One Last Time '' `` The Room Where It Happens '' `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' `` Your Obedient Servant '' `` The World Was Wide Enough '' `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Related Alexander Hamilton Cast album The Hamilton Mixtape Lin - Manuel Miranda Ron Chernow Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays alexander hamilton in the original broadway cast	[ "Alexander Hamilton: Javier Muñoz;[21] Jevon McFerrin[22]", "Alexander Hamilton: Javier Muñoz;[21] Jevon McFerrin[22]" ]	[ "Javier Muñoz", "Jevon McFerrin" ]
-602502020628479846	Root mean square	Root mean square - wikipedia Root mean square This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In statistics and its applications , the root mean square ( abbreviated RMS or rms ) is defined as the square root of the mean square ( the arithmetic mean of the squares of a set of numbers ) . The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean and is a particular case of the generalized mean with exponent 2 . RMS can also be defined for a continuously varying function in terms of an integral of the squares of the instantaneous values during a cycle . For alternating electric current , RMS is equal to the value of the direct current that would produce the same average power dissipation in a resistive load . In estimation theory , the root mean square error of an estimator is a measure of the imperfection of the fit of the estimator to the data . Contents 1 Definition 2 In common waveforms 2.1 In waveform combinations 3 Uses 3.1 In electrical engineering 3.1. 1 Voltage 3.1. 2 Average electrical power 3.2 Speed 3.3 Error 4 In frequency domain 5 Relationship to other statistics 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Definition ( edit ) The RMS value of a set of values ( or a continuous - time waveform ) is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the values , or the square of the function that defines the continuous waveform . In physics , the RMS current is the `` value of the direct current that dissipates power in a resistor . '' In the case of a set of n values ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , x_ ( 2 ) , \ dots , x_ ( n ) \ ) ) , the RMS x r m s = 1 n ( x 1 2 + x 2 2 + ⋯ + x n 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle x_ ( \ mathrm ( rms ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \ left ( x_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + x_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + x_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ) . ) The corresponding formula for a continuous function ( or waveform ) f ( t ) defined over the interval T 1 ≤ t ≤ T 2 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) \ leq t \ leq T_ ( 2 ) ) is f r m s = 1 T 2 − T 1 ∫ T 1 T 2 ( f ( t ) ) 2 d t , ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ mathrm ( rms ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 \ over ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) ) ( \ int _ ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ( ( f ( t ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dt ) ) ) , ) and the RMS for a function over all time is f r m s = lim T → ∞ 1 T ∫ 0 T ( f ( t ) ) 2 d t . ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ mathrm ( rms ) ) = \ lim _ ( T \ rightarrow \ infty ) ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 \ over ( T ) ) ( \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( T ) ( ( f ( t ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dt ) ) ) . ) The RMS over all time of a periodic function is equal to the RMS of one period of the function . The RMS value of a continuous function or signal can be approximated by taking the RMS of a sequence of equally spaced samples . Additionally , the RMS value of various waveforms can also be determined without calculus , as shown by Cartwright . In the case of the RMS statistic of a random process , the expected value is used instead of the mean . In common waveforms ( edit ) Further information : RMS amplitude Sine , square , triangle , and sawtooth waveforms . A rectangular pulse wave of duty cycle D , the ratio between the pulse duration ( τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) ) and the period ( T ) ; illustrated here with a = 1 . Graph of a sine wave 's voltage vs. time ( in degrees ) , showing RMS , peak ( PK ) , and peak - to - peak ( PP ) voltages . If the waveform is a pure sine wave , the relationships between amplitudes ( peak - to - peak , peak ) and RMS are fixed and known , as they are for any continuous periodic wave . However , this is not true for an arbitrary waveform , which may or may not be periodic or continuous . For a zero - mean sine wave , the relationship between RMS and peak - to - peak amplitude is : Peak - to - peak = 2 2 × R M S ≈ 2.8 × R M S . ( \ displaystyle = 2 ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ times ( RMS ) \ approx 2.8 \ times ( RMS ) . ) For other waveforms the relationships are not the same as they are for sine waves . For example , for either a triangular or sawtooth wave Peak - to - peak = 2 3 × R M S ≈ 3.5 × R M S . ( \ displaystyle = 2 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ times ( RMS ) \ approx 3.5 \ times ( RMS ) . ) Waveform Equation RMS DC , constant y = A 0 ( \ displaystyle y = A_ ( 0 ) \ , ) A 0 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 0 ) \ , ) Sine wave y = A 1 sin ⁡ ( 2 π f t ) ( \ displaystyle y = A_ ( 1 ) \ sin ( 2 \ pi ft ) \ , ) A 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( A_ ( 1 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) Square wave y = ( A 1 frac ⁡ ( f t ) < 0.5 − A 1 frac ⁡ ( f t ) > 0.5 ( \ displaystyle y = ( \ begin ( cases ) A_ ( 1 ) & \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) < 0.5 \ \ - A_ ( 1 ) & \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) > 0.5 \ end ( cases ) ) ) A 1 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) \ , ) DC - shifted square wave y = A 0 + ( A 1 frac ⁡ ( f t ) < 0.5 − A 1 frac ⁡ ( f t ) > 0.5 ( \ displaystyle y = A_ ( 0 ) + ( \ begin ( cases ) A_ ( 1 ) & \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) < 0.5 \ \ - A_ ( 1 ) & \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) > 0.5 \ end ( cases ) ) ) A 0 2 + A 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( A_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) + A_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , ) Modified sine wave y = ( 0 frac ⁡ ( f t ) < 0.25 A 1 0.25 < frac ⁡ ( f t ) < 0.5 0 0.5 < frac ⁡ ( f t ) < 0.75 − A 1 frac ⁡ ( f t ) > 0.75 ( \ displaystyle y = ( \ begin ( cases ) 0& \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) < 0.25 \ \ A_ ( 1 ) &0. 25 < \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) < 0.5 \ \ 0&0. 5 < \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) < 0.75 \ \ - A_ ( 1 ) & \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) > 0.75 \ end ( cases ) ) ) A 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( A_ ( 1 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) Triangle wave y = 2 A 1 frac ⁡ ( f t ) − A 1 ( \ displaystyle y = \ left 2A_ ( 1 ) \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) - A_ ( 1 ) \ right ) A 1 3 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) Sawtooth wave y = 2 A 1 frac ⁡ ( f t ) − A 1 ( \ displaystyle y = 2A_ ( 1 ) \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) - A_ ( 1 ) \ , ) A 1 3 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) Pulse train y = ( A 1 frac ⁡ ( f t ) < D 0 frac ⁡ ( f t ) > D ( \ displaystyle y = ( \ begin ( cases ) A_ ( 1 ) & \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) < D \ \ 0& \ operatorname ( frac ) ( ft ) > D \ end ( cases ) ) ) A 1 D ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( D ) ) ) Phase - to - phase voltage y = A 1 sin ⁡ ( t ) − A 1 sin ⁡ ( t − 2 π 3 ) ( \ displaystyle y = A_ ( 1 ) \ sin ( t ) - A_ ( 1 ) \ sin \ left ( t - ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi ) ( 3 ) ) \ right ) \ , ) A 1 3 2 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) Notes : t is time f is frequency A is amplitude ( peak value ) D is the duty cycle or the proportion of the time period ( 1 / f ) spent high . frac ( r ) is the fractional part of r In waveform combinations ( edit ) Waveforms made by summing known simple waveforms have an RMS that is the root of the sum of squares of the component RMS values , if the component waveforms are orthogonal ( that is , if the average of the product of one simple waveform with another is zero for all pairs other than a waveform times itself ) . R M S Total = R M S 1 2 + R M S 2 2 + ⋯ + R M S n 2 ( \ displaystyle RMS_ ( \ text ( Total ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( RMS_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( RMS_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + ( RMS_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( If the waveforms are in phase , then their RMS amplitudes sum directly . ) Uses ( edit ) In electrical engineering ( edit ) Voltage ( edit ) Further information : Root mean square AC voltage A special case of RMS of waveform combinations is : R M S Total = R M S DC 2 + R M S AC 2 ( \ displaystyle RMS_ ( \ text ( Total ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( RMS_ ( \ text ( DC ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( RMS_ ( \ text ( AC ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where R M S DC ( \ displaystyle RMS_ ( \ text ( DC ) ) ) refers to the direct current component of the signal and R M S AC ( \ displaystyle RMS_ ( \ text ( AC ) ) ) is the alternating current component of the signal . Average electrical power ( edit ) Further information : AC power Electrical engineers often need to know the power , P , dissipated by an electrical resistance , R. It is easy to do the calculation when there is a constant current , I , through the resistance . For a load of R ohms , power is defined simply as : P = I 2 R . ( \ displaystyle P = I ^ ( 2 ) R . ) However , if the current is a time - varying function , I ( t ) , this formula must be extended to reflect the fact that the current ( and thus the instantaneous power ) is varying over time . If the function is periodic ( such as household AC power ) , it is still meaningful to discuss the average power dissipated over time , which is calculated by taking the average power dissipation : P avg ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ text ( avg ) ) \ , \ ! ) = ⟨ I ( t ) 2 R ⟩ ( \ displaystyle ( ) = \ left \ langle I ( t ) ^ ( 2 ) R \ right \ rangle \ , \ ! ) ( where ⟨ ... ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ ldots \ rangle ) denotes the mean of a function ) = R ⟨ I ( t ) 2 ⟩ ( \ displaystyle ( ) = R \ left \ langle I ( t ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right \ rangle \ , \ ! ) ( as R does not vary over time , it can be factored out ) = I RMS 2 R ( \ displaystyle ( ) = I_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) ^ ( 2 ) R \ , \ ! ) ( by definition of RMS ) So , the RMS value , I , of the function I ( t ) is the constant current that yields the same power dissipation as the time - averaged power dissipation of the current I ( t ) . Average power can also be found using the same method that in the case of a time - varying voltage , V ( t ) , with RMS value V , P Avg = V RMS 2 R . ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ text ( Avg ) ) = ( V_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over R ) . ) This equation can be used for any periodic waveform , such as a sinusoidal or sawtooth waveform , allowing us to calculate the mean power delivered into a specified load . By taking the square root of both these equations and multiplying them together , the power is found to be : P Avg = V RMS I RMS . ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ text ( Avg ) ) = V_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) I_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) . ) Both derivations depend on voltage and current being proportional ( i.e. , the load , R , is purely resistive ) . Reactive loads ( i.e. , loads capable of not just dissipating energy but also storing it ) are discussed under the topic of AC power . In the common case of alternating current when I ( t ) is a sinusoidal current , as is approximately true for mains power , the RMS value is easy to calculate from the continuous case equation above . If I is defined to be the peak current , then : I RMS = 1 T 2 − T 1 ∫ T 1 T 2 ( I p sin ⁡ ( ω t ) ) 2 d t . ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 \ over ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) ) \ int _ ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( T_ ( 2 ) ) \ left ( I_ ( \ text ( p ) ) \ sin ( \ omega t ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) dt ) ). \ , \ ! ) where t is time and ω is the angular frequency ( ω = 2π / T , where T is the period of the wave ) . Since I is a positive constant : I RMS = I p 1 T 2 − T 1 ∫ T 1 T 2 sin 2 ⁡ ( ω t ) d t . ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) = I_ ( \ text ( p ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 \ over ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) ) ( \ int _ ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sin ^ ( 2 ) ( \ omega t ) ) \ , dt ) ) ) . ) Using a trigonometric identity to eliminate squaring of trig function : I RMS = I p 1 T 2 − T 1 ∫ T 1 T 2 1 − cos ⁡ ( 2 ω t ) 2 d t I RMS = I p 1 T 2 − T 1 ( t 2 − sin ⁡ ( 2 ω t ) 4 ω ) T 1 T 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) I_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) & = I_ ( \ text ( p ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 \ over ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) ) ( \ int _ ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 - \ cos ( 2 \ omega t ) \ over 2 ) \ , dt ) ) ) \ \ I_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) & = I_ ( \ text ( p ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 \ over ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) ) \ left ( ( t \ over 2 ) - ( \ sin ( 2 \ omega t ) \ over 4 \ omega ) \ right ) _ ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) but since the interval is a whole number of complete cycles ( per definition of RMS ) , the sin terms will cancel out , leaving : I RMS = I p 1 T 2 − T 1 ( t 2 ) T 1 T 2 = I p 1 T 2 − T 1 T 2 − T 1 2 = I p 2 . ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) = I_ ( \ text ( p ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 \ over ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) ) \ left ( ( t \ over 2 ) \ right ) _ ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = I_ ( \ text ( p ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 \ over ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) ) ( ( T_ ( 2 ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) \ over 2 ) ) ) = ( I_ ( \ text ( p ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) . ) A similar analysis leads to the analogous equation for sinusoidal voltage : V RMS = V p 2 . ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) = ( V_ ( \ text ( p ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Where I represents the peak current and V represents the peak voltage . Because of their usefulness in carrying out power calculations , listed voltages for power outlets ( e.g. , 120 V in the USA , or 230 V in Europe ) are almost always quoted in RMS values , and not peak values . Peak values can be calculated from RMS values from the above formula , which implies V = V × √ 2 , assuming the source is a pure sine wave . Thus the peak value of the mains voltage in the USA is about 120 × √ 2 , or about 170 volts . The peak - to - peak voltage , being double this , is about 340 volts . A similar calculation indicates that the peak mains voltage in Europe is about 325 volts , and the peak - to - peak mains voltage , about 650 volts . RMS quantities such as electric current are usually calculated over one cycle . However , for some purposes the RMS current over a longer period is required when calculating transmission power losses . The same principle applies , and ( for example ) a current of 10 amps used for 12 hours each day represents an RMS current of 5 amps in the long term . The term `` RMS power '' is sometimes erroneously used in the audio industry as a synonym for `` mean power '' or `` average power '' ( it is proportional to the square of the RMS voltage or RMS current in a resistive load ) . For a discussion of audio power measurements and their shortcomings , see Audio power . Speed ( edit ) Main article : Root - mean - square speed In the physics of gas molecules , the root - mean - square speed is defined as the square root of the average squared - speed . The RMS speed of an ideal gas is calculated using the following equation : v RMS = 3 R T M ( \ displaystyle ( v_ ( \ text ( RMS ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 3RT \ over ( M ) ) ) ) where R represents the ideal gas constant , 8.314 J / ( mol K ) , T is the temperature of the gas in kelvins , and M is the molar mass of the gas in kilograms per mole . The generally accepted terminology for speed as compared to velocity is that the former is the scalar magnitude of the latter . Therefore , although the average speed is between zero and the RMS speed , the average velocity for a stationary gas is zero . Error ( edit ) Main article : Root - mean - square error When two data sets -- one set from theoretical prediction and the other from actual measurement of some physical variable , for instance -- are compared , the RMS of the pairwise differences of the two data sets can serve as a measure how far on average the error is from 0 . The mean of the pairwise differences does not measure the variability of the difference , and the variability as indicated by the standard deviation is around the mean instead of 0 . Therefore , the RMS of the differences is a meaningful measure of the error . In frequency domain ( edit ) The RMS can be computed in the frequency domain , using Parseval 's theorem . For a sampled signal x ( n ) = x ( t = n T ) ( \ displaystyle x ( n ) = x ( t = nT ) ) , where T ( \ displaystyle T ) is the sampling period , ∑ n = 1 N x 2 ( n ) = 1 N ∑ m = 1 N X ( m ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ( n ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( m = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( \ bigl ) X ( m ) ( \ bigr ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , where X ( m ) = FFT ⁡ ( x ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle X ( m ) = \ operatorname ( FFT ) \ ( x ( n ) \ ) ) and N is number of samples and FFT coefficients . In this case , the RMS computed in the time domain is the same as in the frequency domain : R M S ( x ( n ) ) = 1 N ∑ n x 2 ( n ) = 1 N 2 ∑ m X ( m ) 2 = ∑ m X ( m ) N 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( RMS ) \ ( x ( n ) \ ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( n ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ( n ) ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( m ) ( ( \ bigl ) X ( m ) ( \ bigr ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ sum _ ( m ) ( \ left ( \ frac ( X ( m ) ) ( N ) ) \ right ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) Relationship to other statistics ( edit ) If x _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) is the arithmetic mean and σ x ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( x ) ) is the standard deviation of a population or a waveform then : x r m s 2 = x _̄ 2 + σ x 2 = x 2 _̄ . ( \ displaystyle x_ ( \ mathrm ( rms ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ overline ( x ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ sigma _ ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ overline ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) From this it is clear that the RMS value is always greater than or equal to the average , in that the RMS includes the `` error '' / square deviation as well . Physical scientists often use the term `` root mean square '' as a synonym for standard deviation when it can be assumed the input signal has zero mean , i.e. , referring to the square root of the mean squared deviation of a signal from a given baseline or fit . This is useful for electrical engineers in calculating the `` AC only '' RMS of a signal . Standard deviation being the root mean square of a signal 's variation about the mean , rather than about 0 , the DC component is removed ( i.e. RMS ( signal ) = Stdev ( signal ) if the mean signal is 0 ) . See also ( edit ) Central moment Geometric mean L2 norm Least squares Mean squared displacement Table of mathematical symbols True RMS converter Average rectified value ( ARV ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A Dictionary of Physics ( 6 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 2009 . ISBN 9780199233991 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Kenneth V ( Fall 2007 ) . `` Determining the Effective or RMS Voltage of Various Waveforms without Calculus '' ( PDF ) . Technology Interface. 8 ( 1 ) : 20 pages . Jump up ^ Nastase , Adrian S. `` How to Derive the RMS Value of Pulse and Square Waveforms '' . MasteringElectronicsDesign.com . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris C. Bissell and David A. Chapman ( 1992 ) . Digital signal transmission ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42557 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Root - Mean - Square '' . Jump up ^ `` ROOT , TH1 : GetRMS '' . External links ( edit ) A case for why RMS is a misnomer when applied to audio power A Java applet on learning RMS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Root_mean_square&oldid=862391971 '' Categories : Statistical deviation and dispersion Means Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following is defined as the ratio of the peak value of a waveform to the rms value	[]	[]
-6407090477828605430	Ruthenium	Ruthenium - wikipedia Ruthenium Jump to : navigation , search Ruthenium , Ru General properties Pronunciation / ruːˈθiːniəm / ( roo - THEE - nee - əm ) Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7002101070000000000 ♠ 101.07 ( 2 ) Ruthenium in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Fe ↑ Ru ↓ Os technetium ← ruthenium → rhodium Atomic number ( Z ) 44 Group group 8 Period period 5 Element category transition metal Block d - block Electron configuration ( Kr ) 4d 5s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 18 , 15 , 1 Physical properties Melting point 2607 K ( 2334 ° C , 4233 ° F ) Boiling point 4423 K ( 4150 ° C , 7502 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 12.45 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 10.65 g / cm Heat of fusion 38.59 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 619 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 24.06 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 2588 2811 3087 3424 3845 4388 Atomic properties Oxidation states - 4 , - 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ( a mildly acidic oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 2.2 Ionization energies 1st : 710.2 kJ / mol 2nd : 1620 kJ / mol 3rd : 2747 kJ / mol Atomic radius empirical : 134 pm Covalent radius 146 ± 7 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) Speed of sound thin rod 5970 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 6.4 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 117 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 71 nΩ m ( at 0 ° C ) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic Magnetic susceptibility + 43.2 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) Young 's modulus 447 GPa Shear modulus 173 GPa Bulk modulus 220 GPa Poisson ratio 0.30 Mohs hardness 6.5 Brinell hardness 2160 MPa CAS Number 7440 - 18 - 8 History Naming after Ruthenia ( Latin for : medieval Kyivska Rus ' region ) Discovery and first isolation Karl Ernst Claus ( 1844 ) Main isotopes of ruthenium Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Ru 5.54 % stable Ru syn 2.9 d ε Tc γ -- Ru 1.87 % stable Ru 12.76 % stable Ru 12.60 % stable Ru 17.06 % stable Ru 31.55 % stable Ru syn 39.26 d β Rh γ -- Ru 18.62 % stable Ru syn 373.59 d β Rh view talk references in Wikidata Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44 . It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table . Like the other metals of the platinum group , ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals . The Russian - born scientist of Baltic - German ancestry and a member of the Russian Academy of Science Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University in Russia and named it after the Latin name of his homeland , Rus . Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores ; the annual production is about 20 tonnes . Most ruthenium produced is used in wear - resistant electrical contacts and thick - film resistors . A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Physical properties 1.2 Isotopes 1.3 Occurrence 2 Production 3 Chemical compounds 3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides 3.2 Halides and oxyhalides 3.3 Coordination and organometallic complexes 4 History 5 Applications 5.1 Catalysis 5.1. 1 Homogeneous catalysis 5.1. 2 Heterogeneous catalysis 5.2 Emerging applications 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Physical properties ( edit ) Gas phase grown crystals of ruthenium metal . A polyvalent hard white metal , ruthenium is a member of the platinum group and is in group 8 of the periodic table : Z Element No. of electrons / shell 26 iron 2 , 8 , 14 , 2 44 ruthenium 2 , 8 , 18 , 15 , 1 76 osmium 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 14 , 2 108 hassium 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 32 , 14 , 2 Whereas all other group 8 elements have 2 electrons in the outermost shell , in ruthenium , the outermost shell has only one electron ( the final electron is in a lower shell ) . This anomaly is observed in the neighboring metals niobium ( 41 ) , molybdenum ( 42 ) , and rhodium ( 45 ) . Ruthenium has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish unless subject to high temperatures . Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis to give ruthenates ( RuO ) , is not attacked by acids ( even aqua regia ) but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures . Indeed , ruthenium is most readily attacked by oxidizing agents . Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium . The corrosion resistance of titanium is increased markedly by the addition of a small amount of ruthenium . The metal can be plated by electroplating and by thermal decomposition . A ruthenium - molybdenum alloy is known to be superconductive at temperatures below 10.6 K. Ruthenium is the last of the 4d transition metals that can assume the group oxidation state + 8 , and even then it is less stable there than the heavier congener osmium : this is the first group from the left of the table where the second and third - row transition metals display notable differences in chemical behavior . Like iron but unlike osmium , ruthenium can form aqueous cations in its lower oxidation states of + 2 and + 3 . Ruthenium is the first in a downward trend in the melting and boiling points and atomization enthalpy in the 4d transition metals after the maximum seen at molybdenum , because the 4d subshell is more than half full and the electrons are contributing less to metallic bonding . ( Technetium , the previous element , has an exceptionally low value that is off the trend due to its half - filled ( Kr ) 4d 5s configuration , though the small amount of energy needed to excite it to a ( Kr ) 4d 5s configuration indicates that it is not as far off the trend in the 4d series as manganese in the 3d transition series . ) Unlike the lighter congener iron , ruthenium is paramagnetic at room temperature , as iron also is above its Curie point . The reduction potentials in acidic aqueous solution for some common ruthenium ions are shown below : 0.455 V Ru + 2e ↔ Ru 0.249 V Ru + e ↔ Ru 1.120 V RuO + 4H + 2e ↔ Ru + 2H O 1.563 V RuO + 8H + 4e ↔ Ru + 4H O 1.368 V RuO + 8H + 5e ↔ Ru + 4H O 1.387 V RuO + 4H + 4e ↔ RuO + 2H O Isotopes ( edit ) Main article : Isotopes of ruthenium Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven stable isotopes . Additionally , 34 radioactive isotopes have been discovered . Of these radioisotopes , the most stable are Ru with a half - life of 373.59 days , Ru with a half - life of 39.26 days and Ru with a half - life of 2.9 days . Fifteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 89.93 u ( Ru ) to 114.928 u ( Ru ) . Most of these have half - lives that are less than five minutes except Ru ( half - life : 1.643 hours ) and Ru ( half - life : 4.44 hours ) . The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope , Ru , is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission . The primary decay product before Ru is technetium and the primary decay product after is rhodium . Occurrence ( edit ) See also : category : Ruthenium minerals As the 74th most abundant element in Earth 's crust , ruthenium is relatively rare , found in about 100 parts per trillion . This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America . Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa . The native form of ruthenium is a very rare mineral ( Ir replaces part of Ru in its structure ) . Production ( edit ) Roughly 12 tonnes of ruthenium are mined each year with world reserves estimated at 5,000 tonnes . The composition of the mined platinum group metal ( PGM ) mixtures varies widely , depending on the geochemical formation . For example , the PGMs mined in South Africa contain on average 11 % ruthenium while the PGMs mined in the former USSR contain only 2 % ( 1992 ) . Ruthenium , osmium , and iridium are considered the minor platinum group metals . Ruthenium , like the other platinum group metals , is obtained commercially as a by - product from nickel , and copper , and platinum metals ore processing . During electrorefining of copper and nickel , noble metals such as silver , gold , and the platinum group metals precipitate as anode mud , the feedstock for the extraction . The metals are converted to ionized solutes by any of several methods , depending on the composition of the feedstock . One representative method is fusion with sodium peroxide followed by dissolution in aqua regia , and solution in a mixture of chlorine with hydrochloric acid . Osmium , ruthenium , rhodium , and iridium are insoluble in aqua regia and readily precipitate , leaving the other metals in solution . Rhodium is separated from the residue by treatment with molten sodium bisulfate . The insoluble residue , containing Ru , Os , and Ir is treated with sodium oxide , in which Ir is insoluble , producing dissolved Ru and Os salts . After oxidation to the volatile oxides , RuO is separated from OsO by precipitation of ( NH ) RuCl with ammonium chloride or by distillation or extraction with organic solvents of the volatile osmium tetroxide . Hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ruthenium chloride yielding a powder . The product is reduced using hydrogen , yielding the metal as a powder or sponge metal that can be treated with powder metallurgy techniques or argon - arc welding . Chemical compounds ( edit ) See also : Category : Ruthenium compounds The oxidation states of ruthenium range from 0 to + 8 , and − 2 . The properties of ruthenium and osmium compounds are often similar . The + 2 , + 3 , and + 4 states are the most common . The most prevalent precursor is ruthenium trichloride , a red solid that is poorly defined chemically but versatile synthetically . Oxides and chalcogenides ( edit ) Ruthenium can be oxidized to ruthenium ( IV ) oxide ( RuO , oxidation state + 4 ) which can in turn be oxidized by sodium metaperiodate to the volatile yellow tetrahedral ruthenium tetroxide , RuO , an aggressive , strong oxidizing agent with structure and properties analogous to osmium tetroxide . Like osmium tetroxide , ruthenium tetroxide is a potent fixative and stain for electron microscopy of organic materials , and is mostly used to reveal the structure of polymer samples . Dipotassium ruthenate ( K RuO , + 6 ) , and potassium perruthenate ( KRuO , + 7 ) are also known . Unlike osmium tetroxide , ruthenium tetroxide is less stable and is strong enough as an oxidising agent to oxidise dilute hydrochloric acid and organic solvents like ethanol at room temperature , and is easily reduced to ruthenate ( RuO ) in aqueous alkaline solutions ; it decomposes to form the dioxide above 100 ° C. Unlike iron but like osmium , ruthenium does not form oxides in its lower + 2 and + 3 oxidation states . Ruthenium forms dichalcogenides only when reacted directly with the chalcogens , which are diamagnetic semiconductors crystallizing in the pyrite structure and thus must contain ruthenium ( II ) . Like iron , ruthenium does not readily form oxoanions , and prefers to achieve high coordination numbers with hydroxide ions instead . Ruthenium tetroxide is reduced by cold dilute potassium hydroxide to form black potassium perruthenate , KRuO , with ruthenium in the + 7 oxidation state . Potassium perruthenate can also be produced by oxidising potassium ruthenate , K RuO , with chlorine gas . The perruthenate ion is unstable and is reduced by water to form the orange ruthenate . Potassium ruthenate may be synthesized by reacting ruthenium metal with potassium hydroxide and potassium nitrate . Some mixed oxides are also known , such as M Ru O , Na Ru O , Na Ru O , and M Ln Ru O . Halides and oxyhalides ( edit ) The highest known ruthenium halide is the hexafluoride , a dark brown solid that melts at 54 ° C. It hydrolyzes violently upon contact with water and easily disproportionates to form a mixture of lower ruthenium fluorides , releasing fluorine gas . Ruthenium pentafluoride is a tetrameric dark green solid that is also readily hydrolyzed , melting at 86.5 ° C. The yellow ruthenium tetrafluoride is probably also polymeric and can be formed by reducing the pentafluoride with iodine . Among the binary compounds of ruthenium , these high oxidation states are known only in the oxides and fluorides . Ruthenium trichloride is a well - known compound , existing in a black α - form and a dark brown β - form : the trihydrate is red . Of the known trihalides , trifluoride is dark brown and decomposes above 650 ° C , tetrabromide is dark - brown and decomposes above 400 ° C , and triiodide is black . Of the dihalides , difluoride is not known , dichloride is brown , dibromide is black , and diiodide is blue . The only known oxyhalide is the pale green ruthenium ( VI ) oxyfluoride , RuOF . Coordination and organometallic complexes ( edit ) Main article : Organoruthenium chemistry Tris ( bipyridine ) ruthenium ( II ) chloride . Grubbs ' catalyst , which earned a Nobel Prize for its inventor , is used in alkene metathesis reactions . Ruthenium forms a variety of coordination complexes . Examples are the many pentammine derivatives ( Ru ( NH ) L ) that often exist for both Ru ( II ) and Ru ( III ) . Derivatives of bipyridine and terpyridine are numerous , best known being the luminescent tris ( bipyridine ) ruthenium ( II ) chloride . Ruthenium forms a wide range compounds with carbon - ruthenium bonds . Grubbs ' catalyst is used for alkene metathesis . Ruthenocene is analogous to ferrocene structurally , but exhibits distinctive redox properties . The colorless liquid ruthenium pentacarbonyl converts in the absence of CO pressure to the dark red solid triruthenium dodecacarbonyl . Ruthenium trichloride reacts with carbon monoxide to give many derivatives including RuHCl ( CO ) ( PPh ) and Ru ( CO ) ( PPh ) ( Roper 's complex ) . Heating solutions of ruthenium trichloride in alcohols with triphenylphosphine gives tris ( triphenylphosphine ) ruthenium dichloride ( RuCl ( PPh ) ) , which converts to the hydride complex chlorohydridotris ( triphenylphosphine ) ruthenium ( II ) ( RuHCl ( PPh ) ) . History ( edit ) Though naturally occurring platinum alloys containing all six platinum - group metals were used for a long time by pre-Columbian Americans and known as a material to European chemists from the mid-16th century , not until the mid-18th century was platinum identified as a pure element . That natural platinum contained palladium , rhodium , osmium and iridium was discovered in the first decade of the 19th century . Platinum in alluvial sands of Russian rivers gave access to raw material for use in plates and medals and for the minting of ruble coins , starting in 1828 . Residues from platinum production for coinage were available in the Russian Empire , and therefore most of the research on them was done in Eastern Europe . It is possible that the Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 ( which he called `` vestium '' after the asteroid Vesta discovered shortly before ) from South American platinum ores in 1807 . He published an announcement of his discovery in 1808 . His work was never confirmed , however , and he later withdrew his claim of discovery . Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827 . They examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural Mountains in aqua regia . Berzelius did not find any unusual metals , but Osann thought he found three new metals , which he called pluranium , ruthenium , and polinium . This discrepancy led to a long - standing controversy between Berzelius and Osann about the composition of the residues . As Osann was not able to repeat his isolation of ruthenium , he eventually relinquished his claims . The name `` ruthenium '' was chosen by Osann because the analysed samples stemmed from the Ural Mountains in Russia . The name itself derives from Ruthenia , the Latin word for Rus ' , a historical area that included present - day western Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , and parts of Slovakia and Poland . In 1844 , Karl Ernst Claus , a Russian scientist of Baltic German descent , showed that the compounds prepared by Gottfried Osann contained small amounts of ruthenium , which Claus had discovered the same year . Claus isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of rouble production while he was working in Kazan University , Kazan , the same way its heavier congener osmium had been discovered four decades earlier . Claus showed that ruthenium oxide contained a new metal and obtained 6 grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia . Choosing the name for the new element , Claus stated : `` I named the new body , in honour of my Motherland , ruthenium . I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry . '' Applications ( edit ) Because it hardens platinum and palladium alloys , ruthenium is used in electrical contacts , where a thin film is sufficient to achieve the desired durability . With similar properties and lower cost than rhodium , electric contacts are a major use of ruthenium . The plate is applied to the base by electroplating or sputtering . Ruthenium dioxide with lead and bismuth ruthenates are used in thick - film chip resistors . These two electronic applications account for 50 % of the ruthenium consumption . Ruthenium is seldom alloyed with metals outside the platinum group , where small quantities improve some properties . The added corrosion resistance in titanium alloys led to the development of a special alloy with 0.1 % ruthenium . Ruthenium is also used in some advanced high - temperature single - crystal superalloys , with applications that include the turbines in jet engines . Several nickel based superalloy compositions are described , such as EPM - 102 ( with 3 % Ru ) , TMS - 162 ( with 6 % Ru ) , TMS - 138 , and TMS - 174 , the latter two containing 6 % rhenium . Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with ruthenium alloy . From 1944 onward , the famous Parker 51 fountain pen was fitted with the `` RU '' nib , a 14K gold nib tipped with 96.2 % ruthenium and 3.8 % iridium . Ruthenium is a component of mixed - metal oxide ( MMO ) anodes used for cathodic protection of underground and submerged structures , and for electrolytic cells for such processes as generating chlorine from salt water . The fluorescence of some ruthenium complexes is quenched by oxygen , finding use in optode sensors for oxygen . Ruthenium red , ( ( NH ) Ru - O - Ru ( NH ) - O - Ru ( NH ) ) , is a biological stain used to stain polyanionic molecules such as pectin and nucleic acids for light microscopy and electron microscopy . The beta - decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors , mainly malignant melanomas of the uvea . Ruthenium - centered complexes are being researched for possible anticancer properties . Compared with platinum complexes , those of ruthenium show greater resistance to hydrolysis and more selective action on tumors . Ruthenium tetroxide exposes latent fingerprints by reacting on contact with fatty oils or fats with sebaceous contaminants and producing brown / black ruthenium dioxide pigment . Catalysis ( edit ) Many ruthenium - containing compounds exhibit useful catalytic properties . The catalysts are conveniently divided into those that are soluble in the reaction medium , homogeneous catalysts , and those that are not , which are called heterogeneous catalysts . Homogeneous Catalysis ( edit ) Solutions containing ruthenium trichloride are highly active for olefin metathesis . Such catalysts are used commercially for the production of polynorbornene for example . Well defined ruthenium carbene and alkylidene complexes show comparable reactivity and provide mechanistic insights into the industrial processes . The Grubbs ' catalysts for example have been employed in the preparation of drugs and advanced materials . RuCl3 - catalyzed ring - opening metathesis polymerization reaction giving polynorbornene ... Ruthenium complexes are highly active catalyst for transfer hydrogenations ( sometimes referred to as `` borrowing hydrogen '' reactions ) . This process is employed for the enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones , aldehydes , and imines . This reaction exploits using chiral ruthenium complexes introduced by Ryoji Noyori. For example , ( cymene ) Ru ( S , S - Ts DPEN ) catalyzes the hydrogenation of benzil into ( R , R ) - hydro benzoin . In this reaction , formate and water / alcohol serve as the source of H : ( RuCl ( S , S - TsDPEN ) ( cymene ) ) - catalysed ( R , R ) - hydrobenzoin synthesis ( yield 100 % , ee > 99 % ) A Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2001 to Ryōji Noyori for contributions to the field of asymmetric hydrogenation . Heterogeneous Catalysis ( edit ) Ruthenium - promoted cobalt catalysts are used in Fischer - Tropsch synthesis . Emerging applications ( edit ) Some ruthenium complexes absorb light throughout the visible spectrum and are being actively researched for solar energy technologies . For example , Ruthenium - based compounds have been used for light absorption in dye - sensitized solar cells , a promising new low - cost solar cell system . Many ruthenium - based oxides show very unusual properties , such as a quantum critical point behavior , exotic superconductivity , and high - temperature ferromagnetism . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthenium : ruthenium ( I ) fluoride compound data '' . OpenMOPAC.net . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds '' . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( PDF ) ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weast , Robert ( 1984 ) . CRC , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing . pp. E110 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4 . Jump up ^ Summary . Ruthenium . platinum.matthey.com , p. 9 ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Hamond , C.R. `` The elements '' , in Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 1076 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 1078 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 1075 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 1074 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 1077 ^ Jump up to : Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . 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Littleton , Colo. : Society for Mining , Metallurgy , and Exploration . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 100 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harris , Donald C. ; Cabri , L.J. ( 1973 ) . `` The nomenclature of the natural alloys of osmium , iridium and ruthenium based on new compositional data of alloys from world - wide occurrences '' . The Canadian Mineralogist. 12 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Renner , H. ; Schlamp , G. ; Kleinwächter , I. ; Drost , E. ; Lüschow , H.M. ; Tews , P. ; Panster , P. ; Diehl , M. ; Lang , J. ; Kreuzer , T. ; Knödler , A. ; Starz , K.A. ; Dermann , K. ; Rothaut , J. ; Drieselman , R. ( 2002 ) . `` Platinum group metals and compounds '' . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Wiley . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a21_075 . Jump up ^ Seymour , R.J. ; O'Farrelly , J.I. ( 2001 ) . `` Platinum - group metals '' . Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . Wiley . doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961.1612012019052513. a01. pub2 . 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ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3365 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 1080 -- 1 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 1082 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 1083 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 1084 Jump up ^ Hartwig , J.F. Organotransition Metal Chemistry , from Bonding to Catalysis , University Science Books : New York , 2010 . ISBN 1 - 891389 - 53 - X ^ Jump up to : Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements . VIII . The platinum metals '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 6 ) : 1017 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1017 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1017 . Jump up ^ Raub , Christoph J. ( 2004 ) . `` The Minting of Platinum Roubles . Part I : History and Current Investigations '' . 48 ( 2 ) : 66 -- 69 . Archive Jump up ^ Jędrzej Śniadecki ( 1808 ) . Rosprawa o nowym metallu w surowey platynie odkrytym ( in Polish ) . Wilno : Nakł . i Drukiem J. Zawadzkiego . ( Dissertation about the new metal discovered in raw platinum . ) Jump up ^ `` New Metals in the Uralian Platina '' . The Philosophical Magazine . 2 ( 11 ) : 391 -- 392 . 1827 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786442708674516 . ^ Jump up to : Pitchkov , V.N. ( 1996 ) . `` The Discovery of Ruthenium '' . Platinum Metals Review . 40 ( 4 ) : 181 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Osann , Gottfried ( 1829 ) . `` Berichtigung , meine Untersuchung des uralschen Platins betreffend '' . Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 15 : 158 . Jump up ^ Osann , Gottfried ( 1828 ) . `` Fortsetzung der Untersuchung des Platins vom Ural '' . Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 14 ( 6 ) : 283 -- 297 . Bibcode : 1828AnP ... 89 ... 283O . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18280890609 . The original sentence on p. 339 reads : `` Da dieses Metall , welches ich nach den so eben beschriebenen Eigenschaften als ein neues glaube annehmen zu müssen , sich in größerer Menge als das früher erwähnte in dem uralschen Platin befindet , und auch durch seinen schönen , dem Golde ähnlichen metallischen Glanz sich mehr empfiehlt , so glaube ich , daß der Vorschlag , das zuerst aufgefundene neue Metall Ruthenium zu nennen , besser auf dieses angewendet werden könne . '' Jump up ^ Karl Claus ( 1845 ) . `` О способе добывания чистой платины из руд '' . Горный журнал ( Mining Journal ) ( in Russian ) . 7 ( 3 ) : 157 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Rao , C ; Trivedi , D. ( 2005 ) . `` Chemical and electrochemical depositions of platinum group metals and their applications '' . Coordination Chemistry Reviews . 249 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 613 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2004.08. 015 . Jump up ^ Weisberg , A ( 1999 ) . `` Ruthenium plating '' . Metal Finishing. 97 : 297 . doi : 10.1016 / S0026 - 0576 ( 00 ) 83089 - 5 . Jump up ^ Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Handbook Committee ; Merrill L. Minges , technical chairman ( 1989 ) . Electronic materials handbook . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 285 - 2 . Jump up ^ Busana , M.G. ; Prudenziati , M. ; Hormadaly , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Microstructure development and electrical properties of RuO2 - based lead - free thick film resistors '' . Journal of Materials Science : Materials in Electronics . 17 ( 11 ) : 951 . doi : 10.1007 / s10854 - 006 - 0036 - x . Jump up ^ Rane , Sunit ; Prudenziati , Maria ; Morten , Bruno ( 2007 ) . `` Environment friendly perovskite ruthenate based thick film resistors '' . Materials Letters. 61 ( 2 ) : 595 . doi : 10.1016 / j. matlet. 2006.05. 015 . Jump up ^ Slade , Paul G. , ed. ( 1999 ) . Electrical contacts : principles and applications . New York , NY : Dekker . pp. 184 , 345 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 1934 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schutz , R.W. ( 1996 ) . `` Ruthenium Enhanced Titanium Alloys '' ( PDF ) . Platinum Metals Review . 40 ( 2 ) : 54 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth generation nickel base single crystal superalloy . TMS - 138 / 138A '' ( PDF ) . High Temperature Materials Center , National Institute for Materials Science , Japan . July 2006 . Jump up ^ Koizumi , Yutaka ; et al. `` Development of a Next - Generation Ni - base Single Crystal Superalloy '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine Congress , Tokyo 2 -- 7 November 2003 . Jump up ^ Walston , S. ; Cetel , A. ; MacKay , R. ; O'Hara , K. ; Duhl , D. ; Dreshfield , R. ( December 2004 ) . `` Joint Development of a Fourth Generation Single Crystal Superalloy '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Jump up ^ Bondarenko , Yu . A. ; Kablov , E.N. ; Surova , V.A. ; Echin , A.B. ( 2006 ) . `` Effect of high - gradient directed crystallization on the structure and properties of rhenium - bearing single - crystal alloy '' . Metal Science and Heat Treatment . 48 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 360 . Bibcode : 2006MSHT ... 48 ... 360B . doi : 10.1007 / s11041 - 006 - 0099 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mottishaw , J. ( 1999 ) . `` Notes from the Nib Works -- Where 's the Iridium ? '' . The PENnant . XIII ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Cardarelli , François ( 2008 ) . `` Dimensionally Stable Anodes ( DSA ) for Chlorine Evolution '' . Materials Handbook : A Concise Desktop Reference . London : Springer . pp. 581 -- 582 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84628 - 668 - 1 . Jump up ^ Varney , Mark S. ( 2000 ) . `` Oxygen Microoptode '' . Chemical sensors in oceanography . Amsterdam : Gordon & Breach . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5699 - 255 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hayat , M.A. ( 1993 ) . `` Ruthenium red '' . Stains and cytochemical methods . New York , NY : Plenum Press . pp. 305 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 44294 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wiegel , T. ( 1997 ) . Radiotherapy of ocular disease , Ausgabe 13020 . Basel ; Freiburg : Karger . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8055 - 6392 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richards , A.D. ; Rodger , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Synthetic metallomolecules as agents for the control of DNA structure '' . Chem. Soc. Rev. 36 ( 3 ) : 471 -- 483 . doi : 10.1039 / b609495c . PMID 17325786 . Jump up ^ NCJRS Abstract -- National Criminal Justice Reference Service . Ncjrs.gov . Retrieved on 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lionel Delaude , Alfred F. Noels ( 2005 ) . `` Metathesis '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961. metanoel. a01 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fürstner , Alois ( 2000 ) . `` Olefin Metathesis and Beyond '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 39 ( 17 ) : 3012 -- 3043 . doi : 10.1002 / 1521 - 3773 ( 20000901 ) 39 : 17 < 3012 : : AID - ANIE3012 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - G. PMID 11028025 . Jump up ^ Noyori , R. ; Ohkuma , T. ; Kitamura , M. ; Takaya , H. ; Sayo , N. ; Kumobayashi , H. ; Akutagawa , S. ( 1987 ) , `` Asymmetric hydrogenation of . beta. - keto carboxylic esters . A practical , purely chemical access to . beta. - hydroxy esters in high enantiomeric purity '' , Journal of the American Chemical Society , 109 : 5856 , doi : 10.1021 / ja00253a051 Jump up ^ Takao Ikariya , Shohei Hashiguchi , Kunihiko Murata , and Ryōji Noyori ( 2005 ) . `` Preparation of Optically Active ( R , R ) - Hydrobenzoin from Benzoin or Benzil '' . Organic Syntheses : 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fei Chen ; Zi - Yuan Ding ; Yan - Mei He ; Qing - Hua Fan ( 2015 ) . `` Synthesis of Optically Active 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - Tetrahydroquinolines via Asymmetric Hydrogenation Using Iridium - Diamine Catalyst '' . Org . Syn. 92 : 213 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 092.0213 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Hans ( 1999 ) . `` Short history and present trends of Fischer -- Tropsch synthesis '' . Applied Catalysis A : General . 186 : 3 . doi : 10.1016 / S0926 - 860X ( 99 ) 00160 - X . Jump up ^ Kuang , Daibin ; Ito , Seigo ; Wenger , Bernard ; Klein , Cedric ; Moser , Jacques - E ; Humphry - Baker , Robin ; Zakeeruddin , Shaik M. ; Grätzel , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` High Molar Extinction Coefficient Heteroleptic Ruthenium Complexes for Thin Film Dye - Sensitized Solar Cells '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 128 ( 12 ) : 4146 -- 54 . doi : 10.1021 / ja058540p . PMID 16551124 . Jump up ^ Perry , R. ; Kitagawa , K. ; Grigera , S. ; Borzi , R. ; MacKenzie , A. ; Ishida , K. ; Maeno , Y. ( 2004 ) . `` Multiple First - Order Metamagnetic Transitions and Quantum Oscillations in Ultrapure Sr.Ru O '' . Physical Review Letters. 92 ( 16 ) . arXiv : cond - mat / 0401371 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvL ... 92p6602P . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 92.166602 . Jump up ^ Maeno , Yoshiteru ; Rice , T. Maurice ; Sigrist , Manfred ( 2001 ) . `` The Intriguing Superconductivity of Strontium Ruthenate '' ( PDF ) . Physics Today . 54 : 42 . Bibcode : 2001PhT ... 54a ... 42M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1349611 . Jump up ^ Shlyk , Larysa ; Kryukov , Sergiy ; Schüpp - Niewa , Barbara ; Niewa , Rainer ; De Long , Lance E. ( 2008 ) . `` High - Temperature Ferromagnetism and Tunable Semiconductivity of ( Ba , Sr ) M Ru O ( M = Fe , Co ) : A New Paradigm for Spintronics '' . Advanced Materials. 20 ( 7 ) : 1315 . doi : 10.1002 / adma. 200701951 . Bibliography ( edit ) Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ruthenium . Look up ruthenium in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ruthenium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Nano - layer of ruthenium stabilizes magnetic sensors ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Ruthenium compounds Ru ( 0 ) Ru ( CO ) Ru ( P ( C H ) ) ( CO ) Ru ( I ) ( C ( C H ) O ) H ( Ru ( CO ) ) H Ru ( II ) RuB Na Ru ( N C H ( C H SO ) ) ( Ru ( ( NC H ) ) ) Cl Ru ( P ( C H ) ) Cl Ru ( SO ( CH ) ) Cl ( RuCl C H CH CH ( CH ) ) RuClC H ( P ( C H ) ) ( C H ) Ru Ru ( III ) RuCl Ru ( IV ) RuO Sr RuO Ru ( V ) RuF Ru ( VI ) RuF Ru ( VII ) N ( C H ) RuO Ru ( VIII ) RuO LCCN : sh85116086 GND : 4178766 - 3 BNF : cb12226709p ( data ) NDL : 00569816 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&oldid=826935102 '' Categories : Ruthenium Chemical elements Noble metals Precious metals Transition metals Native element minerals Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 20 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is ruthenium found on the periodic table	[ "Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. The Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry and a member of the Russian Academy of Science Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University in Russia and named it after the Latin name of his homeland, Rus. Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production is about 20 tonnes.[5] Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst." ]	[ "the platinum group" ]
8584238753084364691	Wonder (film)	Wonder ( film ) - wikipedia Wonder ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Chbosky Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Jack Thorne Steve Conrad Stephen Chbosky Based on Wonder by R.J. Palacio Starring Julia Roberts Owen Wilson Jacob Tremblay Izabela Vidovic Noah Jupe Mandy Patinkin Daveed Diggs Music by Marcelo Zarvos Bea Miller Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Lionsgate Mandeville Films Participant Media Walden Media TIK Films Distributed by Lionsgate Release date November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $291.5 million Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad , and Stephen Chbosky , based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio . The film stars Julia Roberts , Owen Wilson , and Jacob Tremblay . The film follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in . Wonder was released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 , by Lionsgate . The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences and has grossed $291 million worldwide on a $20 million budget . At the 90th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast members 2.2 Other cast members 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This section may require copy editing . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman is a fifth - grade boy living in North River Heights in upper Manhattan . He has a rare medical facial deformity , which he refers to as `` mandibulofacial dysostosis . '' Due to numerous ( 27 ) surgeries , Auggie had been homeschooled by his mother Isabel . As Auggie is approaching middle school age , Isabel and his father Nate decide to enroll him in Beecher Prep , a mainstream school , for the start of middle school . At first , Auggie is ostracized by nearly all the student body , but he is soon befriended by a boy named Jack Will . During Halloween , Auggie wears an old GhostFace mask and costume because his dog , Daisy , threw up on his Boba Fett costume . Unrecognized , he walks around school knowing he would not get tormented while incognito . As he walks through the door to his homeroom he overhears Jack telling Julian Albans that he was only pretending to be friends with Auggie . Feeling betrayed , Auggie wants to quit Beecher Prep and go back to homeschooling , but his older sister Olivia , nicknamed `` Via , '' talks him out of it . Auggie later confides the incident to another friend , a girl named Summer , but swears her to secrecy . When Jack notices that Auggie has become quiet and distant he asks Summer why , but she only gives him the term `` Ghost Face '' as a clue ; Jack is shocked when it suddenly dawns on him that it was Auggie wearing the Ghost Face costume , and thus had overheard everything he said to Julian . When Julian wants Jack to switch partners to be with him in a science fair project Jack refuses . When Julian asks Jack why does he want to work with that `` freak , '' Jack angrily punches him in the face and a fight ensues between the two , which is soon broken up by Mr. Browne and Ms. Petosa . Jack is suspended for two days , and decides not to get Julian suspended too , knowing it would n't be fair . He later writes an apology letter to Mr. Tushman , the school principal . Auggie , over winter break , requests Jack 's Minecraft coordinates , which Jack sends . Jack apologizes to Auggie , and Auggie accepts . During the rest of the school year , Auggie is repeatedly bullied by Julian and his friends , Amos , Miles , and Henry ; they leave hurtful notes on his desk and tape to his locker their class picture with Auggie photoshopped out . When Mr. Tushman later confronts Julian and his parents using all the notes and the doctored picture as evidence , Julian 's mother , Sarah , proclaims that she had Auggie edited out of the photo to make it look more presentable to her friends at home ; she then says that the school should not be inclusive and that Auggie does not belong there . Despite her threats to pull their funding and Julian from the school , Tushman suspends Julian for two days . Julian shows remorse to Tushman over his actions against Auggie . Meanwhile , Via signs up for Drama Club at her high school after her best friend , Miranda , ignores her ; it 's gradually revealed that this is because Miranda had gone to camp over the summer and claimed that Via 's life was actually her own ( due to her and her own parents having a distant relationship ) , and has been distancing herself from Via out of shame over her lies . Not long after joining the drama club , she meets Justin , a friendly boy with whom she forms a close friendship , which later develops into a romantic relationship . Later , Via is selected to be an understudy for the lead role in the school 's production of Our Town , with Justin as the lead actor . Later on , Isabel and Nate find out that Via 's play is coming around , and Via never told them about it , and they get into a fight with Auggie overhearing everything . Auggie later confronts his mom and his sister , who brush it off . Auggie then accuses them of lying and storms off to his room , and then Daisy starts to whimper . Via then rushes up to Auggie 's room telling him that Daisy is sick . They say goodbye to Isabel who meets Nate at the hospital . They then return that night without the dog , implying that Daisy died . On the night of the play , Miranda , the lead actress , after feeling remorseful over her estrangement from Via and knowing her parents wo n't be present , pretends to fall ill . Via takes her place and gives a performance that earns her a standing ovation . After the play , everyone , including Miranda and Justin , goes home to the Pullmans and eat pizza to celebrate . During a school trip to a nature reserve , when Auggie and Jack are accosted and threatened by a trio of seventh graders from another school , several of their classmates come to their defense . At the year 's end during the graduation ceremony , Tushman announces that Auggie has been selected for the Henry Ward Beecher Medal for standing out ; Auggie receives a standing ovation , and the movie ends with everyone applauding Auggie , and Isabel commenting on him being a wonder . Cast ( edit ) Main cast members ( edit ) Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman , Via and Auggie 's mother and Nate 's wife Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman , Via and Auggie 's father , Isabel 's husband Jacob Tremblay as August `` Auggie '' Pullman , Via 's brother and Isabel and Nate 's son Izabela Vidovic as Olivia `` Via '' Pullman , Auggie 's sister and Isabel and Nate 's daughter Maccie Margaret Chbosky as Young Olivia Noah Jupe as Jack Will , Auggie 's best friend Bryce Gheisar as Julian Albans Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Cody Millie Davis as Summer Dawson Ty Consiglio as Amos Continu Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Noury James A. Hughes as Henry Joplin Sônia Braga as Lisa `` Grans '' Minel , Isabel 's mother and Via and Auggie 's grandmother Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Navas , Via 's best friend Nadji Jeter as Justin Hollander , Via 's boyfriend Gidget as Darth - Daisy `` Daisy '' , Auggie and Via 's dog Other cast members ( edit ) Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Will , Jack 's mother Rachel Hayward as Mrs. Navas , Miranda 's mother Crystal Lowe as Mrs. Sarah Albans , Julian 's mother Steve Bacic as Mr. Albans , Julian 's father Erika McKitrick as Ella Lucia Thain as Savanna Wittenberg Sasha Neuhaus as Maya Markowitz Izzy Lieberman as Reid Kingsley Hannah Hoberman as Rebecca William Dickinson as Eddie Emma Tremblay as Michelle Lydia Jewett as Lina Annan Armen Bagdasrov as Danny Kaelyn Breitkopf as Angela Victoria V. Cruz as the Science Fair judge Benjamin Ratner as Mr. Davenport J. Douglas Stewart as Darth Sidious Michael Alan Healy as Chewbacca Production ( edit ) On November 27 , 2012 , it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R.J. Palacio 's debut novel Wonder , while in talks with John August to write the screenplay . Mandeville Films ' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film . On May 8 , 2013 , Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel , while August , who was previously reported as writer , had departed from the project . In October 2014 , John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film , but in April 2015 , Paul King was hired to take the directing duties . Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time . On April 14 , 2016 , Jacob Tremblay was cast in the film to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman , while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie 's mother . On May 5 , 2016 , Roberts was confirmed to play the mother , with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct the film . On June 27 , 2016 , Owen Wilson had joined the film to play Auggie 's father . On July 11 , 2016 , newcomer Noah Jupe joined the film to play Auggie 's best friend at school . On July 15 , 2016 , Daveed Diggs was cast in the film to play Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . On August 19 , 2016 , Sonia Braga joined the cast of the film , portraying the role of Roberts ' character 's mother . Jacob 's prosthetic makeup , designed and created by Arjen Tuiten , took an hour and half to apply . It consisted of a skull cap with prosthetic ears attached , a facial prosthetic that covered Jacob 's face , and a wig to tie it all together . Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . Music ( edit ) Bea Miller composed a song entitled `` Brand New Eyes . '' It was released on August 3 , 2017 . Wonder author R.J. Palacio has often credited Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' from her 1995 album Tigerlily as the inspiration for her best - selling book and at Merchant 's invitation , the song will be featured in the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7 , 2017 by Lionsgate . On February 13 , 2017 , it was announced that the release date for Wonder had been pushed back to November 17 , 2017 . Wonder had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on November 14 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) As of February 15 , 2018 , Wonder has grossed $131.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $159.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $291.5 million , against a production budget of $20 million . In the United States and Canada , Wonder was released alongside Justice League and The Star and was initially projected to gross around $9 million from 3,096 theaters in its opening weekend . However after grossing $740,000 from Thursday night previews and receiving a large number of group ticket sales , weekend projections were upped to $15 million . Weekend projections were again increased , this time to $28 million , after the film made $9.4 million on its first day . The film went on to debut to $27.1 million , finishing second at the box office behind Justice League . In its second weekend the film dropped just 17.7 % , grossing $22.7 million and finishing third at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 156 reviews and an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wonder does n't shy away from its bestselling source material 's sentiment , but this well - acted and overall winsome drama earns its tugs at the heartstrings . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score . Some with craniofacial disorders have criticized the film for casting an able - bodied actor as Auggie , and have branded the plot an example of inspiration porn . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Intergenerational Film Wonder Nominated Readers ' Choice Poll Wonder Nominated Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hairstyling Arjen Tuiten Pending British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Makeup and Hair Naomi Bakstad , Robert Pandini and Arjen Tuiten Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Deborah Aquila , Kara Eide , Tricia Wood and Kris Woz Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Young Actor / Actress Jacob Tremblay Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad and Stephen Chbosky Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Wonder Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Stephen Chbosky Won London Film Critics Circle January 28 , 2018 Young British / Irish Performer of the Year Noah Jupe Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Makeup Naomi Bakstad , Jean Black and Megan Harkness Pending Feature Motion Picture : Best Contemporary Hair Styling Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian Pending Feature Motion Picture : Best Special Makeup Effects Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten Pending Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Youth Performance Jacob Tremblay Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Youth Performance Jacob Tremblay Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Wonder Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WONDER '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Justice League ' Perform Like ' Wonder Woman ' or ' Suicide Squad ' at the Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate lining up John August to adapt ' Wonder ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lionsgate Taps Jack Thorne To Adapt R.J. Palacio Novel ' Wonder ' '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Kill Your Darlings ' Director to Helm YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Director Books Lionsgate 's YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Room ' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Roberts to Play Jacob Tremblay 's Mother in ' Wonder ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Owen Wilson to Co-Star With Julia Roberts in ' Wonder ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Night Manager ' Actor Joins Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Winner Daveed Diggs Joins Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' In First Post - ' Hamilton ' Film Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sonia Braga Playing Julia Roberts ' Mother in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Zarvos to Score Steven Chbsoky 's ' Wonder ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder the Film '' . Natalie Merchant . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay 's Wonder gets spring 2017 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Julia Roberts and Jacob Tremblay Will Melt Your Heart in Wonder '' . People . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts ' Drama ' Wonder ' Pushed to November '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saval , Malina ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder ' Premiere Celebrates Book 's Six - Year Journey to Big Screen , ' Once - in - a-Lifetime Actor ' Jacob Tremblay '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Tale Of Two Films : Walden Media 's ' The Star ' & ' Wonder ' Bow On Same Day '' . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Powers To $13 M Thursday Night ; Beats ' Wonder Woman ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henley , Ariel . `` Hollywood 's Approach to Disabled Characters Is Still a Disaster '' . Vice . Vice . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Steussy , Lauren . `` What it 's really like to have the rare disease in ' Wonder ' '' . New York Post . New York Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Barack , Lauren . `` Critics Question the Representation of Disability in ' Wonder ' '' . School Library Journal . School Library Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Three Billboards ' Leads London Critics ' Circle Film Award Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benardello , Karen ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2017 's Best Movies '' . Shockya.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wonder on IMDb Wonder at AllMovie Wonder at Box Office Mojo Wonder at Metacritic Wonder at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(film)&oldid=826687330 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films about bullying Films about disability Films directed by Stephen Chbosky Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Lions Gate Entertainment films Mandeville Films films Participant Media films Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walden Media films Films shot in British Columbia Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2018 All articles needing copy edit All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actor that plays in wonder	[]	[]
-8636792970043412417	List of Ashes series	List of Ashes series - wikipedia List of Ashes series Jump to : navigation , search The Ashes urn , which remains at the MCC Museum at Lord 's . A replica urn is presented to the winning captain . The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia . The series have varied in length , consisting of between one and seven Test matches , but since 1998 have been consistently five matches . It is one of sport 's most celebrated rivalries and dates back to 1882 . It is generally played biennially , alternating between the United Kingdom and Australia . Australia are the current holders of the Ashes , having clinched the 2017 - 18 series in the third test in Perth . Although the first Test series played between England and Australia was in the 1876 -- 77 season , the Ashes originated from the solitary Test which the two nations contested in 1882 . England lost the match , played at The Oval , and a mock obituary was posted in The Sporting Times , declaring the death of English cricket . It stated that : `` The body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia . '' The Honourable Ivo Bligh adopted the term and , as captain of the English party that travelled to Australia the following winter , promised to bring the `` Ashes '' home . After their loss to Australia in 1882 , England won the next eight series between the two sides , during which time they lost only four of the 22 Tests . Australia won an Ashes series for the first time in 1891 -- 92 , when they beat England 2 -- 1 . The 1932 -- 33 tour was known as the `` Bodyline series '' as , in response to the talented Australian batsman Don Bradman , England developed a tactic of bowling quickly at the body of the batsmen with most of the fielders placed in a close ring on the leg side . England won the series , but the tactic prompted changes to the laws of cricket , and the Australians , buoyed by the batting of Bradman , regained the Ashes during the next series and then held them for six series , spanning nineteen years . It was during this period that the Australians travelled to England in 1948 , and remained unbeaten during the whole tour , gaining the nickname of `` The Invincibles '' . In addition to winning the five match Test series 4 -- 0 , Australia won or drew all of their 29 other matches against county and representative sides . Australia have won more Ashes Tests than England , winning 133 of the 328 matches , compared to England 's 106 victories . Australia also holds the edge in Ashes series won , having won on 33 occasions compared to England 's 32 . There have been five drawn series , and on four of these occasions , Australia have retained the Ashes due to being holders going into the series . England have retained the Ashes after a drawn series once . On only three occasions has a team won all the Tests in an Ashes series ; Australia won all five matches in 1920 -- 21 , then repeated the feat in 2006 -- 07 and in 2013 -- 14 . England 's largest winning margin in an Ashes series was in 1978 -- 79 , when they won 5 -- 1 . Both England and Australia have held the Ashes for eight series in a row , England doing so between 1882 -- 83 and 1890 , while Australia achieved the feat from 1989 to 2002 -- 03 . Since 1882 , a small number of Test series have been played between the two sides that have not been allocated as Ashes series ; those played in 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1980 and 1987 -- 88 , these series are not listed in the table below . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Ashes series 3 Summary of results 4 Notes and references 5 External links Key ( edit ) Years denotes the cricket season in which the series takes place . Host denotes the host country for the series . First match denotes the date on which the first match of the series commenced . Tests denotes how many Tests were played in the series , and in parentheses ( if different ) the number of Tests that were scheduled to be played in the series . Australia denotes how many matches in the series were won by Australia . England denotes how many matches in the series were won by England . Drawn denotes how many matches in the series were drawn . Result denotes which side won the series overall , or if it was drawn . Holder denotes which side was awarded ( or retained ) the Ashes at the end of the series of matches Ashes series ( edit ) The Honourable Ivo Bligh captained England during their first Ashes series . Jack Hobbs ( left ) and Herbert Sutcliffe were two of England 's most successful batsmen in the Ashes . Don Bradman ( left ) , who has scored more runs in the Ashes than any other player , at the toss of the first Test of the 1936 -- 37 Ashes with Gubby Allen . Shane Warne played for Australia in 14 years of Ashes Tests , taking a record 195 Test wickets . Series Years Host First match Tests Australia England Drawn Result Holder Ref 1882 -- 83 Australia 000000001882 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 1882 0 England England 1884 England 000000001884 - 07 - 11 - 0000 11 July 1884 0 England England 1884 -- 85 Australia 000000001884 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1884 5 0 England England 1886 England 000000001886 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 1886 0 0 England England 5 1886 -- 87 Australia 000000001887 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1887 0 0 England England 6 1887 -- 88 Australia 000000001888 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 1888 0 0 England England 7 1888 England 000000001888 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 1888 0 England England 8 1890 England 000000001890 - 07 - 21 - 0000 21 July 1890 2 ( 3 ) 0 0 England England 9 1891 -- 92 Australia 000000001892 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1892 0 Australia Australia 10 1893 England 000000001893 - 07 - 17 - 0000 17 July 1893 0 England England 11 1894 -- 95 Australia 000000001894 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1894 5 0 England England 12 1896 England 000000001896 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 1896 0 England England 13 1897 -- 98 Australia 000000001897 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1897 5 0 Australia Australia 14 1899 England 000000001899 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1899 5 0 Australia Australia 15 1901 -- 02 Australia 000000001901 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1901 5 0 Australia Australia 16 1902 England 000000001902 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 1902 5 Australia Australia 17 1903 -- 04 Australia 000000001903 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 1903 5 0 England England 18 1905 England 000000001905 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 1905 5 0 England England 19 1907 -- 08 Australia 000000001907 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1907 5 0 Australia Australia 20 1909 England 000000001909 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1909 5 Australia Australia 21 1911 -- 12 Australia 000000001911 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1911 5 0 England England 22 1912 England 000000001912 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1912 0 England England 23 1920 -- 21 Australia 000000001920 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1920 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 24 1921 England 000000001921 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1921 5 0 Australia Australia 25 1924 -- 25 Australia 000000001924 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 1924 5 0 Australia Australia 26 1926 England 000000001926 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 1926 5 0 England England 27 1928 -- 29 Australia 000000001928 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 1928 5 0 England England 28 1930 England 000000001930 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 1930 5 Australia Australia 29 1932 -- 33 Australia 000000001932 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1932 5 0 England England 30 1934 England 000000001934 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1934 5 Australia Australia 31 1936 -- 37 Australia 000000001936 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1936 5 0 Australia Australia 32 1938 England 000000001938 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1938 4 ( 5 ) Drawn Australia 33 1946 -- 47 Australia 000000001946 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1946 5 0 Australia Australia 34 1948 England 000000001948 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1948 5 0 Australia Australia 35 1950 -- 51 Australia 000000001950 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1950 5 0 Australia Australia 36 1953 England 000000001953 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 1953 5 0 England England 37 1954 -- 55 Australia 000000001954 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 1954 5 England England 38 1956 England 000000001956 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1956 5 England England 39 1958 -- 59 Australia 000000001958 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 1958 5 0 Australia Australia 40 1961 England 000000001961 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1961 5 Australia Australia 41 1962 -- 63 Australia 000000001962 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 1962 5 Drawn Australia 42 1964 England 000000001964 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 1964 5 0 Australia Australia 43 1965 -- 66 Australia 000000001965 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1965 5 Drawn Australia 44 1968 England 000000001968 - 06 - 06 - 0000 6 June 1968 5 Drawn Australia 45 1970 -- 71 Australia 000000001970 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1970 6 ( 7 ) 0 England England 46 1972 England 000000001972 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1972 5 Drawn England 47 1974 -- 75 Australia 000000001974 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1974 6 Australia Australia 48 England 000000001975 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 1975 0 Australia Australia 49 1977 England 000000001977 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 1977 5 0 England England 50 1978 -- 79 Australia 000000001978 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1978 6 5 0 England England 51 1981 England 000000001981 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1981 6 England England 52 1982 -- 83 Australia 000000001982 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1982 5 Australia Australia 53 1985 England 000000001985 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 1985 6 England England 54 1986 -- 87 Australia 000000001986 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1986 5 England England 55 1989 England 000000001989 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1989 6 0 Australia Australia 56 1990 -- 91 Australia 000000001990 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 1990 5 0 Australia Australia 57 1993 England 000000001993 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1993 6 Australia Australia 58 1994 -- 95 Australia 000000001994 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 1994 5 Australia Australia 59 1997 England 000000001997 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 1997 6 Australia Australia 60 1998 -- 99 Australia 000000001998 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1998 5 Australia Australia 61 2001 England 000000002001 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 2001 5 0 Australia Australia 62 2002 -- 03 Australia 000000002002 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 2002 5 0 Australia Australia 63 2005 England 000000002005 - 07 - 21 - 0000 21 July 2005 5 England England 64 2006 -- 07 Australia 000000002006 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2006 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 65 2009 England 000000002009 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 2009 5 England England 66 2010 -- 11 Australia 000000002010 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2010 5 England England 67 2013 England 000000002013 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 2013 5 0 England England 68 2013 -- 14 Australia 000000002013 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2013 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 69 2015 England 000000002015 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 2015 5 0 England England 70 2017 -- 18 Australia 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2017 5 - - Australia Australia Summary of results ( edit ) Played Won by Australia Won by England Drawn All Tests 328 133 ( 7001405000000000000 ♠ 40.5 % ) 106 ( 7001322999999900000 ♠ 32.3 % ) 89 ( 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % ) Tests in Australia 165 85 ( 7001515000000000000 ♠ 51.5 % ) 56 ( 7001339000000000000 ♠ 33.9 % ) 24 ( 7001145000000000000 ♠ 14.5 % ) Tests in England 163 48 ( 7001294000000000000 ♠ 29.4 % ) 50 ( 7001307000000000000 ♠ 30.7 % ) 65 ( 7001399000000000000 ♠ 39.9 % ) All series 70 33 ( 7001471000000000000 ♠ 47.1 % ) 32 ( 7001457000000000000 ♠ 45.7 % ) 5 ( 7000710000000000000 ♠ 7.1 % ) Series in Australia 35 19 ( 7001543000000000000 ♠ 54.3 % ) 14 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % ) 2 ( 7000570000000000000 ♠ 5.7 % ) Series in England 35 14 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % ) 18 ( 7001514000000000000 ♠ 51.4 % ) 3 ( 7000860000000000000 ♠ 8.6 % ) As of 18 December 2017 Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Cricket is generally played during the summer months of the host country : therefore in England it is typically played between May and September , while in Australia it typically takes place between October and April . To reflect this , cricket seasons are listed as YYYY in England , and YYYY -- YY in Australia . References ^ Jump up to : `` The Ashes -- History '' . Marylebone Cricket Club . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jack ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Ashes series set to reignite old rivalry '' . CNN Traveller . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Marks , Vic ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Return of Ashes spirit can lift England out of post-Pakistan mire '' . The Observer . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Rivalries '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Match / series archive '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / England / Test matches / Series results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin . `` A short history of the Ashes '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Altham , H.S. ; Swanton , E.W. ( 1938 ) ( 1926 ) . `` England v Australia : 1882 -- 1890 '' . A History of Cricket ( Second ed . ) . London : George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : ESPNcricinfo staff . `` A dummy 's guide to Bodyline '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ashes to Ashes : The Bradman years '' . Cricket365.com. 2010 - 11 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting greats -- Australia reveres and treasures its sporting heroes '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . The 1948 Australian cricket team captained by Don Bradman , for example , became known as ' The Invincibles ' for their unbeaten eight - month tour of England . This team is one of Australia 's most cherished sporting legends . Jump up ^ `` Australians in England , 1948 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Originally published in : Preston , Hubert , ed. ( 1949 ) . Wisden Cricketer 's Almanack 1949 ( 86 ed . ) . London : Sporting Handbooks Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Six great Ashes batsmen '' . England and Wales Cricket Board . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ashes Legends XI : Sir Donald Bradman ( 1908 -- 2001 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne -- Five unforgettable Ashes balls that rocked England down the years '' . Daily Mail . London . 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1882 / 83 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1884 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1884 / 85 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1886 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1886 / 87 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1887 / 88 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1888 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1890 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1891 / 92 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1893 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1894 / 95 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1896 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1897 / 98 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1899 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1901 / 02 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1902 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1903 / 04 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1905 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1907 / 08 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1909 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1911 / 12 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1912 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1920 / 21 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1921 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1924 / 25 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1926 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1928 / 29 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1930 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1932 / 33 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1934 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1936 / 37 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1938 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1946 / 47 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1948 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1950 / 51 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1953 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1954 / 55 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1956 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1958 / 59 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1961 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1962 / 63 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1964 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1965 / 66 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1968 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1970 / 71 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1972 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1974 / 75 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1975 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1977 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1978 / 79 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1981 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1982 / 83 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1985 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1986 / 87 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1989 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1990 / 91 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1993 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1994 / 95 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1997 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1998 / 99 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2001 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2002 / 03 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2005 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2006 / 07 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2009 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2010 / 11 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Brettig , Daniel ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) . `` England retain Ashes on rainy day '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2013 / 14 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2015 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2017 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Williamson , Martin . `` A short history of the Ashes '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . The Ashes List of Ashes series ( white -- in England , yellow -- in Australia ) 1850 1884 1886 1888 1890 1893 1896 1899 1882 -- 83 1884 -- 85 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1891 -- 92 1894 -- 95 1897 -- 98 1900 1902 1905 1909 1912 World War I 1921 1926 1930 1934 1938 World War II 1948 1901 -- 02 1903 -- 04 1907 -- 08 1911 -- 12 1920 -- 21 1924 -- 25 1928 -- 29 1932 -- 33 1936 -- 37 1946 -- 47 1950 1953 1956 1961 1964 1968 1972 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 1950 -- 51 1954 -- 55 1958 -- 59 1962 -- 63 1965 -- 66 1970 -- 71 1974 -- 75 1978 -- 79 1982 -- 83 1986 -- 87 1990 -- 91 1994 -- 95 1998 -- 99 2000 2001 2005 2009 2013 2015 2002 -- 03 2006 -- 07 2010 -- 11 2013 -- 14 2017 -- 18 ( hide ) Non-Ashes Australia v England Test series 1876 -- 77 1878 -- 79 1880 1881 -- 82 1882 1945 1976 -- 77 1979 -- 80 1980 1987 -- 88 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ashes_series&oldid=816216353 '' Categories : Australian cricket lists English cricket lists The Ashes Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time australia won the ashes in england	[ "The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia. The series have varied in length, consisting of between one and seven Test matches, but since 1998 have been consistently five matches. It is one of sport's most celebrated rivalries and dates back to 1882.[2][3][4] It is generally played biennially, alternating between the United Kingdom and Australia. Australia are the current holders of the Ashes, having clinched the 2017-18 series in the third test in Perth." ]	[ "2017-18 series" ]
3551964985183573931	Little Witch Academia	Little Witch Academia - Wikipedia Little Witch Academia Jump to : navigation , search Little Witch Academia Promotional artwork リトルウィッチアカデミア ( Ritoru Witchi Akademia ) Genre Fantasy Anime film Directed by Yoh Yoshinari Produced by Naoko Tsutsumi Written by Masahiko Otsuka Music by Michiru Ōshima Studio Trigger Licensed by Acttil Released March 2 , 2013 Runtime 25 minutes Manga Written by Yoh Yoshinari Illustrated by Terio Teri Published by Shueisha Demographic Seinen Magazine Ultra Jump Published August 19 , 2013 Volumes Anime film Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade Directed by Yoh Yoshinari Produced by Naoko Tsutsumi Written by Michiru Shimada Music by Michiru Ōshima Studio Trigger Released October 9 , 2015 Runtime 53 minutes Manga Little Witch Academia : Tsukiyo no Ōkan Written by Yuka Fujiwara Published by Shueisha Demographic Shōjo Magazine Ribon Original run September 3 , 2015 -- December 28 , 2015 Volumes Anime television series Directed by Yoh Yoshinari Produced by Yoshihiro Furusawa Yoshiki Usa Kimi Suzuki Written by Michiru Shimada Music by Michiru Ōshima Studio Trigger Licensed by Netflix Original network Tokyo MX , BS11 , KTV Original run January 9 , 2017 -- June 26 , 2017 Episodes 25 ( List of episodes ) Video game Little Witch Academia : Chamber of Time Anime and Manga portal Little Witch Academia ( リトルウィッチアカデミア , Ritoru Witchi Akademia ) is a Japanese anime franchise created by Yoh Yoshinari and produced by Trigger . The original short film , directed by Yoshinari and written by Masahiko Otsuka , was released in theaters on March 2 , 2013 as part of the Young Animator Training Project 's Anime Mirai 2013 project , and was later streamed with English subtitles on YouTube from April 19 , 2013 . A second short film partially funded through Kickstarter , Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade , was released on October 9 , 2015 . An anime television series aired in Japan between January and June 2017 , with its first 13 episodes available on Netflix ( and only Netflix for free ) worldwide beginning on June 30 , 2017 . The remaining 12 episodes of its first season was labeled as the show 's second season and was made available on the platform on August 15 , 2017 . Two manga series have been published by Shueisha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Anime 3.2. 1 Short films 3.2. 2 Television series 3.3 Video game 3.4 Other appearances 4 References 5 External links Story ( edit ) Little Witch Academia takes place at Luna Nova Magical Academy ( ルーナノヴァ魔法学校 , Rūna Nova Mahō Gakkō ) , a prestigious school for young girls training to become witches . Having been inspired by a witch named Shiny Chariot , a girl named Atsuko ( `` Akko '' ) Kagari enrolls at Luna Nova Magical Academy to become a witch , but struggles due to her non-magical background . This all changes when she discovers the Shiny Rod , a powerful magic relic left behind by Chariot . One of the main themes in the franchise is Akko trying to live up to Shiny Chariot 's ideals by showing the world that magic is still a wonderful thing , while Luna Nova struggles for its continual existence because the general public regards wizardry as outdated . In the TV series , this background element is expanded into a plotline in which magic is waning across the world . The secret to restoring the flow of magic lies within the forbidden Arcturus Forest , sealed inside a magical locale named the Grand Triskelion erected by the Nine Olde Witches , the legendary founders of the academy . The key to undoing the seal lies in a sequence of seven magical words and the Shiny Rod , an artifact which reacts only to the wielder 's genuine desire to spread joy and happiness . When Akko gains possession of the Rod , Chariot ( secretly one of her Luna Nova teachers and the Rod 's previous wielder ) tries to guide her on the path to restoring the power of magic to the world . However , Croix , Chariot 's former best friend , had also coveted - and was denied - the power sealed within the Triskelion due to her selfish ambitions . As a result , she schemes to unlock the Grand Triskelion using her technomagical abilities , willingly tapping into dark powers in the process . Characters ( edit ) Atsuko `` Akko '' Kagari ( 篝敦子 ( アッコ ) , Kagari Atsuko ( Akko ) ) Voiced by : Megumi Han ( Japanese ) ; Erica Mendez ( English ) The main protagonist , Akko is an energetic , optimistic but very impulsive Japanese girl who attends Luna Nova after being inspired by the witch Shiny Chariot . Having come from a non-magical background , she struggles using magic much of the time , and is disappointed by the mundanity of her classes as opposed to Chariot 's more spectacular performances . However , her unshakable belief in magic and her genuine desire to use it for good enables her to wield the Shiny Rod , which accepts her as its new master , and gradually discover her own magical talent . Because of this quality , Akko is destined to play a key role in unlocking the Grand Triskelion and restoring the force of magic to the world . Lotte Jansson ( ロッテ・ヤンソン , Rotte Yanson ) Voiced by : Fumiko Orikasa ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Sheh ( English ) Akko 's friend and roommate , a kind and soft - spoken Finnish witch who worries about Akko 's well - being . She has orange hair and wears lower - framed glasses . Her magical specialty involves summoning and communicating with fairies and spirits residing in old , well - used items . Sucy Manbavaran ( スーシィ・マンババラン , Sūshi Manbabaran ) Voiced by : Michiyo Murase ( Japanese ) ; Rachelle Heger ( English ) ; Anastasia Muñoz ( Space Patrol Luluco ) Akko 's other friend and roommate , a cynical , mischievous witch from the Philippines who specializes in brewing potions with various bizarre effects . Her hair covers one of her eyes . She often uses Akko as a test subject , or to help her in gathering the poisonous or hazardous ingredients ( mushrooms in particular ) she needs . Ursula ( アーシュラ先生 , Āshura - sensei ) / Chariot du Nord ( シャリオ・デュノール , Shario dyu Nōru ) Voiced by : Noriko Hidaka ( Japanese ) ; Alexis Nichols ( English ) Ursula Callistis ( アーシュラ・カリスティス , Āshura Karisutisu ) is an astrology teacher at Luna Nova whose real identity is Chariot du Nord , a famous witch and alumni of Luna Nova who performed under the name Shiny Chariot ( シャイニィシャリオ , Shainī Shario ) and inspired Akko to become a witch . Her chosen mission was to use her magic skills to bring joy to people 's hearts . She mysteriously disappeared from the public eye ten years ago after her former friend Croix tricked her into employing a sinister type of magic , which stripped Akko of her latent magical powers as a child . Now living and teaching incognito at Luna Nova , she takes Akko as a personal student after she notices her strong desire to become a witch , which enables her to use the Shiny Rod and unseal the lost seven words to the Grand Triskelion , in order to make up for her guilt . Diana Cavendish ( ダイアナ・キャベンディッシュ , Daiana Kyabendisshu ) Voiced by : Yōko Hikasa ( Japanese ) ; Laura Post ( English ) The top student of Luna Nova who is greatly admired by her classmates and teachers alike . She has light green and blond hair . Hailing from Great Britain as daughter of a noble family of witches , she has a serious and arrogant nature and oftentimes clashes with Akko , whom she holds in disdain for her impulsive nature and admiration of Shiny Chariot . Despite this , Diana is secretly a childhood fan of Chariot herself , and gradually develops a grudging respect for Akko . In the TV series , she is additionally revealed to be a descendant of one of the Nine Olde Witches . Hannah England ( ハンナ・イングランド , Hanna Ingurando ) and Barbara Parker ( バーバラ・パーカー , Bābara Pākā ) Voiced by : Eri Nakao ( Hannah ) and Chinatsu Akasaki ( Barbara ) ( Japanese ) ; Jennifer Alyx ( Hannah ) and Alexis Nichols ( Barbara ) ( English ) Diana 's two followers and friends that are always seen together . They both idolize Diana and praise her in synchronicity as well as bully Akko for her lack of magic ability and not coming from witch heritage . Amanda O'Neill ( アマンダ・オニール , Amanda Onīru ) Voiced by : Arisa Shida ( Japanese ) ; Marianne Miller ( English ) A delinquent Luna Nova witch student from the United States who has a penchant for stealing priceless artifacts and magical objects that catch her fancy . She excels at dancing and performing aerobatic stunts on her broomstick . Constanze Amalie von Braunschbank Albrechtsberger ( コンスタンツェ・アマーリエ・フォン・ブラウンシュバンク = アルブレヒツベルガー , Konsutantse Amārie fon Buraunshubanku - Aruburehitsuberugā ) Voiced by : Rie Murakawa ( Japanese ) ; Jennifer Alyx ( English ) A silent , grumpy - looking German Luna Nova witch student who combines magic with machinery such as robots and laser guns , which are typically forbidden on the school premises . In the TV series , she has even set up a secret workshop in a disused part of the academy , which can only be entered by means of her own bed . Jasminka Antonenko ( ヤスミンカ・アントネンコ , Yasuminka Antonenko ) Voiced by : Reina Ueda ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Sheh ( English ) A friendly and laid - back Luna Nova witch student from Russia who has a passion for food and is always seen snacking on something , even during classes . She specializes in culinary magic . Croix Meridies ( クロワ・メリディエス , Kurowa Meridiesu ) Voiced by : Junko Takeuchi ( Japanese ) ; Caitlyn Elizabeth ( English ) The main antagonist of the television series . A new teacher at Luna Nova Magical Academy who specializes in technomagic . She was once close friends with Chariot and previously helped her in searching for the Grand Triskelion 's words , but grew spiteful towards her over not being chosen to wield the Shiny Rod . Andrew Hanbridge ( アンドリュー・ハンブリッジ , Andoryū Hanburijji ) Voiced by : Ryōsuke Kanemoto ( Japanese ) ; Lucien Dodge ( English ) A regular human who appears in the television series . He is the son of Earl Paul Hanbridge and is childhood friends with Diana . Having grown up in a rich family , Andrew has an old - fashioned prejudice against witches , which gradually starts to change after he meets Akko . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) A one - shot manga based on the anime , drawn by Terio Teri , was published in Shueisha 's Ultra Jump magazine on August 19 , 2013 . Another manga by Teri , featuring an original story , was serialized in Ultra Jump between August 19 , 2015 and November 20 , 2015 and was compiled in a single tankōbon volume released on January 19 , 2016 . Another series illustrated by Yuka Fujiwara , Little Witch Academia : Tsukiyo no Ōkan ( リトルウィッチアカデミア月夜の王冠 , lit . `` Little Witch Academia : The Midnight Crown '' ) , began serialization in Shueisha 's Ribon magazine from September 3 , 2015 . Anime ( edit ) Short films ( edit ) Little Witch Academia was produced by Trigger as part of the Young Animator Training Project 's Anime Mirai 2013 project , which funds young animators , alongside other short films by Madhouse , Zexcs and Gonzo . The short was created and directed by Yoh Yoshinari and written by Masahiko Otsuka with music by Michiru Ōshima . The short , along with the other Anime Mirai shorts , opened in 14 Japanese theatres on March 2 , 2013 . Trigger later released the short on Niconico and with English subtitles on YouTube and Crunchyroll on April 19 , 2013 . The YouTube version received over 850,000 views up until it was taken down in August 2013 to promote the Blu - ray release . The short was later released on region - free Blu - ray Disc on October 24 , 2013 . On July 5 , 2013 , Trigger announced at Anime Expo that a second short film , titled Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade , would be developed in response to the reception the first short received . The project began production in 2014 following the airing of Kill la Kill . Whilst initially having the funds for a twenty - minute episode , Trigger launched a Kickstarter campaign to extend its runtime to fifty minutes . The Kickstarter was launched on July 9 , 2013 and met its $150,000 USD goal within five hours , finishing with a total of $625,518 . The short premiered at Anime Expo 2015 and was made available for Kickstarter backers on July 3 , 2015 and was subsequently released in Japanese theaters on October 9 , 2015 . Both films were later released on Netflix with an English - language dub on December 15 , 2015 . No . Title Original release date F1 `` Little Witch Academia '' `` Ritoru Witchi Akademia '' ( リトルウィッチアカデミア ) March 2 , 2013 Akko Kagari enrolls into Luna Nova Magical Academy , a school for young witches , after being inspired at a young age by a witch named Shiny Chariot , and often spends her days hanging with her classmates , Lotte Jansson and Sucy Manbavaran . However , she has trouble paying attention in class and performing magic , and is often looked down upon for admiring Chariot , whom many believe gives the wrong impression about witches . One day , as a teacher instructs the class to explore a dungeon and retrieve rare treasures , Akko finds the Shiny Rod that belonged to Chariot . Meanwhile , the top student , Diana Cavendish , inadvertently breaks a seal on a dragon that grows more powerful by absorbing magic . Noticing the Shiny Rod still has power after all these years , the teacher sends Akko and her friends to reach the Sorcerer 's Stone , the source of the academy 's power , before the dragon can devour it and become invincible . Arriving at the stone , the Shiny Rod absorbs some of its power , allowing Akko to fight against the dragon . Put into a desperate situation , Akko hears Chariot 's words coming from somewhere , that a believing heart is magic , and with renewed conviction she uses the full power of the Shiny Rod to destroy the dragon . F2 `` Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade '' `` Ritoru Witchi Akademia : Mahōjikake no Parēdo '' ( リトルウィッチアカデミア魔法仕掛けのパレード ) October 9 , 2015 Akko , Lotte and Sucy , having gotten in trouble yet again , are forced to team up with three other troublemakers - Amanda O'Neill , Constanze Braunschbank Albrechtsberger and Jasminka Antonenko - to make the school 's annual witch parade a success or else flunk the school year . Not content with how the festival revolves around the mockery and subjugation of witches , Akko becomes determined to make the festival a spectacle that would show off how awesome modern witches are and dispel their negative reputation . As Akko 's ambitions for the parade grow , however , she ends up arguing with her friends , who do not share her ideas . However , Akko remains determined to prove Shiny Chariot 's ideals of magic to everyone , using the Shiny Rod to borrow some magic from the Sorcerer 's Stone for the parade . During the parade , some delinquent kids try to steal the rod , only to be caught by a giant that was sealed away long ago . Luckily , Akko is assisted by the other witches , including the return of Lotte and Sucy . Making up with each other , the three witches combine their power and put a stop to the giant , resulting in the parade becoming a great success . Television series ( edit ) See also : List of Little Witch Academia episodes An anime television series of Little Witch Academia was announced on June 24 , 2016 following the final episode of Space Patrol Luluco . The series aired in Japan between January 9 , 2017 and June 26 , 2017 . For the first cour , the opening theme is `` Shiny Ray '' by YURiKA while the ending theme is `` Hoshi o Tadoreba '' ( 星を辿れば , If You Follow the Stars ) by Yuiko Ōhara . For the second cour , the opening theme is `` Mind Conductor '' by YURiKA while the ending theme is `` Tōmei na Tsubasa '' ( 透明な翼 , Invisible Wings ) by Ōhara . The series ran for 25 episodes released across nine BD / DVD volumes . Netflix began streaming the first 13 episodes with an English dub as of June 30 , 2017 . The remaining 12 episodes began streaming as of August 15 ; but they were labeled as the show 's second season . During interviews , Yoshinari said he wishes to create a second season that explores the history of characters like Diana Cavendish and Amanda O'Neill . The director also wants to create an anime spinoff series focused on the witch Shiny Chariot . He even suggested that the Night Fall ( or Naito Foru ) books in the anime might work as a standalone anime series . Video Game ( edit ) Main article : Little Witch Academia : Chamber of Time A video game developed by A+ Games and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment , titled Little Witch Academia : Chamber of Time ( リトルウィッチアカデミア時の魔法と七不思議 , Ritoru Witchi Akademia : Toki no Mahō to Nana Fushigi , lit . Little Witch Academia : The Magic of Time and the Seven Wonders ) , is scheduled for release on PlayStation 4 in November 30 , 2017 in Japan , followed by a PS4 and Steam release in North America in early 2018 . A bonus game , Madō Senshi Gran Sharion ( 魔導戦士グランシャリオン , Magical Warrior Gran Sharion ) is available in Japan as a pre-order bonus . Other appearances ( edit ) A crossover short featuring characters from both Little Witch Academia and Inferno Cop premiered at AnimeNEXT 2015 on June 13 , 2015 and was also shown at Anime Expo 2015 on July 2 , 2015 . Both Akko ( in episode 13 ) and Sucy ( episode 8 ) make guest appearances in Trigger 's 2016 anime series , Space Patrol Luluco . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia : Tsukiyo no Ōkan Manga Ends in December '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Trigger Posts Long Little Witch Academia Trailer '' . Anime News Network . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Little Witch Academia ' Season 2 Release Date on Netflix : Episode 14 soon ? Trigger Talks Season 3 Characters '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staff / cast - TV アニメ『リトルウィッチアカデミア』公式サイト - '' . tv.littlewitchacademia.jp . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendez , Erica ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Since it mysteriously just showed up on Netflix today ... I can announce that I voice Akko in Little Witch Academia ! pic.twitter.com/JGxSZvAiUk '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Little Witch Academia. 2013 . Event occurs at closing credits Cast ( English ) -- via Netflix . Jump up ^ `` TV Anime ' Little Witch Academia ' : Interview with Director Yoh Yoshinari '' ( in Japanese ) . AnimeAnime.jp . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ AX , Rachelle Heger ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` I am so thrilled to announce my FIRST anime role ! I voice Sucy in # LittleWitchAcademia now on Netflix ! I am so honored ! Dream come true ! '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.funimation.com/blog/2017/07/16/october-2017-home-video-releases/ Jump up ^ Post , Laura ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Very excited to announce I voice Diana Cavendish in the dub of # LittleWitchAcademia now on Netflix ! Please check it out ! I love the show ! '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tv.littlewitchacademia.jp/chara/10.html Jump up ^ Alyx , Jennifer ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Super excited to announce that I voice a slew of characters in # LittleWitchAcademia . I play Hannah , Constanze , Twins , & random Students . '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Alexis . `` Voice Over Artist ( LWA : Ursula , Shiny Chariot & Barbara English Dub ) '' . twitter.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Marianne ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` You can hear me in Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade as Amanda ! Hope you enjoy your waifus in English . '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade. 2015 . Event occurs at closing credits Cast ( English ) -- via Netflix . Jump up ^ Alyx , Jennifer ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Super excited to announce that I voice a slew of characters in # LittleWitchAcademia . I play Hannah , Constanze , Twins , & random Students . '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth , Caitlyn ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Thrilled and honored to announce that I voice Croix Meridies in the # LittleWitchAcademia dub that 's now on Netflix ! pic.twitter.com/7DMURSYbgV '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tv.littlewitchacademia.jp/chara/19.html Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/LucienDodge/status/881657412704378881 Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Gets Short Manga in Ultra Jump '' . Anime News Network . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Manga Ends in Ultra Jump '' . Anime News Network . November 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Inspires 2 New Manga Series '' . Anime News Network . July 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzo / ZEXCS / Trigger / Madhouse 's Full Anime Mirai Trailer '' . Anime News Network . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Mirai 2013 Slated for March 2 '' . Anime News Network . December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trigger Streams Little Witch Academia Anime with English Subs '' . Anime News Network . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Little Witch Academia via YouTube Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Blu - ray to Have English Subs '' . Anime News Network . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Blu - Ray '' . www.goodsmile.info . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia ( Blu - Ray ) product page '' . Trigger Online Shop . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Trigger to Launch Kickstarter for New Little Witch Academia Episode '' . Anime News Network . July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Answering Fans ' Wishes with Kickstarter : Studio Trigger ( `` Little Witch Academia 2 '' ) Interview ( 1 / 3 ) `` . otakumode.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update 17 : Getting started ! Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Trigger Launches Little Witch Academia 2 Kickstarter '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trigger 's Little Witch Academia 2 Meets Kickstarter Goal '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update 4 : New stretch goal ( fix ) Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update 9 : Stretch Goal achieved ! Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia 2 Kickstarter Ends With US $625,518 Pledged '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Streamed Again '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia 2 to Premiere at Anime Expo With Guests Hiroyuki Imaishi , Yoh Yoshinari '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update 5 : Message from Otsuka Masahiko Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.otakuusamagazine.com/LatestNews/News1/Little-Witch-Academia-Shorts-Now-on-Netflix-7203.aspx Jump up ^ `` '' Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade '' Streams on Netflix `` . crunchyroll.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trigger 's Little Witch Academia Gets TV Anime Series '' . Anime News Network . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` '' Little Witch Academia '' TV Anime Spotted For January 2017 `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia TV Anime Reveals More Cast , Staff , Visual '' . Anime News Network . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia TV Anime 's Promo Video Reveals Song Artists , January 8 Premiere '' . Anime News Network . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Anime 's Video Previews 2nd Half , New Theme Songs '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BD / DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Debuts Little Witch Academia TV Anime 's 1st 13 Episodes on June 30 '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to Stream Little Witch Academia TV Anime Series '' . Anime News Network . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Witch Academia ' Season 2 Release Date On Netflix : Episode 14 Soon ? Trigger Talks Season 3 Characters '' . Inquisitr . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia : The Witch of Time and the Seven Wonders announced for PS4 - Gematsu '' . gematsu.com . May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bandai Namco Ent . Reveals U.S. Release of Little Witch Academia : Chamber of Time Game for PS4 , Steam '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia PS4 Game 's 2nd Ad Reveals November 30 Launch , Trigger 's Anime Footage , Bonus Game '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AnimeNEXT 2015 : Trigger '' . reversethieves.com . June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trigger Teases New Project & New Inferno Cop / Little Witch Academia Crossover Short '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Anime TV series official website ( in Japanese ) Little Witch Academia short film entry at Anime Mirai ( in Japanese ) Little Witch Academia ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Little Witch Academia on IMDb ( hide ) Ultra Super Pictures Sanzigen Television series Black Rock Shooter ( 2012 ) Wooser 's Hand - to - Mouth Life ( 2012 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation ( 2013 ) Arpeggio of Blue Steel - Ars Nova - ( 2013 ) Wooser 's Hand - to - Mouth Life : Kakusei - hen ( 2014 ) The Heroic Legend of Arslan ( 2015 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation 2 ( 2015 ) Wooser 's Hand - to - Mouth Life : Mugen - hen ( 2015 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation 3 ( 2015 ) BBK / BRNK ( 2016 ) BBK / BRNK : The Gentle Giants of the Galaxy ( 2016 ) ID - 0 ( 2017 ) Films 009 Re : Cyborg ( 2012 ) New Initial D the Movie ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Arpeggio of Blue Steel - Ars Nova DC - ( 2015 ) Arpeggio of Blue Steel - Ars Nova Cadenza - ( 2015 ) Ordet Television series Black Rock Shooter ( 2012 ) Senyu ( 2013 ) Senyu 2 ( 2013 ) Wake Up , Girls ! ( 2014 ) OVAs / ONAs Black Rock Shooter ( 2010 ) Blossom ( 2012 ) Miyakawa - ke no Kūfuku ( 2013 ) Wake Up , Girl ZOO ! ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Films Wake Up , Girls ! - Seven Idols ( 2014 ) Wake Up , Girls ! Seishun no Kage ( 2015 ) Wake Up , Girls ! Beyond the Bottom ( 2015 ) Studio Trigger Television series Kill la Kill ( 2013 -- 2014 ) When Supernatural Battles Became Commonplace ( 2014 ) Hacka Doll the Animation ( 2015 ) Space Patrol Luluco ( 2016 ) Kiznaiver ( 2016 ) Little Witch Academia ( 2017 ) Darling in the Franxx ( 2018 ) OVAs / ONAs Inferno Cop ( 2012 -- present ) Kill la Kill ( 2014 ) Japan Animator Expo ( 2015 ) Ninja Slayer From Animation ( 2015 ) Films Little Witch Academia ( 2013 ) Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade ( 2015 ) Liden Films Television series Senyu ( 2013 ) Aiura ( 2013 ) Senyu 2 ( 2013 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation ( 2013 ) Terra Formars ( 2014 ) The Heroic Legend of Arslan ( 2015 ) Yamada - kun and the Seven Witches ( 2015 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation 2 ( 2015 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation 3 ( 2015 ) Sekkō Boys ( 2016 ) Schwarzesmarken ( 2016 ) Kanojo to Kanojo no Neko : Everything Flows ( 2016 ) Terra Formars : Revenge ( 2016 ) The Heroic Legend of Arslan : Dust Storm Dance ( 2016 ) Poco 's Udon World ( 2016 ) Akashic Records of Bastard Magic Instructor ( 2017 ) Love and Lies ( 2017 ) Killing Bites ( 2018 ) OVAs / ONAs Terra Formars ( 2014 ) Yamada - kun and the Seven Witches ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Yankee - kun na Yamada - kun to Megane - chan to Majo ( 2015 ) Lost Song ( 2018 ) Films New Initial D the Movie ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Cardfight ! ! 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About Wikipedia	how many episodes of little witch academia will there be	[ "An anime television series of Little Witch Academia was announced on June 24, 2016 following the final episode of Space Patrol Luluco.[44] The series aired in Japan between January 9, 2017 and June 26, 2017.[45][46] For the first cour, the opening theme is \"Shiny Ray\" by YURiKA while the ending theme is \"Hoshi o Tadoreba\" (星を辿れば, If You Follow the Stars) by Yuiko Ōhara.[47] For the second cour, the opening theme is \"Mind Conductor\" by YURiKA while the ending theme is \"Tōmei na Tsubasa\" (透明な翼, Invisible Wings) by Ōhara.[48] The series ran for 25 episodes released across nine BD/DVD volumes.[49] Netflix began streaming the first 13 episodes with an English dub as of June 30, 2017.[50][51] The remaining 12 episodes began streaming as of August 15; but they were labeled as the show's second season.[3]" ]	[ "25" ]
-415623028232955	Once Upon a Time (season 7)	Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) DVD cover Starring Lana Parrilla Colin O'Donoghue Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Robert Carlyle Mekia Cox Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) -- May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Once Upon a Time episodes The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It consisted of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 . This season marked a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle were the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . The storyline was softly rebooted with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set several years after last season 's events . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series ; the season and series concluded on May 18 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Several years after the Final Battle , Henry Mills leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story , only to find himself in the New Enchanted Forest of New Fairy Tale Land , where a conflict between Lady Tremaine , Cinderella , Drizella , a resistance led by Tiana , and Mother Gothel 's Coven of the Eight culminates in the casting of a new curse that sends the New Enchanted Forest inhabitants to Seattle in the past , before Henry leaves Storybrooke . As Henry 's daughter Lucy sets out to restore his belief , Gothel 's coven builds its sinister agenda and contends with an unknown witch murderer , while Dr. Facilier embarks on his own power grab for the Dark One Dagger . However , the breaking of the curse results in the return of Rumplestiltskin of the Wish Realm who intends to doom everyone to a miserable end , and amplify his own powers . His defeat ultimately leads to Regina 's decision to merge all the realms of story , uniting them into one : the United Realms , with Regina elected and crowned the Good Queen . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers Andrew J. West as Henry Mills Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Vidrio Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Alison Fernandez as Lucy Mills / Lucy Vidrio Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine Recurring ( edit ) Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills / Sir Henry Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Bruce Blain as Samuel B. Ryce / Desk Sergeant Trevor Roberts as Remy Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Mother Nature / Eloise Gardener Chris Gauthier as Smee Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly West Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier / Mr. Baron Samdi Robin Givens as Eudora Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine Tiera Skovbye as Robin Hood / Margot Nathan Parsons as Hansel / Jack / Nick Branson Yael Yurman as Anastasia Jeff Pierre as Prince Naveen / Drew Chilton Crane as the Blind Witch / Hilda Braeburn Guest ( edit ) Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother Liam Hall as the Prince Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Emilie de Ravin as Belle Giles Matthey as Gideon Kevin Ryan as Robert Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine Cindy Luna as Cecelia Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella Alejandra Perez as young Ella Sophia Reid - Gantzert as young Anastasia Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily Suzy Joachim as Madame Leota Nisreen Slim as the Hedge Witch / Dr. Andrea Sage Chad Rook as Captain Ahab Elle McKinnon as young Alice Charles Mesure as Blackbeard ( Wish Realm ) Kip Pardue as Chad Dan Payne as Ivo Seth Isaac Johnson as young Hansel Sara Canning as Gretel Lily van der Griend as young Gretel Kyra Leroux as Yarrow Emily Tennant as Isla Naika Toussaint as Seraphina Gabrielle Miller as Mother Flora Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny Robbie Kay as Malcolm / Peter Pan ( Wish Realm ) Victoria Smurfit as Cruella De Vil ( Wish Realm ) JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel ( Wish Realm ) Timothy Webber as the Apprentice ( Wish Realm ) Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan Sean Maguire as Robin Hood Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco Lee Arenberg as Grumpy / Leroy Jack Davies as Pinocchio Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter Gabe Khouth as Sneezy / Mr. Clark Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper David Paul Grove as Doc Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 134 `` Hyperion Heights '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms , in hopes of finding his own story . Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . 135 `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.74 In flashback to Storybrooke , Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on . She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own . In order to comfort her , Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . 136 `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.49 In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . 137 `` Beauty '' Mick Garris Dana Horgan & Leah Fong October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his Darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria and , after several attempts , manages to get Weaver to remember his true identity . 138 5 `` Greenbacks '' Geofrey Hildrew Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2.29 In flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . 139 6 `` Wake Up Call '' Sharat Raju Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2.37 In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a Curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would hurt her family if she did n't comply . 140 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' Alex Kalymnios David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 In a flashback in the Wish Realm , shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her Curse , Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend the night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died , but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . When Rogers finds Gothel , he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . 141 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' Ralph Hemecker Dana Horgan & Leah Fong November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt , and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland , a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry , heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry , but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him . Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( Jack in Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's dismay , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia , but when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Weaver , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco , to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . 142 9 `` One Little Tear '' Steve Pearlman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.45 Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver , in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia . In flashbacks , Rapunzel steals from Mother Gothel 's garden to save her family , and is trapped in a tower in exchange . After six years of captivity , Rapunzel escapes using her hair , but finds her husband Marcus has married Cecilia , gaining a stepdaughter , Ella . Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom , which she uses to poison Cecilia 's heart , and leads to Cecilia running away . One day , Anastasia and Ella fall through thin ice but , to Rapunzel 's disbelief , their father only manages to save Ella . Rapunzel seeks Gothel 's help , who magically seals Anastasia 's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower . However , Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place . In the present , Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda , claiming to be a changed person . Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel , convincing Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings . As Lucy sheds a tear , Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia , while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness . 143 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' Ralph Hemecker Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 2.29 In a flashback , baby Lucy is born just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse . The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone . Eight years later , everyone is celebrating Lucy 's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches , recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed . With the curse looming , Regina heads off to get help from Zelena . Later , when the heroes confront the witches , Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry and Regina is forced to cast Drizella 's curse in order to save his life . In the present day , Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco , who is now known as Kelly . Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle , knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy will hurt Henry . Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian . However , Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her , deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven . Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches . 144 11 `` Secret Garden '' Mick Garris Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 2.14 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Robin has been secretly dabbling in magic against her mother 's wishes . After attempting a spell that leads her to Gothel , Robin disappears from Storybrooke and Zelena arrives in the New Enchanted Forest looking for her . Robin is excited to apprentice under the powerful witch but soon finds out that Gothel only wants her to be the sacrifice needed for a resurrection amulet to bring Madame Leota back to the land of the living . In the present day , Regina and Zelena seek the resurrection amulet in hopes of finding another way to save Lucy . However , Tremaine gets a hold of the amulet and hands it over to Gothel , not realizing that Gothel intends to use Drizella as the sacrifice this time around . As the amulet 's magic begins to take Drizella 's life , Tremaine decides to sacrifice herself to save her daughter and dies as Lucy begins to awaken . Elsewhere , it is revealed that there is a killer on the loose in Hyperion Heights , as a doctor who finds out about Lucy 's true paternity is poisoned by a mysterious figure . 145 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' Nina Lopez - Corrado David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 2.22 In a flashback to the day of Tiana 's coronation , Facilier appears to warn her of a danger to her kingdom , which ends up sending her on a hunt for a giant alligator . She meets Prince Naveen at the wreckage site and while the two do n't get along , they agree to search for it together . When the alligator attacks them on a lake , Tiana is able to kill it but Naveen is left gravely injured . When Facilier reappears to claim a necklace from inside of the beast , Tiana gets him to revive Naveen , but on a previously undisclosed condition that the prince is to be enslaved to him until further notice . In the present day , Sabine is excited to participate in a food truck festival until an anonymous tip to the cops leaves her unable . She accuses Drew , a former classmate - turned - food truck rival , of sabotage . However , it is revealed that Drew is under orders from Samdi , a mysterious investor , to get close to her for his own purposes . Regina figures out that Facilier is n't really cursed and it is revealed that they have a history tracing back to the Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy discovers upsetting information about the current curse , while Rogers and Weaver discover that the neighborhood killer is going after witches in particular . 146 13 `` Knightfall '' Steve Miner Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 2.38 In the flashbacks , after a young Alice has been receiving frightening visions of Gothel attacking her and Hook in the tower , Hook vows to help her escape and seeks help from the Rumplestiltskin in the Wish Realm . Rumple tells him to procure a magical fish hook from Captain Ahab . He wins it from Ahab over a die roll , however , when Ahab comes back to taunt him about his former pirate status , Hook agrees to a pistol duel . When he returns to the tower , Hook and Alice find themselves branded and cursed by Gothel , who had poisoned the bullet that hit him . In the present day , Rogers and Weaver interrogate Eloise about her cult , though she is only interested in playing mind games with Rogers . Tilly , who is experiencing a manic episode , desperately tries to convince the detectives to see Eloise for who she really is . When they deduce that Eloise was trying to mislead them about the case , they check up on Hilda in the hospital , only to find her dead , with Tilly holding a scalpel in the room . 147 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' Antonio Negret Dana Horgan & Leah Fong March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 2.11 In a flashback , Alice makes a birthday wish to get out of the tower and shortly after , a troll appears and helps her escape . Years later , Alice is caught spying on the resistance group by Robin , who had just recently arrived to the New Enchanted Forest . Robin intends to honor her father 's legacy by hunting down Alice 's troll , who has since been destroying villages , but Alice goes after her to protect it . In the present day , Rogers , Henry , and Tilly are looking for evidence of Tilly being elsewhere during the time of the baker 's murder to clear her name . As she retraces her steps , Tilly grows frustrated when she finds that no one can remember seeing her at the places she had visited . Meanwhile , Regina asks Facilier out on a date so that Lucy can break into his suite to look for clues as to what he seeks in Hyperion Heights . 148 15 `` Sisterhood '' Ellen S. Pressman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 2.03 In a flashback , Gothel recruits Drizella to compete for one of two spots in her coven . Drizella strikes a partnership with Gretel and they agree to help each other out on the course , however , it turns out that real test was that one would have to kill the other to win . In the present day , Drizella is attacked by the neighborhood `` Candy Killer . '' Facilier offers her a way to escape to her home realm , though it would be at the expense of Anastasia 's life . Initially , Drizella lures Anastasia in under the guise of wanting to rekindle their sisterhood and brings her to Facilier to perform the ritual . When Anastasia unexpectedly awakens , she must choose between Drizella or Gothel , and ultimately chooses her sister . The two are able to open a portal and leave Hyperion Heights to start over together in the New Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy organizes a boys night out for Henry , Rogers , and Nick , which ends with the revelation that Nick is the Candy Killer . 149 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' Ron Underwood Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 2.15 In a flashback , Henry expresses his desire to find his own story , as he feels unworthy of Ella . When he mentions to Hook that he wants to propose with a special ring like the one of his grandparents , Hook suggests that they retrieve one from Davy Jones ' locker and the two sneak aboard the Jolly Roger to overtake it from Blackbeard . However , it is revealed that it was all a set - up by Hook so that Henry could feel like he partook in an epic adventure . A little while later , Henry ends up proposing to Ella anyway . In the present day , Henry lands a job interview in New York but before he can leave , Weaver finds his novel at the crime scene and insists that he help the police identify the Candy Killer , whom they conclude is a man who believes he is the `` Hansel '' of the story . When Henry gets a flat tire driving to the airport , Nick offers him a ride , which ends with Henry getting kidnapped by Nick , who confirms the former 's suspicions of him being Hansel and the Candy Killer . As this is happening , Zelena is horrified to find that she is the killer 's next target . 150 17 `` Chosen '' Lana Parrilla Paul Karp & Brian Ridings April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 2.18 In a flashback , another witch , who is in possession of Hansel and Gretel , has settled into Oz , to Zelena 's disdain . After Zelena refuses to help the kids , she is magically weakened by the witch , and faints in the forest . She is taken in by a blind man named Ivo , who happens to be Hansel and Gretel 's father . When Zelena decides to go back for the children , she finds that they had already escaped and told their father about their encounter with her . When the family refuses to give her a second chance , Zelena angrily burns Hansel . In the present day , Jack tells Henry everything about their fairytale pasts , but Henry is still a nonbeliever . Jack kidnaps Chad to lure in Zelena to get his revenge . Zelena ends up having to tell Chad her real name and hints at her wicked past , though he does n't care and the two decide to move back to San Francisco together . Meanwhile , Facilier uses Naveen , who is actually not cursed , to get magic for a voodoo doll that he uses to kill Jack . 151 18 `` The Guardian '' Geofrey Hildrew David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 2.12 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the past , Mr. Gold , still dealing with the loss of Belle , is challenged by Facilier to rid himself of the Dagger by seeking out the Guardian , who is able to free him of the Darkness . When Gold finds Alice and believe her to be the person he was looking for , he test out the theory on Facilier by pulling his heart out and his hunch was correct , but then has a change of heart by withholding transfer of his power to Alice so she can be happy with Robin and not dealing with the burden she would carry . Alice also convinced Hook that Rumpelstiltskin is not a villain and the two became friends . In the present , Nick 's death has Weaver suspecting Samdi of stealing the Dagger , but Samdi says he had no involvement with taking the latter . Weaver also betrayed Roni by using the magic needed to save Henry in order to track down the Dagger , which lead it to Tilly , whose first date with Margot is distracted by the voices from the Dagger itself , but in the end Margot does see a soulmate in Tilly . When Rogers discovers Drew was the last person who might have known what happened to Nick , Drew warns him about Samdi and how Nick died . Henry discovers that Nick / Hansel was telling him the truth about the blood test results that confirmed him as Lucy 's father and shares the results with a stunned Jacinda . 152 19 `` Flower Child '' Tessa Blake Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 1.98 In a flashback , young tree nymph Gothel yearns for interaction with humans . Though warned against it by her nymph family , she explores a house and meets a group of ladies who appear accepting of her magic , who then invite her to a ball . It turns out that the girls only sought out to humiliate her and stole her key to enter the nymphs ' grove to destroy everything and everyone in it . Avenging the death of her kind , Gothel goes on a destructive rampage and it is revealed that Gothel had turned her home realm into what we now know as the Land Without Magic . In the present day , Gothel tells Tilly that she is her mother and Tilly goes to Rogers with this information . The two of them go to Henry , who has already begun to seriously consider that the stories in his book are actually real . Lucy and Facilier manage to cure Henry of his pre-curse ailments , however , when her parents finally share a kiss , the curse does n't break . Meanwhile , Rogers and Tilly 's stakeout on Eloise ends with Tilly being blackmailed into becoming the final member of Gothel 's revived coven . The sisterhood then releases their magic back into the land . 153 20 `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' Ron Underwood Dana Horgan & Leah Fong May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 1.98 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the flashbacks to Henry 's senior year of high school , Henry ponders over what his next step should be and tells Regina that he wants to explore colleges outside of Storybrooke . He ends up being accepted to every college he applied to , however , having to lie about his life experiences on the applications gave him doubts about leaving town after all . In the present day , Regina and Lucy try to break the curse before the coven fully gives their magic to Gothel 's doomsday plot to wipe out mankind . After multiple failed attempts to wake Henry , Regina reveals that the curse had actually taken them back in time . When a disbelieving Henry decides to call a phone number listed on his supposed adoption papers , a young Henry picks up on the other line and it is revealed that the curse took them back to the same time period shown in the flashbacks and it is currently Henry 's graduation night . The adult Henry gives his younger self some advice , which gives him the push he needs to be okay with leaving home . When Henry finds that Regina has been hurt by Gothel , he is able to give her true love 's kiss , which breaks the curse on the entire neighborhood . Alice finds the strength to defeat Gothel , with her father and Robin by her side . At the end of the episode , Weaver pays a visit to Facilier 's office , and their standoff halts when his Wish Realm counterpart suddenly appears and kills Facilier . 154 21 `` Homecoming '' Steve Pearlman David H. Goodman May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 2.26 Celebrations over breaking the Dark Curse are cut short when Wish Realm Rumplestiltskin sends Jacinda and Lucy to the Wish Realm , and attempts to blackmail Henry into obtaining the Dark One Dagger for him . Henry , along with Roni , Weaver , and Rogers , enters a portal to the Wish Realm to find his family . Once on the other side , the group has been split , with Henry and Roni sent to the Dark Castle , while Weaver and Rogers are sent to Rumple 's old hovel . Wish Rumple reveals that he has trapped Jacinda and Lucy in a snowglobe that will count down to their deaths by midnight . A desperate Henry obtains the Wish Realm 's version of the Author 's Pen in hopes of freeing them , but it turns out that Wish Rumple was after the pen all along , not the dagger . He then presents it to Wish Henry , who is more than willing to help him rewrite some stories after losing his mother and grandparents . He ends up erasing the Guardian 's powers , and Wish Rumple then sends Henry , Weaver , and Rogers into the snowglobe . Roni is left behind , as Wish Henry desires revenge after their last encounter . Meanwhile , Tilly feels that her father is in danger , and Sabine helps her and Margot obtain a magic bean after regaining her confidence as queen of her people . The two then reveal that they 're making a pit stop to find help before heading to the Wish Realm , and they drive through the portal into Storybrooke . 155 22 `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 2.27 Alice and Robin arrive in Storybrooke and come across the past version of Zelena . Robin reveals that she 's her daughter from the future and tells her that their family needs help . In the snowglobe , Rumple reveals to Hook that his Wish Realm counterpart had stripped him of his powers and his immortality . Everyone is able to break free when Alice magically delivers Maui 's fish hook . Meanwhile , Wish Henry has Regina captured and sets up a duel to death for them on the next day . Wish Rumple then visits Wish Henry and reveals that his plan is to use portals to trap all of the other characters inside of storybooks , where they are destined for unhappy endings . While she 's locked up , Regina experiences a vision of Robin Hood . When Hook comes to her rescue , he 's attacked by black knights , but Snow and Charming show up and save them both . Weaver uses magic dust to regain limited magic . As Wish Henry and Regina are fighting , the others begin to get sucked into the portals . Ultimately , Regina is able to reason with him and he forfeits , closing off the portals . Hook had grabbed Alice to save her , but their contact leaves his heart in a dire state . Rumple then decides to sacrifice himself , by removing his own heart and giving it to Hook , destroying Wish Rumple and the Darkness in the process . He is then reunited with Belle in the Afterlife . Regina decides to merge all the realms using a new curse , which brings the united magical universe inside the Storybrooke limits . Some time later , the citizens decide to crown Regina as the Good Queen of the United Realms . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show . Horowitz said : `` I hesitate to use the word `` reboot . '' We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . The main flashback setting of the seventh season is the New Enchanted Forest , which is a New Fairy Tale Land realm . Other locations featured in flashbacks are the Edge of Realms , the Wish Realm , New Wonderland , Oz , and Storybrooke itself . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season . On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be recurring in the second half of the season . It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre , who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . On January 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad , Zelena 's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly . He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season . On March 16 , it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series ' last two episodes . This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore ( who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode ) and Sean Maguire , as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher , Victoria Smurfit , Robbie Kay , Beverley Elliott , Lee Arenberg , Keegan Connor Tracy , and Tony Amendola . On March 21 , it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time , along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series . In addition , Raphael Sbarge , David Paul Grove , and Faustino Di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hyperion Heights '' October 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.26 0.7 1.72 1.4 4.98 `` A Pirate 's Life '' October 13 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.74 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' October 20 , 2017 0.5 / 3 2.49 0.6 N / A N / A `` Beauty '' October 27 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.44 0.5 N / A 1.0 N / A 5 `` Greenbacks '' November 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 0.5 1.27 1.0 3.56 6 `` Wake Up Call '' November 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.37 0.5 1.32 1.0 3.69 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 9 `` One Little Tear '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.45 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Secret Garden '' March 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.14 0.5 N / A 0.9 N / A 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' March 9 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.22 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 13 `` Knightfall '' March 16 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.38 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' March 23 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.11 0.5 N / A 0.9 N / A 15 `` Sisterhood '' March 30 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' April 6 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.15 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 17 `` Chosen '' April 13 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.18 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 18 `` The Guardian '' April 20 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.12 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 19 `` Flower Child '' April 27 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' May 4 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Homecoming '' May 11 , 2018 0.5 / 3 2.26 N / A N / A N / A N / A 22 `` Leaving Storybrooke '' May 18 , 2018 0.5 / 3 2.27 0.3 0.89 0.8 3.16 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The reboot comes as Once remains a valuable property for ABC . Jump up ^ Times , Music ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Soft Reboot : Emma Swan Reunites With Hook & Finds Closure in Their Story '' . MusicTimes . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The coming seventh season of `` Once Upon a Time '' will have a soft reboot and will embark on a new chapter . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time is back -- but is it still magical ? '' . DigitalSpy . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . There was understandably some scepticism and worry when ABC announced that Once Upon a Time 's seventh season would be a soft reboot , set many years after last spring 's finale and featuring a mostly new cast . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena 's return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : A Pirate 's Life ( 10 / 13 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' One Little Tear ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Homecoming '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time just mocked its own complicated story lines '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blain , Bruce ( @ BBinBKK ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` @ LanaParrilla Well , twitter certainly seems to be happy with the episode ! Congrats ! Now , do you want to tell them about # SamuelBRyce , or should I ? Oh , and here 's a BTS pic I 've been hanging on to but could n't share until now . # OnceUponaTime @ OnceABC # DeskSergeant '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( # 702 ) `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 710 ) `` The Eighth Witch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 712 ) `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 714 ) `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 709 ) `` One Little Tear '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Tiana 's Prince Naveen With Beyond 's Jeff Pierre '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time : Hyperion Heights ( 10 / 6 ) '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Rapunzel 's Cursed Identity '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dana Horgan ( @ horgandee ) ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Cecelia ( now just TRY not getting the Simon & Garfunkle song stuck in your head for the rest of the day ... :) ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 711 ) `` Secret Garden '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenson , Jane ( @ JaneEspenson ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Hedge Witch is the term that came to my mind '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 713 ) `` Knightfall '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 716 ) `` Breadcrumbs '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Runaways star as Zelena 's fiancé '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 717 ) `` Chosen '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 715 ) `` Sisterhood '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leroux , Kyra ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Had an amazing two days on set working with the lovely Emma Booth ! ! @ emmalovesluna . Tune into ABC or CTV tonight to see my episode of Once Upon A Time ! ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emily Tennant ( @ emilyjtennant ) ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Tune into tonight 's episode of # OnceUponaTime ✨ # FlowerChild on ABC at 8 / 7c 🌹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 719 ) `` Flower Child '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire among returning faces for series finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire , JoAnna Garcia and Robbie Kay Among Farewell Run 's 9 Returns '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 721 ) `` Homecoming '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : All the Stars -- Including Jennifer Morrison and Ginnifer Goodwin -- Returning for the Series Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 722 ) `` Leaving Storybrooke '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lee Arenberg ( @ leearenberg ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` # TheWildCrew ... it 's been an honor to toe the marks with you fine gents ! ! ! @ FaustinoDiBauda @ RaphaelSbarge @ davidavalon # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Raphael Sbarge ( @ RaphaelSbarge ) ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` You can go home again . # Storybrooke # Pongo # reunited # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Blindspot ' and all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' and ' Life Sentence ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up , Meghan Markle special adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' 20 / 20 , ' ' Life Sentence , ' ' Harry & Meghan ' special all adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time original cast member returning in final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' `` Chosen '' `` The Guardian '' `` Flower Child '' `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' `` Homecoming '' `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=855545172 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Fictional portrayals of the Seattle Police Department Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is season 7 of once upon a time the last	[]	[]
2022194383094211760	D. Wayne Lukas	D. Wayne Lukas - wikipedia D. Wayne Lukas Jump to : navigation , search D. Wayne Lukas D. Wayne Lukas in the winner 's circle of the 2013 Preakness Stakes Occupation Horse trainer ( 1935 - 09 - 02 ) September 2 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Antigo , Wisconsin , United States Career wins Quarter Horse racing : 739 Thoroughbred flat racing : 4,741 + ( ongoing ) Major racing wins American Classics wins : Kentucky Derby ( 1988 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 ) Preakness Stakes ( 1980 , 1985 , 1994 , 1995 , 1999 , 2013 ) Belmont Stakes ( 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 ) Breeders ' Cup wins : Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies ( 1985 , 1988 , 1994 , 1999 , 2005 , 2014 ) Breeders ' Cup Juvenile ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1994 , 1996 ) Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Sprint ( 2012 ) Breeders ' Cup Sprint ( 1988 , 2002 ) Breeders ' Cup Turf Mile ( 1989 ) Breeders ' Cup Distaff ( 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 2000 ) Breeders ' Cup Classic ( 1999 ) Racing awards Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer ( 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1994 ) U.S. Champion Trainer by wins ( 1987 - 1990 ) U.S. Leading stakes - winning trainer ( 1985 - 1992 ) U.S. Champion Trainer by earnings ( 1983 - 1992 , 1994 - 1997 ) John W. Galbreath Equine Award ( 1998 ) Honours United States ' Racing Hall of Fame ( 1999 ) American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer ( 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1994 ) Eclipse Award of Merit Significant horses Trainer of 23 World Champion Quarter horses Other Thoroughbred flat racing horses : Azeri , Cara Rafaela , Corporate Report , Criminal Type , Dance Floor , Dynaformer , Effervescing , Farma Way , Go And Go , Golden Attraction , Grand Slam , Honour and Glory , Lady 's Secret , Landaluce , North Sider , River Memories , Serena 's Song , Sharp Cat , Southern Halo , Star of Cozzene , Tamarisk , Terlingua , Will Take Charge Darrell Wayne Lukas ( born September 2 , 1935 in Antigo , Wisconsin ) is an American horse trainer and a U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee . He holds the record for the most Triple Crown race wins with fourteen , has won twenty Breeders ' Cup races , received five Eclipse Awards for his accomplishments , and his horses have won 25 year - end Eclipse Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and career 2 Personal life 3 Thoroughbreds trained with major wins 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Background and career ( edit ) Born and raised on a small farm , Lukas grew up with an interest in horses . He graduated from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison with a master 's degree in education then taught high school where for nine years he was a head basketball coach . He began training quarter horses in California in 1968 and after 10 years of achievement that saw him train 24 world champions , he switched to training thoroughbreds . The first trainer to earn more than $100 million in purse money , he has been the year 's top money winner 14 times . Lukas got his big break in 1980 when he won the Preakness Stakes on Codex . His horses have won the Kentucky Derby four times , the Preakness Stakes on six occasions , and have claimed victory four times in the Belmont Stakes , including winning all three of the Classics in 1995 with Thunder Gulch ( Kentucky Derby , Belmont Stakes ) and Timber Country ( Preakness ) , making him the first trainer to sweep the Triple Crown Classic races with two different horses in a season . In 2013 , he surpassed Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons for the most Triple Crown race victories , with 14 . He has won Breeder 's Cup races a record 20 times . Fillies Lukas has trained have won the Kentucky Oaks four times . Three of his horses -- Lady 's Secret in 1986 , Criminal Type in 1990 and Charismatic in 1999 -- won the Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year . He has a total of 25 horses that have won various Eclipse Awards . He has won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer four times . In 1999 , the same year his horse Charismatic came within 2 lengths of the Triple Crown , he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . He was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2007 , becoming the first person to enter both the Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse halls of fame . In 2013 he was awarded the Eclipse Award of Merit for his accomplishments . In 2014 , at age 78 , in his acceptance speech for the 2013 Eclipse Award of Merit , he stated , `` ( w ) hen they start giving you awards ... they are trying to get you to retire . Well , you young trainers get ready because I 'm not retiring . We 're coming after you , so you 'd better get up a little more early in the morning from now on . We 're coming after you with a vengeance . '' Personal life ( edit ) Lukas has been married four times . He had one son , Jeff ( 1957 - 2016 ) , and two grandchildren , with his first wife . In December 1993 , Lukas ' derby contender , Tabasco Cat seriously injured Jeff Lukas , who worked for his father as an assistant trainer and was the elder Lukas ' hard - driving right - hand man . In a shedrow accident at Santa Anita Park , the colt broke loose and when Jeff Lukas tried to stop him , the horse slammed into him , throwing him into the air and when Jeff landed on the concrete , he suffered a skull fracture which left him in a coma for several weeks . He suffered permanent brain damage ; he had changes in personality , vision loss , and damage to his memory . By spring of 1994 , he had recovered enough that he attempted to return to horse racing , but after a series of less - demanding jobs ending in 2003 , it was clear he could not work safely around race horses . He also tried living and working near horse farms , but his disabilities were too severe for him to be safe around horses at all . He ultimately moved to Atoka , Oklahoma in 2007 to work for David Burrage , who had been the accountant and general manager for Lukas Racing Stables . By that time , Burrage was a banker and owned the First Bank in Atoka , which employed Lukas . His father bought him a home there and Jeff lived a quiet life until his death at age 58 in March 2016 . Thoroughbreds trained with major wins ( edit ) Kentucky Derby Winning Colors ( 1988 ) Thunder Gulch ( 1995 ) Grindstone ( 1996 ) Charismatic ( 1999 ) Preakness Stakes Codex ( 1980 ) Tank 's Prospect ( 1985 ) Tabasco Cat ( 1994 ) Timber Country ( 1995 ) Charismatic ( 1999 ) Oxbow ( 2013 ) Belmont Stakes Tabasco Cat ( 1994 ) Thunder Gulch ( 1995 ) Editor 's Note ( 1996 ) Commendable ( 2000 ) Breeders ' Cup Classic Cat Thief ( 1999 ) Breeders ' Cup Ladies ' Classic Life 's Magic ( 1985 ) Lady 's Secret ( 1986 ) Sacahuista ( 1987 ) Spain ( 2000 ) Breeders ' Cup Mile Steinlen ( 1989 ) Breeders ' Cup Sprint Gulch ( 1988 ) Orientate ( 2002 ) Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Capote ( 1986 ) Success Express ( 1987 ) Is It True ( 1988 ) Timber Country ( 1994 ) Boston Harbor ( 1996 ) Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies Twilight Ridge ( 1985 ) Open Mind ( 1988 ) Flanders ( 1994 ) Cash Run ( 1999 ) Folklore ( 2005 ) Take Charge Brandi ( 2014 ) Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Sprint Hightail ( 2012 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trainer Profile ^ Jump up to : Eclipse Night Filled with Repeat Winners Jump up ^ Pletcher Continues to Do Lukas Proud Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association Hall of Fame - D. Wayne Lukas Archived 2008 - 02 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . accessed on February 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jeff Lukas Remembered Jump up ^ Out of the Darkness Jump up ^ BC Juvenile Fillies Star Twilight Ridge Dies Jump up ^ Champion Flanders Euthanized Further reading ( edit ) DeVito , Carlo . D. Wayne : The High - Rolling and Fast Times of America 's Premier Horse Trainer ( 2002 ) McGraw - Hill ISBN 0 - 07 - 138737 - 4 External links ( edit ) D. Wayne Lukas at the United States National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame American Quarter Horse Association Hall of Fame - D. Wayne Lukas accessed on February 4 , 2008 D. Wayne Lukas at the NTRA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._Wayne_Lukas&oldid=842662689 '' Categories : 1935 births Living people People from Langlade County , Wisconsin University of Wisconsin -- Madison alumni American horse trainers Eclipse Award winners United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 21 : 14 . About Wikipedia	does wayne lucas have a horse in the kentucky derby	[]	[]
-5487315473449383459	Sauron	Sauron - wikipedia Sauron Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character from J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth writings . For the board game based on the character , see Middle Earth ( board game ) . For other uses , see Sauron ( disambiguation ) . Sauron Tolkien 's legendarium character J.R.R. Tolkien 's watercolour illustration of Sauron . Aliases See Names and titles below Race Maiar Book ( s ) The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Children of Húrin Sauron / ˈsaʊrɒn / is the title character and main antagonist of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . In the same work , he is identified as the Necromancer , mentioned in Tolkien 's earlier novel The Hobbit . In Tolkien 's The Silmarillion ( published posthumously by Tolkien 's son Christopher Tolkien ) , he is also described as the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord , Morgoth . Tolkien noted that the Ainur , the `` angelic '' powers of his constructed myth , `` were capable of many degrees of error and failing '' , but by far the worst was `` the absolute Satanic rebellion and evil of Morgoth and his satellite Sauron '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Before creation of the world 1.2 First Age 1.2. 1 Sauron 's fall 1.2. 2 The Lieutenant of Morgoth 1.3 Second Age 1.3. 1 The Rings of Power 1.3. 2 Resurgence from Mordor 1.3. 3 Destruction of Númenor 1.3. 4 War against the Last Alliance 1.4 Third Age 1.4. 1 The Necromancer of Dol Guldur 1.4. 2 The War of the Ring 2 Names and titles 3 Appearance 3.1 Tolkien 's illustration of Sauron 3.2 Eye of Sauron 4 Concept and creation 5 Adaptations 6 Allusions in other works 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Biography ( edit ) Before creation of the world ( edit ) The Ainulindalë , the cosmological myth prefixed to The Silmarillion , explains how the supreme being Eru initiated his creation by bringing into being innumerable spirits , `` the offspring of his thought '' , who were with him before anything else had been made . The being later known as Sauron originated among these as an `` immortal ( angelic ) spirit '' . In his origin , Sauron therefore perceived the Creator directly . As Tolkien noted : `` Sauron could not , of course , be a ' sincere ' atheist . Though one of the minor spirits created before the world , he knew Eru , according to his measure . '' In the terminology of Tolkien 's invented language of Quenya , these angelic spirits were called Ainur . Those who entered the physical world were called Valar , especially the most powerful ones . The lesser Ainur who entered the world , of whom Sauron was one , were called Maiar . In Tolkien 's letters , the author noted that Sauron `` was of course a ' divine ' person ( in the terms of this mythology ; a lesser member of the race of Valar ) '' . Tolkien noted that he was of a `` far higher order '' than the Maiar who later came to Middle - earth as the Wizards Gandalf , Radagast , and Saruman . As created by Eru , the Ainur were all good and uncorrupt , as Elrond stated in The Lord of the Rings : `` Nothing is evil in the beginning . Even Sauron was not so . '' Rebellion originated with the Vala Melkor ( as Morgoth was called before he turned to darkness ) . According to a story meant as a parable of events beyond Elvish comprehension , Eru let his spirit - children perform a great Music , the Music of the Ainur , developing a theme revealed by Eru himself . For a while the cosmic choir made wondrous music , but then Melkor tried to increase his own glory by weaving into his song thoughts and ideas that were not in accordance with the original theme . `` Straightway discord arose around him , and many that sang nigh him grew despondent ... but some began to attune their music to his rather than to the thought which they had at first . '' The discord Melkor created would have dire consequences , as this singing was a kind of template for the world : `` The evils of the world were not at first in the great Theme , but entered with the discords of Melkor . '' However , `` Sauron was not a beginner of discord ; and he probably knew more of the Music than did Melkor , whose mind had always been filled with his own plans and devices . '' Apparently Sauron was not even one of the spirits that immediately began to attune their music to that of Melkor , since it is noted elsewhere that his fall occurred later ( see below ) . The cosmic Music now represented the conflict between good and evil . Finally , Eru abruptly brought the Song of Creation to an end . To show the spirits , faithful or otherwise , what they had done , Eru gave independent being to the now - marred Music . This resulted in the manifestation of the material World , Eä , where the drama of good and evil would play out and be resolved . First Age ( edit ) Entering Eä at the beginning of time , the Valar and Maiar tried to build and organize the world according to the will of Eru . Each Maia was associated with one of the powerful Valar whom they served ; for example , Sauron was prominent among the Maiar who served Aulë the Smith , the great craftsman of the Valar . As a result , Sauron came to possess great knowledge of the physical substances of the world , forging , and all manner of craftsmanship -- emerging as `` a great craftsman of the household of Aulë '' . Sauron would always retain the `` scientific '' knowledge he derived from the great Vala of Craft : `` In his beginning he was of the Maiar of Aulë , and he remained mighty in the lore of that people . '' Sauron 's original Elvish name in Valinor was Mairon ( Quenya for `` the Admirable '' ) , but this name was not used anymore after he joined Melkor . In Beleriand he was called in Sindarin Gorthu `` Mist of Fear '' and Gorthaur `` The Cruel '' . However , during the Second Age Sauron continued to call himself Tar - Mairon ( Quenya `` King Excellent '' ) . Sauron 's fall ( edit ) Melkor opposed the other Valar , who remained faithful to Eru and tried to carry out the Creator 's designs . Within the larger universe , they eventually focused on developing the world of Arda ( Earth , or the entire solar system ) . Around this time , Sauron fell victim to Melkor 's corrupting influence : `` In the beginning of Arda , Melkor seduced him to his allegiance . '' As for Sauron 's motives , Tolkien noted that `` it had been his virtue ( and therefore also the cause of his fall ... ) that he loved order and coordination , and disliked all confusion and wasteful friction '' . Thus `` it was the apparent will and power of Melkor to effect his designs quickly and masterfully that had first attracted Sauron to him '' . For a while , Sauron apparently kept up the pretence that he was a faithful servant of the Valar , all the while feeding Melkor information about their doings . Thus , when the Valar made Almaren as their first physical abode in the world , `` Melkor knew of all that was done ; for even then he had secret friends and spies among the Maiar whom he had converted to his cause , and of these the chief , as after became known , was Sauron . '' Melkor soon destroyed Almaren , and the Valar established a new abode in the Uttermost West : the Blessed Realm of Valinor . They still did not perceive Sauron 's treachery , for he too became `` a being of Valinor '' . At some point , Sauron left the Blessed Realm and went to Middle - earth , the central continent of Arda , where Melkor had established his stronghold . In one text , Tolkien wrote of Sauron that `` in Valinor he had dwelt among the people of the gods , but there Morgoth had drawn him to evil and to his service '' . Sauron deserted his service to the Valar and openly joined their great enemy : `` Because of his admiration of Strength he had become a follower of Morgoth and fell with him down into the depths of evil . '' The lieutenant of Morgoth ( edit ) After joining his new master in Middle - earth , Sauron proved to be a devoted and capable servant : `` While Morgoth still stood , Sauron did not seek his own supremacy , but worked and schemed for another , desiring the triumph of Melkor , whom in the beginning he had adored . He thus was often able to achieve things , first conceived by Melkor , which his master did not or could not complete in the furious haste of his malice . '' `` In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda , in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning , Sauron had a part . '' In chapter three of The Silmarillion , Tolkien writes that by the time the Elves awoke in the world , Sauron had become Melkor 's lieutenant and was given command over the newly built stronghold of Angband . To protect the Elves , the Valar made war on Melkor and captured him , but could not find Sauron . Thus , `` when Melkor was made captive , Sauron escaped and lay hid in Middle - earth ; and it can in this way be understood how the breeding of the Orcs ( no doubt already begun ) went on with increasing speed '' . In the Blessed Realm , Melkor feigned reform , but eventually escaped back to Middle - earth , holding the Silmarils of Fëanor . By then , Sauron had `` secretly repaired Angband for the help of his Master when he returned ; and there the dark places underground were already manned with hosts of the Orcs before Melkor came back at last , as Morgoth the Black Enemy '' . Shortly after the return of Morgoth , the Noldorin Elves also left the Blessed Realm of Valinor in the Uttermost West , against the counsel of the Valar , to wage war on Morgoth , who had stolen the Silmarils . In that war , Sauron served as Morgoth 's chief lieutenant , surpassing all others in rank , such as Gothmog , the Lord of Balrogs . Known as Gorthaur the Cruel , Sauron was at that time a master of illusions and shapeshifting ; werewolves and vampires were his servants , chief among them Draugluin , Father of Werewolves , and his vampire herald Thuringwethil . When Morgoth left Angband to corrupt the newly discovered Men , Sauron directed the war against the Elves . He conquered the Elvish island of Tol Sirion and its watchtower Minas Tirith , so that it became known as Tol - in - Gaurhoth , the Isle of Werewolves . Ten years later , Finrod Felagund , the king of Nargothrond and former lord of Tol Sirion , came there with Beren and ten Elves , disguised as Orcs . However Sauron had them brought before him . Finrod had a magical battle with Sauron , but was defeated ( in part because of the curse of Fëanor ) . All 12 were thrown into Sauron 's dungeons and the 10 Elves were devoured by wolves . Finrod died fighting a wolf to save Beren . Soon afterwards Lúthien and Huan the Wolfhound arrived , hoping to rescue Beren . Sauron sent werewolves against them , including their sire Draugluin , but Huan slew them all . Aware of a prophecy to the effect that Huan would be killed by the greatest wolf ever , Sauron himself assumed a monstrous wolf - like form and attacked him . But the prophecy actually applied to the still - unborn Carcharoth , and Sauron could not prevail against Huan , despite transforming into a serpent and his own form . Eventually , Huan had Sauron by the throat . Lúthien gave Sauron two options : either surrender to her the magical control he had established over Tol - in - Gaurhoth , or have his body destroyed so that his naked ghost would have to endure the scorn of Morgoth . Sauron yielded , and Huan let him go . Lúthien destroyed the tower and rescued Beren from the dungeons . Sauron fled in the form of a huge vampiric bat , and spent some time as a vampire in the woods of Taur - nu - Fuin . Nothing is told of his subsequent activities in the First Age until the end . Following the voyage of Eärendil to the Blessed Realm , the Valar finally moved against Morgoth . In the resulting War of Wrath , the Dark Lord was defeated and cast into the Outer Void beyond the world . But `` Sauron fled from the Great Battle and escaped '' . Chastened , Sauron assumed his fairest form and approached Eönwë , emissary of the Valar , who nevertheless could not pardon a Maia like himself . Through Eönwë , Manwë as Lord of the Valar `` commanded Sauron to come before him for judgement , but ( he ) had left room for repentance and ultimate rehabilitation '' . Although Sauron 's repentance before Eönwë was genuine , if out of fear , he was ashamed to return to Valinor and receive a judgement or sentence due to his long service to Morgoth . Furthermore , the influence of his former master was still strong , so he escaped and hid in Middle - earth . Second Age ( edit ) About 500 years into the Second Age , Sauron reappeared . `` Bereft of his lord ... ( he ) fell into the folly of imitating him '' . `` Very slowly , beginning with fair motives : the reorganizing and rehabilitation of Middle - earth , ' neglected by the gods , ' he becomes a reincarnation of Evil , and a thing lusting for Complete Power '' , eventually rising to become `` master and god of Men '' . As for Sauron 's `` fair motives '' , Tolkien emphasized that at this time he `` was not indeed wholly evil , not unless all ' reformers ' who want to hurry up with ' reconstruction ' and ' reorganization ' are wholly evil , even before pride and the lust to exert their will eat them up '' . `` Though the only real good in , or rational motive for , all this ordering and planning and organization was the good of all inhabitants of Arda ( even admitting Sauron 's right to be their supreme lord ) , his ' plans ' , the idea coming from his own isolated mind , became the sole object of his will , and an end , the End , in itself ... ( H ) is capability of corrupting other minds , and even engaging their service , was a residue from the fact that his original desire for ' order ' had really envisaged the good estate ( especially physical well - being ) of his ' subjects ' . '' The Rings of power ( edit ) As part of a plan to seduce the Elves into his service , Sauron assumed a fair appearance as Annatar , `` Lord of Gifts '' , befriended the Elven - smiths of Eregion , led by Celebrimbor , and counselled them in arts and magic . Sauron hinted that he was an emissary of the Valar , specifically of Aulë , whom the Noldor in Exile held in high regard . Some of the Elves distrusted him , especially Galadriel and Gil - galad , the High King of the Noldor . The Elves in Eregion , however , did not heed their warnings . With Sauron 's assistance , the Elven - smiths forged the Rings of Power , which conferred great power upon their bearers . He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor . This `` One Ring to rule them all '' had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron 's will . The Rings of Power were extremely potent , however ; to create an instrument that could dominate even them , Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it . Yet `` while he wore it , his power on earth was actually enhanced '' . Sauron 's plan would have succeeded had the Elves not detected his influence when he put on the One Ring . It was then the Elves saw him for who he really was , removed their Rings , and did not use them for as long as Sauron retained the One Ring . Enraged , Sauron initiated a great war and conquered much of the land west of Anduin . The Three Rings , however , had been forged by Celebrimbor himself without Sauron 's help . These rings were saved and remained in the hands of the Elves , specifically Gil - galad , Círdan , and Galadriel . This began the Dark Years . Sauron overran Eregion , killed Celebrimbor , leader of the Elven - smiths , and seized the Seven and the Nine Rings of Power that had been previously forged with his assistance . Sauron besieged Imladris , battled Moria and Lothlórien , and pushed further into Gil - galad 's realm . The Elves were hard pressed to defend Lindon and the Havens , but in the nick of time the powerful army from Númenor arrived to their aid , defeating Sauron 's forces and driving the remnant back to Mordor . The Númenóreans were descended from the Three Houses of the Edain who helped the Elves in their war against Morgoth . They lived on the island of Númenor in the seas between Middle - earth and Valinor , a reward for their service from the Valar , and theirs was the most powerful kingdom of Men at this time . In Unfinished Tales , `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn '' states that Sauron and his bodyguard were all that was left of his original army . Gil - galad 's power after the War was such that Sauron was unable to move out of Mordor for some time . Resurgence from Mordor ( edit ) From this time on , Sauron became known as the Dark Lord of Mordor . Sauron fortified Mordor and completed the Dark Tower of Barad - dûr , already centuries in the building . He distributed the remaining rings of the Seven and the Nine to lords of Dwarves and Men . Dwarves proved too resilient to bend to his will , but the Men were enslaved by Sauron as the Nazgûl , his most feared servants . Well aware of the strength of the Númenóreans after his earlier defeat , Sauron withdrew from the coasts and for a long time avoided directly challenging them , although he managed to use some of the Nine rings to snare three of their great lords . Sauron regained control over most of the creatures that had served Morgoth in the First Age ( such as Orcs and Trolls ) . Sauron also gained power over most of the Men in the East and the South , becoming their god - king . Toward the end of the Second Age , as the Númenóreans withdrew from the coasts after their people were divided by strife over the fear of death , Sauron began assailing their Middle - earth strongholds and assumed the titles of Lord of the Earth and King of Men . Destruction of Númenor ( edit ) Main article : Akallabêth Toward the end of the Second Age , Ar - Pharazôn , who would turn out to be the last and most powerful of the Númenórean kings , had just ascended to the throne when he was angered by reports of Sauron 's increasing power . In a show of force , Ar - Pharazôn led a massive army to Middle - earth to reassert Númenórean dominance . Sauron , realizing he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength , surrendered . Clad in a beautiful incarnation , he came to Ar - Pharazôn 's camp to swear fealty to the king , and allowed himself to be taken as a prisoner to Númenor . This was part of his plan to corrupt Númenórean civilization from inside . `` Sauron 's personal ' surrender ' was voluntary and cunning : he got free transport to Númenor . '' When Ar - Pharazôn in his arrogance took Sauron hostage , he failed to realise with whom he was dealing : Sauron `` was of course a ' divine ' person ... and thus far too powerful to be controlled in this way . He steadily got Arpharazôn 's ( sic ) mind under his own control , and in the event corrupted many of the Númenóreans . '' The Akallabêth , the account of the history of Númenor , does not specifically mention the One Ring much , and it has been suggested that Sauron left it at Barad - dûr before he became a hostage of Ar - Pharazôn . In his letters , however , Tolkien noted that Sauron `` naturally had the One Ring , and so very soon dominated the minds and wills of most of the Númenóreans '' . Through the power of the Ring , Sauron soon became an advisor of the king , and he used his influence to undermine the religion of Númenor . He represented Eru as an invention of the Valar that they used to justify their decrees , and substituted the worship of Melkor , with himself as high priest , for that of Eru . The worship of Melkor , with human sacrifice , became mandatory in Númenor . But there was seen the effect of Melkor upon Sauron : he spoke of Melkor in Melkor 's own terms , as a god , or even as God . This may have been the residue of a state which was in a sense a shadow of good : the ability once in Sauron at least to admire or admit the superiority of a being other than himself ... But it may be doubted whether even such a shadow of good was still sincerely operative in Sauron by that time . His cunning motive is probably best expressed thus . To wean one of the God - fearing from their allegiance it is best to propound another unseen object of allegiance and another hope of benefits ; propound to him a Lord who will sanction what he desires and not forbid it . Sauron , apparently a defeated rival for world - power , now a mere hostage , can hardly propound himself ; but as the former servant and disciple of Melkor , the worship of Melkor will raise him from hostage to high priest . Besides introducing the worship of Melkor , Sauron also helped the people to design greater engines and amass more wealth , and soon the Númenóreans returned to Middle - earth where they cruelly hunted and enslaved the Men there for eventual sacrifice . While Sauron ruled behind the scenes , Ar - Pharazôn became the mightiest tyrant in the world since Melkor - Morgoth himself . Ar - Pharazôn , despite his power , eventually became fearful of his approaching death . Sauron convinced the king that he now had the status to take what was rightfully his , and suggested that the Númenóreans send a great armada upon Aman in order to seize immortality by force from the Valar . While he led the King to believe that it was actually possible to conquer the Blessed Realm , Sauron knew well that the godlike Valar would utterly defeat any mortal army . Sauron did expect the Valar to respond by destroying Ar - Pharazôn and his naval might , thus removing Sauron 's greatest obstacle to dominance of Middle - earth . But the Valar had no direct dominance over the Children of Eru , so in the face of this challenge they laid down their guardianship of the world and appealed to Eru for a solution . Eru 's divine intervention did indeed bury the king 's armies and drown the armada ; but Númenor itself was swallowed by the sea , and the Blessed Realm was removed from the physical world . Sauron had not foreseen this , and his body was destroyed in the cataclysm . Having expended much effort in the corruption of Númenor , he was diminished , particularly as he forever lost the ability to take a fair form . Yet his spirit rose out of the abyss , and he was able to carry with him the one thing that mattered most . Wrote Tolkien , `` I do not think one need boggle at this spirit carrying off the One Ring , upon which his power of dominating minds now largely depended . '' In `` Akallabêth '' , Tolkien wrote that Sauron `` took up '' the Ring after his spirit returned to Middle - earth . According to `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' , Sauron then realized that Gil - galad 's power had grown great during his absence and now spread across the Misty Mountains and Greenwood the Great , drawing nigh to places that Sauron initially thought secure before leaving for Númenór . War against the last Alliance ( edit ) Led by Elendil , nine ships carrying the faithful Númenóreans were saved from the Downfall and escaped the cataclysm . These Númenórean exiles founded the kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor in Middle - earth . At first they believed that Sauron had perished in the Downfall , but it soon became evident that the Dark Lord had returned to Mordor when Mount Doom erupted . The Appendices in The Return of the King recount that while Sauron 's power had not yet been fully rebuilt , he had decided to attack the Númenóreans before they could become too strong in their new realms . Sauron struck first , capturing Minas Ithil and destroying the White Tree , although Isildur managed to escape down the Anduin and seek Elendil , while Anárion defended Osgiliath and for a time drove Sauron 's forces back to the mountains . In `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' and The Fellowship of the Ring , Tolkien wrote that Elendil and his sons forged the Last Alliance of Elves and Men with Gil - galad , as they realized that unless they united , Sauron would destroy them each individually . A great battle ensued between the Alliance and the Host of Sauron on the battle plain of Dagorlad . The Alliance emerged victorious and invaded Mordor , laying siege to Barad - dûr for seven years . Finally , Sauron was forced to emerge from his tower and fight against the Last Alliance himself . During the final challenge on the slopes of Mount Doom , Sauron was slain by Gil - galad and Elendil , who themselves perished in the act . When Elendil fell , his sword Narsil broke beneath him . Isildur , Elendil 's surviving son , took up the hilt - shard of Narsil and cut the One Ring from Sauron 's hand . `` Then Sauron was for that time vanquished , and he forsook his body , and his spirit fled far away and hid in waste places . '' Elrond and Círdan , Gil - galad 's lieutenants , urged Isildur to destroy the Ring by casting it into Mount Doom , but he refused and kept it for his own : `` This I will have as weregild for my father 's death , and my brother 's . Was it not I that dealt the Enemy his death - blow ? '' Third Age ( edit ) The traumatic loss of the Ring greatly weakened Sauron ; he spent the first thousand years of the Third Age as a shapeless , dormant evil . Nonetheless , his servants were involved in several events that gradually weakened the Númenórean exile kingdoms , although it is unclear if Sauron was actively involved in directing them . A few years after the War of the Last Alliance , Isildur 's army , while marching to Rivendell , was ambushed and overwhelmed by a band of Orcs in what became known as the Disaster of the Gladden Fields . Isildur put on the Ring and attempted to escape by swimming across Anduin , but the Ring -- which had a will of its own and a desire to return to Sauron -- slipped from his finger . He was spotted and killed by Orc archers . The Ring would remain lost beneath the water for about 2461 years ( from year 2 of the Third Age until Déagol found it in 2463 ) . The Necromancer of Dol Guldur ( edit ) Around the year 1050 , a shadow of fear fell on the forest later called Mirkwood . As would later become known , this was the first sign of Sauron 's remanifestation , but for many years he was not recognized . He was known ( as in The Hobbit ) as the Necromancer . He established a stronghold called Dol Guldur , `` Hill of Sorcery '' , in the southern part of the forest not far from Lórien . Shortly after the shadow fell upon the forest , the Valar sent five Maiar to oppose this growing power . They took the form of Wizards , the most prominent being Gandalf and Saruman . By about 1100 , `` the Wise '' ( the Wizards and the chief Elves ) became aware that an evil power had made a stronghold at Dol Guldur . Initially it was assumed that this was one of the Nazgûl rather than Sauron himself . About the year 1300 , the Nazgûl did indeed reappear . In the ensuing centuries , the chief of the Nazgûl , the Witch - king of Angmar , repeatedly attacked the northern realm of Arnor , first in 1409 and finally overrunning and effectively destroying the realm in 1974 . Though driven from the north in the following year by the Elves and forces from Gondor , the Witch - king retreated to Mordor and gathered the Nazgûl there . In 2000 , the Nazgûl issued from Mordor to besiege the city of Minas Ithil in the mountains bordering Mordor . The city fell in 2002 , and became known as Minas Morgul . With the city the Nazgûl also captured the palantír of Minas Ithil , one of the seven seeing stones that Elendil 's people had brought with them from Númenor at the eve of the Downfall . As the power of Dol Guldur grew , the Wise came to suspect that the controlling force behind the Witch - king and the other Nazgûl was indeed their original master , Sauron . In 2063 , Gandalf went to Dol Guldur and made the first attempt to learn the truth , but Sauron retreated and hid in the East . It would be almost 400 years before he returned to his stronghold in Mirkwood , and his identity remained undetermined . Sauron finally reappeared with increased strength in 2460 . About the same time , the long - lost Ruling Ring was finally recovered from the River Anduin , found by a Stoor Hobbit named Déagol . Déagol 's friend and relative Sméagol coveted the Ring and killed Déagol to get it , and was swiftly corrupted by it . Banished by his family , Smeagol took the Ring , which he called his `` Precious '' . His life unnaturally prolonged by the Ring , he hid in the Misty Mountains for centuries , becoming further corrupted and eventually degenerating into the creature Gollum . In 2850 , Gandalf made a second attempt to spy out Dol Guldur . Stealing into the stronghold , he was finally able to confirm the identity of its lord . He reported this to the White Council of Elves and Wizards , but Saruman , hoping to acquire the One Ring for himself , dissuaded the Council from acting against Sauron . Eventually , the Wise put forth their might and drove Sauron from Mirkwood in 2941 . During the White Council 's delay he had , however , prepared his next move , and was willing to abandon Dol Guldur . Just before Sauron fled Dol Guldur , the hobbit Bilbo Baggins , on an improbable adventure with a party of Dwarves , stumbled across the Ring deep within the Misty Mountains . After his quest was over , Bilbo brought the Ring back to Hobbiton in the Shire . Decades later , he passed it on to his heir , Frodo . By then , Sauron 's power had recovered to the point that he was able to extend his will over Middle - earth . The Eye of Sauron , as his attention and force of will was perceived , became a symbol of oppression and fear . Following his expulsion from Dol Guldur , he returned to Mordor in 2942 , openly declared himself nine years later , and started raising Barad - dûr anew . In preparation for a final war against Men and Elves , he bred armies of monstrous orcs , known as Uruks . The war of the Ring ( edit ) The three volumes of The Lord of the Rings tell the story of Sauron 's last attempt at achieving world dominion , as the Third Age reached its climax in the years 3018 and 3019 . In The Fellowship of the Ring , Gandalf deduced that the ring that Bilbo had found in Gollum 's cave was indeed Sauron 's lost Master - ring . He informed Frodo about the true nature of the heirloom Bilbo had left for him , and its terrible potential if Sauron should ever regain it : `` The Enemy still lacks one thing to give him strength and knowledge to beat down all resistance , break the last defences , and cover all the lands in a second darkness . He lacks the One Ring ... So he is seeking it , seeking it , and all his thought is bent on it . '' Gandalf went to Saruman for advice , but discovered that he had been corrupted by his long studies of Sauron . Using the palantír in the tower of Orthanc , Saruman was now in communication with the Dark Lord and acted as his ally , though he also secretly hoped to take the Ring for himself and use its power to supplant Sauron . Gandalf was held captive atop Orthanc for a time , but soon escaped with the help of one of the giant Eagles of Manwë . Having captured and tortured Gollum , Sauron learned that the Ring had been found by a Hobbit named `` Baggins '' . Sauron sent the Nazgûl to the Shire , Bilbo 's home , where they found that both Bilbo and Frodo had left . The Nazgûl pursued and nearly killed Frodo , but they were defeated near Rivendell by the Elf - lord Glorfindel and by Aragorn , Isildur 's heir , whom Gandalf had sent to protect the Hobbits . In Rivendell , Elrond convened a high council of the peoples of Middle - earth to decide how to handle the crisis . The council determined that the Ring must be destroyed where it was forged , since it was utterly impervious to any other flame than the volcanic fires at its place of making , Orodruin . Frodo and Sam joined the Fellowship of the Ring , accepting the council 's mission to cast it into the volcano . The Fellowship was eventually broken when one of its members , Boromir , tried to take the Ring from Frodo ; in the ensuing chaos , Boromir was killed by Orcs , and Frodo and Sam went out on their own toward Mordor . In The Two Towers , Saruman used his own army on Sauron 's behalf and invaded Rohan . Gandalf , Théoden King of Rohan , and the Ents , led by Treebeard , finally defeated Saruman 's forces . His stronghold at Isengard was overthrown and Saruman left trapped within the Tower of Orthanc . Thus , one of Sauron 's most powerful allies was neutralized . During Saruman 's confrontation with Gandalf , the palantír of Orthanc fell into the hands of the Fellowship , and Gandalf handed it over to Aragorn . In The Return of the King , Aragorn used it to show himself to Sauron ( who still controlled another Seeing Stone , presumably the one captured from Minas Ithil centuries earlier ) . Aragorn was leading Sauron to think that he now had the Ring and was preparing to turn its power against its maker . The Dark Lord was troubled by this revelation , and therefore attacked sooner than he had planned by sending an army to overthrow Minas Tirith , capital of Gondor . ( See Battle of the Pelennor Fields ) Immediately after the huge army left Mordor from the fortress of Minas Morgul , which was formerly Minas Ithil , Frodo and Sam attempted to enter Mordor through the pass of Cirith Ungol in the mountains above . They had been previously met by Gollum , whom Sauron had earlier released from captivity . For a while , Gollum had acted as a guide for Frodo and Sam . However , he finally betrayed them to Shelob -- a monstrous , spider - like creature that guarded the pass . ( Sauron is said to have called Shelob his `` cat '' , sending her the occasional prisoner to be devoured . ) In the end , Sam drove off both Gollum and Shelob , but Frodo had been stung by Shelob and appeared to have died from her venom . The Orcs found Frodo 's body and stripped him of his gear , but Sam ( thinking his friend dead ) had already secured the Ring . Frodo regained consciousness and was freed from the orcs by Sam , and the two started the grueling journey across the plains of Mordor towards Mount Doom . Aragorn marched on the Black Gate of Mordor with 7,000 men , knowing this force was far too small to actually defeat Sauron , but intending to cause a diversion to draw Sauron 's armies away while Frodo and Sam journeyed to Mount Doom . After a brief encounter with the Mouth of Sauron , the battle was joined and went very poorly for the outnumbered Gondor / Rohan armies . Now wrongly convinced that Aragorn had the Ring , Sauron apparently reacted just as Gandalf had thought he would : `` I will crush him , and what he has taken in his insolence shall be mine again for ever . '' Even as the Captains of the West were about to be utterly defeated by the superior might of Sauron 's grand armies , Frodo reached his goal , entering the fiery interior of Mount Doom . However , his will failed at the last moment ; unable to resist the growing power of the Ring , he put it on his finger and claimed it for his own . Sauron was instantly aware of him , and his gaze turned immediately to the Door in the Mountain . Recalling his remaining Nazgûl from the ongoing battle , he commanded them to hasten to Mount Doom in a desperate attempt to secure the Ring . It was too late , however : Gollum attacked Frodo , bit the Ring from his finger , then lost his footing and fell with the Ring into the fire . With `` a roar and a great confusion of noise '' , the One Ring perished along with all the power Sauron had invested in it . Tolkien later commented in one of his letters that Gollum 's convenient slip was an immediate intervention by Eru himself : Gollum 's fate was `` bound up with that of the ring '' , as Gandalf predicted in the Mines of Moria . At the Ring 's destruction , Sauron 's power was immediately broken and his form in Middle - earth was destroyed . His departing spirit towered above Mordor like a black cloud , but was blown away by a powerful wind from the West ( the direction of the Blessed Realm and the Valar ) . His vast empires collapsed , his armies were defeated , the Dark Tower of Barad - dûr crumbled and the Nazgûl were consumed in a hail of fire from the Mountain as they flew towards it trying to save the Ring . Sauron himself was crippled beyond repair , putting an end to his long reign of terror . Gandalf had predicted what the destruction of the Ring would mean to Sauron : `` If it is destroyed , then he will fall , and his fall will be so low that none can foresee his arising ever again . For he will lose the best part of the strength that was native to him in his beginning , and all that was made or begun with that power will crumble , and he will be maimed for ever , becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows , but can not again grow or take shape . And so a great evil of this world will be removed . '' Names and titles ( edit ) In some of Tolkien 's notes , it is said that Sauron 's original name was Mairon or `` the admirable '' , `` but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor . But he continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable , or Tar - Mairon `` King Excellent '' , until after the downfall of Númenor . '' The name Sauron ( from an earlier form Thauron ) originates from the adjective saura `` foul , putrid '' in Tolkien 's invented language of Quenya , and can be translated as `` the Abhorred '' or `` the Abomination '' . In Sindarin ( another Elf - language created by Tolkien ) he is called Gorthaur , `` the Abhorred Dread '' or `` the Dread Abomination '' . He is also called the Nameless Enemy . The Dúnedain ( the descendants of the Númenóreans ) call him `` Sauron the Deceiver '' due to his role in the Downfall of Númenor and the forging of the Rings of Power . In the Númenórean ( Adûnaic ) tongue he was also known as Zigûr , The Wizard . His two most common titles , the `` Dark Lord of Mordor '' and the `` Lord of the Rings '' , appear only a few times in The Lord of the Rings . His other titles or variants thereof include `` Base Master of Treachery '' , `` The Great Deceiver '' , the `` Dark Lord '' , the `` Dark Power '' , `` Lord of Barad - dûr '' , the `` Red Eye '' , the `` Ring - maker '' and the `` Sorcerer '' . In the First Age ( as detailed in The Silmarillion ) he was called the `` Lord of Werewolves '' of Tol - in - Gaurhoth . In the Second Age he assumed the name Annatar , which means `` Lord of Gifts '' , and Aulendil , meaning `` Friend of Aulë '' , as well as Artano , meaning `` High - Smith '' , with which he assumed a new identity and tricked the Elves into working with him to create the Rings . In the Third Age he was known for a time as the Necromancer of Dol Guldur because his true identity was still unknown . Appearance ( edit ) Nowhere does Tolkien provide a detailed description of Sauron 's appearance during any of his incarnations . According to The Silmarillion , Sauron was initially able to change his appearance at will . In the beginning he assumed a beautiful form , but after switching his allegiance to Morgoth , he took a sinister shape . In the First Age , Gorlim was at one point brought into `` the dreadful presence of Sauron '' , but the only concrete hint about his appearance is a reference to his daunting eyes . As part of a plan to destroy Huan , Sauron took the form of the greatest werewolf in Middle - earth 's history . When the plan backfired , he assumed a serpent - like form , and finally changed back `` from monster to his own accustomed form '' . The implication is that his `` accustomed form '' was not , at least , overtly monstrous . It is understood to have been humanoid . Sauron took a beautiful appearance once again at the end of the First Age in an effort to charm Eönwë , near the beginning of the Second Age when appearing as Annatar to the Elves , and again near the end of the Second Age when corrupting the men of Númenor . One version of the story describes , in general terms , the impression Sauron made on the Númenóreans . He appeared `` as a man , or one in man 's shape , but greater than any even of the race of Númenor in stature ... And it seemed to men that Sauron was great , though they feared the light of his eyes . To many he appeared fair , to others terrible ; but to some evil . '' Like Morgoth , Sauron eventually lost the ability to change his physical form ( his hröa ) . After the destruction of his fair form in the fall of Númenor , Sauron was unable to take a pleasing appearance or veil his power again . Thereafter , at the end of the Second Age and again in the Third , he always took the shape of a terrible dark lord . His first incarnation after the Downfall of Númenor was extremely hideous , `` an image of malice and hatred made visible '' . Isildur recorded that Sauron 's hand `` was black , and yet burned like fire ... '' . Gil - galad perished from Sauron 's heat . In one of his letters Tolkien states that Sauron had a physical form in the Third Age : ... in a tale which allows the incarnation of great spirits in a physical and destructible form their power must be far greater when actually physically present ... Sauron should be thought of as very terrible . The form that he took was that of a man of more than human stature , but not gigantic . Tolkien 's illustration of Sauron ( edit ) J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist and Illustrator includes a watercolour illustration of Sauron made by Tolkien himself ( shown at the top of the article ) . It appears to show a moment in the book occurring immediately after the destruction of the Ring , when the armies of the West saw a towering , dark shape above Mordor , stretching out a threatening arm towards them before the figure dissolved . Since the illustration refers to a more - or-less visionary moment and is moreover highly sketchy ( a second sketch of Sauron 's arm appears beneath the arm itself ) , the image should not necessarily be pressed too hard for details about Sauron 's appearance . The head , right arm and upper torso of an apparently humanoid figure are seen . The arm is black , the rest of the body is grey , except for a red eye . No other facial features can be made out . A series of spikes are visible on Sauron 's head , possibly suggesting a crown . The mountains of Mordor are seen under the outstretched arm , confirming the enormous size of Sauron 's final apparition . Eye of Sauron ( edit ) `` Eye of Sauron '' redirects here . For other uses , see Eye of Sauron ( disambiguation ) . A flag displaying the Red Eye of Sauron ( based on a design by Tolkien ) Throughout The Lord of the Rings , `` the Eye '' ( the Red Eye , the Evil Eye , the Lidless Eye , the Great Eye ) is the image most often associated with Sauron . Sauron 's Orcs bore the symbol of the Eye on their helmets and shields , and referred to him as the `` Eye '' because he did not allow his name to be written or spoken , according to Aragorn ( a notable exception to this rule was his emissary , the Mouth of Sauron ) . Also , the Lord of the Nazgûl threatened Éowyn with torture before the `` Lidless Eye '' at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . Frodo had a vision of the Eye in the Mirror of Galadriel : The Eye was rimmed with fire , but was itself glazed , yellow as a cat 's , watchful and intent , and the black slit of its pupil opened on a pit , a window into nothing . Later , Tolkien writes as if Frodo and Sam really glimpse the Eye directly . The mists surrounding Barad - dûr are briefly withdrawn , and : one moment only it stared out ... as from some great window immeasurably high there stabbed northward a flame of red , the flicker of a piercing Eye ... The Eye was not turned on them , it was gazing north ... but Frodo at that dreadful glimpse fell as one stricken mortally . This raises the question of whether an `` Eye '' was Sauron 's actual manifestation , or whether he had a body beyond the Eye . Gollum ( who was tortured by Sauron in person ) tells Frodo that Sauron has , at least , a `` Black Hand '' with four fingers . The missing finger was cut off when Isildur took the Ring , and the finger was still missing when Sauron reappeared centuries later . Tolkien writes in The Silmarillion that `` the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure '' even before his body was lost in the War of the Last Alliance . In the draft text of the climactic moments of The Lord of the Rings , `` the Eye '' stands for Sauron 's very person , with emotions and thoughts : The Dark Lord was suddenly aware of him ( Frodo ) , the Eye piercing all shadows ... Its wrath blazed like a sudden flame and its fear was like a great black smoke , for it knew its deadly peril , the thread upon which hung its doom ... ( I ) ts thought was now bent with all its overwhelming force upon the Mountain ... '' Christopher Tolkien comments : `` The passage is notable in showing the degree to which my father had come to identify the Eye of Barad - dûr with the mind and will of Sauron , so that he could speak of ' its wrath , its fear , its thought ' . In the second text ... he shifted from ' its ' to ' his ' as he wrote out the passage anew . '' Most adaptations of the story to visual media depict the Eye as visibly present . The film adaptations directed by Peter Jackson depict the Eye of Sauron as an all - seeing eye , and his prequel adaptation shows it as an extended aura about Sauron 's spiritual essence , which is a silhouette of his physical form and appears as the eye 's slit pupil . Concept and creation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Since the earliest versions of The Silmarillion legendarium as detailed in the History of Middle - earth series , Sauron underwent many changes . The prototype or precursor Sauron - figure was a giant monstrous cat , the Prince of Cats . Called Tevildo , Tifil and Tiberth among other names , this character played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of Beren and Tinúviel in The Book of Lost Tales . The Prince of Cats was later replaced by Thû , the Necromancer . The name was then changed to Gorthû , Sûr , and finally to Sauron . Gorthû , in the form Gorthaur remained in The Silmarillion ; both Thû and Sauron name the character in the Lay of Leithian . The story of Beren and Lúthien also features the heroic hound Huan and involved the subtext of cats versus dogs in its earliest form . Later the cats were changed to wolves or werewolves , with the Sauron - figure becoming the Lord of Werewolves . Prior to the publication of The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) , Sauron 's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien 's notes . In early editions of Robert Foster 's The Complete Guide to Middle - earth , Sauron is described as `` probably of the Eldar elves '' . Yet there were other critics who essentially hit the mark . As early as 1967 , W.H. Auden conjectured that Sauron might have been a Vala , long before it became known that Tolkien had indeed described him as `` a lesser member of the race of Valar '' ( see full quote above ) . Adaptations ( edit ) Sauron , portrayed by Sala Baker , in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring In film versions of The Lord of the Rings , Sauron has been portrayed as either a humanoid creature ( as in Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated version , The Lord of the Rings ) or a physical , disembodied Eye ( as in the 1980 animated The Return of the King ) , or both . This last option is shown in the 2001 -- 2003 film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson , with Sauron voiced by Alan Howard . Here , Sauron is shown to have a large humanoid form during the forging of the Ring and up to his losing it , then being `` limited '' to the disembodied Eye form throughout the rest of the storyline . The 2014 video game Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor presents a related version of this premise . In the game , he regains his physical form sometime after his defeat at Dol Guldur , losing it once more . This depiction preserves continuity with Jackson 's film adaptations , at least -- if not with Tolkien canon . Though the 1978 animated film and the 2001 live - action film both contain a prologue featuring the forging of the Rings of Power , the War of the Elves and Sauron goes unmentioned and the films jump straight to the much later War of the Last Alliance . In both , Sauron does not have the form he wore as `` Annatar '' when he forges the One Ring , but rather the one reflecting his identity as Dark Lord , and he is defeated by Isildur alone . In Jackson 's series , Sauron is originally portrayed as a towering `` black knight '' wielding a huge black mace ( reminiscent of Tolkien 's descriptions as well as conceptual artist John Howe 's illustrations of Morgoth ) ; in this form , he is portrayed by Sala Baker . While Tolkien never specifically discussed the type of armour , Sauron is shown in spiky plate armour of very high quality : it has very ornate filigree but is also quite functional . In the DVD commentary , the production team explained their intent was to represent Sauron 's great skill as a craftsman and ring - maker : Sauron was originally a maia spirit in service to the smith - vala Aulë , and thus was very wise in the lore of physical construction . Sauron may have fallen from his previously angelic state , but a shadow of his great skill in forging and construction remains , even though it has been twisted to making weapons of war . Thus they chose to depict Sauron as wearing frightening , but very high quality and ornate armour of his own creation . Sauron 's body disintegrates with explosive force after Isildur cuts off the Ring with the hilt - shard of the sword Narsil . Sauron 's spiritual essence remained intact as it eventually consolidates into the Eye of Sauron by the time of Barad - dûr 's restoration , stationing himself between the twin horn - like spires above the tower to scan Mordor like a searchlight . The effect in Mordor is seen as a red beam that moves across the land , forever probing . It also seems to be visible to Frodo ( and to see him in turn ) any time that he is wearing the Ring . Pippin has a brief encounter with the Eye , after gazing into the palantír of Orthanc . In the extended edition of The Return of the King , Sauron 's humanoid form appears when Aragorn looks into the palantír . When the Ring is destroyed , the Eye of Sauron collapses in on itself , causing a massive shock wave that destroys his entire kingdom . In earlier versions of Jackson 's script , Sauron does indeed `` come forth '' at Aragorn 's challenge , and does battle with him : The extra materials published together with the extended DVD version of the third movie indicate as much . Scenes of the fight were shot , but later this idea was discarded and was replaced by a scene ( in the extended version ) where Aragorn kills the `` Mouth of Sauron '' ( a representative of Sauron ) before fighting a Mordor troll . In fact , the footage of the battle with the troll was the same footage of Aragorn fighting Sauron , with the CGI troll mapped over a painted - out Sauron , as seen in the DVD special features . In this abandoned scene , when Sauron first emerges from the Black Gate , he appears in his fair and seductive form as `` Annatar the Lord of Gifts '' , trying to entice Aragorn and the other leaders with offers of peace and dominion . When they reject him , he reverts to his true form , as seen in the prologue. Jackson said he removed the scene when he realized it was too much of a departure from the source material and thematically missed the point : the battle was supposed to be a selfless sacrifice by Aragorn and his army , and making it into a duel between Aragorn and Sauron made it more about personal glory . Sauron appears as The Necromancer ( a figure only incidentally mentioned by Gandalf in the original novel ) and one of the main antagonists in Jackson 's The Hobbit film adaptations where he is portrayed through voice and motion capture by Benedict Cumberbatch . The Necromancer appears briefly in The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey when Radagast the Brown enters Dol Guldur . In The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , Jackson moves Gandalf 's decisive expedition to Dol Guldur forward in time to coincide with the Quest of Erebor . Sauron appears an amorphous entity of shadowy mist floating around in the ruins before he assumes his semi-physical form , and then manifests the Eye of Sauron while capturing Gandalf . In The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , and the extended edition of The Desolation of Smaug , Sauron is shown to have been behind Smaug 's actions as part of a grand scheme to restore the Kingdom of Angmar . However , the actions of Thorin Oakenshield and company forces Sauron to dispatch his Orc army to capture Erebor . During the third film , as his Orc army is nearing Erebor , Sauron appears before the White Council after they battle the nine Nazgûl and rescue Gandalf from Dol Guldur . He is rendered formless by Galadriel , who uses Eärendil 's Light to banish him and the Nazgûl back to Mordor . Sauron appears in merchandise of the Jackson films , including computer and video games . These include The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II ( where he was voiced by Fred Tatasciore ) , The Lord of the Rings : Tactics , and The Lord of the Rings : The Third Age . Sauron also appears as a playable character in the game The Lord of the Rings : Conquest , voiced by Jon Olson . Sauron is a playable character in Lego The Lord of the Rings . His Necromancer form is playable in Lego The Hobbit . He is further alluded to in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor as the Black Hand of Sauron , the aspect of himself that resided within the hand cut off by Isildur during the War of the Last Alliance . While Sauron was voiced by Steven Blum , the Black Hand of Sauron was voiced by Nolan North . Sauron returns in the sequel Middle - earth : Shadow of War . Sauron appears as a boss in Lego Dimensions with the voice provided by Steve Blum once again . He is one the villains serving Lord Vortech , and he takes over Superman 's hometown , Metropolis . He is stopped by Batman , Gandalf , and Wyldstyle , with Gandalf noting that his power is significantly decreased since he is not in his home realm , and is cleansed of the Locate Keystone . Similar to the movie , his armour crumbles up when he is defeated . The only difference is that he crumbles into a cube that is teleported back to Lord Vortech 's lair . The Lego Batman Movie portrays Sauron in his eye form , voiced by comedian Jemaine Clement . He appears as one of the villains imprisoned in the Phantom Zone who join with Joker to take over Gotham City . The Eye of Sauron causes mayhem in the city by spreading lava , and supports the takeover by being able to find anyone anywhere . He is accidentally destroyed by fire blast from the Kraken from Clash of the Titans when it was trying to shoot down the Batwing . Joker was devastated at this loss while Kraken sheepishly slips away quoting `` Nothing to see here . '' Allusions in other works ( edit ) The Eye of Sauron is mentioned in The Stand , a post-apocalyptic novel written by Stephen King . The villain Randall Flagg possesses an astral body in the form of an `` Eye '' akin to the Lidless Eye . The novel itself was conceived by King as a `` fantasy epic like The Lord of the Rings , only with an American setting '' . The idea of Sauron as a sleepless eye that watches and seeks the protagonists also influenced King 's epic fantasy series The Dark Tower ; its villain , the Crimson King , is a similarly disembodied evil presence whose icon is also an eye . In the Marvel Comics Universe , the supervillain Sauron , an enemy of the X-Men , names himself after the Tolkien character . In the comic series Fables , by Bill Willingham , one character is called `` The Adversary '' , an ambiguous figure of immense evil and power believed to be responsible for much of the misfortune in the Fables ' overall history . Willingham has stated `` The Adversary '' , in name and in character , was inspired by Sauron . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal Akallabêth Dagor Bragollach `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' Morgoth War of the Ring Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is made clear in the chapter `` The Council of Elrond '' , where Glorfindel states that `` soon or late the Lord of the Rings would learn of its hiding place and would bend all his power towards it '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` the first syllable of Sauron is like English sour , not sore '' : J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1977 ) , The Silmarillion , London : George Allen & Unwin , Note on Pronunciation , p. 310 entry ' AU ' ; ISBN 0 04 823139 8 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , The Council of Elrond , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Monroe , Caroline . `` How Much Was Rowling Inspired by Tolkien ? '' . GreenBooks . TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 115 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 202 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 243 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 397 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 205 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 243 , footnote , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , from the chapter The Council of Elrond . Jump up ^ The story of the Song of Creation was presented by the Valar `` according to our ( the Elves ' ) modes of thought and our imagination of the visible world , in symbols that were intelligible to us '' . Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 407 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 Jump up ^ Ainulindalë Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 413 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 395 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 52 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Valaquenta , prefixed to The Silmarillion ^ Jump up to : Parma Eldalamberon # 17 , 2007 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age , in The Silmarillion Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 396 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 151 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 239 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 420 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Valaquenta , `` Of the Enemies '' Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , pp. 420 -- 421 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Lost Road and Other Writings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 333 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 45519 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 404 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 190 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , pp. 397 -- 398 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 287 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 Jump up ^ Letters # 131 . Jump up ^ Letters , # 183 , p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 279 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 398 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Letters , # 156 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Letters , # 211 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Letters , # 131 : Elendil and Gil - galad were `` slain in the act of slaying Sauron '' . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age , p. 294 . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales , `` The disaster of the Gladden Fields '' , p. 275 . Jump up ^ All years here mentioned are based on the chronology set out in Appendixes A and B of LotR . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Unfinished Tales , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , Part III. IV , p. 353 , note 9 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 29917 - 9 . Christopher Tolkien quotes a letter by Tolkien describing Déagol and Sméagol as Stoors . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 214 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , `` The Council of Elrond '' , and Appendix B . Jump up ^ The Return of the King , Appendix A , `` The Stewards '' : `` In the last years of Denethor I the race of Uruks , black orcs of great strength , first appeared out of Mordor . '' ( Denethor I died in TA 2477 . ) Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' ^ Jump up to : The Return of the King , `` The Last Debate '' . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , entry for thaur in the Appendix on Elvish names , p. 364 . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , chapter 19 Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , chapter 20 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Lost Road and Other Writings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 67 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 45519 - 7 Jump up ^ Akallabêth Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 246 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Hammond , Wayne G. ; Scull , Christina ( 1995 ) , J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist and Illustrator , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 74816 - X Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Departure of Boromir '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Battle of the Pelennor Fields '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Mirror of Galadriel '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` Mount Doom '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Black Gate is Closed '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Akallabêth '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1992 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Sauron Defeated , Boston , New York , & London : Houghton Mifflin , , p. 38 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 60649 - 7 Jump up ^ W.H. Auden , `` Good and Evil in The Lord of the Rings '' , Tolkien Journal , III : I ( 1967 ) , pp. 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ The Eye of Sauron -- J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Return of the King Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTDJyCUAvdA Jump up ^ http://www.sherlockology.com/news/2012/10/7/cheltenham-festival-07102012 Jump up ^ King , Stephen . `` Stand : The Complete & Uncut Edition , The '' . stephenking.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Magistrale , Tony ( December 21 , 2009 ) . Stephen King : America 's Storyteller . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0313352287 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ X-Men # 60 ( September , 1969 ) Jump up ^ O'Shea , Tom ( 2003 ) . `` '' This is a Wonderful Job `` : An Orca Q&A with Fables ' Bill Willingham '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Interview with Bill Willingham External links ( edit ) Sauron on IMDb `` Sauron '' . Tolkien Gateway . Sauron at the Encyclopedia of Arda Sauron at The Thain 's Book Sauron at the Ardapedia Ainur from J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Ainulindalë ( Music of the Ainur ) Valaquenta ( Tale of the Valar ) Lords of the Valar Manwë Ulmo Aulë Oromë Mandos ( Námo ) Lórien ( Irmo ) Tulkas Queens of the Valar Varda Yavanna Nienna Estë Vairë Vána Nessa The Enemy Morgoth ( Melkor ) Maiar Eönwë Ilmarë Ossë Uinen Salmar Sauron Melian Arien Tilion Wizards Saruman ( Curunír ) Gandalf ( Olórin ) Radagast ( Aiwendil ) Blue Wizards Balrogs Gothmog Durin 's Bane J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauron&oldid=827514412 '' Categories : Bearers of the One Ring The Lord of the Rings characters Characters in The Silmarillion Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional dictators Fictional necromancers Fictional warlords Literary villains Middle - earth Maiar Middle - earth rulers Fictional demons and devils Fictional mass murderers Video game bosses Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English Oxford spelling from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 04 : 16 . 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-3011708468161387446	Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag	Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag - wikipedia Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Jump to : navigation , search Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Ashraf Ismail Jean Guesdon Producer ( s ) Sylvain Trottier Writer ( s ) Darby McDevitt Corey May Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Sarah Schachner Freedom Cry : Olivier Deriviere Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release October 29 , 2013 ( show ) PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360 WW : October 29 , 2013 Wii U NA : October 29 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 PlayStation 4 NA : November 15 , 2013 AU : November 29 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Microsoft Windows NA : November 19 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Xbox One WW : November 22 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the sixth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series . Its historical time frame precedes that of Assassin 's Creed III ( 2012 ) , though its modern - day sequences succeed III 's own . Black Flag was first released for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control . The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent . The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy , and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway , grandfather and father of Assassin 's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké : ton and Haytham Kenway respectively , who stumbles upon the Assassin / Templar conflict . The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia ( free from either British or Spanish rule ) is a significant plot element . Unlike previous games , gameplay elements focus more on ship - based exploration of the seamless open world map , while also retaining the series ' third - person land - based exploration , melee combat , and stealth system . Multiplayer also returns , albeit with only land - based modes and settings . The game spans across the Caribbean with the three main cities of Havana , Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands , sunken ships , and forts . Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals . For the first time in the series , naval exploration is a major part of an Assassin 's Creed game , where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw , a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was positively received upon release , and was one of the best selling games of 2013 . It has sold more than 11 million copies to date . Critics praised the massive open world gameplay , numerous side - quests , graphics and improved naval combat . The light - hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics . The modern day story however , received a slightly more mixed response , while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive . The game received several awards and nominations , including winning the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game . It was followed by Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue , set during the French Revolution and Seven Years ' War respectively , with both released in November 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 2.4 Freedom Cry 3 Development 3.1 Music 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards 5.3 PETA criticism 6 Series continuation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure , stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective . The game features three main cities ; Havana , Kingston , and Nassau , which reside under Spanish , British , and pirate influence , respectively . It also features 50 other individual locations to explore , including atolls , sea forts , Mayan ruins , sugar plantations , and underwater shipwrecks , with a 60 / 40 balance between land and naval exploration . It has a more open world feel , with missions similar to those found in Assassin 's Creed , as well as fewer restrictions for the player . The world opens up sooner in the game , as opposed to Assassin 's Creed III , which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act . The player will encounter jungles , forts , ruins , and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom , such as allowing players to engage , board , and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion . In addition , the hunting system has been retained from Assassin 's Creed III , allowing the player to hunt on land , and fish in the water , with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment . A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw , the ship that the player captains . The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game , and is easily accessible to the player when needed . In addition , a new underwater component has been added . The player has access to a spyglass , allowing the examination of distant ships , along with their cargo and strength . It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt , treasures to find , high points to reach for synchronization or additional side - quests to complete , such as assassinations and naval contracts . An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood has returned , allowing Edward to recruit crew members . While Kenway 's crew will remain loyal to him , they can be promoted to captain acquired ships , and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels , they can not assist in combat or perform long - range assassinations , as in previous games . Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system , believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily . In the present day , at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment -- a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries -- in Montreal , Quebec , players engage in modern - day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo 's offices , eavesdropping and hacking , all without combat . As well , various `` hacking '' games , similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles , are present , that uncover secrets about Abstergo . Multiplayer also returns , with new settings and game modes , though it is only land - based . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The main character of the game is Edward Kenway ( Matt Ryan ) , a Welsh privateer - turned - pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order . Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway , and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton ( Connor ) , the two playable characters of Assassin 's Creed III . Real - life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch ( voiced by Mark Bonnar ) , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read , Stede Bonnet , Anne Bonny , Calico Jack , and Charles Vane ( Ralph Ineson ) . Setting ( edit ) As is the case in previous games in the Assassin 's Creed series , the story is divided into two intertwined halves , with one in the present day , one in a historical setting , and the events of each influencing the other . Although the present - day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one 's ancestors memories , the ending of Assassin 's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host 's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host 's DNA . As such , the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond 's ancestry , the Assassin Edward Kenway . A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy , Kenway 's story is set in the Caribbean , and mixes open - ended ship - based exploration with combat and land - based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica , and on a number of Caribbean islands , parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico . Plot ( edit ) Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment , from their Montréal headquarters , to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate , the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo -- the Templars of the present time -- are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory , and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who , under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean , have used their positions to locate the Sage -- later identified as Bartholomew Roberts -- who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory , a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample , which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders . Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin , Duncan Walpole . Seeing an opportunity for profit , Kenway takes Walpole 's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana , where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor , and Templar Grandmaster , Laureano Torres . His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins ' Order , prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica , eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast . Meanwhile , a band of notorious pirates -- including Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read ( under the alias `` James Kidd '' ) and Charles Vane , among others -- dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers . With Kenway 's help , they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic . However , poor governance , a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse , with the founders divided on the best way forward . Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute , but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends . Eventually , Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it , but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment . After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy , Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai , the Assassin Mentor , and elects to join their Order . Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators , Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory , sealing it away for good . He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter , Jennifer Scott . Kenway travels back to England , promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England . Some years later , Kenway , Jennifer ( using her mother 's surname in her memory ) and Kenway 's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras , and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane , who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo . When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered , John arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so , thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . With the Sage dead , the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo , but neither side is able to explain the Sage 's presence or identify his followers , the Instruments of the First Will . Freedom Cry ( edit ) The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin . While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea , Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti . Making his way into Port - au - Prince , he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe , the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons , a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort . Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins , Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause , and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel , Experto Crede , in order to interrupt the slave trade . Whilst working for Bastienne , Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port - au - Prince . The local governor , Pierre de Fayet , plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data , which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority . Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons . Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade . Bastienne objects , as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment . Adéwalé ignores her , but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons . Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest . He plans retribution , but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons ' cause ; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet , then he should do so acting as an agent of justice . After assaulting the Governor 's Mansion , pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison , Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet , who claims that slaves are incapable of self - governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation . Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid , and instead let him die . After killing de Fayet , Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order , but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would - be liberators . Development ( edit ) In early February 2013 , during its quarterly financial call to investors , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin 's Creed game , due for release some time before April 2014 , would feature a new hero , time period , and development team . On February 28 , 2013 , Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin 's Creed game , following leaked marketing material days before . It announced the title of the game as Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin 's symbol with a skull . A reported glitch on the official Assassin 's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next - gen consoles and October 29 as the release date , which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game , released on March 4 , 2013 ( originally leaked on March 2 , 2013 , but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft ) . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4 , 2013 . Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin 's Creed III , with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy , Bucharest , Kyiv , Montpellier , Singapore and Sofia . Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin - off in the same vein as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood or Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , given the ostensible similarities with Assassin 's Creed III . He stated `` The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new . It will feel very different from Assassin 's Creed III . I think it completely warrants the Assassin 's Creed IV moniker , not only with the new name and setting , but the attitude and the tone of the experience . '' Assassin 's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle , a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise . By utilizing the AnvilNext engine , the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next - gen and current - gen versions of the game , as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next - gen capabilities in mind , while still working on current - gen systems . In addition , each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets , with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console . The PC version supports Nvidia 's TXAA . Music ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released October 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 1 : 41 : 33 Label Ubisoft Music Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler , who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3 . Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner , Omar Fadel , Steve Davis , Mike Kramer , Jeremy Lamb , Matthew Llewellyn , and Robert Lydecker . The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 14 , 2013 . Two other soundtracks have also been released : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) , a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 29 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) , a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on December 2 , 2013 . The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere . It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal , a dedicated group for Haitian music , and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic . ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc One ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme '' Sarah Schachner 2 : 13 2 . `` Pyrates Beware '' Schachner 3 : 16 3 . `` On the Horizon '' Brian Tyler , Schachner 3 : 01 4 . `` The High Seas '' Tyler 2 : 44 5 . `` The Fortune of Edward Kenway '' Schachner 1 : 57 6 . `` In This World or the One Below '' Tyler , Schachner 2 : 49 7 . `` Under the Black Flag '' Schachner 3 : 21 8 . `` The Ends of the Earth '' Tyler 2 : 53 9 . `` Stealing a Brig '' Tyler 1 : 52 10 . `` Fare Thee Well '' Tyler 5 : 14 11 . `` The Buccaneers '' Tyler 4 : 05 12 . `` Marked for Death '' Tyler 3 : 21 13 . `` Last Goodbyes '' Tyler 2 : 24 14 . `` Take What Is Ours ! '' Tyler 3 : 15 15 . `` I 'll Be with You '' Tyler 6 : 04 16 . `` Lay Aboard Lads '' Tyler 2 : 24 17 . `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tyler 2 : 02 18 . `` Men of War '' Tyler 2 : 57 19 . `` Order of the Assassin '' Tyler 3 : 10 20 . `` In the Midst '' Tyler 3 : 05 21 . `` The British Empire '' Tyler 3 : 08 22 . `` Batten Down the Hatches '' Tyler 1 : 37 23 . `` Modernity '' Tyler 2 : 14 24 . `` A Merry Life and a Short One '' Tyler 1 : 16 25 . `` Queen Anne 's Revenge '' Tyler 4 : 42 26 . `` Confrontation '' Tyler 3 : 15 27 . `` Prizes Plunder and Adventure '' Tyler 2 : 12 28 . `` Meet the Sage '' Omar Fadel 3 : 36 29 . `` Into the Jungle '' Tyler 1 : 46 30 . `` The Spanish Empire '' Tyler 3 : 57 31 . `` The Islands of the West Indies '' Tyler 3 : 06 32 . `` Ships of Legend '' Tyler 2 : 02 33 . `` Secrets of the Maya '' Tyler 3 : 24 34 . `` Life at Sea '' Fadel 3 : 10 Total length : 1 : 41 : 33 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Two ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Randy Dandy Oh '' Sean Dagher , Nils Brown , Michiel Schrey 1 : 35 2 . `` Maid of Amsterdam '' Brown , Schrey , Dagher 1 : 41 3 . `` Leave Her Johnny '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 2 : 12 4 . `` Whisky Johnny O ' '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 21 5 . `` Good Morning Ladies '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 38 6 . `` Fish in the Sea '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 7 . `` Dead Horse '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 07 8 . `` Running Down to Cuba '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 9 . `` Trooper and the Maid '' Charlotte Cumberbirch , Dagher , Nelson Carter , Richard Irwin , David Gossage 1 : 57 10 . `` William Taylor '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey , Cumberbirch , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 2 : 16 11 . `` Patrick Spens '' Schrey , Dagher , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 52 12 . `` Fathom the Bowl '' Linda Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Patrick Graham , Gossage 2 : 13 13 . `` Admiral Benbow '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 53 14 . `` All for Me Grog '' Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Graham , Gossage 2 : 06 15 . `` Buleria '' Marco Marin , Dominic Soulard , Eric Breton 2 : 06 16 . `` Verdiales '' Marin , Soulard , Breton 1 : 26 Total length : 28 : 22 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Three ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Saba Island '' Joe Henson , Alexis Smith 3 : 37 2 . `` Santa Lucia '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 10 3 . `` Tampa Bay '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 19 4 . `` Prison '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 00 5 . `` La Havana '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 18 6 . `` Portobelo '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 45 7 . `` Saint Pierre '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 23 8 . `` King Of The Seven Seas '' Orivian 3 : 08 Total length : ( Disc 3 ) 26 : 40 ( Complete ) 2 : 36 : 35 Notes signifies a song that is included in the `` Skull Edition '' Marketing and release ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29 , 2013 , while the Wii U was released on October 29 , 2013 in North America , November 21 , 2013 in Australia , November 22 , 2013 in Europe and November 28 , 2013 in Japan . The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1 , 2013 release date . It was announced on March 1 , 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4 , and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One . Both versions were launch titles , with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29 , 2013 in North America and Europe , respectively , and November 22 , 2013 worldwide for Xbox One . Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game , which will feature the protagonist of Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation , Aveline de Grandpré , in three missions . The Aveline content , which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray , picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation . The content is also available on the PC platform , through the Uplay Gold Edition . On June 21 , 2013 , it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed `` a few weeks '' from its intended release of October 29 , 2013 . Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19 , 2013 in North America and November 22 , 2013 in Europe . Lead designer Jean - Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the `` master version '' first , making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions . For Black Flag , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master , before the team adapted it to the other consoles . On October 31 , 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin 's Creed IV and all future games . Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward 's Fleet minigame . Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal . A Japanese manga adaptation of the game , written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa , began serialization in Shueisha 's Jump X magazine on August 10 , 2013 . The manga however contradicts many parts of the game 's actual storyline , despite the manga being an adaptation of the game . Downloadable content ( edit ) On October 8 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and PC , and would include the Freedom Cry single - player missions , Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw , as well as additional single - player and multiplayer elements . Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé , a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway 's Quartermaster , and later a member of the Assassin Order . The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint - Domingue , where he comes face - to - face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies . The DLC is written by Jill Murray , who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag . In February 2014 , it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18 , 2014 for North America and February 19 , 2014 for Europe . It was released for the PC on February 25 , 2014 . Blackbeard 's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag 's multiplayer mode . These characters include Blackbeard , The Jaguar and The Orchid . This DLC is free with the Season Pass . Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode . These characters are The Shaman , The Siren and The Stowaway . It was not released for the Wii U . The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC , `` Aveline '' . As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only . A Game of The Year Edition , called the Jackdaw Edition , was released only on the Xbox One , PlayStation 4 and PC . It includes all available downloadable content . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PS3 ) 88 ( X360 ) 86 % ( WIIU ) 87 % ( PS4 ) 85.31 % ( XONE ) 81.00 % ( PC ) 86.67 % Metacritic ( PS3 ) 88 / 100 ( WIIU ) 86 / 100 ( X360 ) 86 / 100 ( PS4 ) 84 / 100 ( PC ) 86 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 9 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 8 / 10 OXM ( US ) 9.0 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 % VideoGamer.com 7 / 10 The Escapist Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag received very positive reviews upon release , with critics generally praising the open world gameplay , side - quests , graphics and naval combat . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 87.62 % and 88 / 100 , the Xbox 360 version 85.74 % and 86 / 100 , the Wii U version 87.00 % and 86 / 100 , the PlayStation 4 version 85.31 % and 83 / 100 , the Xbox One version 81.00 % and the PC version 86.67 % and 86 / 100 . In November 2013 , Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era . Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin 's Creed III , with Game Informer 's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them . CVG 's Matt Gilman called the game `` a return to form for the franchise , '' while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that `` After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII , Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin 's Creed needed . '' Two days after its release , IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin 's Creed series , only behind Assassin 's Creed II . Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game 's open world structure , with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag `` sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft 's series but for open - world gaming . '' Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay `` a surprising breath of fresh sea air , '' with Gilman stating it `` revitalizes the series . '' The large scale of the open world was praised , with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game `` opens up the whole Caribbean . '' Reviewers also praised the game 's side - quests and collectibles , as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world , with GameSpot 's Shaun McInnis saying that `` Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring . '' The side - quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions , with IGN 's Marty Sliva stating that `` Black Flag is at its best ( when you ) set out in search of your own fun . '' The assassination side - missions were particularly praised . The seamless exploration between ship , land , and sea without loading was also praised . The graphics were also widely acclaimed . The Edge staff stated that `` From a graphical standpoint , Black Flag 's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you 're playing it on . '' Reviewers praised the game 's open world as `` beautiful '' and `` gorgeous ; '' Sliva called Black Flag `` one of the best looking games of 2013 . '' The game 's level of detail was also acclaimed , with the open world 's water , rain and sea , being cited as `` amazing '' to look at . The game 's naval combat system drew much praise . Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin 's Creed III 's best feature , and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it . Tito explained that , while Assassin 's Creed III 's naval missions were linear and limited , Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore , fight or sail whenever they wanted . McInnis said that the game `` places a huge emphasis on naval combat , '' and stated that it `` builds on ACIII 's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land . '' The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts , as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay , with Tito calling it `` a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat , and ( in ) pirate action . '' The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals . The Edge staff said that `` Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters , and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin 's Creed game to date . '' However , some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating , due to its clunky and poorly defined controls . Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games , with some criticizing it for being monotonous , too easy , and lacking nuance . However , it was also praised for being `` an effective and violent power trip , '' and for being `` fluid and lively . '' Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence . The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin 's Creed III 's , with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3 . The story received a positive response overall . Reparaz praised it as `` engrossing '' and one of the Assassin 's Creed series ' best . Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters , and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates , painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light . Bramwell felt that the story `` flourishes , '' particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward 's character arc . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag 's storyline was nothing unique for the series , though he praised the characters as `` far more interesting , more likeable , and more varied '' than previous games . While he praised the story 's first half , Gilman was more critical of the latter half , adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters . Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story , with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose , or a compelling antagonist , and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped . The story missions also had a mixed reception . Reparaz , who gave the game high praise , felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag . Juba and VideoGamer.com 's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring . Tito , however , felt that they were varied , and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging . One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions , with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series . The tailing objectives were also extended to ship / sea missions , with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth . The game 's pacing and opening were praised , as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial , with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin 's Creed III . Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin 's Creed one , due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay , story , and characters . Reviewers felt that it was better for the game ; they praised Black Flag 's more light - hearted fare and tone compared to previous games , while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin 's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story . Gilman stated that `` Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game , '' with PC Gamer 's Tom Senior remarking that `` Black Flag does n't really want to be an Assassin 's Creed game , and ( ... ) that is a welcome move . '' Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played , while Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be `` probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history . '' Tito stated that Black Flag 's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier 's Pirates ! than any Assassin 's Creed game . Edward Kenway 's character as a self - motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most . Sliva believed that Edward 's character was a `` refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously , '' while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a `` livelier '' and more `` palatable '' protagonist than Assassin 's Creed III 's Connor . In December 2015 , Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin 's Creed series to date . Sales ( edit ) During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag became the best - selling game on all available formats , ahead of Battlefield 4 . However , the game 's opening week sales were 60 % down compared to 2012 's Assassin 's Creed III . Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles . According to NPD Group figures , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was the third best - selling game of November 2013 in the United States , only behind Call of Duty : Ghosts and Battlefield 4 . In May 2014 , Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies . Awards ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central , GameSpot , and the Inside Gaming Awards , It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game , and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year . ( show ) List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Year Award Category Result Ref . 2013 5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Story Nominated Gamers ' Choice Nominated Cheat Code Central 's 7th Annual Cody Awards Game of the Year Nominated Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Nominated Best Graphics Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Spike VGX 2013 Best Action Adventure Game Won Game Revolution 's Best of 2013 Awards Best Action - Adventure Game Won Best Publisher ( Ubisoft ) Nominated GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2013 Awards PS4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Game of the Year Nominated PS3 Game of the Year Nominated Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated Hardcore Gamer 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Adventure Game Won The Sequel of Sequels Won Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated Best New Character ( Edward Kenway ) Nominated Best Technical Graphics Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2013 Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Competitive Game Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards Best Surprise Won Best Game Nominated 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Character Design Won Costume Design Won Game Design , Franchise Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Nominated 2014 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated IGN 's Best of 2013 Best PS4 Multiplayer Game Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Best Xbox One Action - Adventure Game Won Best Xbox One Story Won Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game Won Best Wii U Sound Won Best Overall Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Overall Music Nominated Best PC Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Sound Nominated Best PS3 Story Nominated PS4 Game of the Year Nominated Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Xbox 360 Sound Nominated Best Xbox 360 Story Nominated Best Xbox One Sound Nominated Wii U Game of the Year Nominated Best Wii U Multiplayer Game Nominated Best Wii U Music Nominated The Escapist Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Official Xbox Magazine 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Action Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 66th Writers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing ( Story by Darby McDevitt , Mustapha Mahrach , Jean Guesdon ; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt ; Scriptwriter Jill Murray ; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood ; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill ) Nominated 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering Nominated 10th BAFTA Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Action / Adventure Nominated Game Design Nominated Music Nominated 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 32nd Golden Joystick Awards Best Visual Design Won Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Won Best Audio Won Best Gaming Moment ( Sea shanties ) Nominated Game of the Year Nominated PETA criticism ( edit ) The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and `` glorification '' of whaling . The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry does n't condemn the addition . Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin 's Creed 's is based on history and is a `` work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates '' . Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling , along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series . PETA has had a history of criticising video games , some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon . Series continuation ( edit ) Main articles : Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue Assassin 's Creed Unity , set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution , was released worldwide on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 . Additionally , Assassin 's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III , following Shay Cormac , an Assassin - turned - Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order . Taking place in North America during the Seven Years ' War , the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) Skull & Bones -- expanded on the naval battles of Black Flag Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The character is referred to as `` Thatch '' in this game , rather than the more common `` Teach '' . `` Thatch '' is one of the many variations of Blackbeard 's name known to have existed . Please see Blackbeard : Early life for more information . Jump up ^ The player is able to find collectible items scattered throughout both past and present - day game worlds . These items establish the Sage 's backstory and are used as a means of communicating with other unidentified agents of the First Civilization . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Why Pirates ? Assassin 's Creed IV 's Developers Explain The New Setting '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Be Excited About Assassin 's Creed IV . And Be Skeptical . '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed III Was Disappointing . How Does Black Flag Stack Up ? '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helgeson , Matt ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Composer Sarah Schachner On Assassin 's Creed Unity 's Soundtrack '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Usher , William ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Interview : Olivier Deriviere Talks Freedom Cry '' . Gaming Blend . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Game Reveal Interview '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 PC Release Date Revealed , Wii U Version Delayed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT : Assassin 's Creed IV Coming in October , Next - Gen Confirmed '' . GameTrailers . March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Audrey ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Confirmed for Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag European release date moved forward for Xbox 360 and PS3 '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Gets A PC Release Date '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holzworth , Chris ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR : Assassin 's Creed IV Aveline DLC to Remain a PlayStation Exclusive '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 receives firm PS4 , PC , Xbox One release dates '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vore , Bryan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Exploring The Open World Of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag How to be a pirate '' . GameInformer . GameStop . XXIII ( 244 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ Lakha , Parvez ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Present Day Q&A '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Voice Actors discuss Their Craft '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` PIRATE HERO IN NEW ASSASSIN 'S CREED GAME IS A WELSHMAN '' . WalesOnline . WalesOnline . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , Darby ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` PS : We are using `` Ed Thatch '' for Blackbeard , not the more common but probably incorrect `` Teach . '' Ask Colin Woodard why ... `` . Twitter . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Dawn of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Is The Next Assassin 's Creed , Ubisoft Confirms . Now , About That ... '' . Kotaku . February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Other Side of that Supposed Assassin 's Creed IV Poster is a Map '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : A Pirate 's Life for Thee '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Next Assassin 's Creed Has New Hero , Time Period , Developer '' . IGN . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Is All About Pirates , According To This Poster '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag release date , next - gen launch leaked '' . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Debut Trailer '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag debut trailer leaks ( Update : It 's gone ! '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 moniker ' completely warranted , ' insists Ubisoft dev '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lavaris , Romeo ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 - Prepare For Adventure With Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Geforce . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` omar fadel - ACBF '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bit disappointed with the Skull edition 's soundtrack '' . forums.ubi.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 『アサシンクリード 4 ブラックフラッグ』発売日が 11 月 28 日に決定 4 本のトレーラーも公開 '' . Famitsu . July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graziani , Gabriel ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Coming to PS4 + PS3 , PlayStation - Exclusive Content '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Aveline Returns '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uplay Store - Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Gold Edition Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Delayed On PC . Again . But This Time It 's OK . '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Why Assassin 's Creed always launches last on PC '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Assassin _́ s Creed IV Black Flag and Uplay Passport '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Ubisoft ditches Uplay Passport after Assassin 's Creed 4 furore '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® IV Black Flag Season Pass '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- FREEDOM CRY DLC RELEASE DATE & STORY '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Freedom Cry Releasing as Standalone Title '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- BLACKBEARD 'S WRATH DLC '' . UbiBlog . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Ubisoft releases Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Guild of Rogues DLC '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 3 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Xbox 360 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Wii U '' . GameRankings . 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Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Matt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag marks a return to form for the franchise '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Edge Staff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag review '' . Edge . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` EGM Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Next - Gen ) '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1303 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McInnis , Shaun ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kietzmann , Ludwig ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 review : Avast , conspiracy ahead '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Joel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag PS4 review '' . Official PlayStation Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reparaz , Mikel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . 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Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed sales down 60 % year - on - year , Battlefield 4 down 69 % on Battlefield 3 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 sales slump attributed to next - gen launch '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` November NPD : PS4 is ' top - selling ' console , Xbox One is ' fastest - selling ' ( Update : Nintendo boasts big numbers , too ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Eric ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Ships 10 Million Copies '' . IGN . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Winner 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overall Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rob ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Gaming Awards 2013 Nominees Announced '' . Machinima.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS4 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Studio of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graphics Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Action / Adventure Game Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tan , Nicholas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Best Action - Adventure Game 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Best Publisher 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Adventure Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 The Sequel of Sequels '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Games of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplatform Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplayer Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best New Character '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Technical Graphics '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best 2013 multiplatform game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 action game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 competitive game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day One '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ admin ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Nominations '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards Video -- Winners Montage '' . GameTrailers . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Action Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PC Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . 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Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards '' . Game Developers Choice Awards . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Joystick 2014 Awards Nominee 's Revealed '' . Lazy Gamers . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Ivan ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2014 : Full list of winners '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeffrey . `` PETA : It 's ' disgraceful ' for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag to ' glorify ' whaling '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke . `` PETA Condemns Assassin 's Creed 4 's Whaling as `` Disgraceful '' `` . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` PETA Attacks Assassin 's Creed 4 For Including Whaling UPDATE : Ubisoft Responds '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity hits Oct. 28 , pre-orders live '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Release Date , Collector 's Edition Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft -- here 's the first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals new pirate game Skull & Bones '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . 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-5177938891067701771	Shameless (season 5)	Shameless ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Shameless ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Shameless ( season 5 ) DVD Cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showtime Original release January 11 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) -- April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The fifth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the award - winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , premiered on January 11 , 2015 on the Showtime television network . Executive producers are John Wells , Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn , and producer Michael Hissrich . Like all previous seasons , the season consisted of 12 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The season picks up from the season 4 finale two to three months after the events of finding out Ian 's bipolarity and Fiona 's release from prison . Fiona begins a new relationship with a skilled member of a rock ' n ' roll band while juggling her new job at Patsy 's Pies , where she has flirtatious encounters with her boss , Sean . Lip is home from college for the summer , and is torn between two worlds as his loyalty to the South Side is questioned while gentrification comes to the neighborhood . Ian 's declining mental health raises the concerns of Mickey and the rest of the Gallaghers , yet he remains in denial of his condition . Debbie continues to struggle with the pains of adolescence and Carl begins a new business venture as a drug - dealer . Sammi becomes more involved in the lives of her half - brothers and sisters while Frank struggles with sobriety following his recent liver transplant . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Pfender Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica `` V '' Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin `` Kev '' Ball Emma Kenney as Debbie Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Noel Fisher as Mickey Milkovich Emily Bergl as Samantha `` Sammi '' Slott Special guest stars ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Sheila Gallagher Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce Steve Kazee as Gus Pfender Justin Chatwin as Jimmy Lishman / Steve Sasha Alexander as Helene Runyon Robinson Recurring ( edit ) Kellen Michael as Chuckie Slott Bojana Novakovic as Bianca Samson Chloe Webb as Monica Gallagher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Nichole Bloom as Amanda Emma Greenwell as Mandy Milkovich Dichen Lachman as Angela Alessandra Balazs as Jackie Scabello Axle Whitehead as Davis Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Patrick Fischler as Wade Shelton Stacy Edwards as Laura Shelton Michael Reilly Burke as Theo Wallace Robinson Luca Oriel as Derek Danika Yarosh as Holly Herkimer Vanessa Bell Calloway as Carol Fisher J. Michael Trautmann as Iggy Milkovich Shel Bailey as Kenyatta Stephen Rider as G - Dogg James Allen McCune as Matty Miguel Izaguirre as Paco Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Milk of the Gods '' Christopher Chulack Nancy M. Pimental January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 1.77 It 's summer once again in Chicago . Fiona is engrossed in her job at Patsy 's Pie diner , Lip returns home from college to find his friends the same , but the neighborhood moving swiftly toward gentrification . Frank , still recovering from his liver transplant , is living with his wife Sheila and working on a secret project in her basement . At the Milkovich house , Ian helps a pregnant Svetlana take care of baby Yevgeny while Mickey and his brothers run a moving truck scam . Veronica , frustrated by her newborn babies and Kevin 's obsession with them , goes to work at The Alibi . Meanwhile , Debbie helps Frank gather supplies for his project . Ian , hypersexual as a result of his condition , has a few anonymous sexual encounters . 50 `` I 'm the Liver '' Sanaa Hamri Krista Vernoff January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 1.76 Fiona is officially off house arrest . Lip starts his new job , with taxing consequences . Sheila considers an offer from lesbian land developers who want to buy her home . Frank tries to talk her out of it and begins warning everyone of the neighborhood 's impending development . Also , the father of the boy whose liver Frank received invites Frank and Sheila to a special father 's day dinner with all the other organ recipients , which Sammi ends up crashing , further enraging Sheila . Meanwhile , a manic Ian plans his revenge , with Mickey and Mandy , against a homophobic military funeral protest . Fiona confronts Sean about her feelings for him . Kev bonds with Svetlana . Debbie continues to struggle with her friends and boys . 51 `` The Two Lisas '' Peter Segal Sheila Callaghan January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 1.96 The police raid the Alibi 's unlicensed rub & tug . Frank enlists Carl to scare off the lesbians who are buying up the property , while pleading with Sheila not to cave and sell her home . However , Sheila has big plans for her future , with or without Frank . Ian goes on a crazed cleaning spree of the Milkovich house and wants Lip to help convince Mandy not to move to Indiana with her abusive boyfriend , Kenyatta . Lip remains emotionally unavailable and pushes Mandy away . Meanwhile , Debbie throws a wild party at the Gallagher house ; she finally loses her virginity but also loses Matty . Carl discovers a hidden talent . In exchange for new brewery equipment , Frank sets the owner of a junkyard up with Sammi under the pretense that she 'll sleep with him . Fiona agrees to go to a concert with Davis , but when his girlfriend shows up , Fiona makes a play for his bass player , Gus . While in the midst of a huge confrontation with Sammi and Sheila , Frank 's beer still ignites and blows up Sheila 's house . Sheila jumps in her newly purchased RV and leaves town . 52 `` A Night to Remem ... Wait , What ? '' Richie Keen Davey Holmes February 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.26 Frank arrives at Lou 's to pick up his six figure insurance settlement , but is confounded when told he arrived the previous day . Realizing he has no recollection , he retraces his steps , uncovering a night of insanity . Meanwhile , Fiona and Gus continue to hit it off , so much so that they wind up getting married on a whim . Lip visits Amanda and her family , at their home in Miami . Carl starts a new job as a drug dealer , and quickly realizes he 's in over his head . Ian goes overboard when he starts stealing suitcases from the airport baggage claim . 53 5 `` Rite of Passage '' Alex Graves Etan Frankel February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 1.64 Ian 's promiscuity and recklessness drives Mickey to the brink , and he demands Ian enter a mental rehabilitation facility . Homeless and penniless once again , Frank takes advantage of his liver donor 's parents . Sammi 's trailer is impounded . Debbie sets out on the path of revenge . Carl continues to flounder at his newfound business . Lip is caught in defining quandaries . Fiona is rocked when a colleague overdoses on heroin ; combined with her increasing worry that her recent decision to marry might have been a hasty one . Things are complicated even further for Fiona when she finds Jimmy sitting at one of her tables . Ian flees , with Mickey 's baby in tow . 54 6 `` Crazy Love '' Anthony Hemingway John Wells February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 1.26 Jimmy and Fiona attempt to reconcile their many issues , with Jimmy stating he 's still in love with her . Ian 's on the lam with Mickey and Svetlana 's baby , but he quickly spirals out of control and lands in the hands of the police . Sammi takes charge in the Gallagher household . Frank 's recent escapades catch up with him , and he 's hospitalized . Lip reestablishes himself at college . Fiona enters into an emotional crisis over Gus and Jimmy . Kev and Veronica decide to split up . Ian is admitted at the psychological evaluation ward . 55 7 `` Tell Me You Fucking Need Me '' William H. Macy Nancy M. Pimental March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 1.44 As Jimmy prepares to depart for Dubai , he presses Fiona for a decision . Lip is met with financial aid difficulties , and his family is responsible as they carelessly left his mail sitting in a window . After being released from the hospital , with a stern warning from the doctor , Frank takes control of his life . Asserting himself at the Gallagher home . Things are grim for Ian in the psyche ward , shunning Fiona and Mickey when they come for a visit . Carl and Chuckie begin a mutually beneficial arrangement at school , that bleeds into home life . Debbie knows what she wants , and she pursues it . A newly homeless Svetlana moves in with a newly separated Kev . Mickey turns to alcohol to dull his longing for Ian . After Fiona discloses her infidelity to Gus , he asks to meet Jimmy . When they meet , Gus instantly dislikes Jimmy , and he punches him in the nose . Jimmy then tells Fiona that he has called off the trip to Dubai , and that he only wants a life with her . After deliberation , Fiona tells Jimmy that he needs to let her let him go . Later , Angela apologies to Fiona for Jack / Jimmy 's ways , and says that the employer was the one that canceled the job in Dubai . When their relationship reaches the boiling point , Sammi goes to extreme lengths to prove Frank loves her . 56 8 `` Uncle Carl '' Wendey Stanzler Krista Vernoff March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 1.60 Ian is released from the ward . Carl is tasked with a lofty new job , in which he involves Frank and Chuckie . Short on funds , Lip convinces Kev to revisit their marijuana - selling days . Then , after a heartfelt plea , Lip is able to bide time concerning his financial woes at school . V and Svetlana bond , in more ways than one . Ian flushes his lithium pills down the toilet , causing a stir . Frank humors Sammi while scheming for a way to be rid of her . Mickey 's alcoholic denial comes to an end , and he and Ian reunite . Fiona realizes that she wants to fight for Gus , but he 's not ready to commit or forgive , and he leaves on an extended tour with his band . After a conniving tip from Frank , things go sideways for Carl 's operation , and Chuckie lands in jail . Soon after , Sammi calls the cops and they arrest Carl too . The new Neighborhood Gardening Association requests that the Gallagher 's pool be dismantled . 57 9 `` Carl 's First Sentencing '' Christopher Chulack Etan Frankel March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 1.62 At college , Lip meets a foxy new professor , and their relationship quickly intensifies . Meanwhile , Kev finds a new calling at Lip 's school , that ultimately leads him to wanting V back . Despite effort from Fiona , Carl botches his sentencing hearing , and is sent to a Juvenile Correctional Facility with Chuckie . After , yet , another bipolar induced episode , Mickey is able to convince Ian to get back on his meds ; and he gets a job as a dishwasher at Patsy 's . Fiona is concerned for her boss , Sean , when he receives disconcerting news regarding his son . While undergoing treatment at the hospital , Frank 's doctor , Bianca , reveals she has terminal cancer . The two go on a grand adventure that spans 48 hours . 58 10 `` South Side Rules '' Michael Uppendahl Sheila Callaghan March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 1.67 The Gallagher home is in disarray , with everyone neglecting monetary and practical obligations . Lip adjusts to a new reality ; and butts heads with Amanda . Debbie and Derek agree that it 's time to consummate their relationship , and after learning of a lifestyle that appeals to her , Debbie makes a potentially life changing decision . Frank falls for Bianca , and begins his own unique form of courting . Ian is feeling lifeless and turns to extreme measures to feel again . He later enlightens Sammi concerning his military insubordination . He and Mickey have a romp over their differences , before making love at an old rendezvous . Kev unwittingly sells synthetic marijuana to a handful of college students that leads to one of them jumping out second story window . Lip turns to his new lover for an assist , and she dishes out some harsh truth . After that debacle , Kev returns to V. After an emotional day with Sean , Fiona drifts further away from Gus . When Mickey and Ian return home , Sammi has a devastating surprise awaiting the latter . 59 11 `` Drugs Actually '' Mimi Leder Davey Holmes March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 1.43 Sammi is on the outs with the rest of her siblings after the stunt she pulled . Mickey and Debbie hatch a plan to make her pay , that takes a turn for the worst . Fiona continues to pull away from Gus , and closer to Sean . Lip enjoys the benefits of his comfy romantic arrangement . A pipe breaking at the Alibi lends itself as a relationship mender for Kev and V. Frank realizes that he 's not ready to die along with Bianca . After a failed attempt at trying to get her help , the two head for Costa Rica . The family is able to convince the Army officials to release Ian , after a painful disclosure of his condition . Later , Ian receives a visit from his mother , Monica ; who proclaims that no one will ever understand him but her , and the two hitchhike out of the state . After being believed to be dead , Sammi finds herself being shipped out in a moving truck . 60 12 `` Love Songs ( In the Key of Gallagher ) '' Christopher Chulack John Wells April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 1.55 Bianca and Frank are living the high life in Costa Rica ; but it all comes crashing down when she supposedly drowns herself in the ocean . Lip continues to have unconventional relationship mishaps . Fiona and Gus reconnect after he returns from tour , but she ultimately thrusts herself into the arms of Sean . Fiona learns of Debbie 's pregnancy , and insists that the baby be aborted , much to Debbie 's chagrin . Kev and V tread the water of their rocky marriage . Monica and Ian 's road trip ends up at her meth dealing teenage boyfriend 's property . Ian leaves and returns home , where he then reunites with his love , yet still citing his disorder . Sammi returns and attempts to shoot Mickey but fails . Development and production ( edit ) On February 18 , 2014 , Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fifth season . Production on the first episode began on July 3 , 2014 with the first table read , with principal photography commencing on July 8 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Showtime sets ' Shameless , ' ' House of Lies , ' ' Episodes ' premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- shameless on showtime '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Showtime Renews Shameless , House of Lies '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Season 5 Videos of the series Shameless '' . SHO.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chris E. Hayner ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Excuse you , ' Shameless , ' where 's Jimmy - Steve in the new trailer ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Monaghan on Starring With Meryl Streep & Jeff Bridges in ' The Giver ' : `` Definitely an Honor '' `` . La-confidential-magazine.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shameless ' Season 5 Spoilers : 3 Theories About The Surprising Season 4 Finale Ending '' . International Business Times . April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' The Librarians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' NFL Countdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & ' UFC Fight Night ' Win Night , ' Shameless ' , ' The Librarians ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Girls ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Pro Bowl Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' NFL Primetime ' Wins Night , ' Mike Tyson Mysteries ' , ' Puppy Bowl ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Kitten Bowl ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , NBA All - Star Game , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , Sister Wives ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Bar Rescue ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , NCAA Basketball + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Going Clear ' , ' Killing Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : MLB Baseball & ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Top Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Rossum on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_5)&oldid=792216528 '' Categories : 2015 American television seasons Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 05 : 59 . About Wikipedia	when did season 5 of shameless come out	[ "The fifth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the award-winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 11, 2015 on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, and producer Michael Hissrich. Like all previous seasons, the season consisted of 12 episodes.[1][2][3]" ]	[ "January 11, 2015" ]
1989118916887391026	One Tree Hill (season 5)	One Tree Hill ( season 5 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search One Tree Hill ( season 5 ) One Tree Hill Season 5 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network The CW Original release January 8 ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) -- May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of One Tree Hill episodes The fifth season of One Tree Hill , an American television series , began on January 8 , 2008 with a two - hour episode . This is the second season to air on The CW television network . Season five is set four years into the future from the season 4 finale , and after the main characters have graduated from college . Production for this season of One Tree Hill , along with production for all other American scripted television shows , was caught in the middle of a contract dispute between the Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAE ) , Writers Guild of America , west ( WGAw ) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers ( AMPTP ) . The dispute led to a strike by the writers , which has caused a lack in episodes being produced . The season was to conclude in June 2008 , after twenty - two episodes , but the season had been shortened to twelve episodes due to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . With the strike resolved , the CW announced that six more episodes would be produced bringing the episode count to eighteen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Writers Strike 4.2 New and returning characters 5 One Tree Hill : Fast Forward 6 Reception 7 DVD release 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Four years after high school ; Karen is travelling the world with her daughter , Lily and boyfriend , Andy . Lucas has a new girlfriend , Lindsey , and a best - selling book . Brooke 's fashion line has taken off , but she still feels like her life is missing something . Haley has become a teacher at Tree Hill high . Nathan is in a wheelchair after a bar accident , and has to deal with recuperating and a future that possibly has no basketball in it . Peyton 's career did n't take off in L.A. , and she returns to Tree Hill still mourning the end of her relationship with Lucas . Dan is released from jail and is hoping for forgiveness . Deb becomes Jamie 's nanny after the previous one kidnapped him , tried to steal Nathan , and tried to kill Haley . Mouth begins a new relationship with Brooke 's assistant Millicent and tries to become successful in the sports reporting world . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 18 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 18 episodes ) Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer ( 18 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 18 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 18 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 15 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Antwon `` Skills '' Taylor ( 14 episodes ) Jackson Brundage as James Lucas Scott ( 16 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 11 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Michaela McManus as Lindsey Strauss ( 15 episodes ) Robbie Jones as Quentin Fields ( 12 episodes ) Lisa Goldstein as Millicent Huxtable ( 11 episodes ) Torrey DeVitto as Carrie ( 10 episodes ) Daphne Zuniga as Victoria Davis ( 7 episodes ) Kate Voegele as Mia Catalano ( 7 episodes ) Bradley Evans as Jerry ( 6 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 5 episodes ) Joe Manganiello as Owen Morello ( 5 episodes ) Kelly Collins Lintz as Alice ( 5 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 5 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Lee ( 4 episodes ) Danneel Harris as Rachel Gatina ( 2 episodes ) Stephen Colletti as Chase Adams ( 2 episodes ) Kieren Hutchison as Andy Hargrove ( 2 episodes ) Barry Corbin as Whitey Durham ( 1 episode ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 1 episode ) Brett Claywell as Tim Smith ( 1 episode ) Moira Kelly as Karen Roe ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn January 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) 3T6801 3.36 It 's four years into the future and the Tree Hill gang has finished college . Lucas published a book and is dating his editor Lindsay ; Brooke made it big in the fashion industry with her store `` Clothes Over Bros '' ; Peyton 's pursuing a career in the music business ; Haley and Nathan are in a strained marriage after Nathan 's accident , which has left him temporarily paralyzed , and they raise a now older Jamie . This episode is named after a song by Tree Fort Angst . 90 `` Racing Like a Pro '' Paul Johansson Mark Schwahn January 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) 3T6802 3.57 Peyton and Brooke move back to Tree Hill and meet Lucas ' girlfriend Lindsay ; Haley tells Nathan she and Jamie will leave him if he does n't change his ways ; Lucas and Skills prepare Jamie to compete in a race car competition ; Mouth gets a job but his boss Alice hates him . This episode is named after a song by The National . 91 `` My Way Home Is Through You '' David Jackson John A. Norris January 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 15 ) 3T6803 2.72 Lindsay fears that Peyton might threaten her relationship with Lucas . Nathan visits Dan in prison and gives him a picture of Jamie . Haley tries to get a student , Quentin , back in school . Brooke opens her store `` Clothes Over Bros '' . in Karen 's Cafe . Peyton signs her first band on her new label . This episode is named after a song by My Chemical Romance . 92 `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' Janice Cooke Adele Lim January 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 22 ) 3T6804 3.04 Peyton has her hands full with a musician who turns out to be problematic ; Mouth 's in a relationship with his boss Alice and dating her is how he 's keeping his job . Brooke faces problems with her insane mother Victoria . Nathan helps Haley in helping Quentin . This episode is named after a song by Bob Dylan . 93 5 `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' Liz Friedlander Terrence Coli January 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) 3T6805 2.79 Three years in the past , Lucas visits Peyton in Los Angeles with an offer that will change their relationship forever ; Victoria ( Daphne Zuniga ) pressures Brooke to make a difficult decision about the future of her clothing line . This episode is named after a song by Elvis Presley . 94 6 `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Thomas J. Wright Mark Schwahn February 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 05 ) 3T6806 2.86 It 's confrontation time in Tree Hill , as Lucas confronts Peyton about her nasty behavior towards Lindsey and Brooke must confront Victoria about meddling with Peyton 's record label . Nathan begins to grow closer to Nanny Carrie , Haley continues to struggle in dealing with Quentin , and Mouth must choose sides between his co-workers or Alice . This episode is named after a song by Crowded House . 95 7 `` In Da Club '' Greg Prange Mike Herro & David Strauss February 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) 3T6807 3.16 Brooke sets Mouth on a blind date with her assistant Millicent , and finds out about Mouth and his boss . After kissing Peyton , Lucas asks Lindsey to marry him . Carrie tries to seduce Nathan . The Honorary Title performs at Tric , and Mia performs her song , `` No Good '' . This episode is named after a song by 50 Cent . 96 8 `` Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want '' Paul Johansson Mike Daniels February 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 19 ) 3T6808 2.85 Brooke has a crush on the new bartender Owen . Carrie kisses Nathan . Haley is upset at Lucas for proposing to Lindsay and kissing Peyton . Quentin has to change his negative approach before the Ravens start the season - opening game . Mouth 's boss Alice gets fired , and Mouth tries to win Millicent back . This episode is named after a song by The Smiths . 97 9 `` For Tonight You 're Only Here to Know '' Joe Davola Mark Schwahn February 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 26 ) 3T6809 3.18 At the first Raven 's basketball game of the season , Haley , Brooke , Peyton , Lindsey and Mia find themselves locked in the Tree Hill High library where secrets abound come forward . Peyton learns a surprising fact that changes her mind about Lindsey while she and Haley try to help Brooke let go of Victoria . This episode is named after a song by The Distillers . 98 10 `` Running to Stand Still '' Clark Mathis William H. Brown March 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 04 ) 3T6810 2.93 Haley finds Nathan and Carrie in a compromising position and kicks them both out . Brooke and Owen take a trip to New York . Peyton 's old boss wants Mia signed at his label . Lucas gets a brief about Dan 's hearing and goes with Nathan . This episode is named after a song by U2 . 99 11 `` You 're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side '' Michael J. Leone Zachary Haynes March 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) 3T6811 2.50 On the eve of Lucas and Lindsey 's marriage , they conspire to save Nathan and Haley 's . Brooke sets Peyton up with an old boyfriend , while still dealing with Victoria . Rachel returns to Tree Hill , and Dan comes back hoping for a fresh start . This episode is named after a song by Morrissey . 100 12 `` Hundred '' Les Butler Mark Schwahn March 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 18 ) 3T6812 3.00 It 's Lucas and Lindsey 's wedding day and Peyton must decide what to do about her feelings for Lucas . Nathan uses the occasion to attempt a reconciliation with Haley , and recently - paroled Dan shows up for the family reunion . Carrie kidnaps Jamie , but Dan steps in to intervene . This episode is named after a song by The Fray . 101 13 `` Echoes , Silence , Patience , and Grace '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn April 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) 3T6813 2.80 Lucas deals with being left at the altar by Lindsey , while Nathan and Haley deal with the repercussions of Jamie 's abduction . Brooke is haunted by her past as she considers adopting , while Peyton gets a visit from an old friend . This episode is named after an album by Foo Fighters . 102 14 `` What Do You Go Home To '' Liz Friedlander Mark Schwahn April 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) 3T6814 2.92 Lucas and Peyton discuss his aborted wedding , while Brooke gets a phone call that could change her life . Millicent and Mouth take a new step in their relationship . Haley takes the first tentative steps towards a new career , and Nathan contemplates what it would take to get his game back . This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky . 103 15 `` Life Is Short '' Paul Johansson Eliza Delson April 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 28 ) 3T6815 2.57 Lindsey returns to Tree Hill for Jamie 's fifth birthday party , giving Lucas hope for their relationship . Brooke and Peyton prepare for life with a new baby . Dan tries to insert himself back into the lives of his family , ultimately revealing a secret to Nathan . This episode is named after a song by Butterfly Boucher . 104 16 `` Cryin ' Wo n't Help You Now '' Greg Prange William H. Brown May 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) 3T6816 2.29 Brooke deals with the difficulties of being a parent . Peyton visits Lindsey in New York . Quentin makes up with his enemies . Mouth gets his big - time shot . Lucas , Nathan , and Haley deal with Dan 's condition and whether or not to tell Jamie . This episode is named after a song by Ben Harper . 105 17 `` Hate Is Safer Than Love '' Stuart Gillard Mark Schwahn May 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) 3T6817 2.72 Lucas receives some devastating news from Lindsey . Brooke 's foster baby undergoes heart surgery . Haley makes a decision about recording a new album . Skills and Nathan attempt a turn - around of the Ravens ' season . Lucas makes a drunken , heart - wrenching confession to Peyton . This episode is named after a song by Ben Godwin . 106 18 `` What Comes After the Blues '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 3T6818 3.23 Brooke is emotional about giving Angie back . Lucas deals with the aftermath of his actions in the game night scuffle . Haley has a musical breakthrough . Peyton gets news about a ghost from her past . Nathan and Jamie face their fears together . Lucas makes a call to one of the women that will change his life forever . This episode is named after a song by Magnolia Electric Co . Production ( edit ) L-R : Brooke ( Bush ) , Haley ( Galeotti ) , `` Mouth '' ( Norris ) , `` Skills '' ( Tanner ) , Nathan ( Lafferty ) , Peyton ( Burton ) and Lucas ( Murray ) . On May 17 , 2007 , The CW announced that the show would return for a fifth season as a mid-season replacement . The show was dramatically retooled and set four years into the future - after the characters have already graduated from college . Until the show 's return to the schedule , the network planned to post diaries online to fill in the intervening years in the characters ' lives . The fifth season began shooting on July 30 , 2007 and premiered January 8 , 2008 . Dawn Ostroff confirmed on July 20 , 2007 that One Tree Hill had a 22 - episode order . Hilarie Burton confirmed on TRL that the show 's fifth season would focus on their lives after college , citing the reason for this as `` We 've seen the high school dramas not do so well while they 're in college , and another thing , we 've done everything that everyone does in college '' . She said this will `` enable them to do flashbacks and a lot of cool stuff with the characters '' . Writers strike ( edit ) On November 5 , 2007 , a strike began between the Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAE ) , Writers Guild of America , west ( WGAw ) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers ( AMPTP ) . The strike was speculated to force television shows to end their seasons early , because there would be no future scripts until a settlement was reached . Due to the writer 's strike , only twelve out of the twenty - two episodes ordered were thought to be produced . With the end in sight , Mark Schwahn stated , `` Although we have six new episodes left , no one is more excited about the end of the strike than we are at One Tree Hill . '' On the February 5 , 2008 episode , One Tree Hill 's ratings were second only to Smallville for scripted dramas at the CW . Schwahn went on to say that `` we 'd love the opportunity to continue season five , and if the WGA 's new contract is ratified , hopefully we 'll be able to do just that . If not , we 'll see you for season six . '' On February 15 , the CW announced that six additional episodes would be produced to wrap up the season due to the conclusion of the strike . New and returning characters ( edit ) For season five , Jackson Brundage was cast as James Scott , the child of Nathan and Haley Scott . Barry Corbin reprised his role as Whitey Durham for a flashback sequence . Danneel Harris returned , as a recurring not main cast member , to portray Rachel Gatina , who is now a drug addict . Moira Kelly also returned as Lucas ' mother Karen Roe . Barbara Alyn Woods reprised her role of Deb Lee in the fourteenth episode , appearing in a total of four episodes . Cullen Moss and Vaughn Wilson returned as Junk Moretti and Fergie Thompson , living with Mouth and Skills . Stephen Colletti reprised his guest role as Chase Adams , as did Kieren Hutchison as Andy Hargrove . Shawn Shepard returned to portray Tree Hill High 's principal , Principal Turner , where Haley , Lucas and Skills now work . Brett Claywell returned as Tim Smith , working as a pizza boy . Bevin Prince also returned as Bevin Mirskey , married to Tim Smith , with whom she has a son , Nathan Smith . Newcomer Michaela McManus was added to the cast for a multi-episode arc as Lindsey Strauss , a `` tough but kind '' New York editor assigned to work on Lucas ' novel . Daphne Zuniga guest starred as a `` glamorous and intimidating '' business exec who works with Brooke , later revealed to be her mother . Torrey DeVitto has signed on to play the nanny of Nathan and Haley 's son in a multi-episode arc . Robbie Jones joined the cast as Quentin Fields , a difficult student and member of the Ravens . Kelly Collins Lintz became a guest as Mouth 's boss Alice . Lisa Goldstein was cast as Brooke 's assistant as Millicent Huxtable . Kevin Federline is appears in a multi-episode arc this season playing Jason , as well as singer / songwriter Kate Voegele who portrays Mia . Joe Manganiello has also been added as Owen , a bar tender at Tric . Mary Kate Englehardt returned to play the role of Lily Roe Scott . One Tree Hill : Fast Forward ( edit ) On November 6 , 2007 , The CW posted the first One Tree Hill online diary , a series of six segments to be released before the start of the new season . One Tree Hill Fast Forward allows fans of the show to catch a glimpse of the lives of the six main characters at the beginning of the fifth season . The first Fast Forward diary features Sophia Bush 's character , Brooke Davis . The second diary , posted on November 13 , featured Chad Michael Murray 's character , Lucas Scott . The third diary , posted on November 20 , featured Hilarie Burton 's character , Peyton Sawyer . The fourth diary , posted on November 27 , featured Lee Norris 's character , Mouth McFadden . The fifth diary , posted on December 4 featured the Scott family , consisting of Bethany Joy Galeotti 's character , Haley James Scott and James Lafferty 's character , Nathan Scott . The sixth and last diary , posted on December 11 , featured all the new faces of the show , commented by Mark Schwahn , Joe Davola , the six main teens and the above listed new faces ( minus Jamie ) . Reception ( edit ) The season opening to 3.36 million viewers and a 1.5 adults 18 - 49 rating . Episode two aired back - to - back with the season premiere and achieved season highs in viewers ( 3.57 m ) and adults 18 - 49 ( 1.6 ) . The season finale matched season highs in adults 18 - 49 with a 1.6 rating . The season averaged 3.33 million viewers and a 1.2 Adults 18 - 49 rating in its original Tuesday 9 / 8C . After its move to Mondays at 9 / 8c , it averaged 2.78 million viewers and a 1.0 rating . DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season five was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Region 1 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The Complete Fifth Season Set details Special features 18 episodes 759 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 777 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 810 minutes ( Region 4 ) 5 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , Spanish French ( Region 1 ) Audio commentaries `` For Tonight You 're Only Here to Know '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , and actresses Michaela McManus Kate Voegele `` Hundred '' - with creator / executive producer / co-writer Mark Schwahn and executive producers Joe Davola and Greg Prange . Deleted scenes Episodes : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 Gag reel `` One Tree Hill Fast Forward '' `` One Tree Hill Musical Stars '' Kate Voegele `` Only Fooling Myself '' music video Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia August 26 , 2008 October 6 , 2008 April 1 , 2009 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Cieply ; Brooks Barnes ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Writers Say Strike to Start Monday '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Live Press Tour Diary : CW - Ausiello Report TVGuide.com ^ Jump up to : Watch with Kristin - Strikewatch Exclusive ( Updated ) ! TV Bosses Reveal What 's Next for Our Favorite Shows ^ Jump up to : Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) . `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 1 . The CW Television Network . ^ Jump up to : Russ T.C. ( 2008 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for January 15 , 2008 '' . Entertainment Now . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Paul Johansson ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Racing Like a Pro '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 2 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : John A. Norris ( writer ) & David Jackson ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 15 ) . `` My Way Home is Through You '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 3 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , January 22 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adele Lim ( writer ) & Janice Cooke ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 22 ) . `` It 's All Right , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 4 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , January 29 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Terrence Coli ( writer ) & Liz Friedlander ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) . `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , February 5 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Thomas J. Wright ( director ) ( 2008 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 6 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 13 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , February 12 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Herro and David Strauss ( writers ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) . `` In Da Club '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 7 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , February 19 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Daniels ( writer ) & Paul Johansson ( director ) ( 2008 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 8 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , February 26 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Joe Davola ( director ) ( 2008 - 02 - 26 ) . `` For Tonight You 're Only Here to Know '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 9 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( March 5 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , March 4 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : William H. Brown ( writer ) & Clark Mathis ( director ) ( 2008 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Running to Stand Still '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 10 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , March 11 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zachary Haynes ( writer ) & Micheal J. Leone ( director ) ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) . `` You 're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 11 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Tuesday , March 18 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Les Butler ( director ) ( 2008 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Hundred '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 12 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , April 14 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Greg Prange ( director ) ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Echoes , Silence , Patience , and Grace '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 13 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , April 21 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Liz Friedlander ( director ) ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) . `` What Do You Go Home To '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 14 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( April 29 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , April 28 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elisa Delson ( writer ) & Paul Johansson ( director ) ( 2008 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Life Is Short '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 15 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 5 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William H. Brown ( writer ) & Greg Prange ( director ) ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Cryin ' Wo n't Help You Now '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 16 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 12 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Stuart Gilliard ( director ) ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Hate Is Safer Than Love '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 17 . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 19 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Schwahn ( writer and director ) ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) . `` What Comes After The Blues '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 18 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 26 , 2008 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CW announces fall schedule Jump up ^ Russ T.C. ( 2008 - 02 - 15 ) . `` The CW Announces Return of Lineup '' . Entertainment Now . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : One Tree Hill Fast Forward ^ Jump up to : As a late birthday gift , could you give me anything on - Ask Ausiello TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Exclusive : One Tree Hill Adds Another Beautiful Person - Ausiello Report TVGuide.com Jump up ^ K - Fed to Rock ' One Tree Hill ' - Kevin Federline gets his second shot at an Emmy - Zap2it ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. 2008 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official website One Tree Hill on IMDb ( hide ) One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Original Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Dan Scott Brooke Davis Whitey Durham Keith Scott Karen Roe Deb Lee Mouth McFadden Skills Taylor Rachel Gatina Secondary Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Alex Dupre Chase Adams Chris Keller Recurring Jake Jagielski Tim Smith Bevin Mirskey Andy Hargrove Lindsey Strauss Victoria Davis Mia Catalano Quentin Fields Nanny Carrie Sam Walker Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' `` Hundred '' `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` This is My House , This is My Home '' `` Last Known Surroundings '' `` Danny Boy '' `` One Tree Hill '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Tree Hill , North Carolina Clothes Over Bro 's Red Bedroom Records Created by : Mark Schwahn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_5)&oldid=798788458 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2008 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 20 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does haley and nathan get back together in season 5	[]	[]
-3001718921219681042	I Have a Dream	I have a Dream - wikipedia I have a Dream Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Have a Dream ( disambiguation ) . Martin Luther King Jr. delivering the speech at the 1963 Washington D.C. Civil Rights March . External audio I Have a Dream , August 28 , 1963 , Educational Radio Network `` I Have a Dream '' is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 , in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights . Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement . Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation , which freed millions of slaves in 1863 , King observes that : `` one hundred years later , the Negro still is not free '' . Toward the end of the speech , King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme `` I have a dream '' , prompted by Mahalia Jackson 's cry : `` Tell them about the dream , Martin ! '' In this part of the speech , which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous , King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred . Jon Meacham writes that , `` With a single phrase , Martin Luther King Jr. joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who 've shaped modern America '' . The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Speech title and the writing process 2 Speech 2.1 Similarities and allusions 3 Rhetoric 4 Responses 5 Legacy 6 Copyright dispute 7 Original copy of the speech 8 References 9 External links Background View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate mass support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President Kennedy in June . Martin Luther King and other leaders therefore agreed to keep their speeches calm , also , to avoid provoking the civil disobedience which had become the hallmark of the Civil Rights Movement . King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , timed to correspond with the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation . Speech title and the writing process King had been preaching about dreams since 1960 , when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) called `` The Negro and the American Dream '' . This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality , saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream , and that `` our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocrisy , its betrayal of the cause of justice '' . King suggests that `` It may well be that the Negro is God 's instrument to save the soul of America . '' In 1961 , he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists ' `` dream '' of equality -- `` the American Dream ... a dream as yet unfulfilled '' -- in several national speeches and statements , and took `` the dream '' as the centerpiece for these speeches . On November 27 , 1962 , King gave a speech at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . That speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial . And while parts of the text had been moved around , large portions were identical , including the `` I have a dream '' refrain . After being rediscovered , the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University . Martin Luther King had also delivered a `` dream '' speech in Detroit , in June 1963 , when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C.L. Franklin , and had rehearsed other parts . The March on Washington Speech , known as `` I Have a Dream Speech '' , has been shown to have had several versions , written at several different times . It has no single version draft , but is an amalgamation of several drafts , and was originally called `` Normalcy , Never Again '' . Little of this , and another `` Normalcy Speech '' , ended up in the final draft . A draft of `` Normalcy , Never Again '' is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection of the Robert W. Woodruff Library , Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College . The focus on `` I have a dream '' comes through the speech 's delivery . Toward the end of its delivery , noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd , `` Tell them about the dream , Martin . '' King departed from his prepared remarks and started `` preaching '' improvisationally , punctuating his points with `` I have a dream . '' The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones in Riverdale , New York City . Jones has said that `` the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us '' and that , `` on the evening of Tuesday , Aug. 27 , ( 12 hours before the march ) Martin still did n't know what he was going to say '' . Leading up to the speech 's rendition at the Great March on Washington , King had delivered its `` I have a dream '' refrains in his speech before 25,000 people in Detroit 's Cobo Hall immediately after the 125,000 - strong Great Walk to Freedom in Detroit , June 23 , 1963 . After the Washington , D.C. March , a recording of King 's Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit 's Gordy Records as an LP entitled `` The Great March To Freedom '' . Speech Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric , King 's speech invokes pivotal documents in American history , including the Declaration of Independence , the Emancipation Proclamation , and the United States Constitution . Early in his speech , King alludes to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address by saying `` Five score years ago ... '' In reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation , King says : `` It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity . '' Anaphora ( i.e. , the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences ) is employed throughout the speech . Early in his speech , King urges his audience to seize the moment ; `` Now is the time '' is repeated three times in the sixth paragraph . The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase `` I have a dream '' , which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience . Other occasions include `` One hundred years later '' , `` We can never be satisfied '' , `` With this faith '' , `` Let freedom ring '' , and `` free at last '' . King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day , according to the official program . I still have a dream , a dream deeply rooted in the American dream -- one day this nation will rise up and live up to its creed , `` We hold these truths to be self evident : that all men are created equal . '' I have a dream ... `` '' Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) Among the most quoted lines of the speech are `` I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin , but by the content of their character . I have a dream today ! '' According to U.S. Representative John Lewis , who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , `` Dr. King had the power , the ability , and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized . By speaking the way he did , he educated , he inspired , he informed not just the people there , but people throughout America and unborn generations . '' The ideas in the speech reflect King 's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse , the mistreatment and exploitation of blacks . The speech draws upon appeals to America 's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people , and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God 's will . Thus , the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins . King describes the promises made by America as a `` promissory note '' on which America has defaulted . He says that `` America has given the Negro people a bad check '' , but that `` we 've come to cash this check '' by marching in Washington , D.C. Similarities and allusions Further information : Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues King 's speech used words and ideas from his own speeches and other texts . For years , he had spoken about dreams , quoted from Samuel Francis Smith 's popular patriotic hymn `` America '' ( `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' ) , and of course referred extensively to the Bible . The idea of constitutional rights as an `` unfulfilled promise '' was suggested by Clarence Jones . The final passage from King 's speech closely resembles Archibald Carey Jr. 's address to the 1952 Republican National Convention : both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of `` America '' , and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort `` let freedom ring '' . King also is said to have used portions of Prathia Hall 's speech at the site of a burned - down African American church in Terrell County , Georgia , in September 1962 , in which she used the repeated phrase `` I have a dream '' . The church burned down after it was used for voter registration meetings . The speech also alludes to Psalm 30 : 5 in the second stanza of the speech . Additionally , King quotes from Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 ( `` I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted ... '' ) and Amos 5 : 24 ( `` But let justice roll down like water ... '' ) . He also alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare 's Richard III ( `` Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer ... '' ) when he remarks that `` this sweltering summer of the Negro 's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn ... '' Rhetoric King at the Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C The `` I Have a Dream '' speech can be dissected by using three rhetorical lenses : voice merging , prophetic voice , and dynamic spectacle . Voice merging is the combining of one 's own voice with religious predecessors . Prophetic voice is using rhetoric to speak for a population . A dynamic spectacle has origins from the Aristotelian definition as `` a weak hybrid form of drama , a theatrical concoction that relied upon external factors ( shock , sensation , and passionate release ) such as televised rituals of conflict and social control . '' Voice merging is a common technique used amongst African American preachers . It combines the voices of previous preachers and excerpts from scriptures along with their own unique thoughts to create a unique voice . King uses voice merging in his peroration when he references the secular hymn `` America . '' The rhetoric of King 's speech can be compared to the rhetoric of Old Testament prophets . During King 's speech , he speaks with urgency and crisis giving him a prophetic voice . The prophetic voice must `` restore a sense of duty and virtue amidst the decay of venality . '' An evident example is when King declares that , `` now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God 's children . '' Why King 's speech was powerful is debated , but essentially , it came at a point of many factors combining at a key cultural turning point . Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes , `` The right man delivered the right words to the right people in the right place at the right time . '' `` Given the context of drama and tension in which it was situated '' , King 's speech can be classified as a dynamic spectacle . A dynamic spectacle is dependent on the situation in which it is used . It can be considered a dynamic spectacle because it happened at the correct time and place : during the Civil Rights Movement and the March on Washington . Responses The speech was lauded in the days after the event , and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers . James Reston , writing for The New York Times , said that `` Dr. King touched all the themes of the day , only better than anybody else . He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi , and the cadences of the Bible . He was both militant and sad , and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile . '' Reston also noted that the event `` was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy 's inauguration '' , and opined that `` it will be a long time before ( Washington ) forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. crying out his dreams to the multitude . '' An article in The Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King 's speech `` caught the mood '' and `` moved the crowd '' of the day `` as no other '' speaker in the event . Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King 's speech `` rose above mere oratory '' . An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the `` matchless eloquence '' displayed by King -- `` a supreme orator '' of `` a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age '' -- put to shame the advocates of segregation by inspiring the `` conscience of America '' with the justice of the civil - rights cause . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , which viewed King and his allies for racial justice as subversive , also noticed the speech . This provoked the organization to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States . Two days after King delivered `` I Have a Dream '' , Agent William C. Sullivan , the head of COINTELPRO , wrote a memo about King 's growing influence : In the light of King 's powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes . We must mark him now , if we have not done so before , as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism , the Negro and national security . The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned it . It was considered a `` triumph of managed protest '' , and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred . Kennedy had watched King 's speech on television and been very impressed . Afterwards , March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with President Kennedy . Kennedy felt the March bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill . Meanwhile , some of the more radical Black leaders who were present condemned the speech ( along with the rest of the march ) as too compromising . Malcolm X later wrote in his autobiography : `` Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools , with gospels and guitars and ' I have a dream ' speeches ? '' Legacy The location on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial from which King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress . The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , published posthumously in 2007 , suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators , it might undermine his civil rights efforts . In the wake of the speech and march , King was named Man of the Year by TIME magazine for 1963 , and in 1964 , he was the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . The full speech did not appear in writing until August 1983 , some 15 years after King 's death , when a transcript was published in The Washington Post . In 1990 , the Australian alternative comedy rock band Doug Anthony All Stars released an album called Icon . One song from Icon , `` Shang - a-lang '' , sampled the end of the speech . In 1992 , the band Moodswings , incorporated excerpts from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech in their song `` Spiritual High , Part III . on the album Moodfood '' . In 2002 , the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry . In 2003 , the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King 's speech at the Lincoln Memorial . The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial was dedicated in 2011 . The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King 's `` I Have A Dream '' speech : `` Out of a mountain of despair , a stone of hope . '' A 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) - high relief of King named the `` Stone of Hope '' stands past two other pieces of granite that symbolize the `` mountain of despair . '' In August 2012 , the Dutch DJ and producer Bakermat released the single `` One Day '' , which consists of an integrated sample of the speech . The re-release in 2014 became a hit in several European countries . On August 26 , 2013 , UK 's BBC Radio 4 broadcast `` God 's Trombone '' , in which Gary Younge looked behind the scenes of the speech and explored `` what made it both timely and timeless '' . On August 28 , 2013 , thousands gathered on the mall in Washington D.C. where King made his historic speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occasion . In attendance were former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter , and incumbent President Barack Obama , who addressed the crowd and spoke on the significance of the event . Many of King 's family were in attendance . On October 11 , 2015 , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution published an exclusive report about Stone Mountain officials considering installation of a new `` Freedom Bell '' honoring King and citing the speech 's reference to the mountain `` Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia . '' Design details and a timeline for its installation remain to be determined . The article mentioned inspiration for the proposed monument came from a bell - ringing ceremony held in 2013 in celebration of the 50th anniversary of King 's speech . On April 20 , 2016 , Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew announced that the U.S. $5 bill , which has featured the Lincoln Memorial on its back , would undergo a redesign prior to 2020 . Lew said that a portrait of Lincoln would remain on the front of the bill , but the back would be redesigned to depict various historical events that have occurred at the memorial , including an image from King 's speech . In October 2016 Science Friday in a segment on its crowd sourced update to the Voyager Golden Record included the speech . Copyright dispute Because King 's speech was broadcast to a large radio and television audience , there was controversy about its copyright status . If the performance of the speech constituted `` general publication '' , it would have entered the public domain due to King 's failure to register the speech with the Register of Copyrights . However , if the performance only constituted `` limited publication '' , King retained common law copyright . This led to a lawsuit , Estate of Martin Luther King , Jr. , Inc. v. CBS , Inc. , which established that the King estate does hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue ; the parties then settled . Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances , especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing . Under the applicable copyright laws , the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King 's death , therefore until 2038 . Original copy of the speech As King waved goodbye to the audience , he handed George Raveling the original typewritten `` I Have a Dream '' speech . Raveling , an All - American Villanova Wildcats college basketball player , had volunteered as a security guard for the event and was on the podium with King at that moment . In 2013 , Raveling still had custody of the original copy , for which he had been offered $3,000,000 , but he has said he does not intend to sell it . References Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Part 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 177 . Jump up ^ I Have a Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Future of Multicultural America , James Echols -- 2004 ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Alvarez , `` Martin Luther King 's ' I Have a Dream ' : The Speech Event as Metaphor '' , Journal of Black Studies 18 ( 3 ) ; doi : 10.1177 / 002193478801800306 . Jump up ^ See Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaus Mills , `` What Really Happened at the March on Washington ? '' , Dissent , Summer 1988 ; reprinted in Civil Rights Since 1787 : A Reader on the Black Struggle , ed . Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor , New York : New York University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` One Man '' . Time . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Stephen Lucas and Martin Medhurst ( December 15 , 1999 ) . `` I Have a Dream Speech Leads Top 100 Speeches of the Century '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Have a Dream ( 28 August 1963 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther King Jr. , `` The Negro and the American Dream '' , speech delivered to the NAACP in Charlotte , NC , 25 September 1960 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Jim ( 2003 ) . The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 0195158210 . ^ Jump up to : Stringer , Sam ; Brumfield , Ben . `` New recording : King 's first ' I have a dream ' speech found at high school '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Crook , Samantha ; Bryant , Christian . `` How Langston Hughes Led To A ' Dream ' MLK Discovery '' . WKBW.com . The E.W. Scripps Co . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha . `` Recording of MLK 's 1st ' I Have a Dream ' speech found '' . DetroitNews.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Martin Luther King III '' . CNN . August 22 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The original name of the speech was `` Cashing a Cancelled Check '' , but the aspired ad lib of the dream from preacher 's anointing brought forth a new entitlement , `` I Have A Dream '' . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection , 2009 `` Notable Items '' Retrieved December 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Jones , Clarence Benjamin ( 1931 -- ) '' . Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle ( Stanford University ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jones , Clarence B. ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) . `` On Martin Luther King Day , remembering the first draft of ' I Have a Dream ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Kevin ( May 1 , 2007 ) , Detroit 's Walk To Freedom , Michigan History Magazine Jump up ^ Garrett , Bob , Martin Luther King Jr. and the Detroit Freedom Walk , Michigan Department of Natural Resources -- Michigan Library and Historical -- Center Michigan Historical Center , retrieved February 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ward , Brian ( 1998 ) , Recording the Dream , 48 ( 4 ) , History Today Jump up ^ `` Document for August 28th : Official Program for the March on Washington '' . Archives.gov . Jump up ^ Edwards , Willard . ( August 29 , 1963 ) . 200,000 Roar Plea for Negro Opportunity in Rights March on Washington . Chicago Tribune , p. 5 Jump up ^ Excel HSC Standard English , p. 108 , Lloyd Cameron , Barry Spurr -- 2009 Jump up ^ `` A `` Dream '' Remembered `` . NewsHour . August 28 , 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Exploring Religion and Ethics : Religion and Ethics for Senior Secondary Students , p 192 , Trevor Jordan -- 2012 Jump up ^ See David A. Bobbitt , The Rhetoric of Redemption : Kenneth Burke 's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' Speech ( Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 ) Jump up ^ John , Derek ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Long lost civil rights speech helped inspire King 's dream '' . WBEZ . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow : Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Digital Library : Film ( 2 : 30 ) Jump up ^ `` Psalm 30 : 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Amos 5 : 24 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream Speech '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Thomas B. ( 1989 ) . `` Media Rhetoric as Social Drama : The Winter Olympics of 1984 '' . Critical Studies in Mass Communication . 6 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 160 . doi : 10.1080 / 15295038909366742 . Jump up ^ Darsey , James ( 1997 ) . The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America . New York : New York University Press . pp. 10 , 19 , 47 . Jump up ^ Trendl , Anthony . `` I Have a Dream Analysis '' . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream '' Speech `` . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` The News of the Week in Review : March on Washington -- Symbol of intensified drive for Negro rights , '' The New York Times ( September 1 , 1963 ) . The high point and climax of the day , it was generally agreed , was the eloquent and moving speech late in the afternoon by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , ( ... ) . Jump up ^ James Reston , `` ' I Have a Dream ... ' : Peroration by Dr. King sums up a day the capital will remember '' , The New York Times ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Mary McGrory , `` Polite , Happy , Helpful : The Real Hero Was the Crowd '' , The Boston Globe ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Marquis Childs , `` Triumphal March Silences Scoffers '' , The Washington Post ( August 30 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Max Freedman , `` The Big March in Washington Described as ' Epic of Democracy ' '' , Los Angeles Times ( Sep. 9 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Tim Weiner , Enemies : A history of the FBI , New York : Random House , 2012 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Memo hosted by American Radio Works ( American Public Media ) , `` The FBI 's War on King '' . Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard , President Kennedy : Profile of Power , 1993 , pp. 580 -- 584 Jump up ^ Clayborne Carson Archived 2010 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . `` King , Obama , and the Great American Dialogue '' , American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther King '' . The Nobel Foundation . 1964 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2002 '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` We Shall Overcome , Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement : Lincoln Memorial '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tears Fall At The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial '' . WUSA . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Trombone : Remembering King 's Dream '' . bbc.co.uk. 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Zeke J ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` In Commemorative MLK Speech , President Obama Recalls His Own 2008 Dream '' . Swampland.time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Jim ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Record '' . Science Friday . 2016 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie . `` ' I Have a Dream ' speech still private property '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Xavier L. Suarez ( 27 October 2011 ) . Democracy in America : 2010 . AuthorHouse . pp. 10 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 6056 - 4 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Karen Price Hossell ( 5 December 2005 ) . I Have a Dream . Heinemann - Raintree Library . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4034 - 6811 - 6 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom George Raveling owns MLK 's ' I have a dream ' speech . USA Today , February 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ( 2003 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Guardian of The Dream '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . External links African - Americans portal Discrimination portal 1960s portal Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : I Have a Dream ( in the public domain in Canada ) Full text at the BBC Video of `` I Have a Dream '' speech , from LearnOutLoud.com `` I Have a Dream '' Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com Deposition concerning recording of the `` I Have a Dream '' speech Lyrics of the traditional spiritual `` Free At Last '' MLK : Before He Won the Nobel -- slideshow by Life magazine Chiastic outline of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech ( hide ) Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( mentor and friend ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil rights movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.48 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 0.40 '' W / 38.8893000 ° N 77.0501111 ° W / 38.8893000 ; - 77.0501111 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Have_a_Dream&oldid=834221277 '' Categories : 1963 in the United States American political catchphrases History of African - American civil rights Speeches by Martin Luther King Jr . United States historical documents United States National Recording Registry recordings 1963 in Washington , D.C. August 1963 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with Bibliowiki links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did i have a dream speech take place	[ "\"I Have a Dream\" is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement.[2]" ]	[ "August 28, 1963" ]
2896311085116689242	World Trade Center (1973–2001)	World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) - wikipedia World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) This article is about the World Trade Center building complex prior to the September 11 attacks . For the current buildings , see World Trade Center ( 2001 -- present ) . World Trade Center The original World Trade Center in March 2001 . The tower on the left , with antenna spire , was 1 WTC . The tower on the right was 2 WTC . All seven buildings of the WTC complex are partially visible ; refer to map below . The red granite - clad building left of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center . In the background is the East River . Location within Lower Manhattan World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( Manhattan ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( New York City ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( New York ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( the US ) Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Record height Tallest in the world from 1971 to 1973 Preceded by Empire State Building Surpassed by Willis Tower General information Status Destroyed Location Lower Manhattan , New York City Coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 Groundbreaking August 5 , 1966 ; 52 years ago ( August 5 , 1966 ) Construction started 1 WTC : August 6 , 1968 2 WTC : January 1969 3 WTC : March 1979 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : 1970 7 WTC : October 2 , 1984 Completed 1 WTC : December 23 , 1970 2 WTC : July 19 , 1971 3 WTC : April 1 , 1981 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : April 4 , 1973 7 WTC : May 1987 Opening April 4 , 1973 ; 45 years ago ( April 4 , 1973 ) Destroyed September 11 , 2001 ; 16 years ago ( September 11 , 2001 ) Owner Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Other information Height Antenna spire 1 WTC : 1,728 feet ( 526.7 m ) Roof 1 WTC : 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) 2 WTC : 1,362 feet ( 415.1 m ) 3 WTC : 250 feet ( 76.2 m ) 4 and 5 WTC : 120 feet ( 36.6 m ) 6 WTC : 110 feet ( 33.5 m ) 7 WTC : 610 feet ( 185.9 m ) Top floor 1 WTC : 1,355 feet ( 413 m ) 2 WTC : 1,348 ft ( 411 m ) Technical details Floor count 1 and 2 WTC : 110 floors 3 WTC : 22 floors 4 and 5 WTC : 9 floors 6 WTC : 8 floors 7 WTC : 47 floors Floor area 1 and 2 WTC : 4,300,000 sq ft ( 400,000 m ) each 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : 500,000 sq ft ( 50,000 m ) each 7 WTC : 1,868,000 sq ft ( 170,000 m ) Lifts / elevators 1 and 2 WTC : 99 each Design and construction Architect Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Developer Engineer Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson , Leslie E. Robertson Associates Main contractor Tishman Realty & Construction Company References I. ^ World Trade Center at Emporis The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan , New York City , United States . It featured the landmark Twin Towers , which opened on April 4 , 1973 and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks . At the time of their completion , the Twin Towers -- the original 1 World Trade Center , at 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) ; and 2 World Trade Center , at 1,362 feet ( 415.1 m ) -- were the tallest buildings in the world . Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center ( 3 WTC ) , 4 WTC , 5 WTC , 6 WTC , and 7 WTC . The complex was located in New York City 's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet ( 1,240,000 m ) of office space . The core of the complex was built between 1975 and 1985 , with a cost of $400 million ( equivalent to $2.27 billion in 2018 ) . The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13 , 1975 , a bombing on February 26 , 1993 , and a bank robbery on January 14 , 1998 . In 1998 , the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center , leasing the buildings to a private company to manage , and awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001 . On the morning of September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda - affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the North and South Towers within minutes of each other ; two hours later , both towers collapsed . The attacks killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers , as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft . Falling debris from the towers , combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings , led to the partial or complete collapse of all the buildings in the complex and caused catastrophic damage to ten other large structures in the surrounding area . The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months , during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished . The World Trade Center complex was rebuilt over more than a decade . The site is being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers , while a memorial to those killed in the attacks and a new rapid transit hub have both opened . One World Trade Center , the tallest building in the United States , is the lead building for the new complex , reaching more than 100 stories upon completion in November 2014 . Contents 1 Before the World Trade Center 2 Design and construction 2.1 Design 2.2 Construction 2.3 Criticism 3 Complex 3.1 North and South Towers 3.2 Top of the World observation deck 3.3 Windows on the World restaurant 3.4 Other buildings 4 Operating history 4.1 February 13 , 1975 , fire 4.2 February 26 , 1993 , bombing 4.3 January 14 , 1998 , robbery 4.4 Other events 4.5 Proposed lease 5 Destruction 6 New World Trade Center 7 Impact 7.1 On surrounding community 7.2 As icon of popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Before the World Trade Center The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River , with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street . It was on this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block 's ship , the Tyger , burned to the waterline in November 1613 , stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island . They built the first European settlement in Manhattan . The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797 , and were discovered during excavation work in 1916 . The remains of a second ship from the eighteenth century were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site . The ship , believed to be a Hudson River sloop , was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand , about 20 feet below the surface . Later , the area became Radio Row . New York City 's Radio Row , which existed from 1921 to 1966 , was a warehouse district on the Lower West Side in the Financial District . Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921 , and eventually the area held several blocks of electronics stores , with Cortlandt Street as its central axis . The used radios , war surplus electronics ( e.g. , ARC - 5 radios ) , junk , and parts often piled so high they would spill out onto the street , attracting collectors and scroungers . According to a business writer , it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business . The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943 . The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project but the plans were put on hold in 1949 . During the late 1940s and 1950s , economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan . To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan , David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan . Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey , Church , Liberty , and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world 's first world trade center . They had two choices : the east side of Lower Manhattan , near the South Street Seaport ; and the west side , near the H&M station , Hudson Terminal . Initial plans , made public in 1961 , identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center . As a bi-state agency , the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey . New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project . Toward the end of 1961 , negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate . The Radio Row in 1936 , with the Cortlandt Street station in the background , as seen in a photograph by Berenice Abbott At the time , ridership on New Jersey 's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( H&M ) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River . In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes , the Port Authority offered to take over the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad . The Port Authority also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan , a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH . With the new location and Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad , New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project . As part of the deal , the Port Authority renamed the H&M `` Port Authority Trans - Hudson '' , or PATH for short . In compensation for Radio Row business owners ' displacement , the PANYNJ gave each business $3,000 each , without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous the business was . After the area had been purchased for the World Trade Center in March 1964 , Radio Row was demolished starting in March 1965 . It was completely demolished by 1966 . Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council . Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues . On August 3 , 1966 , an agreement was reached that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants . In subsequent years , the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased . Design and construction Main article : Construction of the World Trade Center Design A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers . Play media ( video ) The World Trade Center in the 1970s , including scenes of its construction . On September 20 , 1962 , the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects . Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers ; Yamasaki 's original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall , but to meet the Port Authority 's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet ( 930,000 m ) of office space , the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall . Yamasaki 's design for the World Trade Center , unveiled to the public on January 18 , 1964 , called for a square plan approximately 208 feet ( 63 m ) in dimension on each side . The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches ( 46 cm ) wide , which reflected Yamasaki 's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure . Yamasaki 's design included building facades sheathed in aluminum - alloy . The World Trade Center was one of the most - striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier , and it was the seminal expression of Yamasaki 's gothic modernist tendencies . A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators ; the taller the building , the more elevators are needed to service the building , requiring more space - consuming elevator banks . Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two `` sky lobbies '' -- floors where people could switch from a large - capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section . This system , inspired by the local - express train operation that New York City 's subway system used , allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft . Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower , the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently , increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts . Altogether , the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators . The structural engineering firm Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki 's design , developing the tube - frame structural system used in the twin towers . The Port Authority 's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers , Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers , and Jaros , Baum & Bolles ( JB&B ) as mechanical engineers . Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project . Guy F. Tozzoli , director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority , and Rino M. Monti , the Port Authority 's Chief Engineer , oversaw the project . As an interstate agency , the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York , including building codes . Nonetheless , the structural engineers of the World Trade Center ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes . The tube - frame design , earlier introduced by Fazlur Khan , was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads . The World Trade Center towers used high - strength , load - bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses that were spaced closely together to form a strong , rigid wall structure , supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads , and sharing the gravity load with the core columns . The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces , each consisting of three columns , three stories tall , connected by spandrel plates . The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off - site at the fabrication shop . Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels . The spandrel plates were located at each floor , transmitting shear stress between columns , allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads . The joints between modules were staggered vertically , so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor . The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts , restrooms , three stairwells , and other support spaces . The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet ( 27 by 41 m ) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower . The large , column - free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses . The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads , providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls . The floors consisted of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck . A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors . The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch ( 2.03 m ) centers . The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side . The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants . Hat trusses ( or `` outrigger truss '' ) located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building . Only 1 WTC ( north tower ) actually had an antenna fitted ; it was added in 1978 . The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis . This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower . The tube frame design , using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed - on fire resistant material , created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures , such as the Empire State Building that have thick , heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements . During the design process , wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces . Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate ; however , many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects . One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sway . These viscoelastic dampers , used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications , reduced the building sway to an acceptable level . Construction World Trade Center under construction in May 1971 In March 1965 , the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site . Demolition work began on March 21 , 1966 , to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for construction of the World Trade Center . Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5 , 1966 . The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill with the bedrock located 65 feet ( 20 m ) below . To construct the World Trade Center , it was necessary to build a `` bathtub '' with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site , to keep water from the Hudson River out . The slurry method selected by Port Authority 's chief engineer , John M. Kyle , Jr. , involved digging a trench , and as excavation proceeded , filling the space with a `` slurry '' mixture composed of bentonite and water , which plugged holes and kept groundwater out . When the trench was dug out , a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in , forcing the `` slurry '' out . It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed . It was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin . The 1,200,000 cubic yards ( 920,000 m ) of material excavated were used ( along with other fill and dredge material ) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City . In January 1967 , the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers . Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 , and construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969 . The original Hudson Tubes , which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal , remained in service during the construction process until 1971 , when a new station opened . The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC ( North Tower ) took place on December 23 , 1970 , while 2 WTC 's ceremony ( South Tower ) occurred later on July 19 , 1971 . The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15 , 1970 , while the South Tower started accepting tenants in January 1972 . When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed , the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million . The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4 , 1973 . In addition to the twin towers , the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low - rise buildings , which were built in the early 1970s . The 47 - story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s , to the north of the main complex . Altogether , the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16 - acre ( 65,000 m ) superblock . Criticism The WTC site building arrangement Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial . The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row , home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants , property owners , small businesses , and approximately 100 residents , many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation . A group of affected small businesses sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority 's power of eminent domain . The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court ; the Court refused to accept the case . Private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York , led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien , expressed concerns about this much `` subsidized '' office space going on the open market , competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies . The World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979 and then only due to the fact that the complex 's subsidy by the Port Authority made rents charged for its office space relatively cheaper than that of comparable office space in other buildings . Others questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a `` mistaken social priority '' . The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the American Institute of Architects and other groups . Lewis Mumford , author of The City in History and other works on urban planning , criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as `` just glass - and - metal filing cabinets '' . The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to `` the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in '' . The twin towers ' narrow office windows , only 18 inches ( 46 cm ) wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow slots , were disliked by many . Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs also criticized plans for the WTC 's construction , arguing that the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers to enjoy . The trade center 's `` superblock '' , replacing a more traditional , dense neighborhood , was regarded by some critics as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan . For example , in his book The Pentagon of Power , Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an `` example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city '' . In 1982 , the immense plaza between the twin towers was renamed after the Port Authority 's late chairman , Austin J. Tobin . During the summer , the Port Authority installed a portable stage within Tobin Plaza for performers . For many years , the Austin J. Tobin Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers . In fact , some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes . In 1999 , the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations , which involved replacing marble pavers with gray and pink granite stones , adding new benches , planters , new restaurants , food kiosks and outdoor dining areas . Complex On a typical weekday 50,000 people worked in the towers with another 200,000 passing through as visitors . The complex was so large that it had its own zip code : 10048 . The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower . The Twin Towers became known worldwide , appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise , and became seen as a New York icon , in the same league as the Empire State Building , Chrysler Building and the Statue of Liberty . The World Trade Center was compared to Rockefeller Center , which David Rockefeller 's brother Nelson had developed in midtown Manhattan . North and South towers Lobby of Tower 1 , looking south along the east side of the building , August 19 , 2000 . One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center , commonly the Twin Towers , the idea of which was brought up by Minoru Yamasaki , were designed as framed tube structures , which provided tenants with open floor plans , uninterrupted by columns or walls . They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center . The North Tower ( One World Trade Center ) , the tallest building in the world at 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) by the time of its completion , began construction in 1966 with the South Tower ( 2 World Trade Center ) ; extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process , and the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 , while it was still under construction . When completed in 1973 , the South Tower , Two World Trade Center ( the South Tower ) became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet ( 415 m ) ; the South Tower 's rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft ( 415 m ) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft ( 400 m ) high . Each tower stood over 1,350 feet ( 410 m ) high , and occupied about 1 acre ( 4,000 m ) of the total 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) of the site 's land . During a press conference in 1973 , Yamasaki was asked , `` Why two 110 - story buildings ? Why not one 220 - story building ? '' His tongue - in - cheek response was : `` I did n't want to lose the human scale . '' South Tower lobby interior , overlooking the elevator core and red carpet from the balcony , October 1988 . When completed in 1972 , 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years , surpassing the Empire State Building after a 40 - year reign . The North Tower stood 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) tall and featured a telecommunications antenna or mast that was added at the top of the roof in 1978 and stood 362 feet ( 110 m ) tall . With the 362 - foot ( 110 m ) - tall antenna / mast , the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet ( 530 m ) . Chicago 's Sears Tower , finished in May 1973 , reached 1,450 feet ( 440 m ) at the rooftop . Throughout their existence , the WTC towers had more floors ( at 110 ) than any other building . This number was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa , which opened in 2010 . Each tower had a total mass of around 500,000 tons . Top of the World observation deck Visitors on the viewing platform on the South Tower 's roof , looking north toward Midtown Manhattan Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off - limits to the public , the South Tower featured two public viewing areas called Top of the World Trade Center Observatories : an indoor one on the 107th floor and an outdoor one on the roof . Visitors would pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing , then were sent to the 107th - floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet ( 400 m ) . The exterior columns on each side of the floor were narrowed to allow 28 inches of window width between them . The Port Authority renovated the observatory in 1995 , then leased it to Ogden Entertainment to operate . Attractions added to the observation deck included a simulated helicopter ride around the city . The 107th - floor food court was designed with a subway car theme and featured Sbarro and Nathan 's Famous Hot Dogs . Weather permitting , visitors could ride two short escalators up from the 107th - floor viewing area to an outdoor platform at a height of 1,377 ft ( 420 m ) . On a clear day , visitors could see up to 50 miles ( 80 km ) . An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself , with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it , requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed , unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building . Windows on the World restaurant Main article : Windows on the World Windows on the World restaurant interior , November 4 , 1999 The North Tower had a restaurant on its 106th and 107th floors called Windows on the World , which opened in April 1976 . The restaurant was developed by Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17 million . Aside from the main restaurant , two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower : `` Hors d'Oeuvrerie '' ( offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening ) and `` Cellar in the Sky '' ( a small wine bar ) . Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly , who published a book on the course . Windows on the World was closed following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . Upon reopening in 1996 , Hors d'Oeuvrerie and Cellar in the Sky were replaced with the `` Greatest Bar on Earth '' and `` Wild Blue '' . In 2000 , its last full year of operation , Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million , making it the highest - grossing restaurant in the United States . The Sky Dive Restaurant , on the 44th floor of the North Tower , was also operated by Windows on the World . In its last iteration , Windows on the World received mixed reviews . Ruth Reichl , a New York Times food critic , said in December 1996 that `` nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat , but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York 's favorite tourist destinations . '' She gave the restaurant two out of four stars , signifying a `` very good '' quality rather than `` excellent '' ( three stars ) or `` extraordinary '' ( four stars ) . In his 2009 book Appetite , William Grimes wrote that `` At Windows , New York was the main course . '' In 2014 , Ryan Sutton of Eater.com compared the now - destroyed restaurant 's cuisine to that of its replacement , One World Observatory . He stated , `` Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself , rather than a lazy byproduct of the vital institution it resided in . '' Other buildings The World Financial Center and Battery Park City , next to the World Trade Center , were built on reclaimed land . Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) block . One was the 22 - floor hotel , which opened at the southwest corner of the site in 1981 as the Vista Hotel ; in 1995 , it became the Marriott World Trade Center ( 3 WTC ) . Three low - rise buildings ( 4 WTC , 5 WTC , and 6 WTC ) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. 6 World Trade Center , at the northwest corner , housed the United States Customs Service and the U.S. Commodities Exchange . 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station and 4 World Trade Center was at the southeast corner . In 1987 , construction was completed on a 47 - floor office building , 7 World Trade Center , located to the north of the superblock . Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall , which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities , including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority 's PATH trains . One of the world 's largest gold depositories was stored underneath the World Trade Center , owned by a group of commercial banks . The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault . Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks , $230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC , which included 3,800 100 - Troy - ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000 - ounce silver bars . Operating History February 13 , 1975 , fire On February 13 , 1975 , a three - alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower . Fire spread through the tower to the 9th and 14th floors by igniting the insulation of telephone cables in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors . Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately and the original fire was put out in a few hours . Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor , fueled by cabinets filled with paper , alcohol - based fluid for office machines , and other office equipment . Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower . In addition to damage caused by the fire on the 9th -- 14th floors , water from the extinguishing of the fires damaged a few floors below . At that time , the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems . February 26 , 1993 , bombing Main article : 1993 World Trade Center bombing Underground bombing aftermath The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26 , 1993 , at 12 : 17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds ( 680 kg ) of explosives , planted by Ramzi Yousef , detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower . The blast opened a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3 . Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured during escape attempts complicated by smoke infiltration from the base of the building up to the 93rd floor of both towers . Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that contained no emergency lighting , some taking two hours or more to reach safety . Yousef fled to Pakistan after the bombing but was arrested in Islamabad in February 1995 , and was extradited back to the United States to face trial . Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman was convicted in 1996 for involvement in the bombing and other plots . Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted in November 1997 for their carrying out the bombing . Four others had been convicted in May 1994 for their involvement in the 1993 bombing . According to a presiding judge , the conspirators ' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower , toppling both landmarks . Following the bombing , floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns . The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side . The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5 , which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex , was heavily damaged . After the bombing , the Port Authority installed photoluminescent markings in the stairwells . The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed . As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower , a reflecting pool was installed with the names of those who had been killed in the blast . However , the memorial was destroyed following the September 11 attacks . Names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum . January 14 , 1998 , robbery Main article : 1998 Bank of America robbery In January 1998 , Mafia member Ralph Guarino , who had gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center , arranged a three - man crew for a heist that netted over $2 million from a Brinks delivery to the eleventh floor of the World Trade Center . Other events In 1981 , an Aerolineas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers following radar signals that indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower ( 1 WTC ) . The aircraft was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations recommended , while scheduled to land at nearby Kennedy International Airport . In 1983 , on Memorial Day , high - rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower ( 1 WTC ) . His stunt was meant to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers . The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower . Proposed lease In 1998 , the Port Authority approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center . In 2001 , the Port Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a private entity . Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust , a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties , and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group . By privatizing the World Trade Center , it would be added to the city 's tax rolls and provide funds for other Port Authority projects . On February 15 , 2001 , the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the lease for the World Trade Center , paying $3.25 billion for the 99 - year lease . Vornado outbid Silverstein by $600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion . However , Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal , including a shorter 39 - year lease , which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable . Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein 's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26 , 2001 , and closed on July 24 , 2001 . Destruction Main article : Collapse of the World Trade Center The scene just after United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower ; a fireball rises high . On September 11 , 2001 , Islamist terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the northern façade of the North Tower at 8 : 46 : 40 a.m. , the aircraft striking between the 93rd and 99th floors . Seventeen minutes later , at 9 : 03 : 11 a.m. , a second group crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern façade of the South Tower , striking it between the 77th and 85th floors . The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone , trapping 1,344 people . Flight 175 had a much more off - centered impact compared to Flight 11 , and a single stairwell was left intact ; however , only a few people managed to pass through it successfully before the tower collapsed . Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower , thus affecting more floors , a smaller number , fewer than 700 , were killed instantly or trapped . At 9 : 59 a.m. , the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes . The fire caused steel structural elements , already weakened from the plane impact , to fail . The North Tower collapsed at 10 : 28 a.m. , after burning for approximately 102 minutes . At 5 : 20 p.m. on September 11 , 2001 , 7 World Trade Center started to collapse with the crumble of the east penthouse , and it collapsed completely at 5 : 21 p.m. owing to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure . World Trade Center site after 9 / 11 attacks , seen from above with original building locations The Marriott World Trade Center , a hotel , was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers . The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later were demolished . The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months . The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned owing to the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside ; it was deconstructed , with work completed in early 2011 . The Borough of Manhattan Community College 's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned owing to extensive damage , and it was demolished and completely rebuilt . In the immediate aftermath of the attacks , media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks , as over 50,000 people could be inside the World Trade Center , although the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) estimated that approximately 17,400 occupants were in the towers at the time of the attacks . Ultimately , 2,753 death certificates ( excluding those for hijackers ) were filed relating to the 9 / 11 attacks in New York City , including one filed for Felicia Dunn - Jones , who was added to the official death toll in May 2007 ; Dunn - Jones died five months later from a lung condition linked to exposure to dust during the collapse of the World Trade Center . Three other victims were then added to the official death toll by the city medical examiner 's office : Dr. Sneha Anne Philip , who was last seen the day before the attacks ; Leon Heyward , a man who developed lymphoma and subsequently died in 2008 as a result of dust ingestion during the events following the attacks to the Twin Towers ; and Jerry Borg , who died in December 2010 of pulmonary sarcoidosis determined in June 2011 to be the result of dust from the attacks . 2,192 civilians died in and around the World Trade Center , including 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. ( an investment bank on the 101st -- 105th floors of One World Trade Center ) , 295 employees of Marsh & McLennan Companies ( which was located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 -- 101 , the location of Flight 11 's impact ) , and 175 employees of Aon Corporation . In addition to the civilian deaths , 343 New York City Fire Department ( FDNY ) firefighters were killed in the attacks , as well as 71 law enforcement officers , including 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department ( PAPD ) and 23 members of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) . Ten years after the attacks , remains of only 1,629 victims had been identified . Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed , only 20 were pulled out alive . New World Trade Center Main article : World Trade Center ( 2001 -- present ) Rebuilding of the World Trade Center One WTC Construction In popular culture 2 -- 7 WTC 5 7 Other elements Liberty Park National September 11 Memorial & Museum Performing Arts Center Transportation Hub Vehicular Security Center Westfield World Trade Center St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Over the following years , plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center . The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation ( LMDC ) , established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process , organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design . Memory Foundations , designed by Daniel Libeskind , was selected as the master plan ; however , substantial changes were made to the design . The National September 11 Memorial . The reflecting pools are on the site of the Twin Towers . The first new building at the site was 7 WTC , which opened in May 2006 . The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11 , 2011 , and the museum opened in May 2014 . 1 WTC opened on November 3 , 2014 ; 4 WTC opened on November 13 , 2013 ; and 3 WTC opened on June 11 , 2018 . As of November 2013 , according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc. , the new 2 WTC will not be built to its full height until sufficient leasing is established to make the building financially viable . In Summer 2015 , Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned Tower 2 with News Corp as the core tenant ; the Bjarke Ingels - designed structure was expected to be finished by 2020 . 5 WTC will be developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , but above - ground construction was suspended in November 2013 due to a lack of tenants as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . Impact On surrounding community The original World Trade Center created a superblock that cut through the area 's street grid , isolating the complex from the rest of the community . The Port Authority had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center . The project involved combining the twelve - block area bounded by Vesey , Church , Liberty , and West Streets on the north , east , south , and west , respectively . 7 World Trade Center , built on the superblock 's north side in the late 1980s , was built over another block of Greenwich Street . The building acted as a physical barrier separating Tribeca to the north and the Financial District to the south . The underground mall at the World Trade Center also drew shoppers away from surrounding streets . The World Trade Center , as seen from a nearby street in 2000 . The project was seen as being monolithic and overambitious , while not involving public input . By contrast , the rebuilding plans had significant public input , and the public supported rebuilding a street grid through the World Trade Center site . One of the rebuilding proposals included building an enclosed shopping street along the path of Cortlandt Street , one of the streets demolished to make room for the original World Trade Center . However , it was ultimately decided to build Cortlandt , Fulton , and Greenwich Streets , which had been destroyed during the original World Trade Center 's construction . As icon of popular culture Main article : World Trade Center in popular culture Prior to 2001 , the World Trade Center was an icon of New York City , and the Twin Towers were the centerpiece that represented the entire complex . The Twin Towers were used as `` establishing shots '' , standing for New York City as a whole . In 1999 , one writer noted : `` Nearly every guidebook in New York City lists the Twin Towers among the city 's top ten attractions . '' Consequently , several high - profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center . The most notable one occurred in 1974 , French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the towers on a tightrope , as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire ( 2008 ) and depicted in the feature film The Walk ( 2015 ) . Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable . In 1977 , Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower ( 2 WTC ) . He later said , `` It looked unscalable ; I thought I 'd like to try it . '' The complex was featured in numerous works of popular culture ; one estimate in 2006 noted that the World Trade Center has appeared in some form in 472 films . Several iconic meanings were attributed to the World Trade Center . The film critic David Sterritt , who lived near the complex , stated that the World Trade Center 's appearance in the 1978 film Superman `` summarized a certain kind of American grandeur ( ... ) the grandeur , I would say , of sheer American powerfulness . '' Remarking on the towers ' destruction in the 1996 film Independence Day , Sterritt said , `` The Twin Towers have been destroyed in various disaster movies that were made before 9 / 11 . That became something that you could n't do even retroactively after 9 / 11 . '' Other motifs included romance , depicted in the 1988 film Working Girl , and corporate avarice , depicted in Wall Street ( 1987 ) and The Bonfire of the Vanities ( 1987 ) . Comic books , animated cartoons , television shows , video games , and music videos also used the complex as a setting . After the September 11 attacks , some movies and TV shows deleted scenes or episodes set within the World Trade Center . For example , the Simpsons episode `` The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson '' , which first aired in 1997 , was removed from syndication after the attacks because a scene showed the World Trade Center . Songs that mentioned the World Trade Center were no longer allowed to be aired on the radio , and the release dates of some films , such as Sidewalks of New York , were delayed so producers could remove scenes that included the World Trade Center . Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly , or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts . The production of some family - oriented films was also sped up due to a large demand for that genre following the attacks , while demand for horror and action films decreased . Within a short time , however , demand for horror and action films returned to normal . By the first anniversary of the attacks , over sixty `` memorial films '' had been created . Filmmakers were criticized for removing scenes related to the World Trade Center . Rita Kempley of the Washington Post stated that `` if we erase the towers from our art , we erase it ( sic ) from our memories . '' Author Donald Langmead compared the phenomenon to the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty - Four , where historic mentions of events are retroactively `` rectified '' . Oliver Stone 's film World Trade Center -- the first movie that specifically examined the effects of the attacks on the World Trade Center , as opposed to the effects elsewhere -- was released in 2006 . See also List of tallest buildings in New York City Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks World Trade Center in popular culture References ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Twin Towers '' . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . June 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision '' . Seattle Times . February 27 , 1993 . Jump up ^ World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) at Emporis Jump up ^ Holusha , John ( January 6 , 2002 ) . `` Commercial Property ; In Office Market , a Time of Uncertainty '' . 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Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Averill , Jason D. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Occupant Behavior , Egress , and Emergency Communications '' . Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . Jump up ^ DePalma , Anthony ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` For the First Time , New York Links a Death to 9 / 11 Dust '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Official 9 / 11 Death Toll Climbs By One '' . CBS News . Associated Press . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa W. ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` 9 / 11 's Litany of Loss , Joined by Another Name '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cantor rebuilds after 9 / 11 losses '' . BBC News . London . September 4 , 2006 . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Aaron ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` Industry honors fallen on 9 / 11 anniversary '' . InvestmentNews . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grady , Denise ; Revkin , Andrew C. ( September 10 , 2002 ) . `` Lung Ailments May Force 500 Firefighters Off Job '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Post-9 / 11 report recommends police , fire response changes '' . USA Today . Washington DC . Associated Press . August 19 , 2002 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Police back on day - to - day beat after 9 / 11 nightmare '' . CNN . July 21 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lemre , Jonathan ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Remains of WTC worker Ernest James , 40 , ID 'd ten years after 9 / 11 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denerstein , Robert ( August 4 , 2006 ) . `` Terror in close - up '' . Rocky Mountain News . Denver , CO . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pérez - Peña , Richard ( November 3 , 2001 ) . `` A NATION CHALLENGED : DOWNTOWN ; State Plans Rebuilding Agency , Perhaps Led by Giuliani '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGuigan , Cathleen ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` Up From The Ashes '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Refined Master Site Plan for the World Trade Center Site '' . Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David W. Dunlap ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` 1 World Trade Center Is a Growing Presence , and a Changed One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare '' . Lower Manhattan Development Corporation ( LMDC ) . May 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NY1 News ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Public Gets First Glimpse Of 9 / 11 Memorial '' . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . 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DOWNTOWN EXPRESS. 2014 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` At World Trade Center Site , Rebuilding Recreates Intersection of Long Ago '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Glanz & Lipton ( 2003 ) , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Glanz & Lipton ( 2003 ) , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Sagalyn , L.B. ( 2016 ) . Power at Ground Zero : Politics , Money , and the Remaking of Lower Manhattan . Oxford University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 060704 - 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( 2005 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Does Putting Up a Glass Galleria Count as Bringing Back a Street ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Klerks , Jan ( 2011 ) . `` Planning the World Trade Center 40 Years Apart '' . CTBUH Journal . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( 3 ) : 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` WTC will be test for urbanism '' . CNU. 2002 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ground Zero - The Stakeholders - Sacred Ground - FRONTLINE '' . PBS . 2004 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , E. ( 2013 ) . Battle for Ground Zero : Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center . St. Martin 's Press . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 34138 - 8 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead ( 2009 ) , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Gillespie ( 1999 ) , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Glanz & Lipton ( 2003 ) , p. 219 . Jump up ^ `` Wire - walk film omits 9 / 11 tragedy '' . BBC NEWS. 2008 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt 's ' The Walk ' Running Early at Imax Locations '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` He Had New York At His Feet '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie ( 1999 ) , p. 149 . 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( 2002 ) , Rails Under the Mighty Hudson ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : Fordham University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 82890 - 257 - 1 Darton , Eric ( 1999 ) . Divided we stand : a biography of New York 's World Trade Center . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01727 - 0 . Dixon , W.W. ( 2004 ) . Film and Television After 9 / 11 . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2556 - 6 . Fanella , David A. ; Derecho , Arnaldo T. ; Ghosh , S.K. ( September 2005 ) . Design and Construction of Structural Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1A ) ( PDF ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2742 - 0 . Glanz , James & Lipton , Eric ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7691 - 2 . Langmead , Donald ( 2009 ) . Icons of American Architecture : From the Alamo to the World Trade Center . Greenwood icons . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34207 - 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Lew , H.S. ; Bukowski , Richard W. ; Carino , Nicholas J. ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) ( PDF ) . Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ( NCSTAR 1 -- 6 ) ( PDF ) . Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study '' . Federal Emergency Management Agency . May 2002 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . World Trade Center -- Silverstein Properties World Trade Center -- Port Authority of New York & New Jersey World Trade Center at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Building the Twin Towers : A Tribute -- slideshow by Life magazine New York : A Documentary film features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center in the seventh and final episode of the series directed by Ric Burns . Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970 Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the world trade center built in new york city	[ "The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured the landmark Twin Towers, which opened on April 4, 1973 and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers — the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m) — were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex was located in New York City's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.[4][5]\n" ]	[ "1973" ]
-6256738147762594003	Battle of Vimy Ridge	Battle of Vimy Ridge - Wikipedia Battle of Vimy Ridge Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Vimy Ridge Part of the Battle of Arras along the Western Front of the First World War The Battle of Vimy Ridge , a painting by Richard Jack . Canadian War Museum Date 9 -- 12 April 1917 Location Vimy , Pas - de-Calais , France 50 ° 22 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 26 '' E / 50.379 ° N 2.774 ° E / 50.379 ; 2.774 Coordinates : 50 ° 22 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 26 '' E / 50.379 ° N 2.774 ° E / 50.379 ; 2.774 Result Allied victory Belligerents Canada United Kingdom German Empire Commanders and leaders Julian Byng Ludwig von Falkenhausen Karl von Fasbender Georg Karl Wichura Strength 4 Canadian divisions and 1 British division totalling 170,000 men 3 divisions totalling 30,000 -- 45,000 men Casualties and losses 3,598 dead , 7,004 wounded unknown dead or wounded , 4,000 captured Nivelle Offensive , 1917 Battles Arras Vimy Ridge 2nd Aisne 3rd Champagne ( The Hills ) Other engagements La Malmaison Associated articles Mutinies Verdun Battle of Arras , 1917 Battles of Arras Vimy Ridge 1st Scarpe Monchy Wancourt 2nd Scarpe Guémappe Gavrelle Coulotte Arleux 3rd Scarpe Fresnoy Rœux Oppy Wood Flanking operations 1st Bullecourt Lagnicourt 2nd Bullecourt Hindenburg Line Souchez Avion Hill 70 Associated articles Tactics , 1917 Ancre , 1917 Alberich Hindenburg Line Western Front Belgium Halen Liège Dinant Namur Frontiers Charleroi Mons Great Retreat 1st Marne 1st Aisne Antwerp Race to the Sea Yser 1st Ypres Winter operations 1st Artois 1st Champagne Hartmannswillerkopf Neuve Chapelle 2nd Ypres 2nd Artois 2nd Champagne Loos 3rd Artois Verdun Somme Alberich Nivelle Arras 2nd Aisne Hills Messines 3rd Ypres ( Passchendaele ) La Malmaison 1st Cambrai Spring Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne Hundred Days Amiens The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a military engagement fought primarily as part of the Battle of Arras , in the Nord - Pas - de-Calais region of France , during the First World War . The main combatants were the Canadian Corps , of four divisions , against three divisions of the German Sixth Army . The battle , which took place from 9 to 12 April 1917 , was part of the opening phase of the British - led Battle of Arras , a diversionary attack for the French Nivelle Offensive . The objective of the Canadian Corps was to take control of the German - held high ground along an escarpment at the northernmost end of the Arras Offensive . This would ensure that the southern flank could advance without suffering German enfilade fire . Supported by a creeping barrage , the Canadian Corps captured most of the ridge during the first day of the attack . The village of Thélus fell during the second day of the attack , as did the crest of the ridge , once the Canadian Corps overcame a salient against considerable German resistance . The final objective , a fortified knoll located outside the village of Givenchy - en - Gohelle , fell to the Canadian Corps on 12 April . The German forces then retreated to the Oppy -- Méricourt line . Historians attribute the success of the Canadian Corps in capturing the ridge to a mixture of technical and tactical innovation , meticulous planning , powerful artillery support and extensive training , as well as the failure of the German Sixth Army to properly apply the new German defensive doctrine . The battle was the first occasion when all four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force participated in a battle together and it was made a symbol of Canadian national achievement and sacrifice . A 100 - hectare ( 250 - acre ) portion of the former battleground serves as a memorial park and site of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 2.1 Strategic planning 2.2 Tactical plan 2.3 German defences 2.4 Artillery 2.5 Training 2.6 Underground operations 2.7 Trench raiding 2.8 Battle in the air 3 Battle 3.1 Belligerents 3.2 Preliminary attack 3.3 Main assault 3.3. 1 9 April 3.3. 2 10 April 3.3. 3 12 April 4 Aftermath 5 Commemoration 5.1 Influence on Canada 5.2 Vimy Memorial 6 Notes 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Location of the Battle of Vimy Ridge Vimy Ridge is an escarpment 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) northeast of Arras on the western edge of the Douai Plain . The ridge rises gradually on its western side and drops more quickly on the eastern side . At approximately 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) in length and culminating at an elevation of 145 m ( 476 ft ) or 60 m ( 200 ft ) above the Douai Plains , the ridge provides a natural unobstructed view for tens of kilometres in all directions . The ridge fell under German control in October 1914 during the Race to the Sea as the Franco - British and German forces continually attempted to outflank each other through northeastern France . The French Tenth Army attempted to dislodge the Germans from the region during the Second Battle of Artois in May 1915 by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge and Notre Dame de Lorette . The French 1st Moroccan Division managed to briefly capture the height of the ridge but was unable to hold it owing to a lack of reinforcements . The French made another attempt during the Third Battle of Artois in September 1915 but only captured the village of Souchez at the western base of the ridge . The Vimy sector calmed following the offensive with both sides taking a largely live and let live approach . In all , the French suffered approximately 150,000 casualties in their attempts to gain control of Vimy Ridge and surrounding territory . The British XVII Corps , commanded by Lieutenant - General Sir Julian Byng , relieved the French Tenth Army in the sector in February 1916 , permitting the French to expand their operations at Verdun . The British soon discovered that German tunnelling companies had taken advantage of the relative calm on the surface to build an extensive network of tunnels and deep mines from which they would attack French positions by setting off explosive charges underneath their trenches . The Royal Engineers immediately deployed specialist tunnelling companies along the front to combat the German mining operations . In response to increased British mining aggression , German artillery and trench mortar fire intensified in early May 1916 . On 21 May 1916 , after shelling both forward trenches and divisional artillery positions from no less than 80 out - of - sight batteries on the reverse slope of the ridge , the German infantry began operation Schleswig Holstein , an attack on the British lines along a 1,800 - metre ( 2,000 yd ) front in an effort to eject them from positions along the ridge . The Germans captured several British - controlled tunnels and mine craters before halting their advance and entrenching their positions . Small counterattacks by units of the 140th and 141st British Brigades took place on 22 May but did not manage to change the situation . The Canadian Corps relieved the British IV Corps stationed along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 . Prelude ( edit ) Strategic planning ( edit ) Byng during the battle On 28 May 1916 , Byng took command of the Canadian Corps from Lieutenant - General Sir Edwin Alderson . Formal discussions for a spring offensive near Arras began following a conference of corps commanders held at British First Army Headquarters on 21 November 1916 . In March 1917 , British First Army headquarters formally presented Byng with orders outlining Vimy Ridge as the corps 's objective for the Arras Offensive . A formal assault plan , adopted in early March 1917 , drew heavily on the briefings of staff officers sent to learn from the experiences of the French Army during the Battle of Verdun . For the first time all four Canadian divisions were assembled to participate in a battle . The nature and size of the planned Canadian Corps assault necessitated support and resources beyond its normal operational capabilities . Consequently , the British 5th Infantry Division and supplementary artillery , engineer and labour units reinforced the four Canadian divisions . This brought the nominal strength of the Canadian Corps to about 170,000 men , of whom 97,184 were Canadian . Tactical plan ( edit ) In January 1917 , three Canadian Corps officers accompanied other British and Dominion officers attending a series of lectures hosted by the French Army regarding their experiences during the Battle of Verdun . The French counter offensive devised by General Robert Nivelle had been one of a number of Allied successes of 1916 . Following extensive rehearsal , eight French divisions had assaulted German positions in two waves along a 9.7 - kilometre ( 6 mi ) front . Supported by extremely strong artillery , the French had recovered lost ground and inflicted heavy casualties on five German divisions . The Canadian Corps plan of attack outlining the four coloured objective lines -- Black , Red , Blue and Brown On their return from the lectures , the Canadian Corps staff officers produced a tactical analysis of the Verdun battles and delivered a series of corps and divisional - level lectures to promote the primacy of artillery and stress the importance of harassing fire and company and platoon flexibility . The report of 1st Canadian Division commander Arthur Currie highlighted the lessons he believed the Canadian Corps could learn from the experiences of the French . The final plan for the assault on Vimy Ridge drew heavily on the experience and tactical analysis of the officers who attended the Verdun lectures . British First Army commander General Henry Horne approved the plan on 5 March 1917 . The plan divided the Canadian Corps advance into four coloured objective lines . The attack would be made on a front of 6,400 m ( 7,000 yd ) , with its centre opposite the village of Vimy , to the east of the ridge . The first objective , represented by the Black Line , was to seize the German forward defensive line . The final objective of the northern flank was the Red Line : taking the highest point on the ridge , the fortified knoll known as the Pimple , the Folie Farm , the Zwischen - Stellung trench and the hamlet of Les Tilleuls . The southern two divisions were to achieve two additional objectives : the Blue Line encompassing the village of Thélus and the woods outside the village of Vimy and the Brown Line , which aimed at capturing the Zwölfer - Graben trench and the German second line . The infantry would proceed close behind a creeping barrage placed down by light field guns , advancing in timed 90 - metre ( 100 yd ) increments . The medium and heavy howitzers would establish a series of standing barrages further ahead of the infantry against known defensive systems . The plan called for units to leapfrog over one another , as the advance progressed , to maintain momentum during the attack . The initial wave would capture and consolidate the Black Line and then push forward to the Red Line . The barrage would pause , to enable reserve units to move up and then move forward with the units pushing beyond the Red Line to the Blue Line . Once the corps secured the Blue Line , advancing units would once again leapfrog established ones and capture the Brown Line . Conducted properly , the plan would leave the German forces little time to exit the security of their deep dugouts and defend their positions against the infantry advance . If the corps maintained its schedule , the troops would advance as much as 3,700 m ( 4,000 yd ) and have the majority of the ridge under control by 1 : 00 pm of the first day . German defences ( edit ) German dispositions at Vimy Ridge on the first day of the battle The experience of the Battle of the Somme led the German command to conclude that the policy of rigidly defending a trench position line was no longer effective against the firepower that the Entente armies had accumulated . Ludendorff published a new defensive doctrine in December 1916 , in which deeper defences were to be built , within which the garrison would have room to manoeuvre , rather than rigidly holding successive lines of trenches . Along Vimy Ridge , the German forces spent two years constructing fortifications designed for rigid defence . Little reconstruction based upon the new defence - in - depth doctrine had been accomplished by April 1917 because the terrain made it impractical . The topography of the Vimy battlefield made defence - in - depth difficult to realize . The ridge was 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) wide at its narrowest point , with a steep drop on the eastern side , all but eliminating the possibility of counterattacks if the ridge was captured . The Germans were apprehensive about the inherent weakness of the Vimy Ridge defences . The German defensive scheme was to maintain a front line defence of sufficient strength to defend against an initial assault and move operational reserves forward , before the enemy could consolidate their gains or overrun remaining German positions . As a result , the German defence at Vimy Ridge relied largely on machine guns , which acted as force multipliers for the defending infantry . Three line divisions , with seven infantry regiments between them , were responsible for the immediate defence of the ridge . The paper strength of each division was approximately 15,000 men but their actual strengths was significantly fewer . In 1917 , a full - strength German rifle company consisted of 264 men ; at Vimy Ridge , each rifle company contained approximately 150 men . Each German regiment held a zone approximately 1,000 metres ( 1,100 yd ) wide as far back as the rear area . When the Canadian Corps attacked , each German company faced two or more battalions of approximately 1,000 men each . Reserve divisions were kept approximately 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) back instead of assembling close behind the second line according the defence - in - depth theory . Artillery ( edit ) Map showing rolling artillery barrage for advance The Canadian Corps ' divisional artillery formations , totalling eight field artillery brigades and two heavy artillery groups , were insufficient for the task at hand and were consequently reinforced with outside formations . Four heavy artillery groups , nine field artillery brigades , three divisional artillery groups and the artillery complement of the British 5th Division was attached to the Canadian Corps . In addition , ten heavy artillery groups of the flanking I and XVII Corps were assigned tasks in support of the Canadian Corps . The artillery batteries of I Corps were particularly important because they enfiladed German gun positions behind Vimy Ridge . In total , the British made available to the Canadian Corps twenty - four brigade artillery groups consisting of four hundred and eighty 18 pounder field guns , one hundred thirty - eight 4.5 inch howitzers , ninety - six 2 inch trench mortars , twenty - four 9.45 inch mortars , supported by 245 corps - level siege guns and heavy mortars . This firepower gave a density of one heavy gun for every 20 metres ( 20 yd ) and one field gun for every 10 metres ( 10 yd ) of Canadian Corps frontage , representing a considerable average increase , including three times the heavy guns , over the distribution of artillery at the Battle of the Somme a year earlier . Brigadier - General Edward Morrison developed and subsequently issued a 35 - page multi-phased fire support plan called Canadian Corps Artillery Instruction No. 1 for the Capture of Vimy Ridge to support the efforts of the infantry . For its operations , the Canadian Corps received three times the artillery normally assigned to a corps for regular operations . To manage the logistics associated with the increased artillery , Royal Artillery staff officer Major Alan Brooke developed coordinated communication and transport plans to work in conjunction with the complex barrage plans . A 1.6 million shell allotment allowed the artillery along the Canadian Corps front to maintain a high sustained rate of fire . Improvements in the quality of the shells compared to those used earlier in the war ensured fewer duds . The introduction of the instantaneous No. 106 fuze greatly improved the effectiveness of the artillery since this fuse burst reliably with the slightest of contact , unlike older timed fuses , making it especially effective at cutting barbed wire before the advance . To maintain communications during the battle , particularly with the artillery , field units laid over 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) of telegraph and field telephone cabling , normally at a depth of 2 metres ( 7 ft ) . In addition , the corps conducted coordinated counter-battery initiatives before the battle . The First Army Field Survey Company printed barrage maps for all batteries , produced artillery boards and provided counter-battery support with their flash spotting groups and sound ranging sections . Utilizing flash spotting , sound ranging and aerial reconnaissance from No. 16 Squadron and No. 1 & 2 Balloon Company of the Royal Flying Corps in the week before the battle , the counter battery artillery under command of Lieutenant - Colonel Andrew McNaughton fired 125,900 shells , harassing an estimated 83 % of the German gun positions . Training ( edit ) Large model of German trench lines In February 1917 , the British General Staff released a training pamphlet titled SS 143 Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action , espousing the return to the pre-war emphasis on fire and movement tactics and the use of the platoon as a self - contained tactical unit . The short pamphlet noted the importance of dedicated hand grenade , rifle grenade and machine gun sections in suppressing enemy strong points with an appropriate level of fire to permit other military units to advance . Coupled with the observations and suggestions made by Currie in the report he submitted in January 1917 following the Verdun lectures , the Canadian Corps instilled the tactical change with vigour . The corps instilled the tactical doctrine for small units by assigning objectives down to the platoon level . Assaulting infantry battalions used hills behind the lines as full - scale model representations of the battlefield . Taped lines demarcated German trench lines while officers on horseback carried flags to represent the advancing front of the artillery barrage . Recognizing that the men in leadership positions were likely to be wounded or killed , soldiers learned the jobs of those beside and above them . At the British First Army headquarters , a large - scale plasticine model of the Vimy sector was constructed and used to show commissioned and senior non-commissioned officers the topographical features of the battlefield and details of the German trench system . In addition , upwards of 40,000 topographical trench maps were printed and distributed to ensure that even platoon sergeants and section commanders possessed a wider awareness of the battlefield . These measures gave each platoon a clearer picture of how it fitted into the greater battle plan and in so doing , reduced the command and control problems that plagued First World War combat . Underground operations ( edit ) British - dug fighting tunnel in Vimy sector Operations along the Vimy Ridge were accompanied by extensive underground excavations . The Arras -- Vimy sector was conducive to tunnelling owing to the soft , porous yet extremely stable nature of the chalk underground . Underground warfare had been conducted on the Vimy sector since 1915 . Bavarian engineers had blown twenty mines in the sector by March 1915 . By early 1916 , German miners had gained an advantage over their French counterparts . British tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers took over progressively from the French between February and May 1916 . On their arrival , the British began offensive mining against German miners , first stopping the German underground advance and then developing a defensive strategy that prevented the Germans from gaining a tactical advantage by mining . From spring 1916 , the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge and during the first two months of their tenure of the area , 70 mines were fired , mostly by the Germans . Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French , British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) sector of the Western Front . In May 1916 , Operation Schleswig - Holstein , a German infantry attack , forced the British back 640 metres ( 700 yd ) , to stop British mining by capturing the shaft entrances . From June 1916 , the Germans withdrew many miners to work in coal mines in Germany . In the second half of 1916 , the British constructed strong defensive underground positions and from August 1916 , the Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme for a big infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916 , although this was postponed . After September 1916 , when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line , offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917 . The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) . The Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917 . British tunnelling companies created extensive underground networks and fortifications . Twelve subways , up to 1.2 kilometres ( 0.75 mi ) long were excavated at a depth of 10 metres ( 33 ft ) and used to connect reserve lines to front lines , permitting soldiers to advance to the front quickly , securely and unseen . Often incorporated into subways were light rail lines , hospitals , command posts , water reservoirs , ammunition stores , mortar and machine gun posts and communication centres . The Germans dug a number of similar tunnels on the Vimy front , to provide covered routes to the front line and protection for headquarters , resting personnel , equipment and ammunition . The Germans also conducted counter-mining against the British tunnellers and destroyed a number of British attempts to plant mines under or near their lines . Prior to the Battle of Vimy Ridge , the British tunnelling companies also secretly laid 13 mines under German positions to destroy surface fortifications before the assault . To protect some advancing troops from German machine - gun fire , as they crossed no man 's land during the attack , eight smaller Wombat charges were laid at the end of the subways , to allow troops to move more quickly and safely enter the German trench system , by creating an elongated trench - depth crater that spanned the length of no man 's land . At the same time , 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front , each with several large craters . To assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack , officers from the Canadian Corps visited La Boisselle and Fricourt where the mines had been blown on the First day of the Somme . Their reports and the experience of the Canadians at The Actions of St Eloi Craters in April 1916 , where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible , led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge . Further British mines in the area were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along no man 's land as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an Allied attack to predictable points . The three mines already laid by 172nd Tunnelling Company were also dropped from the British plans . They were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s . Another mine , prepared by 176th Tunnelling Company against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple , was not completed in time for the attack . The gallery had been pushed silently through the clay , avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 metres ( 70 ft ) short of its target . In the end , two mines were blown before the attack , while three mines and two Wombat charges were fired to support the attack , including those forming a northern flank . Trench raiding ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Trench raiding . Trench raiding involved making small - scale surprise attacks on enemy positions , often in the middle of the night for reasons of stealth . All belligerents employed trench raiding as a tactic to harass their enemy and gain intelligence . In the Canadian Corps trench raiding developed into a training and leadership - building mechanism . The size of a raid would normally be anything from a few men to an entire company , or more , depending on the size of the mission . The four months before the April attack saw the Canadian Corps execute no fewer than 55 separate trench raids . Competition between units even developed with units competing for the honour of the greatest number of prisoners captured or most destruction wrought . The policy of aggressive trench raiding was not without its cost . A large - scale trench raid on 13 February 1917 , involving 900 men from the 4th Canadian Division , resulted in 150 casualties . An even more ambitious trench raid on 1 March 1917 , once again by the 4th Canadian Division , failed and resulted in 637 casualties including two battalion commanders and a number of company commanders killed . This experience did not lessen the extent to which the Canadian Corps employed trench raiding with raids being conducted nightly between 20 March and the opening of the offensive on 9 April , resulting in approximately 1,400 additional Canadian casualties . The Germans operated an active patrolling policy and although not as large and ambitious as those of the Canadian Corps , they also engaged in trench raiding . As an example , a German trench raid launched by 79 men against the 3rd Canadian Division on 15 March 1917 was successful in capturing prisoners and causing damage . Battle in the air ( edit ) See also : Royal Flying Corps and Luftstreitkräfte An observer of the Royal Flying Corps in a photographic reconnaissance aircraft , showing the camera . The Royal Flying Corps launched a determined effort to gain air superiority over the battlefield in support of the spring offensive . The Canadians considered activities such as artillery - observation and photography of opposing trench systems , troop movements and gun emplacements essential to continue their offensive . The Royal Flying Corps deployed 25 squadrons totalling 365 aircraft along the Arras sector , outnumbering the Luftstreitkräfte ( Imperial German Air Service ) by 2 - to - 1 . Byng was given use of No. 2 Squadron , No. 8 ( Naval ) Squadron , No. 25 Squadron , No. 40 Squadron and No. 43 Squadron , with No. 16 Squadron permanently attached to the Canadian Corps and employed exclusively for reconnaissance and artillery - observation . Aerial reconnaissance was often a hazardous task because of the necessity of flying at slow speeds and at low altitude . The task was made all the more dangerous with the arrival of additional German flying squadrons , including Manfred von Richthofen 's highly experienced and well equipped Jasta 11 , which led to a sharp increase in RFC losses . Although significantly outnumbering the Germans , the RFC lost 131 aircraft during the first week of April ( Bloody April ) . Despite the losses suffered by the RFC , the Luftstreitkräfte failed to prevent the British from carrying out its priority , air support of the army during the Battle of Arras with up - to - date aerial photographs and other reconnaissance information . Battle ( edit ) Belligerents ( edit ) See also : Battle of Vimy Ridge order of battle German Sixth Army commander General Ludwig von Falkenhausen was responsible for the Cambrai -- Lille sector and commanded 20 divisions , plus reserves . Vimy Ridge itself was principally defended by the ad hoc Gruppe Vimy formation based under I Bavarian Reserve Corps commander General der Infanterie Karl von Fasbender . However , a division of Gruppe Souchez , under VIII Reserve Corps General of the Infantry Georg Karl Wichura , was involved in the frontline defence along the northernmost portion of the ridge . Position of the defending and attacking forces before the battle Three divisions were ultimately responsible for manning the frontline defences opposite the Canadian Corps . The 16th Bavarian Infantry Division was located opposite the village of Souchez and responsible for the defence of the northernmost section of the ridge . The division was created in January 1917 through the amalgamation of existing Bavarian formations and had so far only opposed the Canadian Corps . The 79th Reserve Division was responsible for the defence of the vast central section including the highest point of the ridge , Hill 145 . The 79th Reserve Division fought for two years on the Eastern Front before being transferred to the Vimy sector at the end of February 1917 . The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division had been in the Arras area since October 1914 and was holding the villages of Thélus , Bailleul and the southern slope of the ridge . Byng commanded four attacking divisions , one division of reserves and numerous support units . He was supported to the north by the 24th British Division of I Corps , which advanced north of the Souchez river and by the advancing XVII Corps to the south . The 4th Canadian Division was responsible for the northern portion of the advance that included the capture of the highest point of the ridge followed by the heavily defended Pimple just west of the village of Givenchy - en - Gohelle . The 3rd Canadian Division was responsible for the narrow central section of the ridge , including the capture of La Folie Farm . The 2nd Canadian Division , which later included an additional brigade from the 5th British Division , was directly south of 3rd Canadian Division and entrusted with the capture of the village of Thélus . The 1st Canadian Division was responsible for the broad southern sector of the corps advance and expected to make the greatest advance in terms of distance . Byng planned for a healthy reserve for contingencies that included the relief of forward troops , help in consolidating positions and aiding the 4th Canadian Division with the capture of the Pimple . As a result , the 9th Canadian Brigade , 15th British Brigade and 95th British Brigade were kept in corps - level reserve . Preliminary attack ( edit ) 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) gun of the Royal Garrison Artillery firing over Vimy Ridge behind Canadian lines at night German foreign intelligence gathering , large - scale Allied trench raids and observed troop concentrations west of Arras made it clear to the Germans that a spring offensive near Arras was being planned . In February 1917 , a German - born Canadian soldier deserted to the German side and helped confirm many of the suspicions held by the Germans , providing them with a great deal of useful information . By March 1917 , the German forces were aware that a major attack was imminent and would include operations aimed at capturing Vimy Ridge . General of Infantry Ernst August Marx von Bachmeister , commanding the German 79th Reserve Division , reported in late - March that he believed the Canadian Corps was moving into an echelon formation and were preparing for a major attack . The Germans quickly developed plans to launch a pre-emptive operation , following the adage that the best defence is a good offence , intent on capturing the northern section of the Zouave Valley along the northernmost portion of the Canadian front . Heavy Canadian Corps artillery fire ultimately prevented the Germans from executing their pre-emptive attack . The preliminary phase of the Canadian Corps artillery bombardment began on 20 March 1917 , with a systematic two - week bombardment of German batteries , trenches and strong points . The Canadian Corps paid particular attention to eliminating German barbed wire , a task made easier with the introduction of the No. 106 instantaneous fuse . In addition , only half of the available artillery was committed at any one point in time with the intensity of the barrage expressly varied as to confuse the Germans and preserve some level of secrecy . Phase two lasted the entire week beginning 2 April 1917 and employed the entire artillery arsenal at the disposal of the Canadian Corps , massing the equivalent of one heavy gun for every 18 metres ( 20 yd ) and one field gun for every 9.1 metres ( 10 yd ) . The German soldiers came to refer to the week before the attack as ' the week of suffering ' . By the Germans ' own account , their trenches and defensive works were almost completely demolished . Furthermore , German health and morale suffered from the stress of remaining at the ready for eleven straight days under extremely heavy artillery bombardment . Compounding German difficulties was the inability of ration parties to bring food supplies to the front lines . On 3 April , General von Falkenhausen ordered his reserve divisions to prepare to relieve frontline divisions over the course of a long drawn - out defensive battle , in a manner similar to the Battle of the Somme . However , the divisions were kept 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from the battlefield to avoid being shelled . Main assault ( edit ) 9 April ( edit ) Artillery - fire on a field of barbed wire at Vimy Ridge The attack was to begin at 5 : 30 am on Easter Monday , 9 April 1917 . The attack was originally planned for the morning of 8 April ( Easter Sunday ) but it was postponed for 24 hours at the request of the French . During the late hours of 8 April and early morning of 9 April the men of the leading and supporting wave of the attack were moved into their forward assembly positions . The weather was cold and later changed to sleet and snow . Although physically discomforting for everyone , the north - westerly storm provided some advantage to the assaulting troops by blowing snow in the faces of the defending troops . Light Canadian and British artillery bombardments continued throughout the prior night but stopped in the few minutes before the attack , as the artillery recalibrated their guns in preparation for the synchronized barrage . At exactly 5 : 30 am , every artillery piece at the disposal of the Canadian Corps began firing . Thirty seconds later , engineers detonated the mine charges laid under no man 's land and the German trench line , destroying a number of German strong points and creating secure communication trenches directly across no man 's land . Light field guns laid down a barrage that advanced in predetermined increments , often 100 yards ( 91 m ) every three minutes , while medium and heavy howitzers established a series of standing barrages further ahead , against known defensive systems . During the early fighting the German divisional artilleries , despite heavy losses , were able to maintain their defensive firing . As the Canadian assault advanced , it overran many of the German guns because there was no means of moving them to the rear on account of many of the horses being killed in the initial gas attack . 2nd Canadian Division soldiers advance behind a tank The 1st , 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions reported reaching and capturing their first objective , the Black Line , by 6 : 25 am . The 4th Canadian Division encountered a great deal of trouble during its advance and was unable to complete its first objective until some hours later . After a planned pause , when the 1st , 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions consolidated their positions , the advance resumed . Shortly after 7 : 00 am , the 1st Canadian Division captured the left half of its second objective , the Red Line and moved the 1st Canadian Brigade forward to mount an attack on the remainder . The 2nd Canadian Division reported reaching the Red Line and capturing the village of Les Tilleuls at approximately the same time . A mine explosion that killed many German troops of the Reserve Infantry Regiment 262 manning the front line preceded the advance of the 3rd Canadian Division . The remaining German troops could do no more than man temporary lines of resistance until later manning a full defence at the German third line . As a result , the southern section of the 3rd Canadian Division was able to reach the Red Line at the western edge of the Bois de la Folie at around 7 : 30 am . At 9 : 00 am the division learned of its exposed left flank , as the 4th Canadian Division had not yet captured Hill 145 . The 3rd Canadian Division was thus called upon to establish a divisional defensive flank to its north . Although the German commanders were able to maintain open lines of communication and issue operating orders , even with swift staff work the tempo of the assault was such that German decision cycle was unable to react decisively . Machine gunners operating from craters on the plateau above the ridge The only portion of the Canadian assault that did not go as planned was the advance of the 4th Canadian Division , collapsing almost immediately after exiting their trenches . The commanding officer of one of the assaulting battalions requested that the artillery leave a portion of German trench undamaged . Machine - gun nests in the undamaged sections of the German line pinned down , wounded or killed much of the 4th Canadian Division 's right flank . The progress on the left flank was eventually impeded by harassing fire from the Pimple that was made worse when the creeping barrage got too far ahead of the advancing troops . In view of the German defence , the 4th Canadian Division did not attempt a further frontal assault throughout the afternoon . Reserve units from the 4th Canadian Division came forward and once again attacked the German positions on the top of the ridge . Persistent attacks eventually forced the German troops holding the south - western portion of Hill 145 to withdraw but only after they had run out of ammunition , mortar rounds and grenades . Towards midday , the 79th Reserve Division was ordered to recapture the portions of its third line lost during the progression of the Canadian attack . However , it was not until 6 : 00 pm that the force was able to organize and counterattack , clearing the Canadian Corps troops out of the ruined village of Vimy but not recapturing the third line south of the village . By night time , the German forces holding the top of the ridge believed they had overcome the immediate crisis for the mean time . Additional German reinforcements began arriving and by late evening portions of the 111th Infantry Division occupied the third line near Acheville and Arleux , with the remainder of the division arriving the following day . 10 April ( edit ) Front page of the Daily Mail on 10 April 1917 The British moved three fresh brigades up to the Red Line by 9 : 30 am on 10 April to support the advance of the 1st and 2nd Canadian Division , whereupon they were to leapfrog existing units occupying the Red line and advance to the Blue Line . Fresh units including two sections of tanks and the 13th British Brigade were called up from reserve to support the advance of the 2nd Canadian Division . By approximately 11 : 00 am , the Blue Line , including Hill 135 and the village of Thélus , had been captured . To permit the troops time to consolidate the Blue Line , the advance halted and the barrage remained stationary for 90 minutes while machine guns were brought forward . Shortly before 1 : 00 pm , the advance recommenced with both the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions reporting their final objective . The tank - supported advance via Farbus and directed at the rear of the 79th Reserve Division , was eventually halted by concentrated German fire short of the village . The Canadian 1st and 2nd Divisions were nonetheless able to secure the Brown Line by approximately 2 : 00 pm . The 4th Canadian Division had made an attempt to capture the northern half of Hill 145 at around 3 : 15 pm , briefly capturing the peak before a German counterattack retook the position . The Germans occupying the small salient on the ridge soon found themselves being attacked along their flanks by continuously reinforced Canadian Corps troops . When it became obvious that the position was completely outflanked and there was no prospect of reinforcement , the German troops pulled back . The German forces were evacuated off the ridge with German artillery batteries moved west of the Vimy -- Bailleul railway embankment or to the Oppy -- Méricourt line . By nightfall of 10 April , the only Canadian objective not yet achieved was the capture of the Pimple . 12 April ( edit ) The 4th Canadian Division faced difficulties at the start of the battle that forced it to delay its assault on the Pimple until 12 April . The Pimple was initially defended by the 16th Bavarian Infantry Division but the Canadian Corps ' preliminary artillery bombardment leading up to the assault on 9 April caused heavy casualties amongst its ranks . On 11 April , the 4th Guards Infantry Division first reinforced and then relieved affected 16th Bavarian Infantry Division units . The night before the attack , artillery harassed German positions while a gas section of Royal Engineers , employing Livens Projectors , fired more than 40 drums of gas directly into the village of Givenchy - en - Gohelle to cause confusion . The defending German troops managed to drive back the initial Canadian assaults at around 4 : 00 am using small arms fire . The 10th Canadian Brigade attacked once again at 5 : 00 am , this time supported by a significant amount of artillery and the 24th British Division of I Corps to the north . The German defensive artillery fire was late and too light to cause the assaulting troops great difficulty , allowing the Canadian Corps to exploit wide gaps and break into the German positions . The 10th Canadian Brigade , assisted by snow and a westerly wind , fought hastily entrained German troops to capture the entire Pimple by 6 : 00 pm . Aftermath ( edit ) Vimy as seen from Vimy Ridge May 1917 By nightfall on 12 April 1917 , the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge . The corps suffered 10,602 casualties : 3,598 killed and 7,004 wounded . The German Sixth Army suffered an unknown number of casualties with approximately 4,000 men becoming prisoners of war . Four members of the Canadian Corps received the Victoria Cross , the highest military decoration awarded to British and Commonwealth forces for valour , for their actions during the battle : Private William Johnstone Milne of the 16th ( Canadian Scottish ) Battalion . Lance - Sergeant Ellis Wellwood Sifton of the 18th ( Western Ontario ) Battalion . Private John George Pattison of the 50th ( Calgary ) Battalion . Captain Thain Wendell MacDowell of the 38th ( Ottawa ) Battalion . At least two Orders Pour le Mérite , the Kingdom of Prussia 's highest military order , were awarded to German commanders for their actions during the battle : Oberstleutnant Wilhelm von Goerne commander of the 261st Prussian Reserve Infantry Regiment , of the German 79th Reserve Division . General of the Infantry Georg Karl Wichura commander of the VIII Reserve Corps and Gruppe Souchez . German soldiers captured during the battle . Following the defeat , the Chief of the German General Staff , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg , ordered the Supreme Army Command to conduct a court of enquiry into the defensive collapse of the Arras sector . The court concluded that the Sixth Army headquarters had disregarded frontline commander reports , noting a possible imminent attack and as a result , reserve units were kept too far back to execute a timely and effective counterattack . The court concluded that Sixth Army commander General Ludwig von Falkenhausen failed to apply an elastic defence properly as espoused by German defensive doctrine of the time . Instead , the defensive system was a series of unmoving strong points and static lines of resistance , which the Allied artillery ultimately isolated and destroyed . As a result of the inquiry , Hindenburg removed Falkenhausen from his command and transferred him to Belgium where he served the remainder of the war as that country 's Governor General . The Germans did not see the Canadian Corps 's capture of Vimy Ridge as a loss . Contemporary German sources viewed the action , at worst , as a draw , given that no full - scale breakthrough occurred following the attack . The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge , even during the Spring Offensive and it remained under British control until the end of the war . The loss of Vimy Ridge forced the Germans to reassess their defensive strategy in the area . Instead of mounting a counterattack , they pursued a scorched earth policy and retreated to the Oppy -- Méricourt line . The complete failure of the French Nivelle Offensive in the week after the Arras Offensive placed pressure on Field Marshal Douglas Haig to keep the Germans occupied in the Arras sector to minimize French losses . The Canadian Corps participated in several of these actions including the Battle of Arleux and the Third Battle of the Scarpe in late April and early May 1917 . After the end of World War I , Byng was raised to the peerage as Baron Byng of Vimy , of Thorpe - le - Soken in the County of Essex , on 7 October 1919 . The next month , he retired from the military and moved to Thorpe Hall . Commemoration ( edit ) Influence on Canada ( edit ) The Battle of Vimy Ridge has considerable significance for Canada . Although the battle is not generally considered the greatest achievement of the Canadian Corps in strategic importance or results obtained , it was the first instance in which all four Canadian divisions , made up of troops drawn from all parts of the country , fought as a cohesive formation . The image of national unity and achievement is what , according to one of many recent patriotic narratives , initially gave the battle importance for Canada . According to Pierce , `` The historical reality of the battle has been reworked and reinterpreted in a conscious attempt to give purpose and meaning to an event that came to symbolize Canada 's coming of age as a nation . '' The idea that Canada 's national identity and nationhood were born out of the battle is an opinion that in the late twentieth century became widely held in military and general histories of Canada . According to McKay and Swift , the theory that Vimy Ridge is a source of Canada 's rise as a nation is highly contested and developed in the latter part of the twentieth century after most of those who experienced the Great War had passed away . Vimy memorial ( edit ) Main article : Canadian National Vimy Memorial Ghosts of Vimy Ridge , painting by Will Longstaff The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is Canada 's largest and principal overseas war memorial . Located on the highest point of the Vimy Ridge , the memorial is dedicated to the commemoration of the Battle of Vimy Ridge and Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War . It serves as the place of commemoration for Canadian soldiers killed in France during the First World War with no known grave . France granted Canada perpetual use of a section of land at Vimy Ridge in 1922 for the purpose of a battlefield park and memorial . A 100 - hectare ( 250 - acre ) portion of the former battlefield is preserved as part of the memorial park that surrounds the monument . The grounds of the site are still honeycombed with wartime tunnels , trenches , craters and unexploded munitions and are largely closed off for public safety . A section of preserved trenches and a portion of a tunnel have been made accessible to site visitors . King Edward VIII unveiling the figure Canada Bereft on the Vimy Ridge Memorial The memorial was designed by Toronto architect and sculptor Walter Seymour Allward , who described it as a `` sermon against the futility of war '' . The memorial took eleven years and cost $1.5 million ( $21.16 million in present terms ) to build . The unveiling was conducted on 26 July 1936 , by King Edward VIII accompanied by President Albert Lebrun of France and a crowd of over 50,000 people , including at least 6,200 Canadian veterans and their families . The Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King was absent , it being well understood that he was generally not comfortable around veterans and felt it more appropriate for a war veteran in Cabinet to act as minister in attendance . Edward VIII thanked France , in both English and French , for its generosity and assured those assembled that Canada would never forget its war missing and dead . A restoration project began in 2004 , which included general cleaning and the recarving of many inscribed names . Queen Elizabeth II rededicated the restored monument on 9 April 2007 , during a ceremony commemorating the 90th anniversary of the battle . Veterans Affairs Canada maintains the memorial site . The commemoration at the memorial on 9 April 2017 for the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge was attended by dignitaries including Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , Governor General David Johnston , Charles , Prince of Wales , Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , Prince Harry and President of France François Hollande . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Germans grew uneasy about the proximity of the British positions to the top of the ridge , particularly after the increase in British tunneling and counter-mining activities . Jump up ^ These included the Prinz Arnulf , Volker and Schwaben tunnels Jump up ^ German counter-mining explosion ; 35 tonnes ( 34 long tons ) exploded near the Broadmarsh Crater ( creating the Longfellow crater group ) on 23 March 1917 , 45 tonnes ( 44 long tons ) exploded 26 March 1917 near the Pimple Jump up ^ The attack was code named Operation Munich Jump up ^ Hill 145 is the site of the present - day Vimy Memorial . Jump up ^ The German Historical Service estimated Sixth Army suffered 79,418 casualties during April and May 1917 , of that 22,792 were classified as missing . Crown Prince Rupprecht estimated 85,000 casualties for the Sixth Army , with 3,404 men becoming prisoners of war at Vimy Ridge . Losses of the 79th Reserve Division 1 -- 11 April were 3,473 and 1st Bavarian Reserve were 3,133 . Other casualties from the bombardment and the units sent as reinforcements and counterattack divisions are additional . Jump up ^ On importance to Canada , see Inglis Outside of Canada the battle has much less significance and may simply be noted as being one part of the larger offensive of the Battle of Arras , also per Inglis . Jump up ^ The Canadian War Museum cites a crowd of 100,000 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 229 Jump up ^ Turner pp. 21 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Moran p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Canada Treaty Information , Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade , 26 February 2002 , archived from the original on 21 September 2013 , retrieved 17 October 2010 Jump up ^ Boire ( 2007 ) pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Boire ( 2007 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ Tucker p. 68 Jump up ^ Turner p. 8 Jump up ^ Boire ( 1992 ) p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Boire ( 2007 ) p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Samuels pp. 200 -- 202 Jump up ^ Farr p. 147 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 245 ^ Jump up to : Brennan p. 94 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 227 Jump up ^ Humphries p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Granatstein p. 113 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 254 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 249 ^ Jump up to : Turner p. 38 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 248 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 239 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 240 Jump up ^ Wynne pp. 170 -- 171 ^ Jump up to : Turner p. 29 Jump up ^ Sheldon pp. ix , 252 ^ Jump up to : Sheldon p. 252 ^ Jump up to : Godefroy ( 2007b ) p. 229 Jump up ^ Turner pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Turner p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 267 ^ Jump up to : Farndale p. 238 Map 38 Jump up ^ Chasseaud p. 266 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Cook ( 2007 ) p. 113 Jump up ^ Sheffield pp. 191 , 194 Jump up ^ WO 106 / 399 Canadian Corps Artillery Instruction No. 1 for the Capture of Vimy Ridge ( 1917 ) ^ Jump up to : Brennan pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Sheffield p. 191 ^ Jump up to : Turner p. 39 Jump up ^ Chasseaud p. 268 ^ Jump up to : Cook ( 2007 ) p. 117 Jump up ^ Corkerry entire manual Jump up ^ Humphries pp. 73 -- 76 Jump up ^ Humphries p. 77 Jump up ^ Barris p. 41 Jump up ^ Terraine p. 180 Jump up ^ Sheldon pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Sheldon p. 225 ^ Jump up to : The Durand Group . `` Vimy Ridge '' . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2010 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Barton p. 200 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 200 Jump up ^ Sheldon pp. 218 -- 222 Jump up ^ Boire ( 1992 ) pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Boire ( 1992 ) p. 20 Jump up ^ Jones 2010 , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Jones 2010 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Jones 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Cook ( 1999 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Tucker et al. p. 694 Jump up ^ Turner p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Sheldon p. xi Jump up ^ Cook ( 1999 ) pp. 7 -- 24 Jump up ^ Turner pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 254 ^ Jump up to : Barris p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Turner p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 246 Jump up ^ Williams p. 149 Jump up ^ Godefroy ( 2007b ) pp. 228 -- 229 Jump up ^ Hopkins p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Sheldon pp. 229 -- 237 Jump up ^ Hopkins pp. 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Godefroy ( 2007b ) p. 230 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 259 Jump up ^ Sheldon pp. 248 -- 249 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 263 ^ Jump up to : Barris p. 58 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 251 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 273 Jump up ^ Sheldon pp. 270 -- 272 Jump up ^ Godefroy ( 2007a ) p. 231 Jump up ^ McGill p. 261 Jump up ^ Turner p. 52 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 253 Jump up ^ Cook ( 2007 ) p. 116 Jump up ^ Rawling pp. 131 -- 133 ^ Jump up to : Hayes p. 200 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 298 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 299 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 255 Jump up ^ Campbell pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 291 ^ Jump up to : Hayes pp. 202 -- 203 Jump up ^ Godefroy ( 2007a ) pp. 217 -- 218 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 259 Jump up ^ Nicholson pp. 259 -- 260 Jump up ^ Godefroy ( 2007a ) p. 222 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 297 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 309 ^ Jump up to : Godefroy ( 2007a ) p. 220 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 308 Jump up ^ Sheldon pp. 308 -- 309 ^ Jump up to : Sheldon p. 311 Jump up ^ Campbell p. 179 Jump up ^ Campbell pp. 179 -- 181 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Campbell p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Sheldon p. 312 Jump up ^ Sheldon p. 313 ^ Jump up to : Sheldon p. 315 ^ Jump up to : Nicholson p. 262 ^ Jump up to : Sheldon p. 317 Jump up ^ Nicholson p. 263 Jump up ^ Gibbs , Philip ( 11 April 1917 ) , `` All of Vimy Ridge Cleared of Germans '' , New York Times , New York , retrieved 2 February 2009 Jump up ^ Falls p. 341 and pp. 556 -- 557 Jump up ^ Falls p. 341 ^ Jump up to : Godefroy ( 2007b ) p. 233 Jump up ^ Godefroy ( 2007b ) p. 231 ^ Jump up to : Godefroy ( 2007b ) pp. 233 -- 234 ^ Jump up to : Bechthold p. 240 Jump up ^ Bechthold pp. 239 -- 264 Jump up ^ `` No. 31610 '' . The London Gazette. 21 October 1919 . p. 12890 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31640 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 November 1919 . p. 13768 . Jump up ^ On importance to Canada , see Inglis Outside of Canada the battle has much less significance and may simply be noted as being one part of the larger offensive of the Battle of Arras , also per Inglis . Jump up ^ Vance p. 66 Jump up ^ Vance p. 233 Jump up ^ Pierce p. 5 Jump up ^ Inglis p. 2 Jump up ^ Humphries p. 66 Jump up ^ 1951 - , Swift , Jamie , . The Vimy trap , or , how we learned to stop worrying and love the Great War . ISBN 9781771132756 . OCLC 953630225 . The Vimy Trap : Or , How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Great War . pp. 8 , 11 . Jump up ^ WarMuseum.ca -- History of the First World War -- After the War , Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation , retrieved 16 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Battle of Vimy Ridge -- Fast Facts , Department of Veterans Affairs Canada , archived from the original on 21 June 2008 , retrieved 8 April 2012 Jump up ^ Hucker 2007 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Hucker , Jacqueline ( 2008 ) . `` Vimy : A Monument for the Modern World '' . Architecture Canada . 33 , 1 : 43 . Jump up ^ Brown & Cook 2011 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 2 April 2017 ) . `` The event that recast the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' . Toronto Star . Toronto . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Excerpted from Vimy : The Battle and the Legend Jump up ^ Evans 2007 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Brown & Cook 2011 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eric ; Cook , Tim ( Spring 2011 ) . `` The 1936 Vimy Pilgrimage '' . Canadian Military History . Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies . 20 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Wineguard pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Vimy Ridge : Royals commemorate defining WW1 battle '' . BBC . 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Message from Her Majesty The Queen on the 100th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . References ( edit ) Barris , Ted ( 2007 ) , Victory at Vimy : Canada Comes of Age , April 9 -- 12 , 1917 , Toronto : Thomas Allen Publishers , ISBN 0 - 88762 - 253 - 4 Barton , Peter ; Doyle , Peter ; Vandewalle , Johan ( 2004 ) , Beneath Flanders Fields : The Tunnellers ' War 1914 -- 1918 , Montreal & Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2949 - 7 Bechthold , Mike ( 2007 ) , `` In the Shadow of Vimy Ridge : The Canadian Corps in April and May 1917 '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 239 -- 264 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Berton , Pierre ( 1986 ) . Vimy . Toronto : McClelland and Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 1339 - 6 . Boire , Michael ( Spring 1992 ) , `` The Underground War : Military Mining Operations in support of the attack on Vimy Ridge , 9 April 1917 '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Military History , Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies , 1 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 15 -- 24 , ISSN 1195 - 8472 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 , retrieved 2 January 2008 Boire , Michael ( 2007 ) , `` The Battlefield before the Canadians , 1914 -- 1916 '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 51 -- 61 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Brown , Eric ; Cook , Tim ( Spring 2011 ) . `` The 1936 Vimy Pilgrimage '' . Canadian Military History . Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies . 20 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 54 . Brennan , Patrick ( 2007 ) , `` Julian Byng and Leadership in the Canadian Corps '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 87 -- 104 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Campbell , David ( 2007 ) , `` The 2nd Canadian Division : A ' Most Spectacular Battle ' '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 171 -- 192 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Chasseaud , Peter ( 1999 ) , Artillery 's Astrologers -- A History of British Survey and Mapping on the Western Front 1914 -- 1918 , Lewes : Mapbooks , ISBN 0 - 9512080 - 2 - 0 Cook , Tim ( 2007 ) , `` The Gunners of Vimy Ridge : ' We are Hammering Fritz to Pieces ' '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 105 -- 124 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) , `` ' A Proper Slaughter ' : The March 1917 Gas Raid at Vimy '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Military History , Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies , 8 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 24 , ISSN 1195 - 8472 , retrieved 25 July 2015 Corkerry , Shaun ( 2001 ) , Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action 1916 , Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action 1917 , Buckinghamshire : Military Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85420 - 250 - 8 Evans , Suzanne ( 9 February 2007 ) . Mothers of Heroes , Mothers of Martyrs : World War I and the Politics of Grief . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0773531882 . Falls , Cyril ( 1992 ) ( 1940 ) , Military Operations : France and Belgium 1917 : The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras , History of the Great War Based on Official Documents , I , Nashville : The Battery Press , ISBN 0 - 89839 - 180 - 6 Farndale , General Sir Martin ( 1986 ) , Western Front , 1914 -- 1918 , History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery , Woolwich : Royal Artillery Institution , ISBN 1 - 870114 - 00 - 0 Farr , Don ( 2007 ) , The Silent General : A Biography of Haig 's Trusted Great War Comrade - in - Arms , Solihull : Helion & Company Limited , ISBN 1 - 874622 - 99 - X Godefroy , Andrew ( 2007a ) , `` The 4th Canadian Division : ' Trenches Should Never be Saved ' '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 211 -- 224 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Godefroy , Andrew ( 2007b ) , `` The German Army at Vimy Ridge '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 225 -- 238 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Granatstein , Jack Lawrence ( 2004 ) , Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace , Toronto : University of Toronto Press , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8696 - 9 Hayes , Geoffrey ( 2007 ) , `` The 3rd Canadian Division : Forgotten Victory '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 193 -- 210 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Hopkins , J. Castell ( 1919 ) , Canada at War , 1914 -- 1918 : A Record of Heroism and Achievement , Toronto : Canadian Annual Review , OCLC 869410882 Hucker , Jacqueline ( 2007 ) . `` The Meaning and Significance of the Vimy Monument '' . In Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike . Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment . Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 279 -- 290 . ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 . Humphries , Mark Osborne ( 2007 ) , `` '' Old Wine in New Bottles `` : A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 65 -- 85 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Inglis , Dave ( 1995 ) , Vimy Ridge : 1917 -- 1992 , A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years , Burnaby : Simon Fraser University , ISBN 0 - 612 - 06688 - 6 Jones , Simon ( 2010 ) . Underground Warfare 1914 -- 1918 . Pen & Sword Military . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 962 - 8 . McGill , Harold W. ( 2007 ) , Norris , Marjorie , ed. , Medicine and duty : the World War I memoir of Captain Harold W. McGill , Medical Officer , 31st Battalion , C.E.F , Calgary : University of Calgary Press , ISBN 1 - 55238 - 193 - 5 Moran , Heather ( 2007 ) , `` The Canadian Army Medical Corps at Vimy Ridge '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 139 -- 154 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Nicholson , G.W.L. ( 1962 ) , Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914 -- 1919 ( PDF ) , Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer and Controller of Stationary , OCLC 59609928 , retrieved 15 July 2015 Nicholson , G.W.L. ( 1967 ) , The Gunners of Canada -- The History of the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery : 1534 -- 1919 , I , Ottawa : McClelland & Stewart , OCLC 883860617 Pierce , John ( Spring 1992 ) , `` Constructing Memory : The Vimy Memorial '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Military History , Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies , 1 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 4 -- 14 , ISSN 1195 - 8472 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 , retrieved 2 February 2009 Rawling , Bill ( 2007 ) , `` The Sappers of Vimy : Specialized Support for the Assault of 9 April 1917 '' , in Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike , Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , pp. 125 -- 138 , ISBN 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 Samuels , Mart ( 1996 ) , Command or Control ? : Command Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies , 1888 -- 1918 , Portland : Frank Cass , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4570 - 2 Sheffield , Gary ( 2002 ) , Forgotten Victory : The First World War Myths and Realities , London : Headline Books , ISBN 0 - 7472 - 6460 - 0 Sheldon , Jack ( 2008 ) , The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914 -- 1917 , Barnsley ( UK ) : Pen & Sword Military , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 680 - 1 Terraine , John ( 1992 ) , The Smoke and the Fire : Myths and Anti-Myths of War 1861 -- 1945 , London : Pen & Sword Books , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 330 - 3 Tucker , Spencer , ed. ( 1996 ) , The European powers in the First World War : an encyclopedia , New York : Garland Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0399 - 8 Turner , Alexander ( 2005 ) , Vimy Ridge 1917 : Byng 's Canadians Triumph at Arras , London : Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 871 - 5 Vance , Jonathan Franklin ( 1997 ) , Death So Noble : Memory , Meaning and the First World War , Vancouver : UBC Press , ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0600 - 1 Vimy Memorial , Ottawa , Ontario : Canadian War Museum , 2009 , retrieved 26 January 2015 Williams , Jeffery ( 1983 ) , Byng of Vimy , General and Governor General , London : Secker & Warburg , ISBN 0 - 436 - 57110 - 2 Wineguard , Timothy ( Summer 2007 ) , `` Here at Vimy : A Retrospective -- The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Military Journal , Department of National Defence , 8 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 85 , ISSN 1492 - 465X , retrieved 2 February 2009 Wynne , Graeme Chamley ( 1940 ) , If Germany Attacks : The Battle in Depth in the West , London : Faber & Faber , ISBN 0 - 8371 - 5029 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Cook , Tim ( 2017 ) . Vimy : The Battle and the Legend . Toronto , ON : Penguin Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7352 - 3317 - 1 . Macintyre , D. Eberts ( 1967 ) . Canada at Vimy . Toronto : Peter Martins Associates . OCLC 910396 . Sheldon , J. ( 2015 ) . The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917 : Arras , Aisne & Champagne . Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78346 - 345 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Canadian Armed Forces portal World War I portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Vimy Ridge . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Battle of Vimy Ridge '' dated 2006 - 05 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary ( commemorations ) Portal World War I at Wiktionary WWI textbooks at Wikibooks WWI quotations at Wikiquote WWI source texts at Wikisource WWI images & media at Commons WWI news stories at Wikinews Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge&oldid=801644599 '' Categories : 1917 in France Battles of the Western Front ( World War I ) Battles of World War I involving Canada Battles of World War I involving Germany Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom Canada -- France relations Conflicts in 1917 World War I in the Pas - de-Calais Tunnel warfare in World War I April 1917 events Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use Canadian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use dmy dates from May 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing German - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who fought in the battle of vimy ridge	[ "\n\n\n\nBattle of Vimy Ridge\n\n\nPart of the Battle of Arras along the Western Front of the First World War\n\n\n\nThe Battle of Vimy Ridge, a painting by Richard Jack. Canadian War Museum\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n9–12 April 1917\n\n\nLocation\nVimy, Pas-de-Calais, France\n50°22′44″N 2°46′26″E / 50.379°N 2.774°E / 50.379; 2.774Coordinates: 50°22′44″N 2°46′26″E / 50.379°N 2.774°E / 50.379; 2.774\n\n\nResult\nAllied victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n Canada\n United Kingdom\n German Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nJulian Byng\nLudwig von Falkenhausen\nKarl von Fasbender\nGeorg Karl Wichura\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n4 Canadian divisions and 1 British division totalling\n170,000 men[1]\n3 divisions totalling\n30,000–45,000 men[2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n3,598 dead,\n7,004 wounded[3][4]\nunknown dead or wounded,\n4,000 captured[4]\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\nBattle of Vimy Ridge\n\n\nPart of the Battle of Arras along the Western Front of the First World War\n\n\n\nThe Battle of Vimy Ridge, a painting by Richard Jack. Canadian War Museum\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n9–12 April 1917\n\n\nLocation\nVimy, Pas-de-Calais, France\n50°22′44″N 2°46′26″E / 50.379°N 2.774°E / 50.379; 2.774Coordinates: 50°22′44″N 2°46′26″E / 50.379°N 2.774°E / 50.379; 2.774\n\n\nResult\nAllied victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n Canada\n United Kingdom\n German Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nJulian Byng\nLudwig von Falkenhausen\nKarl von Fasbender\nGeorg Karl Wichura\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n4 Canadian divisions and 1 British division totalling\n170,000 men[1]\n3 divisions totalling\n30,000–45,000 men[2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n3,598 dead,\n7,004 wounded[3][4]\nunknown dead or wounded,\n4,000 captured[4]\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\nBattle of Vimy Ridge\n\n\nPart of the Battle of Arras along the Western Front of the First World War\n\n\n\nThe Battle of Vimy Ridge, a painting by Richard Jack. Canadian War Museum\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n9–12 April 1917\n\n\nLocation\nVimy, Pas-de-Calais, France\n50°22′44″N 2°46′26″E / 50.379°N 2.774°E / 50.379; 2.774Coordinates: 50°22′44″N 2°46′26″E / 50.379°N 2.774°E / 50.379; 2.774\n\n\nResult\nAllied victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n Canada\n United Kingdom\n German Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nJulian Byng\nLudwig von Falkenhausen\nKarl von Fasbender\nGeorg Karl Wichura\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n4 Canadian divisions and 1 British division totalling\n170,000 men[1]\n3 divisions totalling\n30,000–45,000 men[2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n3,598 dead,\n7,004 wounded[3][4]\nunknown dead or wounded,\n4,000 captured[4]\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Canada", "United Kingdom", "German Empire" ]
4530362237087203291	Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3	Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 - Wikipedia Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ( 2011 TV series ) . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 Genre Romance Mystery Drama Created by Gul Khan Creative director ( s ) Gorky M Starring Barun Sobti Shivani Tomar Opening theme `` Rabba Ve '' by Amit Mishra Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 70 Production Producer ( s ) Gul Khan Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) 4 Lions Films Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 720i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 3 July ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) -- 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) External links Website www.hotstar.com/tv/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-3/14613 Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? 3 ( English : What Name Shall I Give To This Love ? 3 ) was an Indian Hindi romance drama finite television series that aired on Star Plus from 3 July 2017 to 6 October 2017 . The show starred Barun Sobti and Shivani Tomar in the lead roles of Advay and Chandni , and Ritu Shivpuri played the central antagonist as Chandni 's mother Indrani . The story is set in Allahabad and Mumbai in the same world as another Star Plus show , Ishqbaaaz . The series is the third incarnation of the Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? franchise made by 4 Lions Films . The show went off air on 6 October 2017 completing 70 Episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 References 4 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The show is the story of two childhood friends Dev and Chandni Yash Narayan Vashist , set in Allahabad . Dev 's father is the Mahant ( chief priest of a temple ) of a fictitious Shiv temple in Allahabad which is known for its hidden treasure . On the day of opening of the temple 's entrance door , an occasion which comes once every 16 years , Dev 's father is charged of changing the idol 's jewelry and Dev 's mother is accused of being a witch . Dev 's parents are killed by a mysterious person after which Chandni 's father the deputy Mahant ( Second in command chief priest of a temple ) becomes the Mahant . Dev is forced to run away with his younger brother Meeku . While travelling by train , Dev throws his brother out to save him from the mob . 16 years later , Dev has returned to Allahabad disguised as Advay Singh Raizada , a Maths Professor from a London university . Holding Chandni and her family responsible for what his family had to go through and his separation from his brother , he has returned to take revenge and destroy their lives . He buys the house the Vashishts are living in , also his childhood home , but lets them continue to stay while moving in with his staff , Murli and Shilpa . Chandini 's wedding has been fixed to a sleazy boy just because his family was going to pay off her stepmom 's huge debt . Advay saves her from the sleazeball every time , but also insults her and gets angry at her . Chandni is confused about his behaviour and why he hates her so much . He breaks up her wedding and later forcibly marries her by blackmailing her that he will reveal the truth of her child born out of wedlock , currently in an orphanage . Chandni agrees in order to save the respect of her mother and family but does n't tell Advay that the child is actually her sister 's . Advay anyway exposes this one day later in order to spoil the Vashist family 's reputation , throws them out of the house and uses it as a pretext to disown Chandni . But his Nani comes and asks Chandni to come with her to Mumbai where Advay stays with his Maasi , cousin Pooja and nephew Adi . Nani believes Chandni 's innocence and only her to be the one capable of removing the hatred filled in his heart to bring back Dev . She asks Chandni to be a faithful wife and never leave him no matter what happens . After all misunderstood clear , the truth came out font of Chandni and Advay . Chandni arrested her mother and find back Meeku to Advay . The story ends with Advay accepted Chandni as his wife , Meeku and Shikha gets together as life partner . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Barun Sobti as Advay Singh Raizada / Dev , Chandni 's husband , a Maths Professor & businessman he is the heir of the Raizada industry . He came back for revenge from Vashishth family . He 's childhood name Dev , Chandin 's childhood friend & Meeku 's elder brother , Pooja 's cousin , Adi 's chiku uncle . Shivani Tomar as Chandni Advay Singh Raizada ( née Narayan Vashishth ) Advay 's wife , a kindly person . Dev 's childhood friend , Shikha & Meghna 's elder step - sister , Adi 's Aunty . She is also lover of Dev . Recurring cast ( edit ) Rishika Mihani as Pooja Raizada , Advay 's cousin , Aditya 's mother , the women who always support Chandni . Ritu Chaudhary as Leela Raizada , Advay 's aunt , Pooja 's mother , Aditya 's grandmother , the women who hate Vashishth family . Kabir Altaf Shah as Aditya ( Adi ) , Advay 's nephew , Pooja 's son , a cute & innocent boy who always support his Chandni aunty . Smriti Khanna as Sasha , Advay 's ex-girlfriend , the cheap women who want to try to kill Chandni . Reyhna Malhotra as Svetlana Kapoor , Sasha 's friend & crime patner , supporting in crime with her friend Sasha . Ritu Shivpuri as Indrani Narayan Vashishth , Chandni 's step - mother , Shikha & Meghna 's mother , Yash 's wife , Shakun & Kajal 's sister , Advay 's mother killer , the cheap women who try to sell her step - daughter for money . Ketki Kadam as Shikha Narayan Vashishth , Meghna 's sister , Chandni 's younger step - sister , a cunning & hard type girl . Shagun Sharma as Meghna Narayan Vashishth , Shikha 's sister , Chandni 's younger step - sister , a beautiful & cute girl , Mother 's of a illegitimate child . Sameer Dharmadhikari as Mahant , Advay & Meeku 's father ( Dead ) chief priest of a fictitious Shiv temple in Allahabad . Mitali Nag as Advay 's mother ( Dead ) She was killed by Indrani Randeep Malik as Veer / Rajveer Singh Raizada , Advay 's younger brother , a prank youtuber . Tarun Anand as Yash Narayan Vashishth , Indrani 's husband , Chandni , Meghna & Shikha 's father , the deputy Mahant , the man who los this memory . Jaswant Menaria as Rajit , Kajal 's husband , a cheap person , Shakun 's secret lover . Seema Azmi as Kajal , Indrani & Shakun 's sister , Rajit 's wife , supporting in crime with her sister 's . Salina Prakash as Shakun , Indrani & Kajal 's sister , Rajit 's secret lover , supporting in crime with her sister 's . Juhi Aslam as Shilpa , Advay 's assistant and spy , servent of Raizada house . Rupesh Kataria as PP , Chandini 's ex-fiancé , the cheap man who want to marry with Chandini for one night . Dimple Shaw as PP 's mother , the cheap women who want to make Chandini her daughter in law for her family 's heir . Guest stars ( edit ) Nakuul Mehta as Shivaay Singh Oberoi , Advay 's close friend , a special appearance for selling his another mansion to Advay . Badshah as himself ( 2017 ) a special appearance for Advay - Chandini 's wedding ceremony . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baddhan , Lakh ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Gul Khan confirms ' IPKKND 3 ' on Star Plus '' . BizAsia . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Akshata ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 : Bulleya singer Amit Mishra to sing title track of the Star Plus Show '' . India.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barun Sobti back on TV with Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon , says not interested in daily soaps only finite series '' . The Times of India . 2017 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anvita ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 's Shivani Tomar opens up about her character Chandni ; says damsels in distress good for ratings '' . India Today . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 latest promo : Ritu Shivpuri makes a grand entry as Indrani '' . Bollywoodlife. 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ritu Shivpuri feels like Gulshan Grover of small screen '' . The Times of India . 2017 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Gul Khan confirms Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 to go off air '' . The Times of India . 2017 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 on Hotstar Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 on IMDb ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Rishton Ka Chakravyuh Meri Durga Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Dance Champions The Great Indian Laughter Challenge Lip Sing Battle ( hide ) 4 Lions Flims TV Shows Geet ... Hui Sabse Parayi Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? Humse Hai Liife Suvreen Guggal -- Topper of The Year Arjun Qubool Hai Humsafars O Gujariya : Badlein Chal Duniya Adhuri Kahaani Hamari Kahani Hamari ... Dil Dosti Deewanepan Ki Ishqbaaaz Dil Boley Oberoi Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 Web Series Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? - Ek Jashn Tanhaiyan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iss_Pyaar_Ko_Kya_Naam_Doon_3&oldid=807695490 '' Categories : Star Plus television series Indian television series 2017 Indian television series debuts 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Indian drama television series Indian romance television series Indian mystery television series Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged Use Indian English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	iss pyar ko kya naam doon new season	[]	[]
-2457335264526110460	Claude Monet	Claude Monet - wikipedia Claude Monet Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Édouard Manet , another painter of the same era . `` Monet '' redirects here . For other uses , see Monet ( disambiguation ) . Claude Monet Claude Monet , photo by Nadar , 1899 Oscar - Claude Monet ( 1840 - 11 - 14 ) 14 November 1840 Paris , France 5 December 1926 ( 1926 - 12 - 05 ) ( aged 86 ) Giverny , France Nationality French Known for Painter Notable work Impression , Sunrise Rouen Cathedral series London Parliament series Water Lilies Haystacks Poplars Movement Impressionism Patron ( s ) Gustave Caillebotte , Ernest Hoschedé , Georges Clemenceau Oscar - Claude Monet ( / moʊˈneɪ / ; French : ( klod mɔnɛ ) ; 14 November 1840 -- 5 December 1926 ) was a founder of French Impressionist painting , and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement 's philosophy of expressing one 's perceptions before nature , especially as applied to plein - air landscape painting . The term `` Impressionism '' is derived from the title of his painting Impression , soleil levant ( Impression , Sunrise ) , which was exhibited in 1874 in the first of the independent exhibitions mounted by Monet and his associates as an alternative to the Salon de Paris . Monet 's ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons . From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny , where he purchased a house and property and began a vast landscaping project which included lily ponds that would become the subjects of his best - known works . In 1899 he began painting the water lilies , first in vertical views with a Japanese bridge as a central feature , and later in the series of large - scale paintings that was to occupy him continuously for the next 20 years of his life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Birth and childhood 1.2 Paris and Algeria 1.3 Impressionism 1.4 Franco - Prussian War and Argenteuil 1.5 Impressionism 1.6 Death of Camille 1.7 Vétheuil 2 Giverny 2.1 Monet 's house and garden 3 Last years 3.1 Failing sight 3.2 Death 4 Monet 's methods 5 Fame 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Biography Birth and childhood Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte , in the 9th arrondissement of Paris . He was the second son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet , both of them second - generation Parisians . On 20 May 1841 , he was baptized in the local parish church , Notre - Dame - de-Lorette , as Oscar - Claude , but his parents called him simply Oscar . ( He signed his juvenilia `` O. Monet '' . ) Despite being baptized Catholic , Monet later became an atheist . In 1845 , his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy . His father wanted him to go into the family 's ship - chandling and grocery business , but Monet wanted to become an artist . His mother was a singer , and supported Monet 's desire for a career in art . On 1 April 1851 , Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts . Locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures , which he would sell for ten to twenty francs . Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques - François Ochard , a former student of Jacques - Louis David . On the beaches of Normandy around 1856 he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin , who became his mentor and taught him to use oil paints . Boudin taught Monet `` en plein air '' ( outdoor ) techniques for painting . Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind . On 28 January 1857 , his mother died . At the age of sixteen , he left school and went to live with his widowed , childless aunt , Marie - Jeanne Lecadre . The Woman in the Green Dress , Camille Doncieux , 1866 , Kunsthalle Bremen Paris and Algeria When Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre , he witnessed painters copying from the old masters . Having brought his paints and other tools with him , he would instead go and sit by a window and paint what he saw . Monet was in Paris for several years and met other young painters , including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends and fellow Impressionists . After drawing a low ballot number in March 1861 , Monet was drafted into the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry ( Chasseurs d'Afrique ) in Algeria for a seven - year period of military service . His prosperous father could have purchased Monet 's exemption from conscription but declined to do so when his son refused to give up painting . While in Algeria Monet did only a few sketches of casbah scenes , a single landscape , and several portraits of officers , all of which have been lost . In a Le Temps interview of 1900 however he commented that the light and vivid colours of North Africa `` contained the germ of my future researches '' . After about a year of garrison duty in Algiers , Monet contracted typhoid fever and briefly went absent without leave . Following convalescence , Monet 's aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete a course at an art school . It is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind , whom Monet knew , may have prompted his aunt on this matter . Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at art schools , in 1862 Monet became a student of Charles Gleyre in Paris , where he met Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Frédéric Bazille and Alfred Sisley . Together they shared new approaches to art , painting the effects of light en plein air with broken colour and rapid brushstrokes , in what later came to be known as Impressionism . Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ( right section ) , 1865 -- 1866 , with Gustave Courbet , Frédéric Bazille and Camille Doncieux , first wife of the artist , Musée d'Orsay , Paris In January 1865 Monet was working on a version of Le déjeuner sur l'herbe , aiming to present it for hanging at the Salon , which had rejected Manet 's Le déjeuner sur l'herbe two years earlier . Monet 's painting was very large and could not be completed in time . ( It was later cut up , with parts now in different galleries . ) Monet submitted instead a painting of Camille or The Woman in the Green Dress ( La femme à la robe verte ) , one of many works using his future wife , Camille Doncieux , as his model . Both this painting and a small landscape were hung . The following year Monet used Camille for his model in Women in the Garden , and On the Bank of the Seine , Bennecourt in 1868 . Camille became pregnant and gave birth to their first child , Jean , in 1867 . Monet and Camille married on 28 June 1870 , just before the outbreak of the Franco - Prussian War , and , after their excursion to London and Zaandam , they moved to Argenteuil , in December 1871 . During this time Monet painted various works of modern life . He and Camille lived in poverty for most of this period . Following the successful exhibition of some maritime paintings , and the winning of a silver medal at Le Havre , Monet 's paintings were seized by creditors , from whom they were bought back by a shipping merchant , Gaudibert , who was also a patron of Boudin . Impressionism Impression , Sunrise ( Impression , soleil levant ) , 1872 ; the painting that gave its name to the style and artistic movement . Musée Marmottan Monet , Paris From the late 1860s , Monet and other like - minded artists met with rejection from the conservative Académie des Beaux - Arts , which held its annual exhibition at the Salon de Paris . During the latter part of 1873 , Monet , Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Camille Pissarro , and Alfred Sisley organized the Société anonyme des artistes peintres , sculpteurs et graveurs ( Anonymous Society of Painters , Sculptors , and Engravers ) to exhibit their artworks independently . At their first exhibition , held in April 1874 , Monet exhibited the work that was to give the group its lasting name . He was inspired by the style and subject matter of previous modern painters Camille Pissarro and Edouard Manet . Impression , Sunrise was painted in 1872 , depicting a Le Havre port landscape . From the painting 's title the art critic Louis Leroy , in his review , `` L'Exposition des Impressionnistes , '' which appeared in Le Charivari , coined the term `` Impressionism '' . It was intended as disparagement but the Impressionists appropriated the term for themselves . Franco - Prussian War and Argenteuil After the outbreak of the Franco - Prussian War ( 19 July 1870 ) , Monet and his family took refuge in England in September 1870 , where he studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner , both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet 's innovations in the study of colour . In the spring of 1871 , Monet 's works were refused authorisation for inclusion in the Royal Academy exhibition . In May 1871 , he left London to live in Zaandam , in the Netherlands , where he made twenty - five paintings ( and the police suspected him of revolutionary activities ) . He also paid a first visit to nearby Amsterdam . In October or November 1871 , he returned to France . From December 1871 to 1878 he lived at Argenteuil , a village on the right bank of the Seine river near Paris , and a popular Sunday - outing destination for Parisians , where he painted some of his best - known works . In 1873 , Monet purchased a small boat equipped to be used as a floating studio . From the boat studio Monet painted landscapes and also portraits of Édouard Manet and his wife ; Manet in turn depicted Monet painting aboard the boat , accompanied by Camille , in 1874 . In 1874 , he briefly returned to Holland . Impressionism Madame Monet in a Japanese kimono , 1875 , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston The first Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874 at 35 boulevard des Capucines , Paris , from 15 April to 15 May . The primary purpose of the participants was not so much to promote a new style , but to free themselves from the constraints of the Salon de Paris . The exhibition , open to anyone prepared to pay 60 francs , gave artists the opportunity to show their work without the interference of a jury . Renoir chaired the hanging committee and did most of the work himself , as others members failed to present themselves . In addition to Impression : Sunrise ( pictured above ) , Monet presented four oil paintings and seven pastels . Among the paintings he displayed was The Luncheon ( 1868 ) , which features Camille Doncieux and Jean Monet , and which had been rejected by the Paris Salon of 1870 . Also in this exhibition was a painting titled Boulevard des Capucines , a painting of the boulevard done from the photographer Nadar 's apartment at no . 35 . Monet painted the subject twice , and it is uncertain which of the two pictures , that now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow , or that in the Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City , was the painting that appeared in the groundbreaking 1874 exhibition , though more recently the Moscow picture has been favoured . Altogether , 165 works were exhibited in the exhibition , including 4 oils , 2 pastels and 3 watercolours by Morisot ; 6 oils and 1 pastel by Renoir ; 10 works by Degas ; 5 by Pissarro ; 3 by Cézanne ; and 3 by Guillaumin . Several works were on loan , including Cézanne 's Modern Olympia , Morisot 's Hide and Seek ( owned by Manet ) and 2 landscapes by Sisley that had been purchased by Durand - Ruel . The total attendance is estimated at 3500 , and some works did sell , though some exhibitors had placed their prices too high . Pissarro was asking 1000 francs for The Orchard and Monet the same for Impression : Sunrise , neither of which sold . Renoir failed to obtain the 500 francs he was asking for La Loge , but later sold it for 450 francs to Père Martin , dealer and supporter of the group . Paintings 1858 -- 1872 View at Rouelles , Le Havre 1858 , Private collection ; an early work showing the influence of Corot and Courbet Mouth of the Seine at Honfleur , 1865 , Norton Simon Foundation , Pasadena , CA ; indicates the influence of Dutch maritime painting . Women in the Garden , 1866 -- 1867 , Musée d'Orsay , Paris . Woman in a Garden , 1867 , Hermitage , St. Petersburg ; a study in the effect of sunlight and shadow on colour Garden at Sainte - Adresse ( `` Jardin à Sainte - Adresse '' ) , 1867 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York . The Luncheon , 1868 , Städel , which features Camille Doncieux and Jean Monet , was rejected by the Paris Salon of 1870 but included in the first Impressionists ' exhibition in 1874 . La Grenouillére 1869 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ; a small plein - air painting created with broad strokes of intense colour . The Magpie , 1868 -- 1869 . Musée d'Orsay , Paris ; one of Monet 's early attempts at capturing the effect of snow on the landscape . See also Snow at Argenteuil . Le port de Trouville ( Breakwater at Trouville , Low Tide ) , 1870 , Museum of Fine Arts , Budapest . La plage de Trouville , 1870 , National Gallery , London . The left figure may be Camille , on the right possibly the wife of Eugène Boudin , whose beach scenes influenced Monet . Jean Monet on his hobby horse , 1872 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York Springtime 1872 , Walters Art Museum Death of Camille Claude Monet , Camille Monet on her deathbed , 1879 , Musée d'Orsay , Paris Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Portrait of Claude Monet , 1875 , Musée d'Orsay In 1876 , Camille Monet became ill with tuberculosis . Their second son , Michel , was born on 17 March 1878 . This second child weakened her already fading health . In the summer of that year , the family moved to the village of Vétheuil where they shared a house with the family of Ernest Hoschedé , a wealthy department store owner and patron of the arts . In 1878 , Camille Monet was diagnosed with uterine cancer . She died on 5 September 1879 at the age of thirty - two . Monet made a study in oils of his dead wife . Many years later , Monet confessed to his friend Georges Clemenceau that his need to analyse colours was both the joy and torment of his life . He explained , I one day found myself looking at my beloved wife 's dead face and just systematically noting the colours according to an automatic reflex ! John Berger describes the work as `` a blizzard of white , grey , purplish paint ... a terrible blizzard of loss which will forever efface her features . In fact there can be very few death - bed paintings which have been so intensely felt or subjectively expressive . '' Vétheuil After several difficult months following the death of Camille , Monet began to create some of his best paintings of the 19th century . During the early 1880s , Monet painted several groups of landscapes and seascapes in what he considered to be campaigns to document the French countryside . These began to evolve into series of pictures in which he documented the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons . Monet 's friend Ernest Hoschedé became bankrupt , and left in 1878 for Belgium . After the death of Camille Monet in September 1879 , and while Monet continued to live in the house in Vétheuil , Alice Hoschedé helped Monet to raise his two sons , Jean and Michel . She took them to Paris to live alongside her own six children , Blanche ( who married Jean Monet ) , Germaine , Suzanne , Marthe , Jean - Pierre , and Jacques . In the spring of 1880 , Alice Hoschedé and all the children left Paris and rejoined Monet at Vétheuil . In 1881 , all of them moved to Poissy , which Monet hated . In April 1883 , looking out the window of the little train between Vernon and Gasny , he discovered Giverny in Normandy . Monet , Alice Hoschedé and the children moved to Vernon , then to the house in Giverny , where he planted a large garden and where he painted for much of the rest of his life . Following the death of her estranged husband , Monet married Alice Hoschedé in 1892 . Paintings 1873 -- 1879 Camille Monet on a Garden Bench , 1873 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York The Artist 's house at Argenteuil , 1873 , The Art Institute of Chicago Coquelicots , La promenade ( Poppies ) , 1873 , Musée d'Orsay , Paris Argenteuil , 1874 , National Gallery of Art , Washington D.C. The Studio Boat , 1874 , Kröller - Müller Museum , Otterlo , Netherlands Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son , 1875 Flowers on the riverbank at Argenteuil , 1877 , Pola Museum of Art , Japan Saint Lazare train station , Paris , 1877 , The Art Institute of Chicago Vétheuil in the Fog , 1879 , Musée Marmottan Monet , Paris Giverny Study of a Figure Outdoors : Woman with a Parasol , facing left , 1886 . Musée d'Orsay Monet 's house and garden Monet rented and eventually purchased a house and gardens in Giverny . At the beginning of May 1883 , Monet and his large family rented the home and 2 acres ( 0.81 ha ) from a local landowner . The house was situated near the main road between the towns of Vernon and Gasny at Giverny . There was a barn that doubled as a painting studio , orchards and a small garden . The house was close enough to the local schools for the children to attend , and the surrounding landscape offered many suitable motifs for Monet 's work . The family worked and built up the gardens , and Monet 's fortunes began to change for the better as his dealer , Paul Durand - Ruel , had increasing success in selling his paintings . By November 1890 , Monet was prosperous enough to buy the house , the surrounding buildings and the land for his gardens . During the 1890s , Monet built a greenhouse and a second studio , a spacious building well lit with skylights . Monet 's Garden 1989 Monet wrote daily instructions to his gardener , precise designs and layouts for plantings , and invoices for his floral purchases and his collection of botany books . As Monet 's wealth grew , his garden evolved . He remained its architect , even after he hired seven gardeners . Monet purchased additional land with a water meadow . In 1893 he began a vast landscaping project which included lily ponds that would become the subjects of his best - known works . White water lilies local to France were planted along with imported cultivars from South America and Egypt , resulting in a range of colours including yellow , blue and white lilies that turned pink with age . In 1899 he began painting the water lilies , first in vertical views with a Japanese bridge as a central feature , and later in the series of large - scale paintings that was to occupy him continuously for the next 20 years of his life . This scenery , with its alternating light and mirror - like reflections , became an integral part of his work . By the mid-1910s Monet had achieved : a completely new , fluid , and somewhat audacious style of painting in which the water - lily pond became the point of departure for an almost abstract art -- Gary Tinterow Monet 's garden In the Garden , 1895 , Collection E.G. Buehrle , Zürich Agapanthus , between 1914 and 1926 , Museum of Modern Art , New York The rose arches , Giverny , 1913 , private collection Water Lilies and the Japanese bridge , 1897 -- 99 , Princeton University Art Museum Water Lilies , 1906 , Art Institute of Chicago Water Lilies , Musée Marmottan Monet Water Lilies , c. 1915 , Neue Pinakothek , Munich Water Lilies , c. 1915 , Musée Marmottan Monet Last years Monet , right , in his garden at Giverny , 1922 Failing Sight Monet 's second wife , Alice , died in 1911 , and his oldest son Jean , who had married Alice 's daughter Blanche , Monet 's particular favourite , died in 1914 . After Alice died , Blanche looked after and cared for Monet . It was during this time that Monet began to develop the first signs of cataracts . During World War I , in which his younger son Michel served and his friend and admirer Georges Clemenceau led the French nation , Monet painted a series of weeping willow trees as homage to the French fallen soldiers . In 1923 , he underwent two operations to remove his cataracts . The paintings done while the cataracts affected his vision have a general reddish tone , which is characteristic of the vision of cataract victims . It may also be that after surgery he was able to see certain ultraviolet wavelengths of light that are normally excluded by the lens of the eye ; this may have had an effect on the colours he perceived . After his operations he even repainted some of these paintings , with bluer water lilies than before . Death Monet family grave at Giverny Monet died of lung cancer on 5 December 1926 at the age of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery . Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple ; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony . His home , garden , and waterlily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel , his only heir , to the French Academy of Fine Arts ( part of the Institut de France ) in 1966 . Through the Fondation Claude Monet , the house and gardens were opened for visits in 1980 , following restoration . In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life , the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints . The house and garden , along with the Museum of Impressionism , are major attractions in Giverny , which hosts tourists from all over the world . Monet 's late paintings Water Lilies and Reflections of a Willow ( 1916 -- 19 ) , Musée Marmottan Monet Water - Lily Pond and Weeping Willow , 1916 -- 1919 , Sale Christie 's New York , 1998 Weeping Willow , 1918 -- 1919 , Columbus Museum of Art Weeping Willow , 1918 -- 1919 , Kimball Art Museum , Fort Worth , Monet 's Weeping Willow paintings were an homage to the fallen French soldiers of World War I House Among the Roses , between 1917 and 1919 , Albertina , Vienna The Rose Walk , Giverny , 1920 -- 22 , Musée Marmottan Monet The Japanese Footbridge , 1920 -- 22 , Museum of Modern Art The Garden at Giverny Monet 's methods Rouen Cathedral at sunset , 1893 , Musée Marmottan Monet . An example of the Rouen Cathedral Series . Monet has been described as `` the driving force behind Impressionism '' . Crucial to the art of the Impressionist painters was the understanding of the effects of light on the local colour of objects , and the effects of the juxtaposition of colours with each other . Monet 's long career as a painter was spent in the pursuit of this aim . In 1856 , his chance meeting with Eugene Boudin , a painter of small beach scenes , opened his eyes to the possibility of plein - air painting . From that time , with a short interruption for military service , he dedicated himself to searching for new and improved methods of painterly expression . To this end , as a young man , he visited the Paris Salon and familiarised himself with the works of older painters , and made friends with other young artists . The five years that he spent at Argenteuil , spending much time on the River Seine in a little floating studio , were formative in his study of the effects of light and reflections . He began to think in terms of colours and shapes rather than scenes and objects . He used bright colours in dabs and dashes and squiggles of paint . Having rejected the academic teachings of Gleyre 's studio , he freed himself from theory , saying `` I like to paint as a bird sings . '' In 1877 a series of paintings at St - Lazare Station had Monet looking at smoke and steam and the way that they affected colour and visibility , being sometimes opaque and sometimes translucent . He was to further use this study in the painting of the effects of mist and rain on the landscape . The study of the effects of atmosphere was to evolve into a number of series of paintings in which Monet repeatedly painted the same subject in different lights , at different hours of the day , and through the changes of weather and season . This process began in the 1880s and continued until the end of his life in 1926 . His first series exhibited as such was of Haystacks , painted from different points of view and at different times of the day . Fifteen of the paintings were exhibited at the Galerie Durand - Ruel in 1891 . In 1892 he produced what is probably his best - known series , twenty - six views of Rouen Cathedral . In these paintings Monet broke with painterly traditions by cropping the subject so that only a portion of the façade is seen on the canvas . The paintings do not focus on the grand Medieval building , but on the play of light and shade across its surface , transforming the solid masonry . Other series include Poplars , Mornings on the Seine , and the Water Lilies that were painted on his property at Giverny . Between 1883 and 1908 , Monet traveled to the Mediterranean , where he painted landmarks , landscapes , and seascapes , including a series of paintings in Venice . In London he painted four series : the Houses of Parliament , London , Charing Cross Bridge , Waterloo Bridge , and Views of Westminster Bridge . Helen Gardner writes : `` Monet , with a scientific precision , has given us an unparalleled and unexcelled record of the passing of time as seen in the movement of light over identical forms . '' Series of paintings La Gare Saint - Lazare , 1877 , Musée d'Orsay Arrival of the Normandy Train , Gare Saint - Lazare , 1877 , The Art Institute of Chicago The Cliffs at Etretat , 1885 , Clark Institute , Williamstown Sailboats behind the needle at Etretat , 1885 Two paintings from a series of grainstacks , 1890 -- 91 : Grainstacks in the Sunlight , Morning Effect , Grainstacks , end of day , Autumn , 1890 -- 1891 , Art Institute of Chicago Poplars ( Autumn ) , 1891 , Philadelphia Museum of Art Poplars at the River Epte , 1891 Tate The Seine Near Giverny , 1897 , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Morning on the Seine , 1898 , National Museum of Western Art Charing Cross Bridge , 1899 , Thyssen - Bornemisza Museum Madrid Charing Cross Bridge , London , 1899 -- 1901 , Saint Louis Art Museum Two paintings from a series of The Houses of Parliament , London , 1900 -- 01 , Art Institute of Chicago London , Houses of Parliament . The Sun Shining through the Fog , 1904 , Musée d'Orsay Grand Canal , Venice , 1908 , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Grand Canal , Venice , 1908 , Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Fame In 2004 , London , the Parliament , Effects of Sun in the Fog ( Londres , le Parlement , trouée de soleil dans le brouillard ) ( 1904 ) , sold for US $20.1 million . In 2006 , the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society published a paper providing evidence that these were painted in situ at St Thomas ' Hospital over the river Thames . Falaises près de Dieppe ( Cliffs near Dieppe ) has been stolen on two separate occasions : once in 1998 ( in which the museum 's curator was convicted of the theft and jailed for five years and two months along with two accomplices ) and most recently in August 2007 . It was recovered in June 2008 . Monet 's Le Pont du chemin de fer à Argenteuil , an 1873 painting of a railway bridge spanning the Seine near Paris , was bought by an anonymous telephone bidder for a record $41.4 million at Christie 's auction in New York on 6 May 2008 . The previous record for his painting stood at $36.5 million . Just a few weeks later , Le bassin aux nymphéas ( from the water lilies series ) sold at Christie 's 24 June 2008 auction in London , lot 19 , for £ 36,500,000 ( $71,892,376.34 ) ( hammer price ) or £ 40,921,250 ( $80,451,178 ) with fees , nearly doubling the record for the artist and representing one of the top 20 highest prices paid for a painting at the time . In October 2013 , Monet 's paintings , L'Eglise de Vetheuil and Le Bassin aux Nympheas , became subjects of a legal case in New York against NY - based Vilma Bautista , one - time aide to Imelda Marcos , wife of dictator Ferdinand Marcos , after she sold Le Bassin aux Nympheas for $32 million to a Swiss buyer . The said Monet paintings , along with two others , were acquired by Imelda during her husband 's presidency and allegedly bought using the nation 's funds . Bautista 's lawyer claimed that the aide sold the painting for Imelda but did not have a chance to give her the money . The Philippine government seeks the return of the painting . Le Bassin aux Nympheas , also known as Japanese Footbridge over the Water - Lily Pond at Giverny , is part of Monet 's famed Water Lilies series . Series of water lilies in different lights Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas , 1919 . Monet 's late series of Waterlily paintings are among his best - known works . Water Lilies , 1919 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York Water Lilies , 1917 -- 1919 , Honolulu Museum of Art Water lilies ( Yellow Nirwana ) , 1920 , The National Gallery , London , London Water Lilies , circa 1915 -- 26 , Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art The Water Lily Pond , c. 1917 -- 19 , Albertina , Vienna See also Book : Key artists List of works by Claude Monet History of painting Western painting References Jump up ^ House , John , et al. : Monet in the 20th century , page 2 , Yale University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Claude MONET biography '' . Giverny.org. 2 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.artinthepicture.com/styles/Impressionism/ Jump up ^ http://site.artsheaven.com/blog/style-and-vision-of-claude-monet-impressionist-paintings/ ^ Jump up to : P. Tucker Claude Monet : Life and Art , p. 5 Jump up ^ S. Patin , Monet `` un œil ... mais bon Dieu , quel œil ! '' , Collection Découvertes Gallimard ( n ° 131 ) . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Steven Z . Levine ( 1994 ) . `` 6 '' . Monet , Narcissus , and Self - Reflection : The Modernist Myth of the Self ( 2 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 66 . ISBN 9780226475431 . Much closer to Monet 's own atheism and pessimism is Schopenhauer , already introduced to the impressionist circle in the criticism of Theodore Duret in the 1870s and whose influence in France was at its peak in 1886 , the year of The World as Will and Idea . Jump up ^ Ruth Butler ( 2008 ) . Hidden in the Shadow of the Master : the Model - wives of Cézanne , Monet , and Rodin . Yale University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 9780300149531 . Then Monet took the end of his brush and drew some long straight strokes in the wet pigment across her chest . It 's not clear , and probably not consciously intended by the atheist Claude Monet , but somehow the suggestion of a Cross lies there on her body . Jump up ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica . Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1974 - 01 - 01 . p. 347 . ISBN 9780852292907 . Jump up ^ `` Claude Monet Biography '' . www.biography.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Biography for Claude Monet Archived 20 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Guggenheim Collection . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Tinterow , Gary ( 1994 ) . Origins of Impressionism . Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9780870997174 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Meyers , `` Monet in Algeria '' , pp 19 -- 24 `` History Today '' April 2015 Jump up ^ Musée d'Orsay , Le déjeuner sur l'herbe , Notice de l'œuvre , Iconographie ^ Jump up to : Charles F. Stuckey , p. 11 -- 16 Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . Metmuseum.org . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Stuckey `` Monet , a Retrospective '' , Hugh Lauter Levin Associates , 195 Jump up ^ Haine , Scott . The History of France ( 1st ed . ) . Greenwood Press . p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30328 - 2 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ From John Rewald , The History of Impressionism Jump up ^ Impressionism : A Centenary Exhibition , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , December 12 , 1974 -- February 10 , 1975 , Anne Distel , Metropolitan Museum of Art ( New York , N.Y. ) Jump up ^ Impressionism -- Overview ARTinthePICTURE.com . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Monet , Claude Nicolas Pioch , www.ibiblio.org , 19 September 2002 . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . Jump up ^ The texts of seven police reports , written on 2 June -- 9 October 1871 are included in Monet in Holland , the catalog of an exhibition in the Amsterdam Van Gogh Museum ( 1986 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wattenmaker , Richard J. ; Distel , Anne , et al. ( 1993 ) . Great French Paintings from the Barnes Foundation . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40963 - 7 Jump up ^ His paintings are shown and discussed here `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 08 ... ^ Jump up to : Bernard Denvir , The Chronicle of Impressionism : A Timeline History of Impressionist Art , Bulfinch Press Book , 1993 ^ Jump up to : Bernard Denvir , The chronicle of impressionism : an intimate diary of the lives and world of the great artists , Thames & Hudson , Limited , 1993 ^ Jump up to : archives , Notes for `` The First Impressionist Exhibition , 1874 '' Jump up ^ Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie , Frankfurt am Main Jump up ^ Nathalia Brodskaya , Claude Monet , Parkstone International , Jul 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Nathalia Brodskaïa , Impressionism , Parkstone International , 2010 Jump up ^ Norton Simon Museum Jump up ^ Musée d'Orsay Jump up ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art Jump up ^ Städel Jump up ^ La Grenouillère at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Jump up ^ Le port de Trouville , Museum of Fine Arts , Budapest Jump up ^ La plage de Trouville , 1870 , National Gallery , London Jump up ^ Jiminez , Jill Berk ( 2013 ) . Dictionary of Artists ' Models . Routledge . p. 165 . ISBN 1135959145 . Jump up ^ Rose - Marie Hagen ; Rainer Hagen ( 2003 ) . What Great Paintings Say . Taschen . p. 391 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8228 - 1372 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Monet and Camille , Biography '' . Intermonet.com. 2006 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` La Japonaise '' . artelino . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ http://members.aol.com/wwjohnston/camille.htm Jump up ^ Berger , John ( 1985 ) . The Eyes of Claude Monet from Sense of Sight . New York : Pantheon Books . pp. 194 -- 195 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73722 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Oscar - Claude Monet , The Life and Work of Claude Monet '' . Monetalia.com . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Merrill Mount , Monet a biography , Simon & Schuster publisher , copyright 1966 , pp. 309 -- 322 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monet 's Village '' . Giverny. 24 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Merrill Mount , Monet a biography , Simon & Schuster publisher , copyright 1966 , p326 . Jump up ^ Mary Mathews Gedo , Monet and His Muse : Camille Monet in the Artist 's Life , University of Chicago Press , 30 September 2010 , ISBN 9780226284804 Jump up ^ Garrett , Robert ( 20 May 2007 ) . `` Monet 's gardens a draw to Giverny and to his art '' . Globe Correspondents . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Art Gallery of Victoria , Monet 's Garden Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , ( retrieved 16 December 2013 ) Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art , Water Lilies , Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Jump up ^ Gary Tinterow , Modern Europe , Metropolitan Museum of Art ( New York , N.Y. ) , Jan 1 , 1987 Jump up ^ Forge , Andrew , and Gordon , Robert , Monet , page 224 . Harry N. Abrams , 1989 . Jump up ^ Let the light shine in Guardian News , 30 May 2002 . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . Jump up ^ P. Tucker Claude Monet : Life and Art , p. 224 Jump up ^ `` Historical record '' . Fondation-monet.fr . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Guy ( 1986 ) . Impressionist Painters . Octopus Books . ISBN 9780706426601 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Helen ( 1995 ) . Art through the Ages ( 10th Reiss ed . ) . Harcourt College Pub . p. 669 . ISBN 978 - 0155011410 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 130 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 132 Jump up ^ Jennings p. 137 Jump up ^ Helen Gardner , Art through the Ages , p. 669 Jump up ^ Art Institute of Chicago Jump up ^ Monet 's masterpiece reaches record high bid Archived 17 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . newsfromrussia.com , 5 November 2004 . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Monet Thumbnails Pg 1 Special reports '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monet and Others Stolen in Museum Heist in Nice '' . artforum.com. 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` French police recover stolen Monet painting '' . artforum.com. 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Record Price for Monet at Auction '' . New York Times . 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas '' . Christies of London . 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Monet work auctioned for £ 40.9 m '' . BBC News . 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ex-Imelda Marcos aide on trial in NYC for selling Monet work . Associated Press . 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Further reading Howard , Michael The Treasures of Monet . ( Musée Marmottan Monet , Paris , 2007 ) . Kendall , Richard Monet by Himself , ( Macdonald & Co 1989 , updated Time Warner Books 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 316 - 72801 - 2 Monet 's years at Giverny : Beyond Impressionism . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 1336 - 3 . ( full text PDF available ) Stuckey , Charles F. , Monet , a retrospective , Bay Books , ( 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 85835 - 905 - 7 Tucker , Paul Hayes , Monet in the ' 90s . ( Museum of Fine Arts in association with Yale University Press , New Haven and London , 1989 ) . Tucker , Paul Hayes Claude Monet : Life and Art Amilcare Pizzi , Italy 1995 ISBN 0 - 300 - 06298 - 2 Tucker , Paul Hayes , Monet in the 20th century . ( Royal Academy of Arts , London , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston and Yale University press . 1998 ) . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Claude Monet Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claude Monet . Claude Monet at the Museum of Modern Art Works by or about Claude Monet at Internet Archive Claude Monet , Ministère de la culture et de la communication Claude Monet , Joconde , Portail des collections des musées de France Monet at Giverny Union List of Artist Names , Getty Vocabularies Claude Monet at The Guggenheim Impressionism : a centenary exhibition , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art ( fully available online as PDF ) , which contains material on Monet ( p. 131 -- 167 ) Claude Monet Works Women in the Garden ( 1866 ) Garden at Sainte - Adresse ( 1867 ) Regatta at Sainte - Adresse ( 1867 ) L'Enfant a la tasse ( 1868 ) The Magpie ( 1868 ) Bain à la Grenouillère ( 1869 ) Impression , Sunrise ( 1872 ) Springtime ( 1872 ) Boulevard des Capucines ( 1873 ) Argenteuil Basin with a Single Sailboat ( 1874 ) Snow at Argenteuil ( 1875 ) Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son ( 1875 ) Bords de la Seine à Argenteuil ( 1875 ) Beach in Pourville ( 1882 ) Portrait of Père Paul ( 1882 ) The Cliff Walk at Pourville ( 1882 ) Stormy Sea in Étretat ( 1883 ) Boating on the River Epte ( 1890 ) Le Jardin de l'artiste à Giverny ( 1900 ) San Giorgio Maggiore at Dusk ( 1908 ) The Doge 's Palace Seen from San Giorgio Maggiore ( 1908 ) Le Grand Canal ( 1908 ) Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas ( 1919 ) Water Lilies ( 1919 ) Painting series Haystacks ( 1890 -- 91 ) Poplars ( 1891 ) Rouen Cathedral ( 1892 -- 94 ) Charing Cross Bridge ( 1899 -- 1904 ) Houses of Parliament ( 1900 -- 05 ) Water Lilies People Camille Doncieux ( first wife ) Alice Hoschedé ( second wife ) Suzanne Hoschedé ( step - daughter ) Blanche Hoschedé Monet ( step - daughter and daughter - in - law ) Jean Monet ( son b. 1867 ) Michel Monet ( son b. 1878 ) Theodore Earl Butler ( son - in - law who married Monet 's step - daughters , Suzanne and Marthe ) Jacques - François Ochard ( teacher ) Eugène Boudin ( teacher ) Ernest Hoschedé ( patron ) Paul Durand - Ruel ( dealer ) Places Monet 's home and gardens Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Marmottan Monet Impressionism Originators Frédéric Bazille Eugène Boudin Gustave Caillebotte Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Edgar Degas Armand Guillaumin Édouard Manet Claude Monet Berthe Morisot Camille Pissarro Pierre - Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley Patrons Gustave Caillebotte Henry O. Havemeyer Ernest Hoschedé Dealers Paul Durand - Ruel Georges Petit Ambroise Vollard American artists William Merritt Chase Frederick Carl Frieseke Childe Hassam Willard Metcalf Lilla Cabot Perry Theodore Robinson John Henry Twachtman J. Alden Weir Canadian artists Henri Beau William Blair Bruce William Brymner Marc - Aurèle de Foy Suzor - Coté Maurice Galbraith Cullen Helen Galloway McNicoll James Wilson Morrice Robert Wakeham Pilot Other artists Marie Bracquemond Giovanni Battista Ciolina Lovis Corinth Antoine Guillemet Nazmi Ziya Güran Max Liebermann Laura Muntz Lyall Konstantin Korovin Henry Moret Francisco Oller Władysław Podkowiński John Peter Russell Valentin Serov Max Slevogt Joaquín Sorolla Philip Wilson Steer Eliseu Visconti Other media Music Literature French Impressionist Cinema See also American Impressionism The Ten California Impressionism Pennsylvania Impressionism Canadian Impressionism Heidelberg School Amsterdam Impressionism Decorative Impressionism Post-Impressionism Related The Impressionists ( 2006 drama ) VIAF : 24605513 LCCN : n79055527 ISNI : 0000 0001 2124 4328 GND : 11858345X SELIBR : 207632 SUDOC : 027329739 BNF : cb11916491r ( data ) ULAN : 500019484 NLA : 35358556 NDL : 00450326 NKC : jn20000701254 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 076507 BNE : XX988583 KulturNav : 37de77b4 - 4828 - 4d49 - b1ff - 99e8eafdf26b RKD : 56860 IATH : w6th8t80 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude_Monet&oldid=811403117 '' Categories : Claude Monet 1840 births 1926 deaths 19th - century French painters French male painters 20th - century French painters Alumni of the École des Beaux - Arts Artists from Paris Deaths from cancer in France Deaths from lung cancer French atheists French Impressionist painters People from Le Havre Burials in France People with cataracts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles with hCards Articles with Internet Archive links AC with 16 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ქართული Қазақша Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 11 : 22 . 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-3928202648923839604	Independence Day (United States)	Independence Day ( United States ) - wikipedia Independence Day ( United States ) `` Fourth of July '' and `` 4th of July '' redirect here . For the date , see July 4 . For other uses , see Independence Day ( disambiguation ) . For other related material , see Fourth of July ( disambiguation ) . Independence Day Displays of fireworks , such as these over the Washington Monument in 1986 , take place across the United States on Independence Day . Also called The Fourth of July Observed by United States Type National Significance The day in 1776 that the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress Celebrations Fireworks , family reunions , concerts , barbecues , picnics , parades , baseball games Date July 4 Next time July 4 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 04 ) Frequency annual Independence Day ( colloquial : the Fourth of July ; July Fourth ; the Fourth ) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 . The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as free and independent states , the United States of America , and were no longer connected to the British Crown . The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier , on July 2 . Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks , parades , barbecues , carnivals , fairs , picnics , concerts , baseball games , family reunions , and political speeches and ceremonies , in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history , government , and traditions of the United States . Independence Day is the National Day of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Observance 3 Customs 4 Celebration gallery 5 Notable celebrations 6 Other countries 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background During the American Revolution , the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2 , when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain 's rule . After voting for independence , Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence , a statement explaining this decision , which had been prepared by a Committee of Five , with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author . Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration , finally approving it two days later on July 4 . A day earlier , John Adams had written to his wife Abigail : The second day of July , 1776 , will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America . I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival . It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance , by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade , with shows , games , sports , guns , bells , bonfires , and illuminations , from one end of this continent to the other , from this time forward forever more . Adams 's prediction was off by two days . From the outset , Americans celebrated independence on July 4 , the date shown on the much - publicized Declaration of Independence , rather than on July 2 , the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress . Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , even though Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day . Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption , on August 2 , 1776 , and not on July 4 as is commonly believed . Coincidentally , both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States , died on the same day : July 4 , 1826 , which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration . Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence , James Monroe , another Founding Father who was elected as President , also died on July 4 , 1831 . He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence . Calvin Coolidge , the 30th President , was born on July 4 , 1872 ; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day . Observance In 1777 , thirteen gunshots were fired in salute , once at morning and once again as evening fell , on July 4 in Bristol , Rhode Island . An article in July 18 , 1777 issue of The Virginia Gazette noted a celebration in Philadelphia in a manner a modern American would find familiar : an official dinner for the Continental Congress , toasts , 13 - gun salutes , speeches , prayers , music , parades , troop reviews , and fireworks . Ships in port were decked with red , white , and blue bunting . In 1778 , from his headquarters at Ross Hall , near New Brunswick , New Jersey , General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute ( feu de joie ) . Across the Atlantic Ocean , ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris , France . American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in 1902 Puck cartoon In 1779 , July 4 fell on a Sunday . The holiday was celebrated on Monday , July 5 . In 1781 , the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration . In 1783 , Salem , North Carolina held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy . The town claims to be the first public July 4 event , as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church , and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations . In 1870 , the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees . In 1938 , Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday . Customs An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration Fireworks on Independence Day in Goleta , California Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays . Similar to other summer - themed events , Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors . According to 5 U.S.C. § 6103 , Independence Day is a federal holiday , so all non-essential federal institutions ( such as the postal service and federal courts ) are closed on that day . Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation 's heritage , laws , history , society , and people . Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue ; many take advantage of the day off and , in some years , a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends . Decorations ( e.g. , streamers , balloons , and clothing ) are generally colored red , white , and blue , the colors of the American flag . Parades are often held in the morning , before family get - togethers , while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks , fairgrounds , or town squares . The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations , marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece . In New England , towns competed to build towering pyramids , assembled from barrels and casks . They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration . The highest were in Salem , Massachusetts , with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels . These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded . The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns . Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ; `` God Bless America '' ; `` America the Beautiful '' ; `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' ; `` This Land Is Your Land '' ; `` Stars and Stripes Forever '' ; and , regionally , `` Yankee Doodle '' in northeastern states and `` Dixie '' in southern states . Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812 . Independence Day Parade in Washington , D.C. Firework shows are held in many states , and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show . Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed . In addition , local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed . Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns . On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks , but professional displays ( such as those at sports events ) may still take place , if certain safety precautions have been taken . A salute of one gun for each state in the United States , called a `` salute to the union , '' is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base . New York City has the largest fireworks display in the country , with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded in 2009 . It generally holds displays in the East River . Other major displays are in Seattle on Lake Union ; in San Diego over Mission Bay ; in Boston on the Charles River ; in Philadelphia over the Philadelphia Museum of Art ; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay ; and on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. During the annual Windsor -- Detroit International Freedom Festival , Detroit , Michigan hosts one of the largest fireworks displays in North America , over the Detroit River , to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor , Ontario 's celebration of Canada Day . The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year , as many people use what is often a three - day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips . Celebration gallery Play media Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4 , 1940 In addition to a fireworks show , Miami , Florida , lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red , white and blue color scheme on Independence Day . New York City 's fireworks display , shown above over the East Village , is sponsored by Macy 's and is the largest in the country . A festively decorated Independence Day cake Notable celebrations Originally entitled Yankee Doodle , this is one of several versions of a scene painted by A. M. Willard that came to be known as The Spirit of ' 76 . Often imitated or parodied , it is a familiar symbol of American patriotism Held since 1785 , the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol , Rhode Island , is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States . Since 1868 , Seward , Nebraska , has held a celebration on the same town square . In 1979 Seward was designated `` America 's Official Fourth of July City - Small Town USA '' by resolution of Congress . Seward has also been proclaimed `` Nebraska 's Official Fourth of July City '' by Governor James Exon in proclamation . Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000 + during the July 4 celebrations . Since 1912 , the Rebild Society , a Danish - American friendship organization , has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish - Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark . Since 1959 , the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit , Michigan and Windsor , Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day ( July 1 ) . It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River . The famous Macy 's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976 . In 2009 , the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson 's exploration of that river . The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the `` Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular '' annually since 1973 . The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E , and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ - TV . WBZ / 1030 and WBZ - TV broadcast the entire event locally , and from 2002 through 2012 , CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime . The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013 , which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC 's encore presentation of the Macy 's fireworks . The national broadcast was revived for 2016 , and expanded to two hours . In 2017 , Bloomberg Television took over coverage duty , with WHDH carrying local coverage beginning in 2018 . On the Capitol lawn in Washington , D.C. , A Capitol Fourth , a free concert broadcast live by PBS , NPR and the American Forces Network , precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually . Other Countries The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence . July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day , and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962 . In 1964 , the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day . Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States . See also Holidays portal United States portal 1776 ( musical ) Constitution Day ( United States ) To the Fourth of July ( 1898 ) , poem `` What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July ? '' -- 1852 Frederick Douglass speech References ^ Jump up to : `` What is Independence Day in USA ? '' . Tech Notes . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Days of Countries '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . New Zealand . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency . `` National Holiday '' . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Holiday of Member States '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Becker , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( July 1 , 1917 ) . `` How Declaration of Independence was Drafted '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . On the following day , when the formal vote of Congress was taken , the resolutions were approved by twelve Colonies -- all except New York . The original Colonies , therefore , became the United States of America on July 2 , 1776 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 , ' Had a Declaration ... ' '' . Adams Family Papers . Massachusetts Historical Society . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maier , Pauline ( August 7 , 1997 ) . `` Making Sense of the Fourth of July '' . American Heritage . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Edward Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 191 -- 96 . ISBN 1104991853 . Jump up ^ Warren , Charles ( July 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 3d. 2 ( 3 ) : 238 -- 272 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Myths About the Fourth of July ! '' . History News Network . George Mason University . June 30 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Becker , pp. 184 -- 85 . Jump up ^ For the minority scholarly argument that the Declaration was signed on July 4 , see Wilfred J. Ritz , `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' Archived August 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 , via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( 2012 ) . Thomas Jefferson : The Art of Power . Random House LLC . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 0679645368 . Jump up ^ `` James Monroe - U.S. Presidents '' . HISTORY.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Klein , Christopher ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` 8 Famous Figures Born on the Fourth of July '' . HISTORY.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2018 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` The First Celebrations '' . ^ Jump up to : Heintze , `` A Chronology of Notable Fourth of July Celebration Occurrences '' . Jump up ^ Graff , Michael ( November 2012 ) . `` Time Stands Still in Old Salem '' . Our State . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` How the Fourth of July was Designated as an ' Official ' Holiday '' . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` Federal Legislation Establishing the Fourth of July Holiday '' . Jump up ^ `` The Night Before the Fourth '' . The Atlantic . July 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the 21 - Gun Salute '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . October 3 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Biggest fireworks show in U.S. lights up sky Archived July 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , USA Today , July 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Samanta ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` 10 of the nation 's Best 4th of July Firework Shows '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newman , Stacy . `` Freedom Festival '' . Encyclopedia of Detroit . Detroit Historical Society . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AAA Chicago Projects Increase in Fourth of July Holiday Travelers '' Archived October 16 , 2012 , at WebCite , PR Newswire , 23 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Founder of America 's Oldest Fourth of July Celebration '' . First Congregational Church . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Seward Nebraska 4th of July '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Rebild Society . Rebild National Park Society . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Macy 's 4th of July Fireworks '' . Federated Department Stores . April 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Boston 's 4th of July Celebration '' . Boston 4 Celebrations Foundation . 2009 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James H. Burnett III . Boston gets a nonreality show : CBS broadcasts impossible views of 4th fireworks Archived April 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Boston Globe , July 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Powers , Martine ; Moskowitz , Eric ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` July 4 fireworks gala loses its national pop '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With CBS on board again , Keith Lockhart is ready to take over prime time '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7News partners with Bloomberg TV to air 2018 Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular '' . WHDH . June 21 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ A Capitol Fourth - The Concert Archived February 20 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS , accessed July 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ Philippine Republic Day , Official Gazette ( Philippines ) , archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 , retrieved July 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lindsey Galloway ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate American independence in Denmark '' . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2014 . Further reading Becker , Carl L. ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Criblez , Adam ( 2013 ) . Parading Patriotism : Independence Day Celebrations in the Urban Midwest , 1826 -- 1876 . DeKalb , IL : Northern Illinois University Press . Heintze , James R. `` Fourth of July Celebrations Database '' . American University of Washington , D.C . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Independence Day ( United States ) . Fourth of July Is Independence Day USA.gov , July 4 , 2014 U.S. Independence Day a Civic and Social Event U.S. State Department , June 22 , 2010 The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro by Frederick Douglass Fourth of July Orations Collection at the Division of Special Collections , Archives , and Rare Books , Ellis Library , University of Missouri The Fourth of July , Back in the Day -- slideshow by Life magazine Fourth of July 2015 Fireworks in New York City on Youtube Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the fourth of july become a legal federal holiday	[ "In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[18]\nIn 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[18]\nIn 1783, Salem, North Carolina held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy. The town claims to be the first public July 4 event, as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church, and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations.[19]\nIn 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[20]\nIn 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[21]" ]	[ "In 1870" ]
-8165341864829986294	Kobe Bryant	Kobe Bryant - wikipedia Kobe Bryant Kobe Bryant Bryant with the Lakers in 2015 ( 1978 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 212 lb ( 96 kg ) Career information High school Lower Merion ( Ardmore , Pennsylvania ) NBA draft 1996 / Round : 1 / Pick : 13th overall Selected by the Charlotte Hornets Playing career 1996 -- 2016 Position Shooting guard Number 8 , 24 Career history 1996 -- 2016 Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 5 × NBA champion ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) 2 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2009 , 2010 ) NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2008 ) 18 × NBA All - Star ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2016 ) 4 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) 11 × All - NBA First Team ( 2002 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2013 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2000 , 2001 ) 2 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1999 , 2005 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 -- 2011 ) 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2001 , 2002 , 2012 ) 2 × NBA scoring champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1997 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 1997 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 1996 ) Nos. 8 & 24 retired by Los Angeles Lakers Career statistics Points 33,643 ( 25.0 ppg ) Rebounds 7,047 ( 5.2 rpg ) Assists 6,306 ( 4.7 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas Team Kobe Bean Bryant ( born August 23 , 1978 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , 15 - time member of the All - NBA Team , and 12 - time member of the All - Defensive team . He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons and ranks third on the league 's all - time regular season scoring and fourth on the all - time postseason scoring list . He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career and is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time . Bryant is the first guard in NBA history to play for at least 20 seasons . The son of former NBA player Joe Bryant , Kobe Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania , where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country . He declared for the NBA draft upon graduation and was selected in the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets , who traded him to the Lakers . As a rookie , Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high - flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , and he was named an All - Star by his second season . Despite a feud between them , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002 . In 2003 , Bryant was accused of sexual assault in Colorado , but the charges were eventually dropped , and a civil suit was settled out of court . After the Lakers lost the 2004 NBA Finals , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat . Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers , and he led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In 2006 , he scored a career - high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second most points scored in a single game in league history behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Bryant was awarded the regular season 's Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) in 2008 . After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals , he led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010 , earning the Finals MVP Award on both occasions . He continued to be among the top players in the league through 2013 when the 34 - year - old Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon . Although he recovered , his play was limited the following two years by season - ending injuries to his knee and shoulder , respectively . Citing his physical decline , he announced that he would retire after the 2015 -- 16 season . At 34 years and 104 days of age , Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points . He became the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history on February 1 , 2010 , when he surpassed Jerry West . During his third year in the league , Bryant was chosen to start the All - Star Game , and he would continue to be selected to start that game for a record 18 consecutive appearances until his retirement . His four All - Star MVP Awards are tied for the most in NBA history . At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , he won gold medals as a member of the U.S. national team . Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s . In 2018 , Bryant won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for his film Dear Basketball . Contents 1 Early life and education 1.1 High school 2 Professional career 2.1 1996 NBA draft 2.2 Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 2.3 Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2.4 Coming up short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 2.6 Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 2.7 Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 2.8 Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 2.9 Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3 National team career 4 Player profile 5 NBA career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 Playoffs 6 Legacy 7 Off the court 7.1 Personal life 7.2 Sexual assault allegation 7.3 Endorsements 7.4 Music 7.5 Philanthropy 7.6 Kobe Inc . 7.7 Bryant - Stibel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early Life and education Bryant was born in 1978 in Philadelphia ; he was the youngest of three children and the only son of former NBA player Joe Bryant and Pamela Cox Bryant . He is also the maternal nephew of basketball player John `` Chubby '' Cox . His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe , Japan , which they saw on a restaurant menu . His middle name , Bean , is derived from his father 's nickname `` Jellybean '' . Bryant was raised Roman Catholic . When Bryant was six , his father retired from the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball at a lower level . Kobe became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak fluent Italian . During summers , he would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league . Bryant started playing basketball when he was 3 years old , and the Lakers were his favorite team when he was growing up . Bryant 's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games , which Bryant would study . At an early age , he also learned to play soccer and his favorite team was A.C. Milan . When Kobe 's father Joe retired as a player in 1991 , the family moved back to the United States . High school Bryant 's retired No. 33 jersey and banner at the Lower Merion High School gym . Bryant earned national recognition during a spectacular high school career at Lower Merion High School in Ardmore , which was located in the Philadelphia suburb of Lower Merion . He played on the varsity basketball team as a freshman . He became the first freshman in decades to start for Lower Merion 's varsity team , but the team finished with a 4 -- 20 record . The following three years , the Aces compiled a 77 -- 13 record , with Bryant playing all five positions . During his junior year , he averaged 31.1 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 5.2 assists and was named Pennsylvania Player of the Year , attracting attention from college recruiters in the process . Duke , Michigan , North Carolina and Villanova were at the top of his list ; however , when Kevin Garnett went in the first round of the 1995 NBA draft , he began considering going directly to the pros . At Adidas ABCD camp , Bryant earned the 1995 senior MVP award while playing alongside future NBA teammate Lamar Odom . While in high school , then 76ers coach John Lucas invited Bryant to work out and scrimmage with the team , where he played one - on - one with Jerry Stackhouse . In his senior year of high school , Bryant led the Aces to their first state championship in 53 years . During the run , he averaged 30.8 points , 12 rebounds , 6.5 assists , 4 steals , and 3.8 blocked shots in leading the Aces to a 31 -- 3 record . Bryant ended his high school career as Southeastern Pennsylvania 's all - time leading scorer at 2,883 points , surpassing both Wilt Chamberlain and Lionel Simmons . Bryant received several awards for his outstanding performance during his senior year at Lower Merion . The awards included being named Naismith High School Player of the Year , Gatorade Men 's National Basketball Player of the Year , a McDonald 's All - American , and a USA Today All - USA First Team player . Bryant 's varsity coach , Greg Downer , commented that he was `` a complete player who dominates '' and praised his work ethic , even as the team 's top player . In 1996 , Bryant took R&B singer Brandy to his senior prom , though the two were , and remain , just friends . Ultimately , however , the 17 - year - old Bryant made the decision to go directly into the NBA , only the sixth player in NBA history to do so . Bryant 's news was met with a lot of publicity at a time when prep - to - pro NBA players were not very common ( Garnett being the only exception in 20 years ) . His basketball skills and SAT score of 1080 would have ensured admission to any college he chose , but he did not officially visit any campuses . In 2012 , Bryant was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald 's All - Americans . Professional career 1996 NBA draft Prior to the 1996 NBA draft , Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles , where he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper and , according to then - Laker manager Jerry West , `` marched over these people '' . The Lakers were looking to trade their starting center Vlade Divac for a player 's draft rights in order to free up salary cap space to make an offer to free agent center Shaquille O'Neal . Bill Branch , the Hornets ' head scout at the time , said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection at # 13 to the Lakers the day before the draft . Prior to the trade agreement , the Hornets never considered drafting Bryant . During the draft , the Lakers told the Hornets whom to select minutes before the pick was made . Bryant was the first guard ever drafted directly out of high school . After the draft , the trade was put in jeopardy when Divac threatened to retire rather than be traded from Los Angeles . However , on June 30 , Divac relented on his threat and the trade was made final on July 9 , 1996 when the league 's offseason moratorium ended . Since Bryant was still 17 at the time , his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began . Bryant signed a three year rookie contract totalling $3.5 million . Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Bryant debuted in the Summer Pro League in Long Beach , California , scoring 25 points in front of a standing - room - only crowd . Defenders struggled to get in front of him , and his performance excited West and Lakers coach Del Harris . He scored 36 points in the finale and finished with averages of 24.5 points and 5.3 rebounds in four games . As a rookie in 1996 -- 97 , Bryant mostly came off the bench behind guards Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel . At the time he became the youngest player ever to play in an NBA game ( 18 years , 72 days ; a record since broken by Jermaine O'Neal and former teammate Andrew Bynum ) , and also became the youngest NBA starter ever ( 18 years , 158 days ) . Initially , Bryant played limited minutes , but as the season continued , he began to see some more playing time . By the end of the season , he averaged 15.5 minutes a game . During the All - Star weekend , Bryant participated in the Rookie Challenge and won the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , becoming the youngest dunk champion ever at the age of 18 . Bryant 's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All - Rookie Second Team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight . The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference semifinals in the playoffs against the Utah Jazz , when Bryant was pressed into a lead role at the end of Game 5 . Byron Scott missed the game with a sprained wrist , Robert Horry was ejected for fighting with Utah 's Jeff Hornacek , and Shaquille O'Neal fouled out with 1 : 46 remaining in the fourth quarter . Bryant shot four air balls at the end of the game ; the Jazz won 98 -- 93 in overtime to eliminate the Lakers 4 -- 1 . He first whiffed a game - winning 2 - point jump shot in the fourth quarter , and then misfired three three - point field goals in overtime , including two tying shots in the final minute . O'Neal commented that `` ( Bryant ) was the only guy who had the guts at the time to take shots like that . '' In Bryant 's second season , he received more playing time and began to show more of his abilities as a talented young guard . As a result , Bryant 's point averages more than doubled from 7.6 to 15.4 points per game . Bryant would see an increase in minutes when the Lakers `` played small '' , which would feature Bryant playing small forward alongside the guards he would usually back up . Bryant was the runner - up for the NBA 's Sixth Man of the Year Award , and through fan voting , he also became the youngest NBA All - Star starter in NBA history . He was joined by teammates O'Neal , Van Exel , and Jones , making it the first time since 1983 that four players on the same team were selected to play in the same All - Star Game . Bryant 's 15.4 points per game was the highest of any non-starter in the season . The 1998 -- 99 season marked Bryant 's emergence as a premier guard in the league . With starting guards Van Exel and Jones traded , Bryant started every game for the lockout - shortened 50 - game season . During the season , Bryant signed a 6 - year contract extension worth $70 million . This kept him with the Lakers until the end of the 2003 -- 04 season . Even at an early stage of his career , sportswriters were comparing his skills to those of Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson . The playoff results , however , were no better , as the Lakers were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Semifinals . Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Bryant taking a shot Bryant 's fortunes would improve when Phil Jackson took over as coach of the Lakers in 1999 . After years of steady improvement , Bryant became one of the premier shooting guards in the league , earning appearances in the league 's All - NBA , All - Star , and All - Defensive teams . The Lakers became championship contenders under Bryant and O'Neal , who formed a legendary center - guard combination . Jackson utilized the triangle offense that he implemented to win six championships with the Chicago Bulls ; this offense would help both Bryant and O'Neal rise to the elite class of the NBA . Three resulting championships were won consecutively in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 , further proving such a fact . Bryant was sidelined for six weeks prior to the start of the 1999 -- 2000 season due to a hand injury that he had incurred during a preseason game against the Washington Wizards . When Bryant was back and playing over 38 minutes a game , he had an increase in all statistical categories during the 1999 -- 2000 season . This included leading the team in assists per game and steals per game . The duo of O'Neal and Bryant backed with a strong bench led to the Lakers winning 67 games , tied for fifth-most in NBA history . This followed with O'Neal winning the MVP and Bryant being named to the All - NBA Team Second Team and All - NBA Defensive Team for the first time in his career ( the youngest player ever to receive defensive honors ) . While playing second fiddle to O'Neal in the playoffs , Bryant had some clutch performances including a 25 - point , 11 rebound , 7 assist , 4 block game in game 7 of the Western Conference finals against the Portland Trail Blazers . He also threw an alley - oop pass to O'Neal to clinch the game and the series . In the 2000 Finals against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant injured his ankle in the second quarter of Game 2 after landing on the Pacers ' Jalen Rose 's foot . Rose later admitted he placed his foot under Bryant intentionally . Bryant did not return to the game , and he also missed Game 3 due to the injury . In Game 4 , Bryant scored 22 points in the second half and led the team to an OT victory as O'Neal fouled out of the game . Bryant scored the winning shot to put the Lakers ahead 120 -- 118 . With a 116 -- 111 Game 6 victory , the Lakers won their first championship since 1988 . Statistically , the 2000 -- 01 season saw Bryant perform similarly to the previous year , but he averaged 6 more points a game ( 28.5 ) . It was also the year when disagreements between Bryant and O'Neal began to surface . Once again he led the team in assists with 5 per game . The Lakers , however , only won 56 games , an 11 - game drop off from last year . The Lakers would respond by going 15 -- 1 in the playoffs . They easily swept the Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings , and San Antonio Spurs to advance to the Finals , before losing their first game against the Philadelphia 76ers in OT . They would go on to win the next 4 games and bring their second championship to Los Angeles in as many seasons . During the playoffs , Bryant played heavy minutes which brought his stats up to 29.4 points , 7.3 rebounds , and 6.1 assists per game . In the playoffs , teammate O'Neal declared Bryant the best player in the league . Bryant ended up making the All NBA Second team and All NBA Defensive Team for the second year in a row . In addition , he was also voted to start in the NBA All - Star Game for the 3rd year in a row ( no game in 1999 ) . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Bryant played 80 games for the first time in his career . He continued his all - round play by averaging 25.2 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.5 assists per game . He also had a career - high 46.9 % shooting and once again led his team in assists . He claimed his first All - Star MVP trophy after a 31 - point performance in Philadelphia when he was loudly booed by fans as they had throughout the game , stemming from his earlier comment to a 76ers heckler during the Finals that the Lakers were `` going to cut your hearts out '' . While making the All - NBA Defensive team again , he was also promoted to the All - NBA First Team for the first time in his career . The Lakers won 58 games that year and finished second place in the Pacific Division behind in - state rival Sacramento Kings . Bryant was suspended one game after he punched Reggie Miller of the Indiana Pacers after the Lakers ' March 1 , 2002 victory over the Pacers . The road to the Finals would prove a lot tougher than the record run the Lakers had the previous year . While the Lakers swept the Blazers and defeated the Spurs 4 -- 1 in the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Lakers did not have home court advantage against the Sacramento Kings . The series would stretch to 7 games , the first time this happened to the Lakers since the 2000 Western Conference Finals . However , the Lakers were able to beat their division rivals and make their third consecutive NBA Finals appearance . In the 2002 Finals against the New Jersey Nets , Bryant averaged 26.8 points , 51.4 % shooting , 5.8 rebounds , 5.3 assists per game , which included scoring a quarter of the team 's points . At age 23 , Bryant became the youngest player to win three championships . Bryant 's play was notable and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games , specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs . This cemented Bryant 's reputation as a `` clutch player '' . Coming up Short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Bryant at the free - throw line , 2005 . In the 2002 -- 03 season , Bryant set an NBA record for three - pointers in a game on January 7 , 2003 , when he made 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics . He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run , posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February . In addition , he averaged 6.9 rebounds , 5.9 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , all career - highs to that point . Bryant was once again voted to both the All - NBA and All - Defensive 1st teams , and came in third place in voting for the MVP award . After finishing 50 -- 32 in the regular season , the Lakers floundered in the playoffs and lost in the Western Conference semi-finals in six games to the eventual NBA champions San Antonio Spurs . In the following 2003 -- 04 season , the Lakers were able to acquire NBA All - Stars Karl Malone , and Gary Payton to make another push at the NBA Championship . Bryant was arrested for sexual assault before the season began . This caused Bryant to miss some games due to court appearances or attend court earlier in the day and travel to play games later in same day . In the final game of the regular season , the Lakers played the Portland Trail Blazers . Bryant made two buzzer beaters to win the game and the Pacific Division title . At the end of the fourth quarter , Bryant made a 3 - pointer with 1.1 seconds left to send it into overtime . The game eventually went to a second overtime , in which Bryant made another 3 - pointer as time expired to lift the Lakers past the Blazers , 105 -- 104 . With a starting lineup of O'Neal , Malone , Payton , and Bryant , the Lakers were able to reach the NBA Finals . However , they were upset in five games by the Detroit Pistons , who won their first championship since 1990 . In that series , Bryant averaged 22.6 points per game and 4.4 assists . He shot 35.1 % from the field . Jackson 's contract as coach was not renewed , and Rudy Tomjanovich took over . O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom , Caron Butler , and Brian Grant . The following day , Bryant declined an offer to sign with the Los Angeles Clippers and re-signed a seven - year contract with the Lakers . Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Bryant was closely scrutinized and criticized during the 2004 -- 05 season with his reputation badly damaged from all that had happened over the previous year . A particularly damaging salvo came when Jackson wrote The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul . The book detailed the events of the Lakers ' tumultuous 2003 -- 04 season and has a number of criticisms of Bryant . In the book , Jackson called Bryant `` un-coachable '' . Midway through the season , Tomjanovich suddenly resigned as Lakers coach , citing the recurrence of health problems and exhaustion . Without Tomjanovich , stewardship of the remainder of the Lakers ' season fell to career assistant coach Frank Hamblen . Bryant was the league 's second - leading scorer at 27.6 points per game , but he was surrounded by a subpar supporting cast , and the Lakers went 34 -- 48 and missed the playoffs for the first time in over a decade . The year signified a drop in Bryant 's overall status in the NBA , as he did not make the NBA All - Defensive Team and was also demoted to the All - NBA Third Team . During the season , Bryant also engaged in public feuds with Malone and Ray Allen . The 2005 -- 06 NBA season marked a crossroads in Bryant 's basketball career . Despite past differences with Bryant , Jackson returned to coach the Lakers . Bryant endorsed the move , and by all appearances , the two men worked together well the second time around , leading the Lakers back into the playoffs . Bryant 's individual scoring accomplishments posted resulted in the finest statistical season of his career . On December 20 , 2005 , Bryant scored 62 points in three quarters against the Dallas Mavericks . Entering the fourth quarter , Bryant outscored the entire Mavericks team 62 -- 61 , the only time a player has done this through three quarters since the introduction of the shot clock . When the Lakers faced the Miami Heat on January 16 , 2006 , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game , signifying a change in the feud that had festered between them . A month later , at the 2006 NBA All - Star Game , the two were seen laughing together . Bryant scored a career - high of 81 - points against the Toronto Raptors in Staples Center , second - highest single scoring performance in NBA history , surpassed only by Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . On January 22 , 2006 , Bryant scored a career - high 81 points in a 122 -- 104 victory against the Toronto Raptors . In addition to breaking the previous franchise record of 71 set by Elgin Baylor , Bryant 's 81 - point game was the second - highest point total in NBA history , surpassed only by Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win , Bryant created his own shot -- mostly from the outside -- in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter . Chamberlain , playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful , accounted for 59 percent of his team 's points in Philadelphia 's 169 -- 147 win , compared to Bryant scoring 66 percent of the Lakers ' 122 points . In that same month , Bryant also became the first player since 1964 to score 45 points or more in four consecutive games , joining Chamberlain and Baylor as the only players ever to do so . For the month of January , Bryant averaged 43.4 points per game , the eighth highest single month scoring average in NBA history and highest for any player other than Chamberlain . By the end of the 2005 -- 06 season , Bryant set Lakers single - season franchise records for most 40 - point games ( 27 ) and most points scored ( 2,832 ) . He won the league 's scoring title for the first time by averaging 35.4 points per game , becoming just the fifth player in league history to average at least 35 in a season . Bryant finished in fourth place in the voting for the 2006 NBA Most Valuable Player Award but received 22 first place votes -- second only to winner Steve Nash . Later in the season , it was reported that Bryant would change his jersey number from 8 to 24 at the start of the 2006 -- 07 NBA season . Bryant 's first high school number was 24 before he switched to 33 . After the Lakers ' season ended , Bryant said on TNT that he wanted 24 as a rookie , but it was unavailable , as was 33 , retired with Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Bryant wore 143 at the Adidas ABCD camp and chose 8 by adding those numbers . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lakers played well enough to reach a 3 -- 1 series lead over the Phoenix Suns , culminating with Bryant 's overtime - forcing and game - winning shots in Game 4 . They came within six seconds of eliminating the second - seeded Suns in Game 6 , however , they lost that game 126 -- 118 in overtime . Despite Bryant 's 27.9 points per game in the series , the Lakers broke down and ultimately fell to the Suns in seven games . After scoring 50 points on 20 of 35 shooting in the Game 6 loss , Bryant was criticized for only taking three shots in the second half of the 121 -- 90 Game 7 loss to Phoenix . Bryant driving towards the basket During the 2006 -- 07 season , Bryant was selected to his 9th All - Star Game appearance , and on February 18 , he logged 31 points , 6 assists , and 6 steals , earning his second career All - Star Game MVP trophy . Over the course of the season , Bryant became involved in a number of on - court incidents . On January 28 while attempting to draw contact on a potential game - winning jump shot , he flailed his arm , striking San Antonio Spurs guard Manu Ginóbili in the face with his elbow . Following a league review , Bryant was suspended for the subsequent game at Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks . The basis given for the suspension was that Bryant had performed an `` unnatural motion '' in swinging his arm backward . Later , on March 6 , he seemed to repeat the motion , this time striking Minnesota Timberwolves guard Marko Jarić . On March 7 , the NBA handed Bryant his second one - game suspension . In his first game back on March 9 , he elbowed Kyle Korver in the face which was retroactively re-classified as a Type 1 flagrant foul . On March 16 , Bryant scored a season - high 65 points in a home game against the Portland Trail Blazers , which helped end the Lakers 7 - game losing streak . This was the second - best scoring performance of his 11 - year career . The following game , Bryant recorded 50 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves , after which he scored 60 points in a road win against the Memphis Grizzlies -- becoming the second Laker to score three straight 50 - plus point games , a feat not seen since Jordan last did it in 1987 . The only other Laker to do so was Baylor , who also scored 50 + in three consecutive contests in December 1962 . In the following day , in a game against the New Orleans Hornets , Bryant scored 50 points , making him the second player in NBA history to have four straight 50 - point games behind Chamberlain , who achieved it twice with streaks of five and seven . Bryant finished the year with a total of ten 50 - plus point games , matched only by Chamberlain . Bryant also won his second straight scoring title that season . Throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , his jersey became the top selling NBA jersey in the United States and China . A number of journalists have attributed the improved sales to Bryant 's new number , as well as his continuing All - Star performance on the court . In the 2007 NBA playoffs , the Lakers were once again eliminated in the first round by the Phoenix Suns , 4 -- 1 . Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) On May 27 , 2007 , ESPN reported that Bryant stated that he wanted to be traded if Jerry West did not return to the team with full authority . Bryant later confirmed his desire for West 's return to the franchise but denied stating that he would want to be traded if that does not occur . However , three days later , on Stephen A. Smith 's radio program , Bryant expressed anger over a Lakers `` insider '' who claimed that Bryant was responsible for Shaquille O'Neal 's departure from the team , and publicly stated , `` I want to be traded . '' Three hours after making that statement , Bryant stated in another interview that after having a conversation with head coach Jackson , he had reconsidered his decision and backed off his trade request . Bryant was later shown in an infamous amateur video saying that center Andrew Bynum should have been traded for All - Star Jason Kidd . Bryant 's Lakers lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games during the 2008 NBA Finals . On December 23 , 2007 , Bryant became the youngest player ( 29 years , 122 days ) to reach 20,000 points , in a game against the New York Knicks , in Madison Square Garden . This record has since been broken by LeBron James . Despite an injury to his shooting hand 's small finger , described as `` a complete tear of the radial collateral ligament , an avulsion fracture , and a volar plate injury at the MCP joint '' that occurred in a game on February 5 , 2008 , Bryant played all 82 games of the regular season instead of opting for surgery . Regarding his injury , he stated , `` I would prefer to delay any surgical procedure until after our Lakers season , and this summer 's Olympic Games . But , this is an injury that myself ( sic ) and the Lakers ' medical staff will just have to continue to monitor on a day - to - day basis . '' In early September 2008 , Bryant decided not to have surgery to repair the injury . Aided by the signing of Spanish All - Star Pau Gasol , Bryant leads his team to a West best 57 -- 25 record . The Lakers swept the Nuggets in the first round and on May 6 , 2008 , and Bryant was officially announced as the league MVP . He said , `` It 's been a long ride . I 'm very proud to represent this organization , to represent this city . '' West , who was responsible for bringing Bryant to the Lakers , was on hand at the press conference to observe Bryant receive his MVP trophy from NBA commissioner David Stern . He stated , `` Kobe deserved it . He 's had just another great season . Does n't surprise me one bit . '' In addition to winning his MVP award , Bryant was the only unanimous selection to the All - NBA team on May 8 , 2008 , for the third straight season and sixth time in his career . He would then headline the NBA All - Defensive First Team with Kevin Garnett , receiving 52 points overall including 24 first - place nods , earning his eighth selection . The Lakers concluded the 2007 -- 08 regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , finishing first in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first - round contest against the Nuggets . In Game 1 , Bryant , who said he made himself a decoy through most of the game , scored 18 of his 32 points in the final 8 minutes to keep Los Angeles safely ahead . That made Denver the first 50 - win team to be swept out of the first round of the playoffs since the Memphis Grizzlies fell in four games to the San Antonio Spurs in 2004 . In the first game of the next round against the Jazz , Bryant scored 38 points as the Lakers beat the Jazz in Game 1 . The Lakers won the next game as well , but dropped Games 3 and 4 , even with Bryant putting up 33.5 points per game . The Lakers then won the next two games to win the semifinals in 6 . This set up a Western Conference Finals berth against the San Antonio Spurs . The Lakers defeated the Spurs in 5 games , sending themselves to the NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics . This marked the fifth time in Bryant 's career and the first time without O'Neal to go to the NBA Finals . The Lakers then lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games . Derek Fisher and Bryant with President Barack Obama during the White House visit honoring their Lakers ' 2009 championship In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Lakers opened the campaign by winning their first seven games . Bryant led the team to tie the franchise record for most wins to start the season going 17 -- 2 , and by the middle of December they compiled a 21 -- 3 record . He was selected to his eleventh consecutive All - Star Game as a starter , and was named the Western Conference Player of the Month for December and January in addition to being named Western Conference Player of the week three times . In a game against the Knicks on February 2 , 2009 , Bryant scored 61 points , setting a record for the most points scored at Madison Square Garden . During the 2009 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant tallied 27 points , 4 assists , 4 rebounds , and 4 steals was awarded All - Star Game co-MVP with former teammate O'Neal . The Lakers finished the regular season with the best record in the west ( 65 -- 17 ) . Bryant was runner - up in the MVP voting behind LeBron James , and was selected to the All - NBA First Team and All - Defensive First Team for the seventh time in his career . In the playoffs , the Lakers defeated the Utah Jazz in five games and the Houston Rockets in seven games in the opening two rounds . After finishing off the Denver Nuggets in the Conference Finals in six games , the Lakers earned their second straight trip to the NBA Finals where they defeated the Orlando Magic in five games . Bryant was awarded his first NBA Finals MVP trophy upon winning his fourth championship , achieving series averages of 32.4 points , 7.4 assists , 5.6 rebounds , 1.4 steals and 1.4 blocks . He became the first player since West in the 1969 NBA Finals to average at least 32.4 points and 7.4 assists for a finals series and the first since Jordan to average 30 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists for a title - winning team in the finals . Bryant shoots a left - handed floater over future teammate Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic on January 18 , 2010 . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Bryant made six game - winning shots including a buzzer - beating , one - legged 3 - pointer against the Miami Heat on December 4 , 2009 . Bryant considered the shot one of the luckiest he has made . A week later , Bryant suffered an avulsion fracture in his right index finger in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves . Despite the injury , Bryant elected to continue playing with it , rather than take any time off to rest the injury . Five days after his finger injury , he made another game - winning shot , after missing on an opportunity in regulation , this time against the Milwaukee Bucks in an overtime game . Bryant also became the youngest player ( 31 years , 151 days ) to reach 25,000 points during the season , surpassing Chamberlain . He continued his dominant clutch plays making yet another game - winning three - pointer against the Sacramento Kings , and what would be the game - winning field goal against the Boston Celtics . The following day , he surpassed West to become the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history . After being sidelined for five games from an ankle injury , Bryant made his return and made another clutch three - pointer to give the Lakers a one - point lead with four seconds remaining against the Memphis Grizzlies . Two weeks later , he made his sixth game - winning shot of the season against the Toronto Raptors . On April 2 , 2010 , Bryant signed a three - year contract extension worth $87 million . Bryant finished the regular season missing four of the final five games , due to injuries to his knee and finger . Bryant suffered multiple injuries throughout the season and as a result , missed nine games . The Lakers began the playoffs as the number one seed in the Western Conference against the Oklahoma City Thunder , eventually defeating them in six games . The Lakers swept the Utah Jazz in the second round and advanced to the Western Conference Finals , where they faced the Phoenix Suns . In Game 2 , Bryant finished the game with 13 assists , setting a new playoff career - high ; it was the most assists by a Laker in the playoffs since Magic Johnson had 13 in 1996 . The Lakers went on to win the series in six games capturing the Western Conference Championship and advancing to the NBA Finals for a third straight season . In a rematch against the 2008 Champion Boston Celtics , Bryant , despite shooting 6 for 24 from the field , led the Lakers back from a thirteen - point third quarter deficit in Game 7 to win the championship ; he scored 10 of his game - high 23 points in the fourth quarter and finished the game with 15 rebounds . Bryant won his fifth championship and earned his second consecutive NBA Finals MVP award . This marked the first time the Lakers won a Game 7 against the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals . Bryant said that this was the most satisfying of all of his five championships . Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Bryant and fellow Lakers meet with President Barack Obama in honor of the 2010 championship . Bryant wanted a sixth championship to match Jordan 's total . The Lakers started the 2010 -- 11 season by winning their first eight games . In his ninth game of the season , playing against the Denver Nuggets , Bryant became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 26,000 career points . Bryant also recorded his first triple - double since January 21 , 2009 . On January 30 against the Celtics , he became the youngest player to score 27,000 points . On February 1 , 2011 , Bryant became one of seven players with at least 25,000 points , 5,000 rebounds , and 5,000 assists . In Boston on February 10 , Bryant scored 20 of his 23 points in the second half as the Lakers rallied from an early 15 - point deficit for a 92 -- 86 win over the Celtics . It was the Lakers ' first victory of the season against one of the league 's top four teams , as they entered the game 0 -- 5 in previous matchups and had been outscored by an average of 11 points . Bryant , selected to his 13th straight All - Star game after becoming the leading vote - getter , had 37 points , 14 rebounds , and three steals in the 2011 All - Star Game and won his fourth All - Star MVP , tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All - Star MVP awards . During the season , Bryant moved from 12th to 6th place on the NBA all - time career scoring list , passing John Havlicek , Dominique Wilkins , Oscar Robertson , Hakeem Olajuwon , Elvin Hayes , and Moses Malone . Bryant finished the season averaging less than 20 shots a game , his fewest since the 2003 -- 04 season . On April 13 , 2011 , the NBA fined Bryant $100,000 for directing a gay slur at referee Bennie Adams in frustration in the previous day 's game . The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation praised the NBA 's decision to fine Bryant , and the Human Rights Campaign said that Bryant 's language was a `` disgrace '' and `` distasteful '' . Bryant stated that he was open to discussing the matter with gay rights groups and wanted to appeal his fine . He later apologized for the use of the word . Bryant and other Lakers appeared in a Lakers public service announcement denouncing his behavior . The team 's quest for another three - peat was ended when they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs . The Mavericks would go on to win the 2011 NBA Finals . Bryant wearing a mask in 2012 after suffering a broken nose . Bryant received experimental platelet - rich plasma therapy called Orthokine in Germany to treat the pain on his left knee and ankle , and Mike Brown replaced the retired Jackson as coach of the Lakers in the offseason . Bryant began the season playing with an injured wrist . On January 10 , 2012 , Bryant scored 48 points against the Suns , the most ever by a player in his 16th season . `` Not bad for the seventh - best player in the league '' , said Bryant , referring to a preseason ESPN ranking of the NBA 's top players . He went on to score 40 , 42 , and 42 in his next three games . It was the sixth time in his career he scored 40 or more points in four straight games , a feat exceeded only by Chamberlain ( 19 times ) . At the 2012 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant scored 27 points to pass Jordan as the career scoring leader in the All - Star Game . He also suffered a broken nose and a concussion in the third quarter of the All - Star Game after a hard foul from Dwyane Wade . In April , Bryant missed seven games with a bruised left shin . He returned three games before the end of the regular season . In the last game of the regular season , against Sacramento , he chose not to go for a possible third NBA scoring title , having needed 38 points to surpass Kevin Durant . The Lakers were knocked out of the playoffs by Durant 's Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs , losing in five games . The Lakers in 2012 -- 13 acquired center Dwight Howard and point guard Steve Nash . On November 2 , 2012 , Bryant scored 40 points with two steals , and he passed Magic Johnson ( 1,724 ) as the Lakers career leader in steals . However , the Lakers lost the game to the Clippers and started the season 0 -- 3 for the first time in 34 years and just the fourth time in franchise history . After starting the season 1 -- 4 , coach Brown was fired . He was replaced by Mike D'Antoni , who Bryant knew as a child when Bryant 's father was playing in Italy and D'Antoni was also a star player there . Bryant had grown close with D'Antoni during their time with Team USA . On December 5 against New Orleans , Bryant became the youngest player ( 34 years and 104 days ) in league history to score 30,000 points , joining Hall of Famers Chamberlain , Jordan , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , and Karl Malone as one of five players to reach that milestone . On December 18 , in a 101 -- 100 win over the Charlotte Bobcats , Bryant scored 30 + points in his seventh consecutive game , the longest streak ever by an NBA player after turning 34 years old ; it was the fourth - longest such streak in his career . His streak would be snapped at 10 on December 28 in a 104 -- 87 win over the Portland Trail Blazers , when he scored 27 points , sitting out the whole fourth quarter . In a move to improve the team 's defense , D'Antoni began having Bryant guard the opponent 's best perimeter player ; Bryant was the primary defender on the Cavaliers ' Kyrie Irving , who was held to 15 points . Bryant acknowledged he was a more focused defender when he had a challenging defensive assignment as opposed to when he played off the ball against weaker players . His defense disrupted opponents and freed Nash from unfavorable matchups . Bryant dunking against the Milwaukee Bucks , 2013 . Bryant was leading the league in scoring through much of the first 42 games . With a disappointing 17 -- 25 start to the season , D'Antoni had Bryant became the primary facilitator on offense and Nash was moved off the ball and became more of a spot - up shooter . In the next three games , Bryant had at least 10 assists in three wins with a three - game total of 39 assists , the most in his career . He missed a triple - double in each game with nine rebounds twice and eight in the other . In two crucial wins in March , he scored at least 40 points and had at least 10 assists in back - to - back games , becoming the first Laker to accomplish the feat since West in 1970 . With the Lakers fighting to secure the eighth and final playoff berth in the Western Conference , coupled with injuries on the team , Bryant began playing almost all 48 minutes each game . On April 10 , 2013 , Bryant became the first player in NBA history to get 47 points , eight rebounds , five assists , four blocks , and three steals in an NBA game . On April 12 , Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon against the Golden State Warriors , ending his season . His injury came while he was playing seven consecutive quarters and at least 40 minutes for seven consecutive games . The 34 - year - old Bryant was averaging his most minutes ( 38.6 ) in six years , and only Portland rookie Damian Lillard was averaging more minutes . Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak had spoken to Bryant about his extensive playing time 10 days earlier , but Bryant insisted the minutes needed to continue given the Lakers ' playoff push . Bryant had surgery on April 13 to repair the tear , and it was estimated he would miss six to nine months . He ended the season with his customary numbers scoring an average of 27.3 points , 46.3 percent shooting , 5.6 rebounds , and 6 assists . However , The New York Times called his leading of the Lakers back into playoff contention `` perhaps some of the finest work of his career . '' Eight times he reached 40 points during the season , and eleven times he had 10 or more assists in his role as distributor , dubbed `` Magic Mamba '' after the passing skills of Magic Johnson . Bryant 's assists were the second - highest of his career and his field goal percentage was its highest since 2008 -- 09 . The Lakers finished the season at 45 - 37 , good for seventh in the West . Playing without Bryant , the Lakers were swept in four games by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs . Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Bryant shooting against Marcin Gortat in 2014 Bryant resumed practicing in November 2013 , after the 2013 - 2014 season had already begun . On November 25 , he signed a two - year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million . He remained the league 's highest - paid player , although he accepted a discounted deal ; he had been eligible to receive an extension starting at $32 million per year . Bryant 's contract became a polarizing topic , with detractors arguing that stars should take less money to allow their team more financial freedom , while supporters countered that the NBA 's biggest stars were being paid less than their true value . Bryant resumed playing on December 8 after missing the season 's first 19 games . On December 17 , Bryant matched his season high of 21 points in a 96 -- 92 win over Memphis , but he suffered a lateral tibial plateau fracture in his left knee that was expected to sideline him for six weeks . He had played six games since returning from his Achilles injury , which included time at point guard after injuries to Nash , Steve Blake , and Jordan Farmar . Bryant was averaging 13.8 points , 6.3 assists , and 4.3 rebounds . Despite being sidelined , he was voted by fans to start in his 16th All - Star game . Bryant did not feel he was deserving of the selection , and some likened it to a career achievement award for his past performance . However , he missed playing in the game , still hampered by his knee . On March 12 , 2014 , the Lakers ruled Bryant out for the remainder of the season , citing his need for more rehab and the limited time remaining in the season . At the time , the team was 22 -- 42 and tied for the worst record in the Western Conference . The Lakers finished 27 -- 55 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005 . Bryant returned for the 2014 -- 15 season , his 19th season with the Lakers , who had replaced D'Antoni with Bryant 's former Lakers teammate , Byron Scott . On November 30 , 2014 , in a 129 -- 122 overtime victory against the Toronto Raptors , Bryant recorded his 20th career triple - double with 31 points , 12 assists and 11 rebounds . At age 36 , he became the oldest NBA player to ever achieve 30 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists in a game . On December 14 , Bryant became the NBA 's third all - time leading scorer , passing Jordan ( 32,292 ) in a 100 -- 94 win against Minnesota . He played in the first 27 games of the season , averaging team - highs with 26.4 points and 35.4 minutes per game while leading the league with 22.4 shots per game . However , Scott held him out for three straight games to rest after one of his worst performances of the season , when Bryant committed nine turnovers and scored 25 points on just 8 - for - 30 shooting in a 108 -- 101 loss to Sacramento . He was suffering from soreness in his knees , feet , back , and Achilles tendons and Scott planned to reduce his workload going forward . Three times Bryant had exceeded 40 minutes in a game , and the coach blamed himself for overloading him after he started the season in such great shape . For the season , Bryant had been shooting just 37 percent from the field , and the team 's record was only 8 -- 19 . In his second game back after resting , he had 23 points , 11 assists , and 11 rebounds in a 111 -- 103 win over Denver , and became just the third player in league history to record multiple triple - doubles in a season at age 36 or older . On January 21 , 2015 , Bryant suffered a rotator cuff tear in his right shoulder while driving baseline for a two - handed dunk against the New Orleans Pelicans . Though he is right - handed , he returned to play in the game and ran the offense while shooting , dribbling , and passing almost exclusively with his left hand . Prior to the injury , Bryant had been rested in 8 of 16 games . He underwent season - ending surgery for the injury , finishing the season averaging 22.3 points but shooting a career - low 37.3 percent , well below his 45.4 percent career mark to start the season . He was expected to be sidelined for nine months with a return targeted toward the start of the 2015 -- 16 season . The Lakers finished the season with a record of 21 - 61 , surpassing the franchise record for most losses in a season that they had set the previous year . Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) After recovering to play in the 2015 -- 16 preseason , Bryant suffered a calf injury and missed the final two weeks of exhibition games . However , he played in the season opener to begin his 20th season with the Lakers , surpassing John Stockton 's league record of 19 for the most seasons with the same team . On November 24 , 2015 , the Lakers fell to 2 -- 12 after losing 111 -- 77 to the Warriors . Bryant scored just four points in 25 minutes on 1 - for - 14 shooting , matching the worst - shooting game of his career in which he attempted at least five shots . On December 1 , 2015 , Bryant played his last game against his hometown team , the Philadelphia 76ers , where the Lakers lost 103 - 91 . Bryant against Washington after his retirement announcement On November 29 , 2015 , Bryant announced via The Players ' Tribune that he would be retiring at the end of the season . In his poem titled `` Dear Basketball '' , Bryant wrote that he fell in love with the game at age six ; `` A love so deep I gave you my all / From my mind & body / To my spirit & soul . '' The 2015 -- 16 season `` is all I have left to give. / My heart can take the pounding / My mind can handle the grind / But my body knows it 's time to say goodbye. / And that 's OK. / I 'm ready to let you go . '' In a letter distributed to Lakers ' fans before that evening 's game against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant wrote , `` What you 've done for me is far greater than anything I 've done for you ... My love for this city , this team and for each of you will never fade . Thank you for this incredible journey . '' At the time of his announcement , he was second on the team in minutes ( 30.8 ) behind Jordan Clarkson and leading the team with 16.7 field goal attempts per game , while averaging just 15.7 points and shooting a career - low 31.5 percent . His free throw attempts had dropped from his career average , and his game had become over-reliant on pump fakes and long - range shots , making a league - worst 19.5 percent from three - point range while attempting seven a game , almost double his career average . In his press conference after the announcement , he acknowledged his declining skills . `` Even though I play like shit , I 've worked really , really hard not to play like crap and I do everything I possibly can . And I feel good about that '' , he said . Bryant defending LeBron James in his final Cleveland game Bryant requested that opposing teams on the road not hold any on - court ceremonies in his honor or present him any gifts in public . Prior to announcing his retirement , he had been steadfast about not wanting the fuss of a staged farewell tour , preferring to hear boos instead of cheers . Still , he was honored around the league with video tributes , and fans greeted him with ovations , even at arenas that historically jeered him like TD Garden in Boston and Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento . Previously , Bryant was respected but not beloved , and he was astonished at the cheers he was now receiving . On February 3 , Bryant made seven three - pointers and scored a season - high 38 points , including 14 of the team 's 18 points in the last 5 : 02 of the game , for a 119 -- 115 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . The win ended a 10 - game losing streak , and the Lakers averted establishing the longest losing streak in franchise history . Bryant became just the fourth NBA player over 37 years old to log at least 35 points , five rebounds , and five assists in a game . Bryant was the leading overall vote - getter for the 2016 All - Star Game with 1.9 million votes , ahead of Stephen Curry 's 1.6 million . Having moved to small forward that season , Bryant was selected as a frontcourt starter for the first time . Playing in his first All - Star game since 2013 , Bryant had 10 points , six rebounds , and seven assists . West teammates offered to feed him the ball in an attempt to get him another All - Star MVP , but he declined . On April 13 , 2016 , Bryant played his final NBA game against the Utah Jazz , scoring a season - high 60 points ( the most points scored by a player that season ) , including outscoring the entire Jazz team 23 -- 21 in the fourth quarter , in the Lakers ' 101 -- 96 victory . The Lakers finished the season with a 17 - 65 record ; this was the worst season record in the history of the organization . Bryant became the oldest player to score 60 or more points in a game at 37 years and 234 days old . National team career Bryant in a game against China at the 2008 Summer Olympics Bryant declined to play in the 2000 Olympics because he was getting married in the off - season . He also decided not to play in the 2002 FIBA World Championship . Bryant was originally selected for the FIBA Americas Championship in 2003 but withdrew after undergoing arthroscopic shoulder and knee surgeries . In the following summer , he had to withdraw from the Olympic team because of his sexual assault case . Along with LeBron James , he was one of the first two players to publicly named to the 2006 -- 2008 U.S. preliminary roster in 2006 by Jerry Colangelo . However , he was once again sidelined after knee surgery and did n't participate in the 2006 FIBA World Championship . Bryant 's United States national team career finally began in 2007 . He was a member of the 2007 USA Men 's Senior National Team and USA FIBA Americas Championship Team that finished 10 -- 0 , won gold and qualified the United States men for the 2008 Olympics . He started in all 10 of the USA 's FIBA Americas Championship games . Bryant averaged 15.3 points , 2.9 assists , 2.0 rebounds , and 1.6 steals per game in the tournament . On June 23 , 2008 , he was named to the USA Men 's Senior National Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics . This was his first time going to the Olympics . Bryant scored 20 points , including 13 in the fourth quarter , along with six assists , as Team USA defeated Spain 118 -- 107 in the gold medal game on August 24 , 2008 , for its first gold medal in a worldwide competition since the 2000 Olympics . He averaged 15.0 points , 2.8 rebounds , and 2.1 assists while shooting . 462 from the field in eight Olympic contests . Bryant rejoined the national team for the 2012 Summer Olympics . He retired from the team after winning another gold medal . Player Profile Bryant shoots a fadeaway over Shane Battier in 2009 . Listed at 6 feet 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) and weighing 212 pounds ( 96 kg ) , Bryant played primarily as a shooting guard . He was often cited as one of the most dangerous scorers in the NBA . Bryant has drawn frequent comparisons to Jordan , after whom he modeled his playing style . Like Jordan , he became most known for shooting a fall - away jump shot . Chris Ballard of Sports Illustrated described another of Bryant 's most famous moves as the `` jab step - and - pause '' : Bryant jabbed his non-pivot foot forward to let the defender relax , but instead of bringing the jab foot back , he pushed off of it and drove around his opponent to get to the basket . Bryant established a reputation for taking shots in the closing moments of tight games , even when he was double or triple - teamed , and was noted as one of the premier closers in the NBA . In a 2012 annual survey of NBA general managers , Bryant was selected for the 10th consecutive season as the player general managers would want to take a clutch shot with a game on the line . Bryant enjoyed being the villain , and reveled in being booed and then silencing the crowd with his play . His ability to make difficult shots has also drawn criticism of his shot selection . Throughout his career , Bryant was disparaged for being a selfish , high - volume shooter ; he missed more field goal attempts in his career than any other player in NBA history . Phil Jackson , who coached Bryant for many years , stated that Bryant `` tends to force the action , especially when the game is n't going his way . When his shot is off , Kobe will pound away relentlessly until his luck turns . '' According to Bryant , `` I would go 0 for 30 before I would go 0 for 9 ; 0 for 9 means you beat yourself , you psyched yourself out of the game . '' In addition to his abilities on offense , Bryant also established himself as a standout defensive player . Bryant rarely drew charges when he played defense , which he believed spared his body and contributed to his longevity . Some critics have suggested that Bryant 's defensive accolades in his later years were based more on his reputation than his actual play . Bryant was also lauded for his work ethic . Throughout his first 16 seasons , his body was resilient , and he exhibited a high pain threshold while often playing through injuries . A fierce competitor , Bryant made opponents and teammates alike the objects of his scorn . Many players have considered him difficult to play with because of his high level of commitment and performance . According to sportswriter Mark Heisler of Forbes , `` circa 2004 -- 2007 , Kobe was the most alienated superstar the NBA had ever seen . '' He did , however , lead the Lakers to two championships after the departure of Shaquille O'Neal ; during this period , he became more of a mentor to his teammates than he had been earlier in his career . Bryant 's longtime head coach Phil Jackson noted that the biggest difference between his first and second stints in coaching the Lakers was that during the latter period , `` ( Bryant ) embraced the team and his teammates , calling them up when we were on the road and inviting them out to dinner . It was as if the other players were now his partners , not his personal spear - carriers . '' NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Bryant won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 71 6 15.5 . 417 . 375 . 819 1.9 1.3 . 7 . 3 7.6 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 79 26.0 . 428 . 341 . 794 3.1 2.5 . 9 . 5 15.4 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 50 50 37.9 . 465 . 267 . 839 5.3 3.8 1.4 1.0 19.9 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 66 62 38.2 . 468 . 319 . 821 6.3 4.9 1.6 . 9 22.5 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 68 68 40.9 . 464 . 305 . 853 5.9 5.0 1.7 . 6 28.5 2001 -- 02 † L.A. Lakers 80 80 38.3 . 469 . 250 . 829 5.5 5.5 1.5 . 4 25.2 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 82 82 41.5 . 451 . 383 . 843 6.9 5.9 2.2 . 8 30.0 2003 -- 04 L.A. Lakers 65 64 37.6 . 438 . 327 . 852 5.5 5.1 1.7 . 4 24.0 2004 -- 05 L.A. Lakers 66 66 40.7 . 433 . 339 . 816 5.9 6.0 1.3 . 8 27.6 2005 -- 06 L.A. Lakers 80 80 41.0 . 450 . 347 . 850 5.3 4.5 1.8 . 4 35.4 * 2006 -- 07 L.A. Lakers 77 77 40.8 . 463 . 344 . 868 5.7 5.4 1.4 . 5 31.6 * 2007 -- 08 L.A. Lakers 82 82 38.9 . 459 . 361 . 840 6.3 5.4 1.8 . 5 28.3 2008 -- 09 † L.A. Lakers 82 82 36.1 . 467 . 351 . 856 5.2 4.9 1.5 . 5 26.8 2009 -- 10 † L.A. Lakers 73 73 38.8 . 456 . 329 . 811 5.4 5.0 1.5 . 3 27.0 2010 -- 11 L.A. Lakers 82 82 33.9 . 451 . 323 . 828 5.1 4.7 1.2 . 1 25.3 2011 -- 12 L.A. Lakers 58 58 38.5 . 430 . 303 . 845 5.4 4.6 1.2 . 3 27.9 2012 -- 13 L.A. Lakers 78 78 38.6 . 463 . 324 . 839 5.6 6.0 1.4 . 3 27.3 2013 -- 14 L.A. Lakers 6 6 29.5 . 425 . 188 . 857 4.3 6.3 1.2 . 2 13.8 2014 -- 15 L.A. Lakers 35 35 34.5 . 373 . 293 . 813 5.7 5.6 1.3 . 2 22.3 2015 -- 16 L.A. Lakers 66 66 28.2 . 358 . 285 . 826 3.7 2.8 . 9 . 2 17.6 Career 1,346 1,198 36.1 . 447 . 329 . 837 5.2 4.7 1.4 . 5 25.0 All - Star 15 15 27.6 . 500 . 324 . 789 5.0 4.7 2.5 . 4 19.3 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1997 L.A. Lakers 9 0 14.8 . 382 . 261 . 867 1.2 1.2 . 3 . 2 8.2 1998 L.A. Lakers 11 0 20.0 . 408 . 214 . 689 1.9 1.5 . 3 . 7 8.7 1999 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 . 430 . 348 . 800 6.9 4.6 1.9 1.3 19.8 2000 † L.A. Lakers 22 22 39.0 . 442 . 344 . 754 4.5 4.4 1.5 1.5 21.1 2001 † L.A. Lakers 16 16 43.4 . 469 . 324 . 821 7.3 6.1 1.6 . 8 29.4 2002 † L.A. Lakers 19 19 43.8 . 434 . 379 . 759 5.8 4.6 1.4 . 9 26.6 2003 L.A. Lakers 12 12 44.3 . 432 . 403 . 827 5.1 5.2 1.2 . 1 32.1 L.A. Lakers 22 22 44.2 . 413 . 247 . 813 4.7 5.5 1.9 . 3 24.5 2006 L.A. Lakers 7 7 44.9 . 497 . 400 . 771 6.3 5.1 1.1 . 4 27.9 2007 L.A. Lakers 5 5 43.0 . 462 . 357 . 919 5.2 4.4 1.0 . 4 32.8 2008 L.A. Lakers 21 21 41.1 . 479 . 302 . 809 5.7 5.6 1.7 . 4 30.1 2009 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.8 . 457 . 349 . 883 5.3 5.5 1.7 . 9 30.2 2010 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.1 . 458 . 374 . 842 6.0 5.5 1.3 . 7 29.2 2011 L.A. Lakers 10 10 35.4 . 446 . 293 . 820 3.4 3.3 1.6 . 3 22.8 2012 L.A. Lakers 12 12 39.7 . 439 . 283 . 832 4.8 4.3 1.3 . 2 30.0 Career 220 200 39.3 . 448 . 331 . 816 5.1 4.7 1.4 . 6 25.6 Legacy See also : List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant Bryant handling the ball in 2014 , when he became the first NBA player with over 30,000 points and 6,000 assists Bryant was called `` one of the greatest players in the history of our game '' by NBA commissioner Adam Silver , and The New York Times wrote that he has had `` one of the most decorated careers in the history of the sport . '' Reuters called him `` arguably the best player of his generation '' , while both Sporting News and TNT named him their NBA player of the decade for the 2000s . In 2008 and again in 2016 , ESPN ranked him the second greatest shooting guard of all - time after Jordan . Players including Kevin Durant , Dirk Nowitzki , Dwyane Wade , and Derrick Rose have called Bryant their generation 's version of Jordan . The Press - Enterprise described Bryant as `` maybe the greatest Laker in the organization 's history '' . He is the Lakers ' all - time leading scorer , and his five titles are tied for the most in franchise history . Both numbers he wore during his career , 8 and 24 , were retired by the Lakers on December 18 , 2017 . With career averages of 25.0 points , 5.2 rebounds , 4.7 assists , and 1.4 steals per game , he is considered one of the most complete players in NBA history . He was the first player in NBA history to have at least 30,000 career points and 6,000 career assists , and is one of only four players with 25,000 points , 6,000 rebounds , and 6,000 assists . Bryant led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . His 81 - point performance against Toronto in 2006 was the second - highest in NBA history , behind only Chamberlain 's 100 . He has scored at least 50 points 24 times in his career , which is third in league history behind Jordan ( 31 ) and Chamberlain ( 118 ) ; six times Bryant scored at least 60 . He was just the third player in NBA history to average 40 points in a calendar month , which he has accomplished four times . Bryant was voted the league MVP in 2008 and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference . In the 2008 Summer Olympics , he won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. men 's basketball team , occasionally referred to as `` The Redeem Team '' . He won another gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010 , winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , which ranks second behind only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's 19 . He has been chosen a record 18 straight times , each time as a starter . On four occasions ( 2003 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) he was the leading vote - getter . Four times Bryant was named the All - Star MVP , a record he shares with Bob Pettit . He has been selected to the All - NBA Team on 15 occasions , tied for the most with Abdul - Jabbar and Tim Duncan , and his 11 first - team honors are tied for the most ever with Karl Malone . Bryant is also a 12 - time All - Defensive Team selection , trailing only Duncan 's 15 , and nine times he was named to the All - Defensive First Team , tied with Jordan , Garnett , and Gary Payton for the most all - time . He was the first guard to play 20 seasons in the NBA . He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1997 and is its youngest winner . In his career , Bryant has scored 40 - plus points in 121 games , and 21 times he has recorded a triple - double . Off the court Personal Life Bryant at the premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End in 2007 In November 1999 , 21 - year - old Bryant met 17 - year - old Vanessa Laine while she was working as a background dancer on the Tha Eastsidaz music video `` G 'd Up '' . Bryant was in the building and working on his debut musical album . The two began dating and became engaged just six months later in May 2000 , while Laine was still a senior at Marina High School in Huntington Beach , California . To avoid media scrutiny , she finished high school through independent study . According to Vanessa 's cousin Laila Laine , there was no prenuptial agreement . Vanessa said Bryant `` loved her too much for one '' . They married on April 18 , 2001 , at St. Edward the Confessor Catholic Church in Dana Point , California . The wedding was not attended by Bryant 's parents , his two sisters , his longtime advisor and agent Arn Tellem , or his Laker teammates . Bryant 's parents were opposed to the marriage for a number of reasons . Reportedly Bryant 's parents had problems with him marrying so young , especially to a woman who was not African - American . This disagreement resulted in an estrangement period of over two years , which ended when the couple 's first daughter was born . In 2013 , Bryant had a legal disagreement with an auction house over memorabilia from his early years that his mother intended to auction . Pamela Bryant received $450,000 from the auction house for the items and claimed Bryant had given her the rights to the items he had remaining in her home . However , his lawyers asked the auction house to return the items to Bryant . Before the scheduled trial , a settlement was reached allowing the sale of less than 10 % of the original items . Bryant 's parents apologized to him in a written statement , which also acknowledged the financial support Bryant had provided them in the past . In January 2002 , Bryant bought a Mediterranean - style house for $4 million , located on a cul - de-sac in Newport Coast , Newport Beach . He sold the house in May 2015 . The Bryants ' first child , a daughter whom they named Natalia Diamante Bryant , was born in 2003 . The birth of Natalia influenced Bryant to reconcile his differences with his parents . Due to an ectopic pregnancy , Vanessa suffered a miscarriage in the spring of 2005 . Their second daughter , Gianna Maria - Onore Bryant , was born in 2006 . On December 16 , 2011 , Vanessa Bryant filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences , and the couple requested joint custody of their daughters . On January 11 , 2013 , Bryant and his wife both announced via social media that they had called off their divorce . In an early 2007 interview , it was revealed that Bryant still speaks Italian fluently . He has also conducted press interviews in Spanish . Bryant assigned himself the nickname of `` Black Mamba '' , citing a desire for his basketball skills to mimic the eponymous snake 's ability to `` strike with 99 % accuracy at maximum speed , in rapid succession . '' During the 2012 -- 13 season , he began referring to himself as `` vino '' to describe how his play had been aging like a fine wine . In early December 2016 , Vanessa gave birth to their third daughter , named Bianka . Sexual assault allegation Main article : Kobe Bryant sexual assault case In the summer of 2003 , the sheriff 's office of Eagle , Colorado , arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault complaint filed by a 19 - year - old hotel employee . Bryant had checked into The Lodge and Spa at Cordillera in Eagle County in advance of undergoing knee surgery nearby . The accuser stated that Bryant raped her in his hotel room the night before Bryant was to have the procedure . Bryant admitted to an adulterous sexual encounter with his accuser but denied her sexual assault allegation . The accusation tarnished Bryant 's reputation , and the public 's perception of him plummeted ; his endorsement contracts with McDonald 's and Nutella were terminated . Sales for Bryant 's replica jersey fell significantly from their previous highs . However , in September 2004 , the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser refused to testify at the trial . Afterward , Bryant agreed to apologize to her for the incident , including his public mea culpa : `` Although I truly believe this encounter between us was consensual , I recognize now that she did not and does not view this incident the same way I did . After months of reviewing discovery , listening to her attorney , and even her testimony in person , I now understand how she feels that she did not consent to this encounter . '' The accuser filed a separate civil lawsuit against Bryant , which the two sides ultimately settled . The specific terms of the settlement were not disclosed to the public . Endorsements Bryant at Nike store launch ceremony in Taipei in 2007 Before starting the 1996 -- 97 NBA season , Bryant signed a six - year contract with Adidas that was worth approximately $48 million . His first signature shoe was the Equipment KB 8 . Bryant 's other earlier endorsements included deals with The Coca - Cola Company to endorse their Sprite soft drink , appearing in advertisements for McDonald 's , promoting Spalding 's new NBA Infusion Ball , Upper Deck , Italian chocolate company Ferrero SpA 's brand Nutella , Russell Corporation , and appearing on his own series of video games by Nintendo . Many companies like McDonald 's and Ferrero SpA terminated his contracts when rape allegations against him became public . A notable exception was Nike , Inc. , who had signed him to a five - year , $40 -- 45 million contract just before the incident . However , they refused to use his image or market a new shoe of his for the year but eventually did start promoting Bryant once his image recovered 2 years later . He has since resumed endorsement deals with The Coca - Cola Company , through their subsidiary Energy Brands , to promote their Vitamin Water brand of drinks . Bryant was also the cover athlete for NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 and appeared in commercials for the video games Guitar Hero World Tour ( with Tony Hawk , Michael Phelps , and Alex Rodriguez ) in 2008 and Call of Duty : Black Ops ( alongside Jimmy Kimmel ) in 2010 . In a 2008 video promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant appears to jump over a speeding Aston Martin . The stunt was considered to be fake , and the Los Angeles Times said a real stunt would probably be a violation of Bryant 's Lakers contract . After promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant came out with the fourth edition of his signature line by Nike , the Zoom Kobe IV . In 2010 Nike launched another shoe , Nike Zoom Kobe V. In 2009 , Bryant signed a deal with Nubeo to market the `` Black Mamba collection '' , a line of sports / luxury watches that range from $25,000 to $285,000 . On February 9 , 2009 , Bryant was featured on the cover of ESPN The Magazine . However , it was not for anything basketball related , rather it was about Bryant being a big fan of FC Barcelona . CNN estimated Bryant 's endorsement deals in 2007 to be worth $16 million a year . In 2010 , Bryant was ranked third behind Tiger Woods and Jordan in Forbes ' list of the world 's highest - paid athletes with $48 million . On December 13 , 2010 , Bryant signed a two - year endorsement deal with Turkey 's national airline , Turkish Airlines . The deal involved Bryant being in a promotional film to be aired in over 80 countries in addition to his being used in digital , print and billboard advertising . Bryant has appeared as the cover athlete for the following video games : Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA Courtside 2002 NBA 3 On 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 NBA ' 09 : The Inside NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 ( Legend Edition ; Legend Edition Gold ) In September 2012 , Bryant shot a commercial for Turkish Airlines with FC Barcelona star Lionel Messi . In the airline 's latest commercial , the duo competes to win the attention of a young boy . In 2013 , Forbes listed Bryant the fifth highest paid sports star in the world behind Floyd Mayweather , Cristiano Ronaldo , LeBron James and Lionel Messi . Music In high school , Bryant was a member of a rap group called CHEIZAW , named after the Chi Sah gang in the martial arts film Kid with the Golden Arm . The group was signed by Sony Entertainment , but the company 's ultimate goal was to eliminate the group and have Bryant record on his own . The label wanted to capitalize on Bryant 's youth and NBA fame . He performed at a 1997 concert by Sway & King Tech and recorded a verse for a remix of Brian McKnight 's `` Hold Me '' . Bryant even appeared on Lakers teammate O'Neal's Respect , starting the track `` 3 X 's Dope '' , though Bryant 's name was not listed on the credits . Sony pushed Bryant from his roots of underground hip hop into a more radio - friendly sound . His debut album , Visions , was scheduled to release in the spring of 2000 . The first single , `` K.O.B.E ' '' , featured supermodel Tyra Banks singing the hook . The single debuted in January 2000 , and was performed at NBA All - Star Weekend that month ; the song was not well received . Sony abandoned plans for the album , which was never released , and dropped Bryant later that year . The Sony president who originally signed Bryant had already left , and Bryant 's other backers had mostly abandoned him . Afterward , Bryant co-founded an independent record label , Heads High Entertainment , but it folded within a year . Bryant at Sprite commercial event in Shanghai in 2011 . In 2011 , Bryant was featured in Taiwanese singer Jay Chou 's single , `` The Heaven and Earth Challenge '' ( 天地一鬥 , pronounced `` Tian Di Yi Dou '' ) . The proceeds for downloads of both the single and ringtones were donated to impoverished schools for basketball facilities and equipment . The music video of the single also features Bryant . The song was also used by Sprite in its 2011 marketing campaign in China . In 2009 , rapper Lil Wayne titled a song `` Kobe Bryant '' . Similarly , in 2010 , the rapper Sho Baraka released a song called `` Kobe Bryant On'em '' , which was featured on his album Lions and Liars . Philanthropy Bryant is the official ambassador for After - School All - Stars ( ASAS ) , an American non-profit organization that provides comprehensive after - school programs to children in thirteen US cities . Bryant also started the Kobe Bryant China Fund which partnered with the Soong Ching Ling Foundation , a charity backed by the Chinese government . The Kobe Bryant China Fund raises money within China earmarked for education and health programs . On November 4 , 2010 , Bryant appeared alongside Zach Braff at the Call of Duty : Black Ops launch event at the Santa Monica Airport , where they presented a $1 million check to the Call of Duty Endowment , an Activision - founded nonprofit organization that helps veterans transition to civilian careers after their military service has ended . Kobe Inc. . Bryant established Kobe Inc. to own and grow brands in the sports industry . The initial investment was in the BodyArmor sports drink company in 2014 . The headquarters are in Newport Beach , California . Bryant - Stibel On August 22 , 2016 , Bryant and his business partner Jeff Stibel launched Bryant - Stibel , a venture capital firm focused on different businesses including media , data , gaming , and technology , with $100 million in funding . See also National Basketball Association portal Shaq -- Kobe feud Kobe Doin ' Work Notes ^ Jump up to : In 2006 , Bryant said that he was 6 feet 4 inches ( 1.93 m ) . In 2008 , he stated he was `` probably '' 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) in shoes . Jump up ^ He joined Chamberlain ( 5 times ) , Baylor , Rick Barry and Jordan ( 2 ) in averaging over 35 points . Jump up ^ Chamberlain had 50 points 45 times in 1961 -- 62 and 30 in 1962 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Larry Bird held the previous record ; he was 35 when he had 49 points , 14 rebounds , and 12 assists on March 15 , 1992 , against Portland . Jump up ^ The others were Chamberlain ( 2 in 1972 -- 73 ) and Kidd ( 2 each in 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ He joined Jordan ( 3 times ) , Karl Malone ( 3 ) and Abdul - Jabbar Jump up ^ In 2014 , Bryant passed Havlicek 's previous mark of 13,417 missed shots , and he retired with 14,481 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain did it 15 times , and Baylor once . Jump up ^ Vanessa Bryant 's father is of Mexican and Italian descent and her mother is of Mexican and Filipino descent . References Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Vincent ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` ' Where 's Kobe ? I Want Kobe . ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's work with kids brings joy , though sometimes it 's fleeting '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ranking the 25 greatest players in NBA history '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moonves , Leslie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` 50 greatest NBA players of all time '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Bill ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` All - Time # NBArank : Counting down the greatest players ever '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` SI 's 50 greatest players in NBA history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/awards/2018/03/04/oscars-kobe-bryant-dear-basketball/ ^ Jump up to : NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Kobe Bryant Bio '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaplowitz , Aaron ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : I would n't mind being Jewish '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . If Bryant , a Catholic , ... ^ Jump up to : Golianopoulos , Thomas ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret History of Kobe Bryant 's Rap Career '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Intervista Kobe Bryant in italiano su Sportitalia 1 ^ PARTE . YouTube . Sportitalia. April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Winters , Serena ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : Kobe Bryant Speaks Fluent Italian At Charity Event -- Lakers Nation '' . Jump up ^ Levin , Jason ( March 2001 ) . `` I Wish People Would Let Me Just Be Kobe '' . Basketball Digest . 28 ( 5 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ Owens , Jill . `` Kobe Bryant ( Amazing Athletes ) by Sylvia B. Bashevkin -- Powell 's Books '' . Powells.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 NBA playoffs : Kobe Bryant perfected his game by watching film -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arroyave , Luis ( 2006 ) . `` NBA 's Kobe Bryant almost became a soccer player '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Before they were stars : Los Angeles Lakers ' Kobe Bryant -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Bill ( December 20 , 1993 ) . `` Dixon Happy He Stayed With Aces ( 4 -- 0 ) '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : JockBio : Kobe Bryant Biography . jockbio.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABCD Camp '' . Reebokabcdcamp.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . March 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant -- ESPN SportsCentury ( 2 of 5 ) '' . YouTube . September 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant continues to hold court '' . USA Today . May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Aces Hoops . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` As Kobe returns home , his old coach urges Philadelphia to give him proper sendoff '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pak , SuChin . `` Brandy On Growing Up : A Candid Chat '' . MTV . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe may already be the greatest Laker ever -- and he 's not done yet '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deals Are What Made The Lakers '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . February 25 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' trade for Bryant has been misconstrued '' . JournalNow.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-01/sports/sp-20210_1_vlade-divac ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant '' . Complex.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/11/30/kobe-bryant-will-retire-with-record-680-million-in-career-earnings Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's farewell season has been painful to watch '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` How Kobe , LeBron and other NBA stars fared in Summer League debuts '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edited by Ashyia Henderson . ( 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant '' . Contemporary Black Biography . Gale Group , 2001 ; Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Gale , 2008 . 31 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) http://0-galenet.galegroup.com.sapl.sat.lib.tx.us:80/servlet/BioRC Jump up ^ The Youngest NBA Basketball Player Records Archived January 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 1996 -- 97 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Perfect time for All - Star break as ' everything ' aches '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's ' airball game ' in 1997 was as defining moment in his career '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's top ten moments '' . ESPN . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Career Stats Page '' . NBA.com . August 23 , 1978 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NBA Playoffs ; A Dilemma for Kobe ; NBA playoffs : The Lakers can still go small with Bryant in the frontcourt , but it could come at a price against the bigger Schrempf Los Angeles Times , May 4 , 1998 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Basketball - References Staff ( n.d. ) . `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Awards Voting '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` All - Star Player Profile : Kobe Bryant '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BASKETBALL : N.B.A. ROUNDUP -- LOS ANGELES ; Lakers ' Bryant Signs for $71 million '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` KOBE BRYANT : THE AIR APPARENT ? '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Showtime ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant , McGrady Highlight All - NBA Selections '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Garnett , Bryant top NBA All - Defensive selections '' . The Raw Story . Agence France - Presse . May 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ N.B.A. : NOTEBOOK -- LOS ANGELES LAKERS ; Bryant Out Six Weeks With a Broken Hand October 15 , 1999 , The New York Times Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . Nba.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers Box Score , June 4 , 2000 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sprains left ankle in Lakers loss , out indefinitely '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jalen Rose on That Time He Intentionally Tried to Injure Kobe Bryant '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : Pacers vs. Lakers '' ... indystar.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill . That Was No Dream , That Was Kobe , Los Angeles Times , June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Article : No doubt : It 's Bryant 's team. ( Chicago Tribune ) AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . May 22 , 2002 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant greatest games ( 2001 playoffs ) : 36pts 9rbds 8asts in game 3 vs Spurs '' . YouTube . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Williams - led 76ers spoil Kobe Bryant 's milestone night '' . ESPN.com . February 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , John ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Love him or not , Kobe Bryant a Philly player '' . Philly.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( March 3 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant Fight Remains a No Decision '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Punch - uation Mark '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant 's heroics , deference pay off for Lakers '' . USA Today . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYOFFS 2002 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Playoffs 2003 -- Los Angeles Lakers vs. San Antonio Spurs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers Sign Free Agents Gary Payton and Karl Malone , nba.com , July 16 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe Bryant Arrested For Alleged Sexual Assault Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , KMGH - TV , July 6 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon . Bryant 's , Lakers ' survival go hand in hand , USA Today , April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Kobe sends game to OT , wins it in 2OT , sports.espn.go.com , April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Ric . Lakers ' wrongs making things right , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finals 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy Tomjanovich Coach Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Official : Shaq traded to Heat for three players , draft pick '' . USAToday . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe remains with Lakers , sports.espn.go.com , July 16 , 2004 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 6 , 2006 ) . `` Coach and Star Savor Success in Collaboration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Decision was made Monday , sports.espn.go.com , February 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Announce Coaching Change '' . nba.com/lakers . February 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Off the Dribble : Bryant Now Deals with Mediocrity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Allen primed for Kobe showdown , sports.espn.go.com , December 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe ' upset ' about Malone 's comments to wife , sports.espn.go.com , December 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Jackson '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal Squashes Feud With Bryant '' . The Washington Post . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wurst , Matthew D. ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` 55 Things About the 55th All - Star Game '' . Nba.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . What happened after Shaq and Kobe got entangled in the lane during the first quarter ? Nothing but laughter all around . Jump up ^ basketball-reference.com , 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary , accessed , December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eighty - One ! Bryant Erupts as Lakers Roll '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` In Most Areas , Good or Bad , Kobe Bryant Has Simply Done More '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` What was more impressive : Chamberlain 's 100 point game or Kobe 's 81 ? '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Better scoring night : Kobe 's 81 or Wilt 's 100 ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Barry ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe vs. Wilt '' . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` 40 stats you wo n't believe about Kobe Bryant 's historic NBA career '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NBA.com ( February 1 , 2006 ) . Billups , Bryant Named Players of the Month . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's big month sets high expectations '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . Authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` Billups brushes off MVP chatter '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant passes Jordan , has shot to be No. 1 '' . ESPN . December 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Steve Nash Wins Second Consecutive MVP Award '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` From 8 to 24 '' . Los Angeles Lakers . November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` Bryant will hang up his No. 8 jersey , sources say '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles lakers ( 7 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` Unfounded stigma still following Bryant '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kang , Jay Capian ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant assessed flagrant foul for elbow in Philly '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves suspension against Knicks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves one - game suspension against Bucks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant Scores NBA Season - Best 65 in Lakers Win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Scores 50 to Lead Lakers Past Wolves '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant Scores 60 as Lakers Defeat Grizzlies '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( March 24 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe 's 50 - point run more important because of wins '' . SportsIllustrated.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA.com . Kobe Bryant has Top - Selling Jersey in China , nba.com , March 20 , 2007 , Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oller , Rob ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` A star is reborn : Bryant 's stats , dunks have made him marketable again '' . The Columbus Dispatch -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Denver Post ( March 15 , 2007 ) . For Kobe , turnaround is flair play . The Bonham Group . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Top Lakers , Move On to Second Round '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wants West to return to Lakers with full authority '' . May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe says he 's just suggesting West 's return , not demanding it '' . May 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant asks for trade , then backtracks slightly '' . ESPN . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 ... as a Lakers insider notes , it was Bryant 's insistence on getting away from Shaquille O'Neal that got them in this mess . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Kobe retracts his trade request '' . May 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` Playing the video game : Underground Kobe film ai n't all it 's cracked up to be '' . SI.com . CNN . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Are you kidding me ? Andrew Bynum ? F -- ing ship his ass out . Jump up ^ Witz , Billy ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Suns Can Still Bring Out Snarl in Bryant and Lakers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . There was the infamous video by the self - described Kobe Video Guys , when Bryant profanely vented to a couple of men at a Newport Beach shopping mall , who happened to be recording it , about the Lakers holding on to Andrew Bynum when they could have dealt him for Jason Kidd . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant youngest to hit 20,000 points '' . CBC Sports . December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KOBE BRYANT INJURY UPDATE '' . February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant : No surgery on pinkie finger '' . Associated Press . September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff . Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award , nba.com , May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jerry West attends Bryant 's MVP press conference , Los Angeles Times , accessed May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe 's MVP award not a surprise to West , accessed May 9 , 2008 Archived July 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bryant unanimous pick for All - NBA team , ESPN , Retrieved May 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe , Garnett Headline All - Defensive Team , NBA . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Gasol Powers Lakers Past Nuggets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets Put Up a Fight , but Lakers Get Sweep '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Bryant Scores 38 as Lakers Beat Jazz in Game 1 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Bryant Lifts Lakers Into Conference Finals '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Finals 2008 Spurs at Lakers Game Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Capture 17th NBA Title With Record Win Over Lakers '' . NBA.com Kobe Bryant now holds four NBA titles . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers -- Schedule -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers equal best 19 - game start in franchise history '' . CBSSports.com . December 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kobe 's steady pace lands him top spot in rankings Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . By Rob Peterson , NBA.com -- March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Bryant , Magic 's Howard named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . Garden party : Kobe 's 61 sets MSG record Archived December 14 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Kobe lead freestyling West All - Stars past East '' . NBA.com . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Release . James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. Daily Dime : Kobe named MVP as Lakers win NBA title -- NBA -- ESPN , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 2008 -- 09 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Man on a mission : Bryant revels in victory , Finals MVP '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Bio -- NBA Finals -- ESPNDB '' . Espndb.go.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant , making the best of bad situations '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beacham , Greg . Lakers win 11th straight , Bryant injures finger Archived August 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fly , Colin . Kobe 's jumper at OT buzzer lifts Lakers over Bucks , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Bryant joins 14 others with 25,000 points , sports.espn.go.com , January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ January 2 , 2 : 28 am EST . `` Kobe 's 3 - pointer at buzzer gives Lakers win -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy . Beat LA ? Not this time for Celtics , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , Kobe passes West as Lakers ' scoring leader in loss to Grizzlies , sports.espn.go.com , February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark . Kobe Bryant 's game winner in 99 -- 98 victory over Memphis Grizzlies shows clutchness ca n't be duplicated , sports.yahoo.com , February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers snap 3 - game skid on Bryant 's late jumper , sports.yahoo.com , March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Lakers sign Bryant to an extension , espn.go.com , April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt . Lakers to Face Thunder in the First Round , NBC Los Angeles , April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . Follow Classic -- Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles Times , May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Fast Breaks : Lakers - Jazz , Game 4 , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Gasol plays closer with monster finish , sports.espn.go.com , May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Lakers beat Suns to set up rematch with Boston , Sporting News , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived June 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou . No Doubt About The MVP , nba.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. 1 . Lakers Capture Franchise Title No. 16 , espn.go.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lakers receive championship rings , By Dave McMenamin ESPN . October 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Why Kobe Bryant decided it was time to retire '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers hold off Timberwolves , improve to 8 -- 0 , nbcsports.msnbc.com , November 10 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Archived November 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Youngest To 26K , espn.go.com , November 12 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's triple - double leads Lakers over Kings '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com . November 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics win Finals rematch despite Kobe Bryant 's 41 points '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Bryant became the youngest player to reach 27,000 points on a 3 - pointer late in the third quarter , but he frequently was a one - man show on offense . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info . Kobe in the giving mood on Tuesday , espn.go.com , February 2 , 2011 , accessed February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant has big second half to help Lakers rally by Celtics '' . ESPN . February 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers win is something to yell about '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Kobe is top vote - getter in 2011 All - Star balloting '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant feeds off energy as West beats East in All - Star game , 148 -- 143 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rumorsandrants.com : Kobe Bryant Passes Moses Malone For Sixth On All - Time Scoring List '' . Rumorsandrants.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How long can Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant stay on top ? '' . ESPN . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant fined $100,000 for gay slur '' . yahoo.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's fury : blessing and curse '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant needs to say more after slur '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant is fined $100,000 by NBA for anti-gay slur to referee '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Litke , Jim ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's $100 K fine did n't buy Lakers ' best effort '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amaechi , John ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` A Gay Former N.B.A. Player Responds to Kobe Bryant '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sorry ; Lakers make plan '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com. April 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Falgoust , J. Michael ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant to appeal $100 K fine for slur , but takes responsibility '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Lakers teammates appear in PSA touting diversity '' . SportingNews.com. April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Kobe Bryant saw German doc '' . ESPN . December 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mark ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Yankees say A-Rod had shoulder treatment , too '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe to the World : ' I 'm Still Kobe ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Bruce ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant wo n't give in to age '' . National Post . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul - led Clips win L.A. clash despite Kobe Bryant 's 42 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Can Kobe catch Kareem ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Zach McCann ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sets ASG points mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave McMenamin ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant also has concussion '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports . `` NBA Recap -- Los Angeles Lakers at San Antonio Spurs -- Apr 20 , 2012 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant chooses not to go for NBA scoring title '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul , Clippers deal Lakers third straight loss to open season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers fire Mike Brown as coach '' . latimes.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Lakers Change Direction and Hire D'Antoni as Coach '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni to be next coach of the Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 30,000 Points '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ( 30 pts . ) , Lakers need comeback to top woeful Bobcats '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard powers surging Lakers past Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger defensive role for Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus , Eric ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant recognizes he 's better defending on the ball '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni minces words when describing Kobe Bryant 's defense '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers found formula , can they repeat it ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant chasing triple - doubles ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. Recovery Would n't Be Unprecedented '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Justin ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` 1 . Lakers Just Trying To Keep It Simple '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers rise as D'Antoni's offense ditched '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Have the Lakers found their groove ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hold on despite late surge from Hornets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Steve Nash help Lakers hold on for 2nd straight win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's heroics help Lakers rally , edge Raptors in OT '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` 2012 -- 13 Lakers Report Card : Starting five '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Metta World Peace details his recovery '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers were n't strong enough to protect Kobe Bryant from himself '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant tears Achilles , sidelined for months '' . CNN.com. April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant Goes Away , but Not Quietly '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to two - year , $48.5 million contract extension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to a two - year contract extension '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant does not want to hear that he is overpaid '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on the difference between Tim Duncan 's contract and his : ' It 's a different market , man ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` As Kobe faces Duncan for 78th time , comparison unavoidable '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers lose Kobe Bryant again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant breaks bone in knee , out 6 weeks '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakers : Kobe injury not healed '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe : Wo n't play All - Star Game '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Anthony Davis selected to fill Kobe Bryant 's All - Star slot in West '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets rout Lakers 108 -- 90 in Kobe 's return '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Byron Scott assured Kobe Bryant he had his best interests at heart '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Joe ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant leads Lakers over Toronto 129 -- 122 in OT '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ELIAS : TOP 5 QUESTIONS FROM SUNDAY , NOV. 30 '' . NBA.com . November 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant becomes NBA 's No. 3 all - time scorer in Lakers ' win '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Eric ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant misses Lakers vs. Warriors for rest '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to rest vs. Warriors '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer , Kelly ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant has to stop '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns win 6th straight by spoiling Kobe Bryant 's return to Lakers lineup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oram , Bill ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant 's ailments likely reflect new reality for Lakers '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Byron Scott to handle Kobe Bryant 's playing time on game - by - game basis '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Mark ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` How will Kobe Bryant fare in his 20th NBA season ? '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rests again , Lakers fall to Trail Blazers , 106 -- 94 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant notches triple - double as Lakers hold off Nuggets '' . ESPN . December 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers guard Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff in right shoulder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bresnahan , Mike ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff ; severity to be determined '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to undergo season - ending surgery for torn rotator cuff '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant to have shoulder surgery '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers star Kobe Bryant out for season after shoulder surgery '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers , Knicks close out worst seasons in franchise history '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Byron Scott says Kobe Bryant likely OK for next game '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on his play so far : `` I freaking suck '' `` . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Two decades in : Kobe Bryant clears another milestone with start of 20th Lakers season '' . Star Tribune . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's possible farewell tour hits new low '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe 's shooting struggles not putting ' pretty defined ' role in jeopardy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Recap : 76ers 103 , Lakers 91 '' . Philadelphia 76ers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe announces he will retire after this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ; Stein , Marc ; Shelburne , Ramona ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire after this season '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 -- via Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` LOS ANGELES LAKERS ( 2 - 13 ) VS . INDIANA PACERS ( 10 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . November 29 , 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ; Turner , Broderick ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's struggles cause some in NBA circles to say it 's time he retires '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` With Flair for the Dramatic , Kobe Spins Frustrating End into Emotional Final Act '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : ' Do I want to play again or do n't I ... the reality is no , I do n't . ' '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cacciola , Scott ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Long Goodbye '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's last night in Sacramento hit him right in the heart '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe requests no more gifts , on - court ceremonies during farewell tour '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jason ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sacramento sends Kobe Bryant off with rousing ovation '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Scoop ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Dwyane Wade : ' I never thought I 'd be Top 100 all time ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , Jerry ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` During strange farewell tour , Kobe Bryant rediscovers greatness for one night in D.C. '' The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wills Lakers with 38 points to end 10 - game losing streak '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe shrugs off 38 - point effort : ' You 've seen it for 20 years ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant is selected as an All - Star for the 18th time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defense in record - setting short supply in West 's rout of East '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant , in His Final Lap , Is Happy to Surrender the Midseason Stage '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta - Delacruz , Angelo ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe finishes his two - decade - long career in a fashionable way as Lakers eliminate Jazz , 101 - 96 '' . powcast.net . Powcast Sports Hub . Jump up ^ `` Mamba out : Kobe Bryant 's shocking farewell '' . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson has great expectations for Los Angeles Lakers rookie Lonzo Ball '' . News.com.au . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe scores 60 points in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Wise Bryant Sets His Priorities , The New York Times , June 19 , 2000 . Jump up ^ AP U.S. ends losing streak at World Championship , The Seattle Times , September 7 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Vince Carter Added to Olympic Qualifying Team , InsideHoops NBA , July 29 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Olympic Basketball , InsideHoops NBA , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kobe will play for U.S. at worlds , ' 08 Olympics , ESPN.com , January 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kobe wo n't play for USA after knee surgery , ESPN.com , July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball '' . USABasketball.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James , Bryant to lead US team '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` US hoops back on top , beats Spain for gold medal '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Kobe commits to Team USA '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball Wins Gold Over Spain , Rio Next in 2016 '' . Fox News . August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Anyone up for 100 ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` Los Angeles Lakers : 2013 -- 14 roster ( Subscription Required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan eases off talk '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( October 29 , 2001 ) . `` Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Is Nearly an Equal of Michael Jordan , Except in Fan Adoration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rises up before falling away '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris . Kobe 's Killer Instinct ( cont . ) , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 28 , 2008 , Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Archived February 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant delivers the final miss again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Jeremy Lin on game winners : ' I would love to shoot some ' '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Jenkins on NBA : Bryant becomes more gunner than top gun '' . SFGate.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pingue , Frank ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire at end of season '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Shots heard ' round the world , sports.espn.go.com , March 11 , 2010 , Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA.com GM Survey Results '' . NBA.com . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Amid the Points and Applause , One Single Shot Ignited Love Story of Kobe , NYC '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time # NBArank : Michael Jordan tops list of best shooting guards '' . ESPN.com . January 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbot , Henry . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Top 100 NBA Players -- Nos. 1 -- 10 '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Tom ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant set to play final game in Philadelphia '' . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Misses add up to big part of Kobe 's legacy '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . `` Phil Jackson throws the book at Kobe Bryant '' . The LA Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Every Play Counts : Kobe Bryant '' . 82games.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Charges carry big risk '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant named to NBA 's all - defensive first team for ninth time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` An Open Letter to Kobe Bryant About His Defense '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neal ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Once And For All : Michael Jordan Was Way Better Than Kobe Bryant '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe and L.A. tradition will be tested '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant pays price for greatness '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Examining Kobe Bryant 's legendary pain tolerance and road to recovery '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brian ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wolf on the Rock : The Ludicrous , Glorious Doom of Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ; Concepcion , Jason ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Six Seconds to Perfection : The Best NBA Vines of the Season '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ding , Kevin ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Julius Randle 's Development Poses Final Leadership Test for Kobe Bryant '' . BleacherReport.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Long a tough , chilly teammate , Kobe Bryant has mellowed and now is a mentor '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Mark ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Who Killed Lakers ? ESPN Says It Was Someone on Inside With the Initials Kobe Bryant '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Phil Jackson 's new book focuses a lot on ( who else ? ) Kobe Bryant '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe gets milestone on 6,000 th assist '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keh , Andrew ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Announces Retirement '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Elected As The NBA Player Of The Decade '' . Thaindian.com . February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News ' NBA Athlete of the Decade : Kobe Bryant , SG , Lakers -- Sporting News -- NBA '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Special Dime : Greatest shooting guards of all time -- NBA -- ESPN '' . ESPN . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durant frustrated by media 's handling of Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe will miss talking trash with Dirk Nowitzki '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rose : Kobe is the Jordan of our generation '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` To the End , Kobe Bryant Is a Shooting Guard , Hot or Cold '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woike , Dan ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant announces plans to retire following this season '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top stats to know : Kobe Bryant 's statistical legacy '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Kobe Bryant has numbers 8 and 24 retired by the Lakers '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HoopsHype.com . NBA Players -- Kobe Bryant . Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant says he knew from onset that 2015 - 16 would be final season '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brian ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` KOBE BY THE NUMBERS '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Redeem Team proves worthy of Dream Team comparison '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant top vote - getter for 18th and final All - Star Game '' . ESPN . January 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time # NBArank : Players 11 - 15 '' . ESPN.com . February 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Named All - NBA First Team ... Again '' . Lakers.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything You Need to Know About Kobe Bryant '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from February 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ Shawn Hubler . `` Kobe 's costar Vanessa Laine was just another sheltered teenager in Orange County . Then she fell in love with a phenomenon '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from April 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ Keown , Tim ( September 1 , 2003 ) . `` Isolation Play '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hubler , Shawn ( February 15 , 2005 ) . `` Kobe 's costar '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cupcake Magazine interview with Vanessa Bryant Archived July 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . July 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , mom in court battle '' . ESPN . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stamm , Dan ; Associated Press . `` Kobe Wins Battle to Prevent Mom From Auctioning His Stuff '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Deal reached in Kobe Bryant case '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Buys Home For More Than $4 million '' . News.google.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sets price record with Newport Coast home sale '' . Los Angeles Times . May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq is a Dad Six Minutes After Kobe '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kim , Victoria ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant divorce : Vanessa cites ' irreconcilable differences ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Now '' . Los Angeles Times . December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , wife Vanessa call off their divorce '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe : `` No imaginé este nivel '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe Bryant tras anunciar su retiro : `` Ahora me siento relajado '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Text messages from press row ... '' Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant and , Robert Rodriguez talk about Black Mamba Nike ads , six - minute film '' . Los Angeles Times . January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rapid Reaction : Lakers 113 , Trail Blazers 106 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Lakers soar to new heights ( or at least . 500 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Wife Vanessa Welcome Third Child '' . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ Harris , Sarah Jane ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant welcomes his third child '' . sportingnews.com . Jump up ^ SI Staff ( December 23 , 2003 ) . `` Bryant distracted , scared amid sex assault case '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2004 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , David Leon ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` Shaq , Kobe still main keys to Lakers ' fortunes '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Shunning Kobe Bryant 's Jersey -- Celebrity Gossip Entertainment News Arts And Entertainment '' . Fox News . January 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , T.R. ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Bryant rape case ends in dismissal '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirk Johnson ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Prosecutors Drop Kobe Bryant Rape Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Mike ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` Article : Basketball Star Leaps into Global Ventures . AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Information and results for ' Adidas , Basketball Star Kobe Bryant Part Ways . ' AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Airs Out New Kobe Bryant Shoe , Ad Campaign '' . Sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Sponsorship Will Rebound '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Greg ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Bryant will lose out again to Big Three '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Endorsement Deals '' . Advertising.about.com. April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant resumes endorsement career '' . Usatoday.com . July 10 , 2005 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salazar - Moreno , Quibian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Endorsements Coming Back to Kobe Bryant '' . Blackvoices . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Dan ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant shoots ' em up in new ' Call of Duty ' ad '' . Sports.Yahoo.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No , Kobe Bryant Did Not Jump Over a Car '' . U.S. News & World Report . rankingsandreviews.com. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike launches Nike Zoom Kobe V with Kobe Bryant '' . TradingMarkets.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wearing Nubeo Black Mamba MVP Watch `` UpscaleHype '' . Upscalehype.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ESPN The Magazine Fan Issue '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 endorsement superstars '' . CNN . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kritchever , Patrick . The Forbes Celebrity 100 , Forbes , June 28 , 2010 , Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Kobe Bryant To Endorse Turkish Airlines '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . It 's a two - year deal that will involve Bryant starring in a promotional film that will be aired on international television channels and in movie theatres in more than 80 countries next year . Jump up ^ Li , Shan ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Turkish Airlines deal outrages Armenian Americans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The first Kobe Bryant Turkish Airlines commercial has landed '' . NBC Sports . February 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside for Nintendo 64 '' . MobyGames . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2 Featuring Kobe Bryant '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2002 ( cube ) reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . January 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 3 on 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant for GBC '' . Gamespot.Com . December 7 , 1999 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( August 21 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe covers Sony 's NBA 07 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Debuts SIX Cover Athletes for NBA 09 : The Inside '' . DailyGame . August 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe vs Messi : Legends on Board -- Turkish Airlines '' . Turkish Airlines . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : Cleveland Cavaliers return for NBA star '' . BBC . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` CRI.com : Kobe Bryant Works with Jay Chou in New Song '' . : . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pop Asia . `` Jay Chou releases MV with Kobe Bryant '' . PopAsia . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official music video of '' . YouTube.com. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 4 comments by Daniel Gilroy on Wednesday , February 23 , 2011 ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` ChinaSmack : Sprite China -- Kobe Bryant and Jay Chou music video '' 天地一鬥 `` ( '' Tian Di Yi Dou `` ) with Jay Chou feat . Kobe Bryant '' . Advertising.chinasmack.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ P , Anthony . `` Lil Wayne Releases New Song Titled `` Kobe Bryant '' `` . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Just in time for the championship matchup between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Orlando Magic , Lil ' Wayne has released a song titled `` Kobe Bryant . '' Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant On'em - Sho Baraka '' . Lecrae . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . looktothestars.org . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alan ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Conquers China '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicolai , Megan ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` We 're excited to be your neighbors '' . The Orange County Register . sec . Local , pp. 1 , 6 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman , Dennis K. ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Jeff Stibel Unveil $100 Million Venture Capital Fund '' -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` What Is Bryant Stibel , Venture Capitalist Fund ? Kobe Unveils Investment Fund With Business Partner Jeff '' . August 22 , 2016 . Further reading McGrath , Ben ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` The fourth quarter : Kobe Bryant confronts a long -- and possibly painful -- goodbye '' . The Sporting Scene . The New Yorker . 90 ( 6 ) : 38 -- 49 . External links Find more aboutKobe Bryantat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Kobe Bryant on IMDb NBA.com -- The Ultimate Kobe Page Kobe Bryant Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games Family Joe Bryant ( father ) Films and games Dear Basketball Kobe Doin ' Work Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 Other Shaq -- Kobe feud Sexual assault case Kobe Bryant China Fund Links to related articles Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams 1996 NBA draft First round Allen Iverson Marcus Camby Shareef Abdur - Rahim Stephon Marbury Ray Allen Antoine Walker Lorenzen Wright Kerry Kittles Samaki Walker Erick Dampier Todd Fuller Vitaly Potapenko Kobe Bryant Predrag Stojaković Steve Nash Tony Delk Jermaine O'Neal John Wallace Walter McCarty Zydrunas Ilgauskas Dontae ' Jones Roy Rogers Efthimios Rentzias Derek Fisher Martin Müürsepp Jerome Williams Brian Evans Priest Lauderdale Travis Knight Second round Othella Harrington Mark Hendrickson Ryan Minor Moochie Norris Shawn Harvey Joseph Blair Doron Sheffer Jeff McInnis Steve Hamer Russ Millard Marcus Mann Jason Sasser Randy Livingston Ben Davis Malik Rose Joe Vogel Marcus Brown Ron Riley Jamie Feick Amal McCaskill Terrell Bell Chris Robinson Mark Pope Jeff Nordgaard Shandon Anderson Ronnie Henderson Reggie Geary Drew Barry Darnell Robinson NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 2000 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 8 Bryant 10 Lue 11 Celestand 16 Salley 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 40 Knight 41 Rice 45 Green Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Bertka Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2000 -- 01 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 7 Rider 8 Bryant 10 Lue 12 Penberthy 14 Medvedenko 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 35 Madsen 40 Foster 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2001 -- 02 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 5 Horry 6 McCoy 8 Bryant 10 Hunter 14 Medvedenko 17 Fox 20 Shaw 23 Richmond 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 35 Madsen 52 Walker Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Rambis Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2008 -- 09 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 Ariza 4 Walton 5 Farmar 6 Morrison 7 Odom 9 Sun 12 Brown 16 Gasol 17 Bynum 18 Vujačić 21 Powell 24 Bryant ( Finals MVP ) 28 Mbenga Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Hamblen Rambis Shaw Abdul - Jabbar Hodges Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2009 -- 10 NBA champions 2 Fisher 4 Walton 5 Farmar 6 Morrison 7 Odom 12 Brown 16 Gasol 17 Bynum 18 Vujačić 21 Powell 24 Bryant ( Finals MVP ) 28 Mbenga 37 Artest Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Hamblen Shaw Abdul - Jabbar Hodges Cleamons Person Regular season Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant 2018 : Durant NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski Los Angeles Lakers Founded in 1947 Played in Minneapolis ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis Armory Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center G League affiliate South Bay Lakers Administration Jeanie , Jim , and Johnny Buss ( majority owners ) Anschutz Entertainment Group ( minority owner ) Ed Roski Jr. ( minority owner ) Patrick Soon - Shiong ( minority owner ) Magic Johnson ( President of Basketball Operations ) Rob Pelinka ( General manager ) Luke Walton ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 8 13 22 24 25 32 33 34 42 44 52 Chick Hearn ( Microphone ) Minneapolis Lakers Hall of Famers Mikan Mikkelsen Martin Lovellette Pollard Coach Kundla NBA Championships ( 16 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1972 1980 1982 1985 1988 2000 2001 2002 2009 Western Conference Championships ( 31 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1959 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1980 1982 1984 1985 1988 1991 2000 2001 2002 2008 2009 Rivalries Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Clippers San Antonio Spurs Culture and lore Jack Kent Cooke Jerry Buss Showtime Chick Hearn Shaq -- Kobe feud Lawrence Tanter Jack Nicholson `` I Love L.A. 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-6885509569838370919	Battle Creek (TV series)	Battle Creek ( tv series ) - wikipedia Battle Creek ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Battle Creek Genre Dramedy Created by David Shore Vince Gilligan Starring Josh Duhamel Dean Winters Aubrey Dollar Kal Penn Janet McTeer Theme music composer Brandon Calhoon Opening theme `` Lost to be Found '' Composer ( s ) John Ottman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Vince Gilligan Russel Friend Garrett Lerner Thomas L. Moran Bryan Singer Mark Johnson Location ( s ) Battle Creek , Michigan Camera setup Single Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions Gran Via Productions CBS Television Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release March 1 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) -- May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) External links CBS show site Battle Creek is an American comedy - drama television series that premiered on CBS on March 1 , 2015 . Starring Josh Duhamel and Dean Winters , the show followed the mismatched partnership of a police detective and FBI agent in Battle Creek , Michigan . CBS announced on May 8 , 2015 , after only 9 episodes had aired , that Battle Creek would end after 13 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guests 2 Development and production 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Josh Duhamel as Special Agent Milton ' Milt ' Chamberlain Dean Winters as Detective Russell ' Russ ' Agnew Aubrey Dollar as Office Manager Holly Dale Edward `` Grapevine '' Fordham Jr. as Detective Aaron ' Funk ' Funkhauser Kal Penn as Detective Fontanelle ' Font ' White Janet McTeer as Commander Kim ' Guz ' Guziewicz Recurring ( edit ) Liza Lapira as Detective Erin ' E ' Jacocks Damon Herriman as Detective Niblet Meredith Eaton as Meredith Oberling , BCPD 's medical examiner Guests ( edit ) Patton Oswalt as Battle Creek 's unorthodox mayor , Scooter Hardy ( in `` Cereal Killer '' ) Peter Jacobson as Darrel Hardy , the mayor 's brother and chief of staff ( in `` Cereal Killer '' ) Candice Bergen as Constance Agnew , a convicted con artist and Russ ' mother ( in `` Mama 's Boy '' ) Dan Bakkedahl as Barclay Spades ( in `` Gingerbread Man '' ) Robert Sean Leonard as Brock ( in `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ) Joey Haro as Roger ( in `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ) Development and production ( edit ) In September 2013 , Sony Pictures Television announced that it struck a deal with CBS to produce a new television series created by Vince Gilligan titled Battle Creek based on a script written by Gilligan ten years prior . Despite the name , establishing shots and location shots were not shot in Battle Creek , Michigan . However most of the scenes in the opening credits were filmed in Battle Creek . The main actors visited Battle Creek , Michigan , in the summer of 2014 to get a feel of the location , people , and especially the police department . CBS ordered thirteen episodes , all of which it guaranteed to air . It premiered on CBS on March 1 , 2015 . On May 8 , 2015 , the network announced that Battle Creek would not be renewed for a second season . The series ended on May 24 , 2015 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Battle Creek Way '' Bryan Singer David Shore & Vince Gilligan March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 7.92 Detective Russ Agnew laments his police department 's lack of funding and broken - down equipment , but it looks like help is on the way . FBI Special Agent Milt Chamberlain is coming to town to open a resident agency , as it appears his former field office in Detroit could n't wait to get rid of him . Chamberlain arrives just in time for one of the biggest crimes to hit the mid-sized Michigan city : a double - homicide that might be connected to the local meth trade . `` Syruptitious '' Andrew Bernstein Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 6.93 Russ investigates the murder of a local maple syrup maker , and is surprised to learn it may have something to do with being `` muscled out '' by a larger syrup manufacturer . But Russ gets overzealous and interviews a suspect without the man 's lawyer present , causing Commander Guziewicz to place him on suspension . Milt finds a way to keep Russ involved in the case by hiring him as an FBI consultant . While the two investigate the syrup angle , Holly sees signs that the victim 's spouse was likely abused , revealing another possible motive . Elsewhere , Detective White receives phony pot from a local medical marijuana dealer . In order to charge the dealer with fraud , White has to reluctantly reveal to Guziewicz that he uses marijuana to treat migraines . `` Man 's Best Friend '' Oz Scott Thomas L. Moran March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 6.79 After Milt , Russ and Fontanelle make a presentation at an elementary school , Fontanelle 's drug - sniffing dog finds a kilo of heroin in a student 's backpack . The detectives first investigate a Battle Creek police officer who is the girl 's uncle , but he says he would never do that to his niece and they find no evidence of drug dealing in the officer 's house . The investigation turns to a Dominican group that deals heroin , after Fontanelle notices them fleeing from cops and tossing a pack of heroin on a roof . Knowing this might put the young girl in danger , Milt and Russ try to get her to tell them how she got the heroin , but she refuses to say . Holly gets an idea that shows the heroin was stolen from an evidence room and replaced with a pack of baking soda , and Guziewicz interviews the girl 's uncle again , correctly surmising he has a gambling problem . Meanwhile , Detective Jacocks helps Russ get to the root of why Milt was reassigned from Detroit to Battle Creek . `` Heirlooms '' Dan Sackheim David Shore March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 6.05 Russ and Milt investigate the death of a local woman who had been a drug addict and prostitute , but who had apparently cleaned up recently in an attempt to reconnect with her son . The boy has been raised by the woman 's half - sister , who becomes a suspect when the team learns she was trying to prevent him from seeing his blood mother . Another suspect emerges , a mysterious older `` John '' whom the boy recognizes from a photo on the wall of a center that holds meetings for recovering addicts . Russ and Milt visit the man 's home , only to find out from his two children living there that he died a short time ago . It turns out the man was n't a John , but instead a wealthy and successful businessman who is the real father of the deceased woman . The team revisits the man 's legitmate children again , this time to arrest them as murder suspects who were trying to keep a portion of their father 's fortune from going to the newly discovered third child . Meanwhile , Russ offers some personal information to Milt , namely that he 's in love with Holly , in hopes of getting Milt to open up about his personal life . 5 `` Old Flames '' Richard J. Lewis Esta Spalding March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 6.02 During a bachelor party , the detectives get a call that Commander Guziewicz 's house has gone up in flames . Russ finds glass from a window on the inside of the house , suggesting someone broke in and set the fire deliberately . As Russ , Milt and the other detectives investigate , they are surprised to find that their boss has had 17 boyfriends over the last few years , and that she has a pattern of dating a guy for a while and then ending the relationship with no explanation . This reveals several suspects , including a neighbor who made the 911 call for the fire . Fontanelle also finds that Guziewicz 's last fling was with a contractor who has recently worked on at least two other burned homes . They then consider a suspect whom Guziewicz put away 12 years ago that just got out of prison . Lastly , they find that Guziewicz 's estranged son , who was thought to be in a rehab facility in Florida , is actually back in town and staying in a Battle Creek halfway house . Ultimately , the cause of the Commander 's house fire is found to be a romantic gesture - gone - bad , attributed to the neighbor who made the 911 call . Meanwhile , Holly receives a bouquet of flowers from an anonymous source , and Russ fears he may have called to send them while drunk at the bachelor party . 6 `` Cereal Killer '' Craig Zisk Lindsay Jewett Sturman April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 5.58 While making a speech to kick off the city 's annual `` Breakfast Day '' celebration , Mayor Scooter Hardy is shot at multiple times , but the first bullet hits a young man in a cougar mascot suit who had just walked in front of the mayor . The gun is found to have been triggered remotely via cell phone . Russ says this makes the suspect list so vast , they need to use old - fashioned detective work and interview people , but Milt is able to use technology to triangulate the call to within a 2,000 - square foot area that fortunately is also covered by video cameras . Hardy is kidnapped from his hospital bed after a suspect , a known drug dealer , emerges . The detectives find Hardy smoking crack in an apartment , apparently having set up the kidnapping himself . The team then thinks that the mascot was the real target , when one of the people in the video footage is revealed to be a jealous classmate who feels he had earned the mascot job . This appears to be validated when the young man in the mascot suit is shot at again while leaving the hospital . The investigation appears to be a dead end , when Russ gets an idea : the cell phone call that triggered the gun may not have gone through right away . He has Milt back up the surveillance footage of the 2,000 - square foot area by 15 seconds , and they see that Mayor Hardy 's brother / chief of staff Darrel ( Peter Jacobson ) is using a cell phone . Elsewhere , Fontanelle realizes he forgot to drop off Funkhauser 's deposit check for his fiancee 's preferred wedding venue months ago , and he scrambles to make things right without Funkhauser knowing . 7 `` Mama 's Boy '' Dan Attias Marqui Jackson April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 6.48 The BCPD investigates an apparent murder when severed foot is found washed up on Goguac Lake . Russ recognizes the shoe on the foot is a knock - off Nike , stating that those were the only shoes his con artist / counterfeiter mother gave him to wear when he was growing up . To investigate the con angle , Milt convinces a reluctant Russ that they must let his mother , Constance ( Candice Bergen ) , out of jail . The crew follows leads that include Constance 's former connection / lover Henry , as well as the manager of a cell phone store who may have been in on a con that Constance was part of . As Det . Niblet watches video footage of a months - ago break in at a storage facility and identifies a person as the deceased man , Constance recognizes him as Arnold Mathis , her accomplice in the cell phone con . Constance tells Russ and the team that the con cost the cell store one million dollars , but Mathis ' father , a con artist - turned - priest , says it was two million . This leads Russ to believe his mom is lying and has hid the other million dollars somewhere , and that she may also be the killer . While the trail eventually leads to Henry being the killer , Russ sees that Constance did in fact have the million dollars hidden . Before going back to jail , Constance lets Holly in on a ruse she played with a reporter to test how far she would go to defend Russ . She says Holly passed the test , and Holly then proclaims that she and Russ are not together , to which Constance says , `` you should be . '' Constance also tells Russ to watch out for Milt , saying , `` I do n't trust him . '' 8 `` Old Wounds '' Randy Zisk Russel Friend and Garrett Lerner April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 6.14 Guzewicz 's adopted son asks Milt to find out if the man jailed for murdering his birth parents is actually innocent . 9 `` Gingerbread Man '' Eriq LaSalle Thomas L. Moran May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 6.18 Font is convinced that a fugitive wanted by the FBI is hiding in Battle Creek even though Milt is certain the criminal has been dead for months . Russ tries but can not bring himself to tell Holly about his feelings for her . 10 `` Stockholm '' Allison Liddi - Brown David Shore May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 6.31 When an escaped convict takes Russ hostage , Milt and the Battle Creek P.D. race to find and rescue him . The kidnapper gives Russ some advice about his relationship with Milt . 11 `` The Hand - Off '' Colin Bucksey Esta Spalding and Lindsay Jewett Sturman May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 5.10 Milt puts his career at risk as he attempts to help a woman figure out who shot her husband . Holly wonders why the guy dating her wo n't initiate sex , and Jacocks suggests Holly is giving off a vibe that she loves someone else . Holly kisses Russ by surprise , and the two have sex in an evidence room . 12 `` Homecoming '' James Roday Danny Weiss May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 5.30 When a local high school coach is murdered , information about Russ ' youth is revealed ; his relationship with Holly comes to a junction , as Holly reveals she 's leaving town soon to attend law school . 13 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' Andrew Bernstein Thomas L. Moran and David Shore May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 4.71 Milt 's full backstory is revealed as he recounts a drug case from his days as a rookie in the FBI , in which he used a 16 - year - old informant . The informant and his 16 - year - old classmate were both killed , and the father of one of the boys is now likely behind a kidnapping that has Milt and Russ and thrown into the trunk of a car . Fontanelle does some digging while Guziewicz visits the FBI Detroit office , both trying to get information and determine the car 's location before it 's too late . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Sue ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Battle Creek ' opens with theme song penned by Beaverton native Brandon Calhoon '' . The Saginaw News . Saginaw , MI : Booth Newspapers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Announces Its 2014 - 2015 Primetime Schedule '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Damon Herriman profile , Hollywoodreporter.com . Accessed March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patton Oswalt in Battle Creek , TVGuide.com . Accessed March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Creator Gilligan in Deal for CBS Show , ' Battle Creek ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Announces March Premiere Dates for ' Battle Creek ' and ' CSI : Cyber ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Cancels Vince Gilligan 's ' Battle Creek , ' ' Stalker ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Battle Creek ' Cancelled By CBS , Network Passes On ' Sneaky Pete ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man in Earth ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , ' Battle Creek ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Once Upon a Time ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Odyssey ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' Secrets and Lies ' Adjusted Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Final Numbers for NASCAR Coca - Cola 600 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Battle Creek on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_Creek_(TV_series)&oldid=819417713 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American crime television series 2015 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings American crime drama television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series created by Vince Gilligan Police procedural television series Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Michigan Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 07 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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5817185554958362921	List of bank robbers and robberies	List of bank robbers and robberies - wikipedia List of bank robbers and robberies Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of bank robberies , bank robbers and gangs involved in bank robberies . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Austria 3 Bangladesh 4 Belgium 5 Brazil 6 Canada 7 China 8 Denmark 9 Finland 10 France 11 Georgia 12 Germany 13 India 14 Iraq 15 Italy 16 Japan 17 Lebanon 18 Malta 19 Netherlands 20 Nigeria 21 Norway 22 Pakistan 23 Poland 24 Republic of Ireland 25 Romania 26 Russia 27 Slovenia 28 Serbia 29 South Africa 30 Spain 31 Sweden 32 United Kingdom 33 United States 33.1 Robbers 33.2 Deadly US robberies 33.3 Large value US robberies 34 Uruguay 35 References Australia ( edit ) Robbers Brenden Abbott Darcy Dugan Keith Faure Frank Gardiner -- Ben Hall gang Edward `` Ned '' Kelly Gregory David Roberts Ronald Ryan Andrew George Scott ( Captain Moonlite ) Squizzy Taylor Liam Cole Robberies Bank of Australia robbery , 1828 , £ 14,000 in promissory notes and coins . 1984 Sydney bank robbery and hostage crisis Austria ( edit ) Johann Kastenberger Bangladesh ( edit ) Robberies Bangladesh Bank - February 5 , 2016 . A group of international robbers allegedly with the aid of some influential officials of the Government of Bangladesh stole as much as $101 million foreign reserve of the central bank named ' Bangladesh Bank ' from its account at the US Federal Reserve Bank . According to the Bangladesh Bank spokesman , a group of robbers hacked the security system of the bank online in early February and stole credentials for payment transfers . The money was channeled to the Philippines where it was sold on the black market and funneled to ' local casinos ' . After the casino laundering , it was sent back to the same black market FX broker who promptly moved it to ' overseas accounts ' within days . The robbers had sent 35 advices by using the SWIFT codes to the US Federal Bank but five of those were complied with until the theft was unearthed . The news of such a great bank robbery came to light after almost a month on February 29 , 2016 by the Daily Inquirer in Philippines . The Government of Bangladesh , more specifically the Bangladesh Bank had been widely criticized for keeping this hidden for such a long time . Sonali Bank - On January 26 , 2014 , a Sonali Bank branch in Kishoreganj was robbed of 169 million Bangladeshi taka after two men tunneled their way into the vault from an abandoned room of a neighboring house . Belgium ( edit ) Antwerp Diamond Heist - February 16 , 2003 . Almost $100 million worth of diamonds , gold and other jewellery were stolen from the high security underground vaults of Antwerp World Diamond Centre by a 5 - man team . In a disciplined , sophisticated manner , they carefully planned and covered all possible loopholes before its execution by training themselves in a replica of the vault . They started their plot months before the heist by renting a space and starting a trading business to blend in . ABM Amro Bank - March 2007 . A man using a stolen Argentinian passport under the name of Carlos Hector Flomenbaum stole diamonds worth $28 million from safety deposit boxes in the vault of an ABM Amro bank in Brussels . Brussels Airport diamond heist - February 18 , 2013 . Robbers escaped with US $50 million worth of diamonds ( belonging , again , to the Antwerp World Diamond Centre ) stolen from a Swiss - bound Fokker 100 at Brussels Airport . Brazil ( edit ) Burglary Banco Central burglary at Fortaleza in 2005 where 3.5 metric tons of paper money with an estimated value of R $ 164 million ( USD $ 72.9 million as October 2005 ) Canada ( edit ) Gerald Blanchard Edwin Alonzo Boyd Ty Conn Roger Caron Ivan Grose John Hamilton Alvin Karpis Ray Lawinger - The Take Back Bandit Paddy Mitchell Kevin Pinto Monica Proietti Stephen Reid Norman Ryan Jeffrey Shuman Luke Elliott Sommer Garrett Brock Trapnell Front de libération du Québec China ( edit ) Robberies Agricultural Bank of China robbery , March -- April 2007 the largest bank robbery in China 's history ( 51 million yuan , US $6.7 million ) . Robbers Yip Kai Foon Cheung Tze - keung Denmark ( edit ) The first bank robbery in Denmark occurred August 18 , 1913 in the bank Sparekassen for København og Omegn at Østerbro in Copenhagen . It was carried out by two men , Danish salesman Lindorff Larsen and a German machinist Güttig , armed with revolvers ; the two got away with 9000 Danish kroner . Güttig was arrested August 30 and Lindorff Larsen committed suicide after having fled the police . The largest bank robbery in Denmark was carried out against the security firm Dansk Værdihåndtering in Brøndby at 5 : 30 AM on August 10 , 2008 . The robbers , who were armed with AK - 47 assault rifles , got away with 62 million Danish kroner , after having knocked down a wall with a bulldozer . The robbery involved elaborate plans to obstruct the police from arriving at the scene ; among other things 11 garbage trucks were set on fire and placed on routes from the nearest police stations to the scene of the crime and caltrops were placed on other key routes . The robbers used 3 getaway cars , which they afterwards parked in containers at an abandoned gravel pit for a later pickup , but the police managed to discover their placement , and following a continued surveillance of the area arrested 3 men of Swedish nationality that appeared at the scene a few days later to pick up the cars . All in all 15 persons of a variety of nationalities and ethnicities , but mainly tied to the Swedish crime scene , were sentenced to prison for a total of 110 years . Only 4 million of the 62 million Danish kroner has been recovered to date . Finland ( edit ) 1906 Helsinki bank robbery France ( edit ) Robbers The Bonnot gang ( La Bande à Bonnot ) Jacques Mesrine Albert Spaggiari Toni Musulin Robberies Caisse d'Espargne bank , 1980 , Paris , $11.5 million . Brink 's depot , 1985 , Colombes , $9 million . Bank of France , 1986 , Saint - Nazaire , $11.4 million . Bank of France , 1992 , Toulon , 160 million francs ( £ 30 million ) . Georgia ( edit ) 1907 Tiflis bank robbery Jaba Ioseliani Germany ( edit ) Red Army Faction Andreas Baader Gladbeck hostage crisis after a DM 300,000 bank robbery by Dieter Degowski and Hans - Jürgen Rösner on August 16 , 1988 India ( edit ) Labh Singh allegedly masterminded what was at that time the largest bank robbery in Indian history , netting almost 60 million ( 58 million rupees - US $4.5 million ) from Millar Ganj branch of Punjab National Bank , Ludhiana ; a part of this stolen money belonged to the Reserve Bank of India , India 's central bank . It was documented as `` Biggest Bank Robbery '' under `` Curiosities and wonders '' in Limca Book of Records . The loot enabled the Khalistan Commando Force to buy sophisticated weapons and AK - 47 rifles . Sikh militants often used bank robberies to finance their campaign against the Indian government . The Chicago Sun - Times reported that `` 12 to 15 Sikhs dressed as policemen and armed with submachine guns and rifles escaped with nearly $4.5 million in the biggest bank robbery in Indian history . '' `` No one was injured . '' A Police spokesman described it as `` a neat and clean operation '' . Khalistan Commando Force members who allegedly participated in the robbery included Harjinder Singh Jinda , Mathra Singh , Paramjit Singh Panjwar , Satnam Singh Bawa , Gurnam Singh Bundala , Sukhdev Singh Sukha , Daljit Singh Bittu , Gursharan Singh Gamma and Pritpal Singh . October 28 , 2014 Indian robbers tunneled through 125 feet of earth and concrete to break into a nationalised bank 's strong room and stole cash and valuables worth crores of rupees in Haryana 's Gohana township . Iraq ( edit ) Central Bank of Iraq , Baghdad , 2003 . Saddam Hussein ordered $1 billion to be withdrawn from Iraq 's central bank by his son , Qusay Hussein . About $650 million in cash was later found in Uday Hussein 's palace , possibly part of the bank 's funds . Dar Es Salaam Bank , Baghdad , in July 2007 . Three guards took $292 million in United States currency from the bank 's vaults . Italy ( edit ) Robbers Valerio Viccei ( convicted of Knightsbridge Security Deposit robbery ) Robberies Brink 's Securmark , 1984 , Rome , $21.8 million . Japan ( edit ) Robbers Sadamichi Hirasawa ( controversial conviction in bank robbery that killed 12 people by poisoning ) Robberies 300 million yen robbery , 1968 . 540 million yen robbery incident in Fukutoku Bank Kobe branch , August 1994 . 600 million yen robbery incident in Tachikawa , Tokyo , May 2011 . 384 million - yen robbery incident in Tenjin area , Fukuoka in April , 2017 . Lebanon ( edit ) The British Bank of the Middle East in January 1976 in Beirut , £ 25 million , the equivalent of £ 100 million today . This bank robbery was executed by the PLO . Malta ( edit ) HSBC , 2007 , 1 million euros . Netherlands ( edit ) Robberies Almelo 15 November 1944 , ƒ46. 150.000 by Dutch resistance during World War II Museon Jewel Heist 2002 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol The biggest jewel and diamond heist in Dutch history at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , where 75 million euros worth of jewels and diamonds was stolen from a secured cargo area . The robbers threatened security employees with guns and drove away in a money transport truck . Robbers Hans Gruyters Nigeria ( edit ) Lawrence Anini Norway ( edit ) NOKAS robbery Pakistan ( edit ) ABL Karachi , December 13 , 2009 , 311 million rupees was looted from the Allied Bank Limited ( ABL ) 's head office . Poland ( edit ) Wołów bank robbery - the largest bank robbery in Polish history . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) Robbers Martin Cahill Gerry Hutch Kenneth Littlejohn Robberies Bank of Ireland robbery Romania ( edit ) Ioanid Gang Russia ( edit ) Grigory Kotovsky Slovenia ( edit ) On the night of October 31 , 2005 robbers entered the safety deposit boxes of SKB Bank ( Societe Generale ) in Ljubljana through the main door and deactivated the alarm system . Robbers disarmed the security guard and opened more than 400 safety deposit boxes . They took at least 32,000,000 euros in gold , precious stones and cash . In March 2012 two robbers were arrested . One of them was a security guard at the bank . The court process against two robbers started in November 2013 . At least one robber is still free . Serbia ( edit ) Željko Ražnatović Pink Panthers YACS crime group South Africa ( edit ) Bank of Knysna robbed of 100 million rand Spain ( edit ) Bank of Andalusia , 1982 , Marbella , currency and valuables worth $15 million taken from safety deposit vaults . Sweden ( edit ) Robberies The Norrmalmstorg Robbery Västberga helicopter robbery , 2009 , helicopter robbery of a cash depot in southern Stockholm Robbers Clark Olofsson Jackie Arklöv Jan - Erik Olsson John Ausonius -- The Laser Man killer and convicted bank robber . `` Military League '' - group of brothers who performed 10 robberies in the early 1990s . Fictionalized by the book `` The Father '' written by Anton Svensson . United kingdom ( edit ) Robbers Lee Murray Freddie Foreman Frankie Fraser James Crosbie Roy Shaw Robberies Croydon Airport , 1935 ; members of the Sabini gang stole £ 12 million ( at today 's value ) worth of gold bullion . Heathrow Airport , 1948 ; Jack Spot 's attempted heist of £ 500,000 ( £ 15 million at 2013 value ) of gold bullion and valuables foiled through the intervention of the Flying Squad . Eastcastle Street , 1952 ; Billy Hill 's postal van robbery , netted £ 250,000 . Great Train Robbery , 1963 ; Buster Edwards , Charlie Wilson , Bruce Reynolds , Ronnie Biggs etc . Stole £ 2.6 million . Linwood bank robbery , 1969 ; two policemen killed . Baker Street robbery , 1971 , London ; politically sensitive material taken from safe deposit boxes . Bank of America robbery , 1975 , Mayfair ; London . £ 8 million stolen , £ 500,000 recovered . Security Express robbery , 1983 , London , £ 6 million . Robbery masterminded by John Knight , the brother of Ronnie Knight . Brink 's - Mat robbery , 1983 , Heathrow Airport ; England , £ 26 million gold bullion . Knightsbridge Security Deposit robbery , 1987 ; £ 40 million . Gang leader Valerio Viccei caught when he returned to the country . Loughton incinerator thefts , 1988 -- 92 ; more than £ 600,000 stolen from the Bank of England 's incinerator plant in Loughton over a four - year period . City of London , 1990 ; financial messenger mugged for £ 292m in government bonds . All but two recovered . Midland Bank Clearing Centre , 1995 , Salford , Greater Manchester , £ 6.6 million . Graff Jewellers 1 , 2003 ; £ 23m in jewellery taken from this Mayfair store . Northern Bank robbery , 2004 , Belfast , Northern Ireland ; £ 26 million . Securitas depot robbery , 2006 , Tonbridge , England ; £ 53,116,760 . Graff Jewellers 2 , 2009 ; another £ 40m in jewellery taken . Hatton Garden safe deposit burglary , 2015 Hatton Garden ; estimated £ 200 million worth of jewellery United States ( edit ) Robbers ( edit ) Edward J. Adams Clarence Anglin John Anglin Aryan Republican Army John Ashley Earl Edwin Austin Harvey Bailey Arthur Barker Albert Bates Clyde Barrow , of Bonnie and Clyde Eddie Bentz Earl Best Naomi Betts George Birdwell Black Liberation Army Stanley Ray Bond Fred William Bowerman Christopher John Boyce Ford Bradshaw Al Brady Robert Brady Michael William Brescia Everett Bridgewater Joseph Brodak Henry Newton Brown Harry Brunette James J. Bulger Ben Smith Charles W. Bullard Sirrea Davies Edward Bunker Nathan Landrum Fred Burke James Burke ( gangster ) Donald Richard Bussmeyer Tommy Carroll Butch Cassidy , leader of the Hole in the Wall Gang Gerald Chapman Jaden Roberds John Paul Chase James Clark Jim Clark Russell Clark Archie Clement Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe Bernard Coy Joseph Paul Cretzer , formed the Cretzer - Kyle Gang Patrick Critton Pat Crowe James Cunniffe Anthony Curcio William Daddano Sr . Emmett Dalton , principal of the Dalton Gang , 1890s Ed Davis Lawrence DeVol Bennie and Stella Dickson The Covenant , The Sword , and the Arm of the Lord John Dillinger Bill Doolin , 1890s Frederick Grant Dunn Earl Durand Egan 's Rats Aussie Elliott Gilbert James Everett The Flathead gang Fleagle Gang Rufus Franklin John Franzese Ralph Fults Pavle Stanimirovic Charles Arthur `` Pretty Boy '' Floyd Geezer bandit George Jackson Brigade Víctor Manuel Gerena Russell Gibson Fred Goetz Eddie Green Ralph Guarino Carl Gugasian Granddad Bandit John Hamilton Patty Hearst Clarence Hill Holden - Keating Gang Kenny Holmes Shon Hopwood Cora Hubbard J.L. Hunter Hunt - Gant Gang Phillip Hutchinson James - Younger Gang , 1866 -- 1881 Elmer H. Inman David Stanley Jacubanis Frank James , one of the two James Brothers Jesse James , the other member of the James Brothers pair Christopher Jeburk Charles E. Johnson Morris Johnson Philip N. Johnson , $18.8 million of Loomis - Fargo 's Jacksonville . FL Office . W.D. Jones Anthony Michael Juliano Alvin Karpis Tom Ketchum Machine Gun Kelly John Allen Kendrick Israel Keyes Ben Kilpatrick Herman Lamm Elzy Lay George Leonidas Leslie Robert Van Lewing Loan Ranger Bandit Harvey Logan Harry Longabaugh , known as `` The Sundance Kid '' James C. Lucas David Mack Christopher Magee Charles Makley Candice Rose Martinez , `` The Cell Phone Bandit '' Emil Matasareanu & Larry Eugene Phillips , Jr. , North Hollywood shootout William Matix & Michael Platt , 1986 FBI Miami shootout Mad Hatter ( bank robber ) , 2006 -- 2007 May 19th Communist Organization McCanles gang , 1861 Ben Golden McCollum Henry Methvin Midwest Bank Robbers , 1990s Vernon Miller Steven C. Miller William Miller Bugs Moran Frank Nash Salvatore Naturale Jay Wesley Neill George `` Baby Face '' Nelson Newton Gang Earl Northern Albert Frederick Nussbaum Joseph `` Specs '' O'Keefe Sara Jane Olson The Order Burton Phillips Harry Pierpont Duane Earl Pope Katherine Ann Power Phineas Priesthood Gerhard Puff Reno Gang Kenneth `` Speedy '' Raulerson Stanley Mark Rifkin , $10.2 million in 1978 , the largest in U.S. history at the time David `` Chippy '' Robinson Leslie Ibsen Rogge robbed a total of $2,000,000 Verne Sankey Frank Sawyer Susan Edith Saxe John Paul Scott Scott `` Hollywood '' Scurlock Mutulu Shakur Ted Skeer Edward Smith Luke Elliott Sommer Henry Starr Steady B The Stopwatch Gang Willie `` The Actor '' Sutton Symbionese Liberation Army Robert Toye Forrest Tucker Wilbur Underhill , Jr . United Freedom Front Homer Van Meter Clayton Waagner Donald Eugene Webb Wheaton Bandit McArthur Wheeler Whittemore Gang Bobby Randell Wilcoxson Johnny Madison Williams Jr . John Wojtowicz Adam Worth Jerry Lynn Young Cole Younger Deadly US robberies ( edit ) Security Pacific Bank , Norco , California , 1980 , deadly shootout between local law enforcement and five bank robbers Brink 's robbery , Nanuet NY , 1981 , deadly shootout between local law enforcement and 10 + bank robbers populated with members of two revolutionary organizations Geronimo bank robbery , Geronimo OK , 1984 , resulted in the deaths of three bank employees and one customer 1986 FBI Miami shootout , deadly shootout between FBI and two bank robbers North Hollywood shootout , 1997 , deadly shootout between local law enforcement and two bank robbers PNC Bank , Erie , Pennsylvania , 2003 , robbery by pizza delivery man Brian Douglas Wells wearing a neck collar bomb Large value US robberies ( edit ) Bank of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , 1798 , $162,821 . Claimed to be the first bank robbery in the United States . Manhattan Savings Institution , 1878 , $2.5 million ( $62 million today ) including $12,000 in cash , with the rest in securities . Masterminded by George Leonidas Leslie and carried out by Jimmy Hope , Samuel Perris and others . Lincoln National Bank , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1930 , $2.7 million ( $39 million today ) in cash and securities . Bank of the Manhattan Company theft , January 1935 , $1.462 million ( $25.4 million today ) , carried out by repeat offender gang ( largest value U.S. robbery to that date ) Great Brink 's Robbery , 1950 , $2.775 million ( $27.6 million today ) in cash , cheques and securities ( largest value U.S. robbery to that date ) Plymouth Mail robbery , 1962 , $1.5 million ( $12 million today ) in cash Pierre Hotel Robbery , 1972 , $3 million ( $17 million today ) in cash and valuables United California Bank robbery , 1972 , $30 million ( $172 million today ) in cash and valuables ( the current U.S. value record ) Lufthansa heist , 1978 , $5.875 million ( $21.6 million today ) in cash and jewels ( largest U.S. cash robbery ( $5 million ) to that date ) First National Bank of Arizona , Tucson , 1981 , $3.3 million ( $9 million today ) in cash . Sentry Armored Car Company , 1982 , $11 million ( $27.3 million today ) in cash ( largest cash robbery to that date ) ( see Empire State ) White Eagle , 1983 , $7 million ( $17 million today ) in cash Seafirst Bank , Lakewood , Washington , February 1997 , $4.46 million ( $6.7 million today ) in cash . 1997 Loomis Fargo Robbery in Florida , March 1997 , $18.8 million ( $28.0 million today ) in cash ( largest U.S. cash robbery to that date ) Dunbar Armored robbery , 1997 , $18.9 million ( $28.2 million today ) in cash ( the current U.S. cash robbery record ) 1997 Loomis Fargo Robbery in North Carolina , October 1997 , $17.3 million ( $25.8 million today ) in cash 1998 Bank of America robbery , 1998 , $1.6 million ( $2.4 million today ) Uruguay ( edit ) Tupamaros References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` $100 - M laundering via PH banks , casinos probed '' . inquirer.net. 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers bugged bank system in January '' . inquirer.net . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $1 Billion Plot to Rob Fed Accounts Leads to Manila Casinos '' . bloomberg.com . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Story Of How Hackers Stole $100 Million From The New York Fed '' . vetr.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh bank says hackers tried to steal $951 million Fed '' . ewsjs.com . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BNP wants Muhith , Atiur to quit '' . thefinancialexpress-bd.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood - Style Bank Heist in Bangladesh Ends in Arrest '' . globalvoices.org. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kishoreganj Sonali Bank burglary : Manager among 16 quizzed '' . thedailystar.net . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Man steals $28 million in diamonds from bank Associated Press NBCNEWS.com March 12 , 2007 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Brussels diamond robbery nets gigantic haul '' . bbc.co.uk . February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Diamond heist at Brussels airport nets gang up to £ 30m in gems '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Lawinger - The Take Back Bandit '' Jump up ^ Axel Breidahl & Axel Kjerulf , Københavnerglimt - 1912 - 1920 , 1938 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Jyllandsposten.dk , `` Sådan foregik danmarkshistoriens største røveri '' , March 7 2010 Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ B.T. , `` Seks dømt i Danmarks - historiens største røveri '' , January 19 2012 Jump up ^ Robbers get away with up to $9 million UPI archives December 2 , 1985 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Robbers get away with up to $9 million UPI archives December 2 , 1985 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Bank robbers make off with $11.4 million UPI archives July 4 , 1986 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ History 's biggest heists virginmedia.com October 15 , 2015 ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : Singh , Gurpreet 1996 , p. 98 - `` Labh Singh masterminded a bank robbery of R. 6 crore from a branch ... '' ^ Jump up to : `` Sikh Separatists Masquerade as Police to Stage India 's Biggest Bank Robbery '' . Los Angeles Times . 13 February 1987 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Sikh ( bracketed ) separatists dressed as police officers looted a bank Thursday and escaped with $4.5 million , the biggest bank heist in Indian history , officials said . Bank robberies have been a major means of financing the Sikh militants ' violent campaign for a separate state they call Khalistan . Bank robberies occur almost every week in Punjab . ^ Jump up to : `` Sikhs rob India bank of $4.5 million '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 13 February 1987 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Limca Book of Records . Bisleri Beverages Ltd. 1999 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Ram Narayan ( 1997 ) . The Sikh unrest and the Indian state : politics , personalities , and historical retrospective . Ajanta Publications , India . p. 445 . ISBN 9788120204539 . It was only after the big bank robbery at Ludhiana in February 1987 that they could purchase sophisticated weapons ; there was only one sten gun in the entire state . Jump up ^ Dhillon , Kirpal ( 2006 ) . Identity and Survival : Sikh Militancy in India 1978 - 1993 . Pa . Penguin India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 310036 - 2 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Asian Recorder , Issue 28 . K.K. Thomas at Recorder Press . 1987 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paramjit Singh Panjwar ( Khalistan Commando Force ) '' . Indianexpress.com. 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Asian recorder - Google Books . Books.google.com. 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Police arrest ` dead ' terrorist '' . Indianexpress.com. 12 October 1998 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chaudhry , Amrita ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Gursharan Singh Gama arrested '' . cities.expressindia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Killers of Lalit Maken held '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Chaudhry , Amrita ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Dreaded militant Daljit Singh alias Bittu gets parole for marriage '' . cities.expressindia.com . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News & Current Events '' . Ministry of Truth . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana bank robbery : Case cracked , say police '' . IndiaToday. 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Papers show Saddam snatched $1 bn from bank a day before invasion The Telegraph August 5 , 2005 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ `` High - profile heists '' . BBC News . 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Huge Theft in Rome ; Terrorists Blamed New York Times March 25 , 1984 ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ja : 福徳銀行 5 億円強奪事件 Jump up ^ ja : 立川 6 億円強奪事件 Jump up ^ `` High - profile heists '' . BBC News . 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HSBC employees being questioned after hold up '' . 1 July 2010 . maltastar.com . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Museum gem theft dazzles Dutch police '' . The Guardian . 3 December 2002 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS Europe Gang steals gems at Dutch airport '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Šest let po ropu SKB storilci na svobodi '' . Slovenskenovice.si . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5 let po ropu v SKB - ju za preiskavo ostaja še potencialnih 15 let '' . Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal , MMC RTV Slovenija . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.dnevnik.si/kronika/iz-sefov-izginilo-19-milijonov-v-gotovini - Jump up ^ `` Domnevnih roparjev banke SKB tudi danes ni bilo na sodišče '' . www.delo.si . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bank robbed of $15 million , biggest in history UPI archives December 29 , 1982 ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Armed and Dangerous '' . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McKay , Reg ( October 19 , 2007 ) . `` Armed & Dangerous '' . dailyrecord.co.uk . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ 1976 : Bank robbers jailed for 100 years , BBC News , On this day Jump up ^ `` High - profile heists '' . BBC News . 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ High - profile heists , BBC News , High - profile heists Jump up ^ `` High - profile heists '' . BBC News . 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home Front Page - Elkhart Christian Academy '' . Elkhart Christian Academy . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Heist '' . Time . November 20 , 1978 . Jump up ^ America 's First Bank Robbery ushistory.org ( 9 ) Jump up ^ The bank robbery few people recall Sheridan County Historical Society October 3 , 2014 ( 10 ) Jump up ^ Four masked gunmen who stole $3.3 million in the ... UPI archives April 23 , 1981 ( 11 ) Jump up ^ `` Two More Convicted In $11 Million Cash Robbery '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Get Long Sentences in Armored Car Heist '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SENTRY ROBBERY TERMED ' FAKED ' AT FEDERAL TRIAL '' . October 26 , 1983 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Arrested Over Roles In Sentry Theft Inquiry '' . November 29 , 1984 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cash Deal Undid Trench Coat Robbers Sun Sentinel November 8 , 1998 ( 12 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bank_robbers_and_robberies&oldid=808958625 '' Categories : Theft Bank robbers Bank robberies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Use mdy dates from June 2013 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 07 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time a bank was robbed	[]	[]
3472430141232664725	Golden algae	Golden algae - wikipedia Golden algae Golden algae Dinobryon divergens , a tree like sessile form with cells in the cup - like shells Scientific classification Domain : Eukaryota ( unranked ) : SAR Superphylum : Heterokonta Phylum : Ochrophyta Class : Chrysophyceae Pascher , 1914 Orders Chromulinales Chrysosphaerales Hibberdiales Hydrurales Phaeothamniales Synonyms Chrysomonadales Engler 1903 Chrysomonadea Saville - Kent 1881 Chrysomonadina Stein 1878 emend . Klebs 1892 The Chrysophyceae , usually called chrysophytes , chrysomonads , golden - brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae , found mostly in freshwater . Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species , Prymnesium parvum , which causes fish kills . The Chrysophyceae should not be confused with the Chrysophyta , which is a more ambiguous taxon . Although `` chrysophytes '' is the anglicization of `` Chrysophyta '' , it generally refers to the Chrysophyceae . Contents 1 Members 2 Description 3 Classifications 3.1 Pascher ( 1914 ) 3.2 Smith ( 1938 ) 3.3 Bourrely ( 1957 ) 3.4 Starmach ( 1985 ) 3.5 Kristiansen ( 1986 ) 3.6 Margulis et al. ( 1990 ) 3.7 van den Hoek et al. ( 1995 ) 3.8 Preisig ( 1995 ) 3.9 Guiry and Guiry ( 2014 ) 4 Ecology 5 Evolution 6 References 7 Bibliography Members ( edit ) Originally they were taken to include all such forms of the diatoms and multicellular brown algae , but since then they have been divided into several different groups ( e.g. , Haptophyceae , Synurophyceae ) based on pigmentation and cell structure . Some heterotrophic flagellates as the bicosoecids and choanoflagellates were sometimes seen as related to golden algae too . They are now usually restricted to a core group of closely related forms , distinguished primarily by the structure of the flagella in motile cells , also treated as an order Chromulinales . It is possible membership will be revised further as more species are studied in detail . Description ( edit ) Diagram of Ochromonas sp . The `` primary '' cell of chrysophytes contains two specialized flagella . The active , `` feathered '' ( with mastigonemes ) flagellum is oriented toward the moving direction . The smooth passive flagellum , oriented toward the opposite direction , may be present only in rudimentary form in some species . An important characteristic used to identify members of the class Chrysophyceae is the presence of a siliceous cyst that is formed endogenously . Called statospore , stomatocyst or statocyst , this structure is usually globose and contains a single pore . The surface of mature cysts may be ornamented with different structural elements and are useful to distinguish species . Most members are unicellular flagellates , with either two visible flagella , as in Ochromonas , or sometimes one , as in Chromulina . The Chromulinales as first defined by Pascher in 1910 included only the latter type , with the former treated as the order Ochromonadales . However , structural studies have revealed that a short second flagellum , or at least a second basal body , is always present , so this is no longer considered a valid distinction . Most of these have no cell covering . Some have loricae or shells , such as Dinobryon , which is sessile and grows in branched colonies . Most forms with silicaceous scales are now considered a separate group , the synurids , but a few belong among the Chromulinales proper , such as Paraphysomonas . Some members are generally amoeboid , with long branching cell extensions , though they pass through flagellate stages as well . Chrysamoeba and Rhizochrysis are typical of these . There is also one species , Myxochrysis paradoxa , which has a complex life cycle involving a multinucleate plasmodial stage , similar to those found in slime molds . These were originally treated as the order Chrysamoebales . The superficially similar Rhizochromulina was once included here , but is now given its own order based on differences in the structure of the flagellate stage . Other members are non-motile . Cells may be naked and embedded in mucilage , such as Chrysosaccus , or coccoid and surrounded by a cell wall , as in Chrysosphaera . A few are filamentous or even parenchymatous in organization , such as Phaeoplaca . These were included in various older orders , most of the members of which are now included in separate groups . Hydrurus and its allies , freshwater genera which form branched gelatinous filaments , are often placed in the separate order Hydrurales , but may belong here . Classifications ( edit ) Some genera of chrysophytes Pascher ( 1914 ) ( edit ) Classification of the class Chrysophyceae according to Pascher ( 1914 ) : Division Chrysophyta Class Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales Order Chrysocapsales Order Chrysosphaerales Order Chrysotrichales Class Heterokontae Class Diatomeae Smith ( 1938 ) ( edit ) According to Smith ( 1938 ) : Class Chrysophyceae Order Chrysomonadales Suborder Cromulinae ( e.g. , Mallomonas ) Suborder Isochrysidineae ( e.g. , Synura ) Suborder Ochromonadineae ( e.g. , Dinobryon ) Order Rhizochrysidales ( e.g. , Chrysamoeba ) Order Chrysocapsales ( e.g. , Hydrurus ) Order Chrysotrichales ( e.g. , Phaeothamnion ) Order Chrysosphaerales ( e.g. , Epichrysis ) Bourrely ( 1957 ) ( edit ) According to Bourrely ( 1957 ) : Class Chrysophyceae Order Phaeoplacales Order Stichogloeales Order Phaeothamniales Order Chrysapionales Order Thallochrysidales Order Chrysosphaerales Order Chrysosaccales Order Rhizochrysidales Order Ochromonadales Order Isochrysidales Order Silicoflagellales Order Craspedomonadales Order Chromulinales Starmach ( 1985 ) ( edit ) According to Starmach ( 1985 ) : Class Chrysophyceae Subclass Heterochrysophycidae Order Chromulinales Order Ochromonadales Subclass Acontochrysophycidae Order Chrysarachniales Order Stylococcales Order Chrysosaccales Order Phaeoplacales Subclass Craspedomonadophycidae Order Monosigales Kristiansen ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Classification of the class Chrysophyceae and splinter groups according to Kristiansen ( 1986 ) : Class Chrysophyceae Order Ochromonadales Order Mallomonadales Order Chrysamoebales Order Chrysocapsales Order Hydrurales Order Chrysosphaerales Order Phaeothamniales Order Sarcinochrysidales Class Pedinellophyceae Order Pedinellales Class Dictyochophyceae Order Dictyochales Margulis et al. ( 1990 ) ( edit ) Classification of the phylum Chrysophyta according to Margulis et al. ( 1990 ) : Phylum Chrysophyta Class Chrysophyceae Class Pedinellophyceae Class Dictyochophyceae ( = Silicoflagellata ) van den Hoek et al. ( 1995 ) ( edit ) According to van den Hoek , Mann and Jahns ( 1995 ) : Class Chrysophyceae Order Ochromonadales ( e.g. , Ochromonas , Pseudokephyrion , Dinobryon ) Order Mallomonadales ( = Class Synurophyceae , e.g. , Mallomonas , Synura ) Order Pedinellales ( = Class Pedinellophyceae , e.g. , Pedinella ) Order Chrysamoebidales ( e.g. , Rhizochrysis , Chrysarachnion ) Order Chrysocapsales ( e.g. , Chrysocapsa , Hydrurus ) Order Chrysosphaerales ( e.g. , Chrysosphaera ) Order Phaeothamniales ( e.g. , Phaeothamnion , Thallochrysis ) Preisig ( 1995 ) ( edit ) Classification of the class Chrysophyceae and splinter groups according to Preisig ( 1995 ) : Class Chrysophyceae Order Bicosoecales Order Chromulinales Order Hibberdiales Order Hydrurales Order Sancinochrysidales Order Chrysomeridales Class Dictyochophyceae Order Pedinellales Order Rhizochromulinales Order Dictyochales Class Synurophyceae Order Synurales Guiry and Guiry ( 2014 ) ( edit ) According to Guiry and Guiry ( 2014 ) : Class Chrysophyceae Order Chromulinales Order Hibberdiales Order Hydrurales Order Thallochrysidales Chrysophyceae ordo incertae sedis ( 11 genera ) Ecology ( edit ) Pond of hikarimo ( `` algae of light '' ) in Hitachi , Japan . Uncertain genus ( Chromulina , Ochromonas or Chromophyton ) . Chrysophytes lives mostly in freshwater , and are important for studies of food web dynamics in oligotrophic freshwater ecosystems , and for assessment of environmental degradation resulting from eutrophication and acid rain . Evolution ( edit ) Fucoxanthin Chrysophytes contain the pigment fucoxanthin . Because of this , they were once considered to be a specialized form of cyanobacteria . Because many of these organisms had a silica capsule , they have a relatively complete fossil record , allowing modern biologists to confirm that they are , in fact , not derived from cyanobacteria , but rather an ancestor that did not possess the capability to photosynthesize . Many of the chrysophyta precursor fossils entirely lacked any type of photosynthesis - capable pigment . Most biologists believe that the chrysophytes obtained their ability to photosynthesize from an endosymbiotic relationship with fucoxanthin - containing cyanobacteria . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pascher , A ( 1914 ) . `` Über Flagellaten und Algen '' . Berichte der deutsche botanischen Gesellschaft. 32 : 136 -- 160 . Jump up ^ NCBI . Taxonomy Browser ( Chrysophyceae ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Chrysophyta '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Alga : Management Data Series 236 : Management of Prymnesium parvum at Texas State Fish Hatcheries '' . Jump up ^ Medlin , L.K. , W.H.C.F. Kooistra , D. Potter , G.W. Saunders , and R.A. Anderson . 1997 . Phylogenetic relationships of the `` golden algae '' ( haptophytes , heterokont chromophytes ) and their plastids . Plant Systematics and Evolution ( Supplement ) 11 : 187 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Duff , K.E. ; Zeeb , B.A. ; Smol , John P. ( 1995 ) . Atlas of Chrysophycean Cysts . Springer - Science + Business Media , B.V. Jump up ^ Round , F.E. ( 1986 ) . The Chrysophyta - a reassessment . In : Chrysophytes : Aspects and Problems . Kristiansen , J. and R.A. Andersen ( Eds . ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Sharma , O.P. ( 1986 ) . Textbook of Algae . McGraw Hill . p. 23 , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Andersen , R.A. ( 2007 ) . Molecular systematics of the Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae . In : Unravelling the algae : the past , present , and future of algal systematics . The Systematics Association Special Volume Series , 75 . ( Brodie , J. & Lewis , J. Eds ) , pp. 285 - 313 . Boca Raton : CRC Press . ^ Jump up to : Preisig , H.R. ( 1995 ) . `` A modern concept of chrysophyte classification '' . In Sandgren , C.D. ; Smol , J.R. ; Kristiansen , J. Chrysophyte algae : ecology , phylogeny and development . pp. 46 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Margulis , L. , J.O. Corliss , M. Melkonian , D.J. Chapman . Handbook of Protoctista . Jones and Bartlett Publishers , Boston , 1990 . Jump up ^ Guiry , M.D. & Guiry , G.M. 2014 . AlgaeBase . World - wide electronic publication , National University of Ireland , Galway . http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=87256 ; searched on 08 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ohishi H. ; Yano H. ; Ito H. ; Nakahara M. 1991 . Observations on a chrysophyte hikarimo in a pond in Hyogo prefecture , Japan . ( 兵庫県内の池に発生したヒカリモ ( 黄金藻 ) の観察 . ) Japanese Journal of Phycology 39 ( 1 ) : 37 - 42 , link . Jump up ^ Goff , Matt . `` Chromophyton ( Golden Glow Mystery Revisited ) '' . Sitka Nature ( online ) . March 16 , 2011 . link . Jump up ^ Sandgren et al. ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ `` Chrysophyta '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to Chrysophyceae Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysophyceae . Andersen , R.A. 2004 . Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae . American Journal of Botany 91 ( 10 ) : 1508 -- 1522 . 2004 . Duff , K.E. , B.A. Zeeb & J.P. Smol. 1995 . Atlas of Chrysophycean Cysts , Vol. 1. , ( 2 ) ; 2001 , Vol. 2 , ( 3 ) . Kluwer Academic Publishers , Dordrecht . Jørgen Kristiansen. 2005 . Golden algae : a biology of chrysophytes . A.R.G. Gantner Verlag , distributed by Koeltz Scientific Books , Königstein , Germany , vii + 167 pp. ISBN 3 - 906166 - 23 - 6 . Kristiansen , J. and R.A. Andersen ( Eds . ) . 1986 . Chrysophytes : Aspects and Problems . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , xiv + 337 pp . Kristiansen , J. and Preisig , H. ( Eds . ) . 2001 . Encyclopedia of chrysophyte genera . Bibliotheca Phycologica , Vol. 110 , J. Cramer , Berlin . Medlin , L.K. , W.H.C.F. Kooistra , D. Potter , G.W. Saunders , and R.A. Anderson . 1997 . Phylogenetic relationships of the `` golden algae '' ( haptophytes , heterokont chromophytes ) and their plastids . Plant Systematics and Evolution ( Supplement ) 11 : 187 -- 219 . Sandgren , C.D. , J.P. Smol , and J. Kristiansen ( Eds . ) . 1995 . Chrysophyte algae : ecology , phylogeny and development . Cambridge University Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46260 - 6 . Škaloud , P. , Škaloudová , M. , Pichrtová , M. , Němcová , Y. , Kreidlová , J. & Pusztai , M. 2013 . www.chrysophytes.eu -- a database on distribution and ecology of silica - scaled chrysophytes in Europe . Nova Hedwigia , Beiheft 142 : 141 - 146 . link Eukaryota : SAR : Heterokonta or Stramenopiles Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Ochrophyta ( mostly photosynthetic ) Phaeista Hypogyristea Pinguiophyceae Pelagophyceae Dictyochophyceae / Actinochrysophyceae / Axodines Dictyochales / Silicoflagellates Rhizochromulinales Florenciellales Actinodines Pedinellales Ciliophryida Actinophryida Chrysista Chrysophyceae , golden algae Chromulinales Chrysosphaerales Hibberdiales Hydrurales Phaeothamniales Eustigmatophyceae Eustigmataceae Monodopsidaceae Pseudocharaciopsidaceae Phaeophyceae , brown algae Ascoseirales Cutleriales Desmarestiales Dictyotales Discosporangiales Ectocarpales Fucales Ishigeales Laminariales Nemodermatales Onslowiales Ralfsiales Scytosiphonales Scytothamnales Sphacelariales Sporochnales Syringodermatales Tilopteridales Phaeothamniophyceae Phaeothamniales Pleurochloridellales Raphidophyceae Chattonella , Fibrocapsa , Gonyostomum , Haramonas , Heterosigma , Vacuolaria Synurophyceae Heterogloeales Ochromonadales Rhizochloridales Synurales Xanthophyceae , yellow - green algae Botrydiales Mischococcales Tribonematales Vaucheriales Khakista Bolidophyceae Bolidomonas Bacillariophyta , diatoms Coscinodiscophyceae Biddulphiophycidae Chaetocerotophycidae Corethrophycidae Coscinodiscophycidae Cymatosirophycidae Lithodesmiophycidae Rhizosoleniophycidae Thalassiosirophycidae Bacillariophyceae Bacillariales Naviculales Fragilariophyceae Fragilariales Heterotrophic groups Pseudofungi Oomycetes Hyphochytriomycetes Bigyra Bigyromonadea Bicosoecea Sagenista Labyrinthulomycetes Eogyrea Opalinata / Slopalinida Opalinidae Proteromonadidae Blastocystis Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q1763065 Wikispecies : Chrysophyceae BioLib : 14854 EoL : 3412 EPPO : 1CHRYC Fossilworks : 69590 iNaturalist : 51943 ITIS : 1448 NCBI : 2825 uBio : 6200193 WoRMS : 146230 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_algae&oldid=833813392 '' Categories : Chrysophyceae Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 15 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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7108683243752613393	New Orleans Pelicans	New Orleans Pelicans - wikipedia New Orleans Pelicans Jump to : navigation , search For the former minor league baseball team , see New Orleans Pelicans ( baseball ) . New Orleans Pelicans 2017 -- 18 New Orleans Pelicans season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 2002 History New Orleans Hornets 2002 -- 2005 ; 2007 -- 2013 New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets 2005 -- 2007 New Orleans Pelicans 2013 -- present Arena Smoothie King Center Location New Orleans , Louisiana Team colors Navy blue , gold , red Main sponsor Zatarain 's President Dennis Lauscha General manager Dell Demps Head coach Alvin Gentry Ownership Gayle Benson Affiliation ( s ) None Championships 0 Conference titles 0 Division titles 1 ( 2008 ) Retired numbers 1 ( 7 ) Uniforms Home Away Third The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center ( formerly known as the New Orleans Arena ) . The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 season when then - owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012 -- 13 season . The Charlotte Hornets ' name , history , and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then -- Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 . In 16 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina , the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 610 -- 686 , and has qualified for the playoffs seven times . Their achievements include two playoff series victories and one division title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Relocation to New Orleans 1.2 2002 -- 2005 : Early years in New Orleans 1.3 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era 1.4 2011 -- 2013 : CP3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era 1.5 2013 -- present 1.5. 1 2015 : Return to the playoffs 1.5. 2 2017 -- present 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Players 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Retained draft rights 3.3 Retired numbers 4 Franchise records 5 Seasons 5.1 Head coaches 6 Home arenas 7 Mascot 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the New Orleans Pelicans Relocation to New Orleans ( edit ) Smoothie King Center , home arena of the New Orleans Pelicans While the Charlotte Hornets put a competitive team on the court throughout the 1990s , the team 's attendance began falling dramatically . Many attributed this lapse in popularity to the team 's owner , George Shinn , who was slowly becoming despised by the people of the city . In 1997 , a Charlotte woman claimed that Shinn had raped her , and the resulting trial severely tarnished his reputation in the city . The consensus was that while Charlotte was as basketball - crazy as ever , fans took out their anger at Shinn on the team . Shinn had also become discontented with the Charlotte Coliseum , which , although considered state - of - the - art when it opened in 1988 , had by then been considered obsolete due to a limited number of luxury boxes . On March 26 , 2001 , both the Hornets and the Vancouver Grizzlies applied for relocation to Memphis , Tennessee , which was ultimately won by the Grizzlies . Shinn issued an ultimatum : unless the city built a new arena at no cost to him , the Hornets would leave town . The city initially refused , leading Shinn to consider moving the team to either Norfolk , Louisville , or St. Louis . Of the cities in the running , only St. Louis had an NBA - ready arena ( Savvis Center , now known as Scottrade Center ) already in place and was a larger media market than Charlotte at the time ; also , it was the only one of the four to have previously hosted an NBA franchise -- the St. Louis Hawks , who moved to Atlanta in 1968 . Finally , a new arena in Uptown , which would eventually become the Charlotte Bobcats Arena ( now known as Spectrum Center ) , was included in a non-binding referendum for a larger arts - related package , and Shinn withdrew his application to move the team . Polls showed the referendum on its way to passage . However , just days before the referendum , Mayor Pat McCrory vetoed a living wage ordinance . The veto prompted many of the city 's black ministers to oppose the referendum ; they felt it was immoral for the city to build a new arena when city employees were not paid enough to make a living . After the referendum failed , city leaders devised a plan to build a new arena in a way that did not require voter support , but made it known that they would not even consider building it unless Shinn sold the team . While even the NBA acknowledged that Shinn had alienated fans , league officials felt such a demand would anger other owners . The city council refused to remove the statement , leading the Hornets to request a move to New Orleans -- a move which would eventually return the NBA to that city since the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . Before the Hornets were eliminated from the playoffs , the NBA approved the move . As part of a deal , the NBA promised that Charlotte would get a new team , which took the court two years later as the Charlotte Bobcats . In a 2008 interview with the Charlotte Observer , Shinn , who has not returned to Charlotte since the Hornets moved , admitted that the `` bad judgment I made in my life '' played a role in the Hornets ' departure . He also said that if he had it to do all over again , he would not have withdrawn from the public after the sexual assault trial . Shinn emphasized how he was making amends by committing to New Orleans saying , `` I 've made enough mistakes in my life . I 'm not going to make one here . This city needs us here . We 're going to make this ( New Orleans ) thing work . '' 2002 -- 2005 : early years in New Orleans ( edit ) The Hornets opened their inaugural season in New Orleans on October 30 , 2002 , against New Orleans ' original NBA franchise , the now - Utah Jazz . In the first regular season NBA game played in New Orleans in over 17 years , the Hornets defeated the Jazz 100 -- 75 , and posthumously retired # 7 of `` Pistol '' Pete Maravich during halftime . The Hornets finished the season with a 47 -- 35 record but were defeated by the Philadelphia 76ers in the First Round of the 2003 playoffs . Following the season , the team unexpectedly fired head coach Paul Silas and replaced him with Tim Floyd . The Hornets began the 2003 -- 04 season strong with a 17 -- 7 start but sputtered at the end and finished 41 -- 41 . They lost to the Miami Heat in the First Round of the 2004 playoffs . After the season , Floyd was fired and the team hired Byron Scott as its new head coach . During the first two seasons in New Orleans the Hornets competed in the NBA 's Eastern Conference . The 2004 -- 05 season saw the team move to the Western Conference 's Southwest Division to even the number of teams in each conference after the Charlotte Bobcats started play in their inaugural season of that same year . In a season marred by injury to the team 's three all - stars , the team finished the year with a franchise - worst record of 18 -- 64 . 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era ( edit ) Chris Paul , selected by the Hornets as the fourth pick of the 2005 NBA draft In the subsequent draft , the Hornets used their first - round pick to select point guard Chris Paul out of Wake Forest University . Because of the catastrophic devastation brought by Hurricane Katrina upon the communities of southeastern Louisiana , the Hornets franchise temporarily relocated its base of operations to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , in 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 , posting records of 38 -- 44 and 39 -- 43 respectively . During this time , the franchise was known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . In these two seasons , most home games were played at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , while a few remained at New Orleans Arena . One year after the Hornets moved back to New Orleans permanently , the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder . The Hornets franchise returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season , with all 41 home games in the New Orleans Arena . The 2008 NBA All - Star Game and its accompanying festivities were awarded to New Orleans and a serious marketing campaign was commenced in February 2007 . Healthier than previous seasons , the Hornets raced to a 29 -- 12 record at the halfway mark , completing the regular season with a record of 56 -- 26 , making the season their most successful ever . The Hornets also won their first - ever division title , winning the Southwest Division . Having clinched the 2nd overall seed for the Western Conference in the 2008 playoffs , the Hornets beat the Dallas Mavericks in the First Round , but eventually lost to the defending - champion San Antonio Spurs in seven games in the conference semifinals . In August 2008 the Hornets unveiled a modified logo and new uniforms with the colors of Creole blue , purple , and Mardi Gras gold . Pinstripes were also added to the uniforms . The Hornets also introduced a new gold alternate uniform in 2010 which was used mostly in games played on Saturday at home and on the road . The Hornets finished the 2008 -- 09 season with a 49 -- 33 record . Paired up with the Denver Nuggets in the First Round of the 2009 playoffs , the Hornets were eliminated in five games . The Hornets started the 2009 -- 10 season in a disappointing fashion , and head coach Byron Scott was fired after a 3 -- 6 start to the season . General manager Jeff Bower took over the head coaching duties for the remainder of the season . The Hornets finished the season with a 37 -- 45 record , finishing last in the Southwest division they had won only two seasons before . Jeff Bower later resigned as head coach , and Monty Williams was brought in as new head coach . The team finished the 2010 -- 11 season with a 46 -- 36 record and qualified for the 2011 NBA Playoffs , where they lost to the Lakers 4 -- 2 . In December 2010 the NBA purchased the Hornets from George Shinn for an estimated $300 million . 2011 -- 2013 : cp3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era ( edit ) Before the 2011 -- 12 season , the Hornets were considering trade offers for Chris Paul . Paul eventually requested a trade to the New York Knicks . The Hornets looked at many teams , including the Boston Celtics and the Golden State Warriors as trade partners , but Paul had made it clear he wanted to be traded to New York or Los Angeles . A three - team trade involving the Los Angeles Lakers and the Houston Rockets was agreed upon , but commissioner David Stern vetoed the trade . On December 14 , 2011 , the Hornets agreed to a deal with the Los Angeles Clippers that would send Paul to Los Angeles in exchange for Eric Gordon , Chris Kaman , Al - Farouq Aminu , and a first - round draft pick acquired by the Clippers from a trade with the Minnesota Timberwolves in 2004 . At the end of the 66 - game lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 season , the Hornets had the worst record in the West , 21 -- 45 . On April 13 , 2012 , it was announced that Tom Benson , owner of the National Football League 's New Orleans Saints , had purchased the franchise from the NBA for $338 million . In addition , Benson announced that he would change the team name to something that would better suit the region , fueling rumors that the Hornets name could one day return to Charlotte , where the Charlotte Bobcats played . In June 2012 , Benson appointed two senior Saints executives to supervise the Hornets as well : Saints general manager Mickey Loomis became head of basketball operations , overseeing general manager Dell Demps , and Saints business operations head Dennis Lauscha took on the same role with the Hornets . The Hornets traded Emeka Okafor and Trevor Ariza to the Wizards for Rashard Lewis , whom they bought out , and a draft pick . On May 30 , 2012 , the Hornets were awarded the first overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft and subsequently drafted Anthony Davis . They also drafted Austin Rivers with the tenth pick ( acquired from the Clippers as part of the Chris Paul trade ) . On July 11 , 2012 , Ryan Anderson , 2012 's Most Improved Player and three - point field goals leader , was acquired by the New Orleans Hornets in a sign - and - trade with the Orlando Magic for Gustavo Ayón . 2013 -- present ( edit ) New owner Tom Benson had indicated early in his ownership that he wished to change the team 's name to something more local , even preferring that the Utah Jazz -- founded in New Orleans in 1974 and played there until 1979 -- give up the `` Jazz '' name , but the Jazz indicated they had no interest in returning the name due to over 30 years of history associated with it . Benson had also heavily favored the names `` Brass '' and `` Krewe '' . However , on December 4 , 2012 , it was reported that the Hornets would change their name to the New Orleans Pelicans beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season . The team name is inspired by Louisiana 's state bird , the brown pelican . The name `` Pelicans '' previously had been used by a minor - league baseball team that played in New Orleans from 1901 to 1957 . The Hornets organization officially confirmed the name change in a press conference held on January 24 , 2013 , where officials unveiled the team 's new logos and navy blue -- gold -- red color scheme . On April 18 , 2013 , after the end of the team 's 2012 -- 13 season , the team 's name was officially changed to the Pelicans . Following the New Orleans franchise 's 2013 disestablishment of the `` Hornets '' name , on May 21 , 2013 , Charlotte Bobcats owner Michael Jordan officially announced the organization had submitted an application to change the name of his franchise to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014 -- 15 NBA season pending a majority vote for approval by the NBA Board of Governors at a meeting in Las Vegas , on July 18 , 2013 . Then - NBA Deputy Commissioner and COO Adam Silver had previously pointed out that the league owns the rights to the name Hornets and that could speed up the process . The NBA unanimously approved the name change starting with 2014 -- 15 . On June 27 , 2013 , during the 2013 NBA draft , the Pelicans selected Nerlens Noel 6th overall , and traded him along with a 2014 protected first - round pick for All - Star point guard Jrue Holiday of the Philadelphia 76ers and the 42nd pick , Pierre Jackson . At a May 20 , 2014 , press conference announcing the Charlotte Bobcats ' official team name change to Hornets , it was also announced that the Pelicans agreed to transfer the records and statistics of the original Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) to the current Charlotte franchise , thus unifying all of Charlotte 's NBA basketball history under one franchise ; the team records and statistics since the 2002 move to New Orleans would be retained by the Pelicans , retroactively turning the Pelicans into a 2002 expansion team . To restate and clarify the series of events : after the 2002 season , the original Hornets moved to New Orleans . In 2004 , Charlotte was granted a new franchise , the Bobcats . After the 2013 -- 14 season , the Bobcats changed their name to the Hornets and reclaimed the history and records of the 1988 -- 2002 Hornets . As a result , the Hornets are now reckoned as having suspended operations from 2002 to 2004 , while the Pelicans are now reckoned as having joined the league in 2002 . 2015 : return to the playoffs ( edit ) Gentry has been coaching the Pelicans ' since 2015 For the first time under the name Pelicans , the team qualified for the playoffs with a 45 -- 37 record as the number 8 seed in the Western Conference . They owned the tie - breaker over the Oklahoma City Thunder by winning the regular season head - to - head series , 3 -- 1 , and they faced the Golden State Warriors in the First Round ; the Warriors swept the Pelicans in four games . After the season , the Pelicans fired coach Monty Williams despite qualifying for the playoffs . On May 31 , 2015 , the Pelicans hired Alvin Gentry as the franchise 's sixth head coach . 2017 -- present ( edit ) On February 20 , 2017 , the Pelicans acquired DeMarcus Cousins in a trade with the Sacramento Kings when they traded Buddy Hield , Tyreke Evans , Langston Galloway , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2017 second - round pick in exchange for Cousins and Omri Casspi . On February 1 , 2018 , the Pelicans acquired Nikola Mirotić in a trade with the Chicago Bulls . Though the trade wen through this tme , another trade for Mirotić to the Pelicans was cancelled when New Orleans did n't want to pay for Mirotić 's 2019 - team - option contract Mirotić signed with the Bulls during the off - season of 2017 . The Pelicans received Mirotić and a 2018 second - round pick for veterans Ömer Aşık , Jameer Nelson , and Tony Allen . Mirotić demanded a trade when former team mate Bobby Portis punched Mirotić in the face during an off - season practice . At the time , Mirotić was the Bulls ' leading scorer , and DeMarcus Cousins was injured . Mirotić , recently , has been extremely efficient for the Pelicans . On March 15 , 2018 , Tom Benson died from complications of the flu . Ownership of the Pelicans and the Saints were transferred to Benson 's widow , Gayle Benson . The Pelicans clinched the playoff spot on April 9 , 2018 . In the First Round they swept the Portland Trail Blazers 4 -- 0 , and then lost to the Golden State Warriors 4 -- 1 . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The New Orleans Hornets were sold to Tom Benson on April 13 , 2012 . After purchasing the team , Benson indicated that he wanted to change the club 's nickname to something more regionally appropriate . On December 14 , 2012 , it was reported that the Hornets would change their nickname to the New Orleans Pelicans . On January 24 , 2013 , the team held a press conference , where it unveiled its new nickname , logos and colors . The name Pelicans is a reference to the brown pelican , the state bird of Louisiana . The team said in a press release that its colors would be navy , gold and red ; each color is represented in the city flag of New Orleans . The team formally adopted its new brand identity at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season . On August 1 , 2013 , the Pelicans released their new uniforms . The ' New Orleans ' wordmark logo across the front of the jerseys is inspired by French Quarter street signs ; the Pelicans are one of three NBA teams to wear the city name across the front of both home and road jerseys . The partial logo is featured on the sides of the shorts , and the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo ( a combination mark of the pelican , fleur - de-lis and crescent basketball shape ) is featured on the back neck . NBA teams were not allowed to have alternate uniforms during their first season of operation . On September 23 , 2014 , the Pelicans unveiled a red alternate uniform for the 2014 -- 15 season that would be worn four times in the year . Prior to the red alternate uniform unveiling , the NBA announced that its league logo would be moved to the back neck of game jerseys for all 30 clubs ; as a result , the NBA league logo replaced the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo on the back neck . On September 17 , 2015 , the Pelicans unveiled a new alternate uniform , introduced as part of the NBA 's `` Pride '' uniforms for the 2015 -- 16 season . The short - sleeved uniforms feature Mardi Gras ' signature colors -- purple , green and gold . The tops are purple with green accents on the sleeves and sport ' NOLA ' ( a local acronym for New Orleans , Louisiana ) across the chest in the Pelicans ' signature font in gold letters trimmed in green . The Pelicans ' NO ' logo is featured at the bottom of the v - neck and the Crescent City basketball logo is on the left sleeve in Mardi Gras colors . Additionally , the trim around the neckline is purple , green and gold - striped . Additionally , on the back of the jersey , the players ' numbers will be gold with green trim , last name in white traditional lettering and the NBA logo will be featured at the base of the neck . The purple shorts will have green and gold stripes down the side with a small secondary logo -- the `` Bird - de-Lis '' in gold centered on the waistband . The Pelicans ' partial logo is on both sides of the shorts in Mardi Gras colors . Players ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans all - time roster See also : New Orleans Pelicans draft history Current roster ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0 ! C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Ajinça , Alexis 7000218440000000000 ♠ 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1988 -- 05 -- 06 INSEP ( FRA ) 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Clark , Ian 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cooke , Charles ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 196 lb ( 89 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 01 Dayton 6.0 ! C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Cousins , DeMarcus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1990 -- 08 -- 13 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Crawford , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1988 -- 10 -- 23 Xavier 5.5 ! F / C 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Davis , Anthony ( C ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 11 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Diallo , Cheick 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 09 -- 13 Kansas 4.0 ! F 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Hill , Solomon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 18 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Holiday , Jrue 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1990 -- 06 -- 12 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jackson , Frank 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 -- 05 -- 04 Duke 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Liggins , DeAndre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 209 lb ( 95 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 31 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Miller , Darius 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 21 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mirotić , Nikola 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 02 -- 11 Spain 2.5 ! G / F 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Moore , E'Twaun 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 191 lb ( 87 kg ) 1989 -- 02 -- 25 Purdue 6.0 ! C 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Okafor , Emeka 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 28 Connecticut 1.5 ! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Rondo , Rajon 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 186 lb ( 84 kg ) 1986 -- 02 -- 22 Kentucky Head coach Alvin Gentry Assistant coach ( es ) Darren Erman Chris Finch Dave Hanners Kevin Hanson Robert Pack Fred Vinson Phil Weber Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 04 -- 05 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Pelicans hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 48 Williams , Latavious Latavious Williams United States Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Acquired from the Miami Heat ( via Oklahoma City ) Retired numbers ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 7 Pete Maravich 1974 -- 1979 Notes : The then - New Orleans Hornets retired Maravich 's number during their first game in New Orleans in honor of his basketball contributions to the state of Louisiana , both during his college career at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) and his professional career with the city 's former NBA team , the New Orleans Jazz . Franchise records ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans accomplishments and records Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans seasons Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans head coaches Name Tenure Totals Regular season Playoffs PCT PCT PCT Paul Silas 2002 -- 2003 88 49 39 . 557 82 47 35 . 573 6 . 333 Tim Floyd 2003 -- 2004 89 44 45 . 494 82 41 41 . 500 7 . 429 Byron Scott 2004 -- 2009 436 211 225 . 484 419 203 216 . 484 17 8 9 . 471 Jeff Bower 2009 -- 2010 73 34 39 . 487 73 34 39 . 487 0 0 0 -- Monty Williams 2010 -- 2015 404 175 229 . 433 394 173 221 . 439 10 8 . 200 Alvin Gentry 2015 -- present 255 117 138 . 459 246 112 134 . 455 9 5 . 556 Home arenas ( edit ) Smoothie King Center ( 2002 -- present ) , formerly known as New Orleans Arena ( 2002 -- 2014 ) One other temporary facility due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina : Chesapeake Energy Arena ( Oklahoma City , formerly known as Ford Center ) ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Mascot ( edit ) Pierre the Pelican is the official mascot for the Pelicans . He was introduced on October 30 , 2013 , the opening night of regular season for the team at home against the Indiana Pacers . The name for the mascot was selected by the fans through an online poll on the team 's website . However , Pierre 's unconventional design frightened some fans . The mascot 's redesigned head was released on February 11 , 2014 . The Pelicans ' prior mascot was Hugo the Hornet , who was part of the organization from 2002 to 2013 . Hugo returned as the mascot for the Charlotte Hornets starting with the 2014 -- 15 season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' . NBA.com/Hornets . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- New Orleans Pelicans seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled '' . NBA.com/Pelicans . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logos / Marks '' ( PDF ) . New Orleans Pelicans 2017 - 18 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans and Zatarain 's cook - up a winning partnership '' . NBA.com/Pelicans ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , David ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Future of New Orleans Pelicans stable , even as team mourns owner Tom Benson 's death '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A message from owner Gayle Benson to Pelicans fans '' . NBA.com/Pelicans . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Gayle Benson becomes Saints , Pelicans owner '' . Profootballtalk.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benson Family Unveils New Orleans Pelicans Colors and Logos '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) '' . SportsECyclopedia.com . February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CNNSI.com -- NBA Basketball -- Hornets to apply for relocation to Memphis -- Monday March 26 , 2001 05 : 47 PM '' . SportsIllustrated.CNN.com . March 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2002 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ World Class City , Third World Paycheck . Creative Loafing , 2001 - 12 - 29 Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com -- Council willing to amend ' new owner ' statement '' . ESPN.Go.com . Associated Press . 2002 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Green , Ron Jr . Shinn : I messed up in Charlotte Archived 2012 - 09 - 09 at Archive.is . Charlotte Observer , 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Eye for victory '' . ESPN.Go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets to Play in Oklahoma City '' . National Basketball Association . September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved September 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Dashiell ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Larry Ellison Confirms He Tried To Buy The New Orleans Hornets , But Was Beaten Back By The NBA '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA completes Hornets purchase '' . National Basketball Association . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` N.B.A. Rejects Trade Sending Paul to Lakers '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Saints owner Benson buys Hornets from NBA '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . April 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jimmy ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` New Orleans Hornets to be purchased by New Orleans Saints ' owner Tom Benson for $338 million '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets seeking name change , set to build new practice facility '' . WWL - TV . 2012 - 04 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ We Beelive : Charlotte ... take back your Hornets ! Facebook Page Jump up ^ `` Mickey Loomis takes on top New Orleans Hornets job '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . 19 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Report : Hornets to change name to New Orleans Pelicans in 2013 - 14 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Louisiana State symbols '' . Louisiana Division of Administration . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eichenhofer , Jim ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Pelicans nickname has century - plus history in New Orleans '' . New Orleans Pelicans . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Officially Adopt New Namesake '' . New Orleans Pelicans. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Sports & Entertainment Applies to Change Team 's Name to Hornets '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan : Bobcats changing name to Hornets '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA approves Charlotte 's name change '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Pompey ; Marc Narducci ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Holiday - Noel trade becomes official '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Name Alvin Gentry Head Coach '' . New Orleans Pelicans . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/22287175/new-orleans-pelicans-acquire-nikola-mirotic-chicago-bulls Jump up ^ `` Tom Benson 's will names Gayle Benson as sole beneficiary , leaves estranged family out '' . The Times - Picayune . March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meagher , Sean ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` NBA playoff race : Pelicans clinch with win vs Clippers '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` No. 6 seed Pelicans make NBA playoff history with first - round sweep of Trail Blazers '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meagher , Sean ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden State Warriors eliminate New Orleans Pelicans , advance to Western Conference finals '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Uniform Unveiling '' . New Orleans Pelicans . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ORLEANS PELICANS UNVEIL NEW UNIFORMS '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil New Uniforms '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Uni Watch on Pelicans ' jersey reveal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil Alternate Red Uniform '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New NBA Swingman Jersey Features -- Guide to New 2014 -- 2015 Swingman Jerseys '' . National Basketball Association . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` NBA to move league logo to back of jerseys '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Unveil Pride Uniforms in Celebration of the Spirit of Mardi Gras '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Acquire Ish Smith '' . NBA.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre the Pelican introduced in first quarter '' . New Orleans Pelicans . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` New Orleans Pelicans introduce new mascot ' Pierre ' as part of rebranding effort '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PIERRE THE PELICAN INJURY UPDATE '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hornet Comes Home '' . Charlotte Hornets . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Orleans Pelicans . Official website New Orleans Pelicans Founded in 2002 Formerly the New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2013 ) and the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Based in New Orleans , Louisiana Franchise Franchise Records Team history Seasons Draft history All - time roster Head coaches Broadcasters Current season Arenas Smoothie King Center Pete Maravich Assembly Center Ford Center Lloyd Noble Center General Managers Bower Bass Bristow Bower Demps Retired numbers 7 Culture and lore Hurricane Katrina & temporary move to Oklahoma City George Shinn Hugo Boogie and the Brow D - League affiliate None Media TV Fox Sports New Orleans Radio WWL - FM Announcers Joel Meyers David Wesley Sean Kelley Links to related articles New Orleans / Oklahoma City / New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans Pelicans seasons Franchise History Seasons 2000s 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Louisiana Baseball PCL New Orleans Baby Cakes Basketball NBA New Orleans Pelicans Football NFL New Orleans Saints Rugby MLR New Orleans Gold Soccer NPSL New Orleans Jesters Shreveport Rafters FC College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Grambling State Louisiana Louisiana -- Monroe Louisiana Tech LSU McNeese State New Orleans Nicholls State Northwestern State Southeastern Louisiana Southern Tulane Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_Pelicans&oldid=843522128 '' Categories : New Orleans Pelicans National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 2002 Relocated National Basketball Association teams 2002 establishments in Louisiana Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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8890487709090291511	Stephanie Courtney	Stephanie Courtney - wikipedia Stephanie Courtney Jump to : navigation , search Stephanie Courtney Courtney as Flo , a character she plays in television commercials ( 1970 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Stony Point , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress , comedian Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Scott Kolanach ( m . 2008 ) Stephanie Courtney ( born February 8 , 1970 ) is an American actress and comedian , best known for playing the advertising character Flo in television and radio commercials for Progressive Corporation beginning in 2008 , and noted for her recurring roles on several television series , including the voices of Renee the Receptionist and Joy Peters on the Adult Swim comedy Tom Goes to the Mayor ( 2004 -- 06 ) ; Marge on the AMC drama Mad Men ( 2007 ) ; and Diane on the ABC comedy Cavemen ( 2007 ) . She also appeared in the season 2 premiere of Men of a Certain Age . Courtney is a member of The Groundlings , an improvisational and sketch comedy theater in Los Angeles , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Courtney was born in Stony Point , Rockland County , New York the youngest of three children of a high school history teacher father and a singer mother . In 1992 she graduated from Binghamton University with a degree in English , where she had played Elizabeth Proctor in The Crucible . By then , she said , `` I was never tortured over whether I wanted to become an actress . There was never another option in my mind . '' After graduation , she moved to New York City , where her roommate was future author and columnist Megan Daum . While working as evening secretary for Smith Barney chairman Robert S. Greenhill , Courtney studied acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse . She moved to Los Angeles , where she roomed with her sister , actress Jennifer Courtney . The two wrote and performed the sketch `` Those Courtney Girls '' in Los Angeles and at the Aspen Comedy Festival . She joined the training program of the improvisational and sketch comedy group The Groundlings , and in 2004 became a member of its 30 - person main company . There she met the theater 's lighting director , Scott Kolanach , whom she married in 2008 . During her early time in Los Angeles she worked odd jobs including catering , to support herself . She has appeared in such films as The Brothers Solomon , Blades of Glory , The Heartbreak Kid , Melvin Goes to Dinner , and Fred : The Movie . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1998 Sweet Bird of You Kate Short film 2003 Melvin Goes to Dinner Alex 2005 Broadcast 23 Mrs. Morgan Short film 2006 For Your Consideration Boom operator 2007 Blades of Glory Reporter at sign ups 2007 Brothers Solomon , The The Brothers Solomon Sara 2007 Heartbreak Kid , The The Heartbreak Kid Gayla 2009 Coco Lipshitz : Behind the Laughter Karen Balsac Short film 2009 Christmas Eve : Alaska Melissa Short film Fred : The Movie Kevin 's mom 2011 Fred 2 : Night of the Living Fred Kevin 's mom Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 Mr. Show with Bob and David Waitress Episode : `` Eat Rotten Fruit from a Shitty Tree '' 2000 Tenacious D Various Episode : `` The Fan '' Angel Gwen ( Files and Records ) Episode : `` Dad '' 2002 Everybody Loves Raymond Woman Episode : `` Cookies '' 2003 Man Show , The The Man Show Various Episode : `` The New Guys '' 2003 Sketch Pad Various Episode : `` Roller '' Significant Others Pam Episode : `` A School , Not Cool & a Fool '' Faking the Video Fake producer Main cast ; 7 episodes Without a Trace Lynette Shaw Episode : `` American Goddess '' 2004 -- 06 Tom Goes to the Mayor Various voices Main cast ; 27 episodes 2005 ER Charlotte Episode : `` Just as I Am '' 2005 Comeback , The The Comeback Carolina 2 episodes 2006 Courting Alex Ticket agent Episode : `` Birthday '' 2006 Lovespring International Woman on tape Episode : `` A Rear Window '' 2006 Re-Animated Team member Donna Television film 2007 Celebrity Deathmatch Tina Fey ( voice ) Episode : `` The Banter Bloodbath '' 2007 Mad Men Marge 5 episodes 2007 -- 08 Cavemen Diane 3 episodes 2008 Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! Demons casting director Episode : `` Robin '' 2008 Kath & Kim Ruth Episode : `` Money '' 2009 United States of Tara Beth Episode : `` Aftermath '' Jay Leno Show , The The Jay Leno Show Leno family member Episode 75 Sons of Tucson Denise Episode : `` The Break - In '' House Claire Episode : `` Selfish '' Men of a Certain Age Stephanie Episode : `` If I Could , I Surely Would '' 2011 Looney Tunes Show , The The Looney Tunes Show Emma Webster ( young Granny ) Episode : `` Eligible Bachelors '' 2012 Fred : The Show Kevin 's mom Main cast ; 4 episodes 2012 Phineas and Ferb Additional voices Episode : `` What 'd I Miss ? '' 2014 2 Broke Girls Eleanor Episode : `` And the Wedding Cake Cake Cake '' 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Blanche Episode : `` Fred Armisen Wears Black Jeans & Glasses '' 2014 You 're the Worst Bookstore manager 3 episodes 2015 Mike Tyson Mysteries Mrs. Ensler ( voice ) Episode : `` Ty - Stunned '' 2015 W / Bob and David Jeannie Episode : `` 1.3 '' 2016 Major Crimes Dr. Deb Episode : `` Off the Wagon '' Web Year Title Role Notes 2007 Derek and Simon : The Show Glenda Episode : `` Troubled Times : Part 2 -- Murder & Deception '' 2008 Face to Bush Mary McQueegle 2008 -- 09 Back on Topps Debbie Topps Video games Year Title Role Notes 2003 Celebrity Deathmatch Mischa Barton Voice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russell , Mallory ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Progressive 's Flo : Standup Comic Stephanie Courtney '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Until Flo Ebbs , Progressive Will Capitalize on Her Popularity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Hiltbrand , David ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Actress - comedian Stephanie Courtney finds her niche with insurance commercials '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paknejad , Tina ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Newly Famous Pitchwoman '' . Binghamton University Magazine . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Heather Wood ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Get That Life : How I Became `` Flo '' From the Progressive Commercials `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parsley , Aaron ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About TV 's Progressive Insurance Lady '' . People . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Stephanie Courtney on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Courtney&oldid=803858574 '' Categories : 1970 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York ( state ) American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Binghamton University alumni Living people People from Stony Point , New York Comedians from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Simple English اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 02 : 36 . About Wikipedia	who is the actress who plays flo in progressive commercials	[ "Stephanie Courtney (born February 8, 1970)[1] is an American actress and comedian, best known for playing the advertising character Flo in television and radio commercials for Progressive Corporation beginning in 2008,[2] and noted for her recurring roles on several television series, including the voices of Renee the Receptionist and Joy Peters on the Adult Swim comedy Tom Goes to the Mayor (2004–06); Marge on the AMC drama Mad Men (2007); and Diane on the ABC comedy Cavemen (2007). She also appeared in the season 2 premiere of Men of a Certain Age. Courtney is a member of The Groundlings, an improvisational and sketch comedy theater in Los Angeles, California." ]	[ "Stephanie Courtney" ]
2118938172077201868	Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)	Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Alice Through the Looking Glass Theatrical release poster Directed by James Bobin Produced by Joe Roth Suzanne Todd Jennifer Todd Tim Burton Written by Linda Woolverton Based on Characters by Lewis Carroll Starring Johnny Depp Anne Hathaway Mia Wasikowska Matt Lucas Rhys Ifans Helena Bonham Carter Sacha Baron Cohen Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Stuart Dryburgh Edited by Andrew Weisblum Production company Walt Disney Pictures Roth Films Team Todd Tim Burton Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) ( London ) May 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 million Box office $299.5 million Alice Through the Looking Glass is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed by James Bobin , written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Tim Burton , Joe Roth , Suzanne Todd , and Jennifer Todd . It is based on the characters created by Lewis Carroll and is the sequel to the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland . The film stars Johnny Depp , Anne Hathaway , Mia Wasikowska , Matt Lucas , Rhys Ifans , Helena Bonham Carter , and Sacha Baron Cohen and features the voices of Stephen Fry , Michael Sheen , Timothy Spall , and Alan Rickman , in his final film role . In the film , Alice comes across a magical looking glass that takes her back to Wonderland , where she finds that the Mad Hatter is acting madder than usual and wants to discover the truth about his family . Alice then travels through time ( with the `` Chronosphere '' ) , comes across friends and enemies at different points of their lives , and embarks on a race to save the Hatter before time runs out . The film premiered in London on May 10 , 2016 , and was theatrically released by Walt Disney Pictures on May 27 , 2016 . Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $299.5 million on a budget of $170 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Alice Kingsleigh has spent the past three years following in her father 's footsteps and sailing the high seas . Upon her return to London from China , Alice discovers that her ex-fiancé , Hamish Ascot , has married her look - alike and taken over her father 's company and plans to have her sell him her father 's ship , `` the Wonder '' , in exchange for her family home . Unable to make a choice , Alice runs away , and comes across her butterfly friend Absolem , who disappears through a mysterious mirror in one of the upstairs rooms , returning to Wonderland . There , Alice is greeted by Mirana of Marmoreal the White Queen , Nivens McTwisp the White Rabbit , the Tweedles , Mallymkun the Dormouse , Thackery Earwicket the March Hare , Bayard , and the Cheshire Cat . They inform her that Tarrant Hightopp the Mad Hatter is in poor health because his family is missing following the Attack of the Jabberwocky . The attack occurred shortly after his father , Zanik , a hat retailer , seemed to reject Tarrant 's gift of a hat creation . The White Queen persuades Alice to convince Time himself to save the Mad Hatter 's family in the past , believing her to be the only one who can save the Hatter . However , she cautions Alice about Time , and that if her past self sees her future self , everything will be history . As Alice sets out , she ends up in a dreary castle , where Time himself , a demigod that is part - human , part - clock , resides . As Alice tries to consult Time , she finds the Chronosphere , an object that powers all time in Wonderland and will allow her to travel to any time in the past . Alice ignores Time 's warning that the past is unchangeable , and steals the Chronosphere , shortly after finding Iracebeth of Crims , the exiled Red Queen , in the care of Time . Alice accidentally flies to the day of Iracebeth 's coronation , where a younger Mad Hatter mocks the Red Queen when the royal crown does n't fit on her abnormally large head . This causes Iracebeth to melt down , and her father deems her emotionally unqualified to rule and passes the title of queen to her younger sister , the White Queen . Alice learns of an event in Iracebeth 's and Mirana 's past that caused friction between the two and travels back in time again , hoping it will change Iracebeth 's ways and stop the Jabberwocky from killing the Hatter 's family . She learns that the hat that the Mad Hatter thought his father threw away was actually treasured by him . Meanwhile , at the White Queen and Red Queen 's castle , at the time they are children , Mirana steals a tart from her mother and eats it . When confronted by their mother , Mirana lies about eating the tart , and Iracebeth is accused , causing her to run out of the castle . Alice sees that Iracebeth is about to run into a clock , thinking that 's the event that deforms her head and personality . Alice prevents that collision but fails to change the past , as Iracebeth trips and slams her head into a stone wall instead . A weakened Time then confronts Alice after relentless searching , and scolds her for putting all of time in danger . Out of panic , Alice runs into a nearby mirror back in the real world , where she wakes up in a mental hospital , diagnosed with female hysteria . As Dr. Addison Bennett , a psychiatric doctor , tries to inject her with a sedative , with her mother Helen 's encouragement and help , she escapes and returns to Wonderland via the mirror , where she travels to Horevendush Day , when the Hightopp family was killed . Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter 's family was captured by the Red Queen instead and never died . Returning to the present , however , Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter is on the brink of death . Alice , close to tears , says that she believes him , and Tarrant transforms back to his normal self . The Wonderlandians go to the Red Queen 's new organic plant castle , where the Mad Hatter finds his family shrunk and trapped in an ant farm . However , the Red Queen apprehends them and steals the Chronosphere from Alice . Ignoring Time 's warning , she takes her sister back to the day she lied about the tart . By the time the Mad Hatter and Alice get there , the Red Queen and her younger self have seen each other . Time becomes a paradox , and Wonderland begins to freeze in rust . As a powerless Time 's pleas , Alice and the Mad Hatter , with the White Queen and now - frozen Red Queen , use the Chronosphere to race back to the present as the rust proceeds to spread all over the ocean of Time and the castle , where Alice places the Chronosphere in its original place in time . With the Chronosphere stabilized , Wonderland , including those frozen , are reverted to normal . The Mad Hatter reunites with his family , and the White Queen and Red Queen make amends , while Time forgives Alice for the trouble she caused , but forbids her to return . Alice bids farewell to her friends and returns to the real world through another mirror . Alice finds her mother , Helen , about to sign over the Wonder to Hamish and reassures her that it 's only a ship . Helen decides to support her daughter regardless . Hamish seizes the Kingsleigh family home but not the ship . Alice and her mother set out to travel the world together with their own shipping company . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp , the Mad Hatter Louis Ashbourne Serkis as a young Tarrant Hightopp Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal , the White Queen Amelia Crouch as a young Mirana Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims , the Red Queen . Leilah de Meza as a young Iracebeth Sacha Baron Cohen as Time , a powerful Father Time - godlike human clockwork hybrid who speaks in a German accent and rules over of time in Underland using the Chronosphere in his castle Rhys Ifans as Zanik Hightopp , the Hatter 's father Matt Lucas as Tweedledum and Tweedledee Lindsay Duncan as Helen Kingsleigh , Alice 's mother Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot , now `` Lord Ascot '' following his father 's death Geraldine James as Lady Ascot , Hamish 's mother Andrew Scott as Dr. Addison Bennett , a cruel psychiatric doctor Ed Speleers as James Harcourt , an employee of the Ascots Richard Armitage as King Oleron , Iracebeth and Mirana 's father Hattie Morahan as Queen Elsemere , Iracebeth and Mirana 's mother Joanna Bobin as Lady Alexandra Ascot , Hamish 's wife Simone Kirby as Tyva Hightopp , the Hatter 's mother Joe Hurst as Bim Hightopp Oliver Hawkes as a young Bim Hightopp Siobhan Redmond as Bumalic Hightopp Frederick Warder as Poomally Hightopp Eve Hedderwick Turner as Baloo Hightopp Tom Godwin as Pimlick Hightopp Voice cast ( edit ) Alan Rickman as Absolem , the Butterfly Stephen Fry as Cheshire , the Cheshire Cat Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp , the White Rabbit Timothy Spall as Bayard , the Bloodhound Kyle Hebert as a young Bayard Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun , the Dormouse Matt Vogel as Wilkins , Time 's long - suffering manservant . Toby Jones was originally announced in the role Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket , the March Hare Wally Wingert as Humpty Dumpty . John Sessions was originally slated to voice the character Meera Syal as Nobody Edward Petherbridge as Gentleman Fish Owain Rhys Davies as Delivery Frog Paul Hunter as the White Chess King , a chess piece Production ( edit ) Tall ships in Gloucester Docks for the filming of Alice Through the Looking Glass . August 2014 The film was announced via Variety in December 2012 . Bobin was first approached about the project while doing post-production work on Muppets Most Wanted , Of being asked , Bobin has said that `` I just could n't pass it up '' , as he has a passion for the works of Lewis Carroll as well as history in general . In July 2013 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter , with Mia Wasikowska 's return confirmed the following November . In January 2014 Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time . In May 2014 , Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp , the Mad Hatter 's father . In developing the character of `` Time '' , Bobin sought to avoid creating a `` straight - up bad guy '' , noting that it would be `` a bit dull '' , and also that the role in that universe already existed in the form of The Red Queen . Instead , Bobin sought to make Time a `` Twit '' , further explaining that `` There 's no one better at playing the confident idiot trope than Sacha Baron Cohen '' , and adding that `` it was very much with Sacha in mind '' . Principal photography began on August 4 , 2014 , at Shepperton Studios . In August 2014 , filming took place in Gloucester Docks , which included the use of at least four historic ships : Kathleen and May , Irene , Excelsior , and the Earl of Pembroke , the last of which was renamed The Wonder for filming . Principal photography ended on October 31 , 2014 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Danny Elfman Released May 27 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Orchestral , pop rock Length 76 : 53 Label Walt Disney Producer Danny Elfman Danny Elfman film scores chronology Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Goosebumps 2015 Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Before I Wake ( 2016 ) Before I Wake 2016 Singles from Alice Through the Looking Glass : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Just Like Fire '' Released : April 15 , 2016 `` Alice '' Released : May 27 , 2016 `` Saving the Ship '' Released : May 27 , 2016 `` Looking Glass '' Released : June 1 , 2016 `` Truth '' Released : July 28 , 2016 `` Story of Time '' Released : August 7 , 2016 `` The Red Queen '' Released : October 18 , 2016 `` The Chronosphere '' Released : October 20 , 2016 The film 's score was composed by Danny Elfman . The soundtrack was released on May 27 , 2016 , by Walt Disney Records . Pink recorded the song `` Just Like Fire '' for the film , and also covered Jefferson Airplane 's `` White Rabbit '' , only used in the film 's promotional material . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Danny Elfman . No . Title Length 1 . `` Alice '' 6 : 35 2 . `` Saving the Ship '' 3 : 40 3 . `` Watching Time '' 5 : 10 4 . `` Looking Glass '' 3 : 30 5 . `` To the Rescue '' 0 : 56 6 . `` Hatter House '' 3 : 47 7 . `` The Red Queen '' 2 : 29 8 . `` The Chronosphere '' 4 : 15 9 . `` Warning Hightopps '' 2 : 23 10 . `` Tea Time Forever '' 1 : 45 11 . `` Oceans of Time '' 1 : 15 12 . `` Hat Heartbreak '' 2 : 27 13 . `` Asylum Escape '' 4 : 06 14 . `` Hatter 's Deathbed '' 3 : 22 15 . `` Finding the Family '' 2 : 04 16 . `` Time Is Up '' 4 : 24 17 . `` World 's End '' 1 : 50 18 . `` Truth '' 4 : 09 19 . `` Goodbye Alice '' 2 : 13 20 . `` Kingsleigh & Kingsleigh '' 1 : 19 21 . `` Seconds Song '' 0 : 11 22 . `` Friends United '' 1 : 06 23 . `` Time 's Castle '' 1 : 49 24 . `` The Seconds '' 1 : 55 25 . `` Clock Shop '' 0 : 50 26 . `` They 're Alive '' 2 : 23 27 . `` Story of Time '' 3 : 03 28 . `` Just Like Fire '' ( performed by Pink ) 3 : 35 Total length : 76 : 53 Release ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass premiered in London on May 10 , 2016 , and was theatrically released on May 27 , 2016 , in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures . Home Media ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass was released on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download on October 18 , 2016 , by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . It debuted at No. 2 in the Blu - ray Disc sales charts . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $77 million in the United States and Canada and $222.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $299.5 million , against a budget of $170 million . North america ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass opened in the United States and Canada on May 27 , 2016 , alongside X-Men : Apocalypse , and was initially projected to gross $55 -- 60 million from 3,763 theaters over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend , but projections were continuously revised downwards due to poor word of mouth . It had the added benefit of playing in over 3,100 3D theaters , 380 IMAX screens , 77 premium large formats and 79 D - box locations . It made $1.5 million from Thursday previews ( to the first film 's $3.9 million ) and just $9.7 million on its first day , compared to the $41 million opening Friday of its predecessor . Through its opening weekend , it earned $27 million , which when compared to its predecessor 's $116 million opening is down 70 % . While 3D represented 71 % ( $82 million ) of the original film 's opening gross , 3D constituted only 41 % ( $11 million ) for this sequel , with 29 % coming from traditional 3D shows , 11 % from IMAX , and 1 % from premium large formats . It became the studio 's third Memorial Day opening flop following Tomorrowland in 2015 and Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time in 2010 . During its first week , the film grossed $40.1 million . In its second weekend , the film grossed $11.3 million ( a 55.1 % drop ) , finishing 4th at the box office . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released across 43 countries ( 72 % of its total market place ) the same weekend as the US , and was estimated to gross $80 -- 100 million in its opening weekend . It faced competition from Warcraft and X-Men : Apocalypse . It ended up grossing $62.7 million , which is well below the projections of which $4.1 million came from IMAX shows . It had an opening weekend gross in Mexico ( $4.5 million ) , Brazil ( $4.1 million ) , and Russia ( $3.9 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an unsuccessful opening by grossing just £ 2.23 million ( $3.1 million ) during its opening weekend , a mere 21 % of the first film 's £ 10.56 million ( $15.2 million ) opening from 603 theaters . It debuted in second place behind X-Men : Apocalypse which was on its second weekend of play . In China , it had an opening day of an estimated $7.3 million and went on to score the second biggest Disney live - action ( non-Marvel or Lucasfilm ) opening ever with $26.6 million , behind only The Jungle Book . However , this was down from its $35 -- 45 million projections . It debuted at the No. 1 spot among newly released film in Japan with $5.2 million and $4.1 million on Saturday and Sunday . By comparison , the first film opened with $14 million on its way to a $133.6 million a total . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 29 % based on 234 reviews , and an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Alice Through the Looking Glass is just as visually impressive as its predecessor , but that is n't enough to cover for an underwhelming story that fails to live up to its classic characters . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade earned by its predecessor . Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote in his review , `` What does all this have to do with Lewis Carroll ? Hardly anything '' and that overall , `` It 's just an excuse on which to hang two trite overbearing fables and one amusing one '' . Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the movie 1.5 out of 4 stars and called the film , `` gaudy , loud , complacent , and vulgar . '' Stephen Whitty of New York Daily News called the film `` hugely expensive and extravagantly stupid '' and that , overall , the movie `` is just one more silly Hollywood mashup , an innocent fantasy morphed into a noisy would - be blockbuster '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com was deeply critical of Through the Looking Glass , describing it as `` the most offensive kind of film ... one that spends an enormous amount of money yet seems to have nothing on its mind but money . You give it , they take it . And you get nothing in return but assurances that you 're seeing magic and wonder . The movie keeps repeating it in your ear , and flashing it onscreen in big block letters : MAGIC AND WONDER . MAGIC AND WONDER . But there is no magic , no wonder , just junk rehashed from a movie that was itself a rehash of Lewis Carroll , tricked out with physically unpersuasive characters and landscapes and ' action scenes ' , with blockbuster ' journey movie ' tropes affixed to every set - piece as blatantly as Post-It Notes . '' Kyle Smith of New York Post gave the film a positive review : `` The screenplay ( by Linda Woolverton ) is n't exactly heaving with brilliant ideas , but it works well enough as a blank canvas against which the special - effects team goes bonkers '' . Matthew Lickona of San Diego Reader said that while he found the visual effects to be `` stupidly expensive '' and the story familiar , he called it , `` a solid kids ' movie in the old style '' . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Alice Through the Looking Glass Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Johnny Depp Worst Screen Combo Johnny Depp and His Vomitously Vibrant Costume Golden Trailer Awards Best Animation Family `` Poem '' The Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over `` Poem '' Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot `` Grammys '' Best Original Score TV Spot `` Grammys '' Grammy Awards Best Song Written For Visual Media `` Just Like Fire '' -- Oscar Holter , Max Martin , Pink and Shellback Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Song -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film `` Just Like Fire '' -- Oscar Holter , Max Martin , Pink and Shellback Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Alice Through the Looking Glass Nominated Satellite Awards Best Art Direction and Production Design Dan Hennah Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Saturn Awards Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Teen Choice Awards Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` Just Like Fire '' by Pink Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Jacob Clark , Joseph Pepper , Klaus Seitschek and Cosku Turhan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland , With Even More British Whimsy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland 2 Cast Announced as Production Begins Today '' . Collider.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Jenn . `` Who Plays The Young Hatter In ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' ? The Kid Actor Is Adorable '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Brown '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Brown '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Scott United Agents '' . unitedagents.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Hebert on Twitter '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Seconds : See exclusive images of Time 's critters from Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News : ' Alice in Wonderland : Through the Looking Glass ' '' . Thisisfilm.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Disney mad for ' Alice in Wonderland ' sequel '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Rachel . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' : 11 Things We Learned About the Disney Sequel '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve . `` Director James Bobin Talks MUPPETS MOST WANTED , Finding the Story for the Sequel , Putting Together the Cast , ALICE IN WONDERLAND 2 , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp Finalizing ' Alice In Wonderland 2 ′ '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland 2 ' and ' The Jungle Book ' snag release dates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacha Baron Cohen Eyes ' Wonderland ' Sequel ' Through the Looking Glass ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rhys Ifans to Join Johnny Depp in Disney 's ' Alice in Wonderland ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Alice in Wonderland : Through the Looking Glass Starts Filming ! '' . ComingSoon.net . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ship to feature in new Johnny Depp film arrives in Gloucester Docks '' . Gloucester Citizen . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gloucester Docks boaters unhappy with Hollywood movie filming '' . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tall ships arrive in Gloucester Docks ahead of Hollywood movie filming '' . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tall ship The Wonder arrives at Gloucester Docks for Alice in Wonderland sequel , Through the Looking Glass , starring Johnny Depp '' . SouthWest Business . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gloucester Docks transformed for Alice film '' . BBC . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 11 / 3 / 14 : Keanu Reeves Starts Daughter of God , Magic Mike XXL & Ant - Man Wrap '' . ssninsider.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AWN Staff Editor ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Journeys Home October 18 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tom Stockman ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` ALICE THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS on Digital HD , Blu - ray and Disney Movies Anywhere October 18th '' . We Are Movie Geeks . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/independence-day-alice-sequels-top-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201901989/ ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' No. 1 With $80 M ; ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Bombs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' To Boost Memorial Day Weekend After Last Year 's Holiday Apocalypse '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' X-Men : Apocalypse , ' ' Alice 2 ' Suit Up for Memorial Day Battle '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Inches Out ' Days Of Future Past ' On Thursday , On Track For Strong Memorial Day Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' Bombs With $9.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Apocalypse ' & ' Alice ' Take A Dive On Saturday As Memorial Day B.O. Bloodbath Continues -- Late Night Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . Box Office Mojo . June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Muscles Up On Saturday For OK Est . $35.3 M Opening ; ' Me Before You ' Opens To $18.3 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' Eyes Offshore Top Hat -- Intl B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Alice sequel slips up as X-Men maintain a heroic hold on the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Builds $16.3 M Overseas War Chest Through Friday -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Tasked with Raising Sales from Slump '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Bows on Top With $5.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Firing Off $90 M , ' Alice ' Taking A Spill With $40 M Over 4 - Day Memorial Day Holiday '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Stephen Holden ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' and a Trippy Time Machine '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ty Burr ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' is no wonderland '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Witty ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' gets Daily News critic mad as a hatter '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyle Smith ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Frabjous effects in otherwise mimsy ' Through the Looking Glass ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Lickona ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . San Diego Reader . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RAZZIE NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED : ZOOLANDER NO . 2 LEADS '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Grammy Awards : Complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) Official website Alice Through the Looking Glass on IMDb Alice Through the Looking Glass at Box Office Mojo Alice Through the Looking Glass at Rotten Tomatoes Alice Through the Looking Glass at Metacritic Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Wonderland Looking - Glass Land Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( Albarn musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Category Films directed by James Bobin Ali G , Innit ( 1999 ) Ali G , Aiii ( 2000 ) Ali G : Bling Bling ( 2001 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Through_the_Looking_Glass_(2016_film)&oldid=816918214 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American fantasy films American films Alice in Wonderland ( franchise ) American sequel films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films based on Alice in Wonderland Films directed by James Bobin Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films using computer - generated imagery Films produced by Joe Roth Films with live action and animation High fantasy films IMAX films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Linda Woolverton Films shot at Longcross Studios Films shot at Shepperton Studios Size change in fiction Time travel films Walt Disney Pictures films Films set in psychiatric hospitals Time in fiction Films set in 1875 Films set in London Films shot in Gloucestershire Films shot in Surrey Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 17 : 33 . 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8027701298273220871	Municipal corporations in India	Municipal corporations in India - wikipedia Municipal corporations in India ( Redirected from Municipal Corporations in India ) Jump to : navigation , search India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Chennai Corporation headquarters A municipal corporation , city corporation , Mahanagar Palika , Mahanagar Nigam or Nagar Nigam or Nagara Sabha is a local government in India that administers urban areas with a population of more than one million . The growing population and urbanization in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health care , educational institution , housing , transport etc. by collecting property tax and fixed grant from the State Government . The 74th Amendment made the provisions relating to urban local governments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other names for municipal corporations 2 Composition 3 Administration 4 Functions 5 Sources of Income 6 See also 7 References Other names for municipal corporations ( edit ) Municipal corporations are referred to by different names in different states ( due to regional language variations ) , all of which are translated to `` municipal corporation '' in English . These names include nagar nigam ( in Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Bihar , Rajasthan , and Haryana ) , mahanagar palika ( in Gujarat , Goa , Karnataka , and Maharashtra ) , pouro nigom ( in Assam and West Bengal ) , pur porishod ( in Tripura ) , agar palika nigam ( in Madhya Pradesh ) , Nagara Palaka Samstha ( in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ) , and Maanagaraatchi ( in Tamil Nadu ) . The Vadodara Municipal Corporation is typically called by the name `` Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan '' . The detailed structure of these urban bodies varies from state to state , as per the laws passed by the state legislatures , but the basic structure and function is almost the same . Composition ( edit ) Administrative structure of India The area administered by a municipal corporation is known as a municipal area . Each municipal area is divided into territorial constituencies known as wards . A municipal corporation is made up of a wards committee . Each ward has one seat in the wards committee . Members are elected to the wards committee on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years . These members are known as councillors or corporators . The number of wards in a municipal area is determined by the population of the city . Some seats are reserved for scheduled castes , scheduled tribes , backward classes and women . A state can choose to constitute additional committees to carry functions of urban local governance , in addition to the wards committees . In addition to the councillors elected from the wards , the legislature of a state may also choose to make provisions for the representation of persons having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration , the MPs or MLAs representing the constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the municipal area , and / or the commissioners of additional committees that the state may have constituted . If a state legislature appoints a person from the first category to a wards committee , that individual will not have the right to vote in the meetings of the municipal corporation , while MPs , MLAs and commissioners do have the right to vote in meetings . The largest corporations are in the six metropolitan cities of India , viz . Delhi , Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore and Hyderabad . The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation ( BMC ) is the richest municipal corporation in India . Administration ( edit ) The Mayor is the head of the municipal corporation , but the role is largely ceremonial as executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner . The office of the Mayor combines a functional role of chairing the Corporation meeting as well as ceremonial role associated with being the First Citizen of the city . As per the amended Municipal Corporation Act of 1888 , a Deputy Mayor is appointed by the Mayor . The tenure of the Mayor and Deputy Mayor is five years Executive officers monitor the implementation of all the programs related to planning and development of the corporation with the coordination of mayor and councilors . Functions ( edit ) Municipal Corporation building in Bangalore The Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution lists the subjects that municipal corporations are responsible for . Corporations may be entrusted to perform functions and implement schemes including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule . Urban planning including town planning . Regulation of land - use and construction of buildings . Planning for economic and social development Water supply for domestic , industrial and commercial purposes . Public health , sanitation conservancy and solid waste management . Fire services . Urban forestry , protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects . Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society , including the handicapped and mentally retarded . Slum improvement and upgradation . Urban poverty alleviation . Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks , gardens , playgrounds . Promotion of cultural , educational and aesthetic aspects . Burials and burial grounds ; cremations , cremation grounds and electric crematoriums . Cattle pounds ; prevention of cruelty to animals . Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths . Public amenities including street lighting , parking lots , bus stops and public conveniences . Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries Sources of income ( edit ) Its sources of income are taxes on water , houses , markets and vehicles ( commercial only ) paid by residents of the town and grants from the state government . Municipalities & CD blocks of West Bengal Municipal corporations Asansol Bidhannagar - New Town - Rajarhat Durgapur Howrah Jalpaiguri Kolkata Midnapore - Kharagpur Serampore - Chandannagar Siliguri Municipalities Alipurduar Arambagh Ashoknagar Kalyangarh Baduria Baidyabati Balurghat Bangaon Bankura Bansberia Baranagar Barasat Bardhaman Barrackpur Baruipur Basirhat Beldanga Berhampore Bhadreswar Bhatpara Birnagar Bishnupur Bolpur Budge Budge Buniadpur Chakdaha Champdani Chandrakona Contai Cooch Behar Dainhat Dalkhola Darjeeling Dhulian Dhupguri Diamond Harbour Dinhata Dubrajpur Dum Dum Egra English Bazar Gangarampur Garulia Gayespur Ghatal Gobardanga Guskara Habra Haldia Haldibari Halisahar Haringhata Hugli - Chuchura Islampur Jangipur Jhalda Jhargram Jiaganj Azimganj Jaynagar Mazilpur Kaliaganj Kalimpong Kalna Kalyani Kamarhati Kanchrapara Kandi Katwa Kharar Khardaha Khirpai Konnagar Krishnanagar Kurseong Madhyamgram Maheshtala Mainaguri Malbazar Mathabhanga Mekhliganj Memari Murshidabad Nabadwip Naihati Nalhati New Barrackpore North Barrackpur North Dumdum Old Malda Panihati Panskura Pujali Purulia Raghunathpur Raiganj Rajarhat Rajpur Sonarpur Ramjibanpur Rampurhat Ranaghat Rishra Sainthia Shantipur Sonamukhi South Dumdum Suri Taki Tamluk Tarakeswar Titagarh Tufanganj Uluberia Uttarpara Community development blocks Alipuduar I Alipurduar II Amdanga Amta I Amta II Andal Arambagh Arsha Ausgram I Ausgram II Baduria Bagdah Baghmundi Bagnan I Bagnan II Balagarh Balarampur Balurghat Bally Jagachha Bamangola Bandwan Bangaon Bankura I Bankura II Barjora Bansihari Barabani Barabazar Barrackpore I Barrackpore II Barasat I Barasat II Baruipur Basanti Basirhat I Basirhat II Beldanga I Beldanga II Berhampore Bhagawangola I Bhagawangola II Bhagabanpur I Bhagabanpur II Bhangore I Bhangore II Bharatpur I Bharatpur II Bhatar Binpur I Binpur II Bishnupur , Bankura Bishnupur I , South 24 Parganas Bishnupur II , South 24 Parganas Bolpur Sriniketan Budge Budge I Budge Budge II Burdwan I Burdwan II Burwan Canning I Canning II Chakdaha Chanchal I Chanchal II Chandipur Chanditala I Chanditala II Chapra Chandrakona I Chandrakona II Chhatna Chinsurah - Mogra Chopra Contai I Contai II Contai III Cooch Behar I Cooch Behar II Darjeeling Pulbazar Dantan I Dantan II Daspur I Daspur II Debra Deganga Diamond Harbour I Diamond Harbour II Deshapran Dhaniakhali Dhupguri Dinhata I Dinhata II Domjur Domkal Dubrajpur Egra I Egra II English Bazar Falakata Falta Farakka Faridpur - Durgapur Gaighata Galsi I Galsi II Gangajalghati Gangarampur Garhbeta I Garhbeta II Garhbeta III Gazole Ghatal Goalpokhar I Goalpokhar II Goghat I Goghat II Gopiballavpur I Gopiballavpur II Gorubathan Gosaba Habibpur Habra I Habra II Haldia Haldibari Hanskhali Hariharpara Haringhata Haripal Harirampur Harishchandrapur I Harishchandrapur II Haroa Hasnabad Hemtabad Hili Hingalganj Hirbandh Hura Ilambazar Indas Indpur Islampur Itahar Jagatballavpur Jalangi Jalpaiguri Jamalpur Jamboni Jamuria Jangipara Jaynagar I Jaynagar II Jhalda I Jhalda II Jhargram Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri Joypur , Bankura Joypur , Purulia Kakdwip Kalchini Kaliachak I Kaliachak II Kaliachak III Kaliaganj Kaliganj Kalimpong I Kalimpong II Kalna I Kalna II Kandi Kanksa Karandighi Karimpur I Karimpur II Kashipur Katwa I Katwa II Keshiari Keshpur Ketugram I Ketugram II Khanakul I Khanakul II Khandaghosh Kharagpur I Kharagpur II Khargram Kharibari Khatra Khejuri I Khejuri II Khoyrasole Kolaghat Kotulpur Krishnaganj Krishnanagar I Krishnanagar II Kulpi Kultali Kumarganj Kumargram Kurseong Kushmandi Labpur Lalgola Madarihat - Birpara Magrahat I Magrahat II Mahisadal Mal Manbazar I Manbazar II Mandirbazar Manikchak Manteswar Mathabhanga I Mathabhanga II Mathurapur I Mathurapur II Matiali Matigara Maynaguri Mayureswar I Mayureswar II Mejia Mekhliganj Memari I Memari II Midnapore Sadar Minakhan Mirik Mohammad Bazar Mohanpur Mongalkote Moyna Murarai I Murarai II Murshidabad - Jiaganj Nabadwip Nabagram Nagrakata Nakashipara Nalhati I Nalhati II Namkhana Nandakumar Nandigram I Nandigram II Nanoor Naoda Narayangarh Naxalbari Nayagram Neturia Old Malda Onda Panchla Pandabeswar Pandua Panskura Para Patashpur I Patashpur II Patharpratima Patrasayer Phansidewa Pingla Polba - Dadpur Puncha Purbasthali I Purbasthali II Pursurah Purulia I Purulia II Raghunathganj I Raghunathganj II Raghunathpur I Raghunathpur II Raiganj Raina I Raina II Raipur Rajarhat Rajganj Rajnagar Ramnagar I Ramnagar II Rampurhat I Rampurhat II Ranaghat I Ranaghat II Rangli Rangliot Ranibandh Raniganj Raninagar I Raninagar II Ratua I Ratua II Sabang Sagar Sagardighi Sahid Matangini Sainthia Salanpur Salboni Saltora Samserganj Sandeshkhali I Sandeshkhali II Sankrail , Howrah Sankrail , Paschim Medinipur Santipur Santuri Sarenga Shyampur I Shyampur II Simlapal Singur Sitai Sitalkuchi Sonamukhi Sonarpur Sreerampur - Uttarpara Suri I Suri II Sutahata Suti I Suti II Swarupnagar Taldangra Tamluk Tapan Tarakeswar Tehatta I Tehatta II Thakurpukur Mahestala Tufanganj I Tufanganj II U Udaynarayanpur Uluberia I Uluberia II See also List of cities in West Bengal by population Similar to Tehsils in many states of India Kolkata Municipal Corporation headquarters Municipal Corporation Building , Mumbai Municipal Corporation of Delhi Headquarters See also ( edit ) List of municipal corporations of India Municipal governance in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) '' . indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` BMC to open green channel for octroi '' . Financialexpress.com. 2007 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & beautiful , News - Cover Story '' . Mumbai Mirror . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Local government in India Urban Municipal Corporation Nagar Palika ( Municipal Council ) Intermediate Town Panchayat ( Nagar panchayat ) Rural District Panchayat ( Zila Parishad ) Block Panchayat / Taluk Panchayat / Panchayat Samiti / Panchayat Union Gram Panchayat Sarpanch Observance National Panchayati Raj Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporations_in_India&oldid=843362900 '' Categories : Local government in India Municipal corporations in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 17 : 19 . 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364742399051164654	South Park (season 1)	South Park ( season 1 ) - wikipedia South Park ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search South Park ( season 1 ) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Comedy Central Original release August 13 , 1997 -- February 25 , 1998 Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of South Park episodes The first season of the animated television series South Park ran for 13 episodes from August 13 , 1997 to February 25 , 1998 on the American network Comedy Central . The creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone wrote most of the season 's episodes ; Dan Sterling , Philip Stark and David Goodman were credited with writing five episodes . The narrative revolves around four children -- Stan Marsh , Kyle Broflovski , Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick -- and their unusual experiences in the titular mountain town . South Park originated from Parker and Stone 's 1992 animated short , Jesus vs. Frosty . The low - budget , crudely made film featured prototypes of South Park 's main characters and was followed in 1995 by another short film , Jesus vs. Santa . The latter became popular and was widely shared over the Internet , which led to talks for a series with representatives from Fox Network and Comedy Central . It debuted on the latter with an initial run of six episodes ; due to its success , an additional seven episodes were quickly produced . The complete season was released on DVD in November 2002 . The first season was a ratings success for Comedy Central . The Nielsen ratings rose from 1.3 to 6.4 from the first to the tenth episode . Several episodes received award nominations , including for a 1998 Emmy Award in the `` Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) '' and a GLAAD Award in the `` Outstanding TV -- Individual Episode '' category for the episode `` Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride '' . During the season , South Park won a CableACE Award for `` Best Animated Series '' and was nominated for a 1998 Annie Award in the `` Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program '' . The show was a financial success for Comedy Central and helped the network transform into `` a cable industry power almost overnight '' . Despite this , critics gave the season mixed reviews . Parents Television Council rated it so offensive that it `` should n't have been made '' : `` it does n't just push the envelope ; it knocks it off the table '' , while another critic thought of it as `` coming pretty damn close '' to being a `` perfect '' television series season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Development 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critics 3.3 Impact on Comedy Central 3.4 Awards 4 Media release 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of South Park episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' Trey Parker Trey Parker and Matt Stone August 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 08 - 13 ) 101 0.98 Cartman tells his friends Stan , Kyle , and Kenny he had a dream about being abducted by aliens . The boys realize that this did actually happen when Kyle 's baby brother , Ike is abducted also . They manage to rescue Ike while the aliens conclude that cows are the most intelligent species on the planet . `` Volcano '' Trey Parker and Matt Stone Trey Parker and Matt Stone August 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 08 - 20 ) 103 1.0 Stan 's uncle Jimbo and his friend Ned take the four boys on a hunting trip in the mountains . Stan 's father , a geologist , discovers that the mountain is a volcano about to erupt and convinces the townspeople to dig a trench for diverting the lava . `` Weight Gain 4000 '' Trey Parker and Matt Stone Trey Parker and Matt Stone August 27 , 1997 ( 1997 - 08 - 27 ) 102 N / A The town prepares for an event involving Kathie Lee Gifford presenting an award to Cartman . He tries to lose weight but instead , becomes even more obese from a body gaining supplement called Weight Gain 4000 . Meanwhile the boy 's teacher , Mr. Garrison , attempts to assassinate Gifford . `` Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride '' Trey Parker Trey Parker and Matt Stone September 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 03 ) 104 N / A Stan 's new , gay dog runs away and finds the town 's most flamboyant , gayest man , Big Gay Al . South Park Cows lose a football game against a rival team as Jimbo and Ned fail to sabotage the game . 5 5 `` An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig '' ( uncredited ) Trey Parker , Matt Stone and Dan Sterling September 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 10 ) 105 N / A The boys try to breed a pig with an elephant and look for Dr. Alphonse Mephesto 's help . Instead , Dr. Mephisto creates a clone of Stan that terrorizes the town . 6 6 `` Death '' Matt Stone Trey Parker and Matt Stone September 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 17 ) 106 1.3 Stan 's grandfather attempts suicide and tries to enlist the boy 's help . Kyle 's mother organizes a boycott against the boys ' favorite television series Terrence and Phillip in protest of its toilet humor . 7 7 `` Pinkeye '' Trey Parker and Matt Stone Trey Parker , Matt Stone and Philip Stark October 29 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 29 ) 107 2.7 Kenny is killed by the Mir space station and becomes a zombie . This goes unnoticed as he is thought to have dressed up for Halloween . The citizens who get bitten become zombies but instead are diagnosed with pinkeye . 8 8 `` Starvin ' Marvin '' Trey Parker Trey Parker November 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 19 ) 109 A starving Ethiopian child is accidentally sent to South Park . Cartman is sent back to Ethiopia instead , while mutant turkeys begin rampaging the town . 9 9 `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' Trey Parker and Matt Stone Trey Parker December 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 17 ) 110 4.5 As a Jew , Kyle feels excluded from the rest of the town during Christmas and is comforted by Mr. Hankey , a talking , singing feces . Kyle 's mom protests the school 's Christmas play leading to the removal of all religious aspects of Christmas from the entire town . 10 10 `` Damien '' Trey Parker Trey Parker and Matt Stone February 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 04 ) 108 5.1 A new student arranges a boxing match between Satan and Jesus . The South Park residents bet on Satan due to his enormous size and muscular physique , but Satan throws the fight and wins everybody 's money after having bet on Jesus . 11 11 `` Tom 's Rhinoplasty '' ( uncredited ) Trey Parker February 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 11 ) 111 4.1 Mr. Garrison gets a rhinoplasty and quits teaching to become a model . Stan develops a crush on the substitute teacher , but she is discovered to be an Iraqi fugitive and is kidnapped by insurgents . 12 12 `` Mecha - Streisand '' Trey Parker Trey Parker , Philip Stark and Matt Stone February 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 18 ) 112 5.4 Mr. Garrison takes his class on an archaeological dig where Cartman finds a mysterious triangle . Barbra Streisand steals this triangle and becomes Mecha - Streisand , a giant robot that wreaks havoc upon the town . 13 13 `` Cartman 's Mom Is a Dirty Slut '' Trey Parker Trey Parker and David R. Goodman February 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 25 ) 113 6.4 Cartman attempts to find his real father only to find that his mother slept with just about every man in town . Aided by Stan and Kyle , he manages to raise the money for a paternity DNA test after sending a video to America 's Stupidest Home Videos . Development ( edit ) The idea for South Park originated in 1992 when creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone met in a film class as students at the University of Colorado . They discussed filming a three - minute short film involving a boy who befriended a talking piece of feces named Mr. Hankey . Although such a short was never made , Parker and Stone created a Christmas - related animated short commonly known as `` Jesus vs. Frosty '' . The crude , low - budget animation featured prototypes for the main characters of South Park , including Cartman , Stan and Kyle . Fox Broadcasting Company executive Brian Graden saw the film and in 1995 commissioned Parker and Stone for $1,200 to create a second short film that he could send to his friends as a Christmas video - card . Titled The Spirit of Christmas , but also known as `` Jesus vs. Santa '' , the short resembled the style of the later series more closely . In 1997 , The Spirit of Christmas won the Los Angeles Films Critics Association award for `` Best Animation '' , thus further bringing the two filmmakers to the attention of industry representatives . The `` Jesus vs. Santa '' video was widely copied and shared over the Internet . George Clooney was reported to have made 300 copies for his friends , and the short was subsequently regarded as likely the first viral video . When the shorts began to generate interest for a possible television series , Parker and Stone conceived the idea of a South Park - like show with four child characters but planned to call it The Mr. Hankey Show by featuring a talking stool named Mr. Hankey as the main protagonist . They pitched the idea , but Brian Graden rejected it and said , according to Stone , `` I 'm not putting poo on my network . '' Parker and Stone adapted their original idea into a show revolving around four children in the South Park town , dropping Mr. Hankey as a protagonist but planning to use the character in the future in a minor supporting role . Later , Doug Herzog from Comedy Central saw the Jesus vs. Santa short and considered it to be `` literally the funniest thing ( he ) 'd ever seen , '' and requested Parker and Stone to develop a show for his network . During the negotiations , Parker and Stone brought up the idea of a Mr. Hankey episode , with Parker claiming to have asked `` one thing we have to know before we really go any further : how do you feel about talking poo ? '' The network 's executives were receptive to the idea , which would be one of the main reasons Parker and Stone decided to sign on with the channel . The first episode of the series , `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' , debuted on Comedy Central on August 13 , 1997 , while Mr. Hankey debuted a few months later in the ninth episode , `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' . South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone in 2007 The pilot episode received poor results from test audiences . Parker later conceded that regarding the language , he and Stone felt pressure to live up to their previous two shorts and `` tried to push things ... maybe further than we should ( have ) . '' In contrast , they allowed subsequent episodes to `` be more natural '' , focusing more on making fun of topics considered taboo `` without just throwing a bunch of dirty words in there . '' After the poor results from the test audience , Comedy Central executives were unsure whether they wanted to order additional episodes after `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' . However , when buzz began to generate on the Internet about the two original shorts , the network commissioned Parker and Stone to write one more episode without committing to a full series until they had seen the script . While working on the 1997 film Orgazmo , Parker and Stone wrote the script for what would later become the episode `` Weight Gain 4000 '' . The duo sought to give Comedy Central executives an idea of how the series would be and how each episode could differ from the others . The network liked the script , and when Parker and Stone refused to write another script before signing off on at least six episodes , the executives agreed to commit to a series . Comedy Central originally ordered only these six episodes , but when the show proved successful , they requested an additional seven , which Parker and Stone had to produce quickly . `` Pinkeye '' , the first of these new episodes , would air on October 29 , 1997 , only two and a half months after the show 's premiere . There were three holiday episodes -- `` Pinkeye '' , `` Starvin ' Marvin '' and `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' -- which aired at intervals of three weeks , while the remaining four aired later in February 1998 . `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' was the only episode animated almost completely with traditional cut paper , stop - motion animation techniques . All subsequent episodes would be fully computer - animated using Power Animator or Maya . By the eighth episode , `` Damien '' , much of the drawing and animation responsibilities handled by Parker and Stone were now being delegated to a team of animators . This would be the only episode aside from `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' to receive a TV - 14 ( unsuitable for children under the age of 14 ) rating instead of the show 's customary TV - MA ( unsuitable for under the age of 17 ) . Parker and Stone credit the fourth episode , `` Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride '' , with helping to raise the ratings during the early part of the season . They felt that the show 's first official Christmas special , `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' , brought South Park to a new level of popularity , and Parker said this episode `` just vaulted everything . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) South Park 's first season was a ratings success for Comedy Central . `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' earned a Nielsen rating of 1.3 , translating to 980,000 viewers , which was considered high for a cable program in the United States at the time . It increased slightly by the third episode , `` Volcano '' , and by the sixth episode , `` Death '' , the show had reached a rating of 1.7 . The ratings continued to rise rapidly from then on , to 3.8 ( `` Pinkeye '' ) , 4.8 ( `` Starvin ' Marvin ' '' ) , 5.4 ( `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' ) , 6.4 ( `` Damien '' ) , and 6.9 ( `` Mecha - Streisand '' ) respectively . This corresponded to an increase to 5.4 million viewers in 3.2 million households . The season finale , `` Cartman 's Mom is a Dirty Slut '' , received a Nielsen rating in the 8.0 range and gained over 300,000 viewers when first aired in Canada in August 1998 . South Park became one of the first television series to be bootlegged via the Internet , just as The Spirit of Christmas had been before it . College students digitized many episodes from the first season and streamed them online for friends who were unable to receive Comedy Central . Critics ( edit ) Despite high ratings , reviews from television critics for the season were mixed . Both The Washington Post and The New York Times had three articles mentioning the show , usually in terms of `` class - based taste arguments . '' `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' , the first episode of the series , received generally negative reviews after airing . Brent Bozell , founder and then - president of the Parents Television Council , gave an unfavorable review to the episode , stating that the show `` is so offensive that it should n't have been made . It does n't just push the envelope ; it knocks it off the table . '' Bruce Fretts of Entertainment Weekly thought poorly of the writing and characters , lampooning that `` if only the kids ' jokes were as fresh as their mouths '' and that `` it might help if the South Park kids had personalities , but they 're as one - dimensional as the show 's cut - and - paste animation . '' Calling the series `` sophomoric , gross , and unfunny , '' Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel reckoned that the episode made `` such a bad impression that it 's hard to get on the show 's strange wavelength . '' Tom Shales of The Washington Post considered that `` most of the alleged humor on the premiere is self - conscious and self - congratulatory in its vulgarity : flatulence jokes , repeated use of the word ' dildo ' ( in the literal as well as pejorative sense ) , and a general air of malicious unpleasantness . '' When `` Weight Gain 4000 '' aired , many writers in the mainstream media were still debating the longevity and the overall quality of South Park . With the series still in its earliest stages , the episode continued to shock many due to the characters frequent use of profanities . Nevertheless , several reviewers felt `` Weight Gain 4000 '' was a significant improvement over `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' and felt that it went in a much more satirical direction . Several media outlets described the fifth episode of the season , `` An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig '' , as one of the most popular early episodes . Tom Carson of Newsday said it was the most outrageous South Park episode until `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' aired three months later . Many reviewers also said this mere title demonstrated the crudeness and originality of South Park . Due to its impact , South Park made the cover of Rolling Stone in February 1998 , and of Newsweek in March 1998 . It was discussed in five different New York Times articles in 1998 . Franck Rich of The New York Times mentions the show 's `` ability to engage political topics with far more success than other ( more obviously political ) shows '' and considered that the show `` is hilariously candid about faith , family and death as well '' and `` is neither politically correct nor incorrect ; it 's on a different , post-ideological comic map altogether . '' In 2002 , Jeremy Conrad of IGN wrote in a DVD review that it is rare when a television season is `` perfect '' , but `` the first season of South Park comes pretty damn close '' and that `` almost every single episode in this three - disc set is a classic and each is still funny as hell even after so many viewings over the years . '' In 2008 , scholar Stephen Groening argued that the show appeared as part of a reaction to the culture wars of the 1980s and 1990s in the United States , in which issues such as Murphy Brown 's motherhood , Tinky Winky 's sexuality , and The Simpsons ' family values were extensively debated . The culture wars , and political correctness in particular , were driven by the belief that relativism was becoming more relevant to daily life . Groening explained that South Park `` made a name for itself as rude , crude , vulgar , offensive , and potentially dangerous '' . Its critics argued that the Stan , Kyle , Cartman and Kenny were poor role models for children while its supporters celebrated the show 's defense of free speech . Impact on Comedy Central ( edit ) In 2006 , Devin Leonard of Fortune regarded that the launch of South Park transformed Comedy Central from a `` not - so - funny '' network to `` a cable industry power almost overnight . '' The impact the show had ended up surprising everybody involved . At the time , the cable network had a low distribution of just 21 million subscribers . Comedy Central marketed the show aggressively before its launch , billing it as `` that 's why they invented the V - chip . '' The resulting buzz led to the network earning an estimated $30 million in T - shirts sales alone before the first episode was even aired . South Park became immediately one of the most popular shows on cable television , averaging consistently between 3.5 and 5.5 million viewers . The Denver - based Tele - Communications Inc. , the largest cable operator in the U.S. at the time , had just dropped Comedy Central , but when South Park debuted , Denver newspapers and radio stations heavily criticized the operator for not carrying the hit show of the two local filmmakers -- Parker and Stone . Doug Herzog , Comedy Central 's president at the time , said that the public `` went nuts '' as the network received about ten million new subscriptions through Tele - Communications Inc. alone , `` which at that time was unheard of . '' An affiliate of the MTV Network until then , Comedy Central decided , in part due to the success of South Park , to have its own independent sales department . By the end of 1998 , Comedy Central had sold more than $150 million worth of merchandise for the show , including T - shirts and dolls . Over the next few years , Comedy Central 's viewership spiked largely due to South Park , adding 3 million new subscribers in the first half of 1998 alone and allowed the network to sign international deals with networks in several countries . Awards ( edit ) Some episodes of the first season received nominations for several entertainment awards . The season 's fourth episode `` Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride '' was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1998 in the `` Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) '' category but lost to The Simpsons episode `` Trash of the Titans '' . The same episode was also nominated for a GLAAD Award in the `` Outstanding TV -- Individual Episode '' category but lost to another The Simpsons episode , `` Homer 's Phobia '' . `` Volcano '' , the season 's third episode , was nominated for an Environmental Media Award in the `` TV Episodic Comedy '' category but ended up losing to another The Simpsons episode , `` The Old Man & the Lisa '' . During the series first season , South Park won a CableACE Award for `` Best Animated Program or Series '' and was nominated for an Annie Award in the `` Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program '' category . In 1998 , the two creators of the show Matt Stone and Trey Parker won the `` Nova Award '' given by the Producers Guild of America for the most promising producers in television . Media release ( edit ) South Park -- The Complete First Season DVD Set Details 13 Episodes 3 - disc Set 1.33 : 1 Aspect Ratio Subtitles : English , French , Spanish English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 ) Special Features Episode introductions by Trey Parker and Matt Stone Cartman `` O Holy Night '' video Ned `` O Little Town Of Bethlehem '' video Four original television promos `` A South Park Thanksgiving '' featured exclusively on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno The four boys presenting at the 1997 CableACE Awards Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 November 12 , 2002 October 22 , 2005 October 4 , 2005 Six episodes -- `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' , `` Volcano '' , `` Weight Gain 4000 '' , `` Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride '' , `` An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig '' and `` Death '' -- were released in a three - VHS set on May 5 , 1998 , marking the first time South Park was made available on video . The first DVD releases came later that year , when the first Thirteen episodes were released by Warner Home Video on October 27 on the compilation collections South Park , Volume 1 , Volume 2 and Volume 3 . The last episode of the season `` Cartman 's Mom Is a Dirty Slut '' was released on the South Park , Volume 4 on December 14 , 1999 . South Park -- The Complete First Season was originally released by Warner Home Video as a three - disc region 1 DVD box set in the U.S. on November 12 , 2002 and received an MA rating . The season was re-released on June 29 , 2005 by Paramount Home Entertainment . The DVD releases featured bonus material such as introductions for each episode , two Christmas carols by Eric Cartman and Ned , a short clip featuring Jay Leno and another clip in which the four boys present at the 1997 CableACE Awards . Trey Parker and Matt Stone produced commentaries for each episode but requested they be pulled off altogether when they found out the commentaries would be edited . Instead , the commentaries were released unedited by Comedy Central on a set of five CDs . In October 2005 , South Park : Complete Series 1 was released in Australia and with a 15 rating in region 2 . `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' was released again on November 13 , 2005 on the compilation DVD Christmas Time in South Park . The distribution licenses for six episodes of the South Park 's first season ( `` Volcano '' , `` An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig '' , `` Pinkeye '' , `` Damien '' , `` Starvin ' Marvin '' and `` Mecha - Streisand '' ) were purchased in 2000 by the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania - based company and website SightSound.com . The site made the episodes available for download for $2.50 for a two - day copy and for $4.95 for a permanent copy . It was one of the first experiments with downloadable television videos , thus making South Park one of the first shows legally obtainable on the Internet . In March 2008 , Comedy Central made the first season 's episodes as well as almost all other South Park episodes available for legal streaming on the South Park Studios website from within U.S. , and later from within Canada and the United Kingdom . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` South Park Full Episode Guides from Season 1 on COMEDY CENTRAL '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Devin ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` How Trey Parker and Matt Stone made South Park a success -- October 30 , 2005 '' . CNN . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bozell , L. Brent III ( August 20 , 1997 ) . `` ' South Park ' : TV 's New Nightmare '' . Media Research Center . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Conrad , Jeremy ( November 7 , 2002 ) . `` South Park : The Complete First Season '' . IGN . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Littlefield , Kinney ( February 1 , 1998 ) . `` South Park is a Far - out Place to Play '' . AAP Newsfeed . LexisNexis . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson - Woods , Toni ( 2007 ) . Blame Canada ! : South Park And Popular Culture . New York , New York : Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1730 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Emmy Awards nominations for 1998 -- Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming One Hour or Less ) '' . Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( November 5 , 1997 ) . `` A High Point for Murphy Brown and Big Sweeps Premiere for Ch. 49 '' . The Buffalo News . Buffalo , New York . Jump up ^ Duffy , Mike ( December 16 , 1997 ) . `` Rudeness rules ! Comedy Central hit South Park is smarter than it looks '' . Detroit Free Press . p. 1D . Jump up ^ Houston , David ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` South Park '' . City News Service . Los Angeles . ^ Jump up to : `` Comedy Central 's `` Mecha - Streisand '' Episode of South Park Breaks Its Own Ratings Record by a Nose With a 6.9 HH Rating Beating ABC `` . New York , New York : Business Wire . February 20 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Janet ; Akass , Kim ( 2007 ) . Quality TV : Contemporary American Television and Beyond . I.B. Tauris . p. 91 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 511 - 2 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Michael ; Cooper , Jim ( February 16 , 1998 ) . `` Drawing in viewers ; animation is breaking out around the dial as networks seek younger audiences '' . Mediaweek . Jump up ^ Kushman , Rick ( February 25 , 1998 ) . `` Goin ' South '' . The Sacramento Bee . p . F1 . Jump up ^ `` The growth of trash TV concerns media watchers '' . The Augusta Chronicle . May 5 , 1998 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Trey ; Stone , Matt ( 2003 ) . South Park : The Complete First Season : `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( CD ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Littlefield , Kinney ( January 28 , 1998 ) . `` Comedy Central scores with poop and circumstance ; Television : Trey Parker and Matt Stone subvert prime - time comedy with the animated satire South Park '' . The Orange County Register . Santa Ana , California . p . F04 . ^ Jump up to : Gournelos , Ted ( 2009 ) . Popular Culture and the Future of Politics : Cultural Studies and the Tao of South Park . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 11 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 3721 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Trey ; Stone , Matt ( 2003 ) . South Park : The Complete First Season : `` Weight Gain 4000 '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( CD ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Vognar , Chris ( February 1 , 1998 ) . `` Brats entertainment ; South Park creators potty hardy on Comedy Central show '' . The Dallas Morning News . Pasadena , California . p. 1C . ^ Jump up to : Deggans , Eric ( August 13 , 1997 ) . `` A stroll in the park with a demented muse '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 1. D . Jump up ^ Wild , David ( February 19 , 1998 ) . `` South Park 's Evil Geniuses and the Triumph of No - Brow Culture '' . Rolling Stone . No. 708 . pp. 32 -- 37 , 61 . Jump up ^ Mink , Eric ( October 29 , 1998 ) . `` South Park comes up with a hallo - winner '' . Daily News . New York , New York . p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Tonight on TV '' . Newsday . New York , New York . October 29 , 1997 . p . B35 . Jump up ^ Parker , Trey ( 2003 ) . South Park : The Complete First Season : `` Death '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( CD ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Archives '' . SouthParkStudios.com . July 2002 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Archives '' . SouthParkStudios.com . November 2004 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parker , Trey ; Stone , Matt ( 2003 ) . South Park : The Complete First Season : `` Damien '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( CD ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Parker , Trey ; Stone , Matt ( 2009 ) . The South Park Episode Guide Seasons 1 -- 5 : The Official Companion to the Outrageous Plots , Shocking Language , Skewed Celebrities , and Awesome Animation , Volume 1 . Seal Press . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3561 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Archives '' . SouthParkStudios.com . November 2001 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( August 27 , 1998 ) . `` The Numbers '' . The Toronto Sun . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Ian ( January 10 , 1999 ) . `` Listening to Silence '' . London Free Press . Ontario , Canada . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Silberman , Steve ( October 16 , 1997 ) . `` South Park Webcasters Told to Stop '' . Wired . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( August 15 , 1997 ) . `` TV Review South Park '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( August 13 , 1997 ) . `` Comedy Central 's ' South Park ' Series Takes Adult - Aimed Humor A Bit Too Far '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Booker , M. Keith ( 2005 ) . Drawn to Television : Prime - Time Animation from The Flintstones to Family Guy . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99019 - 2 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jeff ( August 3 , 1997 ) . `` Who 's really the butt of all cable jokes ? '' . The Buffalo News . New York . p. 2Tv . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( August 14 , 1997 ) . `` Cartoon South Park tries to go from crude to guilty pleasure '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . p . D8 . Jump up ^ McKay , John ( August 8 , 1998 ) . `` Creators defend South Park '' . London Free Press . Ontario , Canada . p . C5 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 20 , 2005 ) . `` Writer - producer Dan Sterling has inked a two - year overall deal with 20th Century Fox Television '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` South Park maniacs tune in '' . The Collegio . Pittsburg , Kansas . March 11 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Carson , Tom ( March 15 , 1998 ) . `` Culture Watch / South Park -- gross anatomy of American childhood '' . Newsday . Long Island , New York . p . B06 . Jump up ^ Vognar , Chris ( February 1 , 1998 ) . `` Brats entertainment ; South Park ' creators potty hardy on Comedy Central show '' . The Dallas Morning News . Pasadena , California . p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Suck it and see '' . The Sunday Mail . Queensland , Australia . September 27 , 1998 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` TV on the Cover of Rolling Stone Pictures -- The Cast of South Park '' . Rolling Stone . February 19 , 1998 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek Magazine March 23 , 1998 South Park * Linda Tripp '' . Amazon . March 23 , 1998 . ASIN B000ON1R7I . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( March 11 , 1998 ) . `` Journal ; Comedy After Monica '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Groening , Stephen ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Cynicism and Other Postideological Half Measures in South Park '' . In Weinstock , Jeffrey Andrew . Taking South Park Seriously . Buffalo , New York : SUNY Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7565 - 2 . Jump up ^ Forkan , Jim ( September 29 , 1997 ) . `` Comedy Central will fly solo in ' 98 '' . Multichannel News . Jump up ^ `` Emmy winners in full '' . BBC News . September 14 , 1998 . Retrieved March 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( July 25 , 2007 ) . `` ' South Park ' Receives an Emmy Nomination '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henry , Matthew ( 2005 ) . `` Looking for Amanda Hugginkiss '' . In Alberti , John . Leaving Springfield : The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture . Wayne State University Press . pp. 239 -- 241 . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2849 - 0 . Jump up ^ Minge , Jim ( October 9 , 1997 ) . `` Was Slow Service an Anomaly , or a Problem Unaddressed ? '' . Omaha World Herald . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( November 4 , 1997 ) . `` EMA honors for Home , Travolta '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Martinez , Judy ( September 30 , 1997 ) . `` Environmental Media Award Nominations In ; Home Improvement Singled Out '' . City News Service . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( November 16 , 1997 ) . `` CableACE Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 26th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1998 ) '' . International Animated Film Society . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Madigan , Nick ( March 1 , 1998 ) . `` PGA lauds Daly , Semel with its Golden Laurels '' . Variety . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' South Park ' Wins NOVA Award '' . Grand Forks Herald . North Dakota : 03 D. March 5 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` South Park -- The Complete First Season ( 1997 ) '' . Amazon . ASIN B00006FDCR . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gibron , Bill ( April 7 , 2005 ) . `` DVD Verdict Review -- South Park : The Complete First Season '' . DVDVerdict.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Bill ( November 19 , 2002 ) . `` DVD Review -- South Park : The Complete First Season '' . TheDigitalBits.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park : Season 1 ( 1997 ) '' . Netflix . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 1997 ) : ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 1 ( Region 4 ) '' . JBHiFiOnline.com.au . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central 's South Park -- Three Collectible Videos Available For The First Time With Made - For - Video Footage Featuring Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone '' . Burbank , California : Business Wire . March 26 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` South Park , Volume 1 ( 1997 ) '' . Amazon . ASIN 6305176132 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` South Park , Volume 2 ( 1997 ) '' . Amazon . ASIN 6305176140 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` South Park , Volume 3 ( 1997 ) '' . Amazon . ASIN 6305176159 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` South Park , Volume 4 ( 1997 ) '' . Amazon . ASIN B00000JQ9T . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Season 1 ( Region 1 ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle ( November 20 , 2005 ) . `` Christmas Time in South Park '' . IGN . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bair , Jeffrey ( September 26 , 2000 ) . `` South Park on the web '' . The Associated Press . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ `` SouthPark '' . Sightsound.com . September 25 , 2000 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2000 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Park Creators Trey Parker And Matt Stone And Comedy Central Launch The All - New Southparkstudios.com '' . Southparkstudios.com . March 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( US only ) on March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boshra , Basem ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` South Park : Now streaming '' . Montreal Gazette . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SouthParkStudios.co.uk Has Arrived '' . Southparkstudios.co.uk . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : South Park Season 1 South Park Studios -- official website with streaming video of full episodes . The Comedy Network -- full episodes for Canada South Park Trey Parker Matt Stone Characters Principal Stan Marsh Kyle Broflovski Eric Cartman Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Recurring Randy and Sharon Marsh Gerald and Sheila Broflovski Mr. Garrison Wendy Testaburger Chef Lists Families Children School staff Recurring characters Production Cast members Guest stars 6 Days to Air Media releases The Spirit of Christmas South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut South Park Imaginationland : The Movie Home video Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Studio albums Chef Aid : The South Park Album ( 1998 ) Bigger , Longer & Uncut O.S.T. ( 1999 ) Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics ( 1999 ) Singles `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' `` Blame Canada '' `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' Video games South Park Chef 's Luv Shack South Park ( pinball ) Rally South Park 10 : The Game Let 's Go Tower Defense Play ! Tenorman 's Revenge The Stick of Truth The Fractured but Whole Phone Destroyer See also Controversies Subject matter Chewbacca defense South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today South Park and Philosophy : Bigger , Longer , and More Penetrating South Park Republican Book Portal South Park episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Season 1 `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' `` Volcano '' `` Weight Gain 4000 '' `` Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride '' `` An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig '' `` Death '' `` Pinkeye '' `` Starvin ' Marvin '' `` Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo '' `` Damien '' `` Tom 's Rhinoplasty '' `` Mecha - Streisand '' `` Cartman 's Mom Is a Dirty Slut '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Park_(season_1)&oldid=801540212 '' Categories : South Park ( season 1 ) episodes 1997 American television seasons 1998 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Use mdy dates from March 2011 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Français Italiano Norsk Português Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did south park first air in the uk	[]	[]
7110344795278250138	Chief Justice of Pakistan	Chief Justice of Pakistan - Wikipedia Chief Justice of Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search Chief Justice of Pakistan Incumbent Justice Mian Saqib Nisar Style The Honorable My Lord ( When addressed directly in court ) Seat Islamabad Nominator Prime Minister of Pakistan Appointer President of Pakistan Term length Variable Until age 65 Formation 27 June 1949 First holder Abdul Rashid ( as Federal Chief Justice ) The Chief Justice of Pakistan ( initials as CJP ) is the head of the court system of Pakistan ( the judicature branch of government ) and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan . The Chief Justice is one of the most senior of 17 Senior Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan . From 1947 until 1960 , the chief justice and senior justices were known as Federal Judge . The Chief Justice is the chief administrative officer of country 's court system and a highest judicial officer , supervising federal judicial policies and conducting judicial business in the Supreme Court . Nominations for the appointment of Chief Justice is made by Prime Minister of Pakistan and final appointments are confirmed by the President of Pakistan . Presiding over the oral arguments before the court , the Chief Justice leads significant agenda - setting power over the court 's meeting . In modern tradition , the Chief Justice has the ceremonial duty of administering the oath of office of the President of Pakistan . The first Chief Justice was Sir Abdul Rashid . The current Chief Justice is Mian Saqib Nisar , incumbent since 31 December 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Chief Justices 2 Time Line 3 See also 4 Notes and sources 5 External sources List of Chief Justices ( edit ) Pakistan 's longest - serving Chief Justice was Mohammad Haleem for total of 3,205 days . The shortest - serving Chief Justice was Muhammad Shahabuddin , who died in office 9 days after taking oath . Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry is the only Justice to have served non-consecutive terms , for a total of three terms with total of 2,480 days . Number Name Period of office Length of term ( days ) Bar Appointed by Abdul Rashid 000000001949 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 1949 000000001954 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 1954 1,826 Lahore High Court Government of India Act 1935 Muhammad Munir 000000001954 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 1954 000000001960 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 1960 2,134 Lahore High Court Malik Ghulam Muhammad Muhammad Shahabuddin 000000001960 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 1960 000000001960 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 1960 9 Madras High Court Ayub Khan A.R. Cornelius 000000001960 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 1960 000000001968 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 1968 2,848 Lahore High Court 5 S.A. Rahman 000000001968 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 1968 000000001968 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1968 94 Lahore High Court 6 Fazal Akbar 000000001968 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 1968 000000001968 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1968 166 East Pakistan High Court 7 Hamoodur Rahman 000000001968 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1968 000000001975 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1975 2,538 Calcutta High Court 8 Yaqub Ali 000000001975 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1975 000000001977 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 1977 691 Lahore High Court Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry 9 S. Anwarul Haq 000000001977 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1977 000000001981 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1981 1,279 Lahore High Court 10 Mohammad Haleem 000000001981 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 1981 000000001989 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 1989 3,205 Sindh High Court Zia - ul - Haq 11 Afzal Zullah 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1990 000000001993 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 1993 1,203 Lahore High Court Ghulam Ishaq Khan 12 Nasim Hasan Shah 000000001993 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 1993 000000001994 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 1994 362 Lahore High Court A * Saad Saud Jan 000000001994 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 1994 000000001994 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 1994 50 Lahore High Court Farooq Leghari 13 Sajjad Ali Shah 000000001994 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 1994 000000001997 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1997 1,276 Sindh High Court 14 Ajmal Mian 000000001997 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1997 000000001999 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1999 550 Sindh High Court Wasim Sajjad 15 Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui 000000001999 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1999 000000002000 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 2000 209 Sindh High Court Rafiq Tarar 16 Irshad Hasan Khan 000000002000 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 2000 000000002002 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2002 711 Lahore High Court 17 Bashir Jehangiri 000000002002 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 2002 000000002002 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2002 24 Peshawar High Court Pervez Musharraf 18 Sheikh Riaz Ahmad 000000002002 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2002 000000002003 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2003 698 Lahore High Court 19 Nazim Hussain Siddiqui 000000002003 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2003 000000002005 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 2005 546 Sindh High Court 20 Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry ( 1st ) 000000002005 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 2005 000000002007 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 2007 618 Balochistan High Court Javaid Iqbal 000000002007 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 2007 15 Balochistan High Court Rana Bhagwandas 000000002007 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 2007 000000002007 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 2007 87 Sindh High Court 20 Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry ( 2nd ) 000000002007 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2007 136 Balochistan High Court A.H. Dogar 000000002007 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2007 000000002009 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2009 504 Sindh High Court 20 Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry ( 3rd ) 000000002009 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2009 000000002013 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 2013 1,726 Balochistan High Court Asif Ali Zardari 21 Tassaduq Hussain Jillani 000000002013 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 2013 000000002014 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 2014 176 Lahore High Court Mamnoon Hussain 22 Nasir - ul - Mulk 000000002014 - 07 - 07 - 0000 7 July 2014 000000002015 - 08 - 16 - 0000 16 August 2015 435 Peshawar High Court 23 Jawwad S. Khawaja 000000002015 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2015 23 Lahore High Court 24 Anwar Zaheer Jamali 000000002015 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2015 000000002016 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2016 829 Sindh High Court 25 Mian Saqib Nisar 000000002016 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2016 000000002019 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 2019 351 Lahore High Court A Acting ± Recess appointment , later rejected by the Supreme Judicial Council . All decisions voided due to illegality of appointment . † Died in office Time Line ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of Pakistan Pakistan Bar Council Punjab Bar Council Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan Notes and sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ et.al. , various contributions ( 2012 ) . Pakistan Business Law Handbook Strategic Information and Laws . Intl Business Pubns USA . ISBN 1438770715 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Manzoor , Saima ; Manzoor , , Akif ; Manzoor , Eng . Asif ( 2011 ) . Police in Pakistan . New York , US : Lulu publications co . p. 350 . ISBN 110599032X . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Shah , Ralph Braibanti ; foreword by Nasim Hasan ( 1999 ) . Chief Justice Cornelius of Pakistan : an analysis with letters and speeches ( 2 . impr . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195790184 . Jump up ^ Article 176 in The Judicature Chapter 2 of Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Article 175A in Chapter 1 : The Courts . Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Article 175A ( 12 ) - 175A ( 13 ) Chapter 1 : The Courts . Part VII : The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Supreme Court . `` Judges Appointment & Court Composition '' . http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/ . Islamabad , Pakistan : Supreme Court of Pakistan Press . Archived from the original on 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Article 178 in the Chapter 2 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan of Part VII : The Judicature of Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ Masood , Ahsan . `` Names of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan '' . http://masoodandmasood.com/ . Masood and masood press . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) External sources ( edit ) Supreme Court of Pakistan Chief Justices of Pakistan Abdul Rashid Muhammad Munir Muhammad Shahabuddin A.R. Cornelius S.A. Rahman Fazal Akbar Hamoodur Rahman Yaqub Ali Sheikh Anwarul Haq Mohammad Haleem Afzal Zullah Nasim Hasan Shah Saad Saud Jan Syed Sajjad Ali Shah Ajmal Mian Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui Irshad Hasan Khan Bashir Jehangiri Sheikh Riaz Ahmad Nazim Hussain Siddiqui Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry ( 1st ) Javaid Iqbal Rana Bhagwandas Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry ( 2nd ) Abdul Hameed Dogar De facto ; stripped Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry ( 3rd ) Tassaduq Hussain Jillani Nasir - ul - Mulk Jawwad S. Khawaja Anwar Zaheer Jamali Mian Saqib Nisar Italics indicate acting officeholders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan&oldid=815711291 '' Categories : Chief Justices of Pakistan Judiciary of Pakistan Pakistani judges Legal professions Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use Pakistani English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Simple English اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 16 : 24 . About Wikipedia	date of retirement of chief justice of pakistan	[ "\n25\nMian Saqib Nisar\n000000002016-12-31-000031 December 2016\n000000002019-01-17-000017 January 2019\n351\nLahore High Court\n" ]	[ "17 January 2019" ]
2076647394818662795	Gun violence in the United States	Gun violence in the United States - wikipedia Gun violence in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Assassination of William McKinley in 1901 ; McKinley died eight days later from his wounds . Gun violence in the United States is a major national concern that results in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries annually . In 2013 , there were 73,505 nonfatal firearm injuries ( 23.2 injuries per 100,000 U.S. citizens ) , and 33,636 deaths due to `` injury by firearms '' ( 10.6 deaths per 100,000 U.S. citizens ) . These deaths consisted of 11,208 homicides , 21,175 suicides , 505 deaths due to accidental or negligent discharge of a firearm , and 281 deaths due to firearms use with `` undetermined intent '' . Of the 2,596,993 total deaths in the US in 2013 , 1.3 % were related to firearms . The ownership and control of guns are among the most widely debated issues in the country . In 2010 , 67 % of all homicides in the U.S. were committed using a firearm . In 2012 , there were 8,855 total firearm - related homicides in the US , with 6,371 of those attributed to handguns . In 2012 , 64 % of all gun - related deaths in the U.S. were suicides . In 2010 , there were 19,392 firearm - related suicides , and 11,078 firearm - related homicides in the U.S. In 2010 , 358 murders were reported involving a rifle while 6,009 were reported involving a handgun ; another 1,939 were reported with an unspecified type of firearm . Firearms were used to kill 13,286 people in the U.S. in 2015 , excluding suicide . Approximately 1.4 million people have been killed using firearms in the U.S. between 1968 and 2011 , equivalent to a top 10 largest U.S. city in 2016 , falling between the populations of San Antonio and Dallas , Texas . Compared to 22 other high - income nations , the U.S. gun - related murder rate is 25 times higher . Although it has half the population of the other 22 nations combined , the U.S. had 82 percent of all gun deaths , 90 percent of all women killed by guns , 91 percent of children under 14 and 92 percent of young people between ages 15 and 24 killed by guns . In 2010 , gun violence cost U.S. taxpayers approximately $516 million in direct hospital costs . Gun violence is most common in poor urban areas and frequently associated with gang violence , often involving male juveniles or young adult males . Although mass shootings have been covered extensively in the media , mass shootings in the US account for a small fraction of gun - related deaths and the frequency of these events steadily declined between 1994 and 2007 , rising between 2007 and 2013 . Legislation at the federal , state , and local levels has attempted to address gun violence through a variety of methods , including restricting firearms purchases by youths and other `` at - risk '' populations , setting waiting periods for firearm purchases , establishing gun buyback programs , law enforcement and policing strategies , stiff sentencing of gun law violators , education programs for parents and children , and community - outreach programs . Despite widespread concern about the impacts of gun violence on public health , Congress has prohibited the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) from conducting research that advocates in favor of gun control . The CDC has interpreted this ban to extend to all research on gun violence prevention , and so has not funded any research on this subject since 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gun ownership 1.1 Self - protection 2 Suicides 3 Homicides 4 Accidental and negligent injuries 5 Violent crime 5.1 U.S. presidential assassinations and attempts 5.2 Other violent crime 6 Offenders 6.1 Vectors 7 Victims 8 Public policy 8.1 Access to firearms 8.2 Firearms market 8.3 Federal legislation 8.4 State legislation 8.4. 1 Right - to - carry 8.4. 2 Child Access Prevention ( CAP ) 8.5 Local restrictions 9 Prevention programs 9.1 Hotline 9.2 Gun safety parent counseling 9.3 Children 9.4 Community programs 10 Intervention programs 10.1 Gun buyback programs 10.2 Operation Ceasefire 10.3 Project Exile 10.4 Project Safe Neighborhoods 10.5 Americans for Responsible Solutions 11 Research limitations 12 See also 13 Notes and references 14 External links Gun ownership ( edit ) The Congressional Research Service in 2009 estimated there were 310 million firearms in the U.S. , not including weapons owned by the military . Of these , 114 million were handguns , 110 million were rifles , and 86 million were shotguns . In that same year , the Census bureau stated the population of people in the U.S. at 306 million . Accurate figures for civilian gun ownership are difficult to determine . While the number of guns in civilian hands has been on the increase , the percentage of Americans and American households who claim to own guns has been in long - term decline , according to the General Social Survey . It found that gun ownership by households has declined steadily from about half , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , down to 32 % in 2015 . The percentage of individual owners declined from 31 % in 1985 to 22 % in 2014 . However , the Gallup organization has been performing similar polls for the same interval , and finds that household ownership of firearms was approximately the same in 2013 as it was in 1970 - 43 % , and individual ownership numbers rose from 27 % in 2000 , to 29 % in 2013 . Pew found that fewer Americans are dying as a result of gun violence : In 1993 , there were seven homicides using firearms for every 100,000 ; by 2013 , that figure had fallen to 3.6 . What the Pew research does not account for though , is that household firearms ownership hit a high again in the 1993 - 1994 timeframe where household gun ownership exceeded 50 % according to Gallup polls . The Gallup polls further show that household firearm ownership currently exceeds 40 % and that the long - term trend is a sharp decline in polling for stricter gun control laws . Lastly , Gallup polling has consistently been over 65 % against , when asking whether there should be bans on possession of handguns . Gun ownership figures are generally estimated via polling , by such organizations as the General Social Survey ( GSS ) , Harris Interactive , and Gallup . There are significant disparities in the results across polls by different organizations , calling into question their reliability . In Gallup 's 1972 survey , 43 % reported having a gun in their home , while GSS 's 1973 survey resulted in 49 % reporting a gun in the home ; in 1993 , Gallup 's poll results were 51 % , while GSS 's 1994 poll showed 43 % . In 2012 , Gallup 's survey showed 47 % of Americans reporting having a gun in their home , while the GSS in 2012 reports 34 % . In 1997 , estimates were approximately 44 million gun owners in the United States . These owners possessed approximately 192 million firearms , of which an estimated 65 million were handguns . A National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms ( NSPOF ) , conducted in 1994 , indicated that Americans owned 192 million guns : 36 % rifles , 34 % handguns , 26 % shotguns , and 4 % other types of long guns . Most firearm owners owned multiple firearms , with the NSPOF survey indicating 25 % of adults owned firearms . In the U.S. , 11 % of households reported actively being involved in hunting , with the remaining firearm owners having guns for self - protection and other reasons . Throughout the 1970s and much of the 1980s , the rate of gun ownership in the home ranged from 45 - 50 % . Rapid increases in gun purchases characterized by exceptionally large crowds accruing at gun vendors and gun shows is consistently observed due to the possibility of increased gun control following highly publicized mass murders . Gun ownership also varied across geographic regions , ranging from 25 % rates of ownership in the Northeastern United States to 60 % rates of ownership in the East South Central States . A Gallup poll ( 2004 ) indicated that 49 % of men reported gun ownership , compared to 33 % of women , and 44 % of whites owned a gun , compared to only 24 % of nonwhites . More than half of those living in rural areas ( 56 % ) owned a gun , compared with 40 % of suburbanites and 29 % of those in urban areas . More than half ( 53 % ) of Republicans owned guns , compared with 36 % of political independents and 31 % of Democrats . One criticism of the GSS survey and other proxy measures of gun ownership , is that they do not provide adequate macro-level detail to allow conclusions on the relationship between overall firearm ownership and gun violence . Kleck compared various survey and proxy measures and found no correlation between overall firearm ownership and gun violence . In contrast , studies by David Hemenway and his colleagues , which used GSS data and the fraction of suicides committed with a gun as a proxy for gun ownership rates , found a strong positive association between gun ownership and homicide in the United States . Similarly , a 2006 study by Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig , which also used the percent of suicides committed with a gun as a proxy , found that gun prevalence increased homicide rates . This study also found that the elasticity of this effect was between + 0.1 and + 0.3 . Self - Protection ( edit ) Main article : Defensive gun use The effectiveness and safety of guns used for personal defense is debated . Studies place the instances of guns used in personal defense as low as 65,000 times per year , and as high as 2.5 million times per year . Under President Clinton , the Department of Justice conducted a survey in 1994 that placed the usage rate of guns used in personal defense at 1.5 million times per year , but noted this was likely to be an overestimate . Between 1987 and 1990 , McDowall et al. found that guns were used in defense during a crime incident 64,615 times annually ( 258,460 times total over the whole period ) . This equated to two times out of 1,000 criminal incidents ( 0.2 % ) that occurred in this period , including criminal incidents where no guns were involved at all . For violent crimes , assault , robbery , and rape , guns were used 0.83 % of the time in self - defense . Of the times that guns were used in self - defense , 71 % of the crimes were committed by strangers , with the rest of the incidents evenly divided between offenders that were acquaintances or persons well known to the victim . In 28 % of incidents where a gun was used for self - defense , victims fired the gun at the offender . In 20 % of the self - defense incidents , the guns were used by police officers . During this same period , 1987 to 1990 , there were 46,319 gun homicides , and the National Crime Victimization Survey estimated that 2,628,532 nonfatal crimes involving guns occurred . McDowall 's study for the American Journal of Public Health contrasted with a 1995 study by Kleck and Gertz , who found that 2.45 million crimes were thwarted each year in the U.S. using guns , and in most cases , the potential victim never fired a shot . The results of the Kleck studies have been cited many times in scholarly and popular media . The methodology of the Kleck and Gertz study has been criticized by some researchers . Suicides ( edit ) See also : Suicide methods § Firearms There were 19,392 firearm - related suicides in the U.S. in 2010 . The U.S. Department of Justice reports that approximately 60 % of all adult firearm deaths are by suicide , 61 % more than deaths by homicide . In the U.S. , firearms remain the most common method of suicide , accounting for 51 % of all suicides committed in 2006 . One study found that military veterans used firearms in about 67 % of suicides in 2014 . Firearms are the most lethal method of suicide , with a lethality rate 2.6 times higher than suffocation ( the second-most lethal method ) . In the United States , access to firearms is associated with an increased risk of completed suicide . A 1992 case - control study in the New England Journal of Medicine showed an association between estimated household firearm ownership and suicide rates , finding that individuals living in a home where firearms are present are more likely to commit suicide than those individuals who do not own firearms , by a factor of 3 or 4 . A 2006 study by researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health found a significant association between changes in estimated household gun ownership rates and suicide rates in the United States among men , women , and children . A 2007 study by the same research team found that in the United States , estimated household gun ownership rates were strongly associated with overall suicide rates and gun suicide rates , but not with non-gun suicide rates . A 2013 study reproduced this finding , even after controlling for different underlying rates of suicidal behavior by states . A 2015 study also found a strong association between estimated gun ownership rates in American cities and rates of both overall and gun suicide , but not with non-gun suicide . Correlation studies comparing different countries do not always find a statistically significant effect . A 2016 cross-sectional study showed a strong association between estimated household gun ownership rates and gun - related suicide rates among men and women in the United States . The same study found a strong association between estimated gun ownership rates and overall suicide rates , but only in men . During the 1980s and early 1990s , there was a strong upward trend in adolescent suicides with guns as well as a sharp overall increase in suicides among those age 75 and over . David Hemenway , professor of health policy at Harvard University 's School of Public Health , and director of the Harvard Injury Control Research Center and the Harvard Youth Violence Prevention Center , stated Differences in overall suicide rates across cities , states and regions in the United States are best explained not by differences in mental health , suicide ideation , or even suicide attempts , but by availability of firearms . Many suicides are impulsive , and the urge to die fades away . Firearms are a swift and lethal method of suicide with a high case - fatality rate . There are over twice as many gun - related suicides than gun - related homicides in the United States . Firearms are the most popular method of suicide due to the lethality of the weapon . 90 % of all suicides attempted using a firearm result in a fatality , as opposed to less than 3 % of suicide attempts involving cutting or drug - use . The risk of someone attempting suicide is also 4.8 times greater if they are exposed to a firearm on a regular basis ; for example , in the home. Kellermann , A.L. , & Reay , D.T. ( 1986 ) . Protection or peril : An analysis of firearm - related deaths in the home . New England Journal of Medicine , 314 , 1557 - 1560 . Homicides ( edit ) Homicides by weapon type , 1976 - 2004 . Homicide offenders by age , 1976 - 2004 Gun and overall homicides in Washington , D.C. are concentrated in crime hot spots located in neighborhoods ( including Shaw , Sursum Corda , Trinidad , Anacostia , and Congress Heights ) with socio - economic disadvantage , while homicide is rare in other neighborhoods . According to the FBI , in 2012 , there were 8,897 total firearm - related homicides in the US , with 6,404 of those attributed to handguns . The Centers for Disease Control reports that there were 11,078 firearm - related homicides in the U.S. in 2010 . The FBI breaks down the gun - related homicides in 2010 by weapon : 6,009 involved a handgun , 358 involved a rifle , and 1,939 involved an unspecified type of firearm . In 2005 , 75 % of the 10,100 homicides committed using firearms in the U.S. were committed using handguns , compared to 4 % with rifles , 5 % with shotguns , and the rest with unspecified firearms . In the United States , states with higher gun ownership rates have higher rates of overall and gun homicides , but not higher rates of non-gun homicides . Higher gun availability is positively associated with homicide rates . There is evidence , however , that gun ownership has less of an effect on rates of gun homicide than it does on gun suicide . In the U.S. in 2011 , 67 percent of homicide victims were killed using a firearm : 66 percent of single - victim homicides and 79 percent of multiple - victim homicides . In the 19th century gun violence played a role in civil disorder such as the Haymarket riot . Homicide rates in cities such as Philadelphia were significantly lower in the 19th century than in modern times . During the 1980s and early 1990s , homicide rates surged in cities across the United States ( see graphs at right ) . Handgun homicides accounted for nearly all of the overall increase in the homicide rate , from 1985 to 1993 , while homicide rates involving other weapons declined during that time frame . The rising trend in homicide rates during the 1980s and early 1990s was most pronounced among lower income and especially unemployed males . Youths and Hispanic and African American males in the U.S. were the most represented , with the injury and death rates tripling for black males aged 13 through 17 and doubling for black males aged 18 through 24 . The rise in crack cocaine use in cities across the U.S. is often cited as a factor for increased gun violence among youths during this time period . Prevalence of homicide and violent crime is higher in statistical metropolitan areas of the U.S. than it is in non-metropolitan counties ; the vast majority of the U.S. population lives in statistical metropolitan areas . In metropolitan areas , the homicide rate in 2013 was 4.7 per 100,000 compared with 3.4 in non-metropolitan counties . More narrowly , the rates of murder and non-negligent manslaughter are identical in metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties . In U.S. cities with populations greater than 250,000 , the mean homicide rate was 12.1 per 100,000 . According to FBI statistics , the highest per capita rates of gun - related homicides in 2005 were in D.C. ( 35.4 / 100,000 ) , Puerto Rico ( 19.6 / 100,000 ) , Louisiana ( 9.9 / 100,000 ) , and Maryland ( 9.9 / 100,000 ) . In 2017 , according to the Associated Press , Baltimore broke a record for homicides . In 2005 , the 17 through 24 age group remains significantly over-represented in violent crime statistics , particularly homicides involving firearms . In 2005 , 17 - through 19 - year - olds were 4.3 % of the overall population of the U.S. This same age group accounted for 11.2 % of those killed in firearm homicides . This age group also accounted for 10.6 % of all homicide offenses . The 20 - through 24 - year - old age group accounted for 7.1 % of the population , while accounting for 22.5 % of those killed in firearm homicides . The 20 through 24 age group also accounted for 17.7 % of all homicide offenses . Those under age 17 are not overrepresented in homicide statistics . In 2005 , 13 - through 16 - year - olds accounted for 6 % of the overall population of the U.S. , but only accounted for 3.6 % of firearm homicide victims , and 2.7 % of overall homicide offenses . People with a criminal record were also more likely to die as homicide victims . Between 1990 and 1994 , 75 % of all homicide victims age 21 and younger in the city of Boston had a prior criminal record . In Philadelphia , the percentage of those killed in gun homicides that had prior criminal records increased from 73 % in 1985 to 93 % in 1996 . In Richmond , Virginia , the risk of gunshot injury is 22 times higher for those males involved with crime . The likelihood that a death will result is significantly increased when either the victim or the attacker has a firearm . For example , the mortality rate for gunshot wounds to the heart is 84 % , compared to 30 % for people who sustain stab wounds to the heart . The U.S. is ranked 4th out of 34 developed nations for the highest incidence rate of homicides committed with a firearm , according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) data . Mexico , Turkey , Estonia are ranked ahead of the U.S. in incidence of homicides . A U.S. male aged 15 -- 24 is 70 times more likely to be killed with a gun than their counterpart in the eight ( G - 8 ) largest industrialized nations in the world ( United Kingdom , France , Germany , Japan , Canada , Italy , Russia ) . In a broader comparison of 218 countries the U.S. is ranked 111 . In 2010 , the U.S. ' homicide rate is 7 times higher than the average for populous developed countries in the OECD , and its firearm - related homicide rate was 25.2 times higher . In 2013 the United States ' firearm - related death rate was 10.64 deaths for every 100,000 inhabitants , a figure very close to Mexico 's 11.17 , although in Mexico firearm deaths are predominantly homicides whereas in the United States they are predominantly suicides . ( Although Mexico has ostensibly strict gun laws , the laws restricting carry are often unenforced , and the laws restricting manufacture and sale are often circumvented by trafficking from the United States and other countries . ) Canada and Switzerland each have much looser gun control regulation than the majority of developed nations , although significantly more than in the United States , and have firearm death rates of 2.22 and 2.91 per 100,000 citizens , respectively . By comparison Australia , which imposed sweeping gun control laws in response to the Port Arthur massacre in 1996 , has a firearm death rate of 0.86 per 100,000 , and in the United Kingdom the rate is 0.26 . In the year of 2014 , thousands of Americans were killed by guns . There was a total of 8,124 gun homicides . In 2015 , there were 372 mass shootings and 33,636 deaths due to firearms in the U.S , while guns were used to kill about 50 people in the U.K. More people are typically killed with guns in the U.S. in a day ( about 85 ) than in the U.K. in a year . Deadly mass shootings have resulted in considerable coverage by the media . These shootings have represented 1 % of all deaths using gun between 1980 and 2008 . Although mass shootings have been covered extensively in the media , mass shootings account for a small fraction of gun - related deaths and the frequency of these events had steadily declined between 1994 and 2007 . Between 2007 and 2013 , the rate of active shooter incidents per year in the US has increased . Handguns figured in the Virginia Tech massacre , Binghamton shootings , 2009 Fort Hood shooting , Oikos University shooting , and 2011 Tucson shooting . The Aurora theater shooting and the Columbine High School massacre were committed by assailants armed with multiple weapons . Some studies have been conducted which suggest that the concept of guns can prime aggressive thoughts and aggressive reactions . In an experiment performed by Berkowitz and LePage in 1967 , this `` weapons effect '' was examined . Ultimately , when study participants were provoked their reaction was substantially more aggressive when a gun was visibly present in the room as opposed to a more benign object like a tennis racket . Other similar experiments like those conducted by Carson , Marcus - Newhall and Miller yield similar results . Such results imply that the presence of a gun in an altercation could illicit an aggressive reaction which may result in the committing of a homicide . However , such a reaction has only been proved in an experimental setting and there is no evidence that suggests this would be true in a practical or realistic setting . Accidental and negligent injuries ( edit ) The perpetrators and victims of accidental and negligent gun discharges may be of any age . Over 120 children 15 years old or younger were killed in gun accidents in 1998 . Accidental injuries are most common in homes where guns are kept for self - defense . The injuries are self - inflicted in half of the cases . On January 16 , 2013 , President Obama issued 23 Executive Orders on Gun Safety , one of which was for the Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) to research causes and possible prevention of gun violence . The five main areas of focus were gun violence , risk factors , prevention / intervention , gun safety and how media and violent video games influence the public . They also researched the area of accidental firearm deaths . According to this study not only have the number of accidental firearm deaths been on the decline over the past century but they now account for less than 1 % of all unintentional deaths , half of which are self - inflicted . Violent crime ( edit ) See also : Gun violence in the United States by state In the United States , areas with higher levels of gun ownership also have higher rates of gun assault and gun robbery . U.S. presidential assassinations and attempts ( edit ) Main article : List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots At least eleven assassination attempts with firearms have been made on U.S. presidents ( over one - fifth of all presidents ) ; four were successful , three with handguns and one with a rifle . Abraham Lincoln survived an earlier attack , but was killed using a . 44 - caliber Derringer pistol fired by John Wilkes Booth . James A. Garfield was shot two times and mortally wounded by Charles J. Guiteau using a . 44 - caliber revolver on July 2 , 1881 . He would die of pneumonia the same year on September 19 . On September 6 , 1901 , William McKinley was fatally wounded by Leon Czolgosz when he fired twice at point - blank range using a . 32 - caliber revolver . Despite only being struck by one of the bullets and receiving immediate surgical treatment , McKinley died 8 days later of gangrene infection . John F. Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald with a bolt - action rifle on November 22 , 1963 . Andrew Jackson , Harry S. Truman , and Gerald Ford ( the latter twice ) survived assassination attempts involving firearms unharmed . Ronald Reagan was critically wounded in the March 30 , 1981 assassination attempt by John Hinckley , Jr. with a . 22 - caliber revolver . He remains the only U.S. President to survive being shot while in office . Former president Theodore Roosevelt was shot and wounded right before delivering a speech during his 1912 presidential campaign . Despite bleeding from his chest , Roosevelt refused to go to a hospital until he delivered the speech . On February 15 , 1933 , Giuseppe Zangara attempted to assassinate president - elect Franklin Delano Roosevelt , who was giving a speech from his car in Miami , Florida . Although Roosevelt was unharmed , Chicago mayor Anton Cermak died in that attempt , and several other bystanders received non-fatal injuries . Response to these events has resulted in federal legislation to regulate the public possession of firearms . For example , the attempted assassination of Franklin Roosevelt contributed to passage of the National Firearms Act of 1934 , and the Kennedy assassination ( along with others ) resulted in the Gun Control Act of 1968 . The GCA is a federal law signed by President Lyndon Johnson that broadly regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners . It primarily focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by largely prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers , dealers , and importers . The assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan largely contributed to the passage of the Firearm Owners Protection Act in 1986 . Other violent crime ( edit ) A quarter of robberies of commercial premises in the U.S. are committed with guns . Fatalities are three times as likely in robberies committed with guns than where other , or no , weapons are used , with similar patterns in cases of family violence . Criminologist Philip J. Cook hypothesized that if guns were less available , criminals might commit the same crime , but with less - lethal weapons . He finds that the level of gun ownership in the 50 largest U.S. cities correlates with the rate of robberies committed with guns , but not with overall robbery rates . He also finds that robberies in which the assailant uses a gun are more likely to result in the death of the victim , but less likely to result in injury to the victim . A significant number of homicides are the consequence of an unintended escalation of another crime in which firearms are present , with no initial intent to kill . Overall robbery and assault rates in the U.S. are comparable to those in other developed countries , such as Australia and Finland , with much lower levels of gun ownership . A strong association exists between the availability of illegal guns and violent crime rates , but not between legal gun availability and violent crime rates . See also Assault with a deadly weapon Offenders ( edit ) Considering mass shooting alone ( four people shot dead in a public place ) , nearly all were male . About 47 % were white , 12 % black , and 6 % Asian ( 1982 - 2016 ) . However , this definition of `` mass shooting '' is contested by some . The mass shootings have represented 1 % of all deaths using gun between 1980 and 2008 . Vectors ( edit ) In 2015 , Arizona State University researcher Sherry Towers said `` National news media attention is like a ' vector ' that reaches people who are vulnerable . '' She stated that disaffected people can become infected by the attention given other disturbed people who have become mass killers . Victims ( edit ) African Americans were 55 % of the victims of gun homicide in 2010 , but 13 % of the population . Non-Hispanic whites were 25 % of victims but 65 % of the population in 2010 . Hispanics were 17 % of victims and 16 % of the population in 2010 . According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics , from 1980 to 2008 , 84 % of white homicide victims were killed by white offenders and 93 % of black homicide victims were killed by black offenders . Public Policy ( edit ) Main article : Gun politics in the United States Public policy as related to preventing gun violence is an ongoing political and social debate regarding both the restriction and availability of firearms within the United States . Policy at the Federal level is / has been governed by the Second Amendment , National Firearms Act , Gun Control Act of 1968 , Firearm Owners Protection Act , Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act , Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act , and the Domestic Violence Offender Act . Gun policy in the U.S. has been revised many times with acts such as the Firearm Owners Protection Act , which loosened provisions for gun sales while also strengthening automatic firearms law . At the federal , state and local level gun laws such as handgun bans have been overturned by the Supreme Court in cases such as District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago . These cases hold that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm . Columbia v. Heller only addressed the issue on Federal enclaves , while McDonald v. Chicago addressed the issue as relating to the individual states . March on Washington for Gun Control in January 2013 Gun control proponents often cite the relatively high number of homicides committed with firearms as reason to support stricter gun control laws . Firearm laws are a subject of debate in the U.S. , with firearms used for recreational purposes as well as for personal protection . Gun rights advocates cite the use of firearms for self - protection , and to deter violent crime , as reasons why more guns can reduce crime . Gun rights advocates also say criminals are the least likely to obey firearms laws , and so limiting access to guns by law - abiding people makes them more vulnerable to armed criminals . In an interview with Bill Simmons of HBO , President Obama said that gun control would be the `` dominant '' issue on his agenda in his last year of presidency . In a survey of 41 studies , half of the studies found a connection between gun ownership and homicide but these were usually the least rigorous studies . Only six studies controlled at least six statistically significant confounding variables , and none of them showed a significant positive effect . Eleven macro-level studies showed that crime rates increase gun levels ( not vice versa ) . The reason that there is no opposite effect may be that most owners are noncriminals and that they may use guns to prevent violence . Access to firearms ( edit ) The most common type of gun confiscated by police and traced by the ATF are . 38 special revolvers , such as this Smith & Wesson Model 60 . 38 Special revolver with a 3 - inch barrel U.S. policy aims to maintain the right of most people to own most types of firearms , while restricting access to firearms by people considered to present a higher risk of misuse . Gun dealers in the U.S. are prohibited from selling handguns to those under the age of 21 , and long guns to those under the age of 18 . There are also restrictions on selling guns to people not resident in the state . In 2017 , the National Safety Council released a state ranking on firearms access indicators such as background checks , waiting periods , safe storage , training , and sharing of mental health records with the NICS database to restrict firearm access . Assuming access to guns , the top ten guns involved in crime in the U.S. show a definite trend to favor handguns over long guns . The top ten guns used in crime , as reported by the ATF in 1993 , were the Smith & Wesson . 38 Special and . 357 revolvers ; Raven Arms . 25 caliber , Davis P - 380 . 380 caliber , Ruger . 22 caliber , Lorcin L - 380 . 380 caliber , and Smith & Wesson semi-automatic handguns ; Mossberg and Remington 12 gauge shotguns ; and the Tec DC - 9 9 mm handgun . An earlier 1985 study of 1,800 incarcerated felons showed that criminals preferred revolvers and other non-semi - automatic firearms over semi-automatic firearms . In Pittsburgh a change in preferences towards pistols occurred in the early 1990s , coinciding with the arrival of crack cocaine and the rise of violent youth gangs . Background checks in California from 1998 to 2000 resulted in 1 % of sales being initially denied . The types of guns most often denied included semiautomatic pistols with short barrels and of medium caliber . Among juveniles ( minors under the age of 16 , 17 , or 18 , depending on legal jurisdiction ) serving in correctional facilities , 86 % had owned a gun , with 66 % acquiring their first gun by age 14 . There was also a tendency for juvenile offenders to have owned several firearms , with 65 % owning three or more . Juveniles most often acquired guns illegally from family , friends , drug dealers , and street contacts . Inner city youths cited `` self - protection from enemies '' as the top reason for carrying a gun . In Rochester , New York , 22 % of young males have carried a firearm illegally , most for only a short time . There is little overlap between legal gun ownership and illegal gun carrying among youths . Firearms market ( edit ) Source of firearms possessed by Federal inmates , 1997 ATF inspector at a federally licensed gun dealer Gun rights advocates complain that policy aimed at the supply side of the firearms market is based on limited research . One consideration is that only 60 - 70 % of firearms sales in the U.S. are transacted through federally licensed firearm dealers , with the remainder taking place in the `` secondary market '' , in which previously owned firearms are transferred by non-dealers . Access to secondary markets is generally less convenient to purchasers , and involves such risks as the possibility of the gun having been used previously in a crime . Unlicensed private sellers were permitted by law to sell privately owned guns at gun shows or at private locations in 24 states as of 1998 . Regulations that limit the number of handgun sales in the primary , regulated market to one handgun a month per customer have been shown to be effective at reducing illegal gun trafficking by reducing the supply into the secondary market . Taxes on firearm purchases are another means for government to influence the primary market . Criminals tend to obtain guns through multiple illegal pathways , including gun traffickers , who tend to provide criminals with relatively few guns . Federally licensed firearm dealers in the primary ( new and used gun ) market are regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives ( ATF ) . Firearm manufacturers are required to mark all firearms manufactured with serial numbers . This allows the ATF to trace guns involved in crimes back to their last Federal Firearms License ( FFL ) reported change of ownership transaction , although not past the first private sale involving any particular gun . A report by the ATF released in 1999 found that 0.4 % of federally licensed dealers sold half of the guns used criminally in 1996 and 1997 . This is sometimes done through `` straw purchases . '' State laws , such as those in California , that restrict the number of gun purchases in a month may help stem such `` straw purchases . '' States with gun registration and licensing laws are generally less likely to have guns initially sold there used in crimes . Similarly , crime guns tend to travel from states with weak gun laws to states with strict gun laws . An estimated 500,000 guns are stolen each year , becoming available to prohibited users . During the ATF 's Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative ( YCGII ) , which involved expanded tracing of firearms recovered by law enforcement agencies , only 18 % of guns used criminally that were recovered in 1998 were in possession of the original owner . Guns recovered by police during criminal investigations were often sold by legitimate retail sales outlets to legal owners , and then diverted to criminal use over relatively short times ranging from a few months to a few years , which makes them relatively new compared with firearms in general circulation . Federal legislation ( edit ) Main article : Gun law in the United States The first Federal legislation related to firearms was the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified in 1791 . For 143 years , this was the only major Federal legislation regarding firearms . The next Federal firearm legislation was the National Firearms Act of 1934 , which created regulations for the sale of firearms , established taxes on their sale , and required registration of some types of firearms such as machine guns . In the aftermath of the Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. assassinations , the Gun Control Act of 1968 was enacted . This Act regulated gun commerce , restricting mail order sales , and allowing shipments only to licensed firearm dealers . The Act also prohibited sale of firearms to felons , those under indictment , fugitives , illegal aliens , drug users , those dishonorably discharged from the military , and those in mental institutions . The law also restricted importation of so - called Saturday night specials and other types of guns , and limited the sale of automatic weapons and semi-automatic weapon conversion kits . The Firearm Owners Protection Act , also known as the McClure - Volkmer Act , was passed in 1986 . It changed some restrictions in the 1968 Act , allowing federally licensed gun dealers and individual unlicensed private sellers to sell at gun shows , while continuing to require licensed gun dealers to require background checks . The 1986 Act also restricted the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms from conducting repetitive inspections , reduced the amount of record - keeping required of gun dealers , raised the burden of proof for convicting gun law violators , and changed restrictions on convicted felons from owning firearms . In the years following the passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968 , people buying guns were required to show identification and sign a statement affirming that they were not in any of the prohibited categories . Many states enacted background check laws that went beyond the federal requirements . The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act passed by Congress in 1993 imposed a waiting period before the purchase of a handgun , giving time for , but not requiring , a background check to be made . The Brady Act also required the establishment of a national system to provide instant criminal background checks , with checks to be done by firearms dealers . The Brady Act only applied to people who bought guns from licensed dealers , whereas felons buy some percentage of their guns from black market sources . Restrictions , such as waiting periods , impose costs and inconveniences on legitimate gun purchasers , such as hunters . Semi-automatic versions of the AK - 47 assault rifle were affected under the 1994 ban The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act , enacted in 1994 , included the Federal Assault Weapons Ban , and was a response to public concern over mass shootings . This provision prohibited the manufacture and importation of some semiautomatic firearms with certain features relevant to military use such as a folding stock , pistol grip , flash suppressor , and magazines holding more than ten rounds . A grandfather clause was included that allowed firearms manufactured before 1994 to remain legal . A short - term evaluation by University of Pennsylvania criminologists Christopher S. Koper and Jeffrey A. Roth did not find any clear impact of this legislation on gun violence . Given the short study time period of the evaluation , the National Academy of Sciences advised caution in drawing any conclusions . In September 2004 , the assault weapon ban expired , with its sunset clause . The Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban , the Lautenberg Amendment , prohibited anyone previously convicted of a misdemeanor or felony crime of domestic violence from shipment , transport , ownership and use of guns or ammunition . This law also prohibited the sale or gift of a firearm or ammunition to such a person . It was passed in 1996 , and became effective in 1997 . The law does not exempt people who use firearms as part of their duties , such as police officers or military personnel with applicable criminal convictions ; they may not carry firearms . In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , police and National Guard units in New Orleans confiscated firearms from private citizens in an attempt to prevent violence . In reaction , Congress passed the Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act of 2006 in the form of an amendment to Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act , 2007 . Section 706 of the Act prohibits federal employees and those receiving federal funds from confiscating legally possessed firearms during a disaster . On Jan. 5 , 2016 , President Obama unveiled his new strategy to curb gun violence in America . His proposals focus on new background check requirements that are intended to enhance the effectiveness of the National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) , and greater education and enforcement efforts of existing laws at the state level . In an interview with Bill Simmons of HBO , President Obama also confirmed that gun control will be the `` dominant '' issue on his agenda in his last year of presidency . State legislation ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the United States ( by state ) Right - to - carry ( edit ) Main articles : Concealed carry in the United States and Open carry in the United States Visitors at a gun show in Houston All 50 U.S. states allow for the Right - to - carry firearms , with forty - two states generally requiring a state - issued permit in order to carry concealed weapons in public and the remaining eight states generally allowing individuals to carry concealed weapons in public without a permit . Right - to - carry laws expanded in the 1990s as homicide rates from gun violence in the U.S. increased , largely in response to incidents such as the Luby 's shooting of 1991 in Texas which directly resulted in the passage of a carrying concealed weapon , or CCW , law in Texas in 1995 . As Rorie Sherman , staff reporter for the National Law Journal wrote in an article published on April 18 , 1994 , `` It is a time of unparalleled desperation about crime . But the mood is decidedly ' I 'll do it myself ' and ' Do n't get in my way . ' '' The result was laws , or the lack thereof , that permitted persons to carry firearms openly , known as open carry , often without any permit required , in 22 states by 1998 . Laws that permitted persons to carry concealed handguns , sometimes termed a concealed handgun license , CHL , or concealed pistol license , CPL in some jurisdictions instead of CCW , existed in 34 states in the U.S. by 2004 . Since then , the number of states with CCW laws has increased ; as of 2014 , all 50 states have some form of CCW laws on the books . Economist John Lott has argued that right - to - carry laws create a perception that more potential crime victims might be carrying firearms , and thus serve as a deterrent against crime . Lott 's study has been criticized for not adequately controlling for other factors , including other state laws also enacted , such as Florida 's laws requiring background checks and waiting period for handgun buyers . When Lott 's data was re-analyzed by some researchers , the only statistically significant effect of concealed - carry laws found was an increase in assaults , with similar findings by Jens Ludwig . Lott and Mustard 's 1997 study has also been criticized by Paul Rubin and Hashem Dezhbakhsh for inappropriately using a dummy variable ; Rubin and Dezhbakhsh reported in a 2003 study that right - to - carry laws have much smaller and more inconsistent effects than those reported by Lott and Mustard , and that these effects are usually not crime - reducing . Since concealed - carry permits are only given to adults , Philip J. Cook suggested that analysis should focus on the relationship with adult and not juvenile gun incident rates . He found no statistically significant effect . A 2004 National Academy of Science survey of existing literature found that the data available `` are too weak to support unambiguous conclusions '' about the impact of right - to - carry laws on rates of violent crime . NAS suggested that new analytical approaches and datasets at the county or local level are needed to adequately evaluate the impact of right - to - carry laws . A 2014 study found that Arizona 's SB 1108 , which allowed adults in the state to concealed carry without a permit and without passing a training course , was associated with an increase in gun - related fatalities . A 2015 NBER working paper found that the apparent effects of RTC laws on crime rates depend significantly on the assumptions made in the analysis . Child access Prevention ( CAP ) ( edit ) Main article : Child access prevention law Child Access Prevention ( CAP ) laws , enacted by many states , require parents to store firearms safely , to minimize access by children to guns , while maintaining ease of access by adults . CAP laws hold gun owners liable should a child gain access to a loaded gun that is not properly stored . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) claimed that , on average , one child died every three days in accidental incidents in the U.S. from 2000 to 2005 . In most states , CAP law violations are considered misdemeanors . Florida 's CAP law , enacted in 1989 , permits felony prosecution of violators . Research indicates that CAP laws are correlated with a reduction in unintentional gun deaths by 23 % , and gun suicides among those aged 14 through 17 by 11 % . A study by Lott did not detect a relationship between CAP laws and accidental gun deaths or suicides among those age 19 and under between 1979 and 1996 . However , two studies disputed Lott 's findings . A 2008 National Bureau of Economic Research working paper found that CAP laws are correlated with a reduction of non-fatal gun injuries among both children and adults by 30 - 40 % . In 2016 the American Academy of Pediatrics found that safe gun storage laws were associated with lower overall adolescent suicide rates . Research also indicated that CAP laws were most highly correlated with reductions of non-fatal gun injuries in states where violations were considered felonies , whereas in states that considered violations as misdemeanors , the potential impact of CAP laws was not statistically significant . All of these studies were correlational , and do not account for other potential contributing factors . Local restrictions ( edit ) Some local jurisdictions in the U.S. have more restrictive laws , such as Washington , D.C. 's Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 , which banned residents from owning handguns , and required permitted firearms be disassembled and locked with a trigger lock . On March 9 , 2007 , a U.S. Appeals Court ruled the Washington , D.C. handgun ban unconstitutional . The appeal of that case later led to the Supreme Court 's ruling in District of Columbia v. Heller that D.C. 's ban was unconstitutional under the Second Amendment . Despite New York City 's strict gun control laws , guns are often trafficked in from other parts of the U.S. , particularly the southern states . Results from the ATF 's Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative indicate that the percentage of imported guns involved in crimes is tied to the stringency of local firearm laws . Prevention programs ( edit ) Violence prevention and educational programs have been established in many schools and communities across the United States . These programs aim to change personal behavior of both children and their parents , encouraging children to stay away from guns , ensure parents store guns safely , and encourage children to solve disputes without resorting to violence . Programs aimed at altering behavior range from passive ( requiring no effort on the part of the individual ) to active ( supervising children , or placing a trigger lock on a gun ) . The more effort required of people , the more difficult it is to implement a prevention strategy . Prevention strategies focused on modifying the situational environment and the firearm itself may be more effective . Empirical evaluation of gun violence prevention programs has been limited . Of the evaluations that have been done , results indicate such programs have minimal effectiveness . Hotline ( edit ) SPEAK UP is a national youth violence prevention initiative created by The Center to Prevent Youth Violence , which provides young people with tools to improve the safety of their schools and communities . The SPEAK UP program is an anonymous , national hot - line for young people to report threats of violence in their communities or at school . The hot - line is operated in accordance with a protocol developed in collaboration with national education and law enforcement authorities , including the FBI . Trained counselors , with access to translators for 140 languages , collect information from callers and then report the threat to appropriate school and law enforcement officials . Gun safety parent counseling ( edit ) One of the most widely used parent counseling programs is Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury program ( STOP ) , which was developed in 1994 by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence ( the latter of which was then known as the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence ) . STOP was superseded by STOP 2 in 1998 , which has a broader focus including more communities and health care providers . STOP has been evaluated and found not to have a significant effect on gun ownership or firearm storage practices by inner - city parents . Marjorie S. Hardy suggests further evaluation of STOP is needed , as this evaluation had a limited sample size and lacked a control group . A 1999 study found no statistically significant effect of STOP on rates of gun ownership or better gun storage . Children ( edit ) Prevention programs geared towards children have also not been greatly successful . Many inherent challenges arise when working with children , including their tendency to perceive themselves as invulnerable to injury , limited ability to apply lessons learned , their innate curiosity , and peer pressure . The goal of gun safety programs , usually administered by local firearms dealers and shooting clubs , is to teach older children and adolescents how to handle firearms safely . There has been no systematic evaluation of the effect of these programs on children . For adults , no positive effect on gun storage practices has been found as a result of these programs . Also , researchers have found that gun safety programs for children may likely increase a child 's interest in obtaining and using guns , which they can not be expected to use safely all the time , even with training . One approach taken is gun avoidance , such as when encountering a firearm at a neighbor 's home . The Eddie Eagle Gun Safety Program , administered by the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) , is geared towards younger children from pre-kindergarten to sixth grade , and teaches kids that real guns are not toys by emphasizing a `` just say no '' approach . The Eddie Eagle program is based on training children in a four - step action to take when they see a firearm : ( 1 ) Stop ! ( 2 ) Do n't touch ! ( 3 ) Leave the area . ( 4 ) Go tell an adult . Materials , such as coloring books and posters , back the lessons up and provide the repetition necessary in any child - education program . The ineffectiveness of the `` just say no '' approach promoted by the NRA 's Eddie the Eagle program was highlighted in an investigative piece by ABC 's Diane Sawyer in 1999 . Sawyer 's piece was based on academic studies conducted by Dr. Marjorie Hardy , assistant professor of psychology at Muhlenberg College in Allentown , Pennsylvania . Dr. Hardy 's study tracked the behavior of elementary age schoolchildren who spent a day learning the Eddie the Eagle four - step action plan from a uniformed police officer . The children were then placed into a playroom which contained a hidden gun . When the children found the gun , they did not run away from the gun , but rather , they inevitably played with it , pulled the trigger while looking into the barrel , or aimed the gun at a playmate and pulled the trigger . The study concluded that children 's natural curiosity was far more powerful than the parental admonition to `` Just say no '' . Community programs ( edit ) Programs targeted at entire communities , such as community revitalization , after - school programs , and media campaigns , may be more effective in reducing the general level of violence that children are exposed to . Community - based programs that have specifically targeted gun violence include Safe Kids / Healthy Neighborhoods Injury Prevention Program in New York City , and Safe Homes and Havens in Chicago . Evaluation of such community - based programs is difficult , due to many confounding factors and the multifaceted nature of such programs . A Chicago - based program , `` BAM '' ( Becoming a Man ) has produced positive results , according to the University of Chicago Crime Lab , and is expanding to Boston in 2017 . Intervention programs ( edit ) Sociologist James D. Wright suggests that to convince inner - city youths not to carry guns `` requires convincing them that they can survive in their neighborhood without being armed , that they can come and go in peace , that being unarmed will not cause them to be victimized , intimidated , or slain . '' Intervention programs , such as CeaseFire Chicago , Operation Ceasefire in Boston and Project Exile in Richmond , Virginia during the 1990s , have been shown to be effective . Other intervention strategies , such as gun `` buy - back '' programs have been demonstrated to be ineffective . Gun buyback programs ( edit ) Main article : Gun buyback program Gun `` buyback '' programs are a strategy aimed at influencing the firearms market by taking guns `` off the streets '' . Gun `` buyback '' programs have been shown to be effective to prevent suicides , but ineffective to prevent homicides with the National Academy of Sciences citing theory underlying these programs as `` badly flawed . '' Guns surrendered tend to be those least likely to be involved in crime , such as old , malfunctioning guns with little resale value , muzzleloading or other black - powder guns , antiques chambered for obsolete cartridges that are no longer commercially manufactured or sold , or guns that individuals inherit but have little value in possessing . Other limitations of gun buyback programs include the fact that it is relatively easy to obtain gun replacements , often of better guns than were relinquished in the buyback . Also , the number of handguns used in crime ( approximately 7,500 per year ) is very small compared to the approximately 70 million handguns in the U.S.. ( i.e. , 0.011 % ) . `` Gun bounty '' programs launched in several Florida cities have shown more promise . These programs involve cash rewards for anonymous tips about illegal weapons that lead to an arrest and a weapons charge . Since its inception in May 2007 , the Miami program has led to 264 arrests and the confiscation of 432 guns owned illegally and $2.2 million in drugs , and has solved several murder and burglary cases . Operation Ceasefire ( edit ) In 1995 , Operation Ceasefire was established as a strategy for addressing youth gun violence in Boston . Violence was particularly concentrated in poor , inner - city neighborhoods including Roxbury , Dorchester , and Mattapan . There were 22 youths ( under the age of 24 ) killed in Boston in 1987 , with that figure rising to 73 in 1990 . Operation Ceasefire entailed a problem - oriented policing approach , and focused on specific places that were crime hot spots -- two strategies that when combined have been shown to be quite effective . Particular focus was placed on two elements of the gun violence problem , including illicit gun trafficking and gang violence . Within two years of implementing Operation Ceasefire in Boston , the number of youth homicides dropped to ten , with only one handgun - related youth homicide occurring in 1999 and 2000 The Operation Ceasefire strategy has since been replicated in other cities , including Los Angeles . Erica Bridgeford , spearheaded a `` 72 - hour ceasefire '' in August 2017 , but the ceasefire was broken with a homicide . Councilman Brandon Scott , Mayor Catherine Pugh and others talked of community policing models that might work for Baltimore . Project Exile ( edit ) Federally supported gun violence intervention program Project Exile , conducted in Richmond , Virginia during the 1990s , was a coordinated effort involving federal , state , and local officials that targeted gun violence . The strategy entailed prosecution of gun violations in Federal courts , where sentencing guidelines were tougher . Project Exile also involved outreach and education efforts through media campaigns , getting the message out about the crackdown . Research analysts offered different opinions as to the program 's success in reducing gun crime . Authors of a 2003 analysis of the program argued that the decline in gun homicide was part of a `` general regression to the mean '' across U.S. cities with high homicide rates . Authors of a 2005 study disagreed , concluding that Richmond 's gun homicide rate fell more rapidly than the rates in other large U.S. cities with other influences controlled . Project Safe Neighborhoods ( edit ) Project Safe Neighborhoods ( PSN ) is a national strategy for reducing gun violence that builds on the strategies implemented in Operation Ceasefire and Project Exile . PSN was established in 2001 , with support from the Bush administration , channelled through the United States Attorney 's Offices in the United States Department of Justice . The Federal government has spent over US $ 1.5 billion since the program 's inception on the hiring of prosecutors , and providing assistance to state and local jurisdictions in support of training and community outreach efforts . Americans for responsible Solutions ( edit ) Main article : Americans for Responsible Solutions Americans for Responsible Solutions was started in January 2013 as a not - for - profit organization whose mission is to `` encourage elected officials to stand up for solutions to prevent gun violence and protect responsible gun ownership by communicating directly with the constituents that elect them . '' The organization was announced on January 8 , 2013 by Gabrielle `` Gabby '' Giffords , a former Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives for Arizona 's 8th congressional district , and Mark Kelly , a retired American astronaut . In an op - ed published in USA Today , Gifford and Kelly referred to the NRA lobby and sought to counter it by creating a lobby dedicated to responsible gun control measures . Research limitations ( edit ) In the United States , research into firearms and violent crime is fraught with difficulties , associated with limited data on gun ownership and use , firearms markets , and aggregation of crime data . Research studies into gun violence have primarily taken one of two approaches : case - control studies and social ecology . Gun ownership is usually determined through surveys , proxy variables , and sometimes with production and import figures . In statistical analysis of homicides and other types of crime which are rare events , these data tend to have poisson distributions , which also presents methodological challenges to researchers . With data aggregation , it is difficult to make inferences about individual behavior . This problem , known as ecological fallacy , is not always handled properly by researchers ; this leads some to jump to conclusions that their data do not necessarily support . In 1996 the NRA lobbied Congressman Jay Dickey ( R - Ark . ) to include budget provisions that prohibited the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) from advocating or promoting gun control and that deleted $2.6 million from the CDC budget , the exact amount the CDC had spent on firearms research the previous year . The ban was later extended to all research funded by the Department of Health and Human Services ( DHHS ) . According to an article in Nature , this made gun research more difficult , reduced the number of studies , and discouraged researchers from even talking about gun violence at medical and scientific conferences . In 2013 , after the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , President Barack Obama ordered the CDC to resume funding research on gun violence and prevention , and put $10 million in the 2014 budget request for it . Prior to this , U.S. public funding directed towards gun violence prevention was less than $2 million annually , a disproportionately low total compared to public funding totals for other leading public health burdens with respect to potential years of life lost . See also ( edit ) Crime in the United States Mass shootings in the United States Firearm death rates in the United States by state Gun violence and gun control in Texas Sullivan Law of 1911 , one of the broadest and oldest existing gun control laws in the United States . Index of gun politics articles `` Thoughts and prayers '' Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Research Council ( 2004 ) . `` Executive Summary '' . In Wellford , Charles F. ; Pepper , John V. ; Petrie , Carol V. Firearms and Violence : A Critical Review . Washington , DC : National Academies Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 09124 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm - Related Violence '' . The National Academies Press . 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ and , Institute of Medicine ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm - Related Violence '' . doi : 10.17226 / 18319 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_02.pdf Page 84 , Table 18 ( accessed July 31 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ FastStats : Mortality - All firearm deaths . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/homicide.htm ( accessed July 27 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_02.pdf Page 5 ( accessed July 31 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Homicides by firearms UNODC . Retrieved : 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Expanded Homicide Data Table 8 '' . FBI.gov . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Wintemute , Garen J. ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` The Epidemiology of Firearm Violence in the Twenty - First Century United States '' . Annual Review of Public Health . Annual Reviews . 36 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 19 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - publhealth - 031914 - 122535 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Leading Causes of Injury Death by Age Group Highlighting Violence - Related Injury Deaths , United States '' ( PDF ) . National Vital Statistics System . National Center for Health Statistics , CDC. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` FBI -- Expanded Homicide Data Table 8 '' . Fbi.gov. 2011 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guns in the US : The statistics behind the violence '' . BBC News . 5 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How U.S. gun deaths compare to other countries '' . CBS . October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howell , Embry M. ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Hospital Costs of Firearm Assaults '' . Urban Institute . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bjerregaard , Beth , Alan J. Lizotte ( 1995 ) . `` Gun Ownership and Gang Membership '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology . The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology ( 1973 - ) , Vol. 86 , No. 1 . 86 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 58 . doi : 10.2307 / 1143999 . JSTOR 1143999 . NCJ 162688 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wright , James D. , Joseph F. Sheley , and M. Dwayne Smith ( 1993 ) . `` Kids , Guns , and Killing Fields '' . Society . 30 ( 1 ) . NCJ 140211 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm - Related Violence . The National Academies Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 28438 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Duwe , Grant ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Seven Mass Shootings in 2012 Most since 1999 '' . The Washington Times ( Washington , DC ) . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FBI Confirms Rise in Mass Shootings in Us '' . 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Zwillich , Todd . `` Quietly , Congress extends a ban on CDC research on gun violence '' . Public Radio International ( PRI ) . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rita ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Tale of 2 Agencies : CDC Avoids Gun Violence Research But NIH Funds It '' . JAMA. 315 ( 16 ) : 1689 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.1707 . Jump up ^ `` Gun control offers no cure - all in America - NBC Politics '' . Nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com. 2012 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Census Bureau Projects U.S. Population of 305.5 Million on New Year 's Day '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( 23 March 2013 ) . `` Guns Present Polling Conundrum '' . Jump up ^ `` Number of households with guns on the decline , study shows '' . Jump up ^ Max Ehrenfreund : We 've had a massive decline in gun violence in the United States . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ash , Peter , Arthur L. Kellermann ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` Gun Acquisition and Use by Juvenile Offenders '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 275 ( 22 ) : 1754 -- 1758 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 275.22. 1754 . PMID 8637174 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Boston T. Party ( Kenneth W. Royce ) ( 1998 ) . Boston on Guns & Courage . Javelin Press . pp. 3 : 15 . ISBN 1 - 888766 - 04 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weil , Douglas S. , Rebecca C. Knox ( 1996 ) . `` Effects of Limiting Handgun Purchases on Interstate Transfer of Firearms '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 275 ( 22 ) : 1759 -- 1761 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 275.22. 1759 . PMID 8637175 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Committee on Law and Justice ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 4 '' . Firearms and Violence : A Critical Review . National Academy of Science . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09124 - 1 . Jump up ^ Braga , Anthony A. ; Wintemute , Garen J. ; Pierce , Glenn L. ; Cook , Philip J. ; Ridgeway , Greg ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` Interpreting the Empirical Evidence on Illegal Gun Market Dynamics '' . Journal of Urban Health . 89 ( 5 ) : 779 -- 793 . doi : 10.1007 / s11524 - 012 - 9681 - y . ^ Jump up to : Rushefsky , Mark E. ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Criminal Justice : To Ensure Domestic Tranquility '' . Public Policy in the United States : At the Dawn of the Twenty - First Century . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0647 - X . ^ Jump up to : Butterfield , Fox ( July 1 , 1999 ) . `` Gun Flows to Criminals Laid to Tiny Fraction of Dealers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Webster , DW ( 1 September 2001 ) . `` Relationship between licensing , registration , and other gun sales laws and the source state of crime guns '' . Injury Prevention . 7 ( 3 ) : 184 -- 189 . doi : 10.1136 / ip. 7.3. 184 . Jump up ^ Knight , Brian ( November 2013 ) . `` State Gun Policy and Cross-State Externalities : Evidence from Crime Gun Tracing '' . American Economic Journal : Economic Policy . 5 ( 4 ) : 200 -- 229 . doi : 10.1257 / pol. 5.4. 200 . Jump up ^ Kahane , Leo H. ( July 2013 ) . `` , Understanding the Interstate Export of Crime Guns : A Gravity Model Approach '' . Contemporary Economic Policy . 31 ( 3 ) : 618 -- 634 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7287.2012. 00324. x . Jump up ^ Coates , Michael ; Pearson - Merkowitzz , Shanna ( June 2017 ) . `` Policy Spillover and Gun Migration : The Interstate Dynamics of State Gun Control Policies '' . Social Science Quarterly . 98 ( 2 ) : 500 -- 512 . doi : 10.1111 / ssqu. 12422 . ^ Jump up to : `` Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative ( 1998 ) '' . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Philip J. , Anthony A. Braga ( 2001 ) . `` Comprehensive firearms tracing : Strategic and investigative uses of new data on firearms markets '' . Arizona Law Review . 43 : 277 -- 309 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wachtel , J. ( 1998 ) . `` Sources of crime guns in Los Angeles , California '' . Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management . 21 ( 2 ) : 220 -- 239 . doi : 10.1108 / 13639519810220127 . NCJ 174254 . Jump up ^ Pierce , G.L. , A.A. Braga , C. Koper , J. McDevitt , D. Carlson , J. Roth , A. Saiz ( 2001 ) . The Characteristics and Dynamics of Gun Markets : Implications for a Supply - Side Enforcement Strategy ( Final Report ) ( PDF ) . Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research , Northeastern University and the National Institute of Justice . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Friedman , Lawrence M. ( 1993 ) . Crime and Punishment in American History . Basic Books . p. 267 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01461 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cook , Philip J. , James Blose ( 1981 ) . `` State Programs for Screening Handgun Buyers '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . May 1981 : 80 -- 91 . doi : 10.1177 / 000271628145500108 . NCJ 79101 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The background check provision has been challenged on grounds that it violates the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution . In the 1997 case , Printz v. United States , the Supreme Court voided that part of the Brady Act . ( Rushefsky , 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act '' ( PDF ) . Congress of the United States / Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Roth , Jeffrey A. , Christopher S. Koper ( 1999 ) . Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban : 1994 -- 96 ( PDF ) . National Institute of Justice . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Koper , Christopher S. , Jeffrey A. Roth ( 2001 ) . `` The impact of the 1994 federal assault weapon ban on gun markets : An assessment of short - term primary and secondary market effects '' . Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 18 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 266 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1016055919939 . NCJ 196844 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Jill ( September 12 , 2004 ) . `` Federal ban on assault weapons expires '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ This was ex post facto , in the opinion of Representative Bob Barr. ( 1 ) House of Representatives , Subcommittee on Crime , Committee on the Judiciary , March 5 , 1997 Jump up ^ `` Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Fact Sheet '' ( asp ) . National Center for Women & Policing . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` House Report 109 - 699 - Making Appropriations For The Department Of Homeland Security For The Fiscal Year Ending September 30 , 2007 , And For Other Purposes '' . The Library of Congress - THOMAS Home - Bills , Resolutions . 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International Review of Law and Economics . 18 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 254 . doi : 10.1016 / S0144 - 8188 ( 98 ) 00012 - X . Jump up ^ Rubin , Paul H ; Dezhbakhsh , Hashem ( June 2003 ) . `` The effect of concealed handgun laws on crime : beyond the dummy variables '' . International Review of Law and Economics . 23 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 216 . doi : 10.1016 / S0144 - 8188 ( 03 ) 00027 - 9 . Jump up ^ Committee on Law and Justice ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 6 '' . Firearms and Violence : A Critical Review . National Academy of Science . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09124 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ginwalla , Rashna ; Rhee , Peter ; Friese , Randall ; Green , Donald J. ; Gries , Lynn ; Joseph , Bellal ; Kulvatunyou , Narong ; Lubin , Dafney ; O'Keeffe , Terence ; Vercruysse , Gary ; Wynne , Julie ; Tang , Andrew ( March 2014 ) . `` Repeal of the concealed weapons law and its impact on gun - related injuries and deaths '' . Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery . 76 ( 3 ) : 569 -- 575 . doi : 10.1097 / TA. 0000000000000141 . Jump up ^ Manski , Charles ; Pepper , John ( 2015 ) . `` How Do Right - To - Carry Laws Affect Crime Rates ? Coping With Ambiguity Using Bounded - Variation Assumptions '' . NBER working paper . ^ Jump up to : DeSimone , Jeff , Sara Markowitz ( September 2005 ) . `` The Effect of Child Access Prevention Laws on Non-Fatal Gun Injuries '' . NBER Working Paper No. 11613 . National Bureau of Economic Research . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Boy finds forgotten gun , accidentally shoots self in head '' . CNN . April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Peter , David C. Grossman , Frederick P. Rivara , Thomas D. Koepsell ( 1997 ) . `` State Gun Safe Storage Laws and Child Mortality Due to Firearms '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 278 ( 13 ) : 1084 -- 1086 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1997.03550130058037 . PMID 9315767 . 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Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice . 2 : 342 -- 358 . doi : 10.1177 / 1541204004267782 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ American Academy of Pediatrics ( 2016 ) . State Advocacy Focus : Safe Storage of Firearms . Accessed at : https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/state-advocacy/Documents/Safe%20Storage.pdf Jump up ^ Webster , D.W. , M. Starnes ( 2000 ) . `` Reexamining the association between child access prevention gun laws and unintentional shooting deaths of children '' . Pediatrics. 106 ( 6 ) : 1466 -- 1469 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 106.6. 1466 . PMID 11099605 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Appeals Court Strikes Down D.C. Handgun Ban '' Bloomberg News , March 9 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wintemute , Garen ( 2000 ) . `` Guns and Gun Violence '' . In Blumstein , Alfred ; Joel Wallman . The Crime Drop in America . Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Hardy , Marjorie S. ( 2002 ) . `` Behavior - Oriented Approaches to Reducing Gun Violence '' . The Future of Children . Woodrow Wilson School / The Brookings Institution . 12 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 118 . doi : 10.2307 / 1602741 . NCJ 196785 . Jump up ^ Christophersen , E.R. ( 1993 ) . `` Improving compliance in childhood injury control '' . Developmental aspects of health compliance behavior . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . pp. 219 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Williams , A.F. ( 1982 ) . `` Passive and active measures for controlling disease and injury '' . Health Psychology . 1 : 399 -- 409 . doi : 10.1037 / h0090242 . Jump up ^ `` The Center to Prevent Youth Violence '' . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` What is SPEAK UP ? '' . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oatis , PJ ; Fenn Buderer , NM ; Cummings , P ; Fleitz , R ( March 1999 ) . `` Pediatric practice based evaluation of the Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury program '' . Injury Prevention . 5 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 52 . PMID 10323570 . Jump up ^ Oatis , Pamela J. , Nancy M. Fenn Buderer , Peter Cummings , Rosemarie Fleitz ( 1999 ) . `` Pediatric practice based evaluation of the Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury program '' . Injury Prevention . 5 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 52 . doi : 10.1136 / ip. 5.1. 48 . PMC 1730460 . PMID 10323570 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Benthin , A. , P. Slovic , H. Severan ( 1993 ) . `` A psychometric study of adolescent risk perception '' . Journal of Adolescence. 16 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 168 . doi : 10.1006 / jado. 1993.1014 . PMID 8376640 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hyson , M.C. , G.G. Bollin ( 1990 ) . `` Children 's appraisal of home and neighborhood risks : Questions for the 1990s '' . Children 's Environments Quarterly . 7 ( 3 ) : 50 -- 60 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Coppens , N.M. ( 1985 ) . `` Cognitive development and locus of control as predictors of preschoolers ' understanding of safety and prevention '' . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology . 6 : 43 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / 0193 - 3973 ( 85 ) 90015 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hemenway , D. , S. Solnek , D.R. Azrael ( 1995 ) . `` Firearm training and storage '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 273 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 50 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 273.1. 46 . PMID 7996649 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wilson , M.H. , S.P. Baker , S.P. Teret ; et al. ( 1991 ) . Saving children : A guide to injury prevention . Oxford University Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sawyer , Diane ( 21 May 1999 ) . `` 20 / 20 Classic : Kids and Guns '' . ABC News . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Holman , Virginia . `` Is There a Gun in the House ? '' . Parents Magazine . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , Peggy ( 2000 ) . `` Saying No to Guns : It 's Not Enough . An Interview with Marjorie Hardy '' ( PDF ) . Parent News ( Online ) . 6 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry , Committee on Preventative Psychiatry ( 1999 ) . `` Violent behavior in children and youth : Preventative intervention from a psychiatric perspective '' . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . 38 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 241 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004583 - 199903000 - 00008 . Jump up ^ Arrendondo , S. , T. Aultman - Bettride , T.P. Johnson ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Preventing youth handgun violence : A national study with trends and patterns for the state of Colorado . Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davidson , L.L. , MS Durkin , L Kuhn , P O'Connor , B Barlow , MC Heagarty ( 1994 ) . `` The impact of the Safe Kids / Healthy Neighborhoods Injury Prevention Program in Harlem , 1988 through 1991 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 84 ( 4 ) : 580 -- 586 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 84.4. 580 . PMC 1614780 . PMID 8154560 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Klassen , T.P. , I.M. MacKay , A.W. Moher , A.I. Jones ( 2000 ) . `` Community - based prevention interventions '' . The Future of Children . The Future of Children , Vol. 10 , No. 1 . 10 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 110 . doi : 10.2307 / 1602826 . JSTOR 1602826 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Group Therapy Is Saving Lives in Chicago '' . POLITICO Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Braga , Anthony A. , David M. Kennedy , Elin J. Waring , Anne M. Piehl ( 2001 ) . `` Problem - Oriented Policing , Deterrence , and Youth Violence : An Evaluation of Boston 's Operation Ceasefire '' . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 38 ( 3 ) . NCJ 189562 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : National Research Council ( 2004 ) . Firearms and Violence : A Critical Review . Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09124 - 1 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Charles M. ; Rivara , Frederick P. ; Koepsell , Thomas D. ( 1994 ) . `` Money for Guns : Evaluation of the Seattle Gun Buy - Back Program '' . Public Health Reports . National Center for Biotechnology Information . 109 ( 4 ) : 472 -- 477 . PMC 1403522 . PMID 8041845 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Richard ( 1996 ) . `` Gun buy - backs : Crime control or community mobilization ? '' . In Plotkin , Martha R. Under Fire : Gun Buy - Backs , Exchanges , and Amnesty Programs . Police Executive Research Forum . NCJ 161877 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ; Piehl , Anne M. ; Braga , Anthony A. ( 1996 ) . `` Gun buy - backs : Where do we stand and where do we go ? '' . In Plotkin , Martha R. Under Fire : Gun Buy - Backs , Exchanges , and Amnesty Programs . Police Executive Research Forum . NCJ 161877 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Bounty Program Makes Big Bust In South Miami - Dade '' . CBS Local Media . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , David M. , Anthony A. Braga , Anne M. Piehl ( 2001 ) . Reducing Gun Violence : The Boston Gun Project 's Operation Ceasefire ( PDF ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Braga , Anthony A. , David L. Weisburd ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Problem - oriented policing in violent crime places : A randomized controlled experiment '' . Criminology. 7 ( 3 ) : 541 -- 580 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 9125.1999. tb00496. x . NCJ 178770 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Weisburd , D. , L. Green ( 1995 ) . `` Policing drug hot spots : The Jersey City drug market analysis experiment '' . Justice Quarterly . 12 ( 4 ) : 711 -- 735 . doi : 10.1080 / 07418829500096261 . NCJ 167667 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sherman , L.W. , D. Rogan ( 1995 ) . `` Effects of gun seizures on gun violence : `` Hot spots '' patrol in Kansas City `` . Justice Quarterly . 12 ( 4 ) : 673 -- 694 . doi : 10.1080 / 07418829500096241 . NCJ 167665 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Braga , Anthony A. , Glenn L. Pierce ( 2005 ) . `` Disrupting Illegal Firearms Markets in Boston : The Effects of Operation Ceasefire on the Supply of New Handguns to Criminals '' . Criminology and Public Policy . 4 ( 4 ) . NCJ 212303 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Institute of Justice ( February 2005 ) . Research Report : Reducing Gun Violence - Operation Ceasefire in Los Angeles ( PDF ) . 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External links ( edit ) Gun violence - National Criminal Justice US Violent Crime - Data on US Violent Crime Gun Violence Archive - Data on each verified gun related incident , with annual statistics Report US Anti-gun violence activist art project , Eileen Boxer ( 2016 ) The Accessibility of Firearms and Risk for Suicide and Homicide Victimization Among Household Members - Anglemyer , Horvath , and Rutherford ( 2014 ) Guns in the Home and Risk of a Violent Death in the Home - Dahlberg , Ikeda , and Kresnow ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_violence_in_the_United_States&oldid=811229560 '' Categories : Gun violence in the United States Health disasters in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 08 : 51 . 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About Wikipedia	number of gun deaths in the united states	[ "Gun violence in the United States is a major national concern that results in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries annually.[1] In 2013, there were 73,505 nonfatal firearm injuries (23.2 injuries per 100,000 U.S. citizens),[2][3] and 33,636 deaths due to \"injury by firearms\" (10.6 deaths per 100,000 U.S. citizens).[4] These deaths consisted of 11,208 homicides,[5] 21,175 suicides,[4] 505 deaths due to accidental or negligent discharge of a firearm, and 281 deaths due to firearms use with \"undetermined intent\".[4] Of the 2,596,993 total deaths in the US in 2013, 1.3% were related to firearms.[1][6] The ownership and control of guns are among the most widely debated issues in the country.", "Gun violence in the United States is a major national concern that results in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries annually.[1] In 2013, there were 73,505 nonfatal firearm injuries (23.2 injuries per 100,000 U.S. citizens),[2][3] and 33,636 deaths due to \"injury by firearms\" (10.6 deaths per 100,000 U.S. citizens).[4] These deaths consisted of 11,208 homicides,[5] 21,175 suicides,[4] 505 deaths due to accidental or negligent discharge of a firearm, and 281 deaths due to firearms use with \"undetermined intent\".[4] Of the 2,596,993 total deaths in the US in 2013, 1.3% were related to firearms.[1][6] The ownership and control of guns are among the most widely debated issues in the country." ]	[ "In", "2013, there were 73,505 nonfatal firearm injuries (23.2 injuries per 100,000 U.S. citizens),[2][3] and 33,636 deaths due to \"injury by firearms\"" ]
8191315791965178010	Right to Information Act, 2005	Right to Information Act , 2005 - Wikipedia Right to Information Act , 2005 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Indian federal law . For freedom of information in other countries , see Freedom of information legislation . Right to Information Act , 2005 It is an act to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens to under control of public authorities , in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority , the constitution of a Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto . Citation Act No. 22 of 2005 Territorial extent Whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir Enacted by Parliament of India Date enacted 15 - June - 2005 Date assented to 22 - June - 2005 Date commenced 12 - October - 2005 Status : In force A receipt for payment of fee for collecting information under RTI act Right to Information ( RTI ) is an Act of the Parliament of India to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens and replaces the erstwhile Freedom of information Act , 2002 . Under the provisions of the Act , any citizen of India may request information from a `` public authority '' ( a body of Government or `` instrumentality of State '' ) which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty days . The Act also requires every public authority to computerise their records for wide dissemination and to proactively certain categories of information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request for information formally . This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 12 October 2005 . The first RTI application was filed at a police station in Pune by Shahid Raza Burney . The first RTI application in Delhi was filed to the office of President about article 370 in Jammu & Kashmir . Every day , over 4800 RTI applications are filed . In the first ten years of the commencement of the act over 17,500,000 applications have been filed . Information disclosure in India is restricted by the Official Secrets Act 1923 and various other special laws , which the new RTI Act relaxes . Right to Information codifies a fundamental right of the citizens of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scope 1.1 Private bodies 1.2 Political parties 2 Governance and Process 2.1 Fees 3 Controversies 3.1 Digital Right to Information System 3.2 Activism around an efficient Right to Information 3.3 Attacks on RTI Activists and Protection Suggestions 3.4 Intellectual Property Rights 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Scope ( edit ) The Act covers the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir , where J&K Right to Information Act is in force . It covers all the constitutional authorities , including executive , legislature and judiciary ; any institution or body established or constituted by an act of Parliament or a state legislature . It is also defined in the Act that bodies or authorities established or constituted by order or notification of appropriate government including bodies `` owned , controlled or substantially financed '' by government , or non-Government organizations `` substantially financed , directly or indirectly by funds '' . Private bodies ( edit ) Private bodies are not within the Act 's ambit directly . In a decision of Sarbjit roy vs Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission , the Central Information Commission also reaffirmed that privatised public utility companies fall within the purview of RTI . As of 2014 , private institutions and NGOs receiving over 95 % of their infrastructure funds from the government come under the Act . Political parties ( edit ) The Central Information Commission ( CIC ) held that the political parties are public authorities and are answerable to citizens under the RTI Act . The CIC said that six national parties - Congress , BJP , NCP , CPI ( M ) , CPI and BSP and BJD - has been substantially funded indirectly by the Central Government and have the character of public authorities under the RTI Act as they perform public functions . But in August 2013 the government introduced a Right To Information ( Amendment ) Bill which would remove political parties from the scope of the law . Governance and process ( edit ) The Right to information in India is governed by two major bodies : Central Information Commission ( CIC ) -- Chief Information commissioner who heads all the central departments and ministries - with their own public Information officers ( PIO ) s . CICs are directly under the President of India . State Information Commissions - State Public Information Officers or SPIOs -- Heading over all the state department and ministries the SPIO office is directly under the State Governor . State and Central Information Commissions are independent bodies and Central Information Commission has no jurisdiction over the State Information Commission . Fees ( edit ) A citizen who desires to seek some information from a public authority is required to send , along with the application ( a Postal order or DD ( Demand draft ) or a bankers cheque ) payable to the Accounts Officer of the public authority as fee prescribed for seeking information . If the person is from a disadvantaged community , he / she need not pay . The applicant may also be required to pay further fee towards the cost of providing the information , details of which shall be intimated to the applicant by the PIO as prescribed by the RTI ACT Controversies ( edit ) The Right to information in India has been mired with controversies ranging from their use in political battles , asking for educational degrees of political rivals , or cases of blatant refusals to provide information on high profile projects to allegations of misuse by civil society . Digital Right to Information System ( edit ) A digital portal has been set up , RTI Portal , a gateway to the citizens for quick search of information on the details of first Appellate Authorities , PIOs etc. amongst others , besides access to RTI related information / disclosures published on the web by various Public Authorities under the government of India as well as the State Governments . It is an initiative taken by Department of Personnel and Training , Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions to provide a RTI Portal Gateway to the citizens for quick search of information on the details of first Appellate Authorities , PIOs etc. amongst others , besides access to RTI related information / disclosures published on the web by various Public Authorities under the Government of India as well as the State Governments . Though there are recent efforts on digital governance , Right to Information implementation has seen a digitalisation neglect even after 11 years of its enactment . A recent research on ' BallotBoxIndia ' outlines that though central ministries are covered by a single Digital window to file Right to Information requests with integrated payment gateways and tracking mechanism none of the states have yet came forward to implement their versions or use the existing Right to Information Digital Infrastructure . The research report covering 29 states and union territories also highlights the responses from the SPIOs ( State Public Information Officers ) . Researchers in the study focussed on the Digital implementation and asked about plans or timeline to provide such facility . 64 % State Public Information failed to respond while the rest of the responses merely took cognizance without any hard timelines . The research also covers in details - the difficulty in filing manual Right to Information requests with the states with delays ranging many months of wait time and various follow ups and rejections . Every state in India has different rules and fee structures to file an application through registered post without any tracking mechanism as covered in details in the report . Activism around an efficient Right to Information ( edit ) Researchers and activists have been proposing changes to make the process easier , efficient and meaningful . One of it demands state and central information systems under one Digital System to streamline information flow and provide proactive information backed by streamlined mandatory reporting . Right to Information ( RTI Act 2005 ) - One RTI campaign flyer started by ballotboxIndia researchers after doing a survey with 28 states SPIOs and Central CIC . The Right to information ( RTI Act 2005 ) was touted as one law which would bring in transparency and eradicate corruption by civil society direct involvement . Failure to implement it in a thoroughly and efficiently has led to rough loss estimate of $245 million yearly as per one estimate . India being a federal state has many items in concurrent list and projects have multiple departments working on them , and sometimes projects are moved from one department to another . With Central and State information commissions working in such a disconnect , and manual transfers of the request for information between departments lead to big delays , confusion , and loss of traceability . It not only denies timely information , creates high barriers to information only a few with very strong motivations and means can cross , but puts a common citizen at the risk by exposing them directly to the departments and agencies which they are trying to find information on . Digital RTI Mission was initiated by a policy think tank based in Kochi ( CPPR ) to make Kerala the first RTI digital state in India . Attacks on RTI activists and protection suggestions ( edit ) Main article : Attacks on RTI activists in India Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative ( CHRI ) data points to over 310 cases across India where people were either attacked , murdered , physically or mentally harassed or had their property damaged because of the information they sought under RTI . The data throws up over 50 alleged murders and two suicides that were directly linked with RTI applications filed . There is a consensus felt that there is a need to amend the RTI Act to provide for the protection of those seeking information under the Act . The Asian Centre for Human Rights recommends that a separate chapter , `` Protection of those seeking information under the ( RTI ) Act '' , be inserted into the Act . Protection measures suggested include : Mandatory , immediate registration of complaints of threats or attacks against RTI activists on the First Information Report and placing such FIRs before the magistrate or judge of the area within 24 hours for issuance of directions for protection of those under threats and their family members , and periodic review of such protection measures Conducting inquiry into threats or attacks by a police officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police / Assistant Commissioner of Police to be concluded within 90 days and we also use RTI and get it 's benefit . Intellectual Property Rights ( edit ) Many civil society members have recently alleged the subversion of the right to information Act by the invocation of Intellectual Property rights argument by the government agencies from time to time . Most notable are : The Right to Information denied by RBI on Demonetization citing Intellectual Property Laws . The Right to Information Denied by Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department after more than 8 months of a wait on under construction Gomti Riverfront Development Project . A group of researchers requested for environment Impact and Project Report on the project which is flagged for negative impacts , tax money wastage by environmental scientists and research reports . See also ( edit ) Attacks on RTI activists in India National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy -- Government of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Law and behold '' . theweek.in . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NPGRC Official Page '' . www.npgrc.in . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ SHARMA , NIDHI ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) . `` 1.75 crore RTI applications filed since 2005 : Study '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/Decision_30112006_12.pdf Jump up ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-03/news/30238465_1_rti-act-public-information-officer-pio . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nayak , N. Dinesh . `` Private institutions , NGOs now come under RTI Act : Information Commissioner '' . thehindu.com . Jump up ^ PTI . `` Khurshid sounds warning note on R.T.I ruling '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ PTI . `` Political parties under RTI : Congress rejects CIC order '' . The Hindu Newspaper . Archived from the original on 27 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Subrahmaniam , Vidya ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` First - ever amendment to historic RTI Act tabled in Lok Sabha '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ Central Information Commission '' . cic.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://rti.gov.in/RTICorner/Guide_2013-issue.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Gomti River front Development - Irrigation Department Denied Information '' . Gomti River front Development - Irrigation Department Denied Information . 2016 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` PM Modi degree issue : HC stays CIC order on 1978 DU records '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Shailesh . `` Right to information is misused , but those who do so make up less than 5 % of total applicants '' . Scroll.in . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` About RTI Portal '' . rti.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Right to information ( RTI Act 2005 ) India - One Nation # OneRTI '' . BallotBoxIndia . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gomti Riverfront Development - Lucknow Development Authority ( LDA ) officially transferred the application of request on Gomti River Front Development DPR and EIA to the Irrigation Department '' . Gomti Riverfront Development - Lucknow Development Authority ( LDA ) officially transferred the application of request on Gomti River Front Development DPR and EIA to the Irrigation Department . 2016 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Centre for Public Policy Research '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ digitalrtimission.com . `` RTI DIGITAL MISSION '' . www.digitalrtimission.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra , Gujarat Top in Attacks , Killing of RTI Users - The Wire '' . The Wire . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra tops country in attacks , murder of RTI activists - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Central Information Commission - The Commission strongly recommends the Government of India to provide statutory protection to seekers of information that embarrasses the corrupt public servants . http://164.100.161.46/cicapp/cause-list-report-web/download?filename=MTc4MTM4LnBkZg%3D%3D Jump up ^ `` RBI 's refusal to share details under RTI is sheer arrogance , says activist Shailesh Gandhi '' . Firstpost. 2016 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Right To Information Ministry Websites and their RTI links Search RTI Act PDF and RTI Application form for all the States Government of India links Complete text of the Right to Information Act ONLINE RTI CIC - The Central Information Commission is empowered to decide complaints and appeals arising from use of the Right to Information Act , 2005 . CIC Online - New website of the Central Information Commission for filing complaints and appeals arising from use of the Right to Information Act , 2005 . DoPT - The Department of Personnel and Training , Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances , and Pensions , is charged with being the nodal agency for the Right to Information Act , 2005 . It has the powers to make rules regarding appeals , fees , etc . Right to Information Act Portal Freedom of information laws by country Canada France India United Kingdom United States Elsewhere Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transportation Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_Information_Act,_2005&oldid=835256073 '' Categories : Freedom of information legislation in India 2005 in law 2005 in India Politics of India Acts of the Parliament of India 2005 Right to Information in India Privacy in India Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use Indian English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource অসমীয়া বাংলা ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 15 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the rti act come into force	[ "This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 12 October 2005. The first RTI application was filed at a police station in Pune by Shahid Raza Burney.[1] The first RTI application in Delhi was filed to the office of President about article 370 in Jammu & Kashmir.[2] Every day, over 4800 RTI applications are filed. In the first ten years of the commencement of the act over 17,500,000 applications have been filed.[3]" ]	[ "12 October 2005" ]
-7562007734302211545	Cotton Fields	Cotton Fields - wikipedia Cotton Fields Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Cotton Fields '' is a song written by American blues musician Huddie Ledbetter , better known as Lead Belly , who made the first recording of the song in 1940 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early versions 2 The Beach Boys cover 2.1 Details 2.1. 1 Personnel 2.1. 2 Notes 3 Covers 4 Lyrics 5 Further use 6 References 7 External links Early versions ( edit ) Recorded by Lead Belly in 1940 , `` Cotton Fields '' was introduced into the canon of folk music via its inclusion on the 1954 album release Odetta & Larry which comprised performances by Odetta at the Tin Angel nightclub in San Francisco with instrumental and vocal accompaniment by Lawrence Mohr : this version was entitled `` Old Cotton Fields at Home '' . The song 's profile was boosted via its recording by Harry Belafonte first on his 1958 album Belafonte Sings the Blues with a live version appearing on the 1959 concert album Belafonte at Carnegie Hall : Belafonte had learned `` Cotton Fields '' from Odetta and been singing it in concert as early as 1955 . A # 13 hit in 1961 for The Highwaymen , `` Cotton Fields '' served as an album track for a number of C&W and folk - rock acts including Ferlin Husky ( The Heart and Soul of Ferlin Husky 1963 ) , Buck Owens ( On the Bandstand 1963 ) , the New Christy Minstrels ( Chim - Chim - Cheree 1965 ) and the Seekers ( Roving With The Seekers 1964 ) : Odetta also made a new studio recording of the song for her 1963 album One Grain of Sand . The Springfields included `` Cotton Fields '' on a 1962 EP release : this version is featured on the CD On An Island Of Dreams : The Best Of The Springfields . `` Cotton Fields '' was also recorded by Unit 4 + 2 for their Concrete and Clay album ( 1965 ) . A rendering in French : `` L'enfant do '' , was recorded in 1962 by Hugues Aufray and Petula Clark . The Beach Boys cover ( edit ) `` Cottonfields '' Single by The Beach Boys from the album 20 / 20 B - side `` The Nearest Faraway Place '' Released April 20 , 1970 Format Vinyl Recorded August 15 , 1969 ( single ) Genre Country rock Length 2 : 21 ( album version ) 3 : 05 ( single version ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Huddie Ledbetter Producer ( s ) Brian Wilson and Al Jardine ( album ) The Beach Boys ( single ) The Beach Boys singles chronology `` Add Some Music to Your Day '' ( 1970 ) `` Cottonfields '' ( 1970 ) `` Slip on Through '' ( 1970 ) `` Add Some Music to Your Day '' ( 1970 ) `` Cottonfields '' ( 1970 ) `` Slip on Through '' ( 1970 ) American rock band the Beach Boys recorded `` Cotton Fields '' on November 18 , 1968 : the track with Al Jardine on lead vocals debuted on the group 's 1969 album 20 / 20 . Dissatisfied with Brian Wilson 's arrangement of the song , Jardine later led the group to record a more country rock style version ; this version recorded on August 15 , 1969 , featured Orville `` Red '' Rhodes on pedal steel guitar . Entitled `` Cottonfields '' , the track afforded the Beach Boys their most widespread international success while also consolidating the end of the group 's hit - making career in the US ( although they would enjoy periodic comebacks there ) . `` Cottonfields '' would be the final Beach Boys ' single released on Capitol Records -- the group 's label since May 1962 -- and their last single released in mono . While barely making a dent in the U.S. ( number 95 Record World , number 103 Billboard ) though promoted with an appearance on the network TV pop show Something Else , the song succeeded across the Atlantic , reaching number two in the UK 's Melody Maker chart and listed as the tenth - biggest seller of the year by the New Musical Express . Worldwide -- outside North America -- it nearly replicated the success of the group 's `` Do It Again '' two years before . It was number 1 in Australia , South Africa , Sweden and Norway , number 2 in Denmark , number 3 in Ireland , similarly top 5 in the United Kingdom , Japan , Spain and Rhodesia ; number 12 in the Netherlands , number 13 in New Zealand and number 29 in Germany . Because of this popularity , it was placed on the international ( ex-US ) release of the group 's Sunflower album . Details ( edit ) Produced and arranged by : Brian Wilson ( album version ) Produced by : The Beach Boys Arranged by : Al Jardine ( single version ) Personnel ( edit ) Al Jardine -- lead vocals Notes ( edit ) The single version of the song has mild distortion due to compression , especially during the drum fills , and sporadic skipping can be heard from 1 : 03 to 1 : 31 in the song . This is much more noticeable in the stereo mix of the song . In the mono mix of the song featured in the Good Vibrations box set , the skipping is less audible and the song itself is in a slightly higher pitch than in this stereo version . Covers ( edit ) Bill Monroe 1962 , Decca Records DL4266 The Highwaymen ( folk band ) in 1962 Johnny Cash on his 1962 album The Sound of Johnny Cash The Angels in 1963 that went to # 119 in the U.S. Johnny Mann Singers on the 1963 album Golden Folk Song Hits -- Liberty LST - 7253 Eddy Arnold ( with the Needmore Creek Singers ) on the 1964 album `` Folk Song Book '' Rose Marie on episode 102 of The Dick van Dyke Show `` The Alan Brady Show Goes to Jail '' ( 1964 ) The Carter Sisters on their album The Best of The Carter Family ( 1966 ) Webb Pierce on the 1966 Decca album Webb 's Choice Harry Dean Stanton , in one scene of the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke , plays a sped - up version Udo Jürgens a 1968 single Esther Ofarim sang `` Cottons Fields '' live on television in 1969 , with her then husband Abi Ofarim . They also recorded a German version , `` Wenn ich bei Dir sein kann '' in 1964 Creedence Clearwater Revival on their ( 1969 ) album Willy and the Poor Boys . This version hit # 1 in Mexico in 1970 . Elvis Presley in the 1970 movie Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Joe Dassin on 1989 Sony Music compilation Vol. 2 . Donna Douglas on her 1989 album Back on the Mountain The Pogues on their 1989 album Peace and Love ( while this version references the original in its lyrics , the song itself is not a cover per se ) Teresa Brewer on The Muppet Show Tesla released a cover version as the B - side to the single Call It What You Want , released in 1991 Kitten recorded a version of the song on their 2007 album Yodeling Cowgirl Flatfoot 56 ( a Celtic Oi ! band ) covered it on their album Toil , released in 2012 Harry Belafonte Lyrics ( edit ) The original Lead Belly lyrics state that the fields are `` down in Louisiana , just ten miles from Texarkana '' . Later versions ( e.g. , Creedence Clearwater Revival 's ) say the fields are `` down in Louisiana , just about a mile from Texarkana '' . Both are geographically impossible , as Texarkana is about 30 miles north of the Arkansas -- Louisiana border . This song line suggests the writer had the widely held but mistaken belief that Texarkana is partially in Louisiana . Further Use ( edit ) The song and its various cover versions became a synonym of bluegrass music , as well far from actual cotton yielding regions . E.g. the German skiffle band Die Rhöner Säuwäntzt describe their style as Musik von den Baumwollfeldern der Rhön , translating into `` music played in the Rhön Mountains ( imaginary ) cotton fields '' . In Spanish , the song was covered by the ' 60s rock and roll group Los Apson . In order to keep the words sounding similar , the meaning of the song was completely changed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 19 -- Blowin ' in the Wind : Pop discovers folk music . ( Part 2 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ McAleer , Dave ( 2004 ) . Singles Top 20 Charts From 1954 To The Present Day . Backbeat Books . Jump up ^ see Bo kömmsten du hää ? ; Wo kommst du denn her ? ( where you from ? ) , Textbook , Die Rhöner Säuwäntzt , Lieder von den Baumwollfeldern der Rhön , 1995 , ISBN 3931796086 ID : m37416m58671 , Rhön Verlag 1995 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aLXN9teNVQ External links ( edit ) 20 / 20 Songs Side one `` Do It Again '' `` I Can Hear Music '' `` Bluebirds over the Mountain '' `` Be with Me '' `` All I Want to Do '' `` The Nearest Faraway Place '' Side two `` Cotton Fields ( The Cotton Song ) '' `` I Went to Sleep '' `` Time to Get Alone '' `` Never Learn Not to Love '' `` Our Prayer '' `` Cabinessence '' Related articles `` Break Away '' `` Celebrate the News '' The Beach Boys The Beach Boys discography Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Vol. 2 All Summer Long Christmas Album Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Party Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio Sunflower Songs Side one `` Slip On Through '' `` This Whole World '' `` Add Some Music to Your Day '' `` Got to Know the Woman '' `` Deirdre '' `` It 's About Time '' Side two `` Tears in the Morning '' `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Forever '' `` Our Sweet Love '' `` At My Window '' `` Cool , Cool Water '' Outtakes `` Big Sur '' `` Fallin ' in Love '' `` Loop de Loop ( Flip Flop Flyin ' in an Aeroplane ) '' `` Games Two Can Play '' `` Good Time '' `` I Just Got My Pay '' `` Raspberries , Strawberries '' `` San Miguel '' `` Soulful Old Man Sunshine '' `` Take a Load Off Your Feet '' `` Walkin ' '' Related articles The Beach Boys discography Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Vol. 2 All Summer Long Christmas Album Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Party Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio The Beach Boys Al Jardine Mike Love Brian Wilson Carl Wilson Dennis Wilson Blondie Chaplin Ricky Fataar David Marks Bruce Johnston Studio albums Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Volume 2 All Summer Long The Beach Boys ' Christmas Album The Beach Boys Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Beach Boys ' Party ! Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones The Beach Boys Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio Live albums Beach Boys Concert Live in London The Beach Boys in Concert Good Timin ' : Live at Knebworth England 1980 Songs from Here & Back Live -- The 50th Anniversary Tour Live in Sacramento 1964 Live in Chicago 1965 Graduation Day 1966 1967 -- Live Sunshine Selected compilations Endless Summer Rarities Made in U.S.A. Lost & Found ( 1961 -- 62 ) Good Vibrations : Thirty Years of The Beach Boys The Pet Sounds Sessions Endless Harmony Ultimate Christmas Hawthorne , CA The Smile Sessions Made in California The Big Beat 1963 Keep an Eye on Summer 1964 Beach Boys ' Party ! Uncovered and Unplugged Becoming the Beach Boys : The Complete Hite & Dorinda Morgan Sessions 1967 -- Sunshine Tomorrow Films Documentaries Good Vibrations Tour ( 1976 ) An American Band ( 1985 ) Nashville Sounds ( 1996 ) Endless Harmony : The Beach Boys Story ( 1998 ) Good Timin ' : Live at Knebworth England 1980 ( 2002 ) Doin ' It Again ( 2012 ) Fictionalized The Girls on the Beach ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) An American Family ( 2000 ) Love & Mercy ( 2014 ) Places Beach Boys Historic Landmark Beach Boys Studio Brother Studios Radiant Radish United Western Recorders Influence Artists who have covered the Beach Boys California Sound Chamber pop Cultural impact Depictions in culture Vocal surf Lists Bootlegs and unreleased material Cover songs Discography Song recordings Unreleased Brian Carl Dennis Mike Unreleased Smile ( 1966 -- 67 ) Lei 'd in Hawaii ( 1967 ) Bedroom Tapes ( 1967 -- 75 ) Adult / Child ( 1977 ) Merry Christmas from the Beach Boys ( 1977 ) Andy Paley sessions ( 1992 -- 97 ) Related media Beautiful Dreamer : Brian Wilson and the Story of Smile Brian Wilson Presents Smile Caroline Now ! Four by the Beach Boys `` Goodbye Surfing , Hello God ! '' Good Vibrations ( musical ) Good Vibrations : My Life as a Beach Boy I Am Brian Wilson : A Memoir Looking Back with Love Pacific Ocean Blue Pet Sounds Live Smiling Pets Spring Would n't It Be Nice : My Own Story Other topics `` Brian Wilson is a genius '' Brother Records Collapse of Smile `` Do n't fuck with the formula '' Live performances The 50th Reunion Tour 50 Years of Good Vibrations 2017 Wild Honey World Tour Love v. Wilson Musicianship of Brian Wilson Sea of Tunes Timeline Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_Fields&oldid=816514606 '' Categories : 1963 singles Songs written by Lead Belly Lead Belly songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs The Beach Boys songs Elvis Presley songs Trini Lopez songs Harry Belafonte songs Petula Clark songs Johnny Cash songs Elton John songs Odetta songs The Pogues songs Buck Owens songs Bill Monroe songs The Angels ( American group ) songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Norway American folk songs 1940 songs Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote them old cotton fields back home	[]	[]

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